# Blockchain-Based Cloud-Enabled Security Monitoring Using Internet of Things in Smart Agriculture
## 4 Smart Agriculture, Sensing Technology and Security Attacks  
A typical cloud-enabled IoT smart agriculture is shown in Figure 1. The cloud-based architecture is comprised of the IoT device connected to the farms and agricultural land to monitor various physical conditions such as fertilizer usage, proper seed spilling, weather state, food growing quality, and storage environment conditions. Various sensors such as temperature, humidity, and pressure are used to monitor the farming condition. The IoT devices are connected to the common gateway to pass the state information to the third-party cloud vendor, who provides the product services. The gateway can be a generic or dedicated router designed for the smart farm. The cloud provider can be any primary service provider such as AWS, Google Cloud, Microsoft Azure, or a self-managed cloud. The gateway is connected to the cloud resources to process the IoT device requests. Table 2 describes the various IoT sensors and their applications in smart agriculture. Temperature sensor: The sensor detects temperature changes within the application. The water temperature, the surrounding-air temperature, and plant temperature-monitoring capabilities improve the effectiveness of agriculture duties. Humidity sensor: The humidity sensor measures the humidity changes in the agricultural land environment. The humidity sensor helps measure the soil moisture and water \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{113.8 pt} p{56.9 pt} p{56.9 pt} p{56.9 pt} p{56.9 pt}} \hline \hline
**Authors** & **Aim of the Paper** & **Cloud** & **Blockchain** & **Review/ Method** \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. [36] & Smart agriculture supply chain using Ethereum blockchain. & No & Yes & Method \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. [37] & Ethereum blockchain for monitoring various sensor data and measure the performance for IoT device & No & Yes & Method \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. [25] & Regulation of water in agriculture using internet of things & Yes & No & Method \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. [21] & Smart-agriculture monitoring factors identified by performing literature review & Yes & No & Review \\ \hline Our work & Cloud- and blockchain-based security monitoring & Yes & Yes & Method \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
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Table 1: _Cont._  
Figure 1: Cloud-based IoT smart-agriculture application. consumption rate, tracking waterfall trends for future irrigation-requirements estimation. The normal humidity ranges are 0%RH-100%RH. Light sensor: The light sensors in agriculture monitor the light in the agricultural greenhouse, cloud shadow, and the required light to grow the plants. Accelerometer sensor: Accelerometer sensors in agriculture help to maintain the agriculture or farming equipment. The movement and vibration changes in the equipment are monitored to detect the equipment replacement needs. pH sensor: The pH sensors in agriculture improve the productivity of crops. The pH sensor detects the unwanted chemicals in the soil and soil nutrient deficiencies. Soil-pH fluctuation monitoring can help the farmers to take precautions and effectively grow plants. GPS sensors: An animal herd or any objects in the agricultural location can be monitored using a GPS sensor. The remote monitoring and location tracking help to achieve precise agriculture. Pressure sensor: A pressure sensor in agriculture may be used to monitor pipes and tanks. The pressure sensor improves water management, irrigation management, and precision farming. Infrared sensor: Infrared sensor integrated with drones monitors the crop and measures the plant's strength. The plants can be adjusted and optimized for the agriculture resources to manage agriculture activities effectively. The IoT attack surface in smart agriculture opens up a new range of cyber attacks, and few security protection capabilities can be embedded into IoT devices due to processing and memory limitations. Therefore, we may need to rely on gateway- or network-level security detection and protection mechanisms.