## 2 Experimental Study
### Damage Processes
In this test, the maximum displacement of the top of the column is 32 mm, exceeding the maximum limit of story drift in rare earthquakes. In summary, the maximum negative load was \(-\)506.5 kN appeared at the displacement of \(-\)26 mm in the 20 st cycle. In the 21 st cycle, the maximum positive load was 535.5 kN appeared at the displacement of +29 mm in the test. When the specimen was damaged, the main phenomenon was that transverse and oblique cracks appeared in the upper and middle position of concrete of PEC column, and even concrete dropping. Subsequently, the frame beam buckled locally and appeared slight torsion, as shown in Figure 7j. Finally, small welding cracks at beam-column connections occurred, as shown in Figure 7i. At this time, the built-in steel plate had yielded in a large area and the bearing capacity of structure decreased rapidly, eventually leading to the failure of the specimen. Figure 7: \(Cont.\)  
Figure 7: Phenomenon of Test. (**a**) The main diagonal tension stripe that appeared when the displacement reached 11 mm, (**b**) Infill steel plate tension stripe, (**c**) All diagonal tension stripes appearing during the test, (**d**) Secondary diagonal line, (**e**) The paint coating of wed of frame beam cracked and transverse cracks appeared in the middle of the column, (**f**) Transverse and oblique cracks appeared in the upper part of the column and The maximum out-of-plane displacement of the frame beam occurred when displacement reached 26 mm, (**g**) Top flange damages, (**h**) Slight torsion of frame beam, (**i**) Deformation of beam end (**j**) crack at loading end. **Remark. **_From the above analyses, the steel plate shear walls with PEC columns suffer from concrete cracks and weld cracks. Unfortunately, the strain gauge currently used in this research cannot monitor the damage of steel plate shear wall with PEC columns in real time, especially the formation of concrete cracks and weld cracks. In particular, concrete cracks have an important impact on the safety of structures. For example, the concrete in the PEC column has a protective effect on the corrosion of the section steel, however due to the cracks in a concrete structure, the chloride in the environment can diffuse in the crack, resulting in the corrosion of the steel and thus leading to the reduction of the service life of the structure [47]. In recent years, much attention has been paid to structural health monitoring (SHM) in civil engineering [48]. PZT (Lead Zirconate Titanate) is a type of piezoceramic material that possesses strong piezoelectric effect [49; 50]. A PZT transducer has the unique dual actuating and sensing functions along with its advantage of wide bandwidth, and therefore a PZT transducer has the ability to generate and detect stress waves [51; 52; 53; 54], including ultrasonic waves [55; 56]. As the enabling element for the active sensing method [57; 58; 59] and the electromechanical impedance (EMI) method [60; 61], PZT transducers are often used in structural health monitoring (SHM) systems [62; 63; 64; 65; 66]. With the recent development of PZT based smart aggregates in concrete structure damage detection [67; 68; 69; 70; 71] and the application of PZT transducers in health monitoring of steel-concrete composite structures [72; 73; 74; 75], the authors will explore health monitoring and damage detection of steel plate shear wall with PEC Columns using the embeddable smart aggregates [76; 77] and the easy-to-install surface-bonded piezoceramic patch transducers [78] in the future work._