## 4 Discussion
albicans_ initially exhibiting a slightly higher adhesion when compared to the nFAp material, eventually reaching lower values in time when compared to nHAp, indicating general superiority of nFAp over nHAp. In the case of _L. rhamns_, its adhesion was slightly higher to nFAp material than to the nHAp counterpart. In the context of antimicrobial abilities and cytotoxic evaluation, it is also beneficial to consider the potential applications of selected biomaterials in the medical field, including the use of silver nanoparticles or bioactive glass as a substitute. In comparing the antimicrobial abilities of biomaterials, it is essential to highlight that while silver nanoparticles exhibit greater antimicrobial activity than nHAp and nFAp, they present a greater risk of cytotoxicity and apoptosis in mammalian cells when used in vivo [67]. The bioactive glass displays comparable cytotoxicity and antimicrobial effect to nHAp and nFAp biomaterials, and this material could be successfully employed as a substitute in in vivo augmentation procedures [68]. The experiment employed the MC3T3 cell line in order to assess the effectiveness of bone regeneration [69; 70]. The fibroblast cell lines exhibited disparate responses to varying concentrations of both nHAp and nFAp materials. The initial phase of the experiment yielded no significant differences between the various nHAp and nFAp concentrations. However, on the seventh day of the experiment, several notable discrepancies emerged. The 1:1 nHAp concentration, both with and without differentiation medium, exhibited markedly higher proliferation rates than both nFAp samples at the same 1:1 proportion, with or without a differentiation medium. Furthermore, samples containing differentiation medium exhibited a higher proliferation rate of the examined cells, as anticipated. Conversely, samples devoid of differentiation medium exhibited a comparable inhibition of cell proliferation. The TCPS samples were employed as a control group. Subsequently, an additional analysis was performed to evaluate the proliferation of the most crucial cells involved in bone regeneration, namely the preosteoblastic lines of MC3T3 fibroblast cells. It is of paramount importance to avoid limitations on preosteoblastic cell proliferation in order to achieve successful bone regeneration and rebuilding following augmentation procedures. A limitation in their lifespan would result in an undesirable limitation of the bone-rebuilding process, which would prolong or even halt the proper process of alveolar ridge remodelling [71]. In comparison to the TCPS control samples, visible in tables, the nHAp and nFAp samples demonstrated an enhanced proliferation rate of pre-osteoblastic cells at specific concentrations of the evaluated biomaterials. The study demonstrates that the concentration of biomaterials exerts a significant influence on pre-osteoblastic cells, which is of paramount importance for the stability of bone regeneration and remodelling [72] following dental surgery. The samples of the TCPS control group with differentiation medium exhibited differences from the samples containing nHAp and nFAp, particularly on the 7 th and 14 th days of the experiment. The most significant differences between the TCPS samples and 1:8 nHAp and 1:32 nFAp with differentiation medium were observed on the 7 th day, with the nHAp and nFAp samples demonstrating superior performance. On the 14 th day of the experiment, only the samples containing all the different concentrations of nFAp material with differentiation medium demonstrated an increased proliferation rate of MC3T3 cells in comparison to both TCPS samples with and without differentiation medium. It is noteworthy that following the 14 th day of the experiment, the TCPS control samples that did not contain differentiation medium exhibited a higher proliferation rate than their counterparts without any differentiation medium. The confirmation of an Alizarin Red staining serves to corroborate the deposition of calcium in the experimental groups [73].