esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Removal of CR and MG by Activated Carbon and Dry Biomass of T. virens and T. viriide
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & & \begin{tabular}{c} **adsorption** \\ **Capacity** \\ **(mg g\({}^{-1}\))** \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} **Concentration** \\ **Range** \\ **(mg L\({}^{-1}\))** \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} **Contact** \\ **Time** \\ \end{tabular} & **pH** & **Ref.** \\ \hline Banana peel & CR & 18.2 & 10–120 & 24 h & Nm & [78] \\ Orange peel & CR & 14.0 & 10–120 & 24 h & Nm & [78] \\ Activated red mud & CR & 7.0 & 10–90 & 90 min & Nm & [79] \\ Chitosan & CR & 81.2 & NP & 12 h & 7 & [80] \\ Sunflower stalk & CR & 37.8 & 50–1000 & 5 d & Nm & [81] \\ Coir pith & CR & 6.7 & 20–80 & Nm & 7.7 & [82] \\ Ca-bentonite & CR & 85.3 & 50–200 & 600 min & 5–10 & [83] \\ Straw carbon & CR & 403.7 & 175 & 120 min & 7.4 & [84] \\ Graprefruit peel & CR & 169.5 & Nm & 120 min & 3 & [85] \\ carbon & & & & & & \\ Ground nut shells & CR & 117.6 & 65 & 60 min & 7 & [86] \\ charcoal & & & & & & \\ Bamboo dust & CR & 101.9 & 150 & 120 min & 7.4 & [84] \\ carbon & & & & & & \\ Hen feather & CR & 73.8 & 6.96 & 3 h & 7.0 & [87] \\ Cassava residue & CR & 59.2 & 100 & 240 min & 8.5 & [88] \\ Cattail root & CR & 38.8 & 50 & 360 min & 7.0 & [89] \\ Ackee apple & & & & & & \\ seed–bentonite & CR & 1439.9 & 100–6000 & 480 min & 2–10 & [90] \\ composite & & & & & & \\ Oil palm trunk & MG & 149.4 & 25–300 & 120 min & Nm & [91] \\ fiber & & & & & & \\ Waste material & & & & & & \\ from paper & MG & Nm & 100 & 1 h & Nm & [92] \\ industry, pine bark & & & & & \\ Carbonaceous & MG & 75.1 & 36.49 & 6–8 h & Nm & [93] \\ material & MG & 3.9 & 12 & 30 min & Nm & [94] \\ Sugarcane dust & MG & 4.4 & 6–12 & 24 min & 7.2 & [95] \\ Neem sawdust & MG & 23.8 & 4.45–17.6 & 60 min & 3–11 & [96] \\ Ackee apple & & & & & \\ seed–bentonite & MG & 706.7 & 100–6000 & 480 min & 2–10 & [90] \\ composite & & & & & \\ Rattan sawdust & MG & 62.7 & 25–300 & 210 min & 2–12 & [97] \\ Bentonite & MG & 178.6 & 50–300 & 2 h & 3–11 & [98] \\ Magnetic bacterial & & & & & \\ cellulose & & & & & \\ nanofiber/graphene & MG & 270.3 & 5–50 & 5–25 min & 2–12 & [99] \\ oxide polymer & & & & & \\ aerogel & & & & & \\ Carbonized & & & & & \\ pomeramate peel & MG & 31.5 & 30 & 1–150 min & 6 & [100] \\ Coco-peat & MG & 276.8 & 500 & 2–240 min & 7 & [101] \\ Brown alga & MG & 230 & 5–125 & 10–2440 & 3–11 & [102] \\ _Dictyota vericornis_ & MG & 277.2 & 50–100 & 0–120 & 3–7 & [103] \\ Tobacco hairy roots & MG & 244 & 10–50 & 20 min & 3–10 & [104] \\ _Anellum gravelens_ & MG & 244 & 10–50 & 20 min & 3–10 & [104] \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}  
Nm = Not mentioned.  
\end{table} 
Table 4: Organic and inorganic adsorbents used for the removal of Congo red and malachite green dyes.
## 4 Discussion  
### Pilot Industrial Facilities--Characteristics of the Contaminated Area  
As shown in Table 3 and Figure 2, the results of the total mercury content and emissions-capable mercury content in the soil samples from the industrial site are diverse. The data presented in Table 3 were categorized based on their distribution, allowing for the identification of areas with clear metallic mercury contamination capable of emissions. The distribution of the mercury content in soil samples from the analyzed industrial facility is illustrated in Figure 2. The analysis revealed that the mercury contamination in the studied area is varied, as detailed in Table 3.  
The designated contaminated area is located around the in-line shut-off and relief valve systems, where mercury contamination in the soil was significantly higher compared to the rest of the industrial site under investigation. In the soil samples from this area, the mercury content ranged from 1.6 mg/kg dry matter to 1120 mg/kg dry matter. It should be noted that the mercury content determined in 60% of the examined samples from this area was 2 to 8.5 times higher than the acceptable mercury content in soils for industrial areas, which is 30 mg/kg dry matter.  
Samples from the remaining area of the analyzed hydrocarbon extraction facility showed a mercury content in the soil ranging from 0.6 to 27 mg/kg dry matter. However, 30% of the results for the samples taken from the locations directly adjacent to the designated area of the in-line shut-off and relief valve systems indicated a mercury content in the range of 45 to 100 mg/kg dry matter. The analysis revealed that this area is generally free from significant mercury with potential for emissions. Nevertheless, for 30% of the tested samples, the total mercury content was in the range of 30 to 100 mg/kg dry matter. (Figure 2).  
Mercury contamination of the soil environment can also occur in industrial areas, such as former gasworks and drilling rigs, as well as in oil and gas mines, particularly in locations where raw materials requiring mercury removal are extracted [21; 22; 40]. In natural gas mines, mercury contamination has been found in the soil around dam and mouth units, reduction and measurement nodes, devices used to purify gas from mercury, and in the vicinity of reservoirs and reservoir water separators. In one such area, the mercury content in soil has reached several hundred mg/kg dry matter, while the permissible mercury concentration in soils for Class C areas is set at 30 mg/kg dry matter. [21; 22; 47; 48]. Potential mercury contamination areas in Poland align with the data reported for potentially contaminated sites in Great Britain, Norway, and Malaysia [21; 22; 42; 43].
# Enhancing Kazakh Sign Language Recognition with BiLSTM Using YOLO Keypoints and Optical Flow
## 3 Importance of Components
### Data Processing Pipeline  
The overall data processing pipeline consists of several key stages. First, video data are organized into folders according to gesture class. Annotations are initially generated using MediaPipe, providing ground-truth keypoint positions.  
Next, the annotated dataset is used to train the YOLOv8 model. Once trained, YOLOv8 is capable of detecting hand keypoints and extracting bounding boxes from each video frame.  
Following detection, spatial features are extracted from the video frames using YOLOv8. In parallel, optical flow is computed within a region covering 10% of the area around each detected keypoint. This step captures the motion dynamics necessary for distinguishing between static and dynamic gestures.  
The extracted spatial and motion features are then compiled into NumPy arrays, forming a sequential representation of each gesture. These sequences are subsequently used to train the BiLSTM network, which learns temporal dependencies across frames and performs gesture classification.  
This model integrates advanced object detection, motion analysis, and sequence modeling to effectively recognize complex and dynamic gestures in Kazakh Sign Language. The combination of YOLOv8, optical flow, and BiLSTM ensures that both spatial details and temporal dynamics are accurately captured.  
Figure 3: Visualization of the optical flow of the word name.  
Figure 2: Visualization of the optical flow of the letter gh.
# A New Compact Octagonal Shape Perfect Metamaterial Absorber for Microwave Applications
## 4 Conclusions  
A new design of compact octagonal shape PMA was proposed for analysing the absorbing properties based on the numerical simulation and experimental results. The geometry of the offered PMA structure was very simple and it showed a high absorption in microwave frequencies. The results of measurement are in agreement with the numerical ones. The suggested PMA is appropriate for x-band microwave application. A comparative analysis also carried out on the basis of the polarization angle of the unit cell, different thickness of substrate and metallic material, number of resonator, and energy absorption with resistive load. The mentioned variation of PMA shows good performance and the values of absorption are around unity. The open-space measurement method was applied to validate the results of the prototype of the structure. The metamaterial structure was compact in size, and high absorption, which makes it ideal for defence and stealth systems.  
This work was supported by the Ministry of Education (MOE) under Fundamental Research Grant Scheme, Code: FRGS/1/2017/TK04/UKM/02/3.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Author Name** & **Design Structure** & **Size (mm\({}^{2}\))** & **Proposed Band** & **Absorption Rate (\%)** & **Year of Published** \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. [21] & Modified Square & \(8\times 8\) & X-band & 95.81 & 2013 \\ [PERSON] et al. [22] & U-shape & \(15\times 15\) & X-band & 98.00 & 2016 \\ [PERSON] et al. [23] & O-shape & \(12\times 12\) & X-band & 98.90 & 2016 \\ [PERSON] et al. [17] & S-shape & \(20\times 20\) & S-,X-, Ku-band & 55.00 & 2017 \\ [PERSON] et al. [25] & L-shape & \(9\times 9\) & X-, Ku-band & 95.00 & 2017 \\ [PERSON] et al. [24] & Modified S-shape & \(16\times 16\) & X-band & 90.00 & 2017 \\ Proposed PMA & Octagonal shape & \(10\times 10\) & X-band & 98.97 & - \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Justification of previous perfect metamaterial absorber (PMA) and proposed PMA.  
Figure 10: Absorption of the design structure for number of metallic resonators.  
**Author Contributions:** [PERSON] made substantial contributions to the conception, design and analysis. [PERSON] participated in revising the article critically for important intellectual contents. [PERSON] and [PERSON] provided necessary instructions for experimental purposes.  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Path Planning Strategy for Vehicle Navigation Based on User Habits
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Dynamic Selection of Path  
#### 2.3.1 Description of the Problem of Individualized Optimal Path  
To avoid the redundant consumption of roads and the interference of irrelevant paths, we introduce a linear transformation between road performance and road consumption. The use of road performance  
Figure 5: Performance synchronization evaluation model of road multidimensional standard.  
as an index is also avoided, as shown in Formula (18). For any two points in the road network, the optimal path [41] is solved based on the consumption value \(\overline{\omega}(\overline{\omega}\in[0,1])\).  
\[\overline{\omega}=\frac{1}{\omega^{*}} \tag{18}\]  
The optimal path problem is described as follows. Let \(\mathrm{G}=\big{\{}V,L,\overline{W}\big{\}}\) be a road network digraph, where \(V=\{1,2,\cdots n\}\) is a set of branch points of the road network, \(L\subseteq V\times V\) is a set of roads of \(\mathrm{G}\), and \(\overline{W}=\big{(}\overline{\omega}_{ij}\big{)}_{|L|\times|L|}\) is the set of consumption of roads. The path consumption of directed roads \((i,j)\in L\) between any connected branch points \(i\) and \(j\) is recorded as \(\overline{\omega}_{ij}\), in which \(i,j\in V;\overline{\omega}_{ij}\in[0,1]\). For \(\forall\mathrm{A},\mathrm{B}\in V\), the optimal path is the path of minimum cumulative consumption from point A to point B in the road network digraph.
## 8 AM Techniques for Crash Boxes
### Sla  
Few studies have explored the use of SLA AM technology to enhance the energy absorption properties of crash boxes [100,101].  
[PERSON] et al. [102] introduced multilayer thin-walled sandwich lattice structures inspired by Peano space-filling curves (PSCs) and Serpentine space-filling curves (SSCs), as shown in Figure 18a. The study comprehensively examined the effects of geometric parameters, including curve order, layer height, septa thickness, and wall thickness, on energy absorption performance. The specimens were fabricated using the SLA technique with Tough 1500 resin. The results revealed that the PSC2 design achieved the highest \(SEA\) of 1.67 J/g and \(CE\) of 0.67, owing to its complex hierarchical structure. Expanding on the concept of bio-inspired designs, [PERSON] et al. [103] developed a series of bio-inspired structures (BSs) based on the distinctive macro/microstructures of starfish (Genus Asterias) and the eytra of the leaf beetle (Cryptoccephalus aureolus), as illustrated in Figure 18b. The specimens were fabricated using the SLA technique with R4600 resin. The results showed that double-layer designs consistently exhibited superior energy absorption capabilities compared to their single-layer counterparts. Among the configurations evaluated, BS-6 achieved the highest \(SEA\) of 363.99 \(\pm\) 8.11 J/kg, demonstrating enhanced crashworthiness relative to the other designs. Further leveraging natural inspirations, [PERSON] et al. [104] proposed a series of biomimetic hierarchical thin-walled structures (BHTSs) based on the macro/microstructures of the lotus leaf, as depicted in Figure 18c. The structures are fabricated using SLA with R4600 resin. Among the designs, BHTS-6 exhibited the best energy absorption performance, achieving an \(SEA\) of 293.41 \(\pm\) 19.089 J/kg. This improvement is attributed to the presence of an extra layer of bifurcation at each terminal branch, which increased the structural complexity and enhanced the crashworthiness.  
Figure 18: SLA: (**a**) structures inspired by Peano space-filling curves [102]; (**b**) structures inspired by the starfish and beetle elytra [103]; (**c**) structures inspired by the lotus leaf [104].
## 3 Overview of Molecularly Imprinted Polymers as Catalysts and Support for Catalysts
### MIPs as Efficient Catalysts
Another promising field is photocatalyst, where MIP-based photocatalysts are tailored to recognize and bind specific substrates under light irradiation, enhancing reaction rates and product specificity, useful in pollutant degradation and fine chemical synthesis [93]. Moreover, MIPs are being utilized in asymmetric catalysis to produce chiral compounds, as the molecular imprinting process creates chiral cavities in the polymer matrix, aiding pharmaceutical synthesis [93; 94]. In green chemistry, MIPs serve as catalysts that facilitate reactions under mild conditions, reducing the need for harsh chemicals and extreme conditions [95]. Industrial applications also benefit from MIP technology, as these polymers offer a sustainable and efficient approach to catalysis, promoting environmentally friendly synthesis pathways [96]. Table 2 provides an overview of the best MIPs, showcasing their unique features, diverse applications, and supporting references. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt}} \hline \hline
**MIP** & **Key Features** & **Application** & **References** \\ \hline Nanogels with Proline & -High catalytic activity & Cross-aldol reaction & \\ Nanogels with Proline & -High enantioselectivity & between acetone and & [87; 88] \\ Derivatives & -Enamine-based mechanism typical of & 4-nitrobenzaldehyde & \\  & aldolase I enzymes & & \\ \hline Acrylamide-Based MIPs & -Covalent method with reversible & Catalysis of organic & \\  & enaminones & reactions with high & \\  & -High stability and catalytic activity & selectivity & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Overview of selected MIPs highlighting their key features, applications, and references to relevant studies. Figure 3: Cross-aldol reaction between 4-nitrobenzaldehyde and acetone leading to the corresponding b-hydroxyketone 3. In brief, the continued development and varied uses of MIPs--ranging from efficient catalytic supports to roles in drug delivery, biosensing, and green chemistry--underscore their transformative potential for providing innovative and sustainable solutions across multiple fields and advanced systems.
# A Novel Method for Risk Assessment and Simulation of Collision Avoidance for Vessels based on AIS
## Abbreviations
_Sensors_**2014**, _14_, 17376-17389. [CrossRef]
* [PERSON] et al. (2017) [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON] AIS-based Vessel Trajectory Prediction. In Proceedings of the 20 th International Conference on Information Fusion, Xi'an, China, 10-13 July 2017; pp. 1-8. * [PERSON] et al. (2017) [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON] Development of a quantitative risk assessment model for ship collisions in fairways. _Saf. Sci._**2017**, _91_, 71-83. [CrossRef]
* [PERSON] and [PERSON] (2015) [PERSON]; [PERSON] Based on ECDIS and AIS ship collision avoidance warning system research. In Proceedings of the 2015 8 th International Conference on Intelligent Computation Technology and Automation, Nanchang, China, 14-15 June 2015; pp. 242-245. * [PERSON] (2012) [PERSON] Several experience of ship collision avoidance. In Proceedings of the 2012 2 nd International Conference on Consumer Electronics, Communications and Networks (CECNet), Yichang, China, 21-23 April 2012; pp. 2838-2841. * [PERSON] and [PERSON] (2016) [PERSON]; [PERSON] [PERSON] Fuzzy Reasoned Waypoint Controller for Automatic Ship Guidance. _IFAC-PapersOnLine_**2016**, _49_, 604-609. [CrossRef]
* [PERSON] et al. (2010) [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON] [PERSON] Probability modelling of vessel collisions. _Reliab. Eng. Syst. Saf._**2010**, _95_, 573-589. [CrossRef]
* [PERSON] et al. (2018) [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON] A distributed anti-collision decision support formulation in multi-ship encounter situations under COLREGs. _Ocean Eng._**2015**, _105_, 336-348. [CrossRef]
* [PERSON] et al. (2018) [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON] Exploiting AIS Data for Intelligent Maritime Navigation: A Comprehensive Survey From Data to Methodology. _IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst._**2018**, _19_, 1559-1582. [CrossRef]
* [PERSON] et al. (2013) [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON] AIS Data based Identification of Systematic Collision Risk for Maritime Intelligent Transport System. In Proceedings of the 2013 IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC), Budapest, Hungary, 9-13 June 2013; pp. 6158-6162. * [PERSON] et al. (2018) [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON] Ship domain applied to determining distances for collision avoidance--emanoeuvres in give-way situations. _Ocean Eng._**2018**, _165_, 43-54. [CrossRef]
* [PERSON] and [PERSON] (2007) [PERSON]; [PERSON] The model of auto-preventing collision for ship based on AIS information and its simulation. _Ship Ocean Eng._**2007**, _36_, 129-132. * [PERSON] et al. (2016) [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON] [PERSON] Deliberative Collision Avoidance for Unmanned Surface Vehicle Based on the Directional Weight. _J. Shanghai Jiaotong Univ. (Sci. )_**2016**, _21_, 307-312. [CrossRef]
* [PERSON] (2012) [PERSON] Design of Ship Collision Avoidance Terminal Based on AIS/Radar Fused Information. Master's Thesis, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, China, 2012.
# Interactive Exploration of Virtual Heritage by Means of Natural Gestures
## 3 Materials and Methods
### Follow My Hand--Touchless Interaction Metaphor
#### 3.3.1 Interaction Metaphor  
Let us start with the simplest hand gesture, e.g., presenting the right hand in the sensor area and waving it horizontally (Figure 6a) in the case of ISVS-A system, used to visualize a set of virtual artifacts. This means that the entire scene will rotate in the sense indicated by the user's hand (Figure 7a(a1,a2)). If the user moves the open hand to the left, the entire scene will rotate to the left, otherwise (e.g., the user moves the open hand to the right) the entire scene rotates to the right. If the user retracts his open hand from the sensor area, the application continues to present the artifacts, in a rotative manner, until another user intervenes or it stops according to the museum schedule. Next day, at the opening time, the application starts automatically to present another set of artifacts, arbitrarily selected from the museum collection (see a short demonstration of the ISVS-A system: [[https://youtu.be/x0](https://youtu.be/x0) CqLyYd8 TQ]([https://youtu.be/x0](https://youtu.be/x0) CqLyYd8 TQ) (accessed on 20 April 2022)).  
However, once the user closes the hand (Figure 6b), the application changes its state from \"_artifacts presentation_\" to \"_artifact interaction_\" mode (Figure 8). The rotation of the entire scene stops, and the central (so-called _selected_) artifact starts rotating, according the closed hand waving/rotating direction (Figure 7b(b1,b2)). This time, if the user moves the closed hand to the left, the selected artifact will smoothly rotate to the left, otherwise (e.g., the user moves the closed hand at the right) the selected artifact rotates to the right. During all this time, while the user keeps the hand closed, an explanatory text slides in the superior part of the visualization display, from the right to the left. This behavior is described as a finite state machine in Figure 8.  
Figure 6: ISVS-A interaction gestures (**a**)—interaction with entire 3D scene; (**b**)—interaction with the central artifact.
## 1 Introduction  
Humans are subjected to radiations coming from natural and artificial sources in their living environments [1].  
Natural radioactivity is due to the presence of cosmogenic and primordial radionuclides in the Earth's crust [2]. The first ones are produced by the interaction of cosmic-rays with atomic nuclei in the atmosphere, while the origin of the second ones goes back to the formation of the Earth, when they were produced by the process of nucleo-synthesis [3; 4]. Artificial fallout radionuclides, such as \({}^{137}\)Cs, are derived mainly from global nuclear tests conducted between the mid 1940s and the 1980s, as well as from nuclear accidents [5].  
External gamma rays, inhalation of radionuclides and ingestion of radioisotopes through food and water are the three ways of exposure to ionizing radiations [6]. For the latter, in particular, the natural radioactivity comes mainly from \({}^{40}\)K because nuclides of the uranium and thorium radioactive chains are usually present in traces [7; 8]. Ingested or inhaled radionuclides are distributed among body organs with varying radio sensitivities [9].  
Wine is an alcoholic drink, largely used to accompany food [10]. Italy is the first exporter of wine in the world, closely followed by Spain and France [11]. In particular, Calabria and Sicily are the Italian regions with the biggest wine growing acreages [12]. The quality assurance of wines needs well-defined investigations, e.g., determination of ethanol or sugar content, concentration of organic acids, minerals and trace elements concentrations (for their influence on wine technology as well as their toxic effects), etc. [13].  
Contaminated wines consumption will increase the amount of radioactivity and chemical contamination inside a human being and therefore increases the health risks associated with radiation exposure and metals pollution. The exact health effects will depend on which radionuclides and metals have been ingested and, on their amount [14].  
In this article twenty (in total) red, rose and white Italian wines, belonging to controlled origin denomination (DOC) geographic areas of the Calabria region, south of Italy, were analyzed to identify and quantify: natural (\({}^{40}\)K) and artificial (\({}^{137}\)Cs) gamma-emitting radionuclides, with HPGe gamma spectrometry, to evaluate any possible radioisotopes contamination and to estimate the effective dose due to the wine ingestion; heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Pb, B, As, Cd), with Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS), to assess any possible chemical pollution.  
From the geological point of view, the investigated area belongs to the \"Calabrian-Peloritan arc\". Its rocks are acidic intrusive igneous (e.g., granites) and metamorphic of medium and high grade (e.g., gneiss) [15].  
The investigated Calabrian wines have never been analyzed in terms of radioisotopes and heavy metals contamination: thus, the health risks for the population have never been evaluated.