# Review on Optimization Techniques of PV/Inverter Ratio for Grid-Tie PV Systems
## 1 Introduction  
The use of solar photovoltaic (PV) technology to gather energy from the sun for a variety of purposes around the world offers several benefits, including free and rich sources of energy with an ecological appeal. The instability phenomenon, known as potential-induced degradation (PID) and light-induced degradation (LID), in crystalline PV module technology, however, has been constantly discussed as a weakness and challenge in PV system technologies that have been encountered while sizing and designing. This phenomenon can result in continuous technical hazards on reliability and durability for its actual area act [1; 2]. Much effort has been spent to optimize the suitability demands of the inverter and PV array using a precise methodology designed to optimize the grid-connected PV systems [3; 4; 5; 6; 7]; however, the problem is still present with certain recently installed methods [8; 9; 10]. This matter was overlooked for the sizing of inverters in terms of an LID event, which frequently results in power losses in power clipping occurrences and degrades the performance of the system. Therefore, while working on this type of solar panel technology, the inverter's undersizing of the system by numerous designers and researchers will affect the power inverter and the additional design protection components [11; 12; 13]. Inverter sizing for PV systems has been the subject of much research in the literature. In these experiments, the size of the PV inverter was established using one of the two approaches described in [14; 15; 16; 17; 18]: (1) it matched the PV array's nominal capacity; and (2) as a general rule, it was undersized at 70% of the PV array's capacity. However, bothapproaches fail to take into account crucial elements that determine the PV inverter's ideal size. The ideal size of PV inverters has been determined in further new studies using systematic approaches that take into account a variety of variables, including meteorological circumstances, economic factors, and intrinsic inverter properties [14; 19; 20; 21; 22; 23]. These studies showed how the inverter loading ratio [24], the levelized price of electricity [25], and PV system installation parameters can all have an impact on the size of the PV inverter that is most appropriate. The term \"oversizing ratio\" typically refers to the ratio of the inverter's rated AC output power to its maximum DC input power in a controlled testing environment. Oversizing is a crucial metric for assessing the inverter's performance and one of the primary factor installers taken into account when building a PV plant. An illustration of the oversizing and how it affects output power is shown in Figure 1.  
When there is enough sunlight, the PV array's power output will exceed the inverter's rated maximum output power. At this point, the inverter will restrict the system's current to its maximum rated value, increasing the DC voltage appropriately. In this case, the system output is constrained to the inverter's rated maximum output, and the oversized portion's potential production capacity will be lost. As depicted in the picture, the system's actual power curve will have a flat, straight line for its peak rather than the original normal distribution curve. Peak clipping, or just \"clipping,\" is the name of this procedure. Taking into account PV surface orientation, inclination, tracking system, inverter characteristics, and insolation, Ref. [26] established the ideal array/inverter sizing ratio for a PV system. The most relative references that mainly discussed the optimization of DC/AC ratio, cost, and tilt angle to maximize annual energy yield for grid-connected PV systems are [18; 27; 28; 29; 30]. These studies were either based on iterative algorithms or trial-based methods that require a very long time to approach the optimization value of the DC/AC ratio and/or cost.