### Approaches to Minimize Alveolar Bone Resorption
#### 1.2.2 Mineralized Dentin Graft  
One type of autogenous graft that has garnered increasing attention is the use of a patient's extracted tooth. This approach offers a significant advantage by eliminating the need for a secondary bone harvesting site. Moreover, it is comparable to autogenous bone in both composition and the formation mechanism, making it a promising option for alveolar bone augmentation following tooth extraction [23]. Bone and dentin share similar biochemical compositions and formation mechanisms [24]. Both teeth and maxillofacial bones originate from neural crest cellsduring embryonic development [25]. Due to this biological similarity, dentin has been explored as a potential bone substitute since the 1960s. Its high mineral content, osteocompatibility, osteoconductivity, and osteoinductive properties make it suitable for bone grafting applications [26; 27]. Dentin is composed of approximately 70% inorganic material, predominantly hydroxyapatite. The organic component constitutes 20% of the total composition, with 90% being collagen. Most of the collagen is type I, with smaller amounts of types III and V also present. The remaining portion of the organic matrix comprises non-collagenous proteins (NCPs), a variety of growth factors, including bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), transforming growth factor-\(\beta\) (TGF-\(\beta\)), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), and platelet-derived growth factors (PDGFs), as well as lipids. Furthermore, dentin comprises 10% water [28; 29; 30]. NCPs regulate mineral deposition, ensure dentin's proper structural organization, and are involved in bone calcification whilst dentin's collagen matrix provides a scaffold for the formation and deposition of minerals, cell adhesion and differentiation, and preserving the integrity of dentin [29; 30; 31]. These proteins fill the spaces between collagen fibers and accumulate on the periphery of dentinal tubules [29]. The main NCPs are dentin phosphoprotein (DPP), dentin matrix protein 1 (DMP1), osteonectin, osteoclast, bone sialoprotein (BSP), osteopontin (OPN), extracellular matrix phosphoglycoprotein, proteoglycans, and some serum proteins [28; 29]. NCPs and growth factors such as BMPs, LIM mineralization protein 1, and insulin-like growth factors are responsible for the osteoinductive property of this graft [31]. In this context, three different methods of dentin processing have been developed: demineralized dentin matrix (DDM), partially demineralized dentin matrix (PDDM), and mineralized dentin (ADM) [31]. The first documented human study using a dentin graft was performed by researcher [PERSON] during a maxillary sinus lift surgery in 2003 [28; 32]. Building on this foundation, [PERSON] et al. introduced a procedure for autogenous demineralized dentin grafting (DDM) [33]. The demineralization process allows for the exposure of organic components (collagen fibrils, non-collagenous proteins, and growth factors), reducing the graft's crystallinity while increasing its porosity and surface area, which leads to enhanced osteoinductive activity [33; 34; 35]. However, the demineralization process increases both the preparation time and the associated costs compared to mineralized dentin due to the complexity of the procedure [23]. As a result, mineralized dentin graft provides mechanical stability, forming a stable foundation for implant placement [36]. While its osteoinductive properties may take longer to manifest, the low crystallinity of dentin hydroxyapatite supports gradual bone remodeling [33]. A streamlined method for preparing an autogenous mineralized dentin matrix graft was introduced in 2014, offering a cost-effective and efficient alternative. The first step is carried out by the practitioner and involves removing all restorations, crowns, carious lesions, discolored dentin, tartar, or periodontal ligament remnants with a high-speed irrigated tungsten bur immediately after extraction. Any practitioner is well-versed in such a process. For multi-radicular teeth, the roots are sectioned [36].