## 5 New Challenge: Safety
### Additional Safety Provided by HMIs of AVs  
Modern HMIs represent a synergy of thoughtful design and state-of-the-art technology, working collaboratively with drivers to create safer roads. Through adaptive interfaces, intuitive design, and proactive AI-driven interventions, these systems not only reduce the likelihood of accidents but also instill confidence in drivers, promoting a more secure and efficient driving experience. One key aspect of safety-focused design is adaptive information delivery, such as in systems like Nissan/Infinity ProPILOT [47]. These interfaces assess real-time factors such as traffic density, vehicle speed, and road conditions to dynamically adjust the information displayed to the driver. For example, in high-speed or congested traffic scenarios, the system can limit the display to critical alerts, such as collision warnings or lane guidance, ensuring drivers are not overwhelmed with extraneous data during moments when rapid decision-making is essential. This context-aware approach minimizes distractions, sharpens focus, and enhances reaction times. One of the most critical risks for AVs lies in their potential to encounter scenarios that were not represented in their training data. Despite extensive real-world testing and simulation efforts, the open-world nature of public roads makes it virtually impossible to anticipate and model every possible situation or anomaly. When AVs face novel events, such as unexpected pedestrian behavior, erratic vehicle maneuvers, or rare environmental conditions, their decision-making algorithms may not generalize appropriate outputs, potentially leading to unsafe behavior. This problem is widely recognized as a major challenge in the development and validation of safe automated driving systems. To address this challenge, Intel Mobileye has access to model-shared mining of Mobileye's 200 petabytes of data, delivering thousands of results in seconds and tackling extremely rare conditions and scenarios (Credit: Mobileye, Jerusalem, Israel, an Intel Company). Simplifying the presentation of information is another cornerstone of safe HMI design. Hierarchical displays and adaptive content filtering prioritize the most relevant data while organizing additional options in logical layers [48]. Systems, such as Toyota's Entune 3.0, exemplify this by dynamically reshaping menus to make frequently used functions easily accessible. This not only reduces the time drivers spend interacting with the interface but also reduces mental strain, allowing them to concentrate on driving. Visual enhancements, including high-contrast colors, legible fonts, and universally recognizable icons, further contribute to clarity and ease of use, enabling quick interpretation of information even in low-visibility or high-stress conditions. The incorporation of real-time driver monitoring through sensors and AI has become a defining feature of advanced HMIs. Technologies, such as Subaru's EyeSight [49], use cameras and other sensors to monitor driver behavior, detecting signs of fatigue, distraction, or inattention. Alerts and warnings are issued in response to these cues, providingdrivers with timely reminders to refocus or take a break. Beyond simple monitoring, such systems can assess facial expressions, head posture, and even biometric data, offering a comprehensive understanding of the driver's state. For situations where drivers are unable to respond effectively, proactive safety interventions become critical. Hyundai Highway Driving Assist exemplifies this approach by integrating autonomous systems capable of taking over partial control of the vehicle during emergencies. Features like automatic braking, lane-centering, and adaptive cruise control work together to stabilize the vehicle and prevent collisions. In extreme cases, such as when the driver is unresponsive due to a medical event, these systems can maintain vehicle safety until external assistance is available.