## 6 Results
### Case Study: A Day in the Testbed  
In order to demonstrate the capabilities of the testbed, a typical day in the lab was monitored and recorded using various sensors and actuators. This is illustrated in Figure 3, which shows the average temperature, humidity, luminance, and power consumption of an electrical heater across all sensor types, as well as motion detection data. The first two subplots depict a combined plot of luminance and temperature and humidity and temperature, respectively. The third subplot shows a combined plot of active heating duty cycle and temperature, while the fourth subplot is a plot of motion detected during the day. Note that the lab was equipped with various types of sensors, including UV sensors. However, due to the UV protection in the lab environment, the data from the UV sensors did not provide significant information and were therefore omitted from the figure. The collected data from various types of sensors showed a strong correlation between the humidity, luminance, and power consumption of an electrical heater with the ambient temperature in the lab. The electrical heater functions as an actuator in the closed-loop system, dynamically modifying the heating duty cycle based on the ambient temperature readings to maintain the temperature within the specified range. Due to the dynamic control and responsiveness to changes in the sensor readings made possible by this closed-loop system, an extensive and engaging experimental setup is produced. Furthermore, the abstraction layer generated by openHAB allowed for an easy integration and analysis of data from various wireless technologies, enabling end-users to make informed decisions for optimizing energy consumption in their respective environments. The use case demonstrated the testbed's ability to identify correlations between different variables and patterns of behavior, and the potential for using this information to  
Figure 3: Subplot 1: Luminance and temperature; Subplot 2: Humidity and temperature; Subplot 3: Active heating duty cycle and temperature; Subplot 4: Motion detection. improve energy efficiency and occupant comfort. It should be noted that although UV sensors were included in the testbed, their data were not included in the results presented in this paper. This is because the laboratory environment where the testbed was installed was designed to provide UV protection, resulting in low levels of UV radiation. As a result, the UV sensor values did not show any significant changes during the monitoring period. The obtained results contribute significantly to addressing the research objectives and solving the problem statement of this study, which focused on the design and implementation of a versatile openHAB IoT testbed with a variety of wireless interfaces and sensors. By conducting comprehensive testing and analysis, we have demonstrated the testbed's capabilities and evaluated the performance of different wireless interfaces in terms of range, reliability, and functionality. The findings regarding the wireless interfaces, such as the Z-Wave and ZigBee interfaces, provide valuable insights into their communication ranges and successful transmission of sensor data. This information is very important for researchers and practitioners working in the IoT field because it helps them understand the limits and possibilities of these wireless technologies. It also enables researchers make informed decisions about the right wireless interface based on their IoT application's specific needs. Additionally, the high reliability exhibited by the Wi-Fi and 4G-LTE interfaces is significant, as it reassures users that these interfaces can be utilized with confidence in IoT systems. As these interfaces are commonly used in real-world IoT deployments, the high packet delivery success rate enhances the credibility and applicability of our testbed and results.