# Inter-Beam Co-Channel Downlink and Uplink Interference for 5G New Radio in mm-Wave Bands +
## 5 Simulation Results
### DL Scenario  
The simulation results for the DL scenario are presented in Figures 6-10. Figures 6 and 7 show the SIR graphs versus separation angles for selected distances between the gNodeB and UE, under LOS and NLOS conditions, respectively. Based on these charts, we also determined cumulative distribution functions (CDFs) of SIR, \(F(SIR)\), presented in Figure 8.  
Figure 5: PASs of UE-S and UE-I in azimuth plane for \(\Delta\alpha=30^{\circ}\), \(D_{S}=D_{I}=100\) m, under (**a**) LOS (TDL-D) and (**b**) NLOS (TDL-B) conditions. Figure 8: CDFs of SIR for DL scenario, selected \(D\) = [50, 100, 150] m, under **(a)** LOS (TDL-D) and **(b)** NLOS (TDL-B) conditions. Figure 6: SIR versus separation angle for DL scenario, selected \(D\) = [50, 100, 150] m, and LOS (TDL-D) conditions. Figure 7: SIR versus separation angle for DL scenario, selected \(D\) = [50, 100, 150] m, and NLOS (TDL-B) conditions. The increase in the separation angle reduces the downlink interference between the reference beam providing services to the UE and the interference beam. However, the nature of the SIR graphs is not uniform. For \(\Delta\alpha=\{15^{\circ},30^{\circ},48^{\circ}\}\), there are local maxima. We may observe this effect both for LOS and NLOS conditions. It results from considering side lobes in the realistic patterns of the base station beams. As the distance \(D\) increases, these maxima are less and less significant. We obtain the similar results in [32] for the carrier frequency of 3.5 GHz. On the other hand, the obtained results differ significantly from those presented in [43], where some stabilization may be seen in the SIR graphs. In [43], two simplifications are assumed. Firstly, the Gaussian main lobe pattern without side lobes is modeling as the beam. Secondly, the beam gain is constant regardless of its radiation direction. Whereas, in the real beamforming antenna array, the beam gain depends on its direction. This second fact influences importantly on the differences in the presented results. The comparison of the CDFs (see Figure 8) shows that for 80% of the results of the LOS simulation tests, we obtain up to 20 dB better beam separation compared to NLOS conditions. In the absence of a direct propagation path, we can observe an increase in the  
Figure 10: SIR versus separation angle for UL scenario, selected \(D_{I}\) = [50, 100, 150] m, \(D_{S}\) = 100 m, and LOS (TDL-D) conditions. Figure 9: SIR versus distance for DL scenario, selected \(\Delta\alpha=\{15^{\circ},20^{\circ},30^{\circ}\}\), under (**a**) LOS (TDL-D) and (**b**) NLOS (TDL-B) conditions. SIR value by 5 dB in over 80% of the results, whereas this increase is below 1 dB for LOS conditions. Figure 9 illustrates the SIR versus the gNodeB-UE distance for selected \(\Delta\alpha\), under LOS and NLOS conditions. Analyzing the obtained results, we can see that as the distance increases, the SIR is reduced. The rationale for this effect is as follows. In the simulation study scenarios, we assume that the environment is homogeneous in terms of propagation properties. This means that the PDP is constant in all directions of electromagnetic wave emission. This assumption complies with the conditions of the propagation phenomena analysis described and recommended by 3 GPP [14]. In relation to the model MPM, this means that an increase in the gNodeB-UE distance causes an apparent increase in large and a decrease in small semi-axes of all half-ellipsoids. As a result, the reception of the propagation paths which originate from the main lobe of the interfering beam is focused on the direction of maximum reception of the UE antenna. This causes an increase in the interference level relative to the power of the useful signal by about 7 dB. However, for \(\Delta\alpha=20^{\circ}\), we see an evident influence of the side lobes on the increase of the interference level, which results in the reduction of the SIR to 13 dB in LOS simulations. The concentration of the interfering paths on the direction of maximum reception also occurs in the NLOS conditions.