## 1 Introduction  
The concept of distributed computing can be traced back to the 1960s and early 1970s when researchers recognized the potential of using multiple computers for parallel processing to significantly improve computational speed and processing capabilities. However, it was not until the 1980s and 1990s that distributed computing gained widespread attention and application. The development of distributed computing was driven by several factors. Firstly, the rapid development and proliferation of computer networks provided the infrastructure for distributed computing. Secondly, the research and development of distributed systems like distributed databases and distributed file systems laid the theoretical foundation and practical experience for resource sharing and collaborative work in the field of computing. Additionally, the demand for large-scale scientific and engineering computations also propelled the rapid growth of distributed computing. In recent years, the rapid development of blockchain technology has made it popular and innovative in the field of distributed systems. As time goes by, an increasing number of industries and domains are recognizing the potential value of blockchain and actively exploring its applications for various purposes. Despite demonstrating enormous potential in different fields, blockchain technology also faces several challenges, including scalability, performance, privacy, and regulatory issues. A notable challenge lies in the proof-of-work [1] consensus mechanism used by Bitcoin, which hinders blockchain's scalability and energy efficiency. The low throughput and excessive energy consumption associated with this consensus mechanism do not align with the requirements of real-world distributed systems, significantly impeding the future development of blockchain technology. To overcome these issues, the blockchain community is actively researching and exploring new consensus mechanisms, such as Proof of Stake and Proof of Authority, which are believed to offer higher throughput and better energy efficiency. Through these new consensus algorithms, blockchain technology can better adapt to the demands of different industries and application scenarios, laying the foundation for its large-scale adoption. Despite the challenges, the future prospects of blockchain technology remain optimistic. With continuous technological evolution and innovation, it is expected to make further progress in addressing scalability, performance, and privacy issues. Blockchain technology is poised to lead innovation in various domains such as finance, supply chain, Internet of Things, etc., laying a solid foundation for the future digital economy. However, as the first application of blockchain in the financial field, Bitcoin has attracted increasing attention from governments, financial institutions, and technology companies [2]. To address the challenges of scalability, performance, privacy, and regulatory concerns faced by blockchain technology, as well as to leverage the inherent security features in certain real-world scenarios, researchers and businesses are continuously seeking solutions. In consortium blockchain, particularly when it comes to choosing consensus algorithms, researchers and practitioners primarily focus on issues related to BFT (Byzantine Fault Tolerance) and CFT (Crash Fault Tolerance) based consensus algorithms. BFT (Byzantine Fault Tolerance) is one of the methods used to address the Byzantine Generals' Problem in distributed systems. In the Byzantine Generals' Problem, there are some nodes that may be malicious, sending false information or executing incorrect operations, leading to a lack of consensus in the system. To solve this problem, BFT proposes a series of fault-tolerant consensus algorithms that enable the system to reach consensus even in the presence of a certain number of malicious nodes. One of the mainstream algorithms to address the BFT problem is PBFT (Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance), which was introduced by [PERSON] and [PERSON] in 1999 [3].