esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# ZnO/Ag Nanocomposites with Enhanced Antimicrobial Activity
## 3 Results and Discussion  
### Characterization of ZnO/Ag Nanocomposites  
#### 3.1.1 XRD Analysis  
The crystalline behavior and structural properties of ZnO/Ag nanocomposites were revealed by powder XRD measurements. XRD patterns of the samples were prepared by means of concentrations of 0, 1, 3, 5, 7, and 10 at% of silver are shown in Figure 1. The diffraction patterns obtained were analyzed by X'Pert High Score Plus software. The diffraction peaks are all very sharp, which reflects a polycrystalline with good crystallinity. It was observed that when the Ag at% is raised, the intensity of the diffraction peaks corresponding to the cubic structure of Ag NPs (PDF No. 03-065-2871, a = 4.09 A) increases the crystallinity. The three diffraction peaks at 20 of 38.1\({}^{\circ}\), 44.3\({}^{\circ}\), and 64.4\({}^{\circ}\) correspond to the crystal planes of (100), (200), and (220), respectively. ZnO peaks corresponding to a hexagonal wurtzite structure (PDF No. 01-080-0074, a = 3.25 A, c = 5.21 A) remained stable for all the concentrations. The eight diffraction peaks belonging to ZnO were at 20 of 31.7\({}^{\circ}\), 34.3\({}^{\circ}\), 36.2\({}^{\circ}\), 47.4\({}^{\circ}\), 56.5\({}^{\circ}\), 62.7\({}^{\circ}\), 67.8\({}^{\circ}\), and 68.9\({}^{\circ}\), which correspond to the crystal planes of (100), (002), (101), (102), (110), (103), (112), and (201), respectively. However, the XRD patterns indicate the formation of separate phases, a hexagonal wurtzite structure for ZnO, and a cubic structure for Ag NPs. The formation of these separate phases can be seen when the atomic percentage of silver surpassed a value of 3%. No other peaks were identified, suggesting the purity of the synthesized samples
## 3 Results and Discussion  
### Systems Based on Mobile Architecture Used for Monitoring and Manage Municipal Waters  
A case of the Sandspruit catchment in south Africa is added here for the purposes of deepening and widening the analysis of the papers discussions, fundings/results. In the study of the Sandspruit catchment, data from the National Groundwater Archives were used. Actions were taken to fill monitoring gaps in the Sandspruit catchment; data for groundwater flow and quality measurement were being collected using a hydrometer for the 24 boreholes that were drilled along three cross-sectional transects. As regards the result from this case study, it was found that the hydrological cycle is influenced by atmospheric conditions. Weather factors must be monitored to estimate evapotranspiration and, subsequently, groundwater recharge. Within the Sandspruit catchment, three weather stations were established at Zwavelberg farm (upper reaches) and Oranjeskraal farm (mid-reaches). Rainfall in the Sandspruit basin tends to decrease from the upper levels downstream (from 494 to 321 mm a\({}^{-1}\)). Temperatures in the air were rising daily. Solinst loggers in the boreholes were used to track groundwater levels and temperatures for two years. In terms of future work, it also determined that more boreholes were required for a comprehensive monitoring program in the Sandspruit catchment because:  
1. Borehole data (groundwater levels and chemistry) were erratic and rarely provided a time series.
2. No geological or geophysical borehole log data were found, and the vertical extent of aquifers, non-aquifers and their hydraulic properties were not defined.
3. A negative trend regarding rising water levels over time was discovered.
4. Near fresh water, brackish groundwater was discovered.
5. Inconsistencies existed in the existing data (e.g., the same data had been measured at different times and locations, appeared in more than one borehole., meaning the data was duplicated).  
In terms of another case of systems based on mobile architecture used for monitoring and managing municipal waters, an ICT project was carried out in Uganda in the districts of Amuria and Masindi, where mobile phones were used to update information of the water coverage status and repair of broken-down water points. Hand pump mechanics where deployment with Java enabled phones in a project called Mobile phones for water (M4W), this has led to an additional 8000 water points being functional and serving these districts with over 430,000 people in total. In Uganda, through apps and general smart monitoring, the municipalities of Amuria and Masindi were able to identify non-functional water points and have them rehabilitated to increase access to equitable water and sanitation. Apps provide a sustainable updating mechanism for water atlases in real time. Such cases have been the motivation for this type of action research.
# DTV Essential Hidden Area Decoder for DTV Broadcasting
###### Abstract  
Terrestrial, satellite, and internet High Definition (HD) and Ultra High Definition (UHD) broadcasting have experienced notable advancements in recent years, yet the potential within the DTV Essential Hidden Area (DEHA) in each frame remains largely untapped. This study focuses on exploring and harnessing the capabilities of the DEHA via the introduction of a DEHA decoder. Through experimental analysis, the proposed decoder effectively reveals previously unnoticed DEHA in diverse HDTV broadcasting systems. By incorporating overlaid three-digit values, DEHA text, a 16 \(\times\) 15 checked board pattern, and a QR code, the decoder enables the easy identification and extraction of the embedded DEHA service. Furthermore, the research investigates the potential of utilizing the embedded DEHA for transmitting program-related metadata, encompassing technical information, specific camera details, and post-production technologies. Leveraging a checked pattern block image, a seamless and efficient transfer mechanism within the embedded DEHA is established. The utilization of the embedded DEHA holds promising opportunities for enhancing DTV service, leveraging its inherent synchronization advantages within video content. Moreover, compliance with established broadcasting standards, such as ATSC, ISDB, and DVB, ensures compatibility and interoperability. This study emphasizes the significance of the DEHA in terrestrial, satellite, and internet broadcasting, unveiling new possibilities for innovation and improvement in the industry.  
DTV essential hidden area; HDTV broadcasting; embedded DEHA; checked pattern block image; program-related metadata +
Footnote †: journal: Electronics Electronics
# Characterization and Optimization of PLA Stereocomplexed Hydrogels for Local Gene Delivery Systems
## Materials and Methods
### Measurements  
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy was used to determine the chemical structures and calculate the number-average molecular weight (\(M_{\mathrm{n}}\)) for all block copolymers. \({}^{1}\)H NMR was performed on a Varian 500 MHz instrument at room temperature with CDCl\({}_{3}\) and DMSO-d\({}_{6}\) as solvents. Solid-state \({}^{13}\)C NMR experiment of lyophilized hydrogel samples was performed through CP/MAS method on JEOL-ECZ 400 MHz spectrometer with a \({}^{13}\)C operating frequency of 100 MHz and a spin rate of 10 kHz. The number- and weight-average molecular weights (\(M_{\mathrm{n}}\), \(M_{\mathrm{w}}\)) and polydispersity of block copolymers was determined by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) on a Shimadzu LC-20 AD with two Jordi DVB 500 A (250 mm \(\times\) 10 mm) columns calibrated with polystyrene standards at 35 \({}^{\circ}\)C, and THF was used as the mobile phase with a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. The hydrodynamic diameter of micelles was determined by a dynamic light scattering (DLS) technique on a Zetasizer Nano ZS90 (Malvern Panalytical Ltd., Westborough MA, USA) at concentrations of 0.01, 0.1 and 1% at room temperature in triplicate. Mechanical properties of the resulting hydrogels were characterized on a TA AR 550 rheometer (TA Instrument, New Castle, DE, USA) using a cone-and-plate geometry with a 4\({}^{\circ}\) cone angle, 40 mm diameter plate, and 61 mm Gap. Rheological measurements were conducted as a frequency sweep from 0.01 to 40 Hz at 37 \({}^{\circ}\)C. Crystal structure was analyzed by wide angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) on a Bruker AXS D8 advance X-ray diffractometer for flash frozen/lyophilized powder samples.
## 3 Results and Discussion  
### Essential Oil Analysis  
GC-MS analysis of \(L\). _philipiana_ essential oil showed the presence of 18 components (Table 1). The sample was characterized by a higher concentration of \(\beta\)-Linalool, \(\beta\)-Isosafrole, Eucalyptustol, and Methyleugenol with 33.56, 17.39, 15.60, and 10.33% of abundance, respectively. The composition of the essential oil was similar to that previously reported in southern Chile [11]. The main differences found were the absence of the 3-Carene metabolite and the percentage concentration of the most abundant compounds. Some differences between the composition, quality, and quantity of extracted compounds may be due to diverse factors, such as climate, soil composition, plant organ, age, vegetative cycle stage, and analytical extraction methods.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Compound** & **RT** & **Abundance (\%)** & **KI \({}^{\bullet}\)** & **KI \({}^{\bullet}\)** & **Boiling Point (\({}^{\circ}\)C)** \\ \hline \(\alpha\)-Pinene & 5.6 & 1.74 & 948 & 931 & 156.2 \({}^{\circ}\) \\ \(\beta\)-Terpinene & 6.5 & 1.67 & 993 & 971 & 173.5 \({}^{\circ}\) \\ \(\beta\)-Pinene & 6.6 & 2.60 & 943 & 973 & 166.0 \({}^{\circ}\) \\ \(\beta\)-Myrrene & 7.0 & 0.97 & 958 & 991 & 167.0 \({}^{\circ}\) \\ \(\alpha\)-Phellandrene & 7.3 & 6.17 & 969 & 1003 & 172.0 \({}^{\circ}\) \\ \(1\), \(3\), \(8\)-\(p\)-Menthatriene & 7.8 & 0.56 & 1029 & 1023 & 195.0 \({}^{\circ}\) \\ Eucalyptustol & 8.0 & 15.6 & 1059 & 1029 & 176.4 \({}^{\circ}\) \\ (1.8-Cineole) & 8.5 & 0.73 & 976 & 1048 & 177.0 \({}^{\circ}\) \\ Z-\(\beta\)-Ocimene & 9.6 & 0.90 & 1052 & 1086 & 186.0 \({}^{\circ}\) \\ \(\beta\)-Linalool & 10.0 & 33.56 & 1082 & 1103 & 197.5 \({}^{\circ}\) \\ Terpinen-4-ol & 12.0 & 0.53 & 1137 & 1175 & 209.0 \({}^{\circ}\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: GC-MS chemical composition of the essential oil from \(L\). _philipiana_ leaves.
## 4 Experimental Results
### Comparison between GRASPSPP and a New Branch & Bound Algorithm  
This section compares the experimental results between GRASPSPP and a new branch and bound algorithm (NB&B) proposed by [PERSON] et al. in 2009 [21], where the authors executed their approach with a time limit of 1200 s. For this comparison, we executed our GRASPSPP algorithm with a time limit of 150 s to produce equivalent results because our processor is an Intel Core i5 at 2.50 Ghz, which outperforms the authors' Pentium 4 at 2 Ghz processor.  
Figure 12 shows the percentage error comparison (see Equation (11)) values between GRASPSPP (6.43 average, 7.13 standard deviation) and NB&B (1.37 average, 1.72 standard deviation) algorithm. Here, we can see that the NB&B algorithm outperforms GRASPSPP in most cases. However, GRASPSPP achieved a tie in 18 instances and won over NB&B in five instances. Finally, the Wilcoxon test showed that the NB&B statistically outperforms GRASPSPP with a \(p\)-value of 0.000.  
Figure 11: Time comparison between GRASPSPP and B&B algorithm.  
Figure 10: Percentage error (%error) results between GRASPSPP and B&B.  
Figure 13 shows the computational time comparison between GRASPSPP (0.42 average, 1.67 standard deviation) and NB&B (19.33 average, 51.20 standard deviation) algorithm. These values are the computational times of each instance set. Here, the NB&B algorithm reached the time limit of 1200 s, or even exceeded it, for five instances. On the other hand, GRASPSPP produced times near 1 s for most cases. Finally, the Wilcoxon test shows that the GRASPSPP algorithm outperforms NB&B with a \(p\)-value of 0.000.
## 5 Conclusions  
This paper proposes a GCI-DCSK SWIPT scheme, which is not only more flexible in selecting both the number of index bits and active carriers, but also more practical in considering path loss and conversion noise compared with the CI-DCSK SWIPT schemes. In the scheme, energy-adjustable noise-like signals will be transmitted through inactive carriers and harvested at the receiver. The analytical formulas of BER over AWGN and multipath Rayleigh fading channels are derived, which match very well with the simulation results. Moreover, the optimizations of BER and the harvested energy are introduced. Though the path loss and the conversion noise worsen the BER and reduce the harvested energy of the scheme, GCI-DCSK SWIPT is still self-sufficient with relatively good BER performance by careful design. By adjusting \(p_{2}\), some cases of GCI-DCSK SWIPT outperform conversion noise-aware CI-DCSK SWIPT in BER. Moreover, it is obvious that GCI-DCSK SWIPT offers more flexibility in EE and SE compared to conversion noise-aware CI-DCSK SWIPT.  
Conceptualization, M.Z. and G.C.; methodology, M.Z. and G.C.; software, M.Z. and G.C.; validation, M.Z. and G.C.; Drafting, M.Z.; proof reading and experimental analysis, M.Z., G.C., B.Y. and C.Y. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This work was funded in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under grant No. 62062025, in part by Guizhou Science and Technology Department Foundation grant No. ZK[2021]302.
## 3 Reviews of UPC System and Three Applications
### OpenFOAM  
Then, we review _OpenFOAM_. It is an open-source software for the _computational fluid dynamics_ (_CFD_) simulations and has been developed primarily by _OpenCFD Ltd_. (Bracknell, UK) It has an extensive range of features to solve anything from complex fluid flows involving chemical reactions, turbulence, and heat transfer, to acoustics, solid mechanics, and electromagnetics [4]. Furthermore, the optimal parameter selection is critical for the high accuracy of the results, and it needs a lot of iterations of selecting parameters in _OpenFOAM_ and running it with the parameter values. We applied the _parameter optimization method_ for _OpenFOAM_[20]; it needs to run _OpenFOAM_ with a lot of different parameters.  
Meanwhile, it is also applied for developing the _air conditioning guidance system_[21] in our research. The estimation or prediction of the distributions of the temperature or humidity inside a room using this simulation model is necessary to properly control the air conditioner. By estimating the room environment changes under various actions, it will be possible to decide when the air conditioner is turned on or off. Even the timing to open or close windows in the room can be selected. To estimate or predict the distributions in a room together with sensors, the CFD simulation using _OpenFOAM_ has been investigated. Then, the optimization of the parameters in _OpenFOAM_ is critical in order to fit the simulation results well with the corresponding measured ones.
## 6 Key Issues and Challenges
### Environmental Impact  
The performance of various data processing and data transmission modules may be affected by environmental factors such as temperature, humidity, irradiance, dust etc., which need to be addressed carefully while installing the boards in the open environment. For instance, the deposition of dust decreases the intensity of the light captured by the solar panel, thus reducing the solar PV output. [PERSON] et al. [144] performed an experimental investigation using an ARM Cortex-M4 microcontroller STM32F407 as a standalone digital controller to study the effect of dust accumulation on solar PV output. The results indicated a decrease in solar PV power by 10.8% over the course of four weeks. Hence, careful assessment should be performed related to environmental factors of a particular location before the installation of the devices. For instance, it has been suggested that Raspberry Pi should be operated in a predefined range as mentioned by the developer. Once the operation exceeds the threshold limit, a warning icon showing a red half-filled thermometer will be displayed, and the ARM cores will be progressively throttled back.
## 5 The Algorithm Based on Conformal Antenna
### The Algorithm Step  
Virtual baseline algorithm combines with 3D arbitrary algorithm and 2D-DOA estimation is summarized as follows:  
1. The array antennas mounted on aircraft are arranged reasonably. Two combinations are selected in each sub-array for direction finding, the four antenna elements (including the virtual elements) constitute a combination;  
Figure 8: Positions of the expanded virtual elements. The black points represent the actual elements (1–4); and the shadow points represent the virtual elements (a\(-\)l).  
2. The azimuth \(\alpha\) and the elevation \(\beta\) can be obtained by solving Equations (16) or (17) of one combination. By checking whether \(\gamma_{1}\) and \(\gamma_{2}\) are positive or negative, the mirrored ambiguous problem can be solved. All values including ambiguous values are obtained, which will be recorded as the first solution;
3. Apply the same procedure for another combination as step 2;
4. According to Equation (20), the 2D-DOA of the incident signal can be obtained;
5. Comparing the 2D-DOA of each sub-array (There is a greater difference between the error angle and the real angle due to the \"shadow effect\"), the closest value of each sub-array's 2D-DOA is regarded as the real value, and the average value is calculated. Using transformation Equations (2) and (3), the course angle \(\theta\) and pitching angle \(\varphi\) can be obtained finally.
## 4 Performance Analysis
### The Immediate Service Probability  
If the CPU cores of the \(k\)th-tier MEC server are not all busy when the task arrives, the task can be immediately served without waiting; that is, the total number of tasks in the \(k\)th-tier MEC is less than \(c_{k}\). The probability of immediate service for tasks in the \(k\)th-tier MEC server is obtained from the Total Probability Theorem, which is given in Equation (18).  
\[P_{r,k}=\sum_{n=0}^{c_{k}-1}\pi_{k,n}=\sum_{n=0}^{c_{k}-1}\frac{(c_{k}\rho_{k} )^{n}}{n!}\pi_{k,0} \tag{18}\]  
Therefore, the probability of immediate service for users \(P_{r}\) is given as follows:  
\[P_{r}=\prod_{k\in K}p_{o,k}P_{r,k}=\prod_{k\in K}p_{o,k}\sum_{n=0}^{c_{k}-1} \frac{(c_{k}\rho_{k})^{n}}{n!}\pi_{k,0} \tag{19}\]
# Adaptive Modulation Scheme for Soft-Switching Hybrid FSO/RF Links Based on Machine Learning
## 5 Discussion  
This paper uses a machine learning-based random forest algorithm to implement a soft-switching strategy in hybrid FSO/RF links and evaluate their performance. The random forest model is established according to the channel parameters, particularly focusing on rain and fog as the primary elements. Because the performance of the hybrid link is limited by severe weather conditions. With a weather data set split into a training part and a test part, the modulation adaptation accuracy performance was simulated. The results show that the training results of each group are consistent with the homologous testing results. The AI-based soft-switching strategy can enhance communication quality and reliability according to real-time environmental weather conditions. Furthermore, by using the trained link budget threshold, a suitable modulation type can be chosen to maximize the system efficiency with double links.  
Compared to [14], this work incorporates considerations for modulation. When determining the link quality model, real-time rain and fog data are used for training, in addition to taking into account the target BER. In order to align with the modulation, the LB is divided to ensure the stability and reliability of link performance. In order to maintain a balance in accuracy, this alignment may lead to a slight decrease in accuracy. Subsequently, we will continue to research this task, striving to achieve 100% prediction accuracy by conducting experimental testing with more external factors taken into account in some practical application scenarios. This will provide strong support for high-speed data transmission.  
Conceptualization, J.S. and X.D.; methodology, J.S., Y.L., X.D. and T.X.; software, J.S.; validation, Y.L., X.D. and T.X.; formal analysis, X.D.; investigation, J.S., Y.L., X.D. and T.X.; data curation, Y.L. and X.D.; writing--original draft preparation, J.S., Y.L., X.D. and T.X.; writing--review and editing, [PERSON], Y.L. and X.D.; visualization, J.S.; supervision, J.S. and T.X. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (62371390).  
Figure 8: The relationship between decision trees and classification accuracy. **(a)** Accuracy of FSO link in rain. **(b)** Accuracy of FSO link in fog. **(c)** Accuracy of RF link in rain.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### ABTS and DPPH Assay  
The radical scavenging ability of SHE was analyzed using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl-hydrate (DPPH) and 2,2-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothazoline-sulfonic acid (ABTS) assay. For the ABTS scavenging assay, ABTS was diluted in distilled water to prepare a 7 mM solution. ABTS radical cations (ABTS\({}^{\star}\) ) were generated by incubating the ABTS solution with 2.45 mM potassium peroxydisulfate in the shadowy room at RT. After 12-16 h, the ABTS\({}^{\star}\) + solution was diluted with PBS (pH 7.4) to an absorbance at 750 nm of 0.7 \(\pm\) 0.02. A SHE volume of 100 \(\upmu\)L (25, 50, or 100 \(\upmu\)g/mL) and ascorbic acid (4 or 8 \(\upmu\)g/mL) diluted in PBS were added to ABTS\({}^{\star}\) + in a dark room for 30 min at RT. Absorbance was measured with a microplate reader (Bio-Rad Inc., Hercules, CA, USA) at 750 nm. For the DPPH assay, 100 \(\upmu\)L of DPPH (40 \(\upmu\)g/mL) in methanol was mixed with equal volume of SHE (25, 50, or 100 \(\upmu\)g/mL) and ascorbic acid (2 or 4 \(\upmu\)g/mL) diluted in methanol for 30 min in a dark room at RT. The measurement of absorbance was performed with a microplate reader (Bio-Rad Inc., Hercules, CA, USA) at 595 nm, and the value was analyzed using Microplate Manager 6 (Bio-Rad Inc., Hercules, CA, USA).