## 1 Introduction  
Surface quality is of utmost interest in machining processes, directly influencing the functional performance, fatigue life, and aesthetic quality of manufactured components. Achieving optimal surface finish is essential across various industries, as it affects properties such as friction, wear resistance, and the ability to form reliable joints. Recent studies have emphasized the importance of controlling surface roughness to ensure the structural integrity and performance of machined parts from various materials, such as aluminum alloys [1, 2], steels [3, 4], and superalloys [5, 6]. Specifically, in aerospace applications, precision machining of Ti-6 Al-4V titanium alloy is critical due to its poor machinability and tendency to cause rapid tool wear. Optimized tool paths and cooling strategies have been shown to significantly improve surface quality and component life [7]. In the automotive industry, high-speed end milling of AISI 1045 steel has been investigated to meet the requirements for durability and fatigue resistance in engine components [8]. Moreover, in the energy sector, the micro-milling of Inconel 718, a widely used superalloy in turbine components, has demonstrated the effectiveness of tool coatings and feed rate control in minimizing surface defects and enhancing performance under thermal loads [9]. In parallel, the temperature generated during machining plays a pivotal role in determining both the quality of the machined surface and the longevity of the cutting tool. Elevated temperatures can lead to thermal damage, affecting the microstructure [10; 11] of the workpiece material and causing issues such as dimensional inaccuracies and surface defects [12; 13]. Moreover, excessive heat can accelerate tool wear, leading to increased production costs and downtime. Understanding the thermal aspects of machining is, therefore, crucial for optimizing process parameters and ensuring the quality and efficiency of manufacturing operations. Carbon-fiber-reinforced polymers (CFRPs) have gained prominence in various sectors, including aerospace, automotive, and sports equipment, due to their exceptional properties. However, machining CFRPs presents unique challenges owing to their anisotropic and heterogeneous nature. Issues such as delamination, fiber pull-out, and matrix cracking are common, adversely affecting the surface integrity of machined components. Recent research has focused on understanding how machining conditions affect the surface quality of CFRP components, aiming to mitigate these defects and enhance the machinability of these advanced materials. [PERSON] et al. [14] investigated the drilling of CFRP materials with the aim of identifying the optimal conditions by utilizing experimental methodologies and mathematical procedures. [PERSON] et al. [15] worked on the CFRP dry drilling by considering the carbon fiber distribution. [PERSON] et al. [16] dealt with the Al/CFR stacks milling using diamond tools. Similarly, in the work of [PERSON] et al. [17], the drilling of CFRP was investigated with the employment of the central composite design. It is evident that in most studies related to CFRP processing with conventional and non-conventional techniques [18], surface roughness is the primary output parameter investigated, with the researchers trying to deal with the special characteristics and properties of these composites that render them difficult to process. The advent of additive manufacturing has introduced new complexities in machining, particularly concerning 3D-printed composite parts. The layer-by-layer fabrication process inherent in 3D printing results in unique microstructural characteristics, which can influence the material's response to machining. Specifically, Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF), a widely used additive manufacturing technique, enables the rapid and cost-effective production of complex geometries.