esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Results and Discussion
### C-V Response to SID  
The LED strip C-V signals predominantly decreased due to an increase in the SID. Increasing the SID from 30-100 cm corresponded to a signal reduction of the cold white, warm white, red, and green LED strips. However, the blue LED strip signal fluctuated and slightly increased as a result of increasing the SID. The signal decrease for the cold white, warm white, red, and green LED strips obeyed the inverse square law. This was because the signal data points conformed to exponential decay fits. The cold white, warm white, red, and green LED strips' R-squared values were 0.9946, 0.8367, 0.8935, and 0.7524 respectively.  
Air consists of nitrogen, oxygen, argon, carbon dioxide, and other gases. This implies that air contains charged particles like electrons in the gaseous atoms and molecules. Therefore, when x-rays travel through the air, interactions like Compton scattering and the photoelectric effect may occur, and this would reduce the beam's final/total energy. Therefore, increasing the SID implies increasing the volume of the gaseous/charged particles interacting with the beam. From Figure 5, it is evident that the C-V signal is an exponential function of SID. This exponential function conforms to the inverse square law (1/r\({}^{2}\)). In other terms, the C-V signal varies as an inverse square of the SID. On average, shorter SIDs yielded higher signals than longer SIDs for all LED strip colors. At shorter SIDs, photons lose less energy along their trajectories (from the x-ray beam source point to the LED strip active area) and hence deposit higher energy to the electrons--resulting in a high C-V signal. On the contrary, photons lose most of their energy to charges in air (during longer SID trajectories) hence low C-V signals. Similarly, [PERSON] [51] observed a negative correlation between dose and SID. The effective and entrance surface doses reduced with an increment in the SID [51].
## 3 Digital Pulse Compression
### Classical Digital Pulse Compression Methods
#### 3.1.2 Pulse Compression in Frequency Domain  
For large bandwidth chirp signals, the computation will become quite complex when using digital convolution in the time domain for pulse compression. So, an alternative pulse compression method is developed in the frequency domain, which can be expressed as follows:  
\[\begin{array}{ll}y(n)&=s(n)*h(n)\\ &=IFFT\{FFT[s(n)]\times FFT[h(n)]\}\end{array} \tag{15}\]  
Compared to digital convolution in time domain, pulse compression in the frequency domain can save a lot of computation when the chirp signal has a large bandwidth. However, pulse compression in the frequency domain is unable to distinguish the time difference of the chirp signals with the same frequency bands. This limits its application in CTS systems.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Characterization of the Samples
#### 2.2.4 Electrochemical Measurements  
Electrochemical characteristics of composite samples were evaluated by cyclic voltammetry (CV) using a potentiostat-galvanostat P-40X (Elins, Zelenograd, Russia). CV curves were recorded using a three-electrode scheme. A platinum plate 10 \(\times\) 15 mm\({}^{2}\) in size served as a counter electrode. A standard electrode Ag \(\mid\)AgCl with a KCl was the reference electrode. A one molar aqueous solution of Na\({}_{2}\)SO\({}_{4}\) was used as the electrolyte. The working electrodes based on MWCNTs or composites were produced with the addition of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) as a binder (10 wt.%) and N-Methyl-2-Pyrrolidone (NMP) as a solvent. The resulting substance was applied to glass and dried for two hours at a temperature of 80 \({}^{\circ}\)C and a pressure of about 1 Pa and then rolled into flat plates with a thickness of less than 50 \(\upmu\)m using rollers. After that, the electrodes were dried under the same conditions for 12 h to remove NMP residues. The total specific capacitance _Cs_ of the electrode was calculated based on the formula _Cs_ = \(A/(\Delta U\ V\ m)\), where \(A\) is the area under the CV curve with a positive potential course, \(\Delta U\) is the potential window, \(V\) is the scan rate and \(m\) is the mass of MWCNTs or composites.
## 1 Introduction
Therefore, there is a need to analyze the magnetic properties of CoFeB thin films with different buffer and capping layers under high-temperature conditions. In this study, we investigated the temperature dependence of the magnetic properties of CoFeB thin films featuring different buffer and capping layers at high temperatures. We measured both the static and dynamic magnetic properties of CoFeB thin films with different buffer and capping layers at high temperatures, and then analyzed their thermal stabilities. Ta/CoFeB/MgO/Ta and W/CoFeB/MgO/W structures with different buffer and capping layers are used and these structures are fabricated via a sputtering process. The impact of the Ta buffer and capping layers as well as that of the W buffer and capping layers on the temperature dependence of the CoFeB thin film was systematically analyzed. We used vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM) for static property analysis and ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) spectroscopy for dynamic property analysis. We conducted measurements at various temperatures above room temperature to derive values for saturation magnetization (\(M_{\text{s}}\)), Gilbert damping constant (\(\alpha\)), magnetic anisotropy field (\(H_{\text{k}}\)), in-plane uniaxial magnetic anisotropy energy (\(K_{\text{u}}\)), and thermal stability factor (\(\Delta\)) as functions of temperature. Our findings suggest these materials have potential applications in the design of magnetic film stacks that are suitable for high-temperature applications in spintronic devices.
# A DFT-Based Running Time Prediction Algorithm for Web Queries
## 5 Experimental Evaluation
### An Application Case for Query Running Time Prediction
#### 5.5.2 Performance Evaluation of the DFT-Based Algorithm under Multi-Threaded Query Processing  
In this section, we present the efficiency reported by the LBM-WAND, the LBM-WAND multi-thread strategies and a DFT-based scheduler as described in previous section. The Scheduler uses the DFT-based algorithm to estimate the query running time to decide whether to use the LBM-WAND or the SBM-WAND strategy. We show results for different number of threads ranging from 1 to 8, for the BM-WAND pruning algorithm and the ClueWeb09 dataset.  
Figure 7a shows that the speedup reported by the SBM-WAND drastically improves the speedup reported by the LBM-WAND strategy. For eight threads, the SBM-WAND almost doubles the speed-up reported by the LSB-WAND. Additionally, the DFT-based Scheduler algorithm reports speedups slightly higher than the SBM-WAND.  
Finally, in Figure 7b, we present the execution times in seconds with different number of threads. The \(x\)-axis shows the queries identifiers ordered according to their execution time from lowest (left) to highest (right). Results show that query execution times tends to decrease with a larger number of threads.  
Figure 6: Pearson Correlation reported by the baseline and the DFT-based prediction algorithm with the LBM-WAND multi-thread strategy and (**a**) the Baseline prediction algorithm and (**b**) the DFT-Based prediction algorithm.  
Figure 7: (**a**) Speedup reported by the LBM-WAND, the SBM-WAND query processing strategies and the DFT-based scheduler. (**b**) Execution time in seconds reported with up to 8 threads by the DFT-based scheduler.
# An Automatic Navigation System for Unmanned Surface Vehicles in Realistic Sea Environments
## 5 Dynamic Environment Modeling and Path Re-Planning
### The Dynamic Domain Tunable Fast Marching Square Method
#### 5.1.2 Target Vessel Dynamic Domain Model  
In the field of autonomous navigation, the concept of ship domain is often introduced, which is the area around the target vessel that prevents other moving objects from entering. The shape of the ship domain is usually circular, and its center is located at the instantaneous position of the target [31]. However, when the target vessel speed is high, the collision risk of bow direction is greater than in the abeam and stern directions. Hence, it is reasonable to build the ship domain according to the speed of the target vessel. Referring to ship domain of Tam [40], the domain model of the target vessel can be established in Figure 13a, and also changed by the two parameters _Rbow_ and _Rstern_. They are given by  
\[\left\{\begin{array}{ll}Rbow=U\times T_{upd}+r_{min}\\ Rstern{=}\left\{\begin{array}{ll}r_{stern}&\quad\text{if }r_{stern}\geq r_{min}\\ r_{min}&\quad\text{else}\end{array}\right.\end{array}\right. \tag{24}\]  
with  
\[r_{stern}=\left\{\begin{array}{ll}U\times T_{upd}+r_{min}&\quad\text{if }U\leq ULim\\ (2\times ULim-U)\times T_{upd}+r_{min}&\quad\text{else}\end{array}\right.\]  
Referring to Figure 14, _Rbow_ and _Rstern_ are equal at low speed (until the speed reaches \(ULim\)); at high speed, _Rstern_ gradually reduces to \(r_{min}\), while _Rbow_ increases in proportion to \(U\), as more emphasis is placed on the direction of travel of the target vessel at high speeds.  
In Figure 13b-f, the domain model of the target vessel changes its shape according to the different speeds. The shape tends to be circular when vessel is traveling at low speeds so that the collision risks are equally allocated near the vessel. However, at high speeds the bow part is more at-risk than the other parts, and this part increases proportionally with speed.  
Figure 12: The own vessel dynamic domain model. (**a**) Schematic of the own vessel dynamic domain model; (**b**) The pixel image of domain model with speed 2.5 m/s and included angle of reachable area 2 \(\times\)\(\theta\) = 29.0\({}^{\circ}\); (**c**) Speed 10 m/s and 2 \(\times\)\(\theta\) = 44.5\({}^{\circ}\); (**d**) Speed 5 m/s and 2 \(\times\)\(\theta\) = 33.5\({}^{\circ}\); (**e**) Speed 5 m/s and 2 \(\times\)\(\theta\) = 57.0\({}^{\circ}\). 2 \(\times\)\(\theta\): the included angle of reachable area.
# Investigating 2-D and 3-D Proximal Remote Sensing Techniques for Vineyard Yield Estimation
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Data Analysis  
Data pre-processing and analysis occurred sequentially from experiment one (indicated via red arrows in Figure 2). The canopy treatments existing in experiment two and three had no effect on how the datasets were analysed for yield estimation. The proposed RGB and RGB-D methodologies were created on the LR datasets, before being directly applied to the FC datasets.
## 5 Conclusions  
This paper presents a novel design approach for a high-power, high-efficiency X-band GaN MMIC power amplifier, achieving significant improvements in performance and methodology. By combining load-line theory with the CCBJ impedance space, an analytical framework is developed to define the optimal impedance conditions for maximizing efficiency and minimizing power fluctuations. This approach offers a more precise and reliable path for designing high-performance power amplifiers.  
The analysis of power fluctuations within the CCBJ impedance space leads to the identification of a target impedance region that ensures minimal power variation, resulting in an amplifier with excellent output power flatness. Operating across the 8-12 GHz frequency range, the amplifier delivers a saturated output power of 47.6 dBm with in-band power flatness of \(\pm\)0.3 dB, outperforming similar designs in power stability.  
A novel R-C interstage matching network is also introduced, enhancing the saturated output power while maintaining stability and gain. This innovation, combined with CCBJ-based impedance optimization, allows the amplifier to achieve efficiency levels of between 40% and 45.5% and a gain range of 27.0 to 27.8 dB.  
In conclusion, the proposed amplifier represents a significant advancement in high-power, high-efficiency designs with superior in-band power flatness, addressing the limitations of existing amplifiers while offering a scalable approach for future X-band power amplifier development.  
Conceptualization, B.Z. and B.Z.; methodology, B.Z.; validation, B.Z. and C.L.; investigation, B.Z., R.Z. and T.G.; writing--original draft preparation, B.Z.; writing--review and editing, B.Z. and Z.Z.; supervision, Z.C. and Z.Z.; project administration, Z.C. and Z.Z. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
* [1]**Funding:** This work was supported by Project of Zhejiang Provincial Science and Technology plan (Grant:2024C01076), the Open Foundation of the State Key Laboratory of Millimeter-Waves (Grant K202540), Project of Shanxi Provincial Science and Technology plan (Grant:2023-ZDLGY-49) and Project of Ministry of Science and Technology (Grant D20011).
* [2]**Data Availability Statement:** The data presented in this work are available within the article.  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
## 3 Numerical Applications
### Lardal Footbridge  
The Lardal footbridge (Figure 9) is located in Lardal (Norway), above the river Lagen. On the opening day in 2001, the phenomenon of lateral vibrations was observed at this bridge [21]. The bridge has a shallow arch of 91 m chord, made of glue-laminated timber with steel cable reinforcements in certain parts of the main span.  
The modal properties of the first lateral mode were obtained through ambient tests. The natural frequency was determined to be 0.83 Hz, with a damping ratio of 2.5% and a modal mass of around 18,000 kg. The mode shape resulted to be a lateral sine wave with wavelength of 80 m.  
Full-scale pedestrian tests were performed to compare the predictions with the measurements. The maximum lateral acceleration recorded at the structure mid-span versus the number of pedestrians is represented in Figure 11. The footbridge resulted to be extremely lively, with an acceleration response exceeding 1 m/s\({}^{2}\) for as few as 40 people. During excessive lateral vibrations (beyond 1 m/s\({}^{2}\)), it was observed that pedestrians accepted accelerations up to a given limit, beyond which some of them decided to stop, thereby limiting the accelerations (saturation level) [21].
## 4 Numerical Results
### Effects of Turbulence Models  
Figure 12 compares the distribution of turbulence kinetic energy in the tip-vortex obtained from the RANS results using five different turbulence models on the coarse grids. Evidently, the vortex structure cannot be captured from the numerical result obtained using the standard k-\(\varepsilon\) model. It is important to note that the numerical result does not converge for the standard k-\(\varepsilon\) model. The detached eddy on the wing tip surface is critical to the accurate simulation of the tip vortex. However, the standard k-\(\varepsilon\) model, which was initially developed for the eddy simulation in the free field, tends to over-estimate the turbulence kinetic energy near the wall surface [24]. This limitation of the standard k-\(\varepsilon\) model seems to degrade the convergence of the RANS simulation.  
Figure 11: Distribution of (**a**) non-dimensional tangential velocity and (**b**) pressure coefficient according to grid size.  
Figure 12: Comparison of turbulent kinetic energy in tip-vortex for different turbulence models.  
In the cases of k-\(\omega\) SST and realizable k-\(\varepsilon\) models, the vortex structure can be captured. However, it is contaminated due to excessive turbulent energy during its convection. Given that the RNG k-\(\varepsilon\) model has been widely used for simulating rotating flows, it resolves the vortex structure in a better manner than the preceding three models. However, it still overestimates the turbulent kinetic energy. The best result is obtained from the simulation using the Reynolds stress model. The vortex structure is resolved extremely well, and the partial laminar region that occurs in the vortex core is also reproduced well [22].  
Figure 13 compares the distributions of non-dimensional tangential velocity and pressure coefficient on the line passing through the vortex core in the plane 0.5c downstream from the wing-tip. All the cases except for the standard k-\(\varepsilon\) model show similar results. A closer examination of the detailed distributions reveals that the result obtained using the Reynolds stress model captures the vortex core at the highest sharpness. This is due to the lower turbulent kinetic energy along the downstream direction without noticeable dissipation, as shown in Figure 12.
## 3 Study Area and Data
### Data Descriptions  
According to the experimental idea and techniques, the pre-earthquake images were acquired by Google Earth service; the post-earthquake images were acquired by a small unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). In addition, this research paper used some other types of auxiliary data such as POI (Point of Information). The details of the data used in this paper are shown in Table 5.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline \multicolumn{1}{c}{**EMS98**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Ours**} \\ \hline Grade Name & Description & Grade Name & Description \\ Negligible to slight damage & No structural damage; slight & Almost & The structure of the building is \\  & non-structural damage & undamaged & complete, and the main structure has \\ Moderate damage & Slight structural damage; & not collapsed or partial collapse \\ Substantial to heavy damage & Moderate structural damage; & & Partial collapse of the building, or \\  & heavy non-structural damage & Partial collapse & partial damage to the roof, or damage \\ Very heavy damage & Heavy structural damage; very & & to the parapet; 10–50\% deformation \\  & heavy non-structural damage & & The whole building collapsed \\ Destruction & Very heavy structural damage & Damaged & completely, or more than 50\% of the \\  & & & main structure collapsed with overall \\  & & & distortion, deformation, or tilt \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 4: Building damage grade of the remote sensing image.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Data Type**} & \begin{tabular}{c} **Acquisition** \\ **Time** \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} **Source** \\ **Band** \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} **Spectral** \\ **Resolution** \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline Pre-earthquake image & April 2021 & Google Earth & RGB & 0.6 m \\ Post-earthquake & September 2022 & UAV & RGB & 0.1 m \\ image & & National Earthquake & & \\ DSM data & May 2021 & Response Support & - & 0.1 m \\  & & Service & & \\ POI data & April 2022 & AMap & - & - \\ Population statistics & December 2021 & Statistical Yearbook & - & - \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 5: Description of the data used in the study.
# A Review of the Synthesis and Applications of Polymer-Nanoclay Composites
## 2 Synthesis
### In-Situ Polymerization Method
#### 2.3.3 Click Coupling Chemistry  
Click chemistry has been used as an efficient and versatile method for the chemical modification of nanoclay surfaces [48]. Generally, click coupling reactions for polymer nanoclay synthesis, such as copper(I)-catalyzed alkyne-azide cycloaddition (CuAAC), metal-free click, Diels-Alder (DA) reaction, radical and nucleophilic thio-lene reactions, and thiol-yne reaction, require the presence of complementary functional groups on both the polymer and nanoclays [139]. Incorporating click chemistry with other synthesis methods benefits from the versatility and robustness of both these methods and may provide innovative and effective routes for the design of advance polymer-nanoclay composites with improved physicochemical properties. For instance, click chemistry has been effectively used to functionalize the end-group or pendant groups of polymers and to construct well-defined polymers with CLRP [140]. [PERSON] et al. [141] applied click-coupling chemistry methods to link cellulose and nanoclays covalently. The covalent linkage between modified cellulose and nanoclay was achieved using Cu(I) catalyzed azide-alkyne. Their approach enhanced the interfacial interaction between cellulose and nanoclay, which may result in improvements in the mechanicalproperties of the composite. [PERSON] et al. [142] developed a new hybrid halloysite nanoclay grafted by polyfluorenes using a click-coupling chemistry method, delivering a high grafting degree of polyfluorenes (150%) due to the high productivity and a relatively small number of side relations. [PERSON] et al. [143] concluded that click-chemistry reactions, including selective and orthogonal reactions under mild conditions, had the potential to generate real stimuli not only in developing bioactive materials of choice, but also in making the leap to the industrial scale build-up of multifunctional products such as polymer-nanoclay composite scaffolds. [PERSON] et al. [144] developed a versatile approach based on facile thermal-triggered thiol-ene interfacial click-chemistry reactions for the preparation of nitrile butadiene rubber (NBR)/attapulgite nanoclay composites. The results indicated that the composites could be produced via the thiol-ene interfacial click reaction with excess NBR and potential use in the rubber industry.
###### Abstract  
With the deployment of Vehicular Ad hoc Networks (VANETs), new transport safety and efficiency applications are emerging. One of the fields where the adoption of information and communication technologies (ICT) is expected to bring great benefits, is emergency systems. A properly designed emergency vehicle warning system should provide car drivers with adequate reaction times and additional information, complementing the currently used lights and sirens. The objective is to increase road safety and to create conditions for a fast and reliable movement of emergency vehicles (EVs). The available literature addressing privacy issues in VANET-based emergency vehicle warning systems is strongly limited. In this paper, the privacy ensuring emergency vehicle approaching warning system (PEEV-WS) is proposed based on a requirements analysis. Privacy is ensured by avoiding transmissions of sensitive information (e.g., expected EV route) over the wireless channel. This is achieved by assigning the decision-making responsibility to an EV and determining which vehicles can potentially interfere with the EV in the near future, and to notify those vehicles only by unicasting vehicle-customized information. The performance of the system is evaluated by federated telco-traffic simulations in terms of end-to-end delay and message delivery probability for three commonly used ad hoc routing protocols--Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV), Greedy Perimeter Stateless Routing (GPSR), and Dynamic MANET On-demand (DYMO), as well as in terms of reaction time, which the system provides to the drivers. Despite low applicability of the ad hoc routing protocols for vehicular communication, especially for low-latency and high-frequency applications, the simulations of the communication network demonstrate that the AODV protocol, with the modified configuration, can support the emergency vehicle warning system. The traffic simulations confirm that the system has the potential to provide drivers with sufficient reaction time.  
emergency vehicles; connected intelligent transport systems (C-ITS); simulations; VANET; routing protocols; ad hoc networks +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Soft. 2020, 10, 298