## 3 Results and Discussions
### Relationship between the Evaluations of Living Environments and City Characteristics  
The results in Section 3.3 indicate that along with the living environments in hometowns, those in the current residences also influenced people's U-turn motivations. For more effective regional development, it is important to grasp whether each living environment has specific tendencies that depend on unique regional characters. If some tendencies are clarified, the local governments may be better positioned to predict the likelihood of U-turn migration by the current conditions of their regions, or by future conditions that they will realize to meet migrants' needs. In this section, we focused mainly on city size. It is an important characteristic of cities in the discussion of population disparities, because the population of the municipality is well considered to determine city size (type) in Japan. Table 8 shows the relationship between city size and the evaluation of living environments used in the decision tree. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & \multicolumn{6}{c}{**Evaluation of Living Environment**} \\ \cline{2-7}  & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Current Residence**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Hometown**} \\ \cline{2-7}  & **High** & **Medium** & **Low** & **High** & **Medium** & **Low** \\ \hline Attachment 1  & N = 173 & N = 227 & N = 74 & N = 231 & N = 199 & N = 44 \\ \hline Ordinance-designated city. & 22.5 & 18.9 & 21.6 & 26 & 26.6 & 29.5 \\ Heartland city. & 24.3 & 25.6 & 23 & 20.3 & 23.1 & 20.5 \\ Specially designated city & 16.8 & 21.6 & 17.6 & 14.7 & 17.1 & 15.9 \\ City with population \(<0.1\) million & 28.9 & 26.9 & 7 & 26.8 & 25.6 & 25 \\ Town and village & 7.5 & 7 & 8.1 & 12.1 & 7.5 & 9.1 \\ \hline Transportation environment & & & & & & \\ (Current residence \({}^{***}\), Hometown: ***) 1 & N = 184 & N = 138 & N = 152 & N = 194 & N = 155 & N = 125 \\ \hline Ordinance-designated city. & 27.7 & 21 & 11.8 & 40.7 & 20 & 12.8 \\ Heartland city. & 26.1 & 23.9 & 23.7 & 23.2 & 25.2 & 14.4 \\ specially designated city & 20.1 & 18.8 & 18.4 & 11.9 & 18.7 & 18.4 \\ City with population \(<0.1\) million & 19.6 & 29 & 37.5 & 18.6 & 26.5 & 37.6 \\ Town and village & 6.5 & 7.2 & 8.6 & 5.7 & 9.7 & 16.8 \\ \hline Climate 1  & N = 269 & N = 136 & N = 69 & N = 233 & N = 166 & N = 75 \\ \hline Ordinance-designated city. & 21.6 & 23.5 & 11.6 & 27.9 & 27.7 & 20 \\ the 23 wards of Tokyo & & & & & & \\ Heartland city. & 25.3 & 25 & 21.7 & 22.7 & 21.1 & 18.7 \\ Specially designated city & 17.8 & 21.3 & 20.3 & 12 & 19.9 & 18.7 \\ City with population \(\leq 0.1\) million & 29 & 22.8 & 34.8 & 27.9 & 22.9 & 28 \\ Town and village & 6.3 & 7.4 & 11.6 & 9.4 & 8.4 & 14.7 \\ \hline Visiting ancestral graves & & & & & \\ (Current residence: \({}^{**}\)) 1  & N = 109 & N = 245 & N = 120 & N = 216 & N = 177 & N = 81 \\ \hline Ordinance-designated city. & 13.8 & 22.9 & 22.5 & 27.3 & 23.2 & 32.1 \\ the 23 wards of Tokyo & & & & & & \\ Heartland city, specially designated city & 16.5 & 26.1 & 29.2 & 19.4 & 23.2 & 23.5 \\ City with population \(\geq 0.1\) million & 22.9 & 17.1 & 20 & 13 & 19.8 & 14.8 \\ City with population \(<0.1\) million & 34.9 & 26.9 & 24.2 & 28.7 & 24.9 & 22.2 \\ Town and village & 11.9 & 6.9 & 4.2 & 11.6 & 9 & 7.4 \\ \hline Supporting parents1  & N = 122 & N = 235 & N = 117 & & & \\ \hline Ordinance-designated city. & 18 & 22.6 & 19.7 & & & \\ the 23 wards of Tokyo & & & & & & \\ Heartland city. & 17.2 & 28.5 & 24.8 & & & \\ City with population \(\geq 0.1\) million & 23 & 17.4 & 18.8 & & & \\ City with population \(<0.1\) million & 33.6 & 23.8 & 30.8 & & & \\ Town and village & 8.2 & 7.7 & 6 & & & \\ \hline Shopping environment & & & & & N = 219 & N = 146 & N = 109 \\ (Hometown: ***) 1  & N = 173 & N = 227 & N = 74 & N = 231 & N = 199 & N = 44 \\ \hline Ordinance-designated city. & & & & & & \\ the 23 wards of Tokyo & & & & & & \\ the 23 wards of Tokyo & & & & & & \\ Heartland city. & 22.5 & 18.9 & 21.6 & 26.6 & 29.5 \\ Heartland city.