esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Solution Merging in Matheuristics for Resource Constrained Job Scheduling
## 1 Introduction
Additionally, what type of merge step should be used, given that CMSA and MS use two slightly different merge methods? This study attempts to provide some answers to these questions in the context of a specific optimisation problem. This study investigates MS and CMSA with the primary aim of comparing the effects of the differences between these related algorithms to better understand what elements are important in obtaining the best performance. The case study used for the empirical evaluation of the algorithms is the Resource Constrained Job Scheduling (RCJS) problem [23]. The RCJS problem was originally motivated by an application from the mining industry and aims to capture the key aspects of moving iron ore from mines to ports. The objective is to minimise the tardiness of batches of ore arriving at ports, which has been a popular objective with other scheduling problems [24; 25]. Several algorithms have been attempted on this problem, particularly hybrids incorporating Lagrangian relaxation, column generation, metaheuristics (simulated annealing, ant colony optimisation and particle swarm optimisation), genetic programming, constraint programming and parallel implementations of these methods [23; 26; 27; 28; 29; 30; 31; 32]. The problem is a relatively simple-to-state scheduling problem with a single shared resource. Nevertheless, the problem is sufficiently well studied to provide a baseline for performance while still having room for improvement with many larger instances not solved optimally. The primary aim, though, is not to improve the state-of-the-art for this particular type of problem--even though our approaches outperform the state-of-the-art across a number of problem instances--but to get a better understanding of the behaviour of the two considered algorithms. The paper is organised as follows. First, we briefly summarise the scheduling problem used as a case study and provide some alternative ways of formulating this as a mixed integer linear program (Section 2). Then, in Section 3 we provide the details of the two matheuristic methods MS and CMSA, and we outline how they are applied to the RCJS problem, and discuss briefly the intuition behind these methods. We also discuss ways to generate the population, including a constructive heuristic, ACO and their associated parallel implementations. We detail the motivations for this study in Section 4 and this is followed by an experimental set-up and empirical evaluation in Section 5. Then, a short discussion of the results is given in Section 6. Finally, the paper concludes in Section 7, where possibilities for future work are discussed.
## 5 Conclusions  
To address the inconsistency in feature extraction network problems when applied to bearing fault diagnosis, such as insufficient ability to learn fault features and the characteristic distribution of vibration data of rolling bearing collected under variable working conditions, the authors proposed the SPDSAN diagnostic model. The experimental results have shown that the proposed model has higher robustness and diagnostic accuracy compared to other methods. Based on the results, the following conclusions can be made:  
* Compared with ResNet, ResNeSt, which integrates multi-channel and split-attention mechanisms, can more fully learn the transferable fault features in samples. This facilitates subsequent transfer learning tasks.
* In the domain adaptation layer, the subdomain alignment method is used to reduce the distribution difference between the \(D_{s}\) and the \(D_{t}\), and to reduce the misdiagnosis caused by the small subdomain distance caused by the global alignment. Therefore, it is only necessary to train the network with samples under one working condition to complete the fault diagnosis under all working conditions
* The comparison and analysis of different experimental results show that the proposed method has good generalization and robustness.  
Conceptualization, H.W. and L.P.; formal analysis, H.W.; writing--original draft preparation, L.P.; writing--review and editing, L.P.; project administration, L.P.; funding acquisition, H.W. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was supported by the Key R&D Program of Shaanxi Province (grant 2020 CY-104) and the Key Laboratory of Expressway Construction Machinery of Shaanxi Province (No. 300102250503).  
Not applicable.  
The data supporting this are from previously reported studies and datasets, which have been cited.  
Thanks to all the authors and peer reviewers for their valuable contributions.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.  
Figure 9: Feature visualization 2.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Data Analysis  
Statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS (Version 24 for Windows, SPSS Inc, Chicago, IL, USA). Intra- and inter-rater reliability were tested with the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC (3,1), two way random, absolute agreement) [25]. The following guideline was used to determine the strength of the ICC: \(<\)0.25 no correlation; 0.25-0.5 fair; 0.5-0.75 moderate to good; and \(>\)0.75 good to excellent correlation [26]. A mixed analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to test the effect of muscle position [RST and MLR] on muscle shear modulus, followed by the post-hoc Bonferroni corrections. The significance level was set at 0.05.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Effect of Permeability and Inhomogeneity on Flow in Pore Media
As shown in Figure 14b, when the capillary number is constant (\(lgCa=-3.15\)), the displacement interface in the low permeability region gradually advances with increasing \(lgM\). The displacement interface in the high permeability region becomes increasingly stable with increasing \(lgM\), but the channel width first decreases and then increases with increasing \(lgM\). Additionally, water displacement efficiency significantly improves when \(lgM>-1\). Figure 12: Snapshots of CH\({}_{4}\)–water two-phase flow at different pore scales and volume fraction of the non-wetting phase (CH\({}_{4}\)) as a function of time. (**a**) Snapshot of the distribution of the two phases after stabilization of CH\({}_{4}\) driven water at Rt = 50 \(\upmu\)m, 150 \(\upmu\)m and 350 \(\upmu\)m; (**b**) volume fraction of non-wetted phase CH\({}_{4}\) as a function of time. Figure 13: Schematic diagram of the simulated double-permeable porous media. To intuitively analyze the relationship between different \(Ca\) and \(M\) values in the dual permeability region, bar charts of non-wetting phase saturation (Sn) with respect to \(lgCa\) and \(lgM\) before and after breakthrough are plotted, as shown in Figure 15. When \(lgM=0\) (Figure 15a), Sn increases with increasing \(lgCa\) after breakthrough, indicating that the main driving force for channel formation gradually shifts from capillary force to viscous force, thus increasing drainage efficiency. As shown in Figure 15b, the value of Sn first increases, then decreases, and then increases again with increasing \(lgM\) after breakthrough. This is because the change in viscous force increases fluid flow resistance, reducing fingering width, and then the increase in viscous instability causes the fingering width to increase again.
## 1 Introduction
Moreover, the realization of a high-dimensional delay chaotic synchronization system was introduced, which is not limited to the dimension of the system while generating more than one positive Lyapunov exponent, both high reliability and preventing the cost of the improvement and synchronous difficulty. Specifically, a four-dimensional time-delay Lorenz system oscillation circuit was investigated to ensure the performance of the attractor. In addition, the time delay in the chaotic attractor has abundant dynamic characteristics, which laid the foundation for enhancing data security levels in the secure telecommunications field. The experiment results show that the design is practical, feasible and can be applied in many time-delay dynamic-related scopes. This paper is organized as follows: In Section 2, the basic chaotic systems used in this paper are presented. In addition, the time-delay disturbance term was introduced in the mathematical model of classical four-dimensional systems to construct a new effective chaotic system. The novelty synchronous controller between the master system and slave system with a self-time-delay disturbance is analyzed and simulated in Section 3. Section 4 innovatively presents a straightforward methodology to design an integrated circuit, particularly, the lag time oscillator module. Time series, phase space reconstruction, and Poincare maps validate the chaotic behaviors of the designed circuit. In Section 5, the nonlinear coupled global asymptotic synchronization of the time-delay Lorenz system and its circuit simulation is the novelty proposed. Finally, conclusions are presented in Section 6.
###### Abstract  
Based on the spectral element method (SEM) and a convolutional neural network (CNN), an inversion algorithm for the dynamic modulus of concrete pavement structures is proposed in this paper. In order to evaluate the service performance of pavement structures more systematically and accurately via the existing testing techniques using a falling weight deflectometer (FWD), it is necessary to obtain accurate dynamic modulus parameters of the structures. In this work, an inversion algorithm for predicting the dynamic modulus is established by using a CNN which is trained with the dynamic response samples of a multi-layered concrete pavement structure obtained through SEM. The gradient descent method is used to adjust the weight parameters in the network layer by layer in reverse. As a result, the accuracy of the CNN can be improved via iterative training. With the proposed algorithm, more accurate results of the dynamic modulus of pavement structures are obtained. The accuracy and numerical stability of the proposed algorithm are verified by several numerical examples. The dynamic modulus and thickness of concrete pavement structure layers can be accurately predicted by the CNN trained with a certain number of training samples based on the displacement curve of the deflection basin from the falling weight deflectometer. The proposed method can provide a reliable testing tool for the FWD technique of pavement structures.  
pavement structure; dynamic modulus; convolution neural network; inversion algorithm; falling weight deflectometer +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences
# Ion Mobility-Mass Spectrometry Approach for the Comparison of Sheep and Goat Milk Lipidomes
## 5 Conclusions  
In conclusion, iterative high-resolution MS/MS and ion mobility methods used for the profiling of milk lipids allowed the annotation of common and uncommon features while allowing the fast exploration of lipids with biological significance, such as SMs and Hex-Cer, and potential health benefits. The development of this analytical method lays the foundation for expanding and better understanding the characterization of ruminant milk used to produce high-nutritional-value dairy products.  
**Supplementary Materials:** The following supporting information can be downloaded at [[https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/app13063535/s1](https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/app13063535/s1)]([https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/app13063535/s1](https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/app13063535/s1)). Figure S1: Number of annotated lipid features plotted as number of features annotated versus the number of iterative injections of sheep milk (**a**) and goat milk (**b**) acquired in the negative (blue) and positive (orange) ionization mode; Figure S2: TAG distribution with the relative carbon number in sheep (**A**) and goat (**B**) milk samples; Table S1: Mass spectrometry and collision cross section characteristics of lipids detected in sheep (S) and goat (G) milk samples and acquired in the positive ionization mode; Table S2: Mass spectrometry and collision cross section characteristics of lipids in the negative ionization mode (G = goat and S = sheep); Table S3: TAG concentration in sheep and goat milk (S = sheep and G = goat); Table S4: List of TAG annotated by MS spectra analysis and comparison of reference mass spectra.  
**Author Contributions:** Conceptualization and experimental design, P.C., P.S., M.A. and C.M.; methodology, P.C., P.S., V.G. and C.M.; software, P.S. and C.M.; validation, P.C., C.M. and P.S.; formal analysis, C.M.; investigation, P.C. and P.S.; data curation, P.C., P.S., V.G. and C.M.; resources, I.I.; writing--original draft preparation, P.C., P.S., V.G., M.A., I.I. and C.M.; writing--review and editing, P.C., P.S., M.A., I.I. and C.M. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
**Funding:** This work was supported by Fondazione Banco di Sardegna under the project \"Innovative antioxidant molecules for the food and health industry\" (CUP F711I7000180002) and the project Biomilkchina funded by Regione Sardegna.  
**Informed Consent Statement:** Not applicable.  
**Data Availability Statement:** None of the data were deposited in an official repository. The data that support the study findings are available from the authors upon request.  
**Acknowledgments:** We acknowledge the CeSAR (Centro Servizi d'Ateneo per la Ricerca) of the University of Cagliari, Italy, for the IMQTOFMSMS experiments performed with an Agilent 6560. We thank [PERSON] and [PERSON] for helpful discussions.  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### MIP Examination  
In order to calculate the porosity of mortar specimens, testing was carried out on the mortar specimens via MIP. Figure 9 presents the results. The results indicate that the pore size of all of the mortar specimens was concentrated within the range of 0.01-0.1 \(\upmu\)m. Very few pore sizes exceeded 10 \(\upmu\)m, which is more significant in the early ages compared to the later ages. The total porosity with 10% lithium mica slag content was at the maximum, with values of 15.28% and 11.08% at ages of 28 and 210 days after calculations, respectively. In addition, as the age increased, mortar specimens with 20% and 30% lithium mica slag contents gradually replaced large pores with small pores. Moreover, the total porosity decreased at later ages. This means that the density of the mortar specimens gradually increases during the later ages because mortar specimens mixed with lithium mica slag become hydrated successively in the later stage. Lithium mica slag is finer than cement, allowing it to fill pores effectively and enhance the strength of mortar specimens in the later stage.
# Aerial Remote Sensing of Aquatic Microplastic Pollution:
## 3 Literature Survey
### Remote Sensing of Aquatic MPs Based on Physical Water Surface Effects
[33] to affect the degree of polarization of reflected SWIR radiation, as measured by an airborne passive polarimeter. They demonstrated the detection of this effect caused by an ocean oil slick and suggested that other water surface entities, including MPs, may produce a similar effect; however, to date, this avenue has not yet been pursued further in the case of MPs.
## 4 Backgrounds and Methods
### Handover Procedure of the Dual MRNs
#### 4.3.2 sMRN Handover Procedures  
On completion of the mMRN handover procedure, the serving DeNB places the sMRN in a wait state if the following conditions occur:  
* The velocity of the vehicle has decreased or the vehicle has stopped. In this case, the HO procedure of the mMRN is complete, and the UEs have been served. The sMRN continues connecting with the serving DeNB and served UEs.
* The trajectory of the vehicle has changed. If possible, the mMRN makes a new measurement report to update candidate cells.
* The reference signal received power (RSRP) of the target DeNB has decreased or the RSRP of another candidate DeNB is better than that of the target DeNB.  
If the serving DeNB decides that the sMRN must perform the HO, HO procedures are initiated by the HO command (HO command) of the serving DeNB. The sMRN does not need to make a measurement report for the HO procedure. The HO in the sMRN procedure comprises the following phases:  
1. Synchronization phase: After the sMRN receives the HO command and the RRC connection reconfiguration command (HO command, RRC conn), the serving DeNB stops forwarding data to the sMRN; the UEs are not served during the HO procedure. The sMRN will then try to synchronize with the target DeNB by sending a synchronization command.
2. Tracking area update phase: If the sMRN has successfully synchronized with the target DeNB, the mMRN sends a tracking area update command to the MME.
3. Path switch phase: In this phase, the target DeNB follows the HO procedure of mMRN.
4. Final phase: In this phase, the sMRN updates its S1/X2 configuration. Then, the target DeNB and S-GW start forwarding data along the new path to the mMRN, and the sMRN can complete its HO procedure.
# Simulated Altitude Training and Sport Performance: Protocols and Physiological Effects
## 2 Hypoxia Environment Training Protocols  
### Hypoxia High Intensity Interval Training (HHIIT)  
High intensity interval training is used to increase cardiopulmonary endurance and enhance sports performance, involving short- to moderate-duration exercises (10 s to 5 min) at high intensity, surpassing the anaerobic threshold [24]. Considering that the type of sports training, intensity, and level of exercise of the training target may affect physiological adaptations and hematological changes to improve sports performance, exposure to a hypoxia environment is a more common and widely used training and testing protocol. Intermittent hypoxia interval training (IHIT), or periodic exposure to hypoxia, is also known as LL-TH, and is defined as a protocol in which hypoxia and normoxia alternate during a periodic training session, which may last from a few minutes to several hours of hypoxia exposure, and which is repeated over a period of days to weeks. Hypoxia high-intensity interval training (HHIT) is a combination of an intermittent hypoxia environment and HIIT, and is commonly used in research and interval training. Sprint interval training, a form of HIIT training, involves brief exercise periods lasting approximately 10-15 s at near maximum intensity, followed by recovery intervals of less than 30 s, requiring maximum effort within a short period of time, through the use of repetitive anaerobic testing on a bicycle ergometer. This interval sprint training protocol can improve VO2 max, skeletal muscle oxidative capacity, and endurance performance in two weeks with a total of six \"all-out\" training sessions [25]. In HIIIT, 95% of the lactate threshold load was considered. In this training protocol, athletes perform high-intensity short-duration exercises in a simulated or actual hypoxia environment, alternating between high-intensity (80-90% HR) and low-intensity (60-70% HRR) exercise and recovery exercise [26; 27; 28]. This hypoxia exposure is an effective protocol to improve skeletal muscle oxygen utilization capacity and exercise performance, characterized by repetitive sprints of high-intensity exercise at maximum workload, with consideration of short recovery times. Several studies related to hypoxia high-intensity interval training (HHIIT) have shown that participants, whether they were trained athletes [1; 19; 21; 29; 30; 31], high-physical-activity performers [22; 32], or untrained individuals [13], were able to increase their maximum oxygen intake after more than two weeks of intermittent hypoxia interval training. The studies with relevant post hoc analyses have shown that HHIIT interventions are more effective than normal oxygen interventions in interval training [7].
# Influences of Brass Surface Morphology on Leidenfrost Effect during Liquid Nitrogen Cooling
## 2 Experimental Details  
### Apparatus and Samples  
An experimental apparatus for exploring the boiling process was set up as shown in Figure 1. Liquid nitrogen needed to be added to the insulated dewar to create an environment at about 77 K before and during the experiment, and for maintaining the temperature and the amount of cooling liquid, the liquid nitrogen should be slowly poured into the dewar. The equilibrium temperature of liquid nitrogen and gaseous nitrogen under atmospheric pressure should be 77 K, and especially the temperature of liquid nitrogen should always be maintained at 77 K. The temperature of nitrogen may rise, but it does not influence this study. The diameter and height of the insulated dewar were 65 mm and 150 mm, respectively. The material of samples was H62 brass (thermal conductivity \(\lambda=109\) W/(m\(\cdot\)k), specific heat \(c=385\) J/(kg\(\cdot\)K) at room temperature) with a density of 8.136 g/cm\({}^{3}\), which was mainly composed of 62 wt.% copper and 38 wt.% zinc, and the initial temperature of the sample was room temperature about 298 K. The brass was machined into samples of cylinders with diameter of 10 mm and height of 20 mm, and their surfaces were polished by using different sandpapers. The samples were then packaged with thermal insulation tube (thermal conductivity \(\lambda=0.034\)\(\mathrm{W}/(\mathrm{m}\cdot\mathrm{K})\)), and only the polished surface was exposed. The temperature sensor used in the experiment was a PT-100 low-temperature film resistor (Heraeus C220 Series, class B, \(\pm 0.3\) K), which was inserted through a drilled hole with 2 mm diameter. The bottom of the drilled hole was 1 mm apart from the polished surface of brass samples. Under such a condition, the heat transfer could be assumed to be only in the axial direction, and the heat transfer in other directions could be ignored [33]. Each brass sample was tested 5 times, and the duration of a test was about 50 min, including the cooling process for about 10 min and the warming back to room temperature in air for about 40 min.  
Different sandpapers were used to polish the sample surface in one direction, and the brass samples were denoted as A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H and I, corresponding to the sandpaper with grit density (abrasive quantity per square inch) of 180, 320, 400, 600, 800, 1000, 1200, 1500 and 2000, respectively. The surface morphologies were first observed by using scanning electron microscope (SEM, Phenom XL). Then, the sample surfaces were characterized with a line roughness tester (TR200) to measure \(Rq\) (perpendicular to texture) and a white light interferometer (WLI, ZYGO Nexview) to obtain the surface height matrix to measure \(Sq\). The vertical and horizontal resolutions were 0.09 and 0.71 \(\mathrm{\SIUnitSymbolMicro m}\), respectively. The root square roughness \(Sq\) can more accurately reflect the overall situation of roughness than other surface roughness parameters such as \(Sa,Sz\).
## 3 Results  
The main objective of the parallel robotic antenna is to track within specs the geo-referenced satellite trajectories, We considered COTS linear actuators for a custom-made platform and antenna designs to downlink the LEO satellite signal. Three ground stations of geographic coordinates were simulated for a Russian LEO satellite COSMOS 1500, where real time data was downloaded using Orbitron, a software used by professionals for satellite tracking for weather, communication and astronomy users based on space-track.org database. The remaining parameters were selected keeping in mind COTS accessories and materials, not to exceed linear thruster specs and subject to their encoder resolution, for a feasible and viable design.