# Influence of Climate Conditions on Deficiencies of Building Roofs
## 1 Introduction  
Although climate is considered to be a factor extrinsic to buildings, they and their occupants are nevertheless affected by it [1]. To ensure that all aspects of a building's envelope function effectively, it is necessary to consider the movement of heat and air, and changes to temperature, in an integrated fashion [2]. In addition to climate, architecture also affects the indoor climate and construction quality [3]; this is seen, for example, in the 'albedo effect', with the reflection of solar rays by building roofs directly influencing air temperature and moisture, which in turn affect the possibility of condensation [4]. A series of deficiencies may appear in building roofs, as these may be affected by climate conditions in their location; as a result, the following types of deficiencies were considered and evaluated: localized infiltrations, moistures (by infiltration and condensation) and fissures (in brick parapets and in gable-walls and slab faces). The main factors affecting buildings and their occupants' well-beings are temperature, moisture, solar radiation, wind, cloudiness and precipitation [5]. These are known as climate conditions or parameters and should be taken into account in the initial phases of a project [6]. Indoor air temperature and relative humidity in residential buildings significantly affect moisture, material durability, heating, ventilation, air-conditioning systems' performance, and occupants' comfort [7]. [PERSON] et al. [8] analyzed different design deficiencies, having observed the effects of defective design in building maintenance. They concluded that building designers are not always aware of the degree of maintenance required for building elements, and do not usually collaborate with maintenance personnel to help improve routine tasks, leading to implications to future maintenance and its costs. [PERSON] et al. [9] developed a system for the inspection, diagnosis and rehabilitation of roofs, within a proactive maintenance strategy for the prevention of anomalies. They classified common flat roof anomalies and studied their most probable causes through non-destructive in situ methods, along with various rehabilitation techniques, through correlation matrices. [PERSON] [10] addresses the impact of the thermal design of envelopes on buildings' thermal performance in hot climates, and emphasizes proper material selection according to building type and climate conditions. [PERSON] et al. [11] analyzed the influence of maintenance in flat roofs of 26 buildings in operation in Portugal, concluding that more aggressive climate conditions require specific maintenance plans based on the state of degradation of the elements and on the aggressiveness of the environment. [PERSON] [12] carried out a hydrothermal and environmental comparative analysis of the different roof construction solutions in the Mediterranean climate, studying thermal transmittances and external and interstitial condensations. [PERSON] et al. [13] analyzed design deficiencies of flat roof projects in Extremadura (Spain), detecting that a large number of roof projects are inadequate; they did not, however, further examine the influence of climate conditions or building location [14] in the problems arising during buildings' service life. In turn, [PERSON] et al. [15] analyzed the influence of improved construction quality controls on the designs of waterproofing systems, but also did not take into account climate conditions. [PERSON] [16] found that deficiencies in flat roofs in warm and dry climates usually appear because designers fail to take climate factors (particularly, precipitation) into account. [PERSON] et al. [17] analyzed the effects of urban meteorology on building designs, focusing on heat islands and the canyon effect, though they did not study the effect of these phenomena on the appearance of building deficiencies. The climate conditions [18] and the demographic environment affecting buildings directly influence the durability of their construction materials [19].