esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Challenges and the State of the Art Progresses
### DBMS Enhancements  
It is possible to make a database decentralized, more secure, 100% trustworthy, transparent and more efficient by enhancing it with blockchain techniques. IBM has filed a patent to build a reliable database tampering detection system, which can detect any data inconsistencies in the central database by the blockchain technique. BigchainDB aims to provide a database with blockchain characteristics, which supports high throughput, low latency, powerful query functionality, decentralized control, immutable data storage and built-in asset support. BigchainDB version 2.0 makes significant improvements over previous versions, which is now Byzantine fault tolerant and can tolerate up to a third of node failures. The survey work [48] reviews the design goals of BigchainDB 2.0, the technical approaches, use cases and future plans. Corda is a decentralized global database upon a distributed ledger with minimal trust between nodes. It aims to serve various applications in finance, trade, supply chain tracking and more, and is specialized for use with regulated financial institutions [22; 49]. [PERSON] et al. proposed a semantics empowered blockchain database, i.e., SEBDB, which considers both usability and scalability. In SEBDB, the off-chain data are stored in a rational DBMS and on-chain data are modeled as a number of predefined relations. Each transaction is a tuple with multiple attributes belonging to a certain relation and carries relational data semantics. The general interface is implemented with a SQL-like language instead of code-level APIs, which provides more convenience. Therefore, SEBDB enhances the blockchain platform by leveraging the existing databases' functionality which are optimized for decades [50].
# Blister Defect Detection Based on Convolutional Neural Network for Polymer Lithium-Ion Battery
## 4 Conclusions  
Blister, a kind of common defect in the grid net of cell sheet, needs to be detected to ensure product quality of PLB. A blister detection method based on visual inspection was employed using images of PLB sheet. A deep learning detection method is proposed and it is fast enough for real-time industry application. The following conclusions can be drawn from this paper.  
(1) Trainable weight parameters are added to each skip connection to improve dense block in CNN architecture. These parameters are trained during the CNN training process. This improvement efficiently finds important features for the image classification.  
(2) CNN training is improved with the optimization of learning rate by FPA. Mini-batch is updated in the correct direction to improve the efficiency of training.  
(3) A deep learning application for blister detection of PLB is developed. The proposed method had the best classification performance when it was compared with other methods.  
(4) The proposed CNN based blister detection method is fast enough for real-time industry application.  
Conceptualization, L.M. and W.X.; Methodology, L.M. and Y.Z.; Writing--original draft, L.M.; and Writing--review and editing, W.X.  
This research was funded by National Key R&D Program of China grant number 2018 YFC0114800, Shandong Province Natural Science Foundation grant number ZR2018 MF026, and University Co-construction Project at Weihai grant number ITDAZMZ001708.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript, or in the decision to publish the results.
# Quantum Stream Cipher Based on Holevo-Yuen Theory
## Appendix A Simple Explanation of Y-00 Principle  
Here, we introduce the mathematical formulation of the Y-00 principle. Let us define signals. The information is binary, 0 or 1. Bit symbols \(i=0\), 1 are transmitted by many kinds of coherent state signals indexed by \(j\). Here, \(j\) means the \(j\)th communication base in \(j\in\mathcal{M}\). Then, we have the following signal ensemble:  
\[\rho(i,j)=|\alpha(i,j)\rangle\langle\alpha(i,j)|,\] \[i=0,1,\quad j=1,2,3,\ldots,M \tag{1}\]  
where \(\alpha(i,j)\) is a complex amplitude of coherent state, and the total number of signals becomes \(2M\). It is important that we here set the following signal (see references [1; 5; 6; 7]):  
(1) Signal setting-A  
(2) Signal setting-B  
Even if \(\langle\alpha(0,j)|\alpha(1,j)\rangle=\eta\ll 1,\forall j\), we can arrange the signal configuration as follows:  
\[\langle\alpha(k=M/2)|\alpha(k=M/2)\pm h\rangle\cong 1 \tag{2}\]  
where \(-M/2\leq h\leq M/2\).  
The communication channel for the legitimate user having the knowledge of \(j\) becomes the binary channel. That is, the signal is \(|\alpha(0,j)\rangle\) or \(|\alpha(1,j)\rangle\), \(\forall j\). Let \(\Pi(i_{out})=\{\Pi(0),\Pi(1)\}\) be the POVM for the binary detection. The conditional probability of the legitimate receiver is given as follows:  
\[P(i_{out}\
eq i)=Tr|\alpha(i)\rangle\langle\alpha(i)|\Pi(i_{out})\cong 0,\forall j \tag{10}\]  
where \(i=0,1\), \(i_{out}=0,1\). On the other hand, when one does not know the \(j\), the channel becomes the binary vs. \(2M\). That is, the input signals are \(|\alpha(0,j)\rangle\) or \(|\alpha(1,j)\rangle\), and the output signals are \(2M\) coherent states \(\{|\alpha(i,j)\rangle\}\). Let \(\{\Pi(k)\},k=1,2,3,\ldots,2M\) be the POVM for \(2M\) signal detection, where \(k\) is the combination of \(i\) and \(j\). The average correct probability of the eavesdropper is given by the Holevo-Yuen theory as follows:  
\[P_{correct}(k)=\underset{\Pi(k)}{\max}\underset{k}{\sum}P(k)Tr|\alpha(k) \rangle\langle\alpha(k)|\Pi(k)\cong\frac{1}{2M} \tag{11}\]  
Here, we give more simple explanation how the data (plaintext) is protected under the ciphertext-only attack. Let us consider the accessible information. From signal setting A, the channel with the knowledge on \(j\) is based on Equations (10) and (10) as follows:  
\[P(i|i_{out})\cong\delta_{i,i_{out}} \tag{12}\]  
Thus, the accessible information on the data (plaintext) to the ensemble \(\{\rho(i,j)\}\) with the knowledge on \(j\) is  
\[I(X,Y)_{A,B}=H(X)-H(X|Y)\cong H(X)=1 \tag{13}\]  
The channel without the knowledge on \(j\) is based on Eq(10) as follows:  
\[P(i=0|k)\cong\frac{1}{2}-\epsilon_{k},\quad P(i=1|k)\cong\frac{1}{2}+\epsilon _{k} \tag{14}\]  
where \(\epsilon_{k}\sim 0\). Thus, the accessible information on the data (plaintext) of the eavesdropper is  
\[I(X,Y)_{A,E}=H(X)-H(X|Y)\sim 0 \tag{15}\]  
The difference between \(I(X,Y)_{A,B}\) and \(I(X,Y)_{A,E}\) is called the advantage creation by the knowledge on \(j\). This is a core of the Y-00 principle.
## 4 Security and Performance Analyses
### Security Analyses
#### 4.2.3 Resisting Password-Guessing Attacks (Threat Model 2)  
1. Undetectable online password-guessing attack: A malicious attacker \(A\) who has \(SC:\{NID_{P},Y_{P}\}\) can guess a password \(PW_{P}^{\prime}\), and compute \(W_{P}^{\prime}=h(ID_{P}^{\prime}\|PW_{P}^{\prime})\), \(X_{P}^{\prime}=Y_{P}\oplus W_{P}^{\prime}\) and \(P_{P}^{\prime}=h(W_{P}^{\prime}\|ID_{P}^{\prime}\|ID_{D}\|T_{a}(x))\). \(A\) cannot compute \(Cer_{P}\) without \(r_{P}\) and \(r_{MCS}\) because of ECM-DLP. Thus, \(A\) cannot successfully compute a \(V_{1}^{\prime}=h(X_{P}^{\prime}\|P_{P}^{\prime}\|Cer_{P}\|R_{P})\) and send it to \(MCS\). Thus, an incorrect online guess will be detected by \(MCS\). Therefore, the proposed scheme resists undetectable online password-guessing attacks.  
2. Offline password-guessing attack: A malicious attacker \(A\) who has \(SC:\{NID_{P},Y_{P}\}\) can guess a password \(PW_{P}^{\prime}\), and compute \(W_{P}^{\prime}=h(ID_{P}^{\prime}\|PW_{P}^{\prime})\), \(X_{P}^{\prime}=Y_{P}\oplus W_{P}^{\prime}\) and \(P_{P}^{\prime}=h(W_{P}^{\prime}\|ID_{P}^{\prime}\|ID_{D}\|T_{a}(x))\). \(A\) cannot compute \(Cer_{P}\) without \(r_{P}\) and \(r_{MCS}\) because of ECM-DLP. Consequently, \(A\) cannot compute a \(V_{1}^{\prime}=h(X_{P}^{\prime}\|P_{P}^{\prime}\|Cer_{P}\|R_{P})\) to verify \(V_{1}^{\prime}=?V_{1}\). Additionally, \(W_{P}\), which contains \(PW_{P}\), in \(NID_{P}\) is encrypted with \(MCS\)'s secret key \(r_{MCS}\), where \(W_{P}=h(ID_{P}\|PW_{P})\) and \(NID_{P}=E_{r_{MCS}}(ID_{P}\|W_{P}\|R_{MCS}\|w)\). Thus, \(A\) cannot obtain any information about \(W_{P}\) and \(PW_{P}\) without \(r_{MCS}\). Therefore, the proposed scheme resists offline password-guessing attacks.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Hardness Tests
The result of the hardness profile measurement for the multilayer deposited structure is shown in Figure 15. The hardness of both multilayer clads is comparable: 791 HV1 (high heat input) and 797 HV1 (low heat input). Multiple thermal treatments have a positive effect on the HAZ due to its tempering and reduction in residual stresses (Figure 15b). This is revealed as a hardness drop of about 150 HV to a level comparable to the clad and substrate material. The triple passage with a lower travel speed caused a higher heat input that resulted in an increase in the width of the tempered zone in the substrate material with a dramatic drop in the hardness value.
## 8 A Look-Ahead, Missing Functionality and Research Challenges
### Research Challenges
#### 8.3.2 Performance-Driven Instrumentations of CO Framework Functionality  
Verma et al. [42] report that the implementation of the cgroups mechanism requires substantial tuning of the standard Linux CPU scheduler in order to achieve both low latency and high utilization for the typical latency-sensitive, user-facing workloads at Google.  
Recent research indicates that the problem of meeting tail latencies also needs dedicated performance engineering strategies that are specifically designed for specific application families.  
Recent contributions in this space include tail-latency aware caching for user-facing web services [396] and auto-tuning threading for on-line data-intensive micro-services [397].  
Clearly, existing QoS management features of CO frameworks such as setting appropriate compute resources limits and reserving CPUs for specific containers are too generic in that they cannot accommodate deep customization of orchestration functionality for specific families of applications.  
Research is therefore needed how to incept and design reflective APIs for application-specific instrumentation of particular container orchestration functionalities. An evolution towards such instrumentation already has happened at the level of container runtimes (e.g., critcl [398] and Mesos containerizer isolators [399]) but is expected to extend towards orchestration framework functionality as well. Examples of relevant instrumentation scenarios include customizations to service load balancing strategies and performance-sensitive enactment customizations of rolling upgrades. But also non-performance requirements, such as global checkpointing for recovering from failures [400], require instrumentations of the service IP addresses so that these can be persisted and recovered again.
###### Abstract  
This work emphasizes the efficiency of the response surface design to optimize the parameters affecting the removal of a textile dye--Direct Red 81 (DR-81)--by biosorption on seafood waste, namely, cockleshells (CS). The adsorbent was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis of surface and pH points of zero charge (pH\({}_{\text{P}\text{c}\text{r}}\)). A Box-Behnken design (BBD) with three factors was used to optimize the experimental conditions. After the experiment and data analysis, the optimal conditions found were 1 g of adsorbents, 10 mg/L of initial dye concentration, and a pH of 2 in the adsorbate solution, with the highest removal efficiency of 99.98%. The experimental results were analyzed by the ANOVA test, and they demonstrated the acceptability of the quadratic regression model. The adjusted determination coefficient R\({}^{2}\) (adj) was equal to 98.82%, indicating an excellent relationship between the predicted and experimental responses. Langmuir isotherms were determined to be the best-fitting model, and the maximum adsorption capacity was 4.65 mg/g. The adsorption process was endothermic and fit the pseudo-second-order model. The negative values of \(\Delta\)H and \(\Delta\)S in the thermodynamic research showed that the bio-adsorption technique for the removal of Direct Red 81 is exothermic, spontaneous, and feasible. In addition, the negative value of \(\Delta\)G indicates that the adsorption mechanism occurs at solid-liquid interfaces with an increasing number of species.  
cccleshells; bio-adsorption; Direct Red 81; ISM; Box-Behnken Article
## 3 Methods
### Model Constraint Method
#### 3.1.2 Model Constraints  
The Kirchhoff integral pre-stack depth migration method with model constraints is an extension of conventional depth migration modeling, incorporating constraints from target geological body horizons. Horizon constraints can effectively improve the precision of model updates, thereby enhancing the accuracy and resolution of Kirchhoff integral pre-stack depth migration imaging. The primary issue addressed by constrained Kirchhoff integral pre-stack depth migration is the reduction in travel time differences during tomographic velocity iteration. Tomographic velocity modeling inversion is a multi-solution problem, and to reduce this ambiguity, known geological horizon constraints, such as accurate grid velocities of horizons, can be incorporated during the iterative inversion process.  
Equation (3) can be rewritten as  
\[\Delta t_{u}=d\cdot\Delta s \tag{4}\]  
where \(d\) is the coefficient matrix represented by \(d_{pjm}\), and \(\Delta s\) is the vector of the variable \(\Delta s_{pjm}\).  
For known grid velocities, regularization constraints can be applied by incorporating the accurate geological horizon grid velocities. Equation (4) can then be expressed as  
\[\begin{pmatrix}\Delta t_{u}\\ \lambda W(s^{\prime}-s_{k})\end{pmatrix}=\begin{pmatrix}d\\ \lambda W\end{pmatrix}\Delta s \tag{5}\]  
where \(s^{\prime}\) is the slowness vector of the accurate geological horizon grid velocities; \(s_{k}\) is the solution at the \(k\)-th iteration; \(W\) is an \(L\times N\) matrix, \(W_{i}\) = [0...1...0], i \(\in\) [1, L], indicating that the constrained parameter is 1; and \(\lambda\) is the regularization factor.
## 4 Numerical Simulation of Interface Damage of Ballastless Track under Temperature Load  
### Construction of the Finite Element Model for Ballastless Track  
To investigate the interfacial bond-slip behavior of the adjacent CCBP and ACWL under temperature loads, a three-dimensional finite element model of the ballastless track structure of a high-speed railway test section in China was built up using ABAQUS software (see Figure 5). As the rails have little influence on the interface behavior between the ballastless track foundation layers under temperature loads, the rails and fasteners were not considered in this model. The model was composed of track slab, self-compacting concrete (SCC), CCBP, ACWL, road bed, and soil foundation (see Figure 6). Considering the boundary effect and computational time for mesh generation and calculations, three base plates were selected for the model. The length of each base plate was 19.2 m and an expansion joint measuring 0.02 m in width was set between the adjacent base plates. The length of the other structures under the base plates was 80 m in \(Z\)-direction. The geometries and material parameters of each layer are listed in Table 3[26; 27]. The CZM parameters of the interface between CCBP and ACWL were obtained from the full-scale transverse shear tests. The displacement at the bottom of the soil foundation was restricted, and four sides of the model were symmetrically constrained. Tie binding contact was applied at the interface of all the layers. The model contained 53,232 eight-node continuum elements with reduced integration (C3D8R) and 3200 eight-node cohesive elements (COH3D8). The C3D8R elements were assumed to be linear-elastic and the cohesive elements were utilized at the interface between CCBP and ACWL.
## 3 Experimental Results
### Gap Withstand
As can be seen from the current waveform of the discharge shown in Figure 3, within 25-30 us before the arrival of the restrike pulse, the leader discharge current was almost zero, indicating that the leader channel had stopped developing and had entered the discharge relaxation stage, and the ionization activity of the streamer region at its head had ceased. At the two moments of t = 373.90 us and t = 499.87 us, the restrike phenomenon occurred, and the current of the discharge channel suddenly increased. However, within  
Figure 3: High-speed photographs and the corresponding discharge current before and after the fifth (**a**) and sixth (**b**) restrikes when the gap withstood the voltage. 20 \(\upmu\)s, the continuous current of the leader decayed to zero, and the discharge entered the relaxation stage again. By analyzing the four photographs taken before the two restrike current pulses shown in Figure 3, it can be concluded that during the process of gradually approaching the restrike moment, the leader channels shown in all four photographs exhibited luminescence phenomena, which were constantly intensifying, making the shape of the original channels increasingly obvious. In particular, the leader channel on the right side of the branch in F5 before the restrike in Figure 3a, and the leader channel on the left side of the branch in F11 in Figure 3b, were particularly luminous. However, the discharge current corresponding to the exposure time of these two photographs can be ignored. When the observation time was advanced by another 5 \(\upmu\)s, it can be clearly seen in photographs F4 and F10 that there was obvious luminescence at the channel head, whereas the luminescence in the middle and at the upper ends of the channel was relatively weak or even non-existent. Moreover, the corresponding current during the exposure time of these two images was still zero. The current waveform and high-speed optical photographs shown in Figure 3 indicate that there may have been a discharge phenomenon at the head of the leader channel during the discharge relaxation process before restrike occurred.
## 4 Discussion  
Our findings indicate that the decomposition of the PMVE/N2 gas mixture is an endothermic process, which is consistent with practical observations. However, the roles of the decomposition characteristics, pathways, and products of the PMVE/N2 system have not been studied. Here, we not only demonstrated the significant impact of temperature on the decomposition process from a kinetic standpoint but also systematically explored the decomposition products, pathways, and reaction enthalpy changes from a thermodynamic perspective. Notably, several decomposition products and pathways observed in our study are similar to those reported for other ketone compounds [14,28], confirming the reliability of our kinetic simulations. Additionally, the reaction enthalpy changes of the major products agree well with the previous literature [40,41], further validating our thermodynamic approach. A pronounced recombination and re-decomposition process among the generated free radicals was observed, which is consistent with earlier experimental findings [11]. This dynamic equilibrium among free radicals suggests that the PMVE/N2 gas mixture can maintain its insulation performance during decomposition, which is a critical insight for understanding both the insulation and decomposition characteristics of the gas mixture.  
Furthermore, our study identified several novel fluorine-containing compounds produced during decomposition, such as C2N2. Toxic gases, including CO, CF2O, and C2N2, as well as high-greenhouse-potential gases like C2F4 and C2F2, were also detected, highlighting the importance of evaluating the environmental and safety aspects of the PMVE/N2 system.  
Overall, this work evaluates the engineering application prospects of a PMVE/N2 gas mixture from the perspectives of decomposition characteristics, environmental performance, and safety. In order to fully elucidate the underlying mechanism, further breakdown experimental studies are needed to fully verify the insulation and decomposition properties of PMVE/N2 systems. Moreover, the fundamental principles of thermal decomposition and electrical breakdown are different. However, due to the lack of a mature simulation method for exploring electrolysis, this study focuses on thermal decomposition rather than electrolysis. Further exploration of electrolysis will be required in the future. It is important to emphasize that N2 dissociation should not occur under real experimental conditions at 1600 K. However, in actual environments, the temperature at the core of an arc discharge can reach up to 12,000 K. By adjusting the force field files, we were able to observe N2 dissociation within the simulation temperature range of this study, thus bridging the gap between the real environment and the simulation. Nevertheless, this research offers a novel perspective for exploring the engineering application prospects of PMVE/N2, provides a scientific basis and theoretical support for the potential deployment of PMVE/N2 gas mixtures in practical applications, and also provides a new feasible direction for subsequent research.
## 2 Assessment of Satellite-Based Remote Sensing for Cloud Property Retrievals
### Comparisons between Different Satellite Retrievals
If the cloud is composed of ice, or if the surface is snow covered, then reflectance of the cloud at both 1.64 \(\upmu\)m and 2.13 \(\upmu\)m bands will show a decrease in reflectance, but the reduction is more significant with the former band. Details of retrieval technique are described in [PERSON] _et al._[29]. Figure 1: Reflectance sensitivity plot for Visible Infrared Solar-infrared Split Window Technique (VISST) channels assuming water phase cloud. Inter-comparison of cloud retrievals from MODIS and GOES in Figure 2 demonstrate fairly good linear correlation for both COD (r\({}^{2}\)\(\sim\) 0.92) and R\({}_{\mathrm{eff}}\) (r\({}^{2}\)\(\sim\) 0.86). Here, we use both 10 km and 20 km spatial domains centering the Central Facility at Lamont, Oklahoma. Simultaneous matchups are reported when GOES observations are averaged \(\pm\)1 h around the MODIS over-flight over the four-year data period (2007-2010). [PERSON] _et al._[30] reported that MODIS tends to throw out a large percentage of small clouds, but the average CODs only differed by \(\sim\)2.0 in non-polar regions. In summary, due to the very similar structure of the algorithms, strong agreement is expected.