## 1 Introduction
In particular, as shown in Figure 1c, the wireless signal that reaches an element of a T/R RIS from either side of the surface is split into two separate components [38]. The incident signal is divided into two parts: the reflected signal, which is directed back to the same area as the incident signal, and the transmitted signal, which is sent to the opposite area from the incident signal. As this approach sounds promising, however, the T/R RIS in it is current state splits the signal power between the reflected signal and transmitted signal for the same user [35; 36; 37], which means that if the user is located in the transmission area, half of the signal power allocated for that user will be reflected. This will cause problems of high interference in the reflection area and signal weakness in the transmission area. In order to solve the aforementioned problems [35; 37], manipulating the electric and magnetic currents of a T/R RIS element allows for the reconfiguration of transmitted and reflected signals. This can be achieved through two distinct coefficients, namely, the transmission coefficient and the reflection coefficient, which are normally independent of each other. Thus, achieving a highly adaptable radio environment that covers the entire space is possible. However, the interference problem in the reflection area is controlled by signal distractions, but this approach does not solve the signal weakness in the transmission area. In order to solve this, Ref. [38] presents three operational procedures for T/R RISs: energy splitting (ES), mode switching (MS), and time switching (TS). Their results demonstrate superior EE for the BS; however, this was not observed for the T/R RISs, a particularly relevant consideration for the user. The suggested modes simply synchronise the transmission producer and do not simultaneously execute transmission and reflection. In [39], each component of the described T/R RIS prototype consists of a parallel resonant tank and small metallic loops that supply the necessary electric and magnetic surface reactance. Despite the aforementioned benefits, the exploration of integrating T/R RISs into wireless communication systems is still in its early stages. The authors of [40] proposed an intelligent omni-surface (IOS) to attain complete coverage in all directions, similar to the concept of T/R RISs. However, contrary to T/R RISs, IOSs exhibit identical phase shifts for transmission and reflection due to the presence of positive-intrinsic-negative (PIN) diodes in the IOS elements, which control the phase shifts. In [41], the authors introduced hybrid RISs by enabling the passive element to reflect the impinging signal in a controllable manner while simultaneously sensing another rounded signal. This sensing ability makes it possible to facilitate various functions related to network management, including the estimation of channels and localisation. Even though this implementation introduces a new idea for a RIS, it increases interference and power loss for signal reflection in the system without making signal transmission more effective. Just recently, [42] introduced a hybrid active-passive RIS into a wireless system. However, the proposed solution managed to deliver a lower outage probability but failed to adhere to the signal power loss problem, limited coverage area, and high-density levels. The higher 6G demands, the lack of imperative solutions using efficient operational methods for T/R RISs in the 6G era, and the limitations of the associated optimisation techniques for joint transmission and reflection beamforming in T/R RIS-assisted wireless networks are the motivations of hybrid RISs in this study. The rest of this paper is organised as follows. Section 2 lists this paper's contributions. The most recent related works are highlighted in Section 3. In Section 4, the system model methodology is described. In Section 5, the HRIS-DMA novel algorithm is presented. The implementation scenarios for model analysis are presented in Section 6.