# The Contribution of Near-Surface Geophysics for the Site Characterization of Seismological Stations
## 6 Conclusions  
Four geophysical techniques have been implemented in the context of an applied multidisciplinary geophysical survey at selected seismological stations of the Athenet network. Accordingly, Seismic Refraction Tomography (SRT), Multichannel Analysis of Surface Waves (MASW), the Horizontal to Vertical Spectral Ratio (HVSR) technique, and Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) have been carried out at the location of each seismological station in order to determine the essential information regarding the site characterization of their subsurface. The new information derived by this geophysical survey contributes to the amplification factors for each site that can lead to a more accurate calculation of Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) or Peak Ground Velocity (PGV) and, therefore, to reliable Probabilistic and Stochastic Seismic Hazard Assessment. Additionally, for the determination of the Uniform Hazard Spectra (UHS), the derived Spectral acceleration (\(Sa\)) values would have fewer uncertainties due to the implementation of the soil factors. The measurement of accurate V\({}_{\text{S30}}\) values for each station of HUSN could help in the development of improved Ground Motion Prediction Equations (GMPEs) for the Greek region.  
Based on the multidisciplinary geophysical data, important parameters have been determined, including the fundamental frequency (\(f_{0}\)), shear-wave velocity distribution (\(Vs\)), average shear-wave velocity in the upper 30 m of the site (\(Vs_{30}\)), depth of seismic (\(H_{seis}\)) bedrock, surface geology, and soil-type classification at each site. Additionally, the calculation of selected elastic moduli (Poisson's ratio, shear, bulk, and Young's moduli) have also been carried out. However, at two stations (_MDRA_ and _ATAL_), we were not able to determine the fundamental frequency and the depth of the seismic bedrock because of the deployment of the seismological station directly on hard rock, carbonate formations. This condition negatively affected both the MASW and the HVSR techniques at the seismological stations of _MDRA_, _VILL_, and _ATAL_. Due to the inability to record the high-frequency content of surface waves, the MASW-technique-derived 1D velocity models are only reliable below a certain depth.  
Conceptualization, J.D.A., N.V. and G.K.; methodology, J.D.A., S.D., N.V. and G.K.; software, S.D., V.G., I.-K.G. and V.K.; validation, J.D.A., S.D., V.G., I.-K.G. and V.K.; investigation, J.D.A., S.D., V.G. and I.-K.G.; resources, J.D.A. and N.V.; data curation, J.D.A., S.D., V.G., I.-K.G. and V.K.; writing--original draft preparation, S.D., V.G., I.-K.G. and V.K.; writing--review and editing, J.D.A., S.D., G.K. and V.K.; visualization, S.D., V.G., I.-K.G. and V.K.; supervision, J.D.A., N.V. and S.D.; funding acquisition, J.D.A. and N.V. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
The project was funded by \"HELPOS-Hellenic System for Lithosphere Monitoring\" (MIS 5002697), which is implemented under the action \"Reinforcement of the Research and Innovation Infrastructure\", funded by the Operational Programme \"Competitiveness, Entrepreneurship and Innovation\" (NSRF 2014-2020) and co-financed by Greece and the European Union.  
Data available upon request.  
The authors would like to thank [PERSON] and [PERSON] for their valuable contribution during fieldwork measurements.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.