## 1 Introduction  
Digital manufacturing technologies, such as additive manufacturing (AM), have been at the foreground of efforts to automate and digitalize the architecture, engineering, and construction (AEC) industry in the context of Industry 4.0. AM is defined using the ISO/ASTM standards as a process of producing objects from 3D model data by joining materials layer upon layer [1]. With the application of AM in construction, customization and freeforming may be obtained, and challenges in construction related to performance, productivity, and sustainability may be solved [2]. By deploying printable construction materials, such as concrete, AM methods have been adapted to print large-scale components and structures, resulting in a reduction in construction time, cost, and environmental impact. The AM of concrete structures, also known as concrete printing, is the most common application of AM in construction. AM methods for concrete printing can be classified into material extrusion, particle-bed binding, and material jetting [3], where extrusion-based and particle-bed-binding-based methods are more mature in terms of technological development. The combination of AM methods and cementitious materials has led to innovative AM systems for fabricating concrete elements and structures without using formwork. [PERSON] et al. [4] present a review of the application of AM in construction, where AM systems developed for concrete printing are discussed. Established AM systems,such as contour crafting [5] and D-Shape [6], have paved the way for further developments in the AM of concrete structures. Recent research has focused on developing AM systems [7; 8], on advancing printing strategies and optimizing process parameters [9], on material development and characterization [10; 11], on optimizing topologies to minimize material waste [12], on numerical modeling and simulations [13], and on including reinforcement to improve ductility [14]. [PERSON] et al. [15] have reviewed technological issues that affect extrusion-based concrete printing, drawing attention to open research points. To increase the understanding of the underlying physics governing extrusion-based concrete printing, [PERSON] et al. [16] have given an overview of the material behavior of fresh concrete during the manufacturing process. Furthermore, [PERSON] et al. [13] have implemented analytical and numerical tools to assess processes in concrete printing as a function of the material properties, the geometry of the components, and the process parameters (e.g., machine settings). However, data modeling for the AM of concrete structures has not kept pace with concrete printing research and development. Current AM data modeling approaches are based on standardized data exchange considerations described in ISO/ASTM 52950. The digital workflow, described as a dataflow from 3D digital models to physical components, is specified together with the most common data exchange formats, such as the standard tessellation language (STL), the additive manufacturing format (AMF), and the 3D manufacturing format (3 MF) [17]. Additional data exchange formats are used for numerical control of AM systems based on G-code (ISO 6983-1) and on the standard for the exchange of product model data compliant numerical control (STEP-NC), which extends ISO 10303 standards in ISO 14649 [18]. The standard data modeling approaches for AM may cause information breaks along the modeling process by decomposing digital computer models into several data formats, resulting in information loss and inconsistencies. Efforts to advance AM data modeling approaches have been carried out by developing AM-related formal descriptions, such as ontologies and semantic models, that encompass the current knowledge in the field (or subfields) of AM. In [18], a data model for AM technologies has been defined to improve the adoption of STEP-NC in AM systems by unifying the dataflow, from design to manufacturing, in a single file.