esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
###### Abstract  
This paper targets on the design and analysis of specific types of transfer functions obtained by the summing operation of integer-order and fractional-order two-port responses. Various operations provided by fractional-order, two-terminal devices have been studied recently. However, this topic needs to be further studied, and the topologies need to be analyzed in order to extend the state of the art. The studied topology utilizes the passive solution of a constant-phase element (with order equal to 0.5) implemented by parallel resistor-capacitor circuit (RC) sections operating as a fractional-order two-port. The integer-order part is implemented by operational amplifier-based lossless integrators and differentiators in branches with electronically adjustable gain, useful for time constant tuning. Four possible cases of the fractional-order and integer-order two-port interconnections are analyzed analytically, by PSpice simulations and also experimentally in the frequency range between 10 Hz and 1 MHz. Standard discrete active components are used in this design for laboratory verification. Practical recommendations for construction and also particular solutions overcoming possible issues with instability and DC offsets are also given. Experimental and simulated results are in good agreement with theory.  
constant phase element; differentiator; electronic adjusting; fractional-order element; integrator; summing of responses; two-port transfer; variable gain amplifier +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences
# Evapotranspiration in Dynamic of Highland Barley Using PML ET Product in Tibet
## 2 Materials and Methods  
### Study Area  
The Tibet Autonomous Region (Figure 1) is located in the southern part of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and stands at the southwestern border of China, to the north of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region and Qinghai Province, and to the west of Sichuan and Yunnan Provinces, bordering northern Myanmar, India, Bhutan, and Nepal. It covers an area of 1.22 \(\times\) 10\({}^{6}\) km\({}^{2}\), occupying about 12.7% area of mainland China. Grassland dominates the whole region and accounts for approximately up to 67% and 26% area of Tibet and China, respectively, while cropland accounts for only 0.18% area of Tibet, and highland barley occupies 70% area of cropland, which plays a critical role in guaranteeing the livelihood and promoting social stability of herdsmen in Tibet. Tibet has unique plateau climate features, characterized by a large air temperature range between daytime and nighttime, and low-level precipitation with a highly pronounced spring and summer peak, which differs significantly from other regions at the same latitude dominated by the Mediterranean and semidesert/desert climates [34]. The annual mean air temperature varies between \(-2.4\)\({}^{\circ}\)C and 12.1 \({}^{\circ}\)C, and the annual mean precipitation varies between 66.3 mm and 894.5 mm [35].
# Shedding Light on the Volatile Composition of _Broa_, a Traditional Portuguese Maize Bread
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Characterization of the Volatile Composition of Maize Flows
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Chemical Class** & **Compound** & **Suggested Origin** \\ \hline \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Cluster 1**: F11, F6, F9, F5, F3} \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Ketones} & \(\alpha\)-lonone (\(-\)) & Degradation of \(\delta\)-carotene [60,61] \\ \cline{2-3}  & 6-Methyl-5-hepten-2-one (\(-\)) & Degradation of phytoene, \(\zeta\)-carotene, lycopene, \(\delta\)-carotene [61] \\ \cline{2-3}  & Geranylacetone (\(-\)) & Degradation of phytoene and \(\zeta\)-carotene [7,61] \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Alcohols} & 1-Nonanol (\(-\)) & \\  & 1-Hexanol (\(-\)) & \\  & 1-Heptanol (\(-\)) & Lipid oxidation [17] \\  & 1-Octen-3-ol (\(-\)) & \\  & 1-Pentanol (\(-\)) & \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Aldehydes} & Decanal (\(-\)) & Lipid oxidation [15] \\  & 6-Nonneal (\(Z\)) (\(-\)) & Lipid oxidation [21] \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Lactones} & Pentadecane (\(-\)) & Lipid oxidation [15] \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Lactones} & Pentadecone (\(+\)) & Lipid oxidation [15] \\ \cline{2-3}  & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Cluster 2**: F4, F8, F2, F10, F7} \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Ketones} & Pentadecone (\(-\)) & Lipid oxidation [15] \\ \cline{2-3}  & \multicolumn{3}{c}{\(\alpha\)-Ionone (\(+\))} & Degradation of \(\delta\)-carotene [7,61] \\ \cline{2-3}  & 6-Methyl-5-hepten-2-one (\(+\)) & Degradation of phytoene, \(\zeta\)-carotene, lycopene, \(\delta\)-carotene [61] \\ \cline{2-3}  & Geranylacetone (\(+\)) & Degradation of phytoene and \(\zeta\)-carotene [7,61] \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Alcohols} & 1-Nonanol (\(+\)) & \\  & 1-Hexanol (\(+\)) & Lipid oxidation [17] \\ \hline \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Cluster 3**: F1} \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Aldehydes} & 2-Octenal (\(E\)) (\(+\)) & \\  & Octanal (\(+\)) & \\  & Heptanal (\(+\)) & \\  & 2-Nonneal (\(+\)) & \\  & Hexanal (\(+\)) & Lipid oxidation [15] \\  & 2-Undecenal (\(+\)) & \\  & 2-Heptrenal (\(Z\)) (\(+\)) & \\  & Decanal (\(+\)) & \\  & 6-Nonneal (\(+\)) & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Maize flours’ volatile compounds that contributed to discriminate the different clusters. Figure 3: Dendrogram of cluster analysis of traditional maize flours. Finally, cluster 3, constituted by the sample F1, was distinguished by higher contents in compounds derived from lipid oxidation, similar to the commercial hybrid (F12). This sample was a synthetic open pollinated maize variety developed as an experimental higher-quality cultivar with increased precocity, obtained through the crossing of 12 maize populations (10 Portuguese traditional varieties and 2 American populations). As previously discussed for the commercial sample, the differences observed may be at least partially explained by their different genetic origin.
# E-SAWM: A Semantic Analysis-Based ODF Watermarking Algorithm for Edge Cloud Scenarios
## 5 Conclusions  
With the rapid development of the Internet, ensuring data security has become a critical concern within the financial industry. Tracing leaked data plays a crucial role in safeguarding data integrity. The growing use of OFD documents, particularly in electronic tax returns and statements, emphasizes their importance in the financial sector.  
We propose an innovative OFD watermarking framework, E-SAWM, in the edge cloud scenario that utilizes semantic analysis to incorporate implicit watermarks into OFD documents. By encrypting watermarking information into highly simulated structural statements and securely embedding them within the structural components of OFD files, E-SAWM provides a robust solution. Experimental evaluations confirm the effectiveness of the algorithm, demonstrating its high concealment, strong robustness, and substantial watermarking capacity. Consequently, the proposed algorithm enhances data security in the financial industry. Overall, our research contributes to the advancement of data security measures in the financial domain, addressing the pressing need for traceability and protection against data leakage in an era of rapid technological advancements.  
Conceptualization, L.Z. ([PERSON]), H.L. and L.Z. ([PERSON]); Methodology, L.Z. ([PERSON]) and J.Y.; Software, L.Z. ([PERSON]): Validation, L.Z. ([PERSON]) and H.L.; Formal Analysis, L.Z. ([PERSON]) and H.L.; Investigation, L.Z. ([PERSON]) and X.Z.; Resources, L.Z. ([PERSON]) and X.Z.; Data Curation, X.Z.; Writing--Original Draft Preparation, L.Z. ([PERSON]) and L.Z.; Writing--Review and Editing, L.Z. ([PERSON]) and H.L.; Visualization, H.L.; Supervision, Z.L.([PERSON]) and S.H.; Funding Acquisition, J.Y. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (grant number 2021 YFC3300600) and National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant (No. 61873309, No. 92046024, No. 92146002) and Shanghai Science and Technology Project under Grant (No. 22510761000).  
**Institutional Review Board Statement:** Not applicable.  
**Informed Consent Statement:** Not applicable.  
**Data Availability Statement:** Not applicable.  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.  
Figure 12: Watermark capacity tests. (**a**) Watermark data size in various OFD Files. (**b**) Variation of the corresponding OFD files before and after watermark embedding.
## 4 Security
### Availability of Information  
The last threat to be evaluated is the availability of information. First of all, the information availability can be threatened by jamming according to different patterns. In case of continuous jamming with one or several jammed frequencies, channel blacklisting provides an efficient solution, as the jammed channels are eliminated from the set of communication frequencies. In case of intermittent jamming, frequency hopping provides good results and allows keeping sufficient levels of information availability. With both frequency hopping and channel blacklisting features, the WirelessHART and ISA100.11a standards provide therefore a better protection against jamming than the ZigBee PRO standard that only offers frequency agility. At network layer, attacks modifying the routing scheme can be avoided by the authentication mechanisms, as devices would only be able to route packets, if they have been previously identified as reliable and authorized to take part to the WSN. Nonetheless, the selected standards do not provide dedicated mechanisms to avoid the generation of collisions by a malicious source transmitting continuously data, as well as solutions against flooding of connection requests at transport layer.  
To summarize, we have shown that:  
* Eavesdropping is made difficult or even impossible, but confidentiality is not addressed at all layers.  
* Traffic analysis is still possible.
* The information integrity is sufficiently ensured.
* The probability of successful Sybil and node replication attacks are limited.
* The frequency diversity and agility is sufficient to protect the network against intermittent jamming.
* The current mechanisms do not provide protection means against malicious sources transmitting continuously or performing higher layer attacks such as flooding of connection requests at transport layer.
# A New Dynamic Game-Based Pricing Model for Cloud Environment
## 5 Experimental Results: Performance Evaluation of the Proposed Method
### Comparing the Number of Submitted and Unanswered Requests  
The proposed method has offered a higher price to the users than the method presented in [16] and a lower price than the method presented in [39]. As a result, the number of requests submitted to the system during the simulation period must be a number between the input loads for the other two methods (you can see this issue in the results presented for the number of submitted requests in Section 5.1). The reason for this higher price could be the inclusion of operational costs in the utility functions of the players. On the other hand, considering the heterogeneity of hardware resources and conflicts between virtual machines in constructing the game tree leads to better job mappings and thus resource utilization. The strategy of Nash equilibrium assists the cloud provider in making the most advantageous decision when selecting a suitable virtual machine for the user's request and offering it to the user at a fair price. Assigning efficient virtual machines to user requests has resulted in more requests being submitted to the system and answered within  
Figure 5: Comparison of the proposed method with [16; 39] from the viewpoint of the provider’s total revenue.  
Figure 6: Comparison of the proposed method with [16; 39] from the viewpoint of the provider’s total profit.  
the simulation interval. Figure 7 shows the total number of submitted and responded-to requests during the simulation interval. As can be seen, the proposed method has the highest number of answered requests than the other competitive methods. Offering a higher price by the method presented in [39] ended up reducing the number of submitted requests. Therefore, the system was able to answer all the requests. In contrast, the price reduction in the method presented in [19] has led to an increase in the number of requests, and due to the lack of proper allocation of requests to virtual machines, we see a higher number and rate of unanswered requests compared to other methods.
## 3 Methods
### Calibration  
#### 3.3.1 Estimating the Ground Level  
Following the segmentation step, we determine the ground level, which we define as the plane perpendicular to the direction of least variance within \(P_{d}^{r}\). To achieve this, we compute the normal vector of the ground plane as the third eigenvector of the covariance matrix of \(\textbf{P}_{d}^{r}\). This normal vector is then assigned as the \(z\)-directional vector, \(\underline{\epsilon}_{e,z}\), of the _ego_ coordinate system:  
\[\underline{M}_{d}^{r} =mean_{trw}(\textbf{P}_{d}^{r})\,, \tag{1}\] \[\textbf{P}_{d}^{r} =\textbf{P}_{d}^{r}-\underline{M}_{d}^{r}\cdot\textbf{J}_{1,N}\,,\] (2) \[\underline{\epsilon}_{e,z} =\
u_{3}\{\textbf{P}_{d}^{r^{\prime}}\cdot(\textbf{P}_{d}^{r^{ \prime}})^{T}\}\,. \tag{3}\]  
Here \(\underline{M}_{d}^{r}\) represents the row-wise mean and thus the center of mass of \(\textbf{P}_{d}^{r}\). In Equation (2), \(\textbf{J}_{1,N}\) represents a matrix of ones with dimensions \(1\times N\), ensuring that \(\textbf{P}_{d}^{r^{\prime}}\) is mean-free. \(\
u_{3}\{\boldsymbol{x}\}\) denotes the third eigenvector of a matrix \(\boldsymbol{x}\).  
This computation is ambiguous because it does not determine whether the eigenvector points _upwards_ or _downwards_. To ensure that \(\underline{\epsilon}_{e,z}\) points _upwards_, we verify its direction  
Figure 2: Example of the segmentation setup from the scene 15_construction_vehicle_15.1: (a) displays the original input image, (b) shows the segmentation result using InternImage (highlighting only the relevant class _rail-raised_), and (c) presents the ground truth segmentation generated using polylines from the dataset.  
relative to the camera's origin. Since we are working in camera coordinates, \(\underline{M}_{d}^{r}\) can also be interpreted as a vector pointing from the camera's origin to the center of mass of \(\mathbf{P}_{d}^{r}\). Given that the camera is naturally positioned _above_ the rails, \(\underline{M}_{d}^{r}\) must point _downwards_. Therefore, \(\underline{e}_{e,z}\) should point in the opposite direction. This is ensured using the following computation:  
\[\underline{e}_{e,z}:=\underline{e}_{e,z}\text{ if }\underline{M}_{d}^{r} \cdot\underline{e}_{e,z}<0\text{ else }-\underline{e}_{e,z}\,. \tag{4}\]
## 1 Introduction
#### Research Aim  
Works related to the detection of infrastructure are often carried out with the use of a single-antenna GPR. The operator acquires a single radargram from each measurement route, so that, in consequence, this specific single radargram may be used or not. On the other hand, if data are acquired with a multi-antenna GPR, the operator obtains over 30 radargrams from each profile. Such a high number of radargrams in the context of the automation of the hyperbola detection process has inspired the authors to develop an approach with the aim of selecting one or more radargrams based specifically on their quality indicators. This enables to select the radargrams of the highest quality, which will provide the basis for further processing.  
Our research works addressed the challenge of developing a more general quality analysis method for radargrams depicting the features of hyperbolas. Another important issue in this area is the diversity of the background characteristics of such images that depends not only on the penetrated medium but also on the types of objects represented by such hyperbolas. In this paper, the authors have attempted to design an efficient quality assessment method with less computation complexity in comparison to ML methods.  
The scientific novelty of the proposed method is the use of an adaptive approach, i.e., sequential image quality assessment. This approach uses various metrics for quality assessment and the correlation between the obtained results. In addition, the method was verified on the original parameters developed by the authors for evaluating the effectiveness of hyperbola detection. The authors propose a new, adaptive approach to the selection of radargrams that were recorded during the path of a multichannel ground-penetrating radar in a single profile. The proposed approach may be particularly justified if the same terrain is measured with different measurement equipment. The approach is based on non-reference blind-quality assessment. Then, in order to verify the correctness of the assumptions, the method uses the comparison of the number of detected hyperbolas that represent the objects of interest (at the stage of binarization) and the assumed actual values (full reference technique).  
Based on the conducted preliminary research, it was noted that the type of the channel and the quality of the acquired image have a direct influence on the effectiveness of hyperbola detection, in general, as image features, and, in consequence, the detection of underground structures and infrastructure. The authors have proven that the application of the proposed adaptive approach to the selection of GPR images allows for the improvement of the quality of the detection of hyperbolas representing the underground infrastructure by 15-40%.
# Plasmonic Filter and Demultiplexer Based on Square Ring Resonator
## 5 Conclusions  
In summary, by introducing a special side-coupling method, this work found a way to propose a channel drop filter with the SRR based on the plasmonic MIM structure. This filter not only possesses potential for applications in sensing and switching, but can also be integrated in WDM systems. The CMT is demonstrated to explain the corresponding physical phenomenon in theory. This work will promote future designs based on MIM circuits. Utilizing the characteristics of the ring resonator, this structure can be adapted to more applications, such as on-chip thermometers and slow light.  
This work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (60907003, 61671455), the Foundation of NUDT (JC13-02-13, ZKI-70-01), the Hunan Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China (13)[3001], and the Program for New Century Excellent Talents in University (NCET-12-0142).  
[PERSON] designed the simulations and wrote the paper; [PERSON] discussed and revised the paper; [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON], and [PERSON] gave some advice.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.  
Figure 5: (**a**) The schematic diagram of the dual demultiplexer. \(L_{1}\) = 546 nm, \(L_{2}\) = 620 nm, \(s_{1}\) = 320 nm, \(s_{2}\) = 370 nm, \(g\) = 15 nm, \(d\) = 80 nm. (**b**) The drop spectrum of channels 1 and 2 without a reflector. (**c**) The drop spectrum of channels 1 and 2 with a reflector. The inset is the reflector, \(l_{1}\) = 34 nm, \(l_{2}\) = 46 nm.
# Key Recovery for Content Protection Using Ternary PUFs Designed with Pre-Formed ReRAM
## 5 Implementation with SRAM and ReRAM Devices  
The methods proposed to recover session keys and to protect digital files can be implemented with any one-way function that verifies Equation (1) in Section 2. The implementation with SRAM is straightforward, as the devices are commercially available. The implementation with pre-formed ReRAM requires the design of custom circuits, as well as a rather complex data acquisition board, that interfaces with the Wi-FIRE ChipKit engineering board from Digilent. One of the aims of such a dual implementation was to benchmark the tamper-resistant ReRAM-based solution with more established SRAM-based solutions. The core engine of the engineering board is a microcontroller manufactured by Microchip with a 200 MHz 32-bit MIPS processor, a 2 MB embedded Flash, and a 500 KB SRAM. The board is powered via a USB port, and it operates at 3.3 volts.  
As shown in Figure 8, the custom boards containing the memory devices are plugged into the ChipKit board. In this analysis, the engineering boards communicated with the PC through a USB cable. To collect the initial responses, the SRAM and ReRAM systems went through quick enrollment cycles, where the unstable cells were categorized with a third state; all initial responses were stored in look-up tables. The server generates 256-bit long keys from the look-up tables, and the Chipkits generate 256-bit long keys from the PUFs. The SRAM and the ReRAM systems use the same RBC and also similar handshake schemes between the server and the client devices. Different protocols are needed to generate the keys from each PUF, as described below.
# Photoacoustic Imaging for Management of Breast Cancer: A Literature Review and Future Perspectives
## 4 Discussion
### Breast Cancer Treatment Monitoring  
From the literature it was found that PA imaging can be used to monitor the efficacy of anti-cancer treatments, such as chemotherapy or molecular targeting therapies, through the changes in the PA images of tumor-related blood vessels. Intratumoral blood flow visualization and oxygen status of hemoglobin in the blood vessels through PA imaging enables a detailed understanding of tumor microenvironment during and after the treatment. [PERSON] et al. [125] performed a multiwavelength PA imaging study on a patient (46-year-old-female) with a high-grade DCIS and IBC before neoadjuvant chemotherapy. From the PA images obtained before the treatment, after each month during the treatment for first three consecutive months and after the treatment before surgery, they observed a gradual decrease in the lesion area (from 217.8 mm\({}^{2}\) to 39.9 mm\({}^{2}\)) as well as contrast due to total hemoglobin (from 2.6 to 1.7) and oxygen saturation (from 1.3 to 1.1) in the lesion. They reported that their findings with PA images were also compatible with MRI and US diagnosis reports. [PERSON] et al. [39] demonstrated that the tumor associated blood vessels in a patient with IBC became visible in PA images after chemotherapy. [PERSON] et al. [126] performed a PA imaging study at 750/850 nm on EMT-6 breast cancer tumor injected into mice to monitor the response of a thermosensitive liposome treatment. They observed the response of the treatment though PA images obtained at different time points 30 min before and after treatment up to seven days after treatment. They reported that the liposome encapsulated doxorubicin (HaT-DOX) treatment responders at 2 h after treatment have shown 22% decrease in oxygen saturation (indicating treatment-induced vascular destruction) and a 45% and 73% decrease in the slope of normalized PA frequency spectra (indicates treatment induced morphological changes of blood vessels) at 750 nm and 850 nm, respectively.