# HBIM: Background, Current Trends, and Future Prospects
## 3 Standards and Protocols
Despite the large number of historic buildings and the notable development of HBIM models in the country, this Italian regulation does not specifically address the application of BIM methodologies to heritage structures. The lack of standardization in HBIM methodologies creates issues with the interoperability of both the models and their associated information, hindering one of the main goals of utilizing BIM technology for the digitization of CH. To address this challenge, some  
Figure 5: ICOMOS charters and declarations about heritage preservation and digitization. countries have developed national protocols or guidelines for creating HBIM models. In the UK, Historic England published a guide in 2017 on the use of available data from historical buildings for the development of HBIM, titled \"BIM for Heritage\" [1]. In Spain, the Spanish Cultural Heritage Institute has published a guide on best practices, drawing from previous intervention guides and outlining the differences depending on the type of heritage to be modeled [6]. Similarly, Historic Environment Scotland has translated BIM standards to cultural heritage by adapting the usual levels of development from BIM for heritage case studies [36]. Some regions, like Singapore, have developed BIM protocols and templates that can be adapted for HBIM, even though they are not specifically designed for CH. Meanwhile, countries such as Germany and Poland are working on HBIM guidelines through public institutions like the Building Research State Offices for Monument Preservation and the National Institute of Cultural Heritage, respectively [37]. Additionally, in Poland, public templates or cards known as \"White Cards\" allow non-graphical information to be obtained from the HBIM model. This template, similar to the one developed in Singapore, was designed by the National Heritage Board of Poland and has already been tested on cultural heritage assets [38]. Other examples of protocols and guidelines have been created, implemented, and evaluated in heritage buildings across different countries, cultural contexts, and historical periods by HBIM model authors [6; 39; 40] based on previously mentioned guidelines. However, these protocols have limited applicability due to the diversity of CH, although some common characteristics can be identified among them. The specific, often national characteristics of these protocols and guidelines limit their adaptability to other countries or contexts. To address this challenge, some authors have attempted to develop more generalized strategies and protocols for HBIM modeling that are applicable to various CH cases, although they are often tested on specific heritage examples [41]. However, some protocols have been successfully created and tested in multiple countries [42], defining categories of non-graphical data for similar heritage buildings and establishing common workflows and data collection strategies. To overcome the heterogeneity of protocols and guidelines and their specificity, the European Union has developed an interoperable platform to facilitate the sharing of HBIM models, collecting and distributing graphical and non-graphical data through an open standard semantic web [43]. This platform, based on an open-access format, allows the use of data across different operating systems and software. As a result, it serves as an international tool to standardize templates, formats, and data acquisition processes, consolidating various national guidelines [43]. A common feature among all these initiatives is the establishment and definition of formats and semantic fields that incorporate non-graphical information based on international charters, converging on specific levels of non-graphical data, similar to the approach used in BIM technology. This framework is sometimes complemented by other authors [44] with additional information categories such as maintenance, manufacturer details, monitoring, and other non-graphical data relevant to modeling and acquisition procedures.