## 4 Nanodelivery Platform for Vaccine
### Bio-Nanocarriers
#### 4.1.1 Exosomes
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Types of Cancer** & **Vaccine Types** & **Vaccine Name** & **Composition** & **Combination with** & **Ref.** \\ \hline Neu5 Gc-positive & Neu5 Gc- & biomimetic glyconanoparticle & & & [97] \\ tumor cells & neoantigens & vaccine & & & \\ \hline Pancreatic & & & & & \\ adenocarcinoma & peptide & PancVax gel & hydrogel & operation & [98] \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} Abbreviations: PTT: photothermal therapy; BPQDs: black phosphorus quantum dots; SC-ferritn NP: SpyCatcher-modified ferritin nanoparticle platform; ICIs: immune checkpoint inhibitors; sHDL: synthetic high-density lipoprotein; bMSN: biodegradation mesoporous silica nanoparticles; PDT: photodynamic therapy; HNSN: hollow MSN; RGO-PEG: PEGylated reduced graphene oxide nananobeste; PEG: polyethylene glycol; PEI: poly(ethylene imine); CNPs: CpG ODN-loaded nanocomplexes; TCL: tumor cell lysates; RNA-LPX: lipoplex-formulated RNA; CPI: checkpoint inhibitors; Nucl: nucleoin aptamer; OMVs: outer membrane vesicles; FA-TSL: folic acid modified thermal-sensitive liposomes; SV: simvastatin; NTO: nanotransformer-based vaccines; GPS: 1-3-glucan particles; NP: nanoparticles; OVs: oncolytic viruses; DSPE-PEG2000: disetaroyl phosphoethanolamine-PEG2000; pPAA: poly(propylacylic acid); LNPs: lipid nanoparticles; PC-Cell: PEI-Ce-coated autologous tumor cells; FK-PBA: Fmoc-KCRGDK-phenylboronic acid; eBSA: ethylenediamine-modified bovine serum albumin; BPQ-CCNVs: tumor cell membrane-coated black phosphorus quantum dot nanovesicles; Mn\({}^{4+}\)-SNPs: Mn\({}^{4+}\)-doped silica nanoparticles; cGAMP: cyclic GMP-GMP; hEX: exosomes from hyperthermia-treated mice; NHS: N-hydroxysuccinidyl; DEX: DC-derived exosomes; cGNN: SiPCCI2-hybridized mesoporous silica with coordination of Fe(III)-captopti; VLPs: virus-like particles. Note: “\(-\)” means not mentioned in the text.  
\end{table} 
Table 1: Cont. [PERSON] et al. treated pancreatic cancer cells with mitoxantrone (MTX) to induce immunogenic cell death (ICD), producing mature exosomes (MEXO) used to modify the pancreatic cancer vaccine (spMEXO), which was able to enhance immune response as well as targeted delivery in vivo [105]. spMEXO showed higher cellular uptake than Lipofectamine 6000, indicating the potential delivery efficiency of exosomes. [PERSON] et al. loaded serum exosomes (hEX) from hyperthermia tumor-bearing mice with black phosphorus quantum dots (BPQDs) and combined the vaccine with PTT action in another study, which had outstanding therapeutic effects in lung cancer treatment, such as more effective tumor targeting, PTT performance prolonging, and potent immune modulation [87]. DC-derived exosomes (Dex) carry MHC peptide complexes capable of directly or indirectly activating specific T cell immune responses [106]. [PERSON]'s team then designed a new antigenic vaccine delivery based on DC-derived exosomes. Neoantigen peptides M27 and M30 from melanoma and Adpgk, a colon cancer neoantigen, were electroporated into exosomes. The nanovaccine (Exo-) showed a \"dept effect\" at the site of administration by fluorescence signaling while enhancing lymphatic delivery and APC presentation without an excessive immune response. In comparison with liposomal vaccines (Lipo-), exosome-based vaccines show stronger tumor suppression and prolongation of survival because they carry proteins that can perform different functions [107]. Instead of electroporation, a \"trigger\" vaccine (DEXP6A26 kN) can be formed simply by combining HCC-targeting peptide (P47-P) and pains DEX, an immune adjuvant that recruits DCs for activation. DEXP6A26N enhances the presentation of tumor neoantigens and activation of T cells, eradicating the HCC in the situ model of the mouse; combined with the FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand (Ft3L), it can remodel the immune microenvironment for a long-lasting antitumor effect [90].