## 5 The Concept of IoV
### IoV Architecture  
This subsection illustrates the suggestions of numerous researchers about various architectures for IoV. The researcher [PERSON] [85] suggested a \"Client-Connection-Cloud\" system as a three-layer architecture for IoV. The client layer collects data about driving patterns and intra-vehicle and inter-vehicular connections with surrounding vehicles by using all sensors present in the vehicle. The connection layer deals with communication among various units (vehicles, individuals, RSU, and the Internet) in an IoV system to offer vehicle-to-vehicle, vehicle-to-individuals, vehicle-to-RSU, and vehicle-to-Internet communication. In addition, the cloud layer offers services needed for executing tasks, which might not be satisfied by the restrained resources accessible within the vehicle such as mass storage, authentication, and actual-time communication.  
[PERSON] et al. [86] suggested a three-layer architecture for gadget interaction in which the first layer is utilized for the network region in which gadgets are connected to another device with the network control choosing either wireless or wired interaction. The next layer offers support for IP connectivity and roaming. The last layer backs up the chosen application (IoV and healthcare, among others). Other researchers in [82] proposed a seven-layer architecture: the first layer is the user communication layer, the second is the data acquisition layer, the third is the data filtering and preprocessing layer, the fourth is the business layer, the fifth is the communication layer, the sixth is the management and control layer, and the last layer is the security layer. A transparent connection among the network components is provided by this IoV architecture.  
IoV structure can be broken down into four main categories: network, computing, sensing, and application, where the sensing layer collects important data about the vehicle's surrounding environment. The data collected entail information such as the condition of the roads, object locations, and driving habits. The means of data collection is the Radio Frequency Identification Card. The network layer provides all the essential network types such as cellular networks (4G/LTE) and short-range communications (Wi-Fi, Bluetooth) between all the objects in the vehicle. This layer is also connected to the cloud. The computing layer processes, stores, and analyses data required for convenience, efficiency, safety, and risk evaluation. The last layer, the application layer, offers open and closed services. Open services include online video streaming, which is offered by internet service providers. In contrast, closed services are specific IoV applications [12; 87; 88]. Figure 4 shows the four main categories in IoV architecture.  
Different IoV architectures have been suggested by various researchers. Investigation of these architectures illustrates that some of these architectures do not consider security, while some have explained security as services. Since IoV has  
Figure 3: Types of communication used in IoV.  
curity services provided on these architectures will not be sufficient for securing IoV, which will lead to different vulnerabilities that might affect the entire system. Accordingly, there is a requirement for effective security mechanisms to improve the security of any architecture.