esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Evaluation of Different Drying Methods on the Quality Parameters of _Acanthopanax semicosus_ Fruits
## 3 Results
### Correlation Analysis of Physicochemical Properties, Bioactive Compounds, and Antioxidant Activity
#### 3.9.3 Amino Acids  
Amino acids also exhibit significant interdependencies, indicating potential metabolic and biosynthetic interactions. Asp demonstrated strong positive correlations with Ser (r = 0.98, \(p\) < 0.01), Val (r = 0.90, \(p\) < 0.05), Tyr (r = 0.90, \(p\) < 0.05), and Phe (r = 0.90, \(p\) < 0.05), suggesting a coordinated role in amino acid metabolism. Asp is a key precursor in the biosynthesis of Ser and Val. Meanwhile, its metabolic connections with the biosynthesis of Tyr and Phe may explain their strong positive correlations [65]. Similarly, Ser exhibited significant correlations with Val (r = 0.94, \(p\leq 0.05\)), Ile (r = 0.90, \(p\leq 0.05\)), Tyr (r = 0.96, \(p<0.01\)), and Phe (r = 0.94, \(p\leq 0.05\)). Ser is synthesized from 3-phosphoglycerate (a glycolytic intermediate) and plays a crucial role in cellular metabolism [66]. Its metabolic interactions with the biosynthesis of Val, Ile, Tyr, and Phe may explain their significant co-regulation. Additionally, Glu and His exhibited a strong positive correlation (r = 0.95, \(p\leq 0.05\)). Glu and His share metabolic links, as Glu serves as an essential nitrogen donor in His biosynthesis [67]. Gly was positively correlated with Val (r = 0.92, \(p\leq 0.05\)) and Phe (r = 0.84, \(p\leq 0.05\)), further supporting the existence of metabolic interactions. Gly plays a central role in one-carbon metabolism and is involved in metabolic pathways that influence the biosynthesis of Val and Phe, potentially explaining their positive correlations [68]. Val and Ile showed a highly significant correlation (r = 0.96, \(p<0.01\)), as did Val and Phe (r = 1.00, \(p<0.001\)). Ile also exhibited significant positive correlations with Leu (r = 0.93, \(p\leq 0.05\)) and Phe (r = 0.98, \(p<0.01\)). Ile and Leu are synthesized through overlapping enzymatic pathways, including acetolactate synthase and branched-chain amino acid aminotransferase. Notably, Lys exhibited a significant negative correlation with eleutheorgide E (r = \(-\)0.91, \(p\leq 0.05\)) and TFC (r = \(-\)0.88, \(p\leq 0.05\)). The observed inverse relationship suggests competition for metabolic resources, including enzymatic activity and carbon flux allocation, between amino acid biosynthesis and secondary metabolite production. Specifically, Lys biosynthesis follows the aspartate-derived pathway, whereas flavonoids and phenolics originate from the phenylpropanol pathway. Although these pathways do not share direct precursors, their regulation and metabolic flux distribution may underlie this inverse correlation. Under stress conditions, plants often prioritize secondary metabolite production to enhance adaptive responses. Consequently, Lys biosynthesis may be downregulated due to limited substrate availability or shifts in carbon-nitrogen metabolic balance [69].
## 3 Design of the Proposed Solution
### Initial Network Discovery and Path Setup
```
1 Get switches \(S_{t}\)
2 Get links i,j
3 Get hosts
4 Set discovery time t
5 //Initial discovery
6 If\(T_{Discovery}\) = 1 then
7 Get adjacent S\({}_{i}\) \(\rightarrow\) S\({}_{i}\)
8 Set \(L_{i,j}\) \(\leftarrow\) LL: \(i,j\) \(\in\) L
9 Set \(L_{i,j}\) \(\leftarrow\) LDR: \(i,j\) \(\in\) L
10 else
11 Repeat line 1-4
12 end if
13
14 //Compute the value of LL(\(L_{i,j}\)), LDR(\(L_{i,j}\)), for set of \(k\){P1,P2,P2}: P \(\in\) k
15 \(LL=\sum_{S_{t}}^{S_{t}}(\frac{T_{Pre+T_{P},S-Si}+T_{P},S-T_{P},S-C}{2}-C)\) +1
16 LDR = \(\frac{N_{0}.of\ sample\ SPP_{Ack}}{N_{0}.of\ sample\ SPP\ sent}\)
17 \(PL=\sum_{src}^{dst}(min(LL))+\left(min(LDR)\right)\)
18 //Evaluate the cost and append to each P1
19 If\(S_{t}\) = Src switch, then
20 Get the dst switch \(S_{j}\)
21 Compute k shortest path \(S_{t}\) to \(S_{j}\)
22 \(k\){P1}[S to S] = LL + LDR
23 Sum the lower and upper bound PL
24 end
```  
**Algorithm 1**Initial discovery and routing path set
# A Cascaded Ensemble of Sparse-and-Dense Dictionaries for Vehicle Detection
## 3 Training of CESDD
### SDD Ensemble Learning
#### 3.3.2 Constructing SDD Ensemble  
With basic SDD learning and coding approaches set up, the strategy of using SDDs to perform vehicle/background classification would be straightforward: we model the data space by representing vehicle and background categories with respective SDDs, and an input sample of certain category should receive distinct reconstruction qualities (in terms of reconstruction residues) from SDDs of different categories. Before coming to the proposed multi-subcategory scheme, a more heuristic scheme is to learn only one SDD for vehicle category and one for background, as illustrated in Figure 4(a). However, as simple as it is, this no-subcategory scheme gave unsatisfactory classification performance, as shown in Figure 5(a). This behavior could be expected, since both vehicles and background in the real-world dataset (such as KITTI) exhibit various appearances which are hard to represent with only one SDD per category; the great variances of appearances caused trouble for SDD learning to capture patterns intrinsic enough for a whole category. This observation led us to propose the multi-subcategory scheme, which subdivides both vehicle and background categories into multiple subcategories, as described earlier and illustrated in Figure 4(b). By introducing more subcategories, the variances of sample appearances within subcategories are within the representation ability of SDDs, and the patterns intrinsic to each subcategory are easier to capture, so the discriminative ability enhancement is expected and proved by experimental results in Figure 5(a).
###### Abstract  
This paper proposes a new method to estimate the position of an object and a silent person with a home security system using a loudspeaker and an array of microphones. The conventional acoustic-based security systems have been developed to detect intruders and estimate the direction of intruders who generate noise. However, there is a need for a method to estimate the distance and angular position of a silent intruder for interoperation with the conventional security sensors, thus overcoming the disadvantage of acoustic-based home security systems, which operate only when sound is generated. Therefore, an active localization method is proposed to estimate the direction and distance of a silent person by actively detecting the sound field variation measured by the microphone array after playing the sound source in the control zone. To implement the idea of the proposed method, two main aspects were studied. Firstly, a signal processing method that estimates the position of a person by the reflected sound, and secondly, the environment in which the proposed method can be operated through a finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) simulation and the acoustic parameters of early decay time (EDT) and reverberation time (RT20). Consequently, we verified that with the proposed method it is possible to estimate the position of a polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipe and a person by using their reflection in a classroom.  
active localization; acoustic-based security system; steered response power; sound field analysis; finite-difference time-domain +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences
# One-Dimensional Nanostructure Engineering of Conducting Polymers for Thermoelectric Applications
## 1 Introduction
Unfortunately, the development and performance investigation of 1D structured conducting polymers and their composites for thermoelectric applications are still limited so far, compared to the extensive research on the nanostructured inorganic thermoelectric semiconductors or semimetals [25; 26; 27; 28; 29; 30; 31]. In this review, we present the recent examples of the \"bottom-up\" preparation of different kinds of 1D conducting polymers for thermoelectric applications. The enhanced properties associated with the unique morphologies, structures, dopants and doping levels of these materials are also discussed. Following this discussion, we introduce the reported strategies to construct 1D nanocomposite thermoelectric materials based on these conducting polymers with further performance improvement. Finally, we will end off with an outlook on the challenges and future exploration directions for this new class of organic-based thermoelectric materials.
## 1 Introduction
[PERSON] [17] summed up the actual uplift deformation data of the existing tunnel in 27 years after the excavation of a foundation pit in London. The results show that the uplift deformation of the existing tunnel exceeds 50 mm, which provides a reliable basis for the normal use of the tunnel. [PERSON] et al. [18] made statistics on the monitoring results of the excavation stage of the British Library's basement, and summarized the deformation laws of the existing tunnel, the retaining wall of the foundation pit and the surrounding ground. Based on a large-scale deep foundation pit construction project adjacent to a subway tunnel, [PERSON] et al. [19] discussed the effect of block excavation of the foundation pit on controlling the deformation of the adjacent subway through the analysis of the deformation monitoring data of the subway tunnel. [PERSON] et al. [20] took a subway tunnel structure in Shanghai as an example, combined manual measurement and automatic monitoring methods, and found that the results of automatic monitoring were greatly affected by the natural environment and accumulated error. [PERSON] et al. [21] designed a foundation pit monitoring system based on Brillouin Optical Time-Domain Reflectometer (BOTDR), which can accurately and stably monitor the deformation impact of foundation pit excavation on the surrounding environment. [PERSON] et al. [22] used a precision 3D laser to automatically extract the monitoring data of a specific line of the subway tunnel, which greatly improved the monitoring efficiency. Most of the above studies are aimed at foundation pits with simple geometry and one-time excavation. This paper is based on a complex foundation pit project in Nanjing. This foundation pit is divided into multiple sections for excavation, and the effect of time and space is significant. Furthermore, there is a large difference in the elevation of the top of the foundation pit in each area, and the geometric form is complicated. This paper introduces the support structure of the foundation pit project, and uses MIDAS/GTS software to establish a finite element model to evaluate the influence of foundation pit excavation on the deformation of adjacent subway tunnels.
# A DFTB-Based Molecular Dynamics Investigation of an Explicitly Solvated Anatase Nanoparticle
## 3 Results
### Bond Creation/Cleavage  
We studied the rates of O-H bond creation and cleavage in the vicinity of the nanoparticle, in order to assess the influence of the surfaces, edges and vertices. This was performed using the following internuclear distance-based criterion: if the internuclear distance between a hydrogen atom and an oxygen atom was previously less than a threshold value \(r_{\text{OH}}\) and now exceeds it, the bond between them is determined to have been \"broken\". The inverse condition was used to determine bond \"formation\". Although simplistic, this kind of analysis gives a reasonable approximation of the underlying chemical reaction.  
Figure 5 shows a histogram of the bond creation/cleavage events in the nanoparticle system, sorted by distance to the nearest TiO\({}_{2}\) surface atom. The leftmost region, plotted with dashed lines, indicates bond creation/destruction between the surface oxygen atoms and hydrogen. Because this simulation was conducted at a higher temperature than the interfacial systems, and the system is much bigger, a larger number of events were recorded; as a general rule, there was no notable excess of either creation or formation  
Figure 4: Density of water oxygen (red) and hydrogen (green) atoms at various radial distances, normalised to 1 g cm\({}^{-3}\).  
events at any particular distance. The most active region (i.e., the highest peak) occurs at 2.5-3.0 A from the surface atoms, corresponding to the first layer density peak, followed by 8.0-8.5 A. The vast majority of events take place within 10 A. It should be borne in mind that, unlike Figure 4, Figure 5 is not repeated periodically nor normalised to shell volume, and, therefore, as the distance increases, so does the volume of the shell and, thus, the number of water molecules contained within.
###### Abstract
The dual-notch band characteristic of the antenna is achieved by introducing three MTM-SSRRs and a triangular slot in the middle of the patch, which allows measured dual-band rejection at 4.17-5.33 GHz and 6.5-8.9 GHz and operational bands at 3-4.17 GHz, 5.33-6.5 GHz and 8.9-12 GHz. The middle operational band can be controlled by varying the width of the SSRR slot and the higher operational band can be controlled by changing the triangular slot width. The proposed antenna is designed using a flame-resistant (FR4) epoxy glass substrate having substrate thickness (\(h\)) of 1.6 mm, dielectric permittivity (\(\varepsilon_{r}\)) of 4.3, and loss-tangent (\(tan\)\(\delta\)) of 0.025, respectively. The MTM-SSRR antenna offers a compact structure, having overall dimensions of 28 mm \(\times\) 40 mm. The proposed antenna exhibits enhanced gain characteristics at higher frequency bands. The rest of the structure of the paper is as follows: Section 2 covers the in-depth study of the antenna design model, the effect of MTM-SSRR analysis on the antenna performance, step-by-step antenna design, and its simulated results. Section 3 discusses the parametric analysis performed during the antenna design stage. The UWB antenna prototyping/measurement setup, simulated/measured parameter responses, E- and H-plane radiation patterns, and antenna gain characteristics are discussed in Section 4. In Section 5, the comparison between the proposed UWB antenna with the existing research literature is performed and the results are summarized. Finally, Section 6 draws conclusions.
## 4 The Proposed Adaptive Channel Coding Technique
### The Inner Loop Approach  
As discussed in a previous section, the inner loop link adaptation approach is designed to handle the rapid transmission of BLER fluctuations. This proposed inner loop approach works as described below:  
* In a single period \(T\), all transmissions of both positive and negative acknowledgments (ACK and NACKs) respectively are computed to work out the average BLER for the period which is then recorded for the specific period. Specifically, the appropriate evaluation period \(T\) for LTE systems is chosen to be in the order of tens of milliseconds while hundreds of milliseconds are used for the NB-IoT systems. This selection is mainly motivated by the realistic expected traffic rate on the LTE systems being normally higher than the NB-IoT counterpart.
* At the end of the considered period, the obtained BLER value is passed to the outer loop and used as a parameter in the selection of the appropriate transmission repetition number as clearly labeled in the description of the algorithm as presented in Algorithm 1,* If the current BLER (the one of the present period) is found to be less than 7%, the repetition number for the next transmission should be decreased because it means that the channel conditions are good and therefore, the probability of successful transmission is high since there are fewer channel impairments.
* On the other hand, if the BLER is found to be between 7% and 13%, the channel is considered to be in a medium condition state. The proposed link adaptation approach considers that the repetition number should be maintained during the next period.
* Finally, if the current BLER is greater than 13%, the channel is considered to be in bad conditions, and therefore, the probability of successful transmission is reduced. This requires that the number of transmission repetitions must, therefore, be increased to guaranty a certain level of transmission reliability.
# Parallel-Based Corpus Annotation for Malay Health Documents
## 5 Discussion (Challenges)
### Synonyms in Malay Annotations  
The section mentions the presence of synonyms in the Malay language, but it would be helpful to provide specific examples to illustrate this challenge. Including examples of synonyms and their different lexical realizations would make this argument more concrete and easier to understand. For example, the synonyms \"barah\" and \"kanser\" both refer to the concept of \"cancer\" in Malay. These terms represent the same concept but have different lexical realizations. Capturing these synonyms in the annotated corpus requires careful attention to ensure that their identical meaning is retained.  
This task is not trivial, as it directly influences the efficacy of the subsequent training and evaluation of NLP models. Machine learning models rely on a clear, consistent representation of the data to learn effectively. If a model perceives \"barah\" and \"kanser\" as distinct entities, it may fail to generalize appropriately, leading to potential misclassifications in unseen data or new contexts.  
This can have significant consequences in NLP tasks such as sentiment analysis, text classification, or information retrieval, where accurate representation and understanding of the data are crucial for reliable results. Misclassifications can lead to incorrect interpretations, biased predictions, or inaccurate information retrieval, undermining the effectiveness and trustworthiness of NLP models.  
Additionally, the intricacy of handling synonyms extends beyond mere identification. The model must also consider the context and co-occurrence of these terms within the textual data. It is important to note that even though synonyms refer to the same concept, their usage might differ based on the context. For example, one term may be more prevalent in formal writing, while the other is commonly used in daily conversations or specific regions.  
Moreover, it is also essential to acknowledge the cultural and linguistic nuances associated with these synonyms. Some terms might carry different connotations or emotional valences despite referring to the same concept, which further emphasizes the need for nuanced understanding and handling of these terms during the annotation and model training process [29].  
To address these challenges, advanced NLP techniques, such as word embeddings or contextual models, might be deployed. These techniques can capture the semantic similarity between different words and help the model understand that \"barah\" and \"kanser\" refer to the same concept. Furthermore, domain expertise and a careful annotation process play a crucial role in ensuring the consistency and accuracy of the data representation.  
Overall, having synonyms in the data makes the process of annotating it and training models more difficult. However, these problems can be solved by being careful and using advanced NLP techniques. This helps make NLP models that are strong and aware of their surroundings.
## 6 Space-Segment Optimization Aspects
### Method Comparisons for the Space Segment  
A comparison of the optimization methods presented in Table 2 and explained throughout this section is presented in Table 9 in terms of their applicability for LEO space-segment-related optimizations. We compare the methods under three categories, which we loosely define as:  
* **Convergence Speed:** Overall performance in terms of the time it takes for the method to reach a solution and computational complexity. For data-driven methods, this roughly relates to how big of a dataset is required.
* **Global Convergence:** Overall performance in terms of finding the global optima. Many methods can get stuck in a local optima, especially for complex optimization problems.
* **Large-Scale Applicability:** Overall performance in terms of how many different problems can be solved utilizing the method and how simple it is to formulate optimization problems (or find/create datasets) to use the method, with respect to the denoted segment.  
An important remark is about the theoretical modeling: we intend for the method of theoretical modeling to represent our interpretations of the approach in general rather than the individual performance of models. As a result of this'simplification', the corresponding row in the table reflects the above-defined categories as a generalization.
## 4 Results and Discussions  
### Validation of the Code  
In order to verify the reliability of the code, the motion of the original OC3 model under the free decay condition is performed. Then, the results are compared with those from FAST. Given an initial pitch of the platform with a value of \(5^{\circ}\), the model decays freely in still water until equilibrium. The details of settings of the verification case can be found in the study by [PERSON] et al. [45]. The surge, heave, and pitch motions are computed by both the in-house code and FAST. A comparison can be found in Figure 4, where the results from the in-house code are seen to be comparable with those from FAST. The maximum deviations for surge, heave, and pitch motions are about 6.7%, 4.2%, and 5.3%, respectively.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Load Cases** & **H or \(H_{s}\) (m)** & **T or \(T_{p}\) (s)** & **Wind Speed (m/s)** & **Wave** \\ \hline Case 1 & 6 & 10 & 8 & Regular wave (Airy) \\ Case 2 & 2.56 & 7 & 8 & Regular wave (Airy) \\ Case 3 & 4 & 8 & 8 & Regular wave (Airy) \\ Case 4 & 6.7 & 8.6 & 8 & Irregular wave (P-M) \\ Case 5 & 3.66 & 9.7 & 8 & Irregular wave (P-M) \\ Case 6 & 9.14 & 13.6 & 8 & Irregular wave (P-M) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 4: Settings of the load cases.  
Figure 4: Dynamic response of the original OC3 model under the free decay condition calculated by the in-house developed code and FAST: (**a**) surge, (**b**) heave, and (**c**) pitch.
## 6 Application Costs Estimation  
The expected costs for applying the surface treatment in Slovakian conditions were calculated for various alternatives of the initial condition of treated rails and wagons and the resulting complexity and type of work.  
Thermoshield IndustrySpecial has a coating coverage of 1.15 m\({}^{2}\) coated surface per 1 L. The average price of the coating was set at EUR 19.80 per 1 L (approx. EUR 17.22 per 1 m\({}^{2}\)). The labor costs for the coating application were estimated to be EUR 2.60 per 1 m\({}^{2}\) for the rail tracks (applied by the semi-automatic machine) and EUR 2.80 per 1 m\({}^{2}\) for the wagon surfaces (applied manually). If there is a necessity to sand the steel surface, the approximate price for 1 m\({}^{2}\) of sanded surface was estimated to be EUR 10.50 per 1 m\({}^{2}\), including the labor and material costs.  
The surface of the standard rail track is approx. 0.92 m\({}^{2}\) per 1 m (920 m\({}^{2}\) per 1 km). The total estimated costs for the coating applied on new railway tracks with no need for sandblasting are estimated as  
\[C_{RT,new}=920\cdot(17.22+2.60)=\text{EUR 18234.40 per 1 km}. \tag{1}\]  
The total estimated costs for the coating applied on old railway tracks, including the sandblasting, are estimated as  
\[C_{RT,\ old}=920\cdot(17.22+10.50+2.60)=\text{EUR 27894.40 per 1 km}. \tag{2}\]  
Figure 12: The measuring station TFA KLIMA MONITOR 30.3054 gathered the temperature and relative humidity values by sensors located in ambient and railway wagons: 1 to 3—temperatures and relative humidities from partial sensors; IN—average values.  
The total estimated costs for the coating applied on new railway wagons with no need for sandblasting are estimated as  
\[C_{RW,new}=(17.22+2.80)=\text{EUR 20.02 per 1 m}^{2}. \tag{3}\]  
The total estimated costs for the coating applied on old railway wagons, including the sandblasting, are calculated as  
\[C_{RW,\ old}=(17.22+10.50+2.80)=\text{EUR 30.52 per 1 m}^{2}. \tag{4}\]  
The estimated prices can, of course, vary depending on the prices of the coatings, sandblasting and labor costs, as well as on the size of the applied area, especially in the case of wagons.