# Traceability of Surgical Instruments: A Systematic Review
## 4 Results  
We have provided in Table 3 a detailed and quantitative summary of significant studies that met our inclusion criteria. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l} \hline  & “surgical instrument” OR “surgical instruments” OR “surgical tool” \\ Query (Title) & OR “surgical tools” OR “operating instruments” OR “operating instrument” \\  & OR “operating tools” OR “operating tool” OR “surgical trays” OR “surgical trays” \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: The queries deployed in our study. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{56.9 pt} p{56.9 pt} p{56.9 pt} p{56.9 pt} p{56.9 pt} p{56.9 pt} p{56.9 pt}} \hline \hline Paper & [PERSON] et al. [27] & [PERSON] et al. [22] & [PERSON] et al. [31] & [PERSON] et al. [18] & [PERSON] et al. [15] \\ \hline Year & 2013 & 2019 & 2021 & 2022 & 2023 \\ \hline Country & Japan & Japan & USA & USA & Norway \\ Technology used & RFID (13.56 MHz) & RFID (13.56 MHz) & RFID & RFID (015 MHz) & Microscopic image of fingerprint \\ \hline Location deployment & Shinnue University Hospital & Japanese Red Cross Walaysawam Medical Center & Davis Ambulatory Surgical Center & Duke University Hospital & Havelander University Hospital \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Types of Operation} & General surgery, ophthalmology, orthopedic surgery, gynecology, cardiovascular surgery, pediatric cardiac surgery, pulmonary, thoracic surgery, pediatric surgery, pediatric surgery, pediatric surgery, and digital and oral surgery & Lumpectomy and erosional biopsies & Craniomics, CMC arthrophaslies, and breast surgeries &. \\  & & & & \\ \hline Period & - & 1 September 2013 to 30 April2017 & 2019 October to 2020 March & February to June 2022 & for 10 th \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Aim of study} & Incuses the safety of surgical procedure & Prodict the precise service of instruments & Denonstrate the use of RFID technology as a data-driven method for instrument reduction & Develop and evaluate an automated system for measuring surgical instrument use without tagging & Present new solution to track automated system for measuring surgical instrument use without tagging & 13 instruments. \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Results} & (1) Reduction of counting time from 70 s min for approximately 130 instruments. & (1) Not all sterilized instruments were used during the operation. & (1) Not all sterilized instruments were used & (1) Constitutive of 93.5\%, and during the operation. & (1) Accuracy 90\% in 23 \(\min\) to 17 min. \\  & (2) Survey, reduction in container assembly time for general lapartometry (from 20 s to 10 min). & (2) The probability of failure exceeded 80\% when the number of uses exceeded 224 times. & (2) Agreement between automatic and manual cutting with a large value of 0.824 & (2) Reduction of scanning coefficient of 0.815 & (2) Reduction of scanning coefficient of 0.815 & (2) Reduction of scanning coefficient of 0.815 & (2) Reduction of 0.815 & (2) Reduction of 0.815 \(\min\) for 21 to 13 instruments. \\ \cline{1-1}  & (3) Rationalization of containers by reducing the storage of more than 70 instruments. & & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Summary table of the surgical instrument traceability system. These significant studies, carried out between 2013 and 2023 in various countries such as Japan [22; 27; 30], Norway [15], and the United States, [18; 31] cover a range of technological applications, from RFID [18; 22; 27; 30; 31] (high-frequency 13.5 MHz and ultrahigh-frequency 915 MHz) to computer vision [15]. They cover types of operations encompassing areas ranging from general surgery, ophthalmology, otolaryngology, and orthopedic surgery to more specific specialties such as pediatric cardiac surgery, neurosurgery, and plastic surgery [18; 22; 31]. The deployment periods also vary over particular periods (several years [22], months [31], or days [15]). Their nuanced scientific approaches offer benefits that combine patient safety, reduced environmental impact, economic rationalization, and improved ergonomics of logistics work.