# MPEG and DA-AD Resilient DCT-Based Video Watermarking Using Adaptive Frame Selection
## 5 Conclusions  
In this study, we proposed a robust video watermarking system, and presented detailed results based on a public video benchmark. The assessment of the developed watermarking scheme satisfied the 3 rd edition of the IHC video watermarking evaluation criteria. The proposed system achieved robustness against non-hostile video processes. To evaluate the performance of the proposed watermarking, experiments based on video watermarking evaluation criteria were conducted under a DA-AD conversion setup. The experimental results showed that, in addition to being robust against non-hostile video processes, the proposed method also achieves invisibility. However, because spread spectrum watermarking is sensitive to attacks, the security of the proposed scheme is limited in a few aspects [31]. Enhancing the security of our watermarking is an important research direction for future studies. In this research, we focused solely on photometric distortions, \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multicolumn{2}{c}{**MPEG Quality Factor**} & **50** & **40** & **30** & **20** & **10** & **0** \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{\#2} & BER & 0.000 & 0.000 & 0.000 & 0.000 & 0.000 & 0.000 \\ \cline{2-7}  & compressibility & 1/136 & 1/194 & 1/248 & 1/315 & 1/413 & 1/1029 \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{\#8} & BER & 0.000 & 0.000 & 0.000 & 0.000 & 0.000 & 0.000 \\ \cline{2-7}  & compressibility & 1/140 & 1/194 & 1/253 & 1/323 & 1/446 & 1/603 \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{\#20} & BER & 0.000 & 0.000 & 0.000 & 0.000 & 0.000 & 0.000 \\ \cline{2-7}  & compressibility & 1/134 & 1/193 & 1/254 & 1/317 & 1/446 & 1/460 \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{\#23} & BER & 0.000 & 0.000 & 0.000 & 0.000 & 0.000 & 0.000 \\ \cline{2-7}  & compressibility & 1/137 & 1/193 & 1/253 & 1/320 & 1/383 & 1/380 \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{\#46} & BER & 0.000 & 0.000 & 0.000 & 0.000 & 0.000 & 0.000 \\ \cline{2-7}  & compressibility & 1/131 & 1/184 & 1/237 & 1/297 & 1/387 & 1/443 \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Average} & BER & 0.000 & 0.000 & 0.000 & 0.000 & 0.000 & 0.000 \\ \cline{2-7}  & compressibility & 1/136 & 1/192 & 1/249 & 1/314 & 1/415 & 1/583 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 6: Robustness results for the benchmark Set-6 with the watermark strength \(\alpha=1.5\) (PSNR of 39.50 dB, SSIM 0.9825). \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multicolumn{2}{c}{**MPEG Quality Factor**} & **50** & **40** & **30** & **20** & **10** & **0** \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{\#2} & BER & 0.000 & 0.000 & 0.000 & 0.000 & 0.000 & 0.000 \\ \cline{2-7}  & compressibility & 1/139 & 1/188 & 1/236 & 1/310 & 1/444 & 1/1001 \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{\#8} & BER & 0.000 & 0.000 & 0.000 & 0.000 & 0.000 & 0.000 \\ \cline{2-7}  & compressibility & 1/139 & 1/192 & 1/253 & 1/321 & 1/446 & 1/631 \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{\#20} & BER & 0.000 & 0.000 & 0.000 & 0.000 & 0.000 & 0.000 \\ \cline{2-7}  & compressibility & 1/139 & 1/190 & 1/239 & 1/317 & 1/438 & 1/501 \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{\#23} & BER & 0.000 & 0.000 & 0.000 & 0.000 & 0.000 & 0.000 \\ \cline{2-7}  & compressibility & 1/138 & 1/191 & 1/250 & 1/322 & 1/419 & 1/413 \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{\#46} & BER & 0.000 & 0.000 & 0.000 & 0.000 & 0.000 & \(\times\) \\ \cline{2-7}  & compressibility & 1/130 & 1/186 & 1/236 & 1/297 & 1/407 & 1/473 \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Average} & BER & 0.000 & 0.000 & 0.000 & 0.000 & 0.000 & 0.000 \\ \cline{2-7}  & compressibility & 1/137 & 1/189 & 1/243 & 1/313 & 1/431 & 1/604 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 5: Robustness results for the benchmark Set-5 with the watermark strength \(\alpha=0.9\) (PSNR 39.98 dB, SSIM 0.9831). such as the compression of video and DA-AD conversion. Regarding the robustness of the watermark, a geometric transformation or collusion attack will also be needed in our future studies. Conceptualization, methodology, software, writing--review and editing, funding acquisition, J.-U.H. The author has read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.