## 3 Results  
### TMT Trend  
The current study shows that mean temperature has already increased by 1.49 \({}^{\circ}\)K (0.330 \(\pm\) 0.029 \({}^{\circ}\)K/decade), 1.30 \({}^{\circ}\)K (0.288 \(\pm\) 0.028 \({}^{\circ}\)K/decade), and 1.35 \({}^{\circ}\)K (0.301 \(\pm\) 0.027 \({}^{\circ}\)K/decade) over a period of 45 years in the Tibetan, western Himalayan, and eastern Himalayan regions, respectively. The western and eastern IG plains show a total increase of 0.80 \({}^{\circ}\)K (0.178 \(\pm\) 0.025 \({}^{\circ}\)K/decade) and 0.79 \({}^{\circ}\)K (0.175 \(\pm\) 0.021 \({}^{\circ}\)K/decade), respectively, for the same period. The warming trend in the dust source region ranges from 0.198 \(\pm\) 0.025 \({}^{\circ}\)K/decade to 0.245 \(\pm\) 0.025 \({}^{\circ}\)K/decade (Table 3). The notable features of the overall TMT anomaly, trend, and total change over specific regions (Table 3) are summarized below. * The TMT trend in higher altitude snow and glacial-covered regions (average is 0.306 \(\pm\) 0.028 \({}^{\circ}\)K/decade) is nearly double compared to the western and eastern IG plains (average is 0.176 \(\pm\) 0.023 \({}^{\circ}\)K/decade) (Table 3). * A previous study on the Tibetan region, western Himalayas, and eastern Himalayas from 1979-2008 revealed a warming trend of 0.008 \(\pm\) 0.006 \({}^{\circ}\)K/year, 0.016 \(\pm\) 0.005 \({}^{\circ}\)K/year, and \(\sim\)0.016 \({}^{\circ}\)K/year, respectively. Thus, over the past 14 years, the percent change in the warming trends has been approximately 310%, 170%, and 80% in the Tibetan region, eastern Himalayas, and western Himalayas, respectively (Table 4). * The IG west and IG east reportedly had a TMT warming trend of 0.018 \(\pm\) 0.005 \({}^{\circ}\)K/year and 0.013 \(\pm\) 0.004 \({}^{\circ}\)K/year, respectively, until 2008. The percent change calculation shows not much difference in IG west (0.018 \(\pm\) 0.002 \({}^{\circ}\)K/year), but around a 40% increase in the warming trend of IG east over the past decade (last 14 years), with a TMT trend value now similar to IG west (0.018 \(\pm\) 0.002 \({}^{\circ}\)K/year) (Table 4). * The mean annual warming trend (1978-2022) over the dust source regions (ranging from 0.020 \(\pm\) 0.002 \({}^{\circ}\)K/year to 0.025 \({}^{\circ}\)K/year) shows approximately 130% change in warming trends over the past decade compared to MSU temperature trend studies for the same dust source regions up to 2008 (ranging from 0.015 \(\pm\) 0.006 \({}^{\circ}\)K/year to 0.022 \(\pm\) 0.003 \({}^{\circ}\)K/year). In the monthly breakup of warming trends (Table 5), it is notable that the Tibetan and eastern Himalayas show a relatively higher warming trend from November to March. The warming is found to be prominent during November, December, January, and March (Tables 5 and 6, Figure 2). The notable features are:  
* The western Himalayan region exhibits a strong seasonal TMT warming trend in the pre-monsoon months of March, April, and May (MAM), with a peak warming trend observed in March (0.015 \(\pm\) 0.004 \({}^{\circ}\)K/year) and May (0.019 \(\pm\) 0.005 \({}^{\circ}\)K/year) compared to the eastern Himalayas and the Tibetan region (Figure 2, Table 5). * The peak temperature trend during November-March is observed in February for both the Tibetan region (0.034 \(\pm\) 0.010 \({}^{\circ}\)K/year) and the eastern Himalayas (0.045 \(\pm\) 0.013 \({}^{\circ}\)K/year). In contrast, the peak in the TMT trend for the western Himalayas is only 0.019 \(\pm\) 0.005 \({}^{\circ}\)K/year, which corroborates the significant difference observed in the