# PV-Powered Charging Station with Energy Cost Optimization via V2G Services  
[PERSON], Berk Celik  
1 AVENUES, Universite de Technologie de Compiegne, Centre Pierre Guillaumat-CS 60 319,  
60203 Compiegne, France; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (S.C.-M.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (M.S. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (F.L.) 1  
[PERSON]  
1 AVENUES, Universite de Technologie de Compiegne, Centre Pierre Guillaumat-CS 60 319,  
60203 Compiegne, France; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (S.C.-M.); [PERSON].S. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (F.L.) 1  
[PERSON]  
1 AVENUES, Universite de Technologie de Compiegne, Centre Pierre Guillaumat-CS 60 319,  
60203 Compiegne, France; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (S.C.-M.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (M.S. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (F.L.) 1  
Footnote 1: [[https://www.mdpi.com/journal/applsci](https://www.mdpi.com/journal/applsci)]([https://www.mdpi.com/journal/applsci](https://www.mdpi.com/journal/applsci))  
Footnote 2: [[https://www.mdpi.com/journals/pdf/pdf/pdf/pdf/pdf/pdf/pdf/pdf/pdf/pdf/pdf/pdf/pdf/pdf/pdf/pdf/pdf/pdf/pdf/pdf/pdf/pdf/pdf/pdf/pdf/pdf/pdf/pdf/pdf/pdfpdf/pdf/pdfpdf/pdf/pdfpdf/pdfpdf/pdfpdf/pdfpdf/pdfpdfpdf/pdf](https://www.mdpi.com/journals/pdf/pdf/pdf/pdf/pdf/pdf/pdf/pdf/pdf/pdf/pdf/pdf/pdf/pdf/pdf/pdf/pdf/pdf/pdf/pdf/pdf/pdf/pdf/pdf/pdf/pdf/pdf/pdf/pdf/pdfpdf/pdf/pdfpdf/pdf/pdfpdf/pdfpdf/pdfpdf/pdfpdf/pdfpdfpdf/pdf)]([https://www.mdpi.com/journals/pdf/pdf/pdf/pdf/pdf/pdf/pdf/pdf/pdf/pdf/pdf/pdf/pdf/pdf/pdf/pdf/pdf/pdf/pdf/pdf/pdf/pdf/pdf/pdf/pdf/pdf/pdf/pdf/pdf/pdfpdf/pdf/pdfpdf/pdf/pdfpdf/pdfpdf/pdfpdf/pdfpdf/pdfpdfpdf/pdf](https://www.mdpi.com/journals/pdf/pdf/pdf/pdf/pdf/pdf/pdf/pdf/pdf/pdf/pdf/pdf/pdf/pdf/pdf/pdf/pdf/pdf/pdf/pdf/pdf/pdf/pdf/pdf/pdf/pdf/pdf/pdf/pdf/pdfpdf/pdf/pdfpdf/pdf/pdfpdf/pdfpdf/pdfpdf/pdfpdf/pdfpdfpdf/pdf))  
the EV power profiles. A user-friendly smart charging method, which includes interactions with EV users via an interface, has been developed in [5], where the EV user is a key player in the process of choosing the best scenario among uncoordinated charging, smart charging, and bidirectional smart charging control in a PVCS. The proposed methodology is based on real-time rule-based control and a predictive linear optimization control. The results showed that bidirectional charging control had the best cost reduction, while uncoordinated charging control costs the most. In [6], mixed-integer programming was investigated to minimize the cost of energy traded to a PVCS, where the intermittency of PV power can be compensated by EVs which can also discharge energy to the PVCS, where it does not integrate stationary storage. The EVs are classed in three categories according to their charging behavior, and the results showed that an increase of green EVs, the only category of EVs for which the users can allow discharging of energy into the charging station, could reduce the total cost of the PVCS. In [7], mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) has been applied to optimize the sizing of a PVCS components (PV, stationary storage, and transformer) in order to minimize the investment cost and the total cost considering the uncertainties of PV and EV charging power profiles. The simulation results, with a 1-h step time, showed that EV charging stations powered by PV are more cost-effective than EV charging stations powered by the grid. However, large-scale EV charging will pose difficulties from a power point of view for grid operators [8]. Therefore, charging of EVs should be controlled intelligently in order to reduce the negative impact on the connected public grid [9]. Additionally, EVs remain in an idle state for a long time. As a result, they can serve as energy storage systems and assist the grid by providing energy when they are plugged in. In this way, EVs can be charged during off-peak periods and discharged during peak periods to support the public grid and/or a microgrid. This approach enables EVs to be utilized as a flexible load, with their charging and discharging being controlled.