esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 5 Discussion on Future Perspectives  
A number of critical developments would boost the impact of the FERMI FELs in nonlinear multi-wave spectroscopies and the other applications of the seeded FERMI FEL sources. The Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste scientific advisory committee, has recently outlined the importance of extending the spectral range of FEL-2 toward higher photon energies, that would allow to reach the K-edges of C (284 eV), N (410 eV) and O (543 eV). Higher order harmonics could be exploited to extend the photon delivery to the L-edges of the 3d transition metals relevant for magnetism catalysis and solar energy production. The required increase in electron beam energy would be modest and within the capabilities of the present infrastructure. On the other side, the generation of shorter pulses (sub-10 fs) would allow the investigation of the faster electron dynamics at the level of typical core hole lifetimes (4-8 fs for O, N and C). We already mentioned the chirped pulse amplification as a means for the generation of ultrashort pulses. Other options are under investigation to reduce the pulse duration while maintaining the synchronization and longitudinal coherence properties of the seeded source. On one side a proper shaping of the beam properties could limit the longitudinal region where lasing takes place [50], and the FERMI linac laser heater is an additional handle to control the properties of the FEL light [51; 52]. On the other side, nonlinear dynamics at saturation may lead to a longitudinal self-focusing regime [53; 54; 55] which is well suited for reaching the sub-10 fs regime in the FERMI configuration. A second direction for the future development of FERMI in multidimensional spectroscopy and the control of the light properties in advanced pump and probe configurations is in a further extension of the flexibility for the generation of multiple colour, multiple pulses. While the generation of multiple pulses on FEL-1, with the constraints imposed by the double lasing condition, is routinely achieved, it is all but straightforward in the higher photon energy range, on the double stage configuration of FEL-2. The same spectral range could be reached on FEL-2 with an Echo Enabled harmonic generation configuration (EEHG) [56; 57; 58] that would allow on FEL-2 a similar flexibility as the one demonstrated on FEL-1. For this purpose, an experiment on FEL-2 is under study [59] and is planned for 2018. The requirement for different pump and probe pulses even calls for frequency tripling for the few-fs FEL emission scheme. In this respect, the possibility of combining FEL1 and FEL2 on the same experiment, with a variable controlled delay, could lead to a further extension in multicolour multiple pulses generation. The coherence properties of FEL-1 and FEL-2 could be combined while maintaining higher pulse energy and the full FELs flexibility in the choice of the radiation colour for the two pulses [60].
## 2 Seawater Channel Modelling Elements
### Scattering Functions
#### 2.6.1 Volume Scattering Function  
Suppose we take into account the angular distribution of the scattered power \(P_{s}(\lambda,\ \theta)\) and denote \(\beta(\theta,\ \lambda)\) as the fraction of \(P_{i}(\lambda)\) scattered out of the beam through a scattering angle \(\theta\) into a solid angle \(\Delta\Phi\) centred on \(\theta\), as shown in Figure 4. Hence, \(0\ \leq\ \theta\ \leq\ \pi\) is the polar angle \(\theta\) value range. Then, the angular scattered per unit distance and unit solid (azimuth) angle \(\Phi\), \(\beta(\theta,\ \lambda)\), is  
\[\beta(\theta,\ \lambda)=\lim_{\Delta r\to 0\Delta\Phi\to 0}\left[\begin{array}{c}P_{s}( \lambda,\ \theta)\\ \Delta r\ \Delta\Phi P_{i}(\lambda)\end{array}\right]\ \ \ \ \ \ \  
oriented scatterers. We can use Equation (13) to describe the \(b(\lambda)\) for forward scattering and backward scattering by changing the integration limits as follows:  
\[b_{f}(\lambda)=2\pi\int_{0}^{\pi/2}\beta(\theta,\lambda)\ sin\theta\ d\theta\ \ \ \ \ \text{forward scattering} \tag{14}\]  
\[b_{b}(\lambda)=2\pi\int_{\pi/2}^{\pi}\beta(\theta,\lambda)\ sin\theta\ d\theta\ \ \ \ \ \text{backward scattering} \tag{15}\]
## 3 Experimental Results
### SEM Analysis  
Figure 5 shows three typical photomicrographs of the calcined NiSb\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{6}\)'s surface at different magnifications: 500\(\times\), 7000\(\times\), and 15000\(\times\).  
According to the results shown in Figure 5a,b, a large agglomeration of differently sized particles can be identified. The morphology of the particles is irregular, showing a rough surface generated by the elimination of organic matter when the material is calcined at 800 \({}^{\circ}\)C (see Figure 5c). Growth and nucleation of this type of morphology can be attributed to the residence time of the material inside the muffle and to the effect of the ethylenediamine used for the preparation of the NiSb\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{6}\). We have reported in previous works that, by using ethylenediamine during the synthesis process, it was possible to obtain different types of morphologies, like microrods, octahedrons, hexagonal, microplates, and mesoporous-nanoparticles suitable for being used as gas sensors [19; 20; 22; 23; 24; 28; 29].  
The size of the particles was estimated in the range of 0.1-0.9 \(\upmu\)m, with an average of \(\sim\)0.457 \(\upmu\)m and a standard deviation of \(\pm\)0.125 \(\upmu\)m. These results are shown in the form of a histogram of the particle size distribution in Figure 5d. The porosity on the material's surface is largely due to the release of gases, such as water vapor, NO\({}_{\omega}\), and CO\({}_{2}\) during the heat treatment applied to the material [30].  
In general, the ethylenediamine's effect on the production of different morphology types has been thoroughly discussed in previous works [32; 33]. The ethylenediamine is incorporated into the inorganic framework and then lost by the heat treatment, thus emerging different types of microstructures [32; 33], as occurred in this work. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [35] proposed a mechanism that involves the formation of nanoparticles with different types of morphologies (mainly colloidal dispersions). These authors  
Figure 5: SEM images of the calcined (at 800 \({}^{\circ}\)C) NiSb\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{6}\)’s microstructure at magnifications: (**a**) 500\(\times\), (**b**) 7000\(\times\), (**c**) 15000\(\times\), and (**d**) Particle size distribution.  
refer that the growth and nucleation of inorganic monodisperse colloidal particles are based on three fundamental stages: The first one states that the concentration of the reactants in the colloidal dispersions increases gradually, the second one establishes that the concentration of the reactants reaches a limit of supersaturation and thus, nucleation occurs rapidly forming the nuclei of the crystals, finally, the third one refers that the growth of the particles occurs, originating their morphology. Agreeing with these authors, the microstructure depicted in Figure 5 can be attributed to the production of stable nuclei formed during the reaction of the reactants when the ethylenediamine is added to the process, giving rise to a colloidal dispersion [19] and, as a consequence, the morphology and the particle sizes shown in this work.
# CoFi: Coding-Assisted File Distribution over a Wireless LAN
## 3 Coding Based Batching and Caching in CoFi
### Coding Based Batch Transmission  
The coding based batch transmission scheme in CoFi resembles the above mentioned randomized network coding. In designing such a batch transmission scheme, a key factor is the parameter settings, including the batch size and the block size. A large batch size provides better protection against packet losses, but also induces higher computation overhead. On the other hand, a smaller block size results in lower computation overhead, but also implies a higher coefficient overhead and lower level of loss resilience. In this paper, we use a small batch size, so that CoFi can never be computation bounded. In a parallel project, we look into an adaptive approach that opportunistically adjusts the batch size and block size according to the variation in the channel condition and CPU load of the wireless node.  
An important optimization that CoFi uses to reduce the computation and coefficient overhead is hybrid coding. Specifically, for each batch, a transmitter sends the first \(n\) packets without network coding, where \(n\) equals the batch size. Afterwards, it performs random linear encoding upon each outgoing packet. In this way, it still ensures each outgoing packet is fresh for the receiver with high probability. However, since the first \(n\) packets are sent without coding, the computation cost of network coding can be reduced. In addition, since the first \(n\) packets are sent per se, CoFi no longer needs to wait until a full batch of data is available at the transmitter buffer. Consequently, the per-packet delay of CoFi is reduced, and it can gracefully degrade to the non-coding based protocol which guarantees a per-packet quality of service (w.r.t. delay), when the channel condition is satisfactory. Note that such a hybrid coding scheme is not applicable to the existing coding based multipath multihop routing protocols (such as MORE [19]) since there is no direct link between the source and destination in those scenarios.  
Note that CoFi has no exponential backoff after losses (this design choice is adopted by 802.11 MAC, which treats all losses as congestion signals, thus resulting in a low efficiency). However, CoFi still preserves the exponential backoff scheme after sensing a busy channel. This is necessary to avoid collisions when both the clients and the AP need to reserve the transmission time.
# Infrared and Visible Image Fusion via Feature-Oriented Dual-Module Complementary
## 5 Conclusions  
This paper proposes an effective feature-oriented dual-module complementary IVIF strategy. Unlike the existing multiscale fusion methods with carefully designed decomposition filters to extract features, we focus on cross-modality introduction and improvement of some classic operators to build a fusion framework. First, PCA, saliency, and contrast estimation operators are used to jointly construct a module aimed at obtaining three kinds of feature maps, which are later reconstructed through pyramidal transformation to obtain the predicted image. Then, the IBSM is then proposed to compensate for the missing infrared information in the predicted image by improving the gradient of the grayscale image and well-exposedness, which are measurement operators applied to exposure modalities. The experimental results show that the proposed method has better fusion performance and outperforms other existing mainstream fusion methods. However, the proposed method also has limitations: the reconstruction method uses pyramid transformation, and the number of transformation layers changes adaptively with image resolution, which may increase the running efficiency of the algorithm; these will be improved in a future work.  
[PERSON] designed and developed the proposed method, conducted the experiments and wrote the manuscript. [PERSON] designed the new concept, provided the conceptual idea and insightful suggestions to refine it further, and reviewed the manuscript. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded in part by the Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF), by the Ministry of Education under Grant 2019R1 DIA3A03103736, and in part by the project for Joint Demand Technology R&D of Regional SMEs funded by the Korea Ministry of SMEs and Startups in 2023 (Project No. RS-2023-00207672).  
Not applicable.  
Unavailable due to further research.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Methods**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Average Running Time (unit s)**} \\ \cline{2-3}  & **TNO Dataset** & **RoadScene Dataset** \\ \hline VggML & 5.9308 & 3.5316 \\ Resnet50 & 3.7758 & 2.7426 \\ BayF & 1.1611 & 0.8939 \\ DDCGAN & 3.2797 & 1.3940 \\ YDTR & 2.1307 & 1.8370 \\ CSF & 14.8467 & 7.7464 \\ VEHMD & 78.2178 & 48.2212 \\ SeAFusion & 0.0033 & 0.0029 \\ AUIF & 12.4612 & 7.1988 \\ Ours & 7.6707 & 7.0148 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 6: Average running time on two public datasets.
## 4 Conclusions  
The utilization of by-products from the food industry has been an important field of research for the scientific community in recent years. The need to find alternative sources of bioactive ingredients makes the coffee extraction by-product (Spent Coffee Ground, SCG) ideal for exploitation. In this study, SGC was obtained from a local coffee shop and subjected to a series of successive extractions to identify the residual phenolics after coffee brewing. Chlorogenic and neochlorogenic acids, the main individual phenolic compounds of SCG, were quantified at 2.43 and 1.00 mg/gdrv SCG, respectively. The TPC of SCG was determined to be 21.6 mg GAE/gdrv SCG (or 2.16%), the oil content to be 12.2%, and TDF to be 66%. Therefore, approximately 80% of the SCG is composed of materials that could be utilized in various applications. However, SCG is not an easy-to-use material since it possesses a rather aggressive flavor, which might be an obstacle for food applications. In order to produce a tasty bakey product with incorporated SCG, it was decided in the current study to defat the material so as to remove the majority of volatile components. The lipid fraction could be utilized in the food industry as a flavoring agent or in the sector of food supplements. The defatted SCG was incorporated into a bakey product (cookies) at two addition levels, namely, 4% and 7% (baked cookie basis). The TPC values of the formulated cookies amounted to approximately 600 and 1000 mg GAE/kg, while TDF was determined at 2.7 and 4.6%, respectively. The fortification of a very popular product with a combination of phenolic compounds and dietary fibers was achieved, together with desirable sensory characteristics (mild coffee flavor/taste, acceptable color, and texture) and shelf life stability. Therefore, it was proven that SCG is a valorizable material with potential applications in the bakey products industry for the development of foods with functional ingredients.  
Conceptualization, D.T. and P.T.; methodology, E.D. and D.T.; validation, C.P.; formal analysis, C.P.; investigation, C.P. and D.T.; data curation, C.P., D.T. and E.D.; writing--original draft preparation, C.P.; writing--review and editing, E.D. and D.T.; visualization, C.P.; supervision, E.D., D.T. and P.T.; project administration, P.T. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research received no external funding.  
Not applicable.  
The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the authors on request.  
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
# Development of a Vibroacoustic Stochastic Finite Element Prediction Tool for a CLT Floor
## 3 Finite-Element Model
### Preliminary Sensitivity Analysis  
Wood as a kind of orthotropic material has nine different variables (three Young's moduli, three shear moduli, and three Poisson's ratios) to be calibrated. In order to decrease the complexity of calibration, a sensitivity analysis should be performed to investigate the effect of different elastic constants on simulated eigen-frequencies before the stochastic process is introduced to the FE model. In this section, Young's moduli in different directions were increased or decreased 25% when compared to the Young's moduli given by Table 2. Shear moduli in different directions were increased or decreased 25% when compared to the [PERSON]'s moduli given by Table 2.  
Figure 6: Meshes of FE CLT model.  
decreased 15% when compared to the shear moduli given by Table 2. The Poisson ratios, \(\
u_{12}\), \(\
u_{13}\), \(\
u_{23}\) were set to be 0.25, 0.25, and 0.35, whereas the initial values were 0.3, 0.3, and 0.4. The reference eigen-frequencies employed in NRFDs were calculated, according to the elastic constants reported in Table 2. The measured eigen-frequencies were not selected as a reference since the objective of sensitivity analysis aims to investigate how different elastic constants affect the eigen-frequencies of an FE model.  
From the NRFDs shown in Figures 7 and 8, it can be seen that the influence of [PERSON]'s moduli and shear moduli on eigen-frequencies cannot be ignored. Among all the elastic constants, [PERSON]'s modulus in the longitudinal direction has the most important influence on eigen-frequency changes. However, [PERSON]'s modulus in a vertical direction barely changes the eigen-frequencies. Therefore, the variation of [PERSON]'s modulus in the vertical direction was not reported in Figure 7. When looking at Figure 9, we could find that all the NRFDs are lower than 0.5%  
However, from this sensitivity analysis, it was also noticed that the first four simulated eigen-frequencies are always higher than the first four measured eigen-frequencies even decreasing different elastic constants. This may be caused by the over-stiffened boundary condition. Since the tested CLT is only placed on the top two steel I beams. It is difficult to have a perfect simply supported boundary conditions in reality. Therefore, restricting all the displacements at the boundaries of the FE model can create over stiffened boundary conditions, which results in over-estimated eigen-frequencies. Consequently, the displacement in a vertical direction at one boundary of the FE model is released to try to mimic the real boundary conditions.
# A Microservice-Based Smart Agriculture System to Detect Animal Intrusion at the Edge
## 4 Proposed System  
### System Architecture  
The architecture of the proposed microservice-based fog-enabled infrastructure for smart agriculture is shown in Figure 1. It consists of two layers: a sensing layer and fog computing layer, which are linked by cross-layer upstream and downstream communication for data and control information flows [27].  
The _sensing layer_ is comprised of the sensors and actuators deployed across the agricultural field to periodically sense the physical parameters of interest such as air temperature, air humidity, soil temperature and moisture at various depths, wind speed, and rainfall. To address the challenge of poor Internet connectivity, we have adopted a LoRa and LoRaWAN enabled communication system due to their support for low-power, wide-area networking designed to wirelessly connect limited-energy-operated IoT devices to an edge server at a distance of 1-2 km. The _fog layer_ is composed of one or more servers, and provides an administrative control of the entire IoT infrastructure of the agricultural field. It addresses the limitations of intermittent Internet connectivity, high latency and high network bandwidth consumption of cloud-based infrastructure. The fog nodes host latency-sensitive services, including fire detection, sprinkler control, and animal intrusion detection. To enable a flexible architecture that leverages existing container-based support for various machine learning services, we have designed the fog layer as a microservice architecture. This architecture comprises loosely coupled, fine-grained microservices with lightweight protocols. Each microservice performs a specific function, such as data collection, filtering, and processing. For instance, data collectors aggregate data for targeted services, while data filters extract the most relevant information, which is then fed into the respective service.
# Mdpj _sciences_
## 4 Experiment Result and Analysis
### New Maintenance Projects Prediction  
In this study, new maintenance projects are defined as those not present in the vehicle's previous maintenance history. Such predictions are crucial for identifying potential vehicle issues and improving service coverage. Considering the dependency among maintenance projects over mileage, our proposed model is anticipated to exhibit a superior performance in predicting new maintenance projects.  
Experimental results for each model's predictive accuracy in the new maintenance projects are detailed in Table 5. Mila significantly outperforms all baseline models in _w_-\(F_{1}\) scores, with Chet, the nearest competitor, lagging by approximately three percentage points. Furthermore, Mila demonstrates proficiency in the _R@k_ metric, the proportion of new maintenance projects accurately predicted within the first \(k\) predictions, especially at higher \(k\) values. For instance, at _R@35_, Mila surpasses its nearest rival, [PERSON], by approximately 0.45 percentage points, further underscoring [PERSON]'s efficacy and superiority in predicting new maintenance projects.  
From the results, several key conclusions can be drawn:  
* **Predictive accuracy:** The Mila model significantly outperforms all baseline models across all evaluation metrics, demonstrating superior accuracy in predicting new maintenance projects.
* **Performance at higher \(k\) values:** The Mila model exhibits an exceptional performance at higher \(k\) values, indicating its ability to more accurately predict new maintenance projects. This is crucial for improving service coverage and identifying potential vehicle issues.  
Figure 4: Accuracy of predictions of Mila and baseline with varying training data.