## 4 Discussion and Limitations  
Multiple research teams have investigated the use of a gyroscope in smartphone devices for wrist ROM measurement in comparison with a standard goniometer [9; 13; 21]. They concluded that the device is viable as a convenient and quick way for both the health professional and patient to measure ROM for a rehabilitation process. However, measuring the wrist ROM by using a smartphone could be troublesome and inaccurate because it tends to slip off when the joint motion occurs [13; 21]. To address this issue, we developed a glove embedded with a six-axis IMU for measuring active wrist ROM. It is easier and more convenient to use than a goniometer and could monitor the dynamic motions without slipping off during the rehabilitation process. However, patients with bandaged or splinted wounds might require glove modification or customization. Although the experimental results show that the goniometer does not require much skill to perform due to the high ICC for the three operators, please note that the three operators are an orthopedic staff member, an orthopedic resident, and a medical student. Therefore, the results could be different if performed by patients with no prior training. Another advantage of the  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c c} \hline \hline  & **ICC** & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**95\% Confidence Interval**} & \multirow{2}{*}{\(p\)**-Value**} \\ \cline{3-3}  & & **Lower** & **Upper** & \\ \hline
**Pronation (y)** & & & & \\ Smartphone & 0.948 & 0.868 & 0.979 & \textless{}0.001 \\ IMU Glove & 0.961 & 0.900 & 0.984 & \textless{}0.001 \\
**Ulnar deviation (z)** & & & & \\ Smartphone & 0.949 & 0.871 & 0.980 & \textless{}0.001 \\ IMU Glove & 0.914 & 0.783 & 0.966 & \textless{}0.001 \\
**Radial deviation (z)** & & & & \\ Smartphone & 0.937 & 0.841 & 0.975 & \textless{}0.001 \\ IMU Glove & 0.955 & 0.885 & 0.982 & \textless{}0.001 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: _Cont._  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c c} \hline \hline  & **ICC** & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**95\% Confidence Interval**} & \multirow{2}{*}{\(p\)**-Value**} \\ \cline{3-3}  & & **Lower** & **Upper** & \\ \hline
**Flexion (x)** & & & & \\ Goniometer & 0.963 & 0.923 & 0.984 & \textless{}0.001 \\ Smartphone & 0.984 & 0.967 & 0.993 & \textless{}0.001 \\ IMU Glove & 0.983 & 0.964 & 0.993 & \textless{}0.001 \\
**Extension (x)** & & & & \\ Goniometer & 0.966 & 0.929 & 0.986 & \textless{}0.001 \\ Smartphone & 0.989 & 0.976 & 0.995 & \textless{}0.001 \\ IMU Glove & 0.977 & 0.952 & 0.990 & \textless{}0.001 \\
**Supination (y)** & & & & \\ Goniometer & 0.951 & 0.897 & 0.979 & \textless{}0.001 \\ Smartphone & 0.978 & 0.953 & 0.990 & \textless{}0.001 \\ IMU Glove & 0.982 & 0.962 & 0.992 & \textless{}0.001 \\
**Pronation (y)** & & & & \\ Goniometer & 0.957 & 0.909 & 0.982 & \textless{}0.001 \\ Smartphone & 0.982 & 0.962 & 0.992 & \textless{}0.001 \\ IMU Glove & 0.973 & 0.944 & 0.989 & \textless{}0.001 \\
**Ulnar deviation (z)** & & & & \\ Goniometer & 0.918 & 0.827 & 0.965 & \textless{}0.001 \\ Smartphone & 0.964 & 0.924 & 0.985 & \textless{}0.001 \\ IMU Glove & 0.929 & 0.851 & 0.970 & \textless{}0.001 \\
**Radial deviation (z)** & & & & \\ Goniometer & 0.941 & 0.876 & 0.975 & \textless{}0.001 \\ Smartphone & 0.955 & 0.906 & 0.981 & \textless{}0.001 \\ IMU Glove & 0.968 & 0.932 & 0.986 & \textless{}0.001 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: Intraclass correlation coefficient for the three operators who performed the experiment.  
smartphone and the IMU glove is that there will be no human error or personal bias during the quantitative measurement process because the digital measurement data is already provided by the tools.