## 5 Conclusions  
InSAR results from data acquired by Envisat and COSMO-SkyMed satellites, and spanning from 2003 to 2013, are able to detect ground displacements in the SP area (Calabria, Southern Italy). The ground deformation field is dominated by a widespread-subsidence with rate up to \(\sim\)20 mm/yr. We can summarize that the location of the SP in an area marked by geodynamic and geological complexity precluding the attribution of the ground deformation triggering factor to a unique subsidence mechanism. We suppose that the active oblique-contractional belt in the Ionian Sea in front of SP [45] can trigger a flexural subsidence mechanism due to the back thrusting load above the underlying Calabrid and Southern Apennines Units. Furthermore, the observed correlation between Plio-Quaternary sediments thickness and ground deformation suggests that the isostatic compensation plays a major role in the SP present subsidence. We highlight the absence of correlation between the occurring earthquakes close to the main capable faults, so excluding the contribution of faulting activity and earthquakes for the present SP subsidence phenomena, according to [67] (based on geomorphological data); we hypothesize that the structural settings could indirectly influence the ground subsidence phenomena. Another minor triggering mechanism of subsidence is represented by the compaction of the compressible fine-grained sediments related to the Holocene post-LGM transgression and following Cracti Delta degradation. We show the effect of the lateral transition between fine- and coarse-grained Holocene sediments on the ground deformation spatial pattern. Anthropogenic activities can be considered as an incremental factor of the SP subsidence. In fact, we observe higher subsidence velocities in the more anthropized areas, where soil compaction is amplified by urban-induced loading. In some area showing excessive water withdrawals (e.g.,  
Figure 13: Envisat (both ascending and descending orbit) time series of the wells No. 2 and No. 4 (see Figure 1 for their location) recording respectively a water table drop and rise. In table are reported the water table variation between 2002 and 2013 for each well. Sybaris archaeological site), water table variations may increase the deformation velocity because can be the origin of delayed consolidation process in soft materials. The presence of subsidence phenomenon in the whole SP and the complicated identification of a main triggering mechanism, due to the peculiar geological setting, is also in agreement with [90]. The results of this study show as the deformation field of complex basins may be due to coexisting regional and local natural processes and anthropic activities. To better assess and monitor the hazard(s) related to the detected ground deformation phenomena, a multiparametric monitoring of SP area would be recommended. This paper is sponsored by PON (Operational National Plan) 2007-2013 from MIUR (Italian Research Ministry of Research) Project AMICUS (Study for the environmental protection and the mitigation of Anthropogenic Pollution In the Coastal Environment of selected areas of Calabria; ID: PON01, 02818) and resulted from the Ph.D. work of [PERSON]. Results carried out using COSMO-SkyMed(r) PRODUCTS, (c) ASI (Italian Space Agency)--provided under license of ASI in the framework of the SS Project \"Short term earthquake prediction and preparation\" (DPC-INGV, 2013). The Envisat images are provided by ESA (European Space Agency) under the CAT.1P 5605. The InSAR processing are carried out using the Sarscape(r) software (Sarmap, CH). We thank [PERSON] and [PERSON] (Sarmap, CH) for the fruitful collaboration and useful suggestions during the SAR data processing. We also thank [PERSON] (INGV-Bo) for providing the GPS solutions. We are grateful to [PERSON] for his careful and critical reading of the manuscript. We thank editors and four anonymous reviewers, which improved the paper quality with their suggestions.