## 3 The First Workshop: Reviewing Existing BIM Guides
### Defining a Desirable Guide  
The authors presented the following questions to the PO subjects: (1) What projects were subject to procuring BIM services? (2) Why were BIM services applied? (3) What project delivery methods were used in conjunction with BIM services? (4) What guides, guidelines, or manuals were referred to when procuring BIM services? (5) Why were those references adopted? (6) What structure of guides would be desirable or recommendable for public entities? The PO subjects freely delivered their experiences, feelings, and thoughts on the questions, and the following are summaries of their responses. As stated earlier, projects costing more than USD 40 million have been required to use BIM since 2012 by government policy [2]. In the case of the KLHC, more than 100 projects have been procured every year to provide new housing facilities for the public [19]. Each of the projects involved sometimes multi-thousand-, mostly 700-800-unit apartments, and cost much more than USD 40 million. The POs in the KLHC have therefore normally procured BIM services in parallel with design services for these projects, in accordance with their companywide BIM guide--that is, the KLHC BIM Usage Guide. Unlike the KLHC case, the POs in charge of constructing the residential, administrative, and school facilities in local municipalities--who comprise the majority of the POs in Korea--have tended to pay little attention to BIM applications, since the cost of their projects is normally lower than USD 40 million, except for particular projects such as main city hall buildings in the municipalities. Considering the unit construction cost of a building in Korea--i.e., USD 1650/m\({}^{2}\) on average [37]--it is very clear that USD 40 million represents enough value to construct a 20,000 m\({}^{2}\) or larger building. The typical motives for the POs deciding to procure BIM services for a project include the following: BIM application being required by public policies; the project being so big that high-quality designers and contractors were necessary for the project; the efficiency gained through BIM appearing to be essential and great for the specific project, such as renewable energy facilities and plant facilities; and the project having the complicated applications, such as free-form buildings, that would be tough to construct without BIM application. In addition to identifying the motives behind procuring BIM, the significance of selecting competent designers and contractors was discussed in the workshop as well. Although lots of architects and engineers have recently used BIM tools such as Revit, ArchiCAD, or Bentley as usual in Korea, their BIM products show very different levels of development from designer to designer, and are mostly below average, because the intent their BIM is merely to demonstrate the capacity for producing digital models to win competitive designer selection contests according to the ASIPA [3], rather than to epitomize the literal definition of BIM, i.e., \"the process of collaboratively developing and managing an integrated digital model containing a built asset's geometry and life cycle information\" [28]. Likewise, contractors who have advertised and insisted on using BIM in the construction phase are not very reliable. Various studies have found that construction BIM is quite inferior to design BIM in Korea; very few contractors have been involved in BIM implementation, and most remain at the level of using 2D drawings as well as manual quantity take-offs [38; 39]. For the POs to purchase a high-quality BIM service, the subjects asserted that it was very important to specify POs' BIM uses clearly, and to prepare a comprehensive bid package through which competent BIM designers and contractors could be picked out. The subjects emphasized that when the POs contemplated procuring BIM services, they first made sure to specify which type of project delivery method was applied to their project.