esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Model
Note the typical motivation behind retrieving extreme data is to detect _abnormality_ of sensor readings. The abnormality can be defined as how much a sensor's reading deviates from its usual statistics. Specifically for a given reading \(x_{i}\) which is a realization of \(X_{i}\), we should focus on how _unlikely_ the event \(x_{i}\) is to occur with respect to its usual statistics seen by Node \(i\). Let us denote the distribution function of \(X_{i}\) by \(F_{X_{i}}(x_{i})=\mathbb{P}(X_{i}\leq x_{i})\). Suppose we have the readings \(x_{1},\ldots,x_{n}\), we would like to find the node \(i^{*}\) such that  
\[i^{*}=\operatorname*{argmin}_{i\in I}\left[\mathbb{P}(X_{i}>x_{i})\right]= \operatorname*{argmax}_{i\in I}\left[F_{X_{i}}(x_{i})\right] \tag{1}\]  
and \(x_{i^{*}}\). This approach is particularly useful if the data collected by sensors modeled by RVs with heterogeneous distributions. For example, suppose \(X_{i}\) is a Gaussian RV with mean \(\mu_{i}\) and variance \(\sigma_{i}^{2}\), or \(X_{i}\sim N(\mu_{i},\sigma_{i}^{2})\). If \(\mu_{i}\) and \(\sigma_{i}\) were to be identical, for a given readings \(x_{i}\) and \(x_{j}\), we would be able to directly compare \(x_{i}\) and \(x_{j}\). In such case the objective reduces to finding \(i^{*}=\operatorname*{argmax}_{i\in I}[x_{i}]\), _i.e._, finding the literally maximum data. By contrast if \(\mu_{i}\) and \(\sigma_{i}\) are heterogeneous among sensors, such direction comparison is not possible--only the comparison through \(F_{X_{i}}(x_{i})\) and \(F_{X_{j}}(x_{j})\) would be appropriate for our purpose. It is assumed that every node knows the CDF of its sensed data. Also the sink is aware of \(F_{X_{i}}(\cdot)\), \(\forall i\in I\). Let us define \(Y_{i}:=F_{X_{i}}(X_{i})\) and also denote a realization of the data by \(y_{i}:=F_{X_{i}}(x_{i})\). We call \(Y_{i}\) the _score_ of the data of node \(i\). By definition the score \(Y_{i}\) is a uniform RV on [0,1]. Since the data generated in the network is assumed to be independent across sensors, the problem is effectively retrieving \(\max_{i\in I}\left[Y_{i}\right]\), or the maximum among \(n\) i.i.d. uniform RVs. Instead of reporting the actual readings \(x_{i}\), sensors generate/forward data packets containing \(y_{i}\) and \(i\), the node ID. Since the sink is aware of \(F_{X_{i}}(\cdot)\), it can recover \(x_{i}\) from \(y_{i}\) if it desires to do so. Thus our objective is to retrieve the data with the maximum _score_.
# Combining Dielectric and Hyperspectral Data for Apple Core Browning Detection
## 3 Method
### Classification Models
#### 3.3.3 Decision Trees  
The Decision Tree is a classification and regression method based on a tree-like structure. It recursively partitions the data through binary (or multi-way) splits, forming a tree structure where each node represents a feature, each branch represents a feature value, and the leaf nodes represent classification results or regression values. During the acquisition of multi-view photonic features for apples, sensors are inevitably affected by environmental factors, resulting in abnormal feature values. However, the Decision Tree constructs the model via partitioning the samples into different regions, and the abnormal values only affect a few leaf nodes. Therefore, the Decision Tree model exhibits robustness to abnormal feature values in multi-view photonic features [38].
# Method for Measuring Surface Charge on Insulating Materials Based on the Vibrating Capacitor Method
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Relationship between Measured Potential and Probe Height  
According to the principle of the vibrating capacitor method, for conductors, theoretically, the measured potential does not change with variations in the probe height. However, when the tested material is a dielectric substance, there is no clear correspondence between the material surface charge and the measured potential. Therefore, in the two-dimensional axisymmetric model, the entire upper surface of the tested material is uniformly charged with \(\sigma_{ex}\) and the edge of the tested material approaches an infinite domain. The distance between the lower surface of the probe and the sample is gradually adjusted. As shown in Figure 5a, it can be observed that the measured potential remains stable at around 2000 V as the distance between the probe and the sample increases from 2 mm to 7 mm. Thus, under ideal conditions, when the charged region attached to the tested material approaches infinity, the measured potential of this model is not affected by changes in the probe height. However, for dielectric materials, charges can stably adhere to fixed positions. When the region below the probe is a charged area with a radius of 10 mm and a charge density of \(\sigma_{ex}\), the measured potential exhibits a stable linear relationship as the distance between the probe and the sample increases from 2 mm to 6 mm, as shown in the following figure. This indicates that for dielectric materials under ideal conditions, the vibrating capacitor method model requires strict limitation of the probe height.
# Modeling of Historical Marine Casualty on S-100 Electronic Navigational Charts
## 1 Introduction
When used in combination with real-time data sources, it may improve situational awareness by offering both current and past perspectives. The proposed model's compatibility with other standardized data models within the S-100 framework enables integration, thereby supporting risk-informed decision-making and effective operational coordination in navigational systems [13]. The model also lays a foundation for future applications that depend on consistent and interoperable datasets, particularly as digitalization and automation continue to advance in the maritime transportation sector. This paper is organized as follows. Section 2 reviews the S-100 standard and relevant data modeling methods, and highlights the necessity of this research based on a review of related literature. Section 3 defines and designs a data model for structuring marine casualties in accordance with the S-100 framework. Section 4 visualizes real-world casualty data structured according to the proposed model using an S-100-based viewer to confirm its compliance with the standard. Section 5 discusses the applicability and limitations of the model, and Section 6 concludes the paper and suggests directions for future work.
# Practical Approach to Designing and Implementing a Recommendation System for Healthy Challenges
## 2 Materials and Methods  
The objective is to make suitable and adequate recommendations of challenges that may create a positive impact on the life of the citizens and with potential to become habits in their daily lives. These challenges will be selected from an extensible pool provided also in the frame of this work. To create such a recommendation tool, a series of previous processes will be required.  
Firstly, precise characterizations of users and their health-related needs will be obtained through widely used questionnaires. The Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36) in its Spanish version [44], the Short Healthy Eating Index (sHEI-15) adapted for the Spanish population [45], and the Oviedo Sleep Questionnaire (OSC) [46; 47] will be utilized. In this work, the SF-36 questionnaire provides scores for six dimensions related to individuals' physical and mental health. As it is well known, the summatory components of the SF-36 are the Physical Component Summary (PCS) and Mental Component Summary (MCS). Since these were overarching assessments, we opted to utilize the specific subscores outlined in Section 2.1 (User Profile). By doing so, we were able to differentiate between the most suitable challenges using the mentioned subscores to make a more suitable recommendation. The sHEI-15 yields six dimensions pertaining to eating habits, while the OSC measures three dimensions related to sleep quality. These questionnaires are essential for accurately defining user profiles. Additionally, it is necessary to thoroughly characterize the challenges. Finally, an algorithm will be developed to identify and prioritize the most suitable challenges for each user.
## 3 Influence of Physical Properties of NS on Communication, Navigation, and TT&C Integration
### Atmospheric Loss in NS
#### 3.3.1 Gas Absorption in NS  
For centimeter waves and millimeter waves, gas absorption generally refers to the absorption of electromagnetic energy by oxygen molecules and water vapor molecules. According to the research results of [PERSON] and the ITU-R P676 report, the absorption oblique path losses generated by oxygen molecules and water vapor molecules can be calculated as the product of their respective ground attenuation rates and the equivalent path length through the troposphere, and the total path loss is the sum of the losses caused by oxygen molecules and water vapor, that is as follows [75; 76],  
\[\gamma=\gamma_{o}+\gamma_{w} \tag{5}\]  
For the attenuation rate of oxygen molecules at frequencies below 57 GHz, it can be approximately calculated according to the following equation [75; 76],  
\[\gamma_{o}=\left[7.19\times 10^{-3}+\frac{6.09}{f^{2}+0.227}+\frac{4.81}{\left(f -57\right)^{2}+1.50}\right]f^{2}\times 10^{-3}\quad(\text{dB/km}) \tag{6}\]  
For water vapor molecules, their attenuation rate is not only related to the frequency but also closely related to the water vapor density \(\rho_{w}\). For the frequency bands below  
Figure 3: The relationship between the rain attenuation coefficient and \(R_{0.01}\) for the K/Ka frequency band in the NS. (**a**) Rain attenuation coefficient. (**b**) \(R_{0.01}\) under the condition of circular polarization. (**c**) \(R_{0.01}\) under the condition of horizontal polarization. (**d**) \(R_{0.01}\) under the condition of vertical polarization.  
As can be seen from Figure 5, for the K/Ka frequency band, rain attenuation is closely related to frequency, and rain attenuation increases as the frequency rises. As shown by the rain attenuation-frequency curve on the right vertical axis of Figure 5, the rain attenuation shows an upward trend. This is because high-frequency signals are more susceptible to the scattering and absorption effects of raindrops, resulting in greater attenuation. In addition, rain attenuation is also related to the rain rate. The higher the rain rate, the greater the number of raindrops, the stronger the scattering and absorption effects on the signal, and the greater the rain attenuation. Therefore, when there are large fluctuations in the rain rate, the rain attenuation curve will correspondingly fluctuate. It can also be seen from Figure 5 that a higher rain rate usually leads to greater rain attenuation. Therefore, when designing high-frequency navigation and telemetry, tracking, and command (TT&C) links, it is necessary to fully consider the impact of rain attenuation and adopt appropriate compensation measures, such as increasing the transmission power, using rain attenuation-resistant coding, etc. In areas with frequent rainfall or high rainfall intensity, the problem of rain attenuation faced by integrated systems is more serious, and more accurate link budget and reliability assessment are required.
## 5 Discussion
### Influence of the Number of Transmit Angles  
The imaging performance of different beamformers under different numbers of transmit angles was evaluated. Since the number of transmit angles determines the size of the covariance matrix in CMSB, the minimum number of transmit angles was set to 23 to evaluate the imaging performance. The selected transmit angles are symmetrical around 0\({}^{\circ}\). The corresponding results in the simulation and experiment are shown in Figure 11a,b, respectively.  
As can be seen in Figure 11, the resolution of DAS and DMAS improves with an increasing number of angles when the number of angles is larger than 38. CMSB methods always achieve a higher resolution performance compared with DAS and DMAS. Additionally, the contrast of all methods improves as the number of angle increases. CMSB obtains an improved contrast compared with DMAS, and LOCw-CMSB (\(\delta=\delta_{ac}\)) obtains an improved contrast over CMSB under different numbers of transmit angles in both the simulation and experiment. In addition, CMSB obtains an improved gCNR over DAS and DMAS under different numbers of transmit angles. Owing to adaptive diagonal reducing, CMSB (\(\delta=\delta_{ac}\)) and LOCw-CMSB (\(\delta=\delta_{ac}\)) both obtain an improved gCNR over CMSB. In addition, the sSNR obtained by CMSB is slightly lower than that of DAS, but higher than that of DMAS. Compared with CMSB, CMSB (\(\delta=\delta_{ac}\)) and LOCw-CMSB (\(\delta=\delta_{ac}\)) obtain a significantly improved sSNR under different numbers of transmit angles. This demon  
Figure 10: CR, gCNR, and sSNR of LOC-weighted methods as a function of the kernel size in the cyst phantom experiment.  
strates that the proposed CMSB (\(\delta=\delta_{ac}\)) and LOCw-CMSB (\(\delta=\delta_{ac}\)) can be implemented with a lower number of transmissions to improve the image resolution and contrast, and to simultaneously improve the speckle quality and lesion detectability.
## 5 Mathematical Modeling and the Control of Attitude Dynamics
### Attitude-Control Loops  
In general, the purpose of the attitude controller is to obtain a faster and more stable attitude response from the octocopter. The inputs to the attitude controller are the desired roll angle, pitch angle, and yaw rate, and the controller's output is the varying voltage for the motor to produce the required torque to obtain the desired output. The structure of a roll attitude control loop for a vehicle with torque from a single motor is shown in Figure 9. Nevertheless, in the simulation, simultaneous torques from the three motors was considered to obtain the unbalanced torques about the \"\(x\)\" and \"\(y\)\" axes to obtain the roll and pitch motions, respectively [14; 15; 16; 17].  
The control loop structure of a pitch attitude is similar to that of the roll control loop, but the moment of inertia values change; the control loop is shown in Figure 10. For the yaw axis, the yaw rate should be controlled instead of the yaw angle. The octocopter can rotate freely in yaw, making it unnatural for a user to input the desired yaw angle [5]. Therefore, the yaw control loop structure is slightly different from the roll and pitch control loops, as shown in Figure 11.
# Hybrid Graph Models for Traffic Prediction
## 1 Introduction
To make full use of spatial information, the proposed method represents the topological information of the traffic network through a general graph structure. The HGM combines a graph neural network, convolutional neural network, and attention mechanism to jointly extract complex spatial-temporal information through different branches. The proposed method constructs the spatial information of distance-based nodesthrough a large amount of traffic data recorded by sensors, which we call static graph. Then, the HGM aggregates the spatial information of nodes using a graph convolutional neural network and combines attention to simultaneously extract temporal information. In order to mine the potential topological structure of the traffic network, the HGM updates the topological information during the model training process, which is called a dynamic graph, and then uses a 1D convolutional neural network to mine the temporal dependencies between nodes. Furthermore, we design a novel gated function to fuse the results from different branches. The gated function dynamically calculates weights for both components according to the branch results to improve the prediction performance. Experiments on two real-world traffic datasets demonstrate that the HGM achieves state-of-the-art performances. The main contributions of this research are summarized as follows:(1) The proposed method constructs topological information of the network from different visions to fully represent the topological information. The HGM represents road information through a static graph and a dynamic graph, which is conducive to highlighting the information of adjacent nodes and mining the potential correlation between nodes. (2) The proposed method uses different components to perform feature extraction on bigraph topology, which can fully capture the dynamic road information, and a gated function is designed for the adaptive fusion of results from different branches. (3) We evaluate the HGM on two real-world traffic datasets and have demonstrated prediction performance over comparable state-of-the-art methods in both long-term and short-term predictions. The remainder of this paper is organized as follows: Section 2 reviews the related work. The problem statement of traffic prediction is presented in Section 3. Section 4 details the proposed approach. Section 5 reports the experimental settings, followed by the discussion of experimental results in Section 6. Section 7 briefly concludes this work.
# The Applications of Plasma Techniques
### Structural Tunable Plasma Photonic Crystals in Dielectric Barrier Discharge  
[PERSON] et al. in [8] presented a kind of structural tunable plasma photonic crystal in a dielectric barrier discharge by self-organization of the plasma filaments. The symmetry, the lattice constant, and the orientations of different plasma photonic crystals can be deliberately controlled by changing the applied voltage. The plasma structures can be tuned from a square lattice to a triangular lattice, the lattice constant is reduced, and the crystal orientation varies \(\pi 6/\) when the applied voltage is increased. The band diagrams of the plasma photonic crystals under a transverse magnetic wave have been studied, and show that the positions and sizes of the band gaps change significantly for different plasma structures. The authors suggest a flexible model for the fabrication of tunable plasma photonic crystals, which could be widely applied in the manipulation of microwaves or terahertz waves.
# Spatiotemporal Image Fusion in Remote Sensing
## 1 Introduction
We argue that these methods represent a cost-effective solution to generate high-resolution images in space and time, thereby offering the possibility to leverage existing image archives and to efficiently use them for environmental, ecological and agricultural mapping and monitoring applications. Different terms are used in the literature to refer to the methods used to increase the resolution of an image in spatial, temporal or spectral domains, namely, image fusion [6], spatial sharpening, downscaling [13], super-resolution or disaggregation. Image fusion is defined as the \"combination of two or more different images to form a new image by using a certain algorithm\" [6]. Downscaling is used to increase the resolution of satellite images in the spatial domain [13]. Downscaling, disaggregation and spatial sharpening terms are used interchangeably in the literature. We use the term spatiotemporal image fusion throughout this paper to refer to the methods for blending fine spatial resolution images with high temporal frequency images.
## 4 Experimental Results and Analysis
### Load-Axial Displacement Curves  
The load carrying capacities, stiffness and ductility factors of specimens are shown in Table 1. Load-axial displacement curves of specimens are shown in Figure 9. Table 1 and Figure 9 show that the peak loads and the slopes of rising phase of curves of corrosion specimens become smaller, indicating that uniform corrosion can lead to degradations of the stiffness and load carrying capacities of specimens in the same condition. The larger is the eccentricity, the lower is the ultimate load carrying capacity of specimen, but with a better the ductility.  
Figure 8: Load–strain curves of specimens: (**a**) C35-0; (**b**) C35-30; (**c**) C35-90; (**d**) C35-180; (**e**) C35-270; and (**f**) C35-360.
# Experimental Study on the Effect of Different Parameters on Rotor Blade Icing in a Cold Chamber
## 3 Experimental Results and Analysis
### Effect of Rotation Speed on Ice Shape  
The experimental results of cases 4, 5, and 6 were compared to study the effect of rotation speed on blade icing. In Figure 8, the experimental results under three conditions are given, and the comparison of ice shapes is shown in Figure 9. It can be seen that under the conditions of similar LWC, with the gradual increase of rotation speed, the ice thickness at the leading edge of the blade increased. This was because the increase of rotation speed led to the increase of linear velocity at the same position of the blade, and the number of droplets impacting on the surface increased in unit time. At the same time, the impact velocity of droplets had a corresponding growth relationship with the droplet collection efficiency. Therefore, the amount of ice increased with the increase of rotation speed.
# Effective Uptake of Cadmium and Chromium from Wastewater Using Carbon-Based _Capsicum annuum_
###### Abstract  
Toxic metal ions such as cadmium-Cd(II) and chromium-Cr(VI) are toxic, do not degrade easily in nature, and can cause various disorders and diseases in humans. Removing and monitoring Cd(II) and Cr(VI) ions is necessary for improving water quality. This study aimed to produce an adsorbent from activated carbon of _Capsicum annuum_ and assess its ability to adsorb Cd(II) and Cr(VI) ions from water. The results showed that the adsorbent from C. _annuum_ was porous after its conversion to activated carbon. The pH\({}_{\text{(PZC)}}\) of carbon-based _Capsicum annuum_ was acidic, with a pH of 2.68. The highest capacities for both metal ions were observed at a pH of 1 for Cr(VI) and pH 5 for Cd(II), with capacities of 18.38 and 29.48 mg/g, respectively. The Freundlich sorption model proved to be the most suitable method. The adsorption of Cr(VI) and Cd(II) increased when the initial concentrations were raised from 20 and 60 mg/L; thereafter, a decrease was observed. The data showed that the adsorption of Cd(II) was fast and reached a maximum in 40 min, while Cr(VI) increased with time up to 30 min; thereafter, the rate for Cr(VI) decreased, while equilibrium was reached for Cd(II) ions. The temperature effect showed that the adsorption of Cd(II) and Cr(VI) ions reached a maximum at 55 and 45 \({}^{\circ}\)C, respectively. The results of enthalpy change (\(\Delta\)H\({}^{\text{7}}\)) showed that the uptake process was exothermic, while the change in thermodynamic values of Gibbs energy (\(\Delta\)G\({}^{\circ}\)) indicated that the sorption process was spontaneous and achievable. The greatest adsorption capacities for Cd(II) and Cr(VI) ions were 34.34 and 15.24 mg/g, respectively. The activated carbon from C. _annuum_ proved to be effective for the adsorption of Cd(II) and Cr(VI) from wastewater.  
activated carbon; cadmium; chromium; _Capsicum annuum_; sorption  
P.M.; Nosci, N.E.; Shooto, N.D. Effective Uptake of Cadmium and Chromium from Wastewater Using Carbon-Based _Capsicum annuum_  
10 September 2024  
1
# A Review on the Thermal Hazards of the Lithium-Ion Battery and the Corresponding Countermeasures
## 5 Management and Countermeasures
### Safety Devices within Battery  
Due to the inherent hazards accompanied with LIB, manufacturers have developed several safety devices within the battery such as a safety vent, current interrupt device (CID) and positive temperature coefficient (PTC) to prevent the appearance of excessive current, temperature or pressure. Therefore, safety device can be regarded as a protective measure owed by the battery itself.