esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
###### Abstract  
Ultrasound guided parastermal block is a regional anaesthesia technique targeting the anterior branches of intercostal nerves, which supply the anterior thoracic wall. The aim of this prospective study is to assess the efficacy of parastermal block to manage postoperative analgesia and reduce opioid consumption in patients undergoing cardiac surgery throughout sterotomy. A total of 126 consecutive patients were allocated to two different groups, receiving (Parastermal group) or not (Control group) preoperative ultrasound guided bilateral parasternal block with 20 mL of 0.5% ropivacaine per side. The following data were recorded: postoperative pain expressed by a 0-10 numeric rating scale (NRS), intraoperative fentanyl consumption, postoperative morphine consumption, time to extubation and perioperative pulmonary performance at incentive spirometry. Postoperative NRS was not significantly different between Parasternal and Control groups with a median (IQR) of 2 (0-4.5) vs. 3 (0-6) upon awakening (\(p\) = 0.07); 0 (0-3) vs. 2 (0-4) at 6 h (\(p\) = 0.46); 0 (0-2) vs. 0 (0-2) at 12 h (\(p\) = 0.57). Postoperative morphine consumption was similar among groups. However, intraoperative fentanyl consumption was significantly lower in the Parasternal group [406.3 \(\pm\) 81.6 mcg vs. 864.3 \(\pm\) 154.4, (\(p\) < 0.001)]. Parasternal group showed shorter times to extubation [(191 \(\pm\) 58 min vs. 305 \(\pm\) 72 min, (\(p\))] and better performance at incentive spirometer with a median (IQR) of 2 raised balls (1-2) vs. 1 (1-2) after awakening (\(p\) = 0.04). Ultrasound guided parasternal block provided an optimal perioperative analgesia with a significant reduction in intraoperative opioid consumption, time to extubation and a better postoperative performance at spirometry when compared to the Control group.  
Keywords:parastermal block; regional anaesthesia; cardiac surgery; cardiac anaesthesia; pain management +
Footnote †: journal: Clinical Medicine
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Data Analysis
#### 2.3.3 Spatial Resolution Comparison  
The spectral indices with the strongest correlation with the hotspots were identified (Section 3.2) and resampled to 20 m, 30 m, 50 m, 100 m, 250 m, 500 m and 1000 m spatial resolution to evaluate the impact of spatial resolution. Optimum spatial resolution was determined using linear and quadratic regression analysis fitted to the GI* z-scores obtained from the optimized hotspot analysis.
# Is It Possible to Restore a Heavily Polluted, Shallow, Urban Lake?
## 1 Introduction
In the case of the restoration of the Swedish Lake Trummen, the sediment was pumped to simple settling ponds constructed in an abandoned farming area from which the topsoil had first been removed. The runoff water from the settling ponds--a mixture of lake and interstitial water--was treated with aluminum sulfate in a simple plant for the precipitation of phosphate and suspended matter. Before restoration, the total phosphorus content of the lake water was approximately 600 \(\upmu\)g L\({}^{-1}\). The phosphorus concentration of the water from the settling ponds was on the order of milligrams per liter before the treatment. After precipitation, the total phosphorus content of the runoff water was approximately 30 \(\upmu\)g/L [23]. The area designated for the infrastructure to process the liquid and solid output was approximately 30 ha. It should be noted that it is rare to find so much space in the vicinity of a lake that can be used to safely convert the removed deposit. According to a study of the Vajgar artificial reservoir by [PERSON] et al. [24], the top of the sediment that had accumulated in the pond served as an uncontrolled source of nutrients and was removed. The sediment pumping started in August 1991, and by the end of 1992, approximately 330,000 m\({}^{3}\) of sediment had been pumped out of the pond and transported in pipes to seven settling lagoons approximately 2.5 km away, each of which was approximately 1 ha in area and 3-5 m deep. The sediment transported from the fish pond had a dry mass content of 10-15%. The whole cost was approximately US $850,000. The above examples indicate that the removal of bottom sediments from reservoirs is logistically very difficult, and in the case of ill-considered solutions, it can cause the opposite effect--an ecological disaster. Another disadvantage of this method is the very high cost; therefore, before developing a project to extract sediments, the spatial distribution of the phosphorus in the sediment should be determined to accurately indicate the thickness of the sediment, the extraction of which will guarantee the improvement of the state of the lake as a result of stopping the emission of pollutants from the sediments back into the water column. The aim of the study was to determine the spatial distribution of pollutants in bottom sediment and interstitial water of Karczemne Lake and on their basis to determine the thickness and volume of sediment necessary for extraction to improve the quality of water in the reservoir. This research has allowed the development of the concept of a completely new, safe and economically justified method of mining and managing the bottom sediments. The proposed method will prevent uncontrolled effluent drainage back into the lake basin. In addition, it does not require the construction of a completely new bottom sediment treatment system consisting of presses, centrifuges, polymer-dosing stations, water-conditioning equipment and reaction pools. After sediment is removed from the lake bowl, phosphorus inactivation and biomanipulation is also recommended.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Original Artwork and Experimental Design
#### 2.1.5 Coating Removal Tests  
Following the application of the coatings and the analytical assessments of their performance, cleaning tests were conducted to evaluate the removability of the chitosan-based films. A bio-enzymatic approach was employed using \(\alpha\)-amylase, an enzyme capable of hydrolysing the glycosidic bonds within the chitosan matrix. The selection of \(\alpha\)-amylase was based on its proven efficacy in degrading chitosan under mild, non-invasive conditions, leading to the formation of chitooligosaccharides and glucosamine [60; 61; 62]. The enzymatic cleaning solution was prepared according to the protocol described by [PERSON] et al. (2020) [63], dissolving \(\alpha\)-amylase at 1 wt% in deionised water and thickening it with 5 wt% Klucel(r) G (reagents were purchased from I.M.A.R. Italia S.r.l., Rome, Italy). This formulation enabled localised application with extended contact time, facilitating a controlled and reversible removal process. The hydrolysis was carried out at neutral to mildly acidic pH (4.5-5.0) and moderate temperatures (50-55 \({}^{\circ}\)C), which are recognised in the literature as optimal for both enzyme activity and chitosan solubility [60; 64].
## 2 Materials and Experimental Characterizations
### Thermal Characterization Method
#### 2.7.2 Effective Thermal Conductivity of the Crushed Juncus Maritimus Fibers Measurement  
The Juncus maritimus crushed fibers were placed in a sample holder which is composed of two copper plates and four sides, which are in Plexiglas. We introduced the crushed Juncus maritimus fibers into the enclosure through a series of vibrations and compressions in order to obtain perfect contact between copper plates and fibers. The choice of copper is justified by its high thermal conductivity which is equal to 389 W/m.\({}^{\circ}\)C. The Plexiglas has a low thermal conductivity k\({}_{\text{p}}\) compared to copper, its value 0.2 W/m.\({}^{\circ}\)C. Hence, the heat flow was directly applied to the packed bed of the Juncus maritimus particles and heat transfer was considered unidirectional through the material of dimension 27 \(\times\) 27 \(\times\) 3 cm\({}^{3}\). The relationship of the thermal conductivity measurements (taking into account the box surfaces) proposed by [29], expressed as follows is used:  
\[k=\frac{S_{T}}{S_{JM}}k_{mes}-\frac{S_{p}}{S_{JM}}k_{p} \tag{9}\]  
where:  
\(S_{JM}\): Area occupied by Juncus maritimus fibers  
\(S_{p}\): Plexiglas area  
\(S_{T}=S_{p}+S_{IM}\)
## 4 Experimental Validation and Analysis
### Discussion and Analysis
#### 4.2.2 Communication Performance Analysis  
This section analyzes the bit error rate (BER) of the vehicular voice communication system and its correlation with overall communication performance from both simulation and experimental perspectives. As a key metric for evaluating communication quality, the BER value directly reflects the system's communication performance.  
In terms of simulation modeling, a complete voice communication link model was developed using the Simulink platform (Figure 9). For experimental validation, field tests were conducted to measure the BER and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of vehicular voice communication under all evaluation scenarios. The test setup is illustrated in Figure 10.  
The results (Table 8 and Figure 11) show that (1) the mean relative error (MRE) between simulated and measured BERs is 16.37%; (2) the MER between simulated and measured SNRs is 12.85%.  
Figure 10: BER measurement configuration.  
Figure 9: BER simulation link.
## 4 Materials and Methods
### RNA Extraction and RT-qPCR Analysis  
Total RNA was extracted from cultured cells, hairy roots, and different tissues of _L. erythorhizon_ using the FastPure Plant Total RNA Isolation Kit (Vazyme, #RC401, Nanjing, China). The RNA purity and integrity were assessed based on the A260/A280 absorbance ratio and 1.0% agarose gel electrophoresis. cDNA was synthesized by reverse transcription with the HiScript III 1 st Strand cDNA Synthesis Kit (+gDNA wiper) (Vazyme, #R312), and qPCR was performed using the ChamQ Universal SYBR qPCR Master Mix (Vazyme, #Q711) with gene-specific primers (Table S9) on an Applied Biosystems 7500 Real-Time PCR System and StepOnePlus(tm) Real-Time PCR System. Gene expression levels of each sample were normalized relative to _GAPDH_ mRNA as an internal standard and calculated using the 2\({}^{-\Delta\Delta\text{CI}}\) method [71]. At least three independent experiments were performed for each analysis.
# Fast Stepwise Inertial Control Scheme of a DFIG for Reducing Second Frequency Drop
## 5 Conclusions  
In this article, we suggest a torque limit-based fast stepwise inertial control scheme of DFIGs to reduce the second frequency drop while preserving the FN with less rotor  
Figure 8: Results for Case 3: (**a**) wind speed, (**b**) frequency, (**c**) output power, and (**d**) rotor speed.  
energy released using a piecewise reference function. The benefits of the optimized frequency support strategy were investigated using a test system embedded with DFIGs. The contribution of this strategy can be summarized as follows:  
1. During the FSP, this proposed FFR scheme preserves the FN with less rotor energy released. Thus, the proposed FFR scheme solves the issue that unnecessary rotor speed is released after rebounding the system frequency.
2. During the RSRP, based on the second segment power reference function which is an exponential function in time domain, the output of the DFIG decreases smoothly and switches to MPPT without an active power mutation so as to realize the smooth rotor speed recovery and reduce the SFD. Thus, the proposed FFR scheme solves the issue of counterbalancing the performance for smoothing rotor speed recovery while reducing the mechanical stress on the wind turbines and reducing the SFD.  
The simulation studies clearly indicate that the proposed FFR scheme preserves the frequency stability with less rotor energy released and reduces the second frequency drop and mechanical stress of wind turbines under scenarios of constant wind speeds, varying wind speeds, and various wind power penetrations.  
For the future research, we plan to investigate the inertial control scheme of the DFIG using RTDS or RT-lab for hardware-in-the-loop simulations.  
Conceptualization, D.Y. and X.Z.; methodology, D.Y.; software, Y.X. and D.Y.; validation, Y.X., D.Y. and J.H.; formal analysis, L.H.; investigation, Y.X., D.Y. and X.Z.; resources, Y.X., D.Y. and J.H.; data curation, Y.X., D.Y. and X.Z.; writing-original draft preparation, Y.X. and D.Y.; writing-review and editing, All authors; visualization, L.H.; supervision, L.H.; funding acquisition, D.Y. and X.Z. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This work was supported by the Natural Science Foundation of the Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions of China (20 KJB470026).  
Not applicable.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Tunnel-Free Distributed Mobility Management (DMM) Support Protocol for Future Mobile Networks
## 4 Results and Discussion  
This section provides the results of the performance evaluation of the mobility management protocols in comparison with the proposed tunnel-free distributed mobility management approach. NS2 is chosen as the simulation platform for this research. Network Simulator 2.33 (NS2.33) [35] was used to investigate the proposed framework, along with Mobiwan, which is an extension tool for MIPv6. Mobiwan running on NS2.33 was installed on CentOs Linux 7 (a linux based operating system). Network Animator NAM 1.15 [36] was used for the NS2.33 simulation. Xgraph was used to generate the simulated results. For comparison purposes, system parameter values for the numerical analysis were used from References [37; 38; 39; 30].
## 4 Performance Evaluation
### Analysis of Experimental Results  
GeoMesa may suffers a performance degradation during data ingestion because its indexing method is not pipelined. However, our proposed method inserts asynchronously data records and index records. Our proposed method uses lazy insertion policy for index records and always ensures the data records are inserted ahead their index records. If index records are lost due to some failures, since data records are stored, the lost index records can be recovered.  
Also, the proposed dynamic grid indexing method can partition spatiotemporal data evenly across each node to increase the parallelism. Consequently, it can increase the ingestion throughput and range query throughput. Figure 14 shows the performance improvement rates of the range queries and insert operations of the proposed method compared to Geomesa. As shown in figure, the performance improvement rates are higher in the experiments with hot spot data and queries.
# The Influence of Binaural Room Impulse Responses on Externalization in Virtual Reality Scenarios
## 4 Discussion
### The Influence of BRIRs on Externalization in a Real Listening Environment  
Experiment I can be considered as a common use case for the application of binaural listening, where subjects could see the real listening environment and hear virtual sounds over headphones (AR/MR scenarios). In addition, they were familiar with the acoustics (e.g., reverberation time) of the listening room.  
As expected, the median externalization ratings of frontal and lateral virtual sounds for the congruent condition (BRIR-A) are the highest compared to divergent conditions (BRIR-B and BRIR-C). This phenomenon is well explained by the RDE, where the externalization ratings are highly dependent on the acoustic congruence between the binaurally synthesized and the real room [7, 8, 9, 10]. Maybe due to the use of non-individual BRIRs, only a weak significant difference of externalization between conditions BRIR-A and BRIR-B is observed (\(p\approx 0.06\)). A similar observation can be found in [15].  
For the two divergent conditions, externalization results of reverberant sounds (BRIR-B) are significantly higher than those of anechoic sounds (BRIR-C). This outcome can be explained by the fact that listeners are more familiar with reverberant sounds due to their daily life. It should be noted that anechoic sounds can be perceived as well externalized if the experiment is conducted in an anechoic chamber (sufficient familiarization with the listening environment is required) [4, 22]. The results of this experiment are consistent with the findings of previous studies [7, 8, 9, 10], and reveal the importance of RDE for externalization when listening to binaural sounds in AR/MR scenarios.  
Figure 5: Box plot of externalization ratings for stimuli generated with different BRIR types in Experiment II. The left and right columns show the externalization results for 0\({}^{\circ}\) and 45\({}^{\circ}\) sound sources, respectively. The top and bottom rows denote the results for virtual rooms B and C, respectively. All other conventions are as in Figure 4.
## 5 Experiments
### Vehicle Selection Mechanism  
As mentioned before, the EBM is used to select the most relevant vehicles to carry out the task of knowledge generation. The relevance here is defined as the importance of the vehicle in relation to the information flows that pass through it.  
Referring back to Table 1, it can be observed that some nodes have the same EBM score. In this particular case, three nodes have an EBM score of 0.83, two nodes have 0.25 and two nodes have 0.33. Assuming that the graph represented in Figure 2 describes the inter-vehicular communication links at a given time, as an example, if the node \(I1\) needs to forward its aggregate local information, it, beforehand, has to select the next alter, which will be the one with the highest EBM score. As shown, \(I1\) has three alters (\(W1\), \(W3\) and \(W4\)) with an EBM score of 0.83. In this case, the two-ray interference model (Equation (5)) [39] is used as the tie-breaking criterion.  
\[L_{TRI}[dB]=20 log(4\pi\frac{d}{\lambda}|1+\Gamma\exp^{\varphi}|^{-1}) \tag{5}\]  
where \(\lambda\) is the wavelength, \(d\) is the Euclidean distance between two vehicles, \(\Gamma\) is the reflection coefficient and \(\varphi\) is the interfering rays. The interfering rays are given by:  
\[\varphi=2\pi\frac{d_{los}-d_{ref}}{\lambda},\begin{cases}d_{los}=\sqrt{d^{2}+ (h_{t}-h_{r})^{2}}\\ d_{ref}=\sqrt{d^{2}+(h_{t}+h_{r})^{2}}\end{cases} \tag{6}\]  
where \(d_{los}\) and \(d_{ref}\) correspond to the line-of-sight distance and reflected path between the transmitting and receiving antennas, respectively. \(h_{t}\) and \(h_{r}\) represent the transmitter and the receiver antenna heights, respectively. In this study, the same heights applied in the test bed implementation of [PERSON] et al.'s work were was used [39] (\(h_{t}=h_{r}=149.5\) cm). The value of \(\lambda\) was fixed at 0.051 m according to IEEE 802.11p [40]. Lastly, the reflection coefficient can be calculated as:  
\[\Gamma=\frac{\sin\theta_{i}-\sqrt{\varepsilon-\cos\theta_{i}}}{\sin\theta_{i} +\sqrt{\varepsilon-\cos\theta_{i}}}\begin{cases}\sin\theta_{i}=\frac{h_{t}+h_{ r}}{d_{ref}}\\ \cos\theta_{i}=\frac{d}{d_{ref}}\end{cases} \tag{7}\]  
where \(\varepsilon\) is the relative permittivity of the ground and \(\theta\) is the angle between the ground and the reflected ray.  
Following the previous example, assuming \(W3\) was selected as the next alter, it performs the aggregation of its information along with that received; while the remaining nodes discard the received information. The information aggregation process will be carried out until reaching node \(W7\) because, in this example, it has the highest EBM score. Once all information received has been aggregated, the \(W7\) node is responsible for the knowledge generation. The details of this process, which includes the data aggregation technique, the procedure for knowledge generation and the broadcast suppression mechanism, will be detailed next.
## 1 Introduction
In medium-voltage power systems, the permissible values of negative-sequence voltage asymmetry factors \(\alpha_{\text{U2}}\) have been defined in the standard [29] as between 0% and 2% (for 95% of the 10-minute average values recorded over a week). In networks with relatively high earth asymmetry, the problem of limiting the voltage U\({}_{0}\) during the required Petersen coil tuning level arises. In practice, it is common to dispense with fine compensation and set the detuning at a level that limits the voltage U\({}_{0}\)[30]. The correct setting of the compensation reactor also influences the possibility of spontaneous arc extinction occurring during ground faults [31]. Furthermore, in the case of a ground fault, the coil can overcompensate for the short-circuit capacitive current in the network [32]. The residual short-circuit current is not detrimental to the supply equipment in the short term but can lead to serious consequences if the faulted line is not disconnected from the distribution network in time [33]. The effect of earthing the neutral point of the network on the value of the zero-sequence component of the voltage, and thus on the correctness of the operation of the protections, is very often described in the literature. Few works describe the relationship between earth fault compensation and voltage asymmetry in the power network. Incorrect selection of the inductance of a Petersen coil can lead to resonance phenomena. Also, incorrect detuning of the inductance can cause malfunctioning of earth fault protections and the development of voltage asymmetry. The authors decided to fill this research gap by determining the dependence of zero- and negative-sequence voltage asymmetry factors on the detuning factor and the MV line construction.
###### Abstract  
Saudi Arabia faces significant challenges in managing the rising energy consumption in buildings driven largely by its hot climatic conditions. As a result, retrofitting building facades to enhance energy efficiency has become a critical strategy. This study assesses the effectiveness of various facade retrofit strategies in reducing cooling electricity consumption using a real-time case study in Dhahran, Saudi Arabia. The strategies explored include external wall upgrades, window replacements, and installation of shading devices. Each strategy was evaluated individually, considering the reduction in heat gains, cooling load, and payback period as key performance indicators. To further maximize energy efficiency, these strategies were also analyzed in combination using the genetic algorithm optimization method, yielding 224 possible facade configurations. The optimal solution included the use of an External Thermal Insulation Composite System (ETCIS) in walls, louvers in windows, and low-emissivity coating with Argon gas-filled glazing, achieving a cooling energy reduction of approximately 16% and a payback period of 14.8 years. This study provides several recommendations for improving the efficiency of retrofitting building facades in hot climatic conditions.  
buildings; energy efficiency; facade retrofit; hot climate; Saudi Arabia +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences
## 3 Case study
### Emergency Event  
Super typhoon Maria, last year's eighth typhoon, made landfall with high winds and torrential rains in the coastal regions of the Huangqi peninsula, Lianjiang county, Fujian at 9:10 a.m. on July 11, 2018. Afterward, the typhoon rapidly weakened over land and dissipated on July 12. However, Maria was still to bring a brief period of flooding rain and destructive winds to Shanxi River watershed before dissipating. The maximum rainfall was approximately 400 mm, located at Jiufeng Hydrology Station in Taishun county. Because of the heavy rains, mudslides were considered a serious concern in the higher terrain. Water with a large amount of muds flowed into rivers so that the water became very turbid, which affected the drinking water supply. During this typhoon, the monitoring frequency was set as once per hour from 9:00 a.m. on July 10, 2018 to 9:00 a.m. on July 14, 2018.
# Evaluating the Efficiency of Physical and Cryptographic Security Solutions for Quantum Immune IoT
## 7 Discussion
### Guidelines for Quantum Immune Security
For end-to-end security, cryptographic approaches are more flexible as they do not require the assurance that every physical link is quantum immune.