## 3 Results and Discussion
### Optimization of Extraction Procedure to Obtain Phenolic Rich Fraction
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c c} \hline \hline
**Condition** & **Kaempfer-G** & **Ellagic Acid** & **Tilioside** & **Yield (\%)** \\ \hline HRE (60 \({}^{\circ}\)C) 80\% & 90.8 \(\pm\) 8.7 \({}^{\mathrm{d}}\) & 355.5 \(\pm\) 34.9 \({}^{\mathrm{b,c}}\) & 874.9 \(\pm\) 84.5 \({}^{\mathrm{d}}\) & 6.91 \(\pm\) 0.7 \({}^{\mathrm{a}}\) \\ HRE (60 \({}^{\circ}\)C) 90\% & 88.1 \(\pm\) 8.4 \({}^{\mathrm{d}}\) & 360.1 \(\pm\) 35.8 \({}^{\mathrm{a,b}}\) & 900.8 \(\pm\) 90.1 \({}^{\mathrm{c,d}}\) & 6.34 \(\pm\) 0.6 \({}^{\mathrm{a}}\) \\ HRE (60 \({}^{\circ}\)C) 100\% & 87.4 \(\pm\) 8.8 \({}^{\mathrm{d}}\) & 365.1 \(\pm\) 36.8 \({}^{\mathrm{a,b}}\) & 898.7 \(\pm\) 90.7 \({}^{\mathrm{c,d}}\) & 5.71 \(\pm\) 0.6 \({}^{\mathrm{b}}\) \\ \hline ME (40 \({}^{\circ}\)C) 80\% & 111.8 \(\pm\) 10.4 \({}^{\mathrm{a,b}}\) & 350.3 \(\pm\) 34.4 \({}^{\mathrm{b,c}}\) & 898.7 \(\pm\) 87.6 \({}^{\mathrm{c,d}}\) & 4.51 \(\pm\) 0.5 \({}^{\mathrm{c}}\) \\ ME (40 \({}^{\circ}\)C) 90\% & 101.5 \(\pm\) 10.1 \({}^{\mathrm{b,c}}\) & 357.9 \(\pm\) 35.8 \({}^{\mathrm{a-c}}\) & 910.4 \(\pm\) 90.4 \({}^{\mathrm{b}}\) & 4.66 \(\pm\) 0.4 \({}^{\mathrm{c}}\) \\ ME (40 \({}^{\circ}\)C) 100\% & 99.1 \(\pm\) 9.8 \({}^{\mathrm{b,c}}\) & 366.1 \(\pm\) 36.4 \({}^{\mathrm{a,b}}\) & 905.5 \(\pm\) 88.7 \({}^{\mathrm{b,c}}\) & 4.84 \(\pm\) 0.5 \({}^{\mathrm{c}}\) \\ \hline UAE 80\% & 122.3 \(\pm\) 11.1 \({}^{\mathrm{a}}\) & 345.4 \(\pm\) 23.5 \({}^{\mathrm{c}}\) & 984.1 \(\pm\) 90.7 \({}^{\mathrm{a}}\) & 4.49 \(\pm\) 0.5 \({}^{\mathrm{c}}\) \\ UAE 90\% & 119.3 \(\pm\) 10.4 \({}^{\mathrm{a}}\) & 371.3 \(\pm\) 33.3 \({}^{\mathrm{a}}\) & 973.2 \(\pm\) 91.4 \({}^{\mathrm{a}}\) & 4.61 \(\pm\) 0.5 \({}^{\mathrm{c}}\) \\ UAE 100\% & 102.3 \(\pm\) 9.9 \({}^{\mathrm{b,c}}\) & 370.3 \(\pm\) 34.6 \({}^{\mathrm{a}}\) & 986.5 \(\pm\) 98.3 \({}^{\mathrm{a}}\) & 4.75 \(\pm\) 0.5 \({}^{\mathrm{c}}\) \\ \hline MAE 80\% & 97.9 \(\pm\) 9.8 \({}^{\mathrm{c}}\) & 357.2 \(\pm\) 33.9 \({}^{\mathrm{a-c}}\) & 940.5 \(\pm\) 88.8 \({}^{\mathrm{a,b}}\) & 5.98 \(\pm\) 0.6 \({}^{\mathrm{b}}\) \\ MAE 90\% & 96.7 \(\pm\) 8.9 \({}^{\mathrm{c,d}}\) & 370.5 \(\pm\) 35.4 \({}^{\mathrm{a}}\) & 911.8 \(\pm\) 90.9 \({}^{\mathrm{b}}\) & 5.81 \(\pm\) 0.5 \({}^{\mathrm{b}}\) \\ MAE 100\% & 91.9 \(\pm\) 9.4 \({}^{\mathrm{d}}\) & 376.3 \(\pm\) 36.7 \({}^{\mathrm{a}}\) & 898.7 \(\pm\) 86.5 \({}^{\mathrm{c,d}}\) & 5.65 \(\pm\) 0.5 \({}^{\mathrm{b}}\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} HRE—heat reflux extraction, ME—maceration with stirring, MAE—ultrasound assisted extraction, MAE—microwave assisted extraction; the different letter symbols indicate statistically significant differences between the values in the same column.  
\end{table} 
Table 2: The amount of main low molecular phenolics (\(\mu\)g/g of fresh plant material \(\pm\) SD) extracted from defatted seeds using different techniques and increased ethanol concentration. The process was conducted in one run and lasted 15 min. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c c} \hline \hline  & & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**Pretreatment with Water**} \\ \cline{3-4}
**Component** & **Extraction without** & **1 Step UAE** & **2 Steps UAE** & **1 Step UAE** \\  & **Pretreatment** & **1 \(\times\) 15 min** & **2 \(\times\) 15 min** & **30 min** \\ \hline Kaempfer glucoside & 2.59 \(\pm\) 0.21 \({}^{\mathrm{a}}\) & 3.44 \(\pm\) 0.31 \({}^{\mathrm{b}}\) & 4.05 \(\pm\) 0.44 \({}^{\mathrm{b}}\) & 3.84 \(\pm\) 0.31 \({}^{\mathrm{b}}\) \\ Ellagic acid & 8.05 \(\pm\) 0.84 \({}^{\mathrm{a}}\) & 10.71 \(\pm\) 1.02 \({}^{\mathrm{b}}\) & 13.5 \(\pm\) 1.11 \({}^{\mathrm{c}}\) & 11.4 \(\pm\) 0.91 \({}^{\mathrm{b}}\) \\ Tillioside & 21.11 \(\pm\) 1.82 \({}^{\mathrm{a}}\) & 28.08 \(\pm\) 2.28 \({}^{\mathrm{b}}\) & 36.5 \(\pm\) 3.24 \({}^{\mathrm{c}}\) & 31.8 \(\pm\) 1.99 \({}^{\mathrm{b}}\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} UAE—ultrasound assisted extraction; the different letter symbols indicate statistically significant differences between the values in the same line.  
\end{table} 
Table 3: The content of main low molecular phenolics (mg/g of dried extract \(\pm\) SD).