## 2 Proposed Methodology
### PQDs Dataset Generation  
In this work, a dataset of sixteen different kinds of PQDs including single and multiple disturbances is constructed according to the IEEE-1159, EN 50160, and IEC 61000 standards [37]. It has been widely used in previous studies [36; 38] to evaluate classifier performance. The parameters and their specifications are given in Table 2 and configured using an open-source PQD dataset generator [36].  
Figure 2: The proposed ensemble classifier based on DCNN models for PQD classification. Here, PQD and ResNet are abbreviations of power quality disturbance and residual neural network, respectively.  
This process results in a dataset with dimensions of 8000 \(\times\) 1600. To approximate the realistic conditions and enable comparative analysis, random noise in the range of 20-30 dB is added to the generated data. Figure 3 shows an example of the sixteen PQDs with 20 dB noise along with respective class information.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline
**Parameters** & **Specifications** \\ \hline Number of PQD classes & 16 \\ \hline \begin{tabular}{c} Flicker \\ (D1) \\ \end{tabular} & \([I+af\sin(\omega t)]\sin(\omega t)]\) & _0.1 \(\leq\) af \(\leq\) 0.2, 5 \(\leq\) \(\beta\)\(\leq\) 20 Hz_ \\ \hline Flicker + Harmonics & \([1+af\sin(\omega t)]\times[\pi\sin(\omega t)+\alpha\) & _0.1 \(\leq\) af \(\leq\) 0.2, 5 \(\leq\) \(\beta\)\(\leq\) 20_ \\ (D2) & \(sin(3\omega t)+\alpha\) 5 \(sin(5\omega t)+\alpha\) 7 & _0.05 \(\leq\) \(\alpha\)3, \(\alpha\)5, \(\alpha\)7 \(\leq\) 0.15, \(\Sigma(\alpha_{i}^{2})=1\)_ \\ \hline Flicker + Sag & \([1+af\sin(\omega t)][1-a(u(t-t1)-t1)-0.1\leq\alpha\leq 0.2,5 \leq\) \(\beta\)\(\leq\) 20 \\ (D3) & \(u(t-t2))]\sin(\omega t)] & _0.1 \(\leq\) a \(\leq\) 0.9, 7 \(\leq\) (\(t2-t1)\leq\)_ 9T_ \\ \hline Flicker + Swell & \([1+af\sin(\omega t)][1+a(u(t-t1)-0.1\leq\alpha\leq 0.2,5\leq\) \(\beta\)\(\leq\) 20 \\ (D4) & \(u(t-t2))]\sin(\omega t)] & _0.1 \(\leq\) a \(\leq\) 0.8, 7 \(\leq\) (\(t2-t1)\leq\)_ 9T_ \\ \hline Harmonics & \(\alpha\)1 \(sin(\omega t)+\alpha\) 3 \(sin(3\omega t)+\alpha\) 5 & _0.05 \(\leq\) \(\alpha\)3, \(\alpha\)5, \(\alpha\)7, \(\leq\) 0.15, \(\Sigma(\alpha_{i}^{2})=1\)_ \\ (D5) & \(sin(5\omega t)+\alpha\) 7 \(sin(5\omega t)\) & \(1\) \\ \hline Impulsive transient & \([1-a(u(t-t1)-u(t-t2))]\) & _0.1 \(\leq\) a \(\leq\) 0.414, 7/20 \(\leq\) (\(t2-t1\))_ \\ (D6) & \(\sin(5\omega t)]\) & \(\leq\) 7/10_ \\ \hline Interruption & \([1-a(u(t-t1)-u(t-t2))]\) & _0.9 \(\leq\) a \(\leq\) 1, 7 \(\leq\) (\(t2-t1\))_ \(\leq\) 9T_ \\ (D7) & \(sin(\omega t)]\) & _0.9 \(\leq\) a \(\leq\) 1, 7 \(\leq\) (\(t2-t1\))_ \(\leq\) 9T_ \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{\begin{tabular}{c} PQD class, \\ characteristics, equation and \\ parameter range \\ (D9) \\ \end{tabular} } & \begin{tabular}{c} Interruption + Harmonics \\ (D8) \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} \([1-a(u(t-t1)-u(t-t2))]\times[\pi\sin(\omega t)+\alpha\) 5 \\ \(\pi\sin(5\omega t)+\alpha\) 7 \(\pi\sin(\omega t)]\) \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} \(0.9\leq\) a \(\leq\) 1, 7 \(\leq\) (\(t2-t1\)) \(\leq\) 9T \\ \(0.05\leq\) a3, \(\alpha\)5, \(\alpha\)7 \(\leq\) 0.15, \(\Sigma(\alpha_{i}^{2})=1\) \\ \end{tabular} \\ \cline{2-3} \cline{2-3