## 4 Discussion of Results
### Discussion of the Results of Inductive Analysis of Urban Fabric Elements and Composition  
In terms of the urban form and urban fabric, we observed that the strength of relations between activity areas and the required gradation from the private to public areas allowed for the achievement of privacy and safety through small residential neighborhoods with adjacent houses--an organic fabric that serves the climatic requirements in reducing solar radiation gain. However, the difficulty of perceiving paths by visitors, and a number of meandering and closed alleys impeding modern services, were observed, consistent with the findings of previous studies [14; 16; 33].  
In the analysis of physical components, dimensions, and volumes, we found diverse uses of roads, differentiated between public and private to determine the type of users, gradation in the road structure, and reducing streets from north to south in order to avoid the effects of the prevailing north winds and dust storms. However, narrow streets impede the movement of modern vehicles and emergency movement. Closed, short, and winding alleys are difficult to move through for services and emergencies.  
In terms of the network of streets, axes, and directions, we found that it achieved a balance between masses and visual comfort due to unity and gradation in the studied paths, achieving cultural meaning and climatic requirements. Dimensions and sizes confirm their importance, increasing in the direction of public spaces and decreasing in the direction of private spaces. However, there is difficulty in including modern components into the traditional composition; meanwhile, the presence of greater flexibility and accessibility in the paths will assist in the application of technology.  
In terms of land use and the types of buildings, we found urban density with the economic exploitation of various land uses. Diversity of use serves to meet social and economic needs, and the distribution of services, public centers, and public squares achieves distributive justice. However, Damascus, Yazd, and Baghdad depended on internal outlets in the central courtyard of the dwelling buildings or outside the city as a public outlet for the community, there was a lack of spaces designated for children, and the markets assumed the most importance and space in the public streets.  
In terms of open spaces and green areas, we found yards between private, mixed, and public areas, with their distribution and sizes according to the requirements of social and cultural activities. The proportion of green areas was reasonable, as well as the availability of shade and air movement required to generate good ventilation. However, there is a need to meet the modern requirements of public squares, due to a prosperous life and various outdoor activities, with a need to increase greening in public areas and streets to provide shaded areas and paths; this reinforces the findings of previous researchers [49], who have claimed that high ceilings and central courtyards can help to reduce direct sunlight penetration, thereby reducing heat stress in cities.  
In terms of the shape of urban facades and the skyline, we observed morphological harmony in the skyline, with rhythm in elevations, thus achieving visual comfort, regularity, and equality. Many shading elements comprise the beautiful formation of the facades, thus achieving ventilation along with cultural and aesthetic shading.