# Phosphorus Dynamics in the Soil-Plant-Environment Relationship in Cropping Systems: A Review
###### Abstract  
This work performs a review of the relevant aspects of agronomic dynamics of phosphorus (P) in the soil-plant relationship as a community (crop eophysiology), the effect of environmental conditions and global warming on the redistribution and translocation of P in some crop, and the use of good agricultural practices with the aim of improving the efficiency of the element. The research focuses on Northern Europe, North-Eastern Asia, Oceania, North America, and the tropical area of Latin America. This review covers general research and specific works on P found in the literature, 70% of which date from the last 10 years, as well as some older studies that have been of great relevance as references and starting points for more recent investigations. The dynamics of P in a system implies taking into account genetic aspects of the plant, component of the soil-plant-fertilized-environment relationship, and use of technologies at the molecular level. In addition, in a climate change scenario, the availability of this element can significantly change depending on whether it is labile or non-labile. fertilizers; struvite; agricultural practices; environmental impact +
Footnote †: journal:  
_Applied_  
**[PERSON]**  
**11, 11133. [[https://doi.org/10.3390/app112311133](https://doi.org/10.3390/app112311133)]([https://doi.org/10.3390/app112311133](https://doi.org/10.3390/app112311133))**  
**11. Introduction**  
Phosphorus is a key macronutrient for the growth and development of crops. It participates in the synthesis of phospholipids and nucleotides, which are structural components of cells and their membranes. It is also involved in membrane permeability, photosynthesis, respiration, glycolysis, redox reactions, and signal transductions (mechanisms that enable plants to obtain information from the environment and adapt themselves to its constant changes). In short, a response between the cells and the growth regulators requires receiving proteins, such as the plant-fungus interaction signal, which occurs especially under P-deficiency conditions [1]. Additionally, P participates in lipid metabolism, carbohydrate transportation, and the maintenance of osmotic potential [2; 3; 4]. On the other hand, a reduction of bioavailable P causes changes in its relationships with other elements (stoichiometric relationships) such as carbon (C) and, especially, nitrogen (N) [5; 6; 7]. As a dynamic element in nature, P is vital in agriculture, where it is a basic fertilizer [8]. The P dynamics depend on soil factors such as pH, salinity [9], high concentrations of toxic elements, interaction with micronutrients [10], runoff, leaching [11], total P concentration, soluble (and, as such, assimilable for the plants) P pool [12], organic matter content, redox potential [13], soil structure and texture (especially the clay content) [14; 15], mineralogical composition [12], enzymatic activity, P-solubilizing microorganisms [16; 17], and mycorrhizas [18]. Low available/labile P concentrations in the soil require high applications of P fertilizers, although this practice can pose serious environmental issues [19]. Recent studies have identified the so-called agricultural diffuse pollution of P [20], that is, water pollution arising from a broad array of human activities for which the pollutants have no obviouspoint of entry into receiving watercourses [21]. This pollution comes mainly from crop fertilizers applied to the soil [22; 23]. Crops absorb P from the soil through the diffusion process, but the diffusion coefficients of this element is very low and its concentration in the soil solution is limited [24; 25; 26]. Hence, phosphoratized fertilization (due to the low mobility of this element in the soil) must be applied in the proximity of plant roots, either in bands (especially six-month crops) and/or half or full circle [27]. Within the plant, P is highly mobile, as opposed to its activity in soil [28]. P deficiency causes a characteristic coloring ranging from orange to reddish tones in the old leaves (Figure 1).