## 5 Discussion
### Conceptual Framework  
Within the realm of smart mobility, a key challenge to overcome transport disadvantage is to understand how the specific benefits of new transportation innovations can be harnessed to respond to each of the dimensions of transport disadvantage. The results of the literature review highlight important relationships between the benefits of smart mobility innovations and the different dimensions of transport disadvantages. Specifically, the review showed that the benefits of smart mobility can be specifically aligned with the corresponding transport disadvantage dimension. A conceptual framework showing the relationship between these factors is shown in Figure 4. For the purpose of providing a conceptual framework related to how smart mobility can alleviate transport disadvantage, the institutional barrier has been excluded from the framework as it is not a barrier that can be overcome by smart mobility innovations alone. Nevertheless, supportive policy, regulations, and othergovernance structures are critical to the implementation smart mobility in a way that strengthens its benefits while responding to issues of transport disadvantage. Figure 4: Conceptual framework of smart mobility and transportation disadvantage (source: authors). \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Dimension** & **Contribution** & **Risk** & **Potential Actions** \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Physical} & Improved accessibility to vehicle & & \\  & Door-to-door transportation & Unequal access to services & Integration of services (MaaS) \\  & Connection to public transport & Increased VKT per capita & Marketing and education \\  & Increased social interactions & Increased suburbanization & Policy and Regulation \\  & More transportation options & Unappealing to user & Promote shared mobility \\  & More responsive to specific need & & \\  & Improved efficiency of system & Increased VKT per capita & Integration of services (MaaS) \\ Economic & Reduced consumer costs & Increased infrastructure demand & Promote shared mobility \\  & Increased VOT & Increased suburbanization & \\  & & Monopolization & \\  & Improved coverage of services & Increased infrastructure demand & Active transportation infrastructure \\ Spatial & Fill gaps in public transport network & Network coverage & Cross-subsidization \\  & Feeder system to public transport & Grid capacity & Digital neighborhoods \\  & & Unequal access to services & Integration of services (MaaS) \\  & Improved flexibility of services & & Marketing and education \\  & Better real-time control of network & & Promote shared mobility \\ Temporal & Better match supply and demand & & Analysis of local characteristics \\  & Reduced transfer times & Routing should be specific to & Digital neighborhoods \\  & Reduced transfer times & needs & Invest in intelligent technology (ITS) \\  & Reduced congestion & & Integration of services (MaaS) \\  & Improved safety of vehicle & & Marketing and education \\ Psychological & Safety of door to door transportation & & Cyber safety \\  & Improved perception & Unconscious bias & Promote shared mobility \\  & & Legal liability & Integration of services (MaaS) \\ Information & Improved integration & Digital divide & Invest in intelligent technology (ITS) \\  & Improve decision-making & Technology literacy & Stakeholder engagement \\  & & Rapid technological change & Adaptive policy and regulations \\ Institutional & Opportunity for change & Increase negative externalities & Supportive governance structures \\  & & Lost opportunity & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Summary of literature review findings (source: authors). Firstly, when looking through the _physical_ dimension of transport disadvantage, the primary contribution of smart mobility is its ability to improve transportation _accessibility_ through implementation of AV, flexible door-to-door transportation, strengthening connections with existing public transport networks, providing more mode options, or specifically targeting user needs.