## 3 Results
### Kinematic Analysis  
The values of the shoulder range of motion at T0 and T1 for Group B are shown and compared with the reference range calculated for healthy subjects in Table 2. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline
**Measure** & **Group A** & **Group B** \\ \hline n & 16 & 16 \\ Age (years) & 20.8 \(\pm\) 3.4 & 23.3 \(\pm\) 4 \\ Height (cm) & 182.4 \(\pm\) 3 & 183.7 \(\pm\) 3.2 \\ BMI (kg/m\({}^{2}\)) & 23 \(\pm\) 1.1 & 22.9 \(\pm\) 0.928 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Characteristics of the included subjects. The KJOCSE score was significantly higher (\(p\) < 0.001) at T1 (92 \(\pm\) 6.4) compared to T0 (75 \(\pm\) 4.5), with an average increase of 23% in the score for each item of the questionnaire. There were no differences in the range of shoulder movement between the dominant and non-dominant shoulders (\(p\) > 0.05) at T0. The movement of the scapulothoracic joint during flexion (Fl-ST) of the upper limbs was significantly smaller (\(p\) = 0.035) at T0 (33\({}^{\circ}\) \(\pm\) 8.36\({}^{\circ}\)) than at T1 (40.5\({}^{\circ}\) \(\pm\) 10.6\({}^{\circ}\)). The abduction of the glenohumeral joint (Ab-GHJ) was significantly lower (\(p\) < 0.001) at T0 (113\({}^{\circ}\)\(\pm\) 19.98\({}^{\circ}\)) than at T1 (140.35\({}^{\circ}\)\(\pm\) 12.11\({}^{\circ}\)); similar results were seen for the extension of the upper limbs (T0: 69.68\({}^{\circ}\)\(\pm\) 9.62\({}^{\circ}\); T1: 82.06\({}^{\circ}\)\(\pm\) 6.66\({}^{\circ}\)) (\(p\) < 0.001). The movement of the scapulothoracic joint during the abduction of the upper limbs (Ab-STJ) was significantly lower (\(p\) = 0.028) at T0 (38.93\({}^{\circ}\)\(\pm\) 9.8\({}^{\circ}\)) than at T1 (47.75\({}^{\circ}\)\(\pm\) 8.1\({}^{\circ}\)). The extra-rotation was significantly smaller (\(p\) < 0.001) at T0 (73.18\({}^{\circ}\)\(\pm\) 6.92\({}^{\circ}\)) than at T1 (85.56\({}^{\circ}\)\(\pm\) 4.1\({}^{\circ}\)); the intra-rotation did not show any differences (Figure 4). The muscle activity measured using sEMG was significantly decreased at T1 compared to T0 (\(p\) = 0.02). A diminution in the sEMG signal of the examined muscles was recorded at T1 (28 \(\pm\) 3% of MVIC) compared to at T0 (30 \(\pm\) 4% of MVIC). In particular, a reduction in the activity of the teres minor (T1: 31 \(\pm\) 6% of MVIC; T0: 28 \(\pm\) 4% of MVIC) and pectorals major (T1: 6 \(\pm\) 3% of MVIC; T0: 4 \(\pm\) 3% of MVIC) was observed during the movement of external rotation and a reduction in the activity \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline  & & **T0** & **T1** & **T1-T0** & **Group A** \\ \hline Flexion & Fl-GHJ & 161.3\({}^{\circ}\) (11.78) & 170.87\({}^{\circ}\) (6.99) & 9.5 (9.84) & 163.00\({}^{\circ}\) (10.17) \\  & Fl-STJ & 33.31\({}^{\circ}\) (8.36) & 40.5\({}^{\circ}\) (10.57) & 9.0 (12.98) * & 31.87\({}^{\circ}\) (4.84) \\ Abduction & Ab-GHJ & 113.93\({}^{\circ}\) (19.98) & 140.25\({}^{\circ}\) (12.1) & 26.3 (19.0) * & 126.37\({}^{\circ}\) (21.37) \\  & Ab-STJ & 38.93\({}^{\circ}\) (9.84) & 47.75\({}^{\circ}\) (8.16) & 8.8 (14.58) * & 37.75\({}^{\circ}\) (5.15) \\ Extension & & 69.68\({}^{\circ}\) (9.62) & 82.06\({}^{\circ}\) (6.67) & 12.4 (11.24) * & 75.68\({}^{\circ}\) (6.32) \\ Internal Rotation & & 68.93\({}^{\circ}\) (9.57) & 77.18\({}^{\circ}\) (7.7) & 8.8 (18.44) & 67.62\({}^{\circ}\) (9.35) \\ External Rotation & & 73.18\({}^{\circ}\) (6.92) & 85.56\({}^{\circ}\) (4.18) & 12.4 (7.1) * & 73.27\({}^{\circ}\) (6.96) \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Shouldder range of motion at T0 and T1 for Group B; set of normative data based on healthy subjects (Group A). Mean (sd). Fl: flexion; Ab: abduction; GHJ: glenohumeral joint; STJ: scapulothoracic joint; *: statistically significant. Figure 4: Fl-GHJ = contribution of the glenohumeral joint during flexion of the upper limb. Fl-STJ contribution of the scapulothoracic joint during flexion of the upper limb. Ab-GHJ = contribution of the glenohumeral joint during abduction of the upper limb. Ab-STJ contribution of the scapulothoracic joint during abduction of the upper limb.