## 1 Introduction  
Smart technologies play a crucial role in sustainable economic growth. They transform houses, offices, factories, and even cities into autonomic, self-controlled systems without human intervention [1]. This modern automation trend and ever-increasing use of cutting-edge technologies are boosting the world's economy [2]. The Internet of Things (IoT)and Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) both play vital roles in this modernization [3]. IoT is a branch of engineering primarily concerned with offering thousands of miniature, physical connected objects, which may collaborate to achieve a shared goal. IoT has gained much importance due to the abundant usage of these tiny networked devices. These are smart, yet basic things that can sense and communicate wirelessly [4]. WSN is a collection of sensor and routing nodes, as shown in Figure 1, which may be put together in the environment to predict physical conditions, such as wind, temperature, and many others. These networks collect and process data from tiny nodes and then transfer it to the operators. Figure 2 illustrates that sensor networks are used in a variety of control systems, including environmental monitoring, home automation, chemical and biological assault detection, smart grid deployment [5], surveillance, and many more. WSN also plays a significant role in aquaculture and the oil industry, including data collection, offshore exploration, disaster prevention, tactical surveillance, and pollution monitoring [6; 7; 8]. WSN are often deployed in remote areas where human intervention is not possible for post-deployment maintenance. Therefore, efforts are being made to enhance their efficiency and durability [9]. There are many barriers to WSN deployment, such as power consumption-long-distance deployment. Due to automation trends and applications developed, these barriers are no longer barriers for large-scale remote deployment. In general, WSN follows a star topology to decrease the network failure probability by connecting all systems to a central node. While ad-hoc networks follow mesh topology where each node is human-driven [10]. In physical production systems, grid and energy-saving applications minimize the energy resources and noise pollution. In the last few decades, transportation has improved a lot with the usage of smart IoT devices, such as signals and high-resolution cameras on roads, which has led to an increase in traffic flow. RFID readers are deployed at toll booths that automatically deduct toll amounts after reading RFID tags on vehicles. In the transportation sector, smart vehicles reduce the travelling time and also fuel consumption with low cost of mobility and reduced human efforts [11], atmospheric monitoring reduces pollution, and surveillance applications reduce crime. Nowadays, WSN also plays a role in precision agriculture. On the other hand, WSN applications facilitate our day to day lives, making them more comfortable, such as healthcare applications that improve our health and longevity. Besides WSN, IoT has also played an important role in human life. IoT and the digital age play essential roles in overcoming social and physical barriers and providing ease and mobility to people, resulting in improved and equal opportunities, and access to information [12; 13]. IoT also has many application areas such as agribusiness, climate, clinical care, education, transportation, and finance, as shown in Figure 2.  
In regard to information and communication technology, researchers are attracted to IoT [14]. By adopting this essential technology, companies have become smarter, more competitive, automated, and sustainable in the global supply chain. In today's competitive marketplace, supply chains are struggling as they compete with each other. Therefore, IoT devices are an effective way to authenticate, monitor, and track products using GPS and many technologies [15; 16].