## 4 Results
### Psychological and Information Dimensions  
This section discusses how smart mobility innovations can contribute to the alleviation of the psychological and information dimensions of transport disadvantage. Based on the reviewed literature, smart mobility could alleviate the spatial and temporal dimensions of transport disadvantage by: (a) improving the safety of travel; (b) improving the perception of existing transportation options; and (c) improving the ability to make informed decisions. A list of all reviewed literature is shown in Appendix A (Table A1). Firstly, smart mobility innovations have been shown to contribute to improved safety in the transportation system. This is important as the perception of safety is critical to ensure individuals want to use smart mobility [54]. AV have the potential to significantly reduce the number of vehicular accidents caused by human error [54,55,114]. CAVs can use advances in ITS, ICT, and AI data processing to communicate with other vehicles, infrastructure, and sensors, identifying dangers early and further improving safety for drivers and pedestrians [55]. In addition, given that no driver is required in the internal configuration, it can be reconfigured to add to the safety of the vehicle [55]. Similarly, DRT that offers door-to-door transportation and shared mobility are perceived as a safer option than public transport--particularly at nighttime [30,31,115]. Nonetheless, from the perspective of the user, safety not only comes from feeling safe while engaged in journey, but also with regards to digital safety [36,116]. In fact, lack of trust in technology is consistently identified as a reason for not using new transport technologies, particularly among the elderly [54,117,118,119,117]. This is understandable as increased reliance on technology introduces additional risks including those related to data privacy, cyberterrorism, grounding of fleets due to grid failures, faulty data [55,120], unconscious bias [114], and questions of legal liability [121]. To build trust, significant investment is required in cyber and data safety. Information campaigns are also beneficial to garner support among late adopters [119]. Secondly, there is potential for smart mobility innovations to improve the perception of existing DRT and public transport systems. Many DRT have been implemented around the world; however, the perception of these services is often that they are for the old and disabled--even when they are offered to all in the community [122,123]. Furthermore, users who benefit the most from the services are often confused and unclear about how these new transportation services could serve them [123,124,125]. In fact, research has shown that attitudes towards smart mobility among those with disabilities was entirely dependent on having prior knowledge of the technology [125]. Those with more knowledge tended to be more positive [126]. More information about potential routes and scheduling could help users better navigate new transportation innovations [124]. MaaS can help with this by providing all services and relevant information through a single digital platform giving users unbiased choice of various modes [38,60]. In addition, as all services are effectively bundled together, any offerings that are targeted towards those with special needs may no longer be viewed as an entitlement but would instead be part of a city, regional, or nationwide system that is synergized to benefits all of society [58]. Finally, smart mobility could improve the ability for commuters to make informed decisions. Technological advances in ITS can facilitate the collection and analysis of large amounts of data from cameras, sensors, vehicle locations, smart ticketing systems, social media, credit cards, mobile phones, and many other sources [13; 45; 127]. Automating the analysis of this \"big data\" could help individuals with route planning and vehicle selection [44; 46; 128].