# Analysis of Urban Spatial Accessibility of Museums within the Scope of Seoul
## 3 Analysis and Discussion  
### Distribution and Urban Hierarchy of Museums in Seoul  
A total of 180 museums in Seoul were registered in the 2021 Overview of National Cultural Infrastructure, of which 43 were national and public museums, 104 were private museums, and 33 were university-affiliated museums. These numbers indirectly show that private organizations, not the government, lead the operation of cultural facilities and cultural promotion in Seoul. Additionally, most of the 37 museums built before 1990 in Seoul, the primary analysis target in this study, were affiliated with universities. Among the 143 museums that opened after 1990, 12 were affiliated with universities, 38 were national museums, and 93 were private museums. Figure 4 shows the distribution and expansion trends of museums built before and after 1990 by operating entity. This proves that, since 1990s, Seoul has transformed into a cultural city by focusing on cultural experience and promotion with the increase in the number of museums. Furthermore, the museums in Seoul were concentrated relatively in Jongno-gu and Jung-gu, but those established after 1990 tended to spread to the west in Gangseo-gu, the southeast in Seocho-gu, Gangnam-gu, and Songpa-gu, and the northeast in Gangbuk-go, Dobong-gu, and Nowon-gu; based on the Han River, the distribution density of the museums north of Han River is higher than in the south. The detailed distribution of the museums is shown in Figure 5.  
A total of 167,059 axial lines were created by referring to the GIS data of Seoul constructed by the National Spatial Data Infrastructure Portal. As a result of investigating the status of urban hierarchy, the maximum and minimum values of global integration and local integration that can explain accessibility were 0.569, 0.381, 6.001, and 0.333, respectively, and the average values were 0.381 and 1.574 (Table 4). As shown in Figure 6, the areas in Seoul with a high overall hierarchy on the global and local integration graphs were concentrated in Dongdaemun-gu, Seongdong-gu, Gwangjin-gu, Gangnam-gu, and Seocho-gu, but museums were concentrated in old downtown areas such as Jongno-gu and Jung-gu. This outcome is considered the result of urban development and expansion planned in Seoul's development [22]. In other words, while building and installing museums in areas such as Jongno-gu and Jung-gu may have been reasonable in the past, today, the downtown area has moved to Gangnam-gu due to urban development, urban expansion, and government policies. In addition, the intelligibility of Seoul is 0.278, which is a considerably low result, indicating an urban space with low overall recognition. Figure 4: Distribution and expansion trends of museums before and after 1990. Figure 5: Administrative categories and museum distribution in Seoul. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Type** & **Global Integration** & **Local Integration** \\ \hline Axial line & 167,059 & \\ Max & 0.569 & 6.001 \\ Min & 0.090 & 0.333 \\ Avg & 0.381 & 1.574 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: Urban hierarchy actuality in Seoul. Correlation between Changes in Museum Accessibility and Urban Accessibility According to Travel Angle and Limit Distance Settings  
As shown in Figure 7, the accessibility of Seoul according to the weighted travel angle and limit distance settings did not show a clear trend in areas with high integration in the 250 m and 500 m limit distance ranges and were relatively dispersed. After setting the limit distance range to at least 750 m, areas with changes in integration began to appear clearly. In particular, it was possible to observe significant changes in the areas adjacent to Jongno-gu, Jung-gu, and Dongdaemun-gu, as well as in Jungnang-gu and Seongbuk-gu, when the limit distance setting was extended. In general, when referring to urban hierarchy, Gangnam-gu had the highest accessibility, but after setting the travel angle and limit distance passing through space, the topological accessibility changed according to the limit distance settings.