## 5 Conclusions  
The cause of RA remains unknown, but dietary interventions are becoming more popular due to an increased understanding of the beneficial effects of nutrients on inflammation and immunity. The improved understanding of the pathogenesis of the disease will open the way to innovative dietary therapies from nature such as nut oils that target the cytokines directly involved in its pathogenesis. Overall, our findings reveal very compelling anti-arthritic effects of different nut oils on AIA in rats. The data recommend including walnuts, hazelnuts, peanuts, and cashew nuts in our regular daily diets for both healthy individuals and patients with RA--particularly walnuts with a high content in PUFAs such as \(\omega\)-3. PUFAs greatly reduce redness, deformities, and pain and they have a significant effect on inflammatory indicators. Apart from the regular DMARDs and anti-TNFs consumption, the patients should also change their eating habits as dietary interventions can potentially delay the early signs of RA. Dietary manipulations may not show immediate benefits, but their long-term effects are already evident. In summary, by incorporating these foods into daily diets, it is possible to reduce RA disease activity, delay disease progression, and prevent joint damage, which in turn will cut the number and amount of drugs administered for treatment.  
The present study assessed the anti-arthritic potential of walnut, peanut, cashew nut, and hazelnut oil. All these oils effectively improved the morphological appearance and decreased the anti-arthritic biomarker, which shows that the use of plant-based natural therapeutics is economic, safer than prescription medication with a reduced amount of harmful effects, and effective in preventing and managing RA. Short-term experiments, along with lack of blood collection over time, more nutritional and biochemical analyses, and a dose-dependent design were the main limitations of the present study. Although our data provide explicit substantiation of the prospective of nut oils for their use in the prevention and management of RA, further studies are required to explicate their mechanisms of action.  
Conceptualization, D.M.A.-N. and L.N.A.-H.; methodology, S.K.A.-S.; software, S.K.A.-S. and S.A.; validation, D.M.A.-N., S.A. and L.N.A.-H.; formal analysis, S.K.A.-S.; investigation, S.K.A.-S.; resources, D.M.A.-N. and L.N.A.-H.; data curation, S.K.A.-S. and D.M.A.-N.; writing--original draft preparation, S.K.A.-S.; writing--review and editing, S.A. and L.N.A.-H.; visualization, S.K.A.-S. and D.M.A.-N.; supervision, D.M.A.-N.; project administration, D.M.A.-N. and L.N.A.-H.; funding acquisition, L.N.A.-H. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
**Funding:** This research was funded by Researchers Supporting Project, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, grant number RSPD2023R460.  
**Institutional Review Board Statement:** This study was conducted in compliance with the ethical principle of the Declaration of Helsinki. The study was approved by King Saud University (Reference #: KSU-SE-19-37), and this study is in accordance with the Policy of the Research Centre. All rats were always housed under controlled conditions.  
**Informed Consent Statement:** Not applicable.  
**Data Availability Statement:** The data presented in this study are available upon request from the corresponding author.  
**Acknowledgments:** The authors extend thanks to the Researchers Supporting Project number (RSPD2023R460), King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.