# Ten Years of Micro-CT in Density and Maxillofacial Surgery: A Literature Overview
## 4 Micro-CT Analysis Combined with Other Techniques or Technologies
Comparison between backscattering SEM (bSEM) and microtomographic images, showed high correlations for bone volume per total volume (BV/TV) measurements in areas not affected by metal-induced artefacts [129]. Raman spectroscopic imaging, a laser-based microscopic device, was applied with micro-CT to examine bone samples and [PERSON] et al. [98] reported that the two different imaging techniques provide complementary and mutually supportive information. Finally, fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy was used to image the complex morphologic features of dental sections without denaturing samples. [PERSON] et al. [66] reported that the carious dental tissue exhibits a greatly reduced autofluorescence lifetime, which is consistent with the degree of demineralization, determined by micro-CT.  
Histomorphological analysis were carried out for in vivo studies about the effects of bioactive coatings [118], bone graft substitutes [104, 105], as well as confocal analysis, to examine the presence of live and dead cells after seeding on the experimental scaffolds at various days of culture [110]. Histology, as a traditional destructive analysis, was also reported combined with micro-CT for various \begin{table}
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**Specifications** & **Micro-CT Model: upload*** & **CBCT Model:** & **Micro-CT Model:** & **Micro-CT Model:** \\  & **Accuitomo 170*** & **SkyScan 1712*** & **Phoneix Nanatom M*** \\ \hline X-ray Source & 30-70 kV & 60-90 kV, 8 mA & 20-100 kV, 10 W & 180 kV, 20 W \\ X-ray Detector/Focal & 2048 x 256 elements, & 11 MPa 12-Bit Coded & GE DXR, 14 Bit, 3072 \(\times\) \\ Spot Size & 24 μm pitch & Spot Size 0.5 mm & CCD Fiber-Optically & 2400 Pixels \\  & & Coupled to Scintillator & & \\ Max. Object & 36.9 \(\times\) 80 mm & Min. 0 40 \(\times\) 40 & 27 mm Single Scan & 240 mm \(\times\) 250 mm in \\ Size/Field of View & (Ø x L) & 120 mm & 50 mm Offset Scan & Height \\ Detail Detectability & 3-72 μm & 80–250 mm voxel & 0.5 μm at Highest & Down to 0.2 μm \\  & & size & Magnification & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}  
* (Scano Medical AG, Zurich, Switzerland)*, *** ([PERSON], Kyoto, Japan)*, *** (Bruker microCT, Kontich, Belgium)*; *** (GE Sensing & Inspection technologies GmbH, Wunsford, Germany)*.  
\end{table} 
Table 1: Technical specifications of some commercial laboratory micro-CT and cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) systems. applications, to assess: root fractures [86]; alveolar bone loss [114]; bone morphological changes [115]; new bone formation [96,102]; osseointegration in osteoporosis [117]; inflammatory response and vascularization using modified silk fibroin scaffolds [108]; bone tissue response of new zirconia implants with modified surfaces [121]; titanium [119]; and magnesium [120] implants for MFS and, maxillofacial trabecular bone microarchitecture and damage [123]. Moreover, immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis was performed with histology [109] and with immunofluorescent (IF), in studies related to tissue engineering applications [97]. One of the main potentials of micro-CT in recent years is associated to the emerging use of new manufacturing technologies for medical applications and, to the necessity of having high-resolution models as starting point for further analyses. Beyond that, the growing demand for personalized solutions in medicine implies for clinicians operating in dentistry and MFS, the possibility to elaborate specific devices and prototypes, and to directly experiment with new solutions. Traditional manufacturing methodologies, as computer aided design (CAD), that had started to be used in association with computer-aided manufacturing (CAM), are nowadays more associated with new techniques as 3D printing and AM. In this scenario, micro-CT analysis is defining a new role, also considering that conventional intra-oral scanner could be limited in terms of accuracy [9] for the acquisition of specific geometries and sizes. CAD/CAM, 3D printing, and AM benefit from microtomographic analysis to develop and validate solutions in dentistry, and MFS [120].