esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 5 Empirical Study
### Data Collection  
Table 9 presents a dataset of the 50 web analytics projects used in this study, including their number of functional processes, number of data movements, COSMIC size in CFP, and effort in hours. This dataset was collected by web analytics practitioners who underwent formal training using the COSMIC FSM method. These practitioners were assigned the task of implementing the COSMIC method across 50 web analytics projects, and the actual effort required to complete the implementation was recorded. As there is no publicly accessible dataset that specifically applies the COSMIC method to web analytics implementations, this data collection approach was chosen.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Project**} & \begin{tabular}{c} **ENTRY** \\ **Movements** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} **READ** \\ **Movements** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} **WRITE** \\ **Movements** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} **EXIT** \\ **Movements** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} **CONMIC** \\ **Functional** \\ **Size (CFP)** \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} **Actual** \\ **Effort** \\ **(Hours)** \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} **Functional** \\ **Processes** \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline P1 & 1 & 3 & 1 & 2 & 7 & 13.6 & 3 \\ \hline P2 & 1 & 4 & 2 & 3 & 10 & 19.5 & 4 \\ \hline P3  
A pre-check was performed to ensure that practitioners understood the COSMIC method correctly before beginning the measurements, to guarantee the correctness of the data gathered. We adopted the factual pre-check check (FMC) reported by [92]. The FMC proposes objective questions about the key elements of the experiment to identify practitioners' attentiveness to experimental information. In this study, we adopted FMC to identify whether practitioners focused on, comprehended, and correctly applied COSMIC concepts.  
The questions included the following: What are the types of data movement in COSMIC? How is functional size measured in the COSMIC? Using a software example, the functional size was calculated using a software example. The tasks for these checks include applying COSMIC measurement rules to predefined scenarios, correctly identifying Functional User Requirements in sample cases, and proving consistency in their computations across several test cases. The data collection process included 30 practitioners who passed the pre-check. This ensured that the functional size measurements were precisely calculated according to the COSMIC guidelines.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Assessment of Circular Economy Strategies
#### 3.1.10 Adaptive Reuse
Most participants rated this strategy as very important, with 9 out of 11 giving it a top importance score. Despite this high level of perceived importance, feasibility scored lower, with an RII of 0.58, ranking closed-loop recycling 6 th in feasibility. One significant barrier cited by respondents is the difficulty of applying closed-loop recycling to certain materials, particularly concrete. Participants, including A1, C2, CN2, and D1, expressed the view that, while upcycling is generally preferable to downcycling, not all materials lend themselves to this approach. Concrete, for example, presents unique challenges. A1 explained _\"Upcycling is more preferred than downcycling, and this applies to concrete as well. However, concrete is a very complex material and is irreversible. Once you make concrete, you cannot revert it to its original state. Due to its irreversible nature, it's challenging to find established methods to reuse concrete as it is\"_. C2 also pointed out the regional shortage of recycling facilities, stating, _\"There are currently only around 8-10 authorised metal recycling facilities, and these are primarily located in major cities\"_. Conversely, CT2, who rated the strategy as feasible, believed that the growing global emphasis on resource conservation and the Saudi Vision 2030 agenda could support the development of a reliable system for reclaiming used materials from demolition and construction sites. This perspective highlights a sense of optimism that, with sufficient focus and infrastructure investment, closed-loop recycling could become a more viable strategy in the region, especially as sustainability becomes an increasing priority. 3.1.13. Open-Loop Recycling (Down-Cycling)  
Closed-loop recycling was rated moderately important strategy with an RII of 0.65, placing it in the high-medium importance category region but with the lowest rank of Importance. The strategy was considered relatively feasible and ranked fourth in feasibility (RII 0.64). The lower quality requirements of down-cycled materials and their suitability for non-structural applications places it higher in feasibility. Both contractors (CN1 and CN2) shared a similar view about concrete being so dominant in the region's construction practices; therefore, open-loop recycling is a highly feasible option. They pointed out that concrete can generally only be down-cycled, making this approach practical for managing construction waste in the region. However, another important consideration was highlighted by A1, C1, and C2 is the lack of recycling facilities. For instance, C1 claimed that _\"There is a need for more materials storage and recycling facilities to have more advanced recycling practices. Therefore, Investment in recycling facilities support the development of a circular economy, aligning with Vision 2030's sustainability goals\"_.
## 2 The Application of Metamaterials
### Thermal Management  
Metamaterials can be used to create devices that can more efficiently manage heat. This can be used to create more energy-efficient buildings and electronic devices.  
[PERSON] et al. [40] faced demand for sophisticated tools and approaches in heat management and control, which triggered the fast development of a field that includes conductive thermal metamaterials, nanophononics, and far-field and near-field radiative thermal management. He offered a unified perspective on control heat transfer toward manipulation of physical parameters and the realization of unprecedented phenomena in heat transfer using MM. Whereas, [PERSON] et al. [41] confirmed and demonstrated that metamaterials have amazing properties in heat transfer beyond naturally occurring MM. The idea of thermal MM has completely subverted the design of thermal functional devices and makes it possible to manipulate heat flow at will [42].
# On the Safe Deployment of Matrix Multiplication in Massively Parallel Safety-Related Systems
## 2 Background
### Safety Certification  
Safety-related systems are subject to certification, which is often achieved based on functional safety standards. IEC 61508 [15] is the reference standard for many domain-specific standards, such as road-vehicles [16] and railway [17]. These standards define the necessary requirements, techniques, and measures to avoid, mitigate, and detect random hardware errors and systematic errors. The SIL defines a safety integrity range where four is the highest and one is the lowest level (SIL1...SIL4). According to this safety criticality level, functional safety standards require the adoption of demanding safety measures and techniques. Particularly, standards require that systematic faults are duly mitigated through the measures adopted in the development process and that random hardware errors (transient and permanent) are detected, mitigated, and controlled at  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline ABFT & algorithm-based fault tolerance \\ \hline ABED & algorithm-based error detection \\ \hline AVX & advanced vector extensions \\ \hline CNN & convolutional neural network \\ \hline DC & diagnostic coverage \\ \hline DNN & deep neural network \\ \hline CRC & cyclic redundancy check \\ \hline DTI & diagnostic time interval \\ \hline ES & execution signature \\ \hline GPU & graphics processing unit \\ \hline HFT & hardware fault tolerance \\ \hline HPEC & high-performance embedded computing \\ \hline MMA & matrix multiply–accumulate \\ \hline MMM & matrix–matrix multiplication \\ \hline PTX & parallel thread execution \\ \hline SBST & software-based self test \\ \hline SIL & safety integrity level \\ \hline SIMT & single-instruction multiple thread \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Lists of acronyms.  
runtime. In this context, ISO 26262 also refers to latent errors to denote errors not detected by safety mechanisms.  
The assessment of the effectiveness of diagnostic mechanisms is generally evaluated in the form of DC. As defined in reference [18], _\"Diagnostic Coverage (DC) denotes the effectiveness of diagnosis techniques to detect dangerous errors, expressed in coverage percentage with respect to all possible dangerous errors\"_. IEC 61508 [15] classifies DC as low (60% \(<DC<\) 90%), medium (90% \(\leq DC<\) 99%), and high (99% \(\leq DC\)). The required DC is determined by the SIL and hardware fault tolerance (HFT) ( IEC 61508-2 Table 3). For example, if the architecture is not redundant (HFT = 0), a SIL1 safety function requires a low DC and a SIL3 requires a high DC. In a dual-channel redundant architecture instead (HFT = 1), a SIL3 safety function can be implemented with a medium DC. As stated in reference [18], the implementation of DC techniques based on software becomes relevant in order to diagnose the proper operation of the hardware components periodically (e.g., against permanent errors), or for the safe operation of the device concerning possible errors not detected by hardware built-in diagnosis (usually ranked as low or medium DC) or to complement them.
## 4 Results and Discussion
### Detailed Analysis of Leak Position L2
#### 4.1.1 Sensitivity of Leak Localization Technique  
It must be highlighted that the measurements are sensitive to the selection of the point of time-of-arrival which is not always easy to select due to noise. Therefore, a sensitivity analysis of the leak localization technique on basis of the NPW was performed. We therefore assume that the moment of time-of-arrival on Sensor S1 is correct, and we show the theoretical interval of detection of the time-of-arrival on Sensor S2 to have a localization of the leak with an error lower than \(\pm 1\) cm. The following figure, Figure 7, presents the same measurement as Figure 6 but is more focused on the moments of time-of-arrival at the sensors. The region corresponding to an inaccuracy of \(\pm 1\) cm on the localization of the leak was added around the theoretical time-of-arrival at sensor S2.  
It must be clear from this measurement that the presence of noise negatively affects the localization accuracy. It is feasible to locate the leak with relative high accuracy, but we must allow an uncertainty in the approximation of a centimeter, which is an order of magnitude larger than the theoretical limit related to the finite sampling rate. Improvement of the test set-up to reduce the noise (e.g. by use of lower range pressure sensors with a higher sensitivity and resolution, _etc._) or better processing techniques can solve this issue and increase the localization accuracy. In the following section, one example of a better processing technique is given.  
Figure 7: Sensitivity analysis for time-of-arrival point selection for crack localization.
## 3 Results and Discussion  
### Ionization and Attachment Coefficients  
The normalized ionization coefficient \(\alpha\)/_N_ and the attachment coefficient \(\eta\)/_N_ of C4F7N gas for 750 Td \(<\)_E/N_\(<\) 1150 Td were measured respectively. The results were compared to that of SF6 gas and shown in Figure 1. It was found that with an increasing _E/N_, the \(\alpha\)/_N_ of C4F7N showed a growing trend, while the \(\eta\)/_N_ showed a clear decreasing trend, which were similar to that of SF6 ([PERSON] et al., 2016). Meanwhile, compared to SF6 gas, it was apparent that the values of \(\eta\)/_N_ in C4F7N were much higher than that of SF6 for the same _E/N_, which could be explained with the attachment cross-sections in different gases. The higher the attachment cross section is, the stronger the ability of electron attachment is. The total attachment cross-sections of C4F7N ([PERSON] et al., 2016), SF6 ([PERSON] et al., 2016), and other gases ([PERSON] et al., 2016; [PERSON] et al., 2016) have been compared and plotted in Figure 2. As reported ([PERSON] et al., 2016), the total attachment cross-section in C4F7N was larger than that of SF6 above 0.1 eV, while the values of \(\alpha\)/_N_ were a little bit smaller than that of SF6 when _E/N_\(<\) 900 Td. When _E/N_\(>\) 900 Td, the values of \(\alpha\)/_N_ in C4F7N were a little bit higher than that of SF6. Therefore, for C4F7N and SF6 with similar values of ionization coefficients, C4F7N had a better insulation performance due to the much higher attachment coefficient than that of SF6.  
The \(\alpha\)/\(N\) and \(\eta\)/\(N\) measured by the SST method in this work have also been compared to the PT method measured by [PERSON] et al. [14], which are plotted in Figure 3. It should be noted that the values of \(\alpha\)/\(N\) and \(\eta\)/\(N\) used for comparisons with the PT method were not given directly in [PERSON]'s work; they were calculated from parameters such as electron drift velocity (\(w_{\rm e}\)), ionization rate coefficient (\(k_{\rm i}\)), and attachment rate coefficient (\(k_{\rm a}\)). It can be found that the trends of varying \(\alpha\)/\(N\) and \(\eta\)/\(N\) in this work showed good agreement with PT experiments. Significantly, the fluctuation of PT was much larger than that of SST, which may be caused by the different experimental principles and conditions, such as a much lower pressure (100 Pa), in the PT experiment.
# Recent Progress on Irradiation-Induced Defect Engineering of Two-Dimensional 2H-MoS2 Few Layers
## 4 Other Irradiation  
### Ultrasonic Wave Irradiation  
MoS\({}_{2}\) nanosheets have been prepared by ultrasonication through liquid exfoliation technique [19; 41; 46; 71]. The physical properties were affected by ultrasonication conditions. For example, [PERSON] et al. [157] sonicated MoS\({}_{2}\) powders in N,N-dimethylformamide for 2-10 h to chemically exfoliate MoS\({}_{2}\) nanosheets. Crystalline MoS\({}_{2}\) few-layers were produced after 2 h sonication and the size of the nanosheets decreased gradually with increasing sonication time. The exfoliated MoS\({}_{2}\) nanosheets showed ferromagnetic properties at room temperature, in contrast to pristine MoS\({}_{2}\) bulks which showed diamagnetism only. The saturation magnetizations of the ultrasonicated nanosheets increased with the ultrasonication time and the decreasing crystalline size.  
MoS\({}_{2}\) nanomaterials were also prepared by ultrasonicating slurrys of molybdenum hexacarbonyl and sulfur in 1,2,3,5-tetramethylbenzene (isodurene) with a high-intensity ultrasound (20 kHz) under Ar atmosphere [158]. The nanostructured MoS\({}_{2}\) had a higher surface area and showed higher catalytic activities for thiophene hydrodesulfurization.
# Characterization of Two Hydrogen Peroxide Resistant Peroxidases from _Rhodococcus apacus_ 1 Cp
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Dye-Decolorization Capability  
Additional dyes were utilized to check if the DyPs can decolorize other dyes. The concentration of each dye was adjusted so that the initial absorbance of each was around 1 in 25 mM citrate buffer (pH 3.6). The respective final concentration in a 1 mL assay was as follows: Reactive Blue 5 (137 \(\upmu\)M, \(\epsilon_{600-20^{\circ}\mathrm{C}}=7.1\) mM\({}^{-1}\) cm\({}^{-1}/\epsilon_{600-30^{\circ}\mathrm{C}}=7.3\) mM\({}^{-1}\) cm\({}^{-1}\)), Reactive Blue 19 (177 \(\upmu\)M, \(\epsilon_{595-20^{\circ}\mathrm{C}}=5.7\) mM\({}^{-1}\) cm\({}^{-1}/\epsilon_{595-30^{\circ}\mathrm{C}}=5.9\) mM\({}^{-1}\) cm\({}^{-1}\)), Reactive Black 5 (56 \(\upmu\)M, \(\epsilon_{597-20^{\circ}\mathrm{C}}=19.2\) mM\({}^{-1}\) cm\({}^{-1}/\epsilon_{597-30^{\circ}\mathrm{C}}=19.3\) mM\({}^{-1}\) cm\({}^{-1}\)), Reactive Red 23 (88 \(\upmu\)M, \(\epsilon_{520-20^{\circ}\mathrm{C}}/30^{\circ}\mathrm{C}=11.8\) mM\({}^{-1}\) cm\({}^{-1}\)), Reactive Orange 16 (65 \(\upmu\)M, \(\epsilon_{495-20^{\circ}\mathrm{C}}/30^{\circ}\mathrm{C}=14.8\) mM\({}^{-1}\) cm\({}^{-1}\)), Reactive Yellow 37 (69 \(\upmu\)M, \(\epsilon_{400-20^{\circ}\mathrm{C}}=13.3\) mM\({}^{-1}\) cm\({}^{-1}\)/\(\epsilon_{400-30^{\circ}\mathrm{C}}=13.4\) mM\({}^{-1}\) cm\({}^{-1}\)), Poly R-478 (0.4 \(\upmu\)M, \(\epsilon_{520-20^{\circ}\mathrm{C}}=2572.5\) mM\({}^{-1}\) cm\({}^{-1}\)/\(\epsilon_{520-30^{\circ}\mathrm{C}}=2559.4\) mM\({}^{-1}\) cm\({}^{-1}\)). The structures of the dyes used in this study can be seen on Figure 1. Control reactions were included as described earlier.  
The extinction coefficient for each dye was determined in triplicates from a 1 mg mL\({}^{-1}\) stock solution of the dye in 25 mM citrate buffer (pH 3.6) at 20 \({}^{\circ}\)C and 30 \({}^{\circ}\)C using the Lambert-Beer law and taking the dilution factor of the dye in buffer into account. \(\uplambda_{\mathrm{max}}\) was ascertained for each dye performing a wave scan from 300 to 800 nm.
# Integrated Design of Moon-to-Earth Transfer Trajectory Considering Re-Entry Constraints
## 5 Numerical Simulation and Analysis
### Opportunity and Specific Precise Trajectory Verification
The dotted lines indicate the preset perilune altitude deviation limit. re-entry state \(\mathbf{X}_{i}\) obtained above, and obtain the state of the probe at the day before re-entry, \(\mathbf{r}_{rr}=[-96,970.8,\,-157,624.1,\,-85,389.1]\) km, \(\mathbf{v}_{rr}=[0.9457,1.0081,0.3950]\) km/s. Apply the differential correction of module M5 in Figure 3 to correct the velocity \(\mathbf{v}_{rr}\), so that the position at the boundary of the SOI of the Moon aligns with the position \(\mathbf{r}_{\text{SOI}}\) obtained in the previous step. The velocity increment on the day before re-entry is \(\Delta\mathbf{v}_{rr}=[-5.2,\,-1.2,5.8]\) m/s. Thus, the second and third segments are precisely aligned at the boundary of the SOI of the Moon, and the required velocity increment is \(\Delta\mathbf{v}_{\text{SOI}}=[4.1,1.6,-2.7]\) m/s. Combining all the above solution processes, the total velocity increment required to obtain the Moon-to-Earth transfer trajectory is \(\|\Delta\mathbf{v}_{all}\|=\|\Delta\mathbf{v}_{M}\|+\|\Delta\mathbf{v}_{\text{SOI}}\|+\| \Delta\mathbf{v}_{rr}\|=888.2\) m/s. The precise Moon-to-Earth transfer trajectory satisfying all preset constraints is shown in Figure 6.  
In order to characterize some regularities of the precise transfer trajectory, Figure 7 shows the changes in the right ascension of the ascending node (RAAN) and the total velocity increment required \((\Delta V)\) for the transfer to reach the perilune in the first three months of 2030. The RAAN and \(\Delta V\) of the precise trajectories in the first three months of 2030 change in the same cycle as the perilune altitude in the opportunity screening process in Figure 5. In other words, the RAAN of the perilune of the precise trajectory based on natural transfer changes one circle synchronized with the Moon's revolution. The \(\Delta V\) required is strictly related to the perilune altitude of the optimal transfer per day, and the difference in velocity increments is mainly caused by the difference in maneuvers required to correct the perilune altitude. In addition, Table 2 represents the obtained opportunity in the first month of 2019 to compare with reference [45]. It can be seen that the opportunity obtained in this paper is approximately the same but slightly wider than that in the reference when the perilune altitude deviation limit is \(\chi=\) 50,000 km. The corresponding minimum \(\Delta V\) is almost equal to the reference, and the maximum \(\Delta V\) required is about 1.38 km/s. Figure 6: The precise transfer trajectory of 3 October 2030. The trajectories near the Earth and the Moon are also shown in magnified form. The three maneuvers divide the entire trajectory into three segments.
## 4 Conclusions  
In this study, the researchers aimed to enhance the photocatalytic activity of ZTO (Zn\({}_{2}\)SnO\({}_{4}\)) microspheres by doping with Co\({}^{3+}\) and Ni\({}^{3+}\) ions. To achieve this, a hydrothermal method was employed for the preparation of doped ZTO microspheres. The photocatalytic activity of the Co\({}^{3+}\) and Ni\({}^{3+}\) ion-doped ZTO microspheres was found to be significantly improved compared to undoped ZTO. This improvement was observed specifically in the reduction of CO\({}_{2}\) into CH\({}_{4}\), indicating the potential of these doped microspheres for efficient CO\({}_{2}\) reduction. The doped Co\({}^{3+}\) and Ni\({}^{3+}\) ions were weaved in the lattice of ZTO in a substitutional mode. This substitution led to the creation of new energy levels above the valence band of ZTO, resulting in an improved separation efficiency of the carriers and enhanced photocatalytic activity. The findings of this study provide valuable insights into the physical mechanisms underlying the improved photocatalytic performance of ZTO-based photocatalysts for CO\({}_{2}\) reduction. By understanding the role of doping with Co\({}^{3+}\) and Ni\({}^{3+}\) ions, this work can help optimize the design and synthesis of ZTO-based materials for efficient CO\({}_{2}\) conversion.  
Conceptualization, D.Z.; Methodology, S.Y.; Software, D.Z.; Investigation, Z.L.; Resources, J.Z., Y.L. and Z.L.; Writing--original draft, Y.Y.; Writing--review & editing, S.Y.; Supervision, S.Y. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No. 21805190, the Natural Science Foundation of the Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions of China under Grant No. 23 KJB150004, and Natural Science Foundation of Huaiyin Institute of Technology under Grant No. 22 HGZ011.  
Not applicable.  
Data Availability Statement: Data are contained within the article.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.  
Figure 8: Photocatalytic activity on photocatalytic CO\({}_{2}\) reduction into CH\({}_{4}\) for the pure ZTO, Co-ZTO, and Ni-ZTO samples.
# A Review of Counter-UAS Technologies for Cooperative Defensive Teams of Drones
## 4 Neutralization Systems
### Electronic Neutralizers
#### 4.1.1 Radio Frequency Jamming
Finally, they can be active, i.e., they continuously transmit interfering RF signals or randomly to save energy, or are reactive, i.e., they transmit interfering signals only after having determined that the monitored frequency spectrum is occupied by unknown signals (see [81]).