## 2 Real-Time City-Scale Nonlinear Time-History Analysis
### Regional Seismic Loss Prediction and Resilience Assessment
#### 2.5.2 Regional Resilience Assessment Using FEMA P-58  
Furthermore, based on the FEMA P-58 method (next-generation seismic performance assessment method of buildings) and the city-scale nonlinear time-history analysis, a practical approach for regional resilience assessment is proposed [25] to give a more detailed seismic loss and repair-time prediction. The main process of the method is as follows: (a) Analyze the building response to determine the EDPs on each story of each building using the nonlinear MDOF models, and (b) calculate the economic loss and repair time of components based on the building performance models and the fragility data provided in the FEMA P-58 document. The flowchart of the repair cost calculation is shown in Figure 7. Using this method, the damage states of components on different stories can be obtained, and the loss caused by the floor displacement, acceleration, and residual displacement can be considered. The repair time is calculated according to the FEMA P-58 method. Specifically, the corresponding repair time is determined according to the damage state of each component, and then the repair time of components in each story are summarized. Using the parallel repair strategy, the maximum repair time of each story is taken as the repair time of the building. Using high-efficiency computational codes, this method can quickly calculate the economic loss and repair time of earthquake-stricken areas. One of the critical challenges of using the FEMA-P58 method in a region is the assembly of performance groups (PGs). The performance model of a building contains its basic information with both structural and nonstructural PGs. The types and quantities of building components can be obtained using the following three methods: (a) Field survey data and building design drawings, (b) building information models (BIM), and (c) the geographic information system (GIS) database. Figure 7: Calculation of repair cost for a building component using the FEMA-P58 methodology. Field survey data and building design drawings  
The type and quantity of each structural PG can be obtained from the structural and architectural drawings of the building. The nonstructural PGs can be determined using the field survey. Note that some effort is required to collect the information. However, the data can be implemented in parallel by groups of people with basic knowledge of architectural and structural engineering. Building information models  
The detailed building data can be automatically obtained from the BIM in which the building components have different levels of development (LODs). The determination of the component type and the development of a component vulnerability function when the information is incomplete are proposed to produce an acceptable loss prediction [26; 27]. Specifically, the PGs in FEMA P-58 are organized as different classification trees. For example, the classification tree of a gypsum wall board (GWB) partition is shown in Figure 8. According to the LODs of the BIMs, all PGs that cannot be determined as leaf nodes in the classification tree due to lack of information will be treated as \"potential fragility classifications.\" A Monte Carlo simulation is subsequently implemented considering all \"potential fragility classifications.\" Consequently, the loss can be predicted even when a very coarse BIM is available. In addition, the modeling rules and information extraction for BIM are proposed to obtain the component information [26; 27]. GIS database  
According to the building inventory of the GIS database, the structural component quantity is estimated based on the statistics from the available literature and design drawings. The nonstructural PG information can be identified according to the normative quantity information provided by Appendix F of FEMA [28]. Subsequently, the structural and nonstructural PGs can be estimated. A new trend to efficiently and accurately establish the PGs of buildings on a regional scale uses the City Information Model (CIM).