esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Enhanced Location Prediction for Wargaming with Graph Neural Networks and Transformers
## 3 Methodology
### Spatial-Temporal Graph Neural Network
#### 3.3.2 Temporal Convolution Module  
Situational maps typically contain not only the spatial relationships among various nodes, but also the dynamic changes that occur over time, exhibiting strong local correlations between adjacent time steps. To leverage these temporal dependencies, time convolution is employed to effectively capture the associated features of the situational data across successive time steps.  
The temporal convolution module consists of two dilated inception layers [38], each containing a series of standardized one-dimensional convolution filters. One layer employs a hyperbolic tangent (tanh) activation function, serving as a filter to extract high-level temporal features. The other layer utilizes a sigmoid activation function, acting as a gating mechanism to regulate the flow of information from the filter to subsequent modules. This dual-layer structure enables the module to balance feature extraction and information flow effectively. The architecture of the temporal convolution module is illustrated in Figure 3.  
To address the periodicity in the time-series data of situational graphs, we combine filters of varying sizes with dilated convolutions. The dilated inception layer incorporates five filter sizes: \(1\times 2\), \(1\times 3\), \(1\times 6\), \(1\times 7\), and \(1\times 9\). To handle long sequences efficiently,dilated convolution is employed to expand the receptive field size, enabling the network to capture long-range dependencies while maintaining computational efficiency.  
The input to the temporal convolution module is \(S^{\prime}\in\mathbb{R}^{b\times T\times 2N\times d_{s}}\), where \(2N\) represents the total number of pieces from both the red and blue sides, and \(d_{s}\) is the hidden dimension. The dilated convolution is defined as follows:  
\[S^{\prime}\otimes f_{1\times c}=\sum_{i=0}^{c-1}f_{1\times c}(i)S^{\prime}(t-a \times i), \tag{9}\]  
where \(\otimes\) represents the convolution operation, \(f_{1\times c}(i)\) denotes the \(i\)-th value of the filter with size \(c\), \(a\) is the dilation factor, and \(t\in\{1,\cdots,T\}\) represents the current time step in the sequence.  
Then, the outputs of the five filters are truncated to the same length according to the largest filter size, and they are they concatenated across the channel dimension:  
\[S^{\prime}_{out}=concat(S^{\prime}\otimes f_{1\times 2},S^{\prime}\otimes f_{1 \times 3},S^{\prime}\otimes f_{1\times 6},S^{\prime}\otimes f_{1\times 7},S^{ \prime}\otimes f_{1\times 9}), \tag{10}\]  
where \(concat\) represents concatenation, which aggregates the features extracted by filters of different sizes, allowing the model to capture temporal patterns with varying scales and periodicities.  
Finally, the outputs from the two dilated inception layers are individually processed by two activation functions. The resulting outputs are then combined using a Hadamard product to produce the final output, \(S^{\prime\prime}\).
## 4 Experimental Environment and Results
### Pillow Fight System: Design Results
#### 4.2.1 Overall Design Architecture  
The Pillow Fight system, centered on intergenerational interaction, creates natural and intuitive user experiences through physical-digital integration. The system operates based on simple interaction methods: users only need to pat the pillow to interact with the tablet games, making it particularly suitable for elderly-children co-use. As shown in Figure 3, the system architecture comprises three main components:  
* Physical interaction layer (pillow sensing)--using pillows as sensing interfaces to achieve seamless technology integration;
* Digital interface layer (game application)--tablet game applications providing visual interactive feedback;  
Figure 2: The Pillow Fight system in use: intergenerational gaming through pillow interaction.
###### Abstract  
Background: Patellofemoral instability is a pathological condition that is characterized by altered joint congruence, which manifests as episodes of subluxation or dislocation of the patella. The aim of this study was to systematically review the literature on this condition by comparing the results of various studies evaluating the effectiveness of surgical versus conservative treatment approaches for patellar instability, particularly in patients experiencing a first episode of patellar dislocation. Methods: The research was conducted using three different databases: PubMed, Cochrane Library, and PEDro. Both randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and non-randomized studies of interventions (NRSIs) with full text availability were included. All articles were in English, and no temporal limits were imposed during the search. Results: In total, 10 articles met the inclusion criteria and were included in the systematic review. The standard for statistical significance was \(p<0.05\). The statistical analysis of re-dislocation rates indicated a statistically significant difference between the conservative and surgical groups (\(p=0.023\)). The statistical analysis also showed that the mean Kujala score was significantly lower in the non-operative group (80.94) than the surgical group (89.83) (\(p=0.017\)). These results indicate that surgical treatment is significantly more effective in reducing re-dislocation rates than conservative treatment and has better Kujala scores than conservative treatment. Conclusions: A reduction in the re-dislocation rate and improved scores on subjective tests related to pain and quality of life were observed with surgical treatment. Nevertheless, a higher level of evidence is needed to more clearly and accurately determine the most effective treatment approach.  
patellofemoral; instability; dislocation; knee; nonoperative; reconstruction; medial patellofemoral ligament 2025
# ANTSpin: Efficient Absolute Localization Method of RFID Tags via Spinning Antenna
## 6 Results and Evaluation
### Parameter Analysis
#### 6.4.6 Antenna Height and Tilt Angle  
The height and tilt angle of the antenna appear in the experiment as the coverage area of the signal. The natural localization error is large if the tag is at the edge of the signal coverage area. Our experiments show that ANTspin performs well in the stable and readable range of the antenna.
## 3 Algorithm Description
### Algorithm  
* Time Slot Control Process  
The objective of the algorithm depicted in Figures 3 and 4 is to establish a distributed system that effectively prevents readers from utilizing TSs that could potentially result in RTI.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Message Type**} & **READER** & **READER** & **ELIMINATE\_TS** \\  & **SENDER** & **RECEIVER** & **ELIMINATE\_TS** \\ \hline REQUEST1 & ✓ & – & ✓ \\ REQUEST2 & ✓ & – & – \\ RESPONSE1 & ✓ & ✓ & – \\ RESPONSE2 & ✓ & ✓ & – \\ TS\_select & – & ✓ & – \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Proposed structure of control messages for Time Slot management.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Message Type**} & **READER\_SENDER** & **READER** & **READER\_IN\_CHAIN** & **AFFECT** \\  & & **RECEIVER** & **-FREQ** \\ \hline REQUEST1 & ✓ & - & ✓ & - \\ REQUEST2 & ✓ & - & - & - \\ RESPONSE & ✓ & ✓ & - & - \\ ADD\_TO\_CHAIN & - & ✓ & - & ✓ \\ NEW\_CHAIN & - & ✓ & - & ✓ \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: Proposed structure of control messages for frequency management.  
Figure 4: Possible cases for the Time Slot distribution process.  
Figure 3: Proposed algorithm scheme.  
* Initially, all readers are in the Backoff state [24]. When a reader initiates the process, it begins the notification procedure with its neighboring readers.
* During this phase, the reader enters the receive phase (green zone) upon receiving a control message from another reader. If no control message is received, it proceeds with the send and read phase (blue zone).
## 4 Discussion
Different from those reported terpene synthases in insect, which were all FPPS like enzymes [22; 25], our study proved that the GGPPS homologue in _E. (M.) onukii_ could function as monoterpene synthase and produce geraniol from GPP. This is the first GGPPS like terpene synthase reported in insects. Wounding or elicitors from insects induce many events in plants. Insect elicitors such as fatty acid-amino acid conjugates [7; 46], inception [9], caeliferins [6], and an unidentified heat-labile constituent [10] do not directly participate in the biosynthesis of plant defensive metabolites, but simulate the upstream signals of biosynthesis of plant defensive metabolites. For example, insect elicitors may resemble phytohormones that can activate the genes involved in the formation of plant volatiles, thus leading to the increased emission of plant volatiles [3]. Only \(\beta\)-glucosidase [8] was reported to directly react with glycosylated bound volatiles in plants to release free volatiles. The insect-derived GES detected in this study may directly contact volatile precursors such as GPP to produce free volatiles. Since the activity of GES in tea leaves was not significantly affected by the _E. (M.) onukii_ attack, the _E. (M.) onukii_-derived GES may be the main contributor to geraniol emission during insect attack. The further experiments, such as RNAi of EoTPS, would be performed to confirm it. Why did _E. (M.) onukii_ stimulate the geraniol emission itself? Additionally, is there any benefit for _E. (M.) onukii_ to induce geraniol emission? It has been reported that the microbiome plays important roles in the interaction of plants and herbivores [47; 48]. To discover the ecological function of EoTPS-induced geraniol, the endobacteria of _E. (M.) onukii_ was isolated and identified by 16S rRNA sequencing (Figure 7). The antibacterial assay with endobacteria of isolation _C Acinetobacter johnsonii_ showed that geraniol could inhibit the growth of this bacteria (Table 1), which suggested that the EoTPS-induced geraniol might affect the _E. (M.) onukii_ by regulating its endobacteria. Geraniol is a wide-spread volatile in tea (_C. sinensis_). In addition to its great contribution to tea flavor, geraniol is also reported to be a defensive secondary metabolite in plant [49; 50; 51]. It has been demonstrated to be effective in repelling insects and apparently possessed insecticide properties [52; 53]. Geraniol also showed well antipathogenic activity to both plant and insect pathogens [50; 51]. Insect endosymbionts play an important role in insect environmental adaption. These microbias help insect absorb nutrition [54], metabolize the plant defensive metabolites [55], and mediate the insect reproduction [56]. Althoughthe function of endobacteria _Acinetobacter johnsonii_ in _E. (M.) onukii_ is still unknown. Considering that some _Acinetobacter_ could contribute to insecticide resistance of pest [57], it is hypothesized that geraniol might affect the _E. (M.) onukii_ physiological activity by mediating the growth of its endobacteria. Further in situ studies need be performed to prove this hypothesis.
## 3 Results
### Relative Importance of Non-Fundamental Frequency Harmonics in Transformer Load Losses  
The values of the load losses of each phase of the transformer indicated in Tables 6 and 7 indicate that the losses caused by non-fundamental frequency harmonics are relatively more important during low-consumption hours (6:55 a.m.) than during high-consumption hours (8:55 p.m.). The values of each phase harmonic loss factor (\(HLF_{z}\)%) presented in Table 8 confirm this fact.  
Based on these values of the harmonic loss factor (\(HLF_{z}\)%), it follows that the below statements are true:  
1. There are important non-linear loads powered by the transformer at 6:55 a.m., highlighting those connected to the C-phase, which give rise to load losses of 55.57% of the total load losses in that phase exclusively caused by non-fundamental frequency harmonics. Due to the small consumptions of homes at that time, the high current distortion, greater than 30% (Table 2), should be attributed mainly to public lighting.
2. The loads operating in homes at 8:55 p.m. are slightly distorted and mitigate the strong distortion of currents caused by public lighting lamps. This fact is proven by the significant reduction in the harmonic loss factor (\(HLF_{z}\)%) in the three phases of the transformer (Table 8), reaching 8.16% in the C-phase.
3. The minor reduction in the loss factor in phase B is due to the small consumptions of the homes connected to that phase of the transformer rather than in the other two phases.  
Following the previous conclusions, it is noted that the harmonic loss factor (\(HLF_{z}\)%) can be a more suitable indicator than the total harmonic distortion of currents (\(THDi_{z}\)%) for knowing the energy effects of non-linear loads on distribution transformers.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Discussion on Effect of Eccentric Loading  
In addition to a reliable prediction of LBC, as presented above, the ANN model can also assist in creating LBC continuous curves (i.e., maps), within the ranges of the input variables adopted in this study. In this section, several scenarios concentrating on varying B, \(\delta\), f\({}^{\prime}\)\({}_{c}\) and e\({}_{t}\) are presented, aiming to explore the effect of eccentric loading on the LBC of CFSS members. For the other input variables, L is fixed at 2000 mm, e\({}_{b}\) is fixed at 0, and f\({}_{y}\) is fixed at 400 MPa, respectively. Figure 13a shows the distribution of LBC as a function of e\({}_{t}\) using f\({}^{\prime}\)\({}_{c}\) = 40 MPa, \(\delta\) = 2 mm, B = 100, 150, 200, 250 and 300 mm, and e\({}_{t}\) varies from 0 to 100 mm, respectively. Figure 13b shows the distribution of LBC as a function of e\({}_{t}\) using f\({}^{\prime}\)\({}_{c}\) = 40 MPa but \(\delta\) = 6 mm. Figure 13c shows the distribution of LBC as a function of e\({}_{t}\) using \(\delta\) = 2 mm, but f\({}^{\prime}\)\({}_{c}\) = 80 MPa. Figure 13d shows the distribution of LBC as a function of e\({}_{t}\) using \(\delta\) = 6 mm but f\({}^{\prime}\)\({}_{c}\) = 80 MPa. In all configurations, the LBC of CFSS members decreases when increasing e\({}_{t}\), which confirms the negative effect of this variable on the macroscopic behavior of the composite structures. These distributions also confirm the effect of B, \(\delta\) and f\({}^{\prime}\)\({}_{c}\) as identified previously in the sensitivity analysis. The distributions presented herein aim exclusively to demonstrate the advantage of the proposed ANN model in providing efficient continuous mapping of LBC.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Determination of judgment Values for Standard and Test Samples
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**No.**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Marker Name**} & **Marker Name** & **Marker Name** & **Marker Name** & **Marker Name** & **Marker Name** & **Marker Name** & **Marker Name** & **Marker Name** & **Marker Name** & **Marker Name** & **Marker Name** \\  & & **1** & **2** & **3** & **4** & **5** & **6** & **7** & **8** & **9** & **10** & **11** & **Judgment** \\ \cline{2-13}  & **Score** & **1** & **2** & **4** & **8** & **16** & **32** & **64** & **128** & **256** & **512** & **1024** & **Value** \\ \hline
1 & Daewon & 1 & 2 & 4 & & 16 & & & 128 & & 512 & 1024 & 1687 \\ \hline
2 & Taekwang & 1 & & & & 16 & & & & 256 & 512 & & 785 \\ \hline
3 & Pungsamamul & 1 & 2 & 4 & 8 & 16 & 32 & & 128 & & & 1024 & 1215 \\ \hline
4 & Seonyu * & 1 & & & 8 & 16 & & & 128 & & 512 & & 665 \\ \hline
5 & Daepung & 1 & 2 & 4 & 8 & & 32 & 64 & & & 512 & & 623 \\ \hline
6 & Sinhwa & 1 & & 4 & 8 & 16 & 32 & & 128 & & & 189 \\ \hline
7 & Hwangkeum & 1 & 2 & 4 & & 16 & 32 & & 128 & & 512 & 1024 & 1719 \\ \hline
8 & Nampung & 1 & 2 & & 8 & 16 & 32 & & & 256 & 512 & & 827 \\ \hline
9 & Cheonsang & 1 & 2 & & & 16 & 32 & & & 256 & 512 & & 819 \\ \hline
10 & Uram & 1 & 2 & & 8 & 16 & & & & 512 & 1024 & 1563 \\ \hline
11 & Hwangkeumol * & 1 & & & 8 & 16 & & & 128 & & 512 & & 665 \\ \hline
12 & Saedanbaek & 1 & & 4 & 8 & & & 128 & & 512 & 1024 & 1677 \\ \hline
13 & Pungwon & 1 & & 4 & & 16 & 32 & 64 & & 256 & 512 & 1024 & 1909 \\ \hline
14 & Cheongia1 & 1 & 2 & & & 16 & 32 & & 128 & & & 1024 & 1203 \\ \hline
15 & Cheongia3 & 1 & 2 & & & 16 & & & & 256 & 512 & & 787 \\ \hline
16 & Williams82 & 1 & 2 & 4 & 8 & 16 & 32 & 64 & 128 & 256 & 512 & 1024 & 2047 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
* Standard samples with overlapping judgment values.  
\end{table} 
Table 2: Assignment of judgment values for 16 standard samples using 11 InDel markers. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**No.**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Judgment**} & **Marker Name** & **Marker Name** & **Marker Name** & **Marker Name** & **Marker Name** & **Marker Name** & **Marker Name** & **Marker Name** & **Marker Name** & **Marker Name** \\  & **Value** & **1** & **2** & **3** & **4** & **5** & **6** & **7** & **8** & **9** & **10** & **11** & **Duplicate** \\ \cline{2-13}  & & **1** & **2** & **4** & **8** & **16** & **32** & **64** & **128** & **256** & **512** & **1024** & **Sample** \\ \hline  
& 256 & 512 & 27 & Cheonsang \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}  
* \end{table} 
Table 3: Discrimination table of domestic soybean using judgment values of 11 markers for soybean origin.
# Wireless Covert Communication with Polarization Dirty Constellation
## 4 Wireless Covert Channels with Polarized Dirty Constellation
### Maximum Likelihood Decoding
#### 4.4.2 A Successive Cancellation List (SCL) Decoding  
Even though the code block length is comparable, the performance of polar codes is inferior to LDPC and turbo codes. To improve the performance of polar code, [PERSON] [26] proposed a successive-cancellation list (SCL) decoder. In the SCL decoder, \(L\) decoding paths are considered concurrently at each decoding stage. By comparing the path metric (PM) of \(L\) results, the most likely estimate is selected as the decoder output. The path metric (PM) of path \(l(l\in[1,2\cdots,L])\) can be expressed as  
\[PM_{l}^{(i)}\triangleq\sum_{j=1}^{i}\ln\left(1+\exp\left(-\left(1-2\hat{u}_{j}[ l]\right)\cdot L_{N}^{(j)}\right)\right), \tag{34}\]  
where \(L_{N}^{(i)}\!=\!\ln\!\left(\frac{W_{N}^{(i  
We can obtain that the greater transition probability \(W_{N}^{(i)}\), the smaller the path metric \(PM_{l}^{(i)}\). Then, Equation (34) can be expressed as  
\[PM_{l}^{(i)}\approx\begin{cases}\quad PM_{l}^{(i-1)},\;\;if\;\hat{u}_{i}[l]=\delta \Big{(}L_{N}^{(i)}[l]\Big{)}\\ PM_{l}^{(i-1)}+\Big{|}L_{N}^{(i)}[l]\Big{|},\;\;if\;\hat{u}_{i}[l]\
eq\delta \Big{(}L_{N}^{(i)}[l]\Big{)},\end{cases}\]  
where \(\delta(x)=\frac{1}{2}(1-sign(x))\) and \(PM_{l}^{(0)}=0\).  
Assuming a decoding path of \(L=2\), the decoding process can be visualized through Figure 7, where the black paths represent the abandoned paths and the red paths indicate the adopted paths. At each node, the path metric \(PM_{l}^{(i)}\) is calculated, and the two paths with the smallest \(PM_{l}^{(i)}\) are chosen. This approach enables simultaneous maintenance of multiple code paths, thus ensuring the SCL code entry local best-generated code.
# Geo-DMP: A DTN-Based Mobile Prototype for Geospatial Data Retrieval
## 2 Literature Review
### Bridging DTN with HTTP-Based Services  
From the dawn of scholarly pursuits on DTN onwards, how to make this emergent technique apply to existing application-level services has been one of the foremost concerns [33]. Because HTTP is deemed to be the foundation for interaction of a large portion of such kinds of services [34], breaking the isolation between HTTP and bundle protocol is of prime importance. To this end, Ref. [35] summarizes three candidate methods from an architectural viewpoint, namely end-to-end, proxy-based, and gateway-based. The first one refers to the case that both client and server sides have DTN deployed, hence no extra interpreters are needed. The second one, while, similarly, both sides are DTN-aware, a proxy node resides ahead of a cluster of servers, which makes servers transparent to requesters and facilitates content aggregation and load balancing. In the last case, as opposed to the above two methods, the DTN deployment is migrated from client and server nodes to dedicated gateway nodes attached to them.  
As the practices of these design thoughts, [PERSON]. [36] proposes an \"end-to-end\" solution for client browsing in the form of web-based applications over DTN. The web-apps can be automatically installed or removed in accordance with the surroundings of users. However, in this way, too much burden is imposed on the end-device: Not only should native DTN support be built-in, but also a local web server needs to be deployed. [PERSON]. [37] employs the option of \"proxy-based\" and hotspot nodes are delegated to retrieve contents for end-users from remote servers. Ref. [38] follows the \"gateway-based\" structure to make the contents inside DTN accessible to users who are not DTN-aware by leveraging shared access points as gateway nodes. Taken together, in this work, we adopt the \"gateway-based\" approach, for reasons that, firstly, from the perspective of implementation the least effort is required for modification on existing functionalities of clients and servers; secondly, little knowledge about DTN is requisite for users; thirdly, the isolation of DTN makes the system more general-purpose, extensible, and flexible. Although the basic idea of our work bears some resemblance to [38], in our design, the gateway nodes are not specialized APs, but ordinary human-carried or vehicle-mounted devices instead. Apart from the three typical models, aiming at rendering support for a wider range of applications with a unified bottom layer, Ref. [39; 40; 41] conceive middleware platforms. Nevertheless, their heterogeneous and non-compatible designs complicate the reproduction and deployment. Developers should conform to given API specifications in order to fit the applications onto them.
# Real-Time Communication Aid System for Korean Dysarthrie Speech
## 3 Proposed Real-Time Communication Aid System for Korean Dysarthric Speech
### Conformer-Based Korean Dysarthric ASR
Therefore, GTN-CTC can better model the complex syllable structure, context dependency, and phonological variations in Korean along with the nonlinear speech flow of dysarthric speech through a graph-based approach. Figure 5 illustrates the learning process of GTN-CTC. When an input is provided, the total CTC loss function is defined as follows:  
\[\mathrm{X}(\tau,\omega)=\sum_{n=-\infty}^{\infty}x(n)\cdot\omega(n-\tau)\cdot e ^{-j\omega n} \tag{1}\]0  
Here, \(x\) represents the input feature vector, and y denotes the target label sequence. \(P(y|x)\) refers to the probability that includes alignment likelihoods calculated through the GTN. The GTN represents all possible alignments \(a\) between the input sequence \(x\) and the target labels y in the form of a graph. \[\mathrm{X}(\tau,\omega)=\sum_{n=-\infty}^{\infty}x(n)\cdot\omega(n-\tau)\cdot e ^{-j\omega n} \tag{1}\]1  
In Equation (8), \(a\in A(y,x)\) denotes the set of all possible alignments between \(x\) and \(y\), and \(P(a|x)\) represents the probability of a specific alignment \(a\). This probability is computed using the GTN graph, which efficiently calculates the probabilities of state transitions. Subsequently, the overall probability is computed by summing the paths in the graph. The model is trained by backpropagating the calculated loss and updating the weights.