## 3 Results and Discussion
### AFM Analysis
#### 3.2.3 Surface Microtexture Evaluation  
The use of qualitative renderings images to understand the microtexture of surfaces has been extensively employed, e.g., [40; 74]. The microtexture of the leaf was studied using qualitative renderings based on the coding of the height map of the image by different height levels with different colors [40]. Figure 5a-c show renderings of the ridges created by the directions of the valleys and peaks. The darkest blue regions are deep valley regions, while the deepest red regions represent the valley directions. In Figure 5a, the stomata form together with the common epidermal cells agglomerate of furrows, revealing that the deepest valleys are around those cells, explaining a higher roughness value for the 50 \(\times\) 50 \(\upmu\)m image. The organization of the cells in Figure 5b reveals a deep valley between the guardian cells. It is also worth noting that the geometry of these furrows is organized as a whirlpool, directing the path into the hole. In the smaller image Figure 5c, we can see a more planar structure without significant differences between peaks and valleys. The following renderings (Figure 5d-f) show contour lines around particles, wherein Figure 5e, the region where the largest hole was observed, is wholly flooded while the region where the guardian cells remained intact. Along the yellow contour lines, the fluid path leads to the bottom of the pore. Similar behavior can also be seen in Figure 5d. In the more planar image Figure 5f, the contour lines indicate more submerged regions. This fluid probably flows to the regions whose valleys are more prevalent, in other words, the pores. The regions between the pores Figure 5a,d appear to have more valleys. The highest maximum depth of furrow occurred for this image (0.8207 \(\upmu\)m), which was confirmed for \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Sk Parameters** & **Units** & **S50** & **S20** & **S10** \\ \hline Sk & \(\upmu\)m & 0.4003 & 0.3475 & 0.03477 \\ \hline Spk & \(\upmu\)m & 0.1839 & 0.09454 & 0.02651 \\ Svk & \(\upmu\)m & 0.2105 & 0.23 & 0.02454 \\ Smr1 & \% & 11.19 & 8.992 & 13 \\ \hline Smr2 & \% & 89.30 & 87.48 & 81.91 \\ \hline Volume Parameters & - & S50 & S20 & S10 \\ \hline Vmp & \(\upmu\)m\({}^{3}\)/\(\upmu\)m\({}^{2}\) & 0.009091 & 0.004902 & 0.001329 \\ \hline Vmc & \(\upmu\)m\({}^{3}\)/\(\upmu\)m\({}^{2}\) & 0.1443 & 0.1272 & 0.01356 \\ \hline Vvc & \(\upmu\)m\({}^{3}\)/\(\upmu\)m\({}^{2}\) & 0.1996 & 0.1613 & 0.01977 \\ \hline Vvv & \(\upmu\)m\({}^{3}\)/\(\upmu\)m\({}^{2}\) & 0.02133 & 0.02275 & 0.002437 \\ \hline Particle Parameters & - & S50 & S20 & S10 \\ \hline Particle count & - & 1038 & 241 & 50 \\ \hline Covering & \% & 53.73 & 49.88 & 49.77 \\ \hline Density & Particles/mm\({}^{2}\) & 10,335,877 & 128,538 & 96,400 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: ISO and morphological parameters of Andiroba leaf surface for three different size image. the mean depth (0.3016 \(\upmu\)m), as shown in Table 3. However, the highest furrows density was noted for S10 (44,170 cm/cm\({}^{2}\)), indicating a flatness and ordering of cells in the regions outside the pore. The fact that the image with the pore has a maximum depth furrow less than that of the largest image was noteworthy. We attribute this behavior to the high elevation that the guardian cells create around the pore, leaving larger valleys between the pores, through which water also drains out of the plant. Figure 5: Graphical representations of the furrows (**a–c**) and contour lines (**d–f**) of S50, S20, and S10, respectively. On the other hand, the texture directions (Figure S2) values of the three image sizes reveal that the texture isotropy has a random behavior according to the image size (Table 3). The first texture direction showed very low angles for both the largest S50 and intermediate S10 areas.