esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Experiments and Analysis  
### Experimental Environment and Dataset  
The DL configuration is Win10 OS, AMD Ryzen 7945 HX CPU with 2.5 GHz base frequency (AMD, Santa Clara, CA, USA), NVIDIA GeForce RTX 4060 with 8 GB video memory (NVIDIA, Santa Clara, CA, USA), version 3.8 Python, version 2.2.0 PyTorch, and version 11.8 Cuda.  
Figure 10: Conv_GN structure. Replace the BN in the original Conv structure with GN. SiLU serves as an activation function.  
The network was trained and tested using a publicly available dataset from the Intelligent Robotics Laboratory of Peking University, which contains 684 images of PCB defects and the corresponding annotation files. The dataset was randomly divided into training, validation, and test sets in an 8:1:1 ratio. As depicted in Figure 11, the primary defect types include Mouse_bite, Missing_hole, Open-circuit, Short, Spurious_copper, and Spur. Due to the dataset's small size, data augmentation technology was applied to extend to 7316 defect images. Techniques such as image flipping, rotating, filtering, and denoising were employed to mitigate the risk of overfitting. Furthermore, this study leveraged transfer learning and stochastic gradient descent (SGD) based on the YOLOv8n algorithm pre-trained on the VOC dataset. The training process utilized a dynamic learning rate strategy (Multi-Step-LR), initializing the learning rate appropriately, adjusting the gradient dynamically to 0.2, setting a batch size of 16, and conducting 150 iterations. These measures were implemented to enhance the model's generalization ability and training efficiency.
# Antioxidant Properties of Soybean Oil Supplemented with Ginger and Turmeric Powders
## 1 Introduction  
Soybean oil is rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids such as linoleic and linoleic acids, which are the main responsible of its oxidative instability [1; 2], due to the low dissociation energy of their double bonds. In this respect, oxygen plays a leading role in the free radical chain reaction of lipid oxidation mechanism that is explained through the stages of initiation, propagation and termination. The addition of antioxidants as free radical scavengers before the propagation phase, is considered a strategy to counteract the lipid autoxidation and to enhance the lag time until the production of the volatile compounds which are markers of rancidity [3].  
Currently, the food industry is moving towards replacing the application of synthetic by natural antioxidants, which are considered safer and healthier [4]. Several studies proposed natural alternatives to BHA (butylated hydroxyapatite) and BHT (butylated hydroxytoluene) for effectively improving the lipid stability of soybean oil [5; 6; 7; 8; 9; 10; 11; 12; 13; 14; 15]. Agro-food products, by-products and wastes are rich in bioactive compounds [16; 17; 18; 19; 20; 21; 22; 23; 24; 25] thus contributing to the development of new functional ingredients and products [26; 27; 28]. Among natural antioxidants derived from plant source, polyphenols are effective in controlling the oil and fat rancidity because they act as free radical scavengers according to two possible mechanisms based on the transfer of hydrogen atom or single electron from antioxidant to oxidant molecules [29]. The Zingiberaceae prices are well known inthe world [30]. Ginger rhizome (_Zingiber officinal_) contains phenolic acids such as gingerols and shogaols [31], which have been associated with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antimicrobial, antifungal antiviral, antidiabetic, and anti-obesity properties [32; 33; 34]. Instead, curcuminoids classified as \"other polyphenols\", are the key bioactive compounds of turmeric rhizome (_Curcuna longa_). The main curcuminoid is curcumin [35], the yellow pigment associated with several health benefits [36; 37; 38; 39; 40]. In addition, ginger and turmeric peels, which are generally discarded during post-harvest operations, have been previously recovered and proposed as a potential source of natural antioxidants [41]. Although the antioxidant capacity of ginger and turmeric rhizomes and peels has been widely demonstrated by several studies [42; 43; 44; 45; 46], none investigated their effect in preventing the lipid oxidation of vegetables oils. Thus, this study is aimed at evaluating the antioxidant activity and oxidative stability of ginger- and turmeric-supplemented soybean oils correlating also their phenolic composition. Moreover, the valorization of peels as a promising antioxidant by-product is proposed.
## 8 Validating the Simulink Dynamic Models of the Robot
### Measured Current following 1 [m] Squared Trajectory with Conventional Wheel Configuration  
The two graphs presented in Figure 13a,b show the current consumption profiles for the mobile robot following a 1 m square trajectory using a conventional wheel design. Figure 13a shows real-world measurements and Figure 13b shows simulated measurements using a Simulink Simscape dynamic model.  
In Figure 13a, the current profile shows several peaks, which correspond to moments when the robot changes direction or accelerates, requiring more power from the motors. The highest peak reaches approximately 16.42 A in the measurement, suggesting an initial surge in current, due to the robot starting motion from rest and overcoming initial static friction. Other notable values occur at 1.442 A and 2.506 A, indicating the forward movement and the rotation of the robot, which are the steady-state currents required to maintain motion. These currents are the result of kinematic friction forces.  
Figure 13: Current measurements for 1 [m] squared trajectory with conventional wheels: (**a**) experimental; (**b**) simulated.  
In Figure 13b, the simulated current consumption using the dynamic model created in Simulink Simscape is presented. Like the real measurement, the profile consists of sharp spikes in current consumption. The peaks appear at regular intervals, consistent with the square trajectory pattern, and they seem slightly higher than the real-world measurements. The simulation includes the robot's dynamic model, motor characteristics, and the friction forces that the robot encounters. As expected, the simulation shows a smoother curve without the noise and minor fluctuations present in the actual measurements, as real-world factors like motor efficiency, and surface irregularities are difficult to model precisely. The occurrence of peaks at consistent intervals suggests that the dynamic model is accurately capturing the moments when the robot requires more current, such as starting, stopping, or turning.
# Sand Removal Mechanism of a High-Speed Roller Bit with Helical Sealing
## 4 Results
### Optimization of Structural Parameters of the Helical Sealing
#### 4.2.2 Experimental Research  
The pumping weight measurement method refers to the measurement of the weight of liquid entering the device and the weight of liquid removed after operation of the device. The draining liquid amount and the sand removal performance are proportional to the weight difference. Table 1 shows that the weight difference is smallest and the sand removal performance is best for a pitch of 2 mm, a gap of 0.5 mm, and inclination of \(23^{\circ}\). The simulation and experimental results of the gap and inclination are consistent, but the simulation and experimental results of the screw pitch are slightly different owing to inevitable systematic error and measurement error.  
The comprehensive experimental and simulation results show that the sand removal performance increases with a decreasing gap, an increasing screw pitch, and a decreasing inclination of the helical surface.
# Information Extraction from German Clinical Care Documents in Context of Alzheimer's Disease
## 4 Results  
### Medical Report Pipeline Evaluation  
The medical report pipeline contains separate modules that are evaluated independently. First, the document decomposition is evaluated by means of 50 independent documents. The results can be seen in Figure 3. All sections could be identified with F1-scores above 93% with an equally high overall precision and recall. At the current stage, only the sections _Date_, _Anamnesis_, _Diagnosis_ and _Examination Summary_ are processed further. Those four sections are recognized with F1-scores of 99% (_Date_), 97% (_Anamnesis_) and 98% (both _Diagnosis_ and _Examination Summary_) (see Figure 3). In order to have a reliable evaluation of the lower-level components, we feed them with the automatically extracted sections.  
From the _Diagnosis_ sections, eleven different neurodegenerative diagnosis terms, defined by the medical expert, could be extracted with a recall of 94.05% and a precision of 100%, resulting in an F1-score of 96.93% (see Figure 4a). From the _Examination Summary_ sections, we extracted the _MMSE_ values. These are the most abundant follow-up cognitive scores we can use in data analyses to estimate changes in cognitive state over time. The evaluation of the _MMSE_ score occurring in free text results in an F1-score of 98%. The extraction of the _Date of Visit_ reaches a performance of 99% (see Figure 4a).  
The extraction of AD-specific cognitive deficits (extracted from the _Anamnesis_ section) is the most sophisticated and complex task. First, the _onset date_ annotations were evaluated based on the gold standard. The onset date usually refers to the start/awareness of any cognitive deficits, for which the evaluation revealed a precision of 78.58%, a recall of 72.37% and an F1-score of 75.35% (see Figure 4b).  
Figure 3: Results of extraction of sections of interest. The detailed results containing precision and recall are included in the Table A1. For further processing, currently only the first four sections are needed (compare Table 3).  
For both sentence and document levels, the extraction of cognitive deficits shows satisfactory results and are better on the document level (Figure 4b). This is expected, as a specific deficit is often described more than once in a single report. Thus, common wording is usually used in the beginning, such as \"er leider an einer Gedachtnisstorung\" (engl. _\"he suffers from memory loss\"_); however, later in the report, wordings could become more specific, which makes it harder to detect at the sentence level. In brief, our system achieves an F1-score of 94.87% for the memory deficit on document level and an F1-score of 81.77% on sentence level. The second highest score on document level is achieved for the category _Attention_, amounting to 88.89% in terms of F1-score. Similar to the manual annotation measured with IAA, the extraction of deficits for the category _planning_ are most difficult. The system achieves only an F1-score of 45%. This low F1-score is the result of a very low recall (31%), whereas the precision of 79% is acceptable.
# An Automatic Partition Time-Varying Markov Model for Reliability Evaluation
## 4 Conclusions  
The proposed automatic partition time-varying Markov model has two main contributions on real time reliability evaluation, based on the Markov process. Firstly, the state number of Markov processes is selected scientifically on the basis of the device's performance degradation stages. This work is realized automatically, based on the characteristics of the degradation curve, with full use of the multi-source monitoring data. It is done without manual intervention, and the state number is obtained by taking full advantage of multidimensional information, instead of by only a single threshold. This work builds a good foundation for a time-varying Markov model. The other main contribution is the time-varying Markov model. It describes the timely changing degradation process of device performance. The polymorphic real-time reliability assessment and remaining  
Figure 10: Result of remaining useful life prediction.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**States** & **State 1** & **State 2** & **State 3** & **State 4** \\ \hline Expectation of sojourn time & - & 665,9154 & 383,9326 & 44.3427 \\ Variance of sojourn time & - & 1.9425 & 1.5026 & 1.4358 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 8: The mathematical expectation and variance of sojourn time when device stays in state 2 for 40 h.  
useful life prediction are achieved in this procedure. From the experiment, the proposed algorithm demonstrates a strong capability for data changes and great potential in accurately performing degradation prediction. This model would be more accurate if the monitoring data points are provided more densely.  
There are still some aspects left for improvement of this work. A good feature is the basis of the whole model. In this work, the feature was manually designed on the vibration signal. Its quality depends entirely on human experience, and this step is also time-consuming. In addition, the assessments procedure could be simplified in the future. Some migration algorithms may be considerable approaches to this problem.  
[PERSON] contributed to the conceptualization, methodology, formal analysis, and writing. [PERSON] designed and performed the research and approved the final manuscript. [PERSON] analyzed the data, interpreted the results, and revised the manuscript. [PERSON] worked on conceptualization, formal analysis, and final writing review. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded by Beijing Mass Transit Railway Operation Corp. Ltd., grant number 202100058100002.  
Not applicable.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 5 Discussion and Future Research Directions
### Hybrid Physics-Data Models: A Bridge Between First-Principles Insight and Statistical Learning
Building on the gaps mentioned above, we propose four actionable directions for the community:  
* Develop lightweight PINN kernels that leverage fast spectral convolutions, enabling on-device training for assets with intermittent connectivity. * Combine active learning with simulator-in-the-loop sampling to target high-value regions of the state space, reducing synthetic data redundancy. * Integrate explainable AI overlays such as DeepSHAP in physics-guided layers (see [PERSON] et al. [91]) so that operators can trace residual peaks to physically interpretable variables (e.g., pressure ratio and specific damping). * Report energy and memory footprints alongside accuracy, following the standardization guidelines outlined in the IEEE P2802 standard [139] to facilitate deployment decisions in resource-constrained industrial environments. Taken together, these observations confirm that hybrid physics-data models are not merely a theoretical curiosity but a pragmatic pathway toward resilient, data-efficient, and operator-trusted predictive maintenance solutions. As industrial practitioners advance toward the human-centric paradigm of Industry 5.0, we expect such grey-box strategies to become the default choice for high-stakes assets where pure black-box models remain difficult to justify.
## 1 Introduction
The approaches based on the equivalent single layer (ESL) theories, layer-wise theories and zigzag theories are introduced in these References [1; 18; 19]. The sets of ESL refer to the Classical Laminated Plate Theory (CLPT), the First Order Shear Deformation Plate Theory (FSDT) and the Higher Order Deformation Plate Theory (HSDT). The limitations of these theories, especially the ESL model, are introduced in References [20; 21; 22]. In addition, some other reviews and extensive assessments were investigated in References [23; 24]. In a filled-hole laminate, the stress state near the hole is a complex 3D problem. Generally, numerical methods based on 3D elasticity theory are usually used to accurately evaluate interlaminar stresses under complex boundary. The 3D elasticity theory includes traditional 3D elasticity formulations and layerwise theories [1; 25; 26; 27]. In this method, the laminate is modeled as 3D elements [20; 28]. However, the element type and mesh density are significant factors that can affect the calculation accuracy of FEM. If the laminate is discretized with the 3D solid element, a further challenge is that the transverse shear stresses are still discontinuous at the layer interface without enough elements in thickness direction. To overcome these limitations, some multiple model methods, such as the interface model, are used. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [29] developed an interface model based on the penalty function method and obtained the interlaminar stresses using this approach. At present, the cohesive zone model (CZM) is widely used in the interface modeling [30; 31; 32]. Some of the CZMs are described by the so-called traction-separation law (TSL). The TSL is derived from trial-and-error finite element computations [33] and originally designed to be used to model complex fracture mechanisms at the crack tip. Against this background, there are two main contributions in this paper. Firstly, a new interlaminar stress distribution phenomenon induced by the bolt-head and clamp-up load was investigated, in accordance with experimental failure evidence of composite laminate with a bolt-filled hole [16]. This analysis can yield a better understanding of stress distributions in bolt joints and improve reliability and part life. Secondly, the interface model based on TSL was employed to evaluate interlaminar stresses. This modeling approach has been widely applied in composites failure analyses; however, less attention has been dedicated to its role in stress calculation. With this approach, the interlaminar stress distribution can be evaluated efficiently.
## 4 Conclusions  
People of both genders and different ages frequently use ICTs for various purposes, particularly the internet. This includes health-related issues. Many academic and commercial studies have reported that e-Health is effective in terms of significant cost reductions, increased health service efficiency, increased technical quality and usability and increased user satisfaction. Being familiar with all the benefits of e-Health and the strategic plan for the Slovenian health sector's informatization, Telekom Slovenia and the Faculty of Medicine from the University of Maribor, along with other partners, have initiated an e-Health project. The project group is developing various e-Health services that are based on modern ICT solutions and will be available on several screens, such as television, personal computer, smart-phone and tablet. In order to meet the users' needs and expectations and consequently achieve the high acceptance of e-Health services, the UCD approach was practiced in the e-Health project.  
This paper presented the UCD process for MedReminder, a telecare service developed as a part of the e-Health project and intended to remind people to take their medicines on time or to call a relative or a medical person in an emergency situation. Since it was assumed that MedReminder will be mostly used by adults older than 65, the UCD process for MedReminder was made from the perspective of older adults. Using a standard for the UCD approach and criteria for the UCD methods' selection, four UCD methods were selected.  
During the research, it was found that conventional UCD methods are not completely appropriate for older users. The reason for this is that older adults have different characteristics, backgrounds, environments and motivations than other groups of users. Because of that, the selected UCD methods in this study were modified and adapted for older adults, the MedReminder's target population.  
Using the results of the adapted UCD methods, a prototype for the MedReminder service was developed. The prototype was evaluated by a group of 12 study participants. These study participants evaluated the MedReminder service as acceptable with a good potential for a high adoption rate among its target population, _i.e._, older adults.  
In the example of MedReminder, the research study revealed the older adults' perceptions of the e-Health services and pointed out key aspects that increase the adoption rate of such services among the target population. The MedReminder study once more showed that people are the central and most important part of the creation and use of e-Health products and services. Sufficient user involvement in the design and creation of e-Health applications and services is one of the most important factors for e-Health project success. In addition to this, the research study showed that in order to get valuable results for their studies, instead of using conventional UCD methods, user researchers should modify the UCD methods and adapt them for their target population.
## 4 Results and Discussion
### Results: Pattern Extraction
#### 4.3.1 Heuristic Patterns  
The heuristic pattern-based method without considering the salient terms list gives 84.93% accuracy on the test dataset (30% of the hypertension guideline). The results showed that the extracted patterns work well on the test dataset. The extracted patterns, given in Table 3, were also applied on Rhinosinusitis [37] and chapter 4 of asthma [38] guidelines to evaluate the accuracy of the extracted patterns. Our proposed method achieved an accuracy of 71.93%, 75.56%, and 84.93% on asthma [38], Rhinosinusitis [37],  
Figure 4: Top k features and the model accuracy.  
Figure 5: Model accuracy without and with features selection (**a**) Models accuracy without features selection (**b**) Models accuracy with features selection.  
and Hypertension [33], guidelines, respectively, as depicted in Figure 6a. When the patterns were reevaluated by considering machine-learning extracted salient terms, KEs updated the pattern as shown in Table 4 that result increase in accuracy to 73.29%, 74.37%, and 86.04% in asthma [38], Rhinosinusitis [37], and Hypertension [33], guidelines, respectively as shown in Figure 6b.  
The heuristic patterns performed well on the testing part (remaining 30% ) of the hypertension guideline [33]. However, the accuracy decreased by 12.75% on the other two guidelines i.e., asthma and rhinosinusitis. The primary reason for this low accuracy was the diverse format of the guidelines. One CPG uses different words and their sequence for representing the same concepts as the others. Therefore, to overcome this issue and to maintain accuracy, we added the POS-based patterns into the proposed technique.