## 1 Introduction  
Cities serve as the primary hubs for economic activities, social interactions, cultural expressions, and overall human existence [1]. It is anticipated that by the year 2050, approximately 86% of affluent nations will have undergone urbanization, while around 64% of developing nations will have experienced the same phenomenon [2; 3]. At present, the global urban population stands at approximately 4.27 billion individuals, constituting approximately 55% of the total global population [1; 4]. It is anticipated that almost 70% of the global population will undergo urbanization and relocate to urban areas by the year 2050 [4]. This significant shift will probably result in a corresponding expansion of the world's metropolitan regions, encompassing an estimated additional land area of 1.2 million square kilometers [4]. Cities often have larger population densities, making them more vulnerable to many sorts of disasters. As a result, cities have major impacts as a result of these disasters [5]. Disasters possess the capacity to cause harm to human lives and give rise to unfavorable economic and environmental outcomes [6; 7]. From 2001 to 2020, there was an annual occurrence of big and medium-sized disasters ranging from 350 to 500 [8]. Furthermore, it is important to acknowledge that a greater population density results in a heightened demand for rescue services, therefore requiring more sophisticated strategies for catastrophe management and the deployment of disaster relief efforts [9]. The lack of effective communication between public rescue and safety groups, rescue teams, first responders, and persons who are trapped worsens the situation [10]. Furthermore, it is important to acknowledge that disasters possess the capacity to inflict substantial harm against essential infrastructure systems, encompassing, but not limited to, electrical grids, water distribution networks, transportation networks, and communication systems [5]. Disasters have the capacity to disrupt economic activities and yield significant economic losses. Between the years 2008 and 2018, an extensive examination indicates that a cumulative count of 3751 occurrences of natural catastrophes took place, including a diverse range of phenomena, including earthquakes, floods, and tsunamis. The occurrence of these catastrophic catastrophes led to a significant economic downturn, resulting in a total financial loss of $1.658 billion [9]. Urban disasters have the potential to yield substantial environmental ramifications, encompassing the release of pollutants and the handling of waste disposal. In light of the considerable repercussions that catastrophes have on urban environments, leading to enormous losses, it is crucial to improve the management of urban disasters. The achievement of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal (UNSDG) 12 entails the need to diminish the probability of catastrophic events and enhance the overall resilience of urban regions to withstand and recuperate from such occurrences by the year 2030 [11]. The successful attainment of the UNSDGs relies on the efficient execution of disaster management policies within metropolitan regions [12]. The concept of disaster management entails the systematic coordination and administration of various endeavors during all phases of a disaster, including but not limited to mitigation, relief, response, and recovery [9]. The primary objectives of disaster management encompass the initiation of timely alerts, the acquisition of real-time data, the precise assessment of damages, the prompt identification of evacuation pathways, and the efficient administration of emergency provisions [9]. The conventional methods of disaster management are becoming outdated due to their inability to effectively gather data from various sources in real-time and process and evaluate vast quantities of catastrophe-related information in real-time [9]. IoT enables the collection and analysis of real-time data, presenting opportunities for addressing catastrophe management in urban areas [11; 13].