## 3 Results and Discussion
### Forklift Behavior
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Forklift** & **Pallet Design** & **Entry Speed (m/s)** & **Top Load (kg)** & **Peak Acceleration (G)** & **Duration (ms)** & **Delta V (m/s)** \\ \hline \multirow{8}{*}{Reach} & \multirow{8}{*}{Plastic} & \multirow{8}{*}{0.22} & 227 & 1.38 (16.4) & 15.40 (31.8) & 0.12 (44.8) \\  & & & 680 & 1.51 (9.4) & 25.20 (8.53) & 0.21 (6.05) \\  & & & 1134 & 1.90 (7.7) & 25.60 (9.60) & 0.28 (14.6) \\ \cline{2-6}  & & \multirow{8}{*}{0.45} & 227 & 2.74 (31.4) & 18.60 (52.6) & 0.28 (55.6) \\  & & & 680 & 2.95 (23.8) & 24.40 (25.2) & 0.38 (14.4) \\  & & & 1134 & 3.30 (11.1) & 24.60 (28.1) & 0.42 (22.0) \\ \cline{2-6}  & & \multirow{8}{*}{0.22} & 227 & 2.02 (12.3) & 23.00 (13.1) & 0.24 (19.3) \\  & & & 680 & 1.90 (16.2) & 26.20 (8.40) & 0.27 (15.0) \\  & & & 1134 & 3.03 (14.9) & 23.00 (23.2) & 0.34 (16.5) \\ \cline{2-6}  & & \multirow{8}{*}{0.45} & 227 & 3.35 (27.2) & 13.40 (10.0) & 0.27 (33.5) \\  & & & 680 & 4.48 (19.5) & 15.80 (26.3) & 0.35 (26.9) \\  & & & 1134 & 5.10 (18.5) & 9.20 (15.2) & 0.24 (15.3) \\ \hline \multirow{8}{*}{Electric} & \multirow{8}{*}{Plastic} & \multirow{8}{*}{0.22} & 227 & 1.84 (22.1) & 8.60 (24.6) & 0.10 (29.3) \\  & & & 680 & 1.97 (12.2) & 10.60 (9.11) & 0.12 (15.3) \\  & & & 1134 & 2.61 (17.0) & 9.40 (26.6) & 0.14 (16.3) \\ \cline{2-6}  & & \multirow{8}{*}{0.45} & 227 & 2.48 (20.3) & 12.20 (41.2) & 0.18 (41.3) \\  & & & 680 & 2.36 (37.7) & 10.00 (28.2) & 0.16 (46.3) \\  & & & 1134 & 3.02 (14.9) & 7.80 (18.9) & 0.14 (30.3) \\ \cline{2-6}  & & \multirow{8}{*}{0.22} & 227 & 2.10 (26.6) & 13.00 (16.6) & 0.15 (27.3) \\  & & & 680 & 2.06 (26.0) & 12.60 (7.67) & 0.14 (21.3) \\  & & & 1134 & 3.13 (12.9) & 12.20 (21.0) & 0.22 (26.3) \\ \cline{2-6}  & & \multirow{8}{*}{0.45} & 227 & 3.66 (30.1) & 11.00 (17.6) & 0.21 (22.3) \\  & & & 680 & 4.21 (19.2) & 11.20 (12.4) & 0.26 (20.3) \\  & & & 1134 & 4.15 (32.6) & 13.40 (18.6) & 0.27 (29.3) \\ \hline \multirow{8}{*}{Gas} & \multirow{8}{*}{Plastic} & \multirow{8}{*}{0.22} & 227 & 3.34 (35.3) & 7.4 (28.6) & 0.14 (39.5) \\  & & & 680 & 2.96 (12.5) & 10.4 (8.1) & 0.15 (16.1) \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & 1134 & 2.86 (9.31) & 10.4 (12.1) & 0.16 (17.2) \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-6}  & & \multirow{8}{*}{0.45} & 227 & 3.15 (26.4) & 9.4 (10.2) & 0.16 (17.5) \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & 680 & 3.80 (11.5) & 8.0 (11.7) & 0.14 (21.1) \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & 1134 & 3.31 (28.4) & 9.8 (6.4) & 0.20 (22.2) \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-6}  & & \multirow{8}{*}{0.22} & 227 & 2.92 (12.4) & 9.4 (10.2) & 0.14 (12.5) \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & 680 & 2.29 (19.6) & 10.8 (9.5) & 0.14 (17.1) \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & 1134 & 3.79 (30.3) & 10.2 (21.5) & 0.19 (12.2) \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-6}  & & \multirow{8}{*}{0.45} & 227 & 3.15 (26.4) & 9.4 (10.2) & 0.16 (17.5) \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & 680 & 3.47 (18.0) & 9.4 (14.3) & 0.19 (9.1) \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & 1134 & 5.10 (18.5) & 9.2 (15.2) & 0.24 (15.2) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}  
* Numbers in parentheses refer to coefficient of variation (%).  
\end{table} 
Table 4: Acceleration, duration, and Delta Velocity response at forklifts by factor configuration *. When wood pallets were used for testing, the acceleration levels were significantly higher (20.7%). This result could be explained by the greater coefficient of friction between the pallet and the laboratory floor, which increases the resistance of the pallet to impact. The higher stiffness and greater weight of wood pallets could also contribute to this trend. Pallet design did not affect the duration response (Appendix A). When the impact speed was increased, the measured acceleration increased by as much as 32%, but entry speed did not affect the duration response. Comparing entry speeds during pallet impacts to the height of a package drop, higher drop heights do not affect shock response durations for package drops [25]. The results show that there was no significant difference in acceleration when the top load was increased from 227 kg to 680 kg. However, when the top load was further increased to 1134 kg, the measured acceleration increased 22%.