# Protecting Data at Risk of Unintentional Electromagnetic Emanation: TEMPEST Profiling
## 3 Sources of Electromagnetic Leakage
### Wireless Keyboards and Mice  
Wireless devices using event-driven communication present critical privacy concerns, primarily due to inherent information leakage resulting from radio frequency (RF) emissions [51]. RF communication relies on two key elements: a transmitter and a receiver. The transmitter, located in the device, emits an EM signal that encodes the user's activity information. On the other hand, the receiver connected to the computer receives the signal, decodes it, and then transmits it to the operating system. Wireless signals travel through the air and can be intercepted and read by a skilled attacker. That is why wireless devices and connectivity technologies are almost always a security risk, regardless of the communication protocol, radio noise, or physical obstacles [4]. The IEEE 802.11 wireless network protocol family enables wireless interaction between devices [57]. The most usual vulnerability sources are wireless peripherals open to keystroke injection attacks, according to the authors of [58]. Tracking data from the keyboard and mouse is unidirectional. Hacked wireless keyboards or mice can reveal sensitive information due to encryption errors, firmware bugs, keyloggers, key readers, and compromised access points. The problems arise from the way the key manages communication. Wireless USB dongles are susceptible to security risks because the unencrypted input signal can be intercepted and used to gain access to the attached computer [26]. A malicious user can passively and \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Manufacturer** & **Level** & **Monitor/Screen** & **Description** \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Siltec} & A & \multirow{3}{*}{Samsung-based monitors and screens.} & A wide range of monitors and large screens are available in Level A, B, and C versions. \\ \cline{3-4}  & B & & Modulus T Dell P2722H-B & Dell-based, 27\({}^{\prime\prime}\) monitor. \\ \cline{3-4}  & A & & Modulus T NEC M551-A & NEC-based, 55\({}^{\prime\prime}\) monitor. \\ \cline{3-4}  & & & Modulus T NEC EA271Q-B & \\ \cline{3-4}  & & & Modulus T NEC M571-B & NEC-based 27\({}^{\prime\prime}\), 75\({}^{\prime\prime}\), and 86\({}^{\prime\prime}\) monitors. \\ \cline{3-4}  & & & Modulus T NEC M861-B & \\ \cline{3-4}  & & & Modulus T XB2483 HSU-A & Iiyama-based, 24\({}^{\prime\prime}\) monitor. \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Cissecure} & A & \multirow{3}{*}{DTD-LED-24-08-L1} & 24 inches high-definition desktop monitor. \\  & & & Enhances full-featured Neovo LW-24G to make it TEMPEST-compliant. \\ \cline{3-4}  & & & SPIAL Level B27\({}^{\prime\prime}\) 4K & 27\({}^{\prime\prime}\) IPS/3 FL flat screen, UHD 4K resolution. \\ \cline{3-4}  & & & SPIAL Level B 24\({}^{\prime\prime}\) & Level B 24\({}^{\prime\prime}\) FHD multimedia Monitor. \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{C2} & A & \multirow{3}{*}{Modulus T-24, T-27, T-32; C2 also offers a Modulus T High-Clarity Privacy filter compatible with Levels A and B and certified displays.} \\ \cline{3-4}  & & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{3-4}  & & & \\ \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Manufactures of TEMPEST monitors. covertly record everything typed on a wireless keyboard from several meters away using an antenna, a wireless dongle, and a few lines of software code [27; 28]. Attackers often target network protocols, configurations, and encryption mechanisms of wireless devices. That is why strong protection of wireless keyboards and mice, as well as wireless networks, is crucial. There are various preventive measures against malicious attacks, including turning off the Service Set Identifier (SSID), changing the default SSID name of the device, or data encryption. In 1993, the Navy prepared a document to help naval centers implement network environment security regulations. The authors of this document claim that anyone within range of the transmitter, using the appropriate equipment, can receive and read the information being transmitted if the wireless communication is not encrypted [59].