esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 2 Pharmacology of Piperine: In Vitro and In Vivo Studies
### Neuroprotective and Other Neurological Effects of Piperine  
Piperine increases the cell viability and restored mitochondrial functioning and primary neurons in rotenone-induced neurotoxicity in SK-N-SH cells. It also inhibits mTOR and activates protein phosphatase 2A, leading to neuroprotective effects in [PERSON]'s disease model [109]. This compound exerts protective effects against neurotoxicity induced by corticosterone (PC12 Cells) [110] and 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropropylidine [111]. Also, piperine exhibits the neuroprotective effect on primarily cultured hippocampal neurons [112] and suppresses the neurite extension in developing neurons [113].  
In rats with streptozotocin (STZ)-induced experimental dementia of the Alzheimer's type, intraperitoneal administration of piperine (2.5, 5, and 10 mg/kg), vehicle, and mementine (10 mg/kg) for two weeks after the first STZ administration resulted with cognitive-enhancing effect. The results of cognitive function were consistent with a reduced level of malondialdehydehyde in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and hippocampus (HC) of the treated rats. Based on the described results, the cognitive-enhancing effect of piperine was attributed to its positive effects on the redox balance of CSF and HC neurons [114]. In a pilocarpine-induced rat model of epilepsy, administration of piperine reduced oxidative stress and inflammation and ameliorated memory impairment [91]. Piperine alone was found to produce a weak antidepressant-like effect in the tail suspension and forced swimming tests, while in combination with trans-resveratrol (tR) it enhanced its antidepressive action.  
Further testing indicated that the effect of tR and piperine on depressive-like behaviors might be partly due to the potentiated activation of monoaminergic system in the brain [75]. Similar results were found in several other studies on piperine alone [76], in combination with ferulic acid [80], and its various derivatives [77; 78; 79]. Piperine relieves the depression in chronic unpredictable mild stress rats by modulating the function of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis [115].  
Piperine was found to possess analgesic and anticonvulsant effects, where intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration of piperine (30, 50 and 70 mg/kg) significantly inhibited the acetic acid-induced writhing in mice, while tail-flick assay resulted in prolonged reaction time of mice at doses of 30 and 50 mg/kg. The anticonvulsant effect of piperine has been demonstrated through delayed onset of pentylenetetrazole- and picrotoxin-induced seizures in mice [116]. These anti-seizure effects of piperine were found to be related to transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1 (TRPV1) receptors [83]. Another study reported analgesic activity of piperine, where hot plate reaction test and acetic acid test were used and confirmed analgesic efficacy of intraperitoneally administered piperine [39].
# Analytical Model to Calculate Radial Forces in Permanent-Magnet Synchronous Machines
## 4 Validation
### Experimental Validation  
The analytical model was also validated by experimental measurements. Vibrations were measured in both prototypes shown in Figures 23 and 24 by placing an accelerometer on the outer surface of the stator. The Figures 25 and 26 show that the developed analytical expressions characterized the order and the origin of the various electromagnetic vibrations with accuracy. In the integer machine, all harmonics were integer, and in the fractional machine, fractional harmonics were clearly seen. These harmonics originate on the rotor surface and they are transmitted to the stator surface, for example through the bearings.  
Figure 23: Rotors and stators of the prototype built for Qs48p8.  
Figure 22: Forces created by the stator armature on the rotor surface: (**a**) Qs48p8, (**b**) Qs36p15.  
Figure 24: Rotors and stators of the prototype built for Qs36p15.  
Figure 25: Analytical order identification of the experimental vibration measurements in the Qs48p8 machine.  
The magnitudes of the harmonics could not be validated with the obtained experimental results. This issue is a future prospect; it would be interesting to conduct additional research in order to experimentally validate the magnitudes of these magnetic forces.
# A Small Implantable Compact Antenna for Wireless Telemetry Applied to Wireless Body Area Networks
## 4 Discussion
### Antenna Bending Test Setup and Test
#### 4.3.1 Reflection Coefficient Measurement Results  
Cylindrical models with different radii were used to simulate the degree of antenna bending. Therefore, the radius of the cylinder determines the degree of antenna bending, and the smaller the radius, the greater the degree of bending. The experimental results show that the reflection coefficient of the antenna is consistent when the antenna is bent in different directions. The operating frequency band of the antenna shifts to a lower frequency with the increase of the bending degree, and the operating bandwidth narrows.  
Figure 12: Simulated and measured radiation patterns of the designed antenna; (**a**) xoz, (**b**) yoz.  
Figure 13: Antenna bending deformation; (**a**) X-direction, (**b**) Y-direction.  
As shown in Figure 14, the designed antenna was tested for bending on cylinders with radii (Rs) of 20, 18, 16, and 14 mm. The resonant frequency of the antenna shifts to a lower frequency with the increase of the bending degree. When the antenna is bent on a cylinder with a radius of 14 mm, the operating frequency band of the antenna is 1.95-2.49 GHz (540 MHz), which fully covers the ISM band.  
Due to the small size of the antenna, the specific degree of bending of the antenna during the actual measurement process cannot be visually displayed through the bending radius as in the simulation. The antenna was bent to the greatest extent possible while ensuring that the antenna structure was not damaged. The actual measurement results after bending the antenna are shown in Figure 15. The resonant frequency of the antenna shifted to a higher frequency, with the resonant frequency in the X-direction shifting to 2.34-2.92 GHz (580 MHz), and the resonant frequency in the Y-direction shifting to 2.32-2.97 GHz (650 MHz). The actual measured bandwidth of the antenna in the bent state increased compared to the unbent state.  
Due to the wide bandwidth of the antenna during the simulation, although the performance of the antenna is affected to some extent after bending, the operating frequency band of the antenna in the bent state still fully covers the frequency band required for implantable antennas. The reflection coefficient of the antenna at the 2.4-2.48 GHz frequency band meets the design requirements (s\({}_{11}<-\)10 dB). Through bending experiments, it is proven that the designed antenna has structural robustness and can maintain a wide operating frequency band and fully cover the ISM band under different degrees of bending deformation.  
Figure 14: Reflection coefficient of the designed antenna after bending; (a) X-direction, (b) Y-direction.  
Figure 15: Simulated and measured radiation patterns of the designed antenna; (a) xoz, (b) yoz.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Matrix Effects: Salts and Humic Acids
CORT, PREDLO, and TRIAM were selected, and their photodegradation was investigated in tap water fortified with the above-mentioned inorganic salts and HAs, following the procedure described in Section 2.3. Salt concentrations (some tens of mg per liter) higher than those measured in the river water samples were specifically added to evidence their potential impact on the GCs degradation rate, while HAs levels, corresponding to 7.5 mg L\({}^{-1}\) of total organic carbon (TOC), were added to mimic the natural organic matter present in the river sample (see Table 1). Irradiation was carried out in tap water by a solar light simulator. The degradation rates were calculated and reported in Table 4.  
As showed in Table 4, the added SO\({}_{4}\)\({}^{2-}\) (50 mg L\({}^{-1}\)) had a small or no effect on the degradation rates of the chosen GCs, while NO\({}_{3}\)\({}^{-}\) (20 mg L\({}^{-1}\)) slightly affected the degradation rates, in the order CORT > PREDLO > TRIAM. On the contrary, HAs (10 mg L\({}^{-1}\)) had the most significant impact on all drugs, from 4- to 5-fold decrease of the rate. Interestingly, no significant differences in \(k_{deg}\) were observed in a more diluted HAs solution (5 mg L\({}^{-1}\)) for the considered GCs. As expected, competitive light absorption by dissolved organic matter deviated significantly the process from the photocatalytic path.
# Review of Structural Health Monitoring Techniques in Pipeline and Wind Turbine Industries
## 3 Health Monitoring in Corrosion
### Conventional Corrosion Sensors
#### 3.1.2 Electrical Resistance Probe  
Owing to corrosion, there is a reduction in the material's mass, and this fact can be advantageous, since the resistance is increased due to a lowered material mass, and this resistance can be measured to get to the proportional relationship between mass loss and resistance in the material. Since resistance has the ability to fathom the amount of corrosion in the material, it can be termed as a real-time corrosion coupon. With the help of this technique, it is possible to remotely log in data. Since it is possible for them to operate in conducting and non-conducting surroundings, it can be considered to be an additional advantage. Water-based corrosion is responsible for a conducting environment, while atmospheric corrosion is responsible for non-conducting. Electrical resistance-based investigations are plagued with primarily one disadvantage, which is that they are not equipped to identify variable corrosion, which means that if the amount of corrosion occurring at various places is not uniform, then an electrical resistance probe will give a result that is averaged throughout. If there is a requirement for an increased sensitivity toward variable corrosion, then multiple probes will have to be installed, and thus, it would complicate the system and increase the monetary investment needed.
## 4 Discussion
In our study, increased N pollution resulted in altered community composition, with decreasing diversity, which seemed to affect the feeding preference and niche width of _Anguilla anguilla_ and _Diplodus annularis_. The feeding regime of the two species is known to be characterised by marked generalisation and trophic plasticity [19; 22; 42; 43; 80]. However, while the eel enlarged its trophic niche, feeding off multiple resources at various trophic levels in eutrophic conditions, the seabream concentrated on a small number of invertebrates. Although dietary changes are known to depend primarily on size and growth stage [81; 82; 83], in our study neither _A. anguilla_ nor _D. annularis_ showed a relationship between body size and \(\delta^{13}\)C signatures. The greater trophic generalisation and omnivory of eels with eutrophication may be due to the different density, accessibility and availability of the prey at higher trophic levels [19; 22; 42; 43; 42] as well as to an altered presence of potential competitors for the samefood sources [78]. This was also confirmed by the results of the Bayesian mixing models, which showed a shift with eutrophication in the diet of _Anguilla anguilla_ mostly from pelagic (fish) to benthic (invertebrates) prey, regardless of their abundance. [PERSON] et al. [24,25] reported Telecosts, amphipods and decapods as the predominant prey in the diet of _A. anguilla_ in two North-Mediterranean lagoons, and that prey selection could be linked to the activity and accessibility of the prey itself. [PERSON] [42], [PERSON] et al. [23] and [PERSON] et al. [19] indicated molluscs (bivalves and gastropods), crustaceans, polychaetes and Telecosts as the main items in the diet of _D. annularis_ in lagoons and coastal waters. [PERSON] et al. [84] and [PERSON] et al. [80] identified _A. anguilla_ as belonging to the piscivorous community in many European lakes. In our study, the adoption of piscivory in the least eutrophic lake allowed the eel to reduce niche overlap [80,84,85] and therefore potential competition with other fish. However, the trophic behaviour of the two species can be expressed differently by individuals within populations [18,20,21], enabling _A. anguilla_ and _D. annularis_ to include several food sources in their diet even in a single area [19,25]. In this context, the individual isotopic characterisations of carbon (\(\delta^{13}\)C) and nitrogen (\(\delta^{15}\)N), coupled with diet reconstruction at the isotopic trophic unit level (ITU, as recently proposed by [PERSON] et al. [31]) were crucial to the detailed estimation of the diets of the two fish species with high trophic generalisation and omnivory. This allowed us to consider the possibility that each individual consumer could draw on the whole spectrum of potential food sources available within each lake [31]. In this way, we are able to describe the trophic plasticity and generalism of two ecologically and economic important fish species, and hence the real variation of the diet within the same populations under a range of eutrophication conditions.
# A Sentiment-Aware Contextual Model for Real-Time Disaster Prediction Using Twitter Data
###### Abstract  
The massive amount of data generated by social media present a unique opportunity for disaster analysis. As a leading social platform, Twitter generates over 500 million Tweets each day. Due to its real-time characteristic, more agencies employ Twitter to track disaster events to make a speedy rescue plan. However, it is challenging to build an accurate predictive model to identify disaster Tweets, which may lack sufficient context due to the length limit. In addition, disaster Tweets and regular ones can be hard to distinguish because of word ambiguity. In this paper, we propose a sentiment-aware contextual model named SentiBERT-BiLSTM-CNN for disaster detection using Tweets. The proposed learning pipeline consists of SentiBERT that can generate sentimental contextual embeddings from a Tweet, a Bidirectional long short-term memory (BiLSTM) layer with attention, and a 1D convolutional layer for local feature extraction. We conduct extensive experiments to validate certain design choices of the model and compare our model with its peers. Results show that the proposed SentiBERT-BiLSTM-CNN demonstrates superior performance in the F1 score, making it a competitive model in Tweets-based disaster prediction.  
Keywords:natural language processing; text classification; mining information; Tweet data; social media +
Footnote †: journal:
# Open-Set Specific Emitter Identification Based on Prototypical Networks and Extreme Value Theory
## 3 Recognition Model  
### Model Framework  
The proposed open-set SEI model uses the prototypical networks as the basic structure and incorporates EVT to achieve open-set recognition for I/Q sequence data. The model framework is shown in Figure 1 and is divided into three main modules.  
The data-processing module preprocesses the data and then forms the training set and test set according to the preset ratio. In the following training process, classification is performed by the distance from the sample features to the prototypes, and a tight feature space is learned for each class using the joint loss function. After the training, the Weibull model is fitted for each class separately. Thirdly, the testing module obtains the network output of the test samples. Then, the distance of the test samples to the mean features of all known classes is calculated, and the Weibull cumulative distribution probability of the test samples is obtained based on this distance. Finally, the network output is revised by this probability, and the scores of the test samples belonging to the known and unknown classes are obtained.
# A Blockchain-Enabled Framework for Improving the Software Audit Process
## 2 Preliminaries and Related Work
### Software Auditing
#### 2.1.3 Types of Software Audits  
SA may examine the quality, security, usability, and accessibility of the software. The type of audit required depends on the audit's objectives. Some audits may concentrate just on the quality elements, while others will examine all three mentioned facets of the product. Below, we describe the common types of SA.  
This audit, as its name indicates, evaluates the quality of the software. Auditors confirm that all apps and programs are current and operational. In addition, they seek alternatives that might replace the present instruments with those that are more effective. Software quality audits may also check the user's licensing compliance. This audit seeks to guarantee that the tools used are of the greatest quality possible. This also takes into consideration continuous technological improvements, ensuring compliance with the most recent technical requirements and decreasing the likelihood of failure in the near future. The outcome of such an audit is the discovery of quality problems and recommendations for improvements [27; 28].  
Software Security Audits  
In this era in which cyber assaults have grown commonplace, software security is a crucial issue. It is of the utmost importance to implement cybersecurity safeguards to protect software from security breaches and harmful assaults. Such assaults may result in severe problems, such as the disclosure of a company's private and sensitive information [29]. These breaches have grave consequences and might even harm the business's image. Owing to this, organizations worldwide take all safeguards required to protect their software. They invest in digital defenses such as current antivirus and malware protection, robust firewalls, SSL-encrypted data transport, etc. The primary objective of a software security audit is to ensure that all of the business's software is safe and protected [30; 31; 32].  
User-friendliness has become a crucial need for apps. Every organization spends a considerable amount of work ensuring that its apps are extremely accessible and straightforward for the ordinary user. The greater an application's usability, the less effort a user must use in order to execute a job. Before publishing an application, it is vital to perform these checks. Typically, some changes are necessary. The application's users may find some aspects unclear or difficult to comprehend, for instance. Usability and accessibility audits guarantee the deployment of a properly functional and user-friendly product. This audit may include heuristic assessment, user walkthroughs, user flow analysis, and so on [33; 34].
# Camera-Adaptive Foreign Object Detection for Coal Conveyor Belts
## 4 Experiments
### Ablation Study
#### 4.6.2 Analysis of Error Type  
We introduced a TIDE evaluator [41] that analyzes different error types to assess the contribution of each module to the CAFOD's performance. The error types in Figure 7 are:  
* Classification error (Cls): IoUmax \(>\) 0.5, but the classification is wrong;
* Localization error (Loc): the classification is right, but 0.1 \(<\) IoUmax \(<\) 0.5;
* Both Cls and Loc error (Cls + Loc): 0.1 \(<\) IoUmax \(<\) 0.5 and misclassified;
* Missed GT error (Missed): all undetected ground truth except Cls Error and Loc Error;
* Background error (Bkgd): for all ground truths IoUmax \(<\) 0.1.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Method** & **MVDA** & **CFP** & **CBAL** & **VFL** & \
\begin{tabular}{c} **Big** \\ **Coal** \\ \end{tabular} & **Wood** &
\begin{tabular}{c} **Iron** \\ **Bars** \\ \end{tabular} & **Iron** \\ \hline A & & & & & 57.11 & 83.92 & 81.17 & 76.85 & 74.76 \\ B & ✓ & & & & 58.85 & 83.97 & 81.36 & 78.63 & 75.70 \\ C & ✓ & ✓ & & & 63.52 & 85.61 & 83.58 & 78.74 & 77.86 \\ D & ✓ & ✓ & ✓ & & 64.31 & 86.77 & 83.65 & 81.27 & 79.01 \\ CAFOD & ✓ & ✓ & ✓ & ✓ & 65.41 & 88.95 & 83.86 & 83.37 & 80.39 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 4: Ablation Experiment (measured by AP50/mAP50).  
The results of different error types on the entire dataset are reported in Table 5. It shows that all errors decrease with the modules added to method A, consistent with the results in Table 4. Specifically, method enables the model to learn more diverse features and have more accurate predictions of target locations, reducing Cls and Loc. Method C integrates foreign objects with their context features, decreasing Missed and Bkgd. Method D enhances the feature activation intensity of the conveyor belt area and brings location and category gains to the main model. Furthermore, it reduces the false detections of targets outside the conveyor belt area, decreasing various indicators. Finally, VFL dynamically adjusts the loss weights and enhances the loss weights of difficult samples during training, improving the model's classification and localization capabilities and reducing Cls and Loc.
## 6 Conclusions  
This study provides a comprehensive survey of AMC techniques primarily based on FB approaches. Although likelihood techniques yield satisfactory performance, their computational complexity makes them impractical. In addition, likelihood techniques have difficulty determining the appropriate analytical solution for decision functions, especially in the case of large unknown parameters. For instance, ALRT requires multidimensional integration and GLRT requires multidimensional maximization. Thus, a large number of unknown quantities and the prerequisite of known PDFs make ALRT unsuitable for practical implementation. Maximization of unknown data may lead to the same LF values and false classification.  
The FB approach refers to when relevant features are extracted and then fed to the classifier for classification. This study investigates various features used in distinguishing various modulation types and indicates their usage and applicability for specific modulation types. Instantaneous features have small computational complexity but are sensitive to noise. Therefore, these features should be combined with other features to improve their performance for identifying the signals. WT is considered to be a better approach than instantaneous features in terms of noise sensitivity, although it remains complex. HOS features are considered to be noise insensitive and less complex, especially in identifying M-QAM and M-PSK. Cyclostationary features are considered to be complex and difficult to perform in real time. Constellation shape-based features are reflected to be sensitive to noise and effective at high SNR signals.  
This paper discusses the classifiers used for MT in detail, in addition to feature extraction. DTs, ANNs, SVMs, KNNs, clustering algorithms, and hybrid algorithms based on these classifiers are presented. DTs and kNNs are considered to be simple classifiers, and ANNs and SVMs have improved classification performance and are more robust to noise, but are computationally complex.  
Conceptualization, D.H.A.-N., N.A.M.I. and L.B.S.; resources, D.H.A.-N., I.A.H. and I.S.Z.A.; writing--original draft preparation, D.H.A.-N., N.A.M.I. and L.B.S.; writing--review and editing, D.H.A.-N., N.A.M.I. and L.B.S.; supervision, N.A.M.I. and I.S.Z.A.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.