## 3 Results and Discussion
IEC 61850, IEEE 2030.5 and MQTT are some of the communication protocols which will play a crucial role in interfacing these analytics systems with other components of the smart grid [41; 42]. These protocols ensure interoperability and real-time information exchange among grid operators, distributed energy resources and consumer systems. Utilities can be enabled for dispatching energy, manage grid stability, and provide real-time feedback to consumers on energy usage and pricing through bidirectional communication. The key capabilities these utilities have, including data analytics tools, decision-making frameworks and communication protocols, all ensure optimized flow of electricity, make the grid resilient and enhance operational efficiencies for smart grids to meet the demanding needs of modern energy systems, making electricity distribution sustainable and reliable. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**A/A** & **Module** & **Advantages** & **Disadvantages** \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{1} & Landis\&Gyr & Low costs & Old technology \\  & MM2000 & Long presence in the market & Bulky and heavy \\  & & High accuracy & Vulnerable to electricity theft \\  & & & Lack of reactive power monitoring \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{2} & \multirow{3}{*}{EDMI} & High reliability and accuracy & \multirow{3}{*}{Risk of electromagnetic interference} \\  & & Remote monitoring & & Priced higher than the MM2000 \\ \cline{1-1}  & Mk10A & Hard to breach & & Remote operation shut down \\ \cline{1-1}  & & Dynamic pricing application & & Data privacy concerns \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{3} & \multirow{3}{*}{ELControl} & High precision and reliability & \multirow{3}{*}{Costly and heavy} \\  & & Great validation tool & & Poorly sized \\ \cline{1-1}  & & Low interference & & Incompatible with Remote Metering \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{4} & \multirow{3}{*}{ABB} & Good accuracy & \multirow{3}{*}{\
\begin{tabular}{} \end{tabular} } \\  & DMTME & Compact utilization as a monitoring tool, & & High costs \\ \cline{1-1}  & & High metering abilities & & Bulky and heavy \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{5} & \multirow{3}{*}{Zennio} & Great metering abilities, e.g., reactive power & \multirow{3}{*}{
\begin{tabular}{} \end{tabular} } \\  & Zennio & Compatible with the KNX protocol & & Complex wiring and installation \\ \cline{1-1}  & KES-Plus & Great potential and high precision & & Requires additional components \\ \cline{1-1}  & & Compact and inexpensive & & Exposed to interference. \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 5: Summarization-comparison of the meters’ characteristics [24; 25; 26; 27; 28; 29]. IEC 61850 is an international standard designed for substation automation and smart grid applications. It enables interoperability between devices and supports real-time communications, essential for grid stability. Its features include high-speed data exchange through protocols such as GOOSE (Generic Object-Oriented Substation Event), scalable architecture suitable for large-scale deployments, and support for Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) integration. IEC 61850-enabled intelligent electronic devices (IEDs) can be deployed in substations to facilitate seamless data exchange and using logical nodes for metering, control and protection functions, ensuring compatibility with existing grid elements through SCADA [42]. The central server reacts to the invoked message with detailed response of the executed command such as a power switch operation, and informs the SCADA user. MQTT (Message Queue Telemetry Transport) is a lightweight, publish-subscribe protocol designed for low-bandwidth and high-latency networks and the most renowned amongst Machine to Machine communication protocols. It is ideal for IoT applications, including smart meters, through low network overhead for secure communication and scalability using TLS/SSL certificates. A study [43] implemented MQTT brokers to manage communication between smart meters and the utility back-end, integrating MQTT with data analytics platforms to process real-time meter data.