## 4 Results
### Crop Type/LC Classification
Considering PA and UA, they were generated starting from independent validation datasets (Table 1) for eight crop types/LC over the five time steps and are reported in Tables 4 and 5. The classification map in 2021 achieved height accuracy with OA and kappa of 92.9% and 91.8%, while other map results obtained accuracies > 85%. For classification results in 2001, 2006, 2011 and 2016, almost all crop types/LC had PAs and UAs with accuracies higher > 75%. The greatest misclassifications were obtained in the classes of \"cassava\" and \"sugarcane\". Mapping agricultural land or LC in 2021 achieved accuracies > 90% for nearly all classes. Conversely, the class of cassava achieved the highest confusion with \(\leq 85\%\). Figure 6 provides a visual representation of the mapped and estimated areas of the various crop type classes in the Chi River Basin for each of the five periods, along with the confidence intervals (CI) for 95% of the data. In our results, in 2001, 2006, 2011, 2016 and 2021, small differences appeared between mapped and estimated areas, as shown by the 95% CI of the error bars. Figure 5: A bare chart shows overall accuracy (OA) and kappa results of a random forest (RF) classification models and map validations for crop types/land cover (LC) classification in 2001, 2006, 2011, 2016 and 2021 in the Chi River Basin, Thailand. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**2001** & \multicolumn{10}{c}{**Reference Data**} \\
**Crop Types** & **Cassava** & **Rice** & **Para Rubber** & **Sugarcane** & **Built-Up** & **Forest** & **Water** & **Bare Soil** & **Total** & **UA (\%)** \\ \hline Cassava & 96 & 5 & 3 & 6 & 1 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 112 & 85.71 \\ Rice & 22 & 339 & 0 & 12 & 4 & 3 & 1 & 0 & 381 & 88.98 \\ Para rubber & 0 & 0 & 26 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 26 & 100.00 \\ Sugarcane & 10 & 5 & 0 & 88 & 0 & 3 & 0 & 0 & 106 & 83.02 \\ Built-up & 1 & 4 & 0 & 0 & 144 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 150 & 96.00 \\ Forest & 0 & 0 & 4 & 0 & 1 & 125 & 0 & 0 & 130 & 96.15 \\ Water & 0 & 3 & 0 & 0 & 2 & 3 & 43 & 0 & 51 & 84.31 \\ Bare soil & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 31 & 31 & 100.00 \\ Total & 129 & 356 & 33 & 106 & 152 & 136 & 44 & 31 & 987 & \\ PA (\%) & 74.42 & 95.22 & 78.79 & 83.02 & 94.74 & 91.91 & 97.73 & 100.00 & & \\ \hline \multicolumn{10}{c}{OA = 90.37\%; Kappa = 87.80\%} \\ \hline
2006 & Cassava & Rice & Para rubber & Sugarcane & Built-up & Forest & Water & Bare soil & Total & UA (\%) \\ \hline Cassava & 114 & 12 & 0 & 20 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 146 & 78.08 \\ Rice & 25 & 319 & 1 & 7 & 4 & 2 & 0 & 0 & 358 & 89.11 \\ Para rubber & 0 & 0 & 25 & 0 & 0 & 2 & 0 & 0 & 27 & 92.59 \\ Sugarcane & 16 & 5 & 0 & 75 & 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 97 & 77.32 \\ Built-up & 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 147 & 0 & 0 & 2 & 150 & 98.00 \\ Forest & 0 & 2 & 1 & 1 & 0 & 113 & 0 & 0 & 117 & 96.58 \\ Water & 0 & 1 & 0 & 2 & 1 & 2 & 48 & 0 & 54 & 88.89 \\ Bare soil & 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 2 & 1 & 0 & 34 & 38 & 89.47 \\ Total & 155 & 340 & 27 & 106 & 154 & 121 & 48 & 36 & 987 & \\ PA (\%) & 73.55 & 93.82 & 92.59 & 70.75 & 95.45 & 93.39 & 100.00 & 94.44 & & \\ \hline \multicolumn{10}{c}{OA = 88.65\%; Kappa = 85.78\%} \\ \hline
2011 & Cassava & Rice & Para rubber & Sugarcane & Built-up & Forest & Water & Bare soil & Total & UA (\%) \\ \hline Cassava & 110 & 12 & 0 & 22 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 144 & 76.39 \\ Rice & 18 & 283 & 0 & 12 & 3 & 2 & 0 & 0 & 318 & 88.99 \\ Para rubber & 0 & 0 & 74 & 0 & 0 & 3 & 0 & 0 & 77 & 96.10 \\ Sugarcane & 16 & 3 & 0 & 71 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 90 & 78.89 \\ Built-up land & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 148 & 0 & 0 & 2 & 150 & 98.67 \\ Forest & 0 & 1 & 2 & 1 & 0 & 110 & 0 & 0 & 114 & 96.49 \\ Water & 0 & 0 & 0 & 2 & 1 & 2 & 49 & 0 & 54 & 90.74 \\ Bare soil & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 2 & 1 & 0 & 37 & 40 & 92.50 \\ Total & 144 & 299 & 76 & 108 & 154 & 118 & 49 & 39 & 987 & \\ PA (\%) & 76.39 & 94.65 & 97.37 & 65.74 & 96.10 & 93.22 & 100.00 & 94.87 & & \\ \hline \multicolumn{10}{c}{OA = 89.36\%; Kappa = 87.08\%} \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}