## 5 Case Study: DfHFinI4.0 in PERA 4.0  
Companies, and their associated manufacturing systems 4.0, are becoming increasingly complex and dynamic. In order to reduce this complexity, the management of knowledge and operational information is needed. Business architectures, such as PERA, GERAM, and CIMOSA, have hitherto been used, while more recently, different architectures have been proposed for Industry 4.0, such as Holonic, RAMI 4.0, IIRA, SME, and IVI [122; 123; 124], which correspond to the different ways of implementing the informational requirements of primary activities and support the smart and sustainable value chain. Among the proposed architectures, PERA is formed by the ecosystem of business entities [125], as shown in Figure 8, in which this methodology, which constitutes its life cycle engineering, can be implemented for each of its entities. From among its characteristics, it is worth mentioning its orientation to the life cycle of the entities that make up the architecture, and considering the interaction and interfaces between technology and the human factors within its methodology. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [126] highlighted the importance of considering good design in the communication interfaces between the diagrams that constitute the PERA model, in order to guarantee the correct exchange of information and the integration of the company, both vertically and horizontally. These characteristics determine that PERA constitutes a model of reference architecture and methodology on which to integrate the DfHFinI4.0 framework proposed under a cyber-physical conception of the entities contained therein, which evolves towards PERA 4.0. This enables research questions to be answered in life cycle engineering 4.0 formulated by [PERSON] et al. [11], which establishes the need for the reference architecture to focus on the human factor. The basic methodology of a PERA entity is illustrated in Figure 9. In the following, manufacturing PERA entity 3 of the architecture is employed, on which it is illustrated how the DFHinI4.0 framework proposed should be integrated together with the associated tools, which enable the cyber-physical manufacturing systems to be conceived based on the human factor. As indicated, PERA [127], in its methodological aspect as life cycle engineering, establishes the various regions, phases, and layers, into which the entities that constitute the company can  
Figure 8: Entities and processes for the company in Purdue Enterprise Reference Architecture (PERA) 4.0 architecture. Figure 9: Basic methodology of a PERA 4.0 entity. be decomposed throughout its life cycle, while taking into account that the production equipment, the human factor, and the information and control system are involved in each element. Three separate elements are established in the design and implementation for entity three of PERA that correspond to the manufacturing system:  
* The architecture of the information system. * Human and organisational architecture. * The architecture of the manufacturing team. Certain vertical lines of great significance for the integration of Operator 4.0 can be observed among these elements, within which the DHFiniI4.0 framework is integrated:  
* The line related to automation the PERA diagram is limited, since many tasks and functions require human innovation. * The line related to human factors is limited by human competencies. * The extent of the automation line represents the actual degree of automation carried out, and defines the boundaries between the three elements. As depicted in Figure 9, the PERA methodology, in its initial proposal, contemplated the human factor, the technology, and the interfaces for their operation on industrial equipment and the information system, hitherto with no set of tools derived from conceptual frameworks of other areas of research that would allow the integration and empowerment of the human factor into digital transformation processes characterised by the connectivity and martisation of technology.