## 1 Introduction  
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) in its Sixth Assessment Report in 2023 noted that the global surface temperature from 2011 to 2022 was 1.1 \({}^{\circ}\)C higher than the 1850-1900 period, with land surface temperatures being higher than ocean surface temperatures. Furthermore, as a hub of economic activity, the operation of ports, including the movement of heavy vehicles, ships, and industrial equipment, has a significant environmental impact, exacerbating air pollution and carbon dioxide emissions in coastal areas. Ports are unique in terms of scale and complexity, with highly concentrated economic activities that generate substantial carbon dioxide emissions. In particular,the operation of heavy vehicles within ports is a major source of direct carbon dioxide emissions, making it a key focus for environmental management. Unlike other economic activities, ports are subject to strict environmental regulations and are often located in sensitive coastal ecosystems, further highlighting the need for accurate monitoring of carbon dioxide emissions. The unique characteristics of ports, such as their complex layout, dynamic operations, and high traffic volume of heavy vehicles, pose particular challenges for carbon dioxide emission monitoring. Traditional carbon dioxide emission monitoring methods, such as activity inventory models and energy consumption-based calculations, are often insufficient for capturing real-time emissions from these sources. Therefore, there is an urgent need for innovative solutions to provide accurate and timely data on port carbon dioxide emissions. This observation is attributed to human activities [1], primarily due to the warming caused by greenhouse gases, especially carbon dioxide and methane. With the rapid development of human society, over 80 % of global trade is transported via port terminals. In recent years, the automation of container ports has led to industrial upgrades, enhancing transportation efficiency but also posing environmental challenges. Port operations and related activities consume various resources such as water, electricity, coal, and land, and inevitably damage the urban environment. They have significantly exacerbated the deterioration of air quality in coastal areas [2]. According to the International Maritime Organization's \"Fourth IMO Greenhouse Gas Study 2020\", current shipping greenhouse gas emissions account for 2.89 % of the total global greenhouse gas emissions. Ports, as one of the main pillars of the shipping industry, have a substantial share in the overall environmental impact generated by maritime trade and activities [3]. As highlighted in the 2023 Emissions Gap Report by the United Nations Environment Program, the global temperature benchmarks are persistently being surpassed, with greenhouse gas emissions attaining unprecedented levels in 2022. The realm of global port emission regulation is marred by the lack of stringent emission reduction efforts from high-income, high-emission nations, coupled with an inadequate control over emission increments in low-income, low-emission countries, thereby exacerbating the discharge of port-related pollutants. The environmental challenges, including pollution at global ports, have precipitated a discord between port facilities and urban environments. In response, local governmental bodies and international entities have been instrumental in devising a spectrum of policies aimed at mitigating the emissions of CO\({}_{2}\), SO\({}_{X}\), NO\({}_{2}\), and NH\({}_{3}\) from port operations, thereby curbing the progression of ocean acidification [4]. The array of extant port emission mitigation strategies encompasses several pivotal dimensions: fiscal incentives predicated on port considerations, optimization of energy consumption and transition, deployment of energy conservation and emission reduction technologies, institutional of carbon dioxide emission trading mechanisms, and stringent carbon dioxide emission monitoring and reporting protocols.