esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 5 Conclusions  
In this brief, we have proposed an internal folded multilevel 2-D DWT architecture of better hardware efficiency. Three-input parallel clock-to-data misalignment line-based scanning method is used and architectures with different clock-to-data ratios for different levels are implemented. We have applied this architecture to the compression chips. Compared with the non-parallel structure of [14], the proposed architecture sacrifices 2.03 times TC for 4 times increase in throughput rate, which results in 49.16% less TDP. Compared with the folded structure of [8], the proposed architecture involves 2 times higher throughput rate and 9.71 times less TC, which result in 94.85% less TDP. Compared with the structure of [9], the proposed architecture involves 2 times higher throughput rate and 1.139 times less TC, which result in 56.09% less TDP. Even compared with the structure of [10], which has the same throughput rate, the proposed architecture involves 1.43 times less TC, which results in 30.04% less TDP. Compared with the structure of [12], the proposed architecture sacrifices 1.17 times TC for 1.5 times increase in throughput rate, which results in 22.4% less TDP. For S = 16, compared with the structure of [12], the proposed architecture sacrifices 1.11 times TC for 1.5 times increase in throughput rate, which results in 25.77% less TDP. On the whole, the proposed architecture achieves less TDP than others, about at least 22.4% for S = 8 and 25.77% for S = 16 better than all the existing architectures. Moreover, the ASIC synthesis result shows that the proposed architecture is 30.6% smaller in ADP than the existing parallel architectures of S = 8.  
All authors contributed equally to this work.  
This research was funded by the Science and Technology on Electro-Optical Information Security Control Laboratory under Grant No. JCKY2019210C053.  
This work was supported in part by the Program for New Century Excellent Talents in University of China.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 3 Experiments and Analysis
### Subjective Evaluation  
Figure 4 showcases the visual results obtained from our proposed method and seven comparison methods. To ensure a comprehensive evaluation across diverse underwater scenes, we deliberately selected different types of images for the experimental comparison. The findings reveal distinct characteristics for each method. UDCP demonstrates a dehazing effect but exhibits an overall greenish hue, failing to effectively eliminate significant color biases in underwater images. Fusion-based approaches effectively enhance the image contrast but exhibit tendencies towards over-enhancement and introduce substantial amounts of red noise in certain images. UGAN suffers from localized over-enhancement and inadequate recovery of image details. Water-Net and CWR exhibit varying degrees of color bias when handling low-light underwater scenes, resulting in an uneven color distribution and insufficient preservation of fine textures. Feature-fusion-based methods, such as MSBDN-DFF and FFA-Net, succeed in reducing image blurring caused by underwater scattered light, but lack sufficient color correction capabilities, leading to a subpar restoration of the original colors with an overall blue-green bias. In contrast, our method excels in enhancing underwater images by providing visually clearer texture details of marine plants and coral reefs, more vivid fish colors, and accurate reproduction of divers' skin tones. It consistently demonstrates an excellent performance in restoring underwater image details, mitigating the effects of scattered light and effectively correcting color biases across multiple scenes.
###### Abstract  
Integrated multitrophic aquaculture (IMTA) is a versatile technology emerging as an ecological and sustainable solution for traditional monoculture aquacultures in terms of effluent treatment. Nevertheless, IMTA is still poorly applied in aquaculture industry due to, among other reasons, the lack of effective, low-investment and low-maintenance solutions. In this study, one has developed a practical and low maintenance IMTA-pilot system, settled in a semi-intensive coastal aquaculture. The optimisation and performance of the system was validated using _Ulva_ spp., a macroalgae that naturally grows in the fishponds of the local aquaculture. Several cultivation experiments were performed at lab-scale and in the IMTA-pilot system, in static mode. The specific growth rate (SGR), yield, nutrient removal, N and C enrichment, protein and pigment content were monitored. _Ulva_ spp. successfully thrived in effluent from the fish species sea bream (_Spartus aurata_) and sea bass (_Dicentranchus labrax_) production tanks and significantly reduced inorganic nutrient load in the effluent, particularly, NH\({}_{4}\)+, PO\({}_{4}\)3\({}^{-}\) and NO\({}_{3}\)\({}^{-}\). The enrichment of nitrogen in _Ulva_ spp.'s tissues indicated nitrogen assimilation by the algae, though, the cultivated _Ulva_ spp. showed lower amounts of protein and pigments in comparison to the wild type. This study indicates that the designed IMTA-pilot system is an efficient solution for fish effluent treatment and _Ulva_ spp., a suitable effluent remediator.  
Keywords: estuary; macroalgae; effluent; bioremediation; aquaculture; sustainability; stable isotopes +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences
## 5 Component Cost and Financial Assumption
### Grid Extension Component Cost  
In this study, in order to verify the feasibility of minigrid power supply to Kibran Gabriel island, BGED was determined using Equation (7). For the BGED analysis, the minimum grid extension capital cost of USD 23,000/km and O&M cost of USD 200/km were considered [46]. With the government subsidies, a grid power price of USD 0.06/kWh is taken for the analysis according to Ethiopian Electric Utility revised tariff [47].
## 5 Proposed WNoC Design
### Antenna Configuration inside a Chip  
In this paper, we consider a chip with a typical dimension of 20 \(\times\) 20 mm\({}^{2}\) consisting of various layers of materials available in a standard chip. The basic layers of a chip are shown in Figure 6, and its properties in Table 1. At the top of the chip, heat sinks and heat spreaders play a crucial role in dissipating heat away from the chip due to their excellent thermal conductivity. Materials such as silicon carbide (SiC), beryllium oxide (BeO), and aluminum nitride (AlN) are commonly used as heat spreaders. The silicon layer serves as the foundation for the transistors, while the polyimide layer facilitates electromagnetic propagation due to its low dielectric constant. A more detailed structure can be found in [46].  
Figure 4: On-chip zigzag and dipole antenna.  
Figure 5: \(|S_{11}|\) of dipole and zigzag antenna under polyimide substrate.  
Figure 6: Basic layers inside a multi-chip processor with the proposed antenna placement.  
In a multi-core processor, interconnect wires are typically made out of copper and are arranged orthogonally to each other, following a Manhattan architecture [47], and they can be categorized into three main types: global, semi-global, and local [2]. Global interconnects are primarily used for tasks such as power supply, clock distribution, or long-range communications, covering substantial distance within the processor. Semi-global interconnects serve inter-block communication within a single processing core, typically covering shorter distances compared with global ones. Finally, local interconnects are responsible for connecting transistors within a unit, serving a more localized function within the core. This large grid-like structure necessitates a very high mesh density to accurately capture the electromagnetic behavior in the THz band. Consequently, this increased mesh density significantly raises the demand for computational resources. To address this, in HFSS simulation, we represent them by condensing them into a single sheet of copper.
## 3 Results
### Effects of CW and CLRF on HSF Activity  
CCK-8 assay was widely used for cell proliferation and cytotoxicity assays, and was able to examine the effect of the sample on cell viability. Figure 3A shows the effect of different volume fractions of CLRF and CW on HSF activity. When the sample volume fraction was between 0.25% and 2%, the HSF survival rate was above 85% and the cell survival rate increased with the sample volume fraction. At sample volume fractions of 1% and 2%, CLRF and CW had proliferative effects on HSF. CLRF was less cytotoxic to HSF than CW, with a highly significant difference between CLRF and CW at a volume fraction of 2% (\(p<0.001\)).  
The protective effects of CLRF and CW on H\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{2}\)-induced damage to HSF at 0.5%, 1% and 2% volume fractions were examined, as shown in Figure 3B. Cell survival was dramatically reduced after H\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{2}\) damage. The protective effects of CLRF and CW were found to increase with the increase in volume fraction compared to the damage model group. Overall, the protective effects of CLRF on the cells were stronger and there was a highly significant difference between CLRF and CW at a volume fraction of 2% (\(p<0.001\)). In conclusion, considering the growth conditions of the cells, CLRF and CW at a volume fraction of 2% were used for subsequent experiments.  
Figure 3: Effects of CLRF and CW on HSF cells viability total antioxidant capacity and ROS content: (**A**) Effects of different concentrations of CLRF and CW on cell viability; (**B**) Protective effects of different concentrations of CLRF and CW on HSF cells after H\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{2}\)-induced damage; (**C**) Total antioxidant capacity of CLRF and CW; (**D**) Ability of CLRF and CW to scavenge ROS. CW: Coix seed water extract; CLRF: Coix seed _Lactobacillus reuteri_ fermentation broth; C: control group; M: H\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{2}\) damage model group. Each value is expressed as mean \(\pm\) SD (\(n=3\)). (*: \(p<0.05\), **: \(p<0.01\), ***: \(p<0.001\), ns \(>0.05\), versus model group, ***: \(p<0.001\), versus control group).
# A Study on a Scenario-Based Security Incident Prediction System for Cybersecurity
## 6 The MITRE Corporation ATT&CK Framework Analysis  
The ATT&CK (Adversary Tactics and Techniques, Common Knowledge) framework was developed through research initiated by the non-profit research and development organization MITRE, which originally started as an entity performing work related to U.S. national security. However, with the rise of cyberattacks and security breaches between nations, additional research was conducted, leading to the creation of the framework [27].  
The framework provided by ATT&CK consists of a 14-step attack strategy process based on real adversarial activities conducted through networks [28]. It includes processes that utilize various tactics, techniques, procedures, and attack tools. Understanding the ATT&CK framework requires an understanding of the 14-step strategy process, which is based on the concept of the cyber kill chain [29].  
The cyber kill chain is one of the most well-known models for analyzing cyberattacks. It originates from military terminology, where the goal is not to intercept a missile after it is  
Figure 3: Relay server collection method.  
launched but to prevent the launch altogether through preemptive action. This concept was adapted to the cyber domain [30].  
MITRE ATT&CK is an acronym for \"Adversarial Tactics, Techniques, and Common Knowledge,\" and serves as a repository of the latest attack techniques used by adversaries. After observing real cyberattack cases, the framework analyzes the behaviors of adversaries from the perspective of tactics and techniques, categorizing and listing the various attack methods employed by different attack groups in a standardized data format.  
The MITRE ATT&CK framework visualizes the concepts and relationships between tactics and techniques. Each tactic contains various techniques, and as of April 2021, the ATT&CK Enterprise version provides information on 14 tactics, 185 techniques, and 367 sub-techniques. The ATT&CK matrix information is displayed as shown in Figure 4 below.  
MITRE ATT&CK describes 14 strategic stages, and as of January 2023, it categorizes 224 tactics that are used to achieve these strategies. The ATT&CK framework contains a variety of tactics corresponding to each strategy. Over the years, many companies and organizations have adopted this framework, and as the importance of security continues to grow, IT security professionals emphasize the necessity of utilizing it [31].  
Consequently, more companies, organizations, and even government agencies or specific service communities are adopting the ATT&CK framework to develop threat models and methodologies. In this study, we aim to create rules for detecting tactics corresponding to each strategy based on MITRE ATT&CK, and we will generate scenarios for detecting logs that match suspicious network and data leakage attacks.  
To achieve this, we first analyzed the ATT&CK-based attack tactics and software commonly used by major hacker groups and proceeded to classify the ATT&CK techniques that could be utilized in this research [32].
# Damage Identification Based on Adding Mass for Liquid-Solid Coupling Structures
## 5 Damage Identification Experiment of a Liquid Storage Tank
### Damage Identification
#### 5.4.2 Multiple Damages  
According to Section 5.4.1, the frequencies, after each substructure is added with 2.1 kg of mass, can be obtained, as shown in Figure 27. It appears that the frequencies of \(S_{6,3}\) and \(S_{6,1}\) are significantly lower than those of other substructures at the same height, which indicates that both substructures are damaged.  
Based on the experimentally measured frequencies of the damaged substructure and Figure 26, it appears that the thicknesses, corresponding to the damage frequencies, are 2.75 mm and 2.73 mm, which are close to the experimental value of 3 mm. Therefore, the adding mass method is shown to identify the multiple damages accurately for structures under the liquid-solid coupling vibration.
## 1 Introduction
### Previous Work  
NVIS radio systems were used in New Orleans, but not to their full potential. Most practical organizations refer to the book of [PERSON] and [PERSON] [5] on NVIS, which only provides generic information. A large volume of NVIS research exists, but it is scattered over 70 years and a wide range of media. To improve access to it, the authors published an overview article on NVIS that refers to 128 NVIS publications, organized per subject [15]. To support work from other groups that optimize High Frequency (HF) antennas for mobile platforms [16; 17; 18] and fixed installations [19; 20]. The authors provided elevation angle measurements and raytracing simulations [21] to extend graphs published by [PERSON] [22] and [PERSON] [6]. These now include the influence of frequency and sunspot number. Furthermore, the authors showed that the bi-refractive properties of the ionosphere could be used to transmit two isolated waves on the same frequency for diversity and Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) [23]. [PERSON] et al. demonstrated their application in an HF MIMO system [24]. Precise measurements of the authors showed that the isolation of the characteristic waves in the ionosphere is at least 25-35 dB [25] and they described the 'Happy Hour' propagation phenomenon for the first time. Nearly perfectly circular polarization was observed on a 105-km-long NVIS path from north to south at 52.7\({}^{\circ}\)N. Night-time observations on frequencies above the maximum usable frequency (MUF) were reported earlier by [PERSON] and [PERSON] [26; 27]. The authors showed that, at night-time above the critical frequency, the received waves become unpolarized and exhibit fluttery fading [28]. Very similar characteristics were observed when a solar X-ray flare inhibited the NVIS path between transmitter and receiver [28].
## 5 Results and Discussion
### In-Depth Analysis of Feature Importance and Dependencies  
In this study, the SHAP algorithm's feature importance values were used in the process of optimizing the weights for the CDI equation. This method not only calculates the importance of features but also visually represents their impact on the output through graphs. The SHAP summary plot in Figure 12 describes how individual indices affect crop yield and demonstrates their nonlinear responses.  
Extremely low NDWI has a very strong negative impact, while higher values have a relatively lower positive impact. The second most important index, TCI, also shows that higher values lead to increased crop yield, while medium and low values have a decreasing effect on crop yield. The PCI slightly increases crop yield at average values, while very low values decrease it. GPP and PCI have a similar effect; higher values lead to an increase in crop yield, while lower values have a minimal negative effect. As for SMCI, very high values cause a slightly positive effect, while medium values have a slightly negative effect. However, SMCI turned out to be the individual index with both the smallest impact size and the narrowest range of effects.  
Research examining the relationship between NDWI values and crop yield has also confirmed that NDWI values significantly impact crop yield [117]. There is no consensus  
Figure 11: Long-term time series of CDI, SPEI, and scPDSI for the districts in the test set.  
Figure 12: SHAP summary plot calculated from predictions obtained using the XGBoost method.  
on which input is the most important in these studies, as individual indices can vary greatly regionally and may have different levels of influence depending on the climatic classification of the area.  
One of the SHAP method's outputs is the dependence plots, which analyze the nonlinear effects of each input on the output. Figure 13 presents dependence plots for the six indices used in predicting crop yield. A detailed examination reveals that normalized GPP values between 0.2 and 0.3 significantly reduce crop yield, while values above 0.6 have a positive or stable effect. The NDWI plot shows a nearly monotonic positive relationship, with significant yield increases above 0.55. PCI values exhibit a decreasing effect between 0.2 and 0.35, followed by a fluctuating increase above 0.6. SMCI shows a neutral effect up to 0.75, with positive effects emerging afterward. TCI values demonstrate a negative effect up to 0.5, followed by an increase, while VCI shows a negative effect up to 0.4, turning slightly positive above 0.45. These analyses provide a comprehensive view of both the weights and nonlinear effects of the indices on crop yield.
# Analysis and Prospects of an Antarctic Krill Detection Experiment Using Drifting Sonar [PERSON]
## 4 Discussion
### Analysis of the Advantages and Disadvantages of Buoys
* Limited depth coverage: The sonar currently tested has a maximum detection depth of 150 m, which generally meets the requirements for Antarctic krill detection depth. * However, research vessels can explore deeper waters and perform multiple detection tasks including other species than the krill; in comparison, the depth of buoy detection is limited, which may pose certain restrictions when detecting other deeper species. * Possible ecological disturbance: Sonar buoys may encounter various extreme conditions on complex sea surfaces, resulting in damage and debris becoming marine litter. The team will next use biodegradable materials to reduce potential environmental impacts. Additionally, the acoustic signals emitted by active sonar may affect marine life, but for drifting sonar buoys, however, the primary species in the deployment area and the species that need protection can be considered in advance. By selecting the appropriate signal frequency, the impact of sonar sounds on the species in the deployment area can be reduced or even eliminated. * Random detection locations: Random detection locations refer to the erratic movements of buoys within a certain area as they drift with ocean currents during krill detection. The positions of the buoys are uncertain within a specific region, preventing them from reaching precise designated locations for detection. In summary, buoys have both advantages and disadvantages compared to survey vessels in krill detection. Relying solely on survey vessels in the vast Antarctic seas is insufficient; multiple detection methods are needed for a more accurate assessment of krill populations and their characteristics [47]. Thus, sonar buoys can supplement vessel-based detection. Although the current sonar buoy technology for Antarctic krill detection is not yet mature and lacks a systematic approach, it is foreseeable that with the ongoing development of sonar buoys in this area, the future will see reduced manufacturing costs, improved data quality, more rational deployment locations, and closer data connections between buoys.
# A Survey on an Energy-Efficient and Energy-Balanced Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks
## 5 Taxonomy for Energy-Efficient and Energy-Balanced Routing Protocols
### Single-Path Technique
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Year} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Single-Path**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{\multirow{3}{*}{**HIM**}} & \multirow{3}{*}{**HT**} & \multirow{3}{*}{**LA**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{\multirow{3}{*}{**Single-Path Load Distribution**}} & \multirow{3}{*}{**Optimization**} \\  & & & & & & & & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**(Decision Variables)**} & & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Approach**} \\ \cline{5-12}  & \multicolumn{1}{c}{} & & & & & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**RE**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Hop-Distance**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**HC**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**TE**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**RSS/TP**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Throughput**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**AE**} & \\ \hline  
& & & & & & H \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 5: Decision variables for single-path load-balanced tree routing towards the BS. Although the chosen decision variables in these papers [171; 172; 173] have their advantages, important decision variables such as the RE are not taken into consideration in choosing the next hop. As mentioned earlier, the importance of the RE in the design of an energy-efficient and energy-balanced routing protocol cannot be overemphasised. If the next hop node in these algorithms [171; 172; 173] is low on battery energy, the SN will deplete its energy completely while receiving or conveying the sensed information. Additionally, some of the authors in Table 5 assume that the SNs are aware of their location in designing their routing algorithm. Consequently, we grouped the single-path routing protocols that assume location-awareness in their design. Besides, as illustrated in Table 5, we group the studied single-path load-balanced tree routing protocols based on the assumed network infrastructure as homogeneous and/or heterogeneous WSN. Lastly, we classify the studied single-path routing protocols based on the optimization solution types or algorithms as shown in Table 5.
## 2 Submillimeter-Level Microwave Ranging
### MWR Payload Development
#### 2.3.2 Frequency Reference Unit  
The frequency reference units include an USO and a frequency multiplier, which provides a frequency reference for the microwave channel, signal processing unit of the MWR, and the BeiDou receiver.  
The USO is achieved by a high-stability/low-phase-noise constant-temperature oscillator design, which includes (1) an oscillator circuit and (2) a temperature control circuit. The oscillator circuit is used in order to realize low phase noise function, and includes the main Pierce oscillator circuit, amplification, a spectrum purity filter, and a power supply circuit. A continuous temperature control circuit is adopted, since it guarantees the best short-term oscillator stability (less than \(1\times 10^{-10}\)/s) and temperature frequency characteristics (\(-40\)\({}^{\circ}\)C\(\sim\)+80 \({}^{\circ}\)C).  
Frequency multipliers provide double and eight multiplier reference frequency with a power amplification, distribution, multiplication, and isolation amplification process.