## 2 Industry 5.0  
### The Emergence of Industry 5.0 as the Age of Augmentation  
Almost a decade after the term Industry 4.0 has been coined and the benefits of an interconnected, highly digitalized, and automated smart factory are well-documented in the literature, most industrial firms are still 'transitioning' to the smart manufacturing paradigm, rather than'revolutionizing' [14]. They are currently experimenting and piloting standalone solutions to establish a digital foundation that may yield in the short or medium term greater efficiency into traditional manufacturing routines [15]. Despite the fact that the 4 th industrial revolution seems to set aside the human component, the ubiquitous integration of digital and automation technologies in the industrial socio-technical framework has today spontaneously triggered the genesis of a futuristic vision of a new evolutionary stage where the human and machine reconcile and work in perfect symbiosis with one another (Figure 1). After the last two 'industrial ages'--the Age of Automation (Industry 3.0) and the Digital Age (Industry 4.0)--where smarter and smarter connected devices and computer technologies have automated manufacturing processes and workflows, the next 'age'--the Age of Augmentation (Industry 5.0)--will be focused on the cooperation between human intelligence and cognitive computing and on treating automation as a further enhancement of the human's physical, sensorial, and cognitive capabilities [16]. By putting humans back into the loop, Industry 5.0 profoundly restructures human tasks in the realm of manufacturing in ways that benefit the workers. They will be upskilled to shift from manual to cognitive labor [17], to provide value-added tasks in production and to work--with peace of mind--alongside an autonomous workforce, i.e., collaborative robots, that will be perceptive and informed about human intention and desire [18]. Although this discourse may appear premature and Industry 5.0 literature does not exist yet, the 5 th industrial revolution is already underway among the enterprises that are just now adopting the principles of Industry 4.0. Recent years have indeed assisted in drawing attention to the human-centric design of CPPS [19] and to the genesis of the 'Operator 4.0', defined as a hybrid agent established as the product of a symbiotic relationship between the human and the machine [20]. The impact of the technologies enabling the Operator 4.0 on human perception, cognition and interaction capabilities is explained in Figure 2. Coined as an enabler for computers to perceive the world, the Internet of Things (IoT) paradigm evolved now full circle to aim at enriching the human perception of the CPPS (and of the environment in general) with a multitude of sensing devices and technologies. Nonetheless, the abundance of data generated by such devices has not been yet fully exploited in a production environment [21]. Augmented cognitive capabilities are needed to process, understand and analyze this amount of data to get valuable information from it. Technologies enhancing cognitive capabilities do not only include those belonging to the Artificial Intelligence (AI) sphere--i.e., cognitive computing, computer vision, knowledge representation, machine learning, recommender systems and planning, scheduling and optimization algorithms. They also include simulation for what-if scenario analysis, big data analytics, cloud computing (that provides on-demand resources, especially data storage and computing power) and virtual reality (for training and experiential learning purposes). In order to move towards more cognitive and intelligent spaces [22], human workers are also asked to cooperate with the CPPS and complement the robotic and virtual world of the automated production system  
Figure 1: Moving to the fifth industrial revolution or Industry 5.0: the Age of Augmentation. through novel technologies enabling faster and more intuitive workflows [23].