esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# End-Effectors Developed for Citrus and Other Spherical Crops
## 3 Picking Performance Tests
### Single-Factor Tests
#### 3.3.1 Influence of Stepper Motor Speed on Picking Performance  
The stepper motor speed controls the movement speed of this clamping mechanism. After the initial debugging of the stepper motor, it was found that when the stepper motor speed exceeded 300 r/min, the end-effector system was extremely unstable and caused damage to the fruit. Therefore, this paper selects the stepper motor speeds 200, 225, 250, 275, and 300 r/min for single-factor experimental research; analysis of the stepper motor speed changes on the impact of picking performance.  
According to Figure 13 below, the picking success rate was the first to rise and then fall as the speed of stepper motor increased, and the picking success rate was the largest at 250 r/min, which could reach 95.23%; the single fruit picking time decreased as the speed of the stepper motor increased, and the single fruit picking time was the least at 300 r/min, and the picking time was 4.66 s, but in some situations, the picked citrus fruits had skin abrasion. It can be concluded that in order to ensure a better picking success rate, the speed of the stepper motor should be set to 250 r/min.  
Figure 12: Picking test diagram of the end-effector.  
Figure 13: Effect of different stepper motor speeds on picking performance.
## 2 Datasets and Methods
### Mapping of Local Climate Zones  
A field survey was conducted to identify Local Climate Zones (LCZs) in the city, guided by the standard template as described by [PERSON] et al. [15]. The LCZs identified were the compact midrise (LCZ2), the compact lowrise (LCZ3), open midrise (LCZ6), lightweight lowrise (LCZ7), dense forest (LCZA), low plants (LCZD), and water (LCZG). Compact midrise and compact lowrise were mainly found in the CBD and industrial areas congested in the center of the city. Buildings which could be classified as compact highrise and open highrise were also found in and around the CBD. However, they were few and insufficient to constitute a local climate zone and were merged with a closest category. Ground control points of representative samples of each LCZ were collected using a handheld GPS. The points were overlaid on Google Earth imagery coinciding with the date of the Landsat data (used for LCZ mapping). In Google Earth, polygons were digitized to create samples to train classification of each LCZ category as prescribed by the World Urban Database and Access Portal Tool (WUDAPT) procedure [21; 59; 60]. LCZ mapping was conducted using the Random Forest Classifier in SAGA GIS software, as guided by  
Figure 1: Location of the study area in Zimbabwe (**a**) and heterogeneity of land surface property using RGB = 432 of Landsat 8 data (**b**).  
the WUDAPT procedure. Post-classification accuracy assessment was determined using Overall Accuracy (OA), Kappa (k), Producer Accuracy (PA), and User Accuracy (UA) as quantitative measures.
## 3 Results
### Preliminary Feasibility Studies  
#### 3.2.1 Tensile Tests and Strength Verification  
The exemplary stress-strain curves at room temperature shown in Figure 5 indicate a generally very ductile behavior of the SLM samples of 1.4404 with a large elastic range (about 15%). Likewise, this is reflected in the high values for uniform elongation \(A_{g}\) and elongation at break \(A\) (see also Table 1).  
When moving to higher temperatures, the ultimate tensile strength decreases as expected (see Table 1). The decrease is significantly greater from RT to 300 \({}^{\circ}\)C with 0.69 (N/mm\({}^{2}\))/K than from 300 \({}^{\circ}\)C to 425 \({}^{\circ}\)C with 0.18 (N/mm\({}^{2}\))/K.  
At room temperature (RT), the high ultimate tensile strengths \(R_{m}\) of around 750 N/mm\({}^{2}\) are achieved for the horizontally and the 45\({}^{\circ}\) angle fabricated tensile samples. The \(R_{m}\) of the vertically manufactured samples is lower, at around 700 N/mm\({}^{2}\). Additionally, at temperatures of 300 \({}^{\circ}\)C and 425 \({}^{\circ}\)C, the tensile strength of the upright fabricated samples is lower than those of the other two spatial directions. The influence of the building direction was already shown by [PERSON] et al. [26]. The observed behavior was traced back to the elongation of the grains and the orientation of the deposited layers. While in the horizontal specimens the force acts along the individual fused fibers, the individual layers are pulled apart in the vertical specimens.  
The strength evaluations of the individual pressure-loaded structures of ADDmeth1 according to AD2000 regulations (see Section 2.4) were performed using the minimum determined technical elastic limit \(R_{p0.2}\) at the appropriate design temperature. Due to the fact that creep effects for 1.4404 are only relevant for temperatures above approx. 315 \({}^{\circ}\)C [27] and due to the low strains compared to those investigated by [PERSON] et al. [28], it seems reasonable to use \(R_{p0.2}\) and not the creep strength for the calculations. Table 2 lists the examined reactor structures, the assumed parameters for the calculations and the resulting safety factors. The results show that the safety factors for the reaction channel and the heat pipes are well above the required safety factor of 1.5. When comparing the safety factors for the reactor outer wall without (theoretic) and with (as built) lattice structure, its influence becomes clear. Without the structure, the criterion against yielding is just achieved, whereas the value with the lattice structure increases due to the many contact points. The weakest points here are the contact points of the lattice structure with the outer wall. The safety factor against the tensile forces occurring there is 5.1.
## 8 Conclusions  
The proposed eLPRT protocol introduces several features designed to enhance the performance in comparison to the IEEE 802.15.4 schemes. Results showed that, in the considered evaluation scenario, the eLPRT protocol is able to support the traffic of much more nodes than the unsloted CSMA/CA scheme of IEEE 802.15.4 while consuming significantly less energy.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c c} \hline  & \(Ch=22\) & \(n_{j}=1\) & \(n_{j}=3\) & \(n_{j}=5\) \\ \hline
**DR without retransmissions** & 61.2\% & 91.8\% & 92.5\% & 89.6\% \\
**DR with retransmissions** & 77.9\% & 97.7\% & 99.8\% & 100\% \\
**Recovered packets** & 43.0\% & 72.0\% & 97.3\% & 100\% \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 4: Experimental results concerning the use of the frequency hopping mechanism.  
Figure 15: Spectrum of the 802.11g interference.  
Regarding the comparison with the GTS scheme of the IEEE 802.15.4, the fine granularity of the slots provided by the eLPRT protocol eliminates the wasted bandwidth due to the underutilization of the GTS slots. The provision of the Allocation Identifier (AID) allows the eLPRT allocation descriptor to maintain the same size of the GTS descriptor. The ACK bitmap mechanism eliminates the overhead associated with the transmission of an ACK frame for each uplink data packet, increasing bandwidth efficiency. The reallocation mechanism provided by the eLPRT protocol allows nodes to transmit data in the allocated slots even when the beacon of that superframe is lost, increasing the reliability against channel errors.  
The contention-free retransmission mechanism provided by the eLPRT protocol can be used to increase the delivery ratio, with only a small increment in the node energy consumption. Its effectiveness increases if a mechanism to increase the robustness of the beacon is also provided.  
The frequency hopping mechanism, in combination with the retransmission mechanism, enables the exploration of frequency diversity to recover from transmission errors caused by interference from an IEEE 802.11 network. The effectiveness is higher if the channel jump is long enough to guarantee that the interference does not affect two consecutive superframes.
## 1 Introduction  
The increase in the atmospheric CO\({}_{2}\) concentration increases the potential of blanketing heat within the Earth's atmosphere, thereby increasing the Earth's atmospheric temperatures as well as those of land and water bodies. Higher than normal concentrations of carbon dioxide, together with other GHGs, are the major causes of environmental imbalances leading to global warming and climate change. The motivation for this research was to contribute to the measures taken to mitigate global warming caused by the cement industry. The production of OPC, a common binder used in the building and civil engineering sectors, is an anthropogenic source that significantly increases the amount of CO\({}_{2}\) in the atmosphere [1]. The cement industry is responsible for the generation of approximately 6% of anthropogenic CO\({}_{2}\) emissions worldwide. Therefore, there is a need to decrease the carbon footprint of the cement industry as it pertains to the production technology by decreasing the OPC clinker produced by itself without decreasing the cement output, considering this reduction in the quantity of OPC produced from the cement industry. In addition, it can significantly affect the reduction in CO\({}_{2}\) emissions and its attendant global warming effect. Furthermore, there is potential for OPC replacement materials to further enhance the reduction in CO\({}_{2}\); therefore, there is a need to increase the scope of the materials that can be admixed with OPC [2]. According to the Cement Chemist Notation (CCN), \(\gamma\)-C\({}_{2}\)S is a candidate OPC replacement material in this context, which can further serve the purpose of CO\({}_{2}\) capture. To this end, it is necessary to verify the performance of CO\({}_{2}\) capture by the carbonation of \(\gamma\)-C\({}_{2}\)S, and research on the rate of CO\({}_{2}\) diffusion and carbonation in cement is necessary.  
This study focuses on the phenomenon of diffusion of CO\({}_{2}\) into hardened cement pastes and the resulting carbonation. The diffusion of CO\({}_{2}\) is a physical process, whereas carbonation is a chemical process. CO\({}_{2}\) is diffused from an area of high CO\({}_{2}\) concentration at the surface to the inside core of the cement mortar with a lower CO\({}_{2}\) concentration [3,4]. Therefore, this study examined whether the diffusion of CO\({}_{2}\) in OPC/\(\gamma\)-C\({}_{2}\)S composite paste specimens follows conventional laws of diffusion ([PERSON]'s laws) and how the carbonation products formed in the pores, CaCO\({}_{3}\), affect the diffusion process and the extent of the CO\({}_{2}\) capture from such bodies. The experiment described below addressed both diffusion and carbonation.
# Evaluating the Impact of Artificial Saliva Formulations on Stainless Steel Integrity
###### Abstract  
The biocompatibility and long-term stability of stainless steel orthodontic devices are critically influenced by their corrosion resistance in the oral environment. This study evaluates the effect of three artificial saliva formulations--Afnor (pH 7.64), Fletcher (pH 8.07, fluoride-containing), and Fusayama/Meyer (pH 6.34, acidic)--on the surface integrity and chemical behavior of 316L stainless steel over 7 and 28 days. A multi-technique approach was employed, including SEM imaging, EDX elemental mapping, XRF analysis, microhardness testing (Vickers), and the monitoring of key physico-chemical parameters (pH, conductivity, salinity, and TDS). The results indicate that Afnor saliva maintains alloy stability with minimal surface damage while Fusayama/Meyer promotes pitting corrosion and selective leaching of Fe and Ni. Fletcher saliva led to the formation of crystalline corrosion products and significant surface hardening, likely due to the interaction of fluoride with the passive layer. Microhardness values increased across all samples after 28 days, most notably in the Fletcher condition (from 191.3 HV to 256.9 HV). These findings provide valuable insights into the time-dependent degradation mechanisms of orthodontic stainless steel in varied salivary environments, emphasizing the importance of simulating realistic oral conditions in corrosion testing. The study contributes to the optimization of material selection and surface treatment strategies for improved biocompatibility in dental applications.  
artificial saliva; 316L stainless steel; oral environment +
Footnote †: journal: Applied sciences
## 4 Method Analysis and Control Strategy Development
### Motor Rotary Velocity Regulation Control Algorithm
#### 4.1.1 PID Algorithm  
The PID control algorithm has the characteristics of a simple structure and the ability to achieve effective control even when no mathematical model of the research object is available. It has become a common control algorithm for motor rotary velocity regulation. The control principle diagram of a motor rotary velocity control system, based on a PID algorithm, is shown in Figure 6. The input of the PID controller is the difference between the target rotary velocity and the actual rotary velocity of the motor, and the output is the torque command signal for the motor. The PID controller is mainly controlled by adjusting the three control parameters, which are the proportional, integral, and differential coefficients, to achieve the following target values. The goal of the PID controller in this  
Figure 5: Shift control flow chart of gears 01–11.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Control Algorithm** & **Advantages** & **Disadvantages** \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{PID} & The principle of the algorithm is simple; & Conventional PID algorithm is prone to \\  & Effective control can be achieved even when the & problems such as excessive adjustment time and \\  & model of the controlled object is not known. & excessive overshoot; \\  & & model of the controlled object is not known. & The ability to adapt to model parameter changes \\  & & and interference is poor. \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Bang-bang} & Response time is fast. & It is easy to cause overshoot and fluctuation and \\  & Response time is fast. & reduce the system accuracy. The steady-state \\  & & error is large. \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Fuzzy logic} & Fuzzy controller has good robustness and does not & \\  & depend on accurate mathematical model. & There is static error; \\  & It is suitable for nonlinear and large time-delay & Poor tracking quality. \\  & control systems. & \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{PID–bang-bang–fuzzy} & PID–bang-bang–fuzzy & composite controller has \\  & good quality in robustness, steady-state error and & The structure of the control algorithm is complex. \\  & dynamic tracking performance. & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 5: Comparison of characteristics of motor rotary velocity regulation control algorithms.  
study was to make the actual rotary velocity of the motor (\(n_{actual}\)) follow the target rotary velocity (\(n_{target}\)).  
The output of the PID controller was the command, \(u(k)\), sent to the controlled object:  
\[u(k)=K_{p}e(k)+K_{i}\int_{0}^{t}e(t)dt+K_{d}\frac{de(t)}{dt}, \tag{21}\]  
where \(e(k)\) is the error between the target rotary velocity and the actual rotary velocity; \(K_{p}\) is the proportional gain coefficient; \(K_{i}\) is the integral gain coefficient; \(K_{d}\) is the differential gain coefficient.
# A Self-Color-Changing Film with Periodic Nanostructure for Anti-Counterfeit Application
## 2 Concept and Structure Design
### Description of the Proposed Film  
The structure of a proposed film in Figure 1 consists primarily of a conductor (metal) and an insulator (polymer). Metal is made into nanocubes. The size of each cube within the polymer is less than the wavelength (\(\lambda\)) of light, in order to induce the color change due to the plasmonic phenomenon [40]. In 2014, [PERSON] et al. [41], and in 2020, [PERSON] et al. [38], presented plasmonic transmittance spectra of nanometal particles. They both found that the plasmonic behavior can be observed by the presence of a convex curve (or a notch) in the transmittance spectra, indicating a resonant frequency. The wavelength at the lowest point of the convex curve is called the resonant wavelength [41]. If a resonance wavelength occurs, it indicates the existence of a plasmonic phenomenon in metal, which causes the change in the color of the particles. In our research, we study the plasmonic behavior of metals from transmittance. The size of the metallic nanoparticles can be varied to obtain a desired resonant frequency. The array arrangement of such particles can form a frequency-selective surface (FSS).  
The proposed film is a thin PET film of a few microns. It has three layers. The first is a flexible and highly transparent PET layer [42]. This insulating substrate layer is approximately 1 micron thick. The second layer is an array of metallic nanocubes with an initial size of 110 nm, uniformly spreading over the entire surface of the substrate. The spacing between the nanocube is filled with PET. The nanocube is made of aluminum, which has good plasmonic properties and is inexpensive [43]. The last layer is a PET coating on top of the nanocube. It is approximately 1 micron thick to prevent air from oxidizing the aluminum. Light is incident upon the film surface either from the top or the bottom and it  
Figure 1: Proposed metachrosisable nano-film.  
transmits through to the other side. The total film thickness is around 2.2 microns and the structure is symmetrical with respect to the XY plane.
# Adaptive Pre/Post-Compensation of Cascade Filters in Coherent Optical Transponders
###### Abstract  
We propose an adaptive joint pre- and post-compensation to correct the filtering effects caused by cascading reconfigurable optical add drop multiplexers (ROADMs). The improvement is achieved without using additional hardware (HW) on the link or within the signal processor in the transponders. Using Monte Carlo simulations, the gradient-descent based method shows an improvement of [PERSON] dB and 1.1 dB in the required optical signal-to-noise ratio (R-OSNR) at the threshold pre-decoder bit error rate (BER) of 0.02 versus pre-compensation only in the linear and nonlinear operating region of fiber respectively. We experimentally verified the method with lab measurements in the presence of heavy filtering and optical impairments. We observed a gain up to ~[PERSON] dB compared to typically used pre-compensation only. Additionally, other tangible system benefits of our method are listed and discussed.  
optical communications; filtering effects; long-haul; pre-emphasis; coherent communications; joint-optimization +
Footnote †: journal: Future Internet
## 3 Materials and Methods
### Evaluation
#### 3.4.1 Standard Metrics  
Essential evaluation metrics usually used to illustrate the performance of the classifiers are:  
* accuracy (ACC), percentage of correct classifications, calculated as \[ACC=\frac{TP+TN}{TP+TN+FP+FN}\] (4)
* sensitivity, recall, or true positive rate (TPR) \[TPR=\frac{TP}{TP+FN}\] (5)
* specificity, or true negative rate (TNR) \[TNR=\frac{TN}{TN+FP}\] (6)
* false negative rate (FNR) \[FNR=\frac{FN}{FN+TP}=1-TPR\] (7)* false positive rate (FPR) \[FPR=\frac{FP}{FP+TN}=1-TNR\] (8)
* F1 score \[F1=2\frac{PPV*TPR}{PPV+TPR}.\] (9)  
where \(TP\) stands for the number of correctly predicted positive classes, \(TN\) is the number of correctly predicted negative classes, \(FP\) is the number of samples incorrectly predicted as positive classes, and finally, \(FN\) is the number of samples incorrectly predicted as negative classes. In the case of class imbalance, accuracy is not a good metric. Instead, the \(F1\) score is defined as the harmonic mean of precision (PPV, where \(PPV=\frac{TP}{TP+FP}\)) and recall, designed to work well on imbalanced data.  
Also, it is a standard technique for summarizing classifier performance (for a balanced dataset) to produce a receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC), which represents the false positive rate (FPR) versus the true positive rate (TPR), and the corresponding area under the curve (AUC) is calculated. We note that when dealing with imbalanced datasets, it is more appropriate to use a precision-recall curve instead of an ROC curve. The former curve summarizes the trade-off between the true-positive rate and the positive predictive value for a predictive model using different probability thresholds. In the HEP, it is common to interpret the ROC curve in terms of signal efficiency (the true-positive rate) vs. background rejection (true negative rate). Also, physicists are often interested in other metrics, like signal efficiency at some fixed level of background rejection.  
There exist many metrics for classification models, but for particle detector triggers, it is essential to detect as many interesting events as possible in addition to accuracy. Therefore, the trigger algorithm should operate at a very low FNR. On the other hand, low FPR ensures staying within the available trigger bandwidth but does not impact the success of the analysis.
# Progress on the Studies of the Key Enzymes of Ginsnoside Biosynthesis
## 4 Squiene Synthase  
Squiene synthase (SS) catalyzes the first enzymatic step from the central isoprenoid pathway toward sterol and tr triterpen biosynthesis. It is responsible for the biosynthesis of squalene by condensing two molecules of FPP, a key precursor in phytosterol and triterpene biosynthesis. _P. ginseng_ has three functional SS genes. [PERSON] et al. [20] isolated a full-length cDNA of SS, named PgSSI, from leaf cDNA library of _P. ginseng_. The deduced amino acids of PgSSI was 84.1%, 75.78%, 81.45% and 71.33% identical to those of _Glycine max_, _A. thaliana_, _Nicotiana tabucum_ and _Oryza sativa_, respectively. The plant expression vector of the PgSSI gene was constructed to upregulate gene expression in _P. ginseng_ adventitious root. The results showed that the expression of all downstream genes including SQE and AS was upregulated, resulting in the increased levels of phytosterols and ginsengides. These studies indicate that PgSSI plays a regulatory role in phytosterol and ginseng biosynthesis. [PERSON] et al. [21]cloned the other two homologous genes of PgSS1, named PgSS2 and PgSS3, from a _P. ginseng_ expression sequence tag (EST) library. Functional complementation analysis revealed that ectopic expression of PgSS1, PgSS2 and PgSS3 in the yeast erg9 mutant strain lacking SS activity restored ergosterol prototrophy. In situ hybridization analysis showed that these three genes had different transcriptional levels in different organs of _P. ginseng_. These results indicate that expression patterns of these three SS genes are different, but they are all involved in the synthesis of squalene. [PERSON] et al. [22] introduced the SS gene of _P. ginseng_ into _Eleutherooccus senticosus_ by Agrobacteriumium-mediated transformation. The results revealed that the increased SS activity significantly improved the production of phytosterols and triterpenoids, suggesting that SS is a key enzyme for ginseng biosynthesis. [PERSON] et al. [23] constructed a SS interference expression vector of _P. ginseng_ and introduced it into _P. ginseng_ callus by Agrobacteriumium-mediated transformation. Compared with the non-transformed callus, the expression level of SS in transformed callus decreased and the ginsengosides also had certain changes. These results indicate that SS is a key enzyme of ginseng biosynthesis and the yields of ginseng can be regulated by inhibiting SS gene expression. [PERSON] et al. [24] cloned SS from _P. notoginseng_ and investigated its recombinant expression and preliminary enzyme activity. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that the deduced PnSS protein had a high identity of 98.07% with PgSS1 from _P. ginseng_. These observations suggest that biochemical activities of SS are essential for the production of triterpenes and phytosterols in _Panax_ species.