esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# On the Evaluation of Complex Networks Designs for an Energy-Efficient IP/WDM Core Network
## 1 Introduction
In this work, with the implemented topology designs on the NSFNet, we have achieved power savings of up to 27% more than the previously proposed topology. * Implemented complex network designs, such as implementing the small-world, scale-free, and random networks on the NSFNet while maintaining the location of the nodes as well as the number of edges. * We have optimized the implemented new NSFNet physical topology (small-world, scale-free, and random) using [PERSON]'s MILP model under different traffic loads and time zones. * We have analyzed the characteristics of the different topologies and shown that physical topology optimization can be viewed as a design process with the aim of minimizing the average network path. The remainder of this paper is organized as follows: Section 2 presents the main properties of any network topology, with a focus on complex network properties such as the degree distribution, degree exponent, mean path length, and clustering coefficient. In Section 3, for consistency and completeness, we revisit the IP over WDM network architecture and briefly describe the current NSF network topology. In Section 4, we demonstrate the complex network designs to be evaluated on the NSF node distribution. In Section 5, we describe the MILP model implemented to evaluate the total network power consumption of the NSF network when complex network connectivity is implemented. In Section 6, we provide the results and discussions. Finally, Section 7 provides the conclusions and future insights.
## 4 Simulation Experiments
### Lateral Impact Simulation  
In the actual walking process of quadruped robots, due to complex environmental factors, it is inevitable to encounter external interference, which affects the stability of movement. To verify the effectiveness of this adjustment strategy when the robot is impacted by external forces, a set of comparative simulation experiments are set up: side impact test with and without adjustment strategy. At the beginning of the simulation, the quadruped robot moves in place, after a period of time, the robot is given a lateral impulse of 0.7 kg\(\cdot\)m/s (The mass of the rod is 1 kg, and the velocity of lateral impact is 0.7 m/s).  
In this simulation, Formulas (4) and (5) are used to plan the foot trajectory of quadruped robot, the step length S and step height H are set as 0 mm, 40 mm. \(k_{1}\) and \(k_{2}\) in Formula (11) are set as 20, 20. \(\varepsilon\) is set as 0.95. The robot's change process with the adjustment strategy is shown in Figure 12:  
Figure 11: The quadruped robot walks on flat ground. In (**a**), the roll angle curves of the robot without and with the adjustment strategy are compared. In (**b**), the pitch angle curves of the robot without and with the adjustment strategy are compared.  
As shown in Figures 12 and 13, after the simulation starts, the quadruped robot moves in place. At the 5.5 s, we apply a lateral impulse of 0.7 kg\(\cdot\)m/s to the robot, the robot begins to self-adjust to steady state. In the case of no adjustment strategy, the robot was subjected to lateral impact at 5.5 s and recovered to stable gait at 8.8 s, requiring an adjustment time of 3.3 s, the maximum roll angle change is 21.9 degrees, and the maximum pitch angle change is 16.2 degrees, after the stable walking, the robot roll angle fluctuates between \(-1.31^{\circ}\) and \(1.31^{\circ}\), and the pitch angle fluctuates between \(-1.11^{\circ}\) and \(1.11^{\circ}\). In the case of the adjustment strategy, the robot was subjected to lateral impact at 5.5 s and recovered to stable gait at 7.3 s, requiring an adjustment time of 1.8 s, the maximum roll angle change is 18.2 degrees, and the maximum pitch angle change is 9.2 degrees, after the stable walking, the robot roll angle fluctuates between \(-0.92^{\circ}\) and \(0.91^{\circ}\), and the pitch angle fluctuates between \(-0.81^{\circ}\) and \(0.80^{\circ}\). It can be concluded that when the robot is subjected to lateral  
Figure 12: Simulation process of quadruped robot subjected to lateral impact. At the beginning, the robot does step movements.  
Figure 13: Lateral impact is applied to the quadruped robot as it moves in place. In (**a**), the roll angle curves of the robot without and with the adjustment strategy are compared. In (**b**), the pitch angle curves of the robot without and with the adjustment strategy are compared.  
impact, the addition of adjustment strategy can effectively suppress the substantial shaking of the body, the attitude angle changes little, and the body recovers stable faster.
# A Smart and Mechanized Agricultural Application: From Cultivation to Harvest
## 4 Results and Discussion
### Analysis and Evaluation (Scenario 2)
RACO performed the best and the GA method the worst. In addition, these selected routes are presented visually in Figure 5. The convergence behavior of the methods used at this stage is also presented in Figure 6, and it is observed that the proposed method is also good in this regard. For the abovementioned reasons, the results including all phases have been taken into account. The convergence behavior and local optimum avoidance of the methods used at this stage are also presented in Figure 6, and it is observed that the proposed method is also good in this regard. The proposed algorithm starts from a large sensitivity range to discover more possible solutions and explore the whole search area. As the iterations progress, by decreasing the value of the sensitivity ranges search agents try to exploit and find the global optima. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c c c} \hline \hline  & **Profit** & \begin{tabular}{c} **Time Consumed** \\ **by Robot** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} **Traveled** \\ **Distance** \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} **Energy** \\ **Consumed** \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} **Simulation** \\ **Time** \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline RACO and SCSO (based on all phases) & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 \\ R\_ACO (based on phase 2 and 3) & 1 & 6 & 5 & 5 & 7 \\ MAP-ACO and SCSO (based on all phases) & 5 & 2 & 2 & 3 & 2 \\ MAP-ACO (based on phase 2 and 3) & 5 & 9 & 7 & 9 & 8 \\ CS and SCSO (based on all phases) & 2 & 3 & 3 & 2 & 5 \\ CS (based on phase 2 and 3) & 2 & 7 & 8 & 7 & 11 \\ FA and SCSO (based on all phases) & 3 & 4 & 4 & 4 & 3 \\ FA (based on phase 2 and 3) & 3 & 10 & 9 & 8 & 9 \\ GA and SCSO (based on all phases) & 4 & 5 & 6 & 6 & 6 \\ GA (based on phase 2 and 3) & 4 & 11 & 10 & 11 & 12 \\ GSO and SCSO (based on all phases) & 6 & 8 & 11 & 10 & 4 \\ GSO (based on phase 2 and 3) & 6 & 12 & 12 & 12 & 10 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 7: Ranking of each method in all evaluation parameters. Figure 5: The elected path by each algorithm. Figure 6: Convergence behavior of each method.
The simulation result shows that the breakdown voltage of a vertical heterojunction MOSFET with a p-SnO CBL can be increased from 361 V to 518 V by adjusting the p-type doping concentration (from \(2\times 1017\) cm\({}^{-3}\) to \(2\times 1018\) cm\({}^{-3}\)), and the threshold voltage can be adjusted in a small range (2.4-2.8 V). Other p-type oxides are also investigated as the CBL and show promising performances. This work has a certain guiding significance for the fabrication of vertical heterojunction MOSFET with CBL and for the development of Ga\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{3}\)-based heterojunction power device.
# Autonomous Mutual Authentication Protocol in the Edge Networks
## 2 Literature Survey
An IoT mutual authentication protocol for Things-To-Things (T2T) is presented by [PERSON] et al. [25]. The T2T protocol uses physical unclonable functions (PUFs) with dual-level-challenge response pairs for the IoT authentication. V2X communication-based efficient authentication for protection against DDOS is demonstrated by [PERSON] et al. [26]. The V2X system uses a security credential management system (SCMS), which classifies multiple similar messages in different categories for authentication and uses advanced verify-on-demand (AVoD) for signature verification with threat analysis. An improved isolation forest method for autonomous-vehicles-attack detection is presented by [PERSON] et al. [27]. The detection of data-tampering attack is performed here using data mass and scoring for anomaly detection as a part of intrusion detection. An autonomous vehicle smart-parking system with the fog-blockchain architecture is presented by [PERSON] et al. [28]. Smart parking helps to recognize the parking location with the help of fog nodes to IoT, the proof-of-concept by lightweight blockchain and a cryptographic module is utilized. Blockchain-based autonomous vehicle platoon management in 5G is demonstrated by [PERSON] et al. [29]. This real-time system improves traffic management with public-key cryptography and 5G-enabled revocable attribute-based encryption (RABE) with key distribution and revocation. P2P drone communication using blockchain is presented by [PERSON] et al. [30]. The drone base communication uses blockchain with GPS coordinates to avoid spoofing attacks and keeps the blacklisted database.
# Analysis on the Isostatic Bipod Mounts for the HERA Mission LIDAR
## 4 Assembly and Bonding Procedures  
In HELENA, the isostatic bipod mount was bonded to the mirror with a 100 \(\upmu\)m layer of adhesive. The bonding process was implemented by using a 100 \(\upmu\)m diameter nylon wire, between the isostatic mount and the mirror, which were removed after the adhesive was fully cured. It was verified that the mount design blocked the application of the adhesive, which sprung the need for design changes. The isostatic bipod mount updated design is easily assembled and, since it is divided into four individual pieces, allow a better application of the epoxy without compromising the mirror. The bonding procedure is still to be qualified; however, the bonding procedure and the alignment procedure is defined. The first step fixates the mirror in space using three supports, assisted by Kapton pads and adjustment screws. A sheet made of Kapton, is to be placed on the mirror extrusions to ensure the adhesive is kept on the designated area and not touching the mirror optics surface (see Figure 5).  
The adhesive thickness remains 100 \(\upmu\)m apart from the flexures, on all four sides. To accomplish this, Kapton tape of a specific thickness is to be placed on the corners of the mirror extrusions. The tape serves, not only to guarantee that all four sides of the mirror extrusion will remain 100 \(\upmu\)m apart from the flexures, but also to prevent any excess adhesive that may spread from the beyond the designated area (highlighted surfaces depicted in Figure 4). All the protective bonding components will be removed before the end of the work life of the adhesive.  
After assuring that the mirror is not contaminated by adhesive, the flexure base is placed under the mirror extrusion, with the adhesive already applied. The columns of the flexure are placed on the flexure base, both with the adhesive already applied, finalizing with the top lid of the flexure, with the adhesive already applied, and screwed into place, fixating the upper part of the flexure (see Figure 6). The two screws guarantee the connection of the isostatic bipod mount: the screw is inserted on the top fitting, goes through the columns, and reaches the flexure base.  
Figure 5: Mirror fixation and protection. The protective sheet is perforated to allow an easy removal after assembly and bonding of the flexures.
# Graphene-Based Flexible Electrode for Electrocardiogram Signal Monitoring
## 3 Discussions and Outlook
### Smart Graphene ECG Electrodes  
For graphene ECG electrodes used in daily long-term ECG monitoring, apart from achieving good electrode performance and comfort, if the electrode can be endowed with diagnostic ability, the ECG system may play a more important role in daily cardiovascular health monitoring and greatly relieve medical burden. Towards this direction, an intelligent graphene nanomesh ECG electrode was developed [18; 26]. In addition to the high comfort of the imperceptible graphene nanomesh ECG electrode, the supporting wearable ECG system can diagnose the acquired ECG signals by a dedicated convolutional neural network (CNN). The algorithm can intelligently classify and diagnose four typical arrhythmias in the ECG signals (Figure 6g). The intelligent development of ECG electrodes will benefit the long-term application of graphene electrodes in daily life and disease early warning.  
Moreover, not only are graphene electrodes becoming intelligent, but, in recent years, intelligent wearable health monitoring systems have become a hot research topic [89, 90].
## 3 Results of Experimental Measurement
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline
**Sector** & **1** & **2** & **3** & **4** & **5** & **6** \\ \hline
1. measurement & 73.74 & 56.97 & 2.97 & 3.18 & 0.95 & 0.10 \\
2. measurement & 110.94 & 30.22 & 2.91 & 2.36 & 2.39 & 0.76 \\
3. measurement & 100.35 & 33.78 & 2.36 & 1.70 & 1.44 & 0.02 \\
4. measurement & 86.68 & 30.22 & 3.71 & 2.86 & 2.23 & 0.06 \\ \hline Average value & 92.93 & 37.80 & 2.99 & 2.53 & 1.76 & 0.24 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Average values of the oil film areal density (in g/m\({}^{2}\)) in a 15-mm slim pipe. The section length is 1 m. The total measured pipe length is 6 m. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline
**Sector** & **1** & **2** & **3** & **4** & **5** & **6** \\ \hline
1. measurement & 56.47 & 5.54 & 3.88 & 2.61 & 2.10 & 3.38 \\
2. measurement & 38.83 & 9.17 & 2.10 & 2.61 & 2.36 & 1.85 \\
3. measurement & 54.69 & 17.00 & 11.59 & 4.97 & 3.57 & 4.71 \\ \hline Average value & 49.99 & 10.57 & 5.86 & 3.40 & 2.68 & 3.31 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Average values of the oil film areal density (in g/m\({}^{2}\)) in a 25-mm slim pipe. The section length is 1 m. The total measured pipe length is 6 m.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline
**Sector** & **1** & **2** & **3** & **4** & **5** & **6** \\ \hline
1. measurement & 42.84 & 3.00 & 2.55 & 1.91 & 1.89 & 0.05 \\
2. measurement & 34.65 & 3.00 & 1.59 & 1.96 & 1.27 & 0.45 \\
3. measurement & 22.37 & 8.64 & 2.64 & 1.82 & 1.23 & 0.68 \\ \hline Average value & 33.29 & 4.88 & 2.26 & 1.89 & 1.4 since the important oil layer thicknesses were found in the 1-m sections, number 3-6. In the first two 1-m sections, the oil film layer was always sufficient at any pipe diameter and the given parameters. Furthermore, Figure 5 shows that only the trendline for a 25 mm tube does not touch the oil-saturation limit value that corresponds to the manufacturer's prescribed value of 1.4 g/m\({}^{2}\). However, consideration should be given to the possible scattering of the individual measured values, and therefore a perfect oil layer inside the pipe, which complies with the manufacturer's instructions, is not guaranteed. Trendlines for a slim tube of 15 mm and a thick tube of 35 mm for the limit of 1.4 g/m\({}^{2}\) are intersected closely at the intersection of the fourth and fifth measuring points. It should be noted that the vertical axis in Figure 5 has a logarithmic scale to better plot the graph with the measured data.
## 5 Conclusions  
In this paper, with the consideration of practical factors such as atmospheric loss, atmospheric turbulence, weather conditions, RF channel fading, pointing errors, and relay-assisted structure, we derive mathematical expressions of the BER and outage probability of the hybrid FSO/RF direct link and the UAV-assisted hybrid system, respectively. We, firstly, analyze the impact of different modulation schemes on the BER of both the hybrid direct link and the UAV-assisted hybrid system and conclude that the BER performance can achieve an optimum when adopting the CBPSK modulation scheme under any atmospheric environment and system conditions. Through simulation analyses, we have that the light fog condition has the most severe impact on system performance, while the clear air condition has the least impact on the system. Although the impact of light rain on both FSO and RF sublinks exist, the system performance is still better than that in haze and light fog conditions. More receiver aperture and RF fading parameter \(m_{x,y}m\) can further improve the performance of the hybrid direct link and the UAV-assisted hybrid system under any weather conditions. Compared with the hybrid direct link, the UAV-assisted hybrid system can significantly improve system communication performance. For the UAV-assisted hybrid system, increasing the number of transmission paths will improve communication performance, while fewer hops in each path will contribute to the performance. This work also demonstrates that combining multiple technologies can effectively improve the communication performance of hybrid direct links and UAV-assisted hybrid systems in any weather environment.  
Conceptualization, Y.W. and D.K.; methodology, Y.W.; software, Y.W. and Q.W.; validation, Y.W.; formal analysis, Y.W.; writing--original draft preparation, Y.W. and G.L.; writing--review and editing, Y.W. and G.L.; supervision, G.L. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded by the National Science Foundation of China (No. 62001333), National Incubation Project of Wuhan Textile University under Grant (No. 20220609), and 2023 Hubei Provincial Natural Science Foundation (No. 2023 AFB291).  
Not applicable.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 4 Conclusions  
In this research, we explored the potential of advanced generative models for simulating digital rock core samples. Our approach was centered on a state-of-the-art model that was particularly adept at capturing the intricate geological and mineralogical features of real rock samples.  
The synthesized images closely resembled real samples in terms of geological features, such as porosity. Through rigorous evaluations, the model proved its effectiveness in replicating essential geological attributes, underscoring its relevance for in-depth geological studies.  
Quantitative analysis, supported by statistical data and distribution plots, confirmed a strong alignment between the generated and actual rock samples. This consistency highlights the model's capability to maintain the primary characteristics of rock samples while introducing subtle variations that reflect natural formations.  
Significantly, our model's integration of the self-attention mechanism emerged as a key innovation. This feature allowed the model to focus on intricate patterns and relationships within the images, enhancing the quality and authenticity of the generated rock core slices. The ability to accurately represent unique carbonate rock features, like dissolution, further accentuated its utility and innovation.  
In conclusion, our study offers a significant contribution to the field of digital rock physics. It emphasizes the synergy of advanced computational techniques with geology, setting a precedent for future interdisciplinary research in the domain.  
Conceptualization, B.W. and J.W.; methodology, B.W.; software, B.W.; validation, B.W., J.W. and Y.L.; formal analysis, B.W.; investigation, J.W.; resources, J.W.; data curation, J.W.; writing--original draft preparation, Y.L.; writing--review and editing, Y.L.; visualization, J.W.; supervision, Y.L.; project administration, Y.L.; funding acquisition, Y.L. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 52004214), the Natural Science Foundation of Shaanxi Province (2022 JM-301) and Education Department of Shaanxi Provincial Government (Program No. 21 JY037).  
Not applicable.  
**Data Availability Statement:** Publicly available datasets were analyzed in this study. This data can be found here: [[https://www.digitalrocksportal.org/projects/211](https://www.digitalrocksportal.org/projects/211)]([https://www.digitalrocksportal.org/projects/211](https://www.digitalrocksportal.org/projects/211)) (accessed on 16 April 2019).  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.  
Figure 14: Comparative pore volume distribution curves for selected real and generated rock samples.
# Pointer Meter Reading Recognition Based on YOLOv11-OBB Rotated Object Detection
## 2 Previous Works
### Reading Recognition  
Current methodologies for pointer meter reading predominantly include the template method [26], distance method [15; 16; 17; 18; 19; 20; 21; 22; 23; 24; 25; 26; 27], and angle method [12]. [PERSON] et al. introduced a template matching technique using virtual templates with concentric rings to ascertain analog meter values [26]. This approach involves direct image comparison for the localization of pointers or scales, achieving high accuracy when the template closely aligns with the target instrument. However, it requires a pre-refined high-precision instrument template.  
[PERSON] et al. proposed converting a curved dial into a rectangular one and transforming the curved scale into a linear one, thereby determining the reading by measuring the distance between the pointer and the scale [15]. Although the distance method is straightforward and effective, it is mainly suitable for instruments with linear scale distributions. Its application to nonlinear scales is challenging, and converting an arc dial into a straight line leads to information loss. [PERSON] et al. developed an enhanced angular method that calculates readings by using the pointer's rotation angle relative to the nearest two tick marks [12]. This method is well suited for circular or nonlinear scales, offering flexibility in accommodating various scale distributions through the mapping of angles to scale values. However, the angular method necessitates multiple angles, scale values, and precise center positions to compute the angle and ascertain the meter reading. Consequently, this approach not only escalates the computational load on the segmentation network and recognition algorithm but also leads to increased cumulative errors with a higher number of recognition algorithm parameters. This paper introduces an enhanced angle resolution method utilizing the inspection point template image to accurately calculate instrument readings. The proposed method simplifies the identification of readings by locating the two closest graduation marks in the template image and determining the rotation angle based on the pixel position of the meter pointer. This approach effectively minimizes computational complexity and algorithmic errors.
## 5 Experiments and Results
### Results of Proposed LR-TED Approach  
We evaluated Random Forest, Naive Bayes, and SVM models from the machine learning category of classification models on the selected dataset of tweets for each disaster type; earthquake, flood, hurricane, and wildfire. The 10-fold cross-validation strategy was used to evaluate the results. For the deep learning category of classification models, we experimented with Artificial Neural Network (ANN), Recurrent Neural Network (RNN), and Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) models. Implementation of these models is done through WEKA GUI tools ([[https://www.cs.waikato.ac.nz/ml/weka/accessed](https://www.cs.waikato.ac.nz/ml/weka/accessed)]([https://www.cs.waikato.ac.nz/ml/weka/accessed](https://www.cs.waikato.ac.nz/ml/weka/accessed)) on 3 October 2021). WEKA is a GUI (graphical user interface) based open source machine learning software used by researchers in similar applications [35; 36; 37]. Based on the performance of the models, we selected the ANN model for the proposed LR-TED approach. The results of each model are further evaluated and discussed in the following section.