# Data-Driven Knowledge-Based System for Self-Measuring Activities of Daily Living in IoT-Based Test
## 5 Experimental Evaluation  
### ADL Self-Measurement Experiment  
The EAT conducted an ADL self-measurement experiment with 17 participants at a general hospital. This experiment was approved by the Institutional Review Board and was therefore performed in accordance with the ethical standards laid down in the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments. Written informed consent was received from participants prior to inclusion in the experiment. The equipment included a supervisor, three sensor gateways, and ten types of terminal devices. The equipment was installed in three rooms. Each of the 17 participants belonged to one of the following three groups: normal group, MCI group, and dementia group. The normal group had five normal people. The MCI group and the dementia group consisted of four people with MCI and eight people with dementia, respectively. Figure 12: Internet of Things (IoT) device configuration. The e-coaching plan for the experiment was that the participants moved between the three rooms and operated the seven terminal devices, namely the sphygmomanometer, water tap, pillbox, toilet, microwave, coffee machine, and oven. Each participant executed all the nine e-coaching actions given by the supervisor of the EAT. The supervisor measured the elapsed time that the participants spent to execute the e-coaching actions. The failure and the mean time ratios of the e-coaching execution of the participants are shown in Figure 13. The failure ratio is the percentage of failures in the total number of the given e-coaching actions. The mean time ratio of movement is the proportion of time spent on moving between the three rooms to the total time allowed for movement. The mean time ratio of operation is the proportion of time spent on operating the terminal devices to the total time allowed for operation. A significant difference was not observed between the normal group and the MCI group. The dementia group had a significant difference in terms of the failure and the time spent on movement and operation. The execution time of the nine e-coaching actions given to each participant was represented by a nine-dimensional vector. The distance between these vectors was used to compare the similarity of the participant characteristic. The distance heat map between the participant vectors is shown in Figure 14. The number on the horizontal and the vertical axes of the map is the participant number. Numbers 0 to 4 denote the normal group, numbers 5 to 8 represent the MCI group, and numbers 9 and 10 and 11 to 16 indicate the dementia-\(\beta\) group and the dementia-\(\alpha\) group, respectively. The dementia-\(\alpha\) and \(\beta\) groups are the subgroups of the dementia group. The map shows a symmetric color matrix. The similarity between the normal group and the MCI group was very high. The dementia-\(\alpha\) subgroup of the dementia group was dissimilar to the normal and the MCI groups. However, the dementia-\(\beta\) subgroup was in the same dementia group as the dementia-\(\alpha\) subgroup and appeared to be slightly biased to the normal and the MCI groups. The geometric median of the set of the participant vectors in a Euclidean space was used to compare the similarities among the groups. The function dn(x) denotes the distance between the geometric median vectors of the normal group and the x group. The function d\(\beta\)(x) calculates the distance between the geometric median vectors of the dementia-\(\beta\) group and the x group. The function \(\sigma\)(x) represents the standard deviation of the x group. The feature comparison among the groups is shown in Table 1. The value of dn(x) shows that the MCI group was more dissimilar to the dementia group than to the normal group. The value of d\(\beta\)(x) denotes that the similarity of the dementia-\(\beta\) group was slightly more biased to the MCI group than to the dementia group.