esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
_applied sciences_  
_Article_  
**Investigation and Estimation of Groundwater Level Fluctuation Potential: A Case Study in the Pei-Kang River Basin and Chou-Shui River Basin of the Taiwan Mountainous Region**  
**[PERSON] 1, [PERSON] 1, [PERSON] 1, [PERSON] 2,Chien-Chung [PERSON] 1,Yen-Tsu [PERSON] 3 and [PERSON] 3**  
Advanced Geological Research Task Force, Sinotech Engineering Consultants, Inc., Taipei 114065, Taiwan; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (N.-C.C.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (H.-Y.W.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (F.-M.L.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (C.-C.K.)  
Department of Harbor and River Engineering, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 202301, Taiwan  
Central Geological Survey, Ministry of Economic Affairs, New Taipei City 23568, Taiwan; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (Y.-T.L.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (C.-C.H.)  
Correspondence: [EMAIL_ADDRESS]; Tel.: +886-2-2462-2192 (ext. 6171)  
**Featured application: Investigating the spatial and temporal dynamic behavior of groundwater level fluctuation in mountainous areas using the proposed approach can assist in obtaining effective strategies for developing and managing groundwater resources.**  
The analysis of the spatiotemporal characteristics of groundwater level variation is a prerequisite for evaluating groundwater potential or underpinning aquifer sustainability development in hydrogeological engineering practices. This study explores the dominant influencing factors that control groundwater dynamics and develops an estimation of groundwater level fluctuation (GWLF) potential in the complex aquifer systems of mountainous areas. Eight natural environmental factors, including slope, drainage density, land use, lithology, hydraulic conductivity, porosity, groundwater depth, and regolith thickness, have been selected as influencing factors, and the feature scores for different factors associated with GWLF potential were given with the expert scoring method. The weighting coefficients of individual influencing factors for wet/dry seasons were determined using the pseudo-inverse method based on the groundwater level data of 18 well stations observed from 1 November 2011 to 31 October 2019 in Taiwan mountainous areas. The results show that the weighting coefficients of these factors in controlling GWLF potential are variable and affected by seasonal and annual rainfall conditions. Based on the determined weighting coefficients, the spatial distribution of GWLF potential can be effectively produced. Finally, the simulated GWLF potential results were verified by comparing the observed data. The verification result demonstrates that the developed model can predict the spatial GWLF distribution based on the groundwater level data from a few 'wells.  
groundwater dynamics; influencing factors; groundwater level fluctuation potential; pseudo-inverse method; weighting coefficient
## 4 Protocol Description
### Routing Mechanism Details
#### Neighborhood Table Management:  
The neighborhood table records information including transmission power for reaching the neighbor nodes, and is updated by periodic HEIGHT messages from sinks. For power adaptation and new neighbor discovery, the neighborhood table will be updated with the new neighbors and new transmission power. The node also updates its neighborhood with the neighbors and new states as they change. If it receives a STATE (UNSAFE) message, the unsafe neighbor is removed from the table.
## 4 Application Scenarios and Superiority Analysis  
### Potential Application Scenarios  
Compared with traditional satellite remote sensing systems, the presented system can achieve near real-time performance in all aspects, including demand collection, task planning, data download, image processing, information transmission, and can be applied to emergency and disaster relief, environmental protection, marine law enforcement, news media, etc.  
* Emergency and Disaster Relief: The NRRS system can immediately send the images of the disaster location back to the command center, as well as rapidly access historical images for comparison, so as to support on-site personnel in disaster research and rescue assessment.  
Figure 5: Illustration of random access of remote sensing satellites to the satellite Internet.  
Environment Protection: Compared with traditional remote sensing, the time-sensitive RtTS system can detect the behaviors that endanger the environment in time, respond immediately, and improve ecological environment monitoring. Marine Law Enforcement: The NRRS service can identify and track illegal ships in a timely manner, improve law enforcement efficiency, protect marine fishery resources, and maintain maritime security and stability. News Media: The NRRS service optimizes the efficiency of news data collection, transmission, and distribution. Reporters can obtain images efficiently, conveniently, and intuitively.
# A Compact, Low-Profile, Broadband Quasi-Isotropic Antenna for Non-Line-of-Sight Communications
## 1 Introduction
In [24], an inactive UHF RFID tag antenna was reported using two twisted dipoles and a modified double T-matching network with a maximum bandwidth of 8.5%. The antenna in [25] contained four consecutive revolved L-shaped monopoles fed by a compact uniform sequential-phase feeding network with an equal amplitude and an incremental 90\({}^{\circ}\) phase delay. The reported maximum bandwidth is 20.8%. For antenna-on-package (AoP) applications, a dipole antenna was folded along the edges of the package with the maximum impedance bandwidth of 32% while obtaining 18% spatial coverage of the circular polarization (CP) [26]. The desired quasi-isotropic radiation pattern was observed at 1.57 GHz. In [27], an inverted antenna-based RFID tag with an impedance bandwidth of 15% was reported. It is worth noting that currently, there is no standard gain deviation for quasi-isotropic antennas in the literature, but it is usually in the range of 3 to 10.5 dB for single-frequency resonant antennas, whereas it is usually in the range of of 6 to 12.7 dB for wideband antennas [27]. Moreover, there are very few works on quasi-isotropic antennas with CP performance [26, 29, 30] in broad frequencies, despite its advantageous features in wireless systems, such as polarization mismatch mitigation and multi-path interference reduction [31, 32, 33]. In this paper, we propose an electrically small, low-profile, and highly efficient quasi-isotropic antenna that is matched over broad frequencies from 1.8 to 4.3 GHz, or 81.9%, while simultaneously providing the quasi-isotropic radiation pattern and CP characteristics. Figure 1: Representation of the NLOS environment. A quasi-isotropic pattern with a gain deviation ranging from 6.2 to 9.2 dB is observed from 1.8 to 3.6 GHz. The proposed antenna takes the crossed dipole configuration, and the working mechanism is examined with parametric studies. We use Ansys HFSS 2020 R2 for the full-wave electromagnetic (EM) simulations in this work, and the computed expectations are verified experimentally. Furthermore, the proposed antenna's performance is verified in the university corridor NLOS environments to consider the applications of the wireless sensor network nodes and RF energy harvesting. Some preliminary results have been reported in [34].
## 5 Conclusions and Recommendations  
The results of the presented pilot research led to the conclusion that the environmental awareness of people involved in food services in primary schools and in the social care homes may be at an insufficient level and needs to be improved. The main gaps are in the knowledge of the sustainable food system and the importance of organic food. The results already obtained allow for sound recommendations for decision makers in the sector of public food procurement. Training programmes and discussion forums are needed to increase interest in green public procurement (GPP). The UE should put more pressure on the national and local governments, as well as universities, to disseminate and enable the principles of GPP.  
In addition, there is a need to educate all those responsible for public catering, such as school headteachers, chefs, caterers and teachers, on the subject of GPP, organic foods and sustainable systems. Of course, it is also important to educate parents as well as the general public.  
The knowledge and trust in sustainability and sustainable food systems should be built through the liable education and systemic approach provided to and by public institutions.  
Due to the pilot study design and research being limited to a few institutions in one Polish city (Rybnik), it should be recommended to extend the study to a larger group of respondents and in several Polish cities. The extension of the study should consequently involved other cities in the Upper Silesia, which is the most industrially polluted area of Poland. The reason is that the inhabitants of this region are more exposed to health problems compared to other, cleaner regions of Poland [53]. As a result, organic food is strongly recommended as highly nutritious and contaminant-free for the residents of Upper Silesia. According to recent statistical data [54], the highest values of the index of average exposure to PM2.5 dust in agglomerations and cities with more than 100,000 inhabitants was recorded in 2021 in: Rybnicko-Jastrzebska Agglomeration (24 \(\mathrm{\SIUnitSymbolMicro g}/\mathrm{m}^{3}\)) and Krakow and Upper Silesian Agglomerations (23 \(\mathrm{\SIUnitSymbolMicro g}/\mathrm{m}^{3}\) each). Research should therefore be continued in Rybnik, and additionally conducted in such cities as Wodzislaw Slaski, Jastrzebie Zdroj, Katowice, Jaworzno, Piekary Slaskie, Chorzow, Dabrowa Gornicza. In each of these cities, five primary schools and three residential care homes should be selected and surveys should be carried out in these units, as in the present study.
# Improving the Efficiency of Energy Consumption in Buildings: Simulation of Alternative EnPC Models
## 4 Application to a Case Study  
### Case Study Overview  
Located in the Autonomous Region of Madeira (RAM), in the municipality of Santa Cruz, Canico Elementary School is a school that has 1172 students, 145 teachers, and 61 non-teaching staff members. Annually, this infrastructure has an average monthly energy bill of about EUR 2630. The island of Madeira has a subtropical oceanic climate. Rainfall is essentially concentrated in the winter months between October and February, with an annual rainfall around 700 mm. The island has an average of 90 rainy days per year and approximately 2450 h of sunshine. Maximum temperatures vary between 25 \({}^{\circ}\)C in summer and 20 \({}^{\circ}\)C in winter, while minimum temperatures vary between 20 \({}^{\circ}\)C in summer and 13 \({}^{\circ}\)C in winter.  
This educational establishment, opened on 29 September 1999, serves a socially diverse population with rural and suburban characteristics. Over the years, in parallel with the growth of the population of the parish, there has been a gradual and systematic increase in the number of students and teaching and non-teaching staff in the school in question. In the school year of 1999/2000 there were 18 classes, 406 students, 29 employees, and 42 teachers, and in the school year 2020/2021 the school opened with 1172 students distributed in 56 classes (48 in day teaching and 8 in night school), 145 teachers, and 61 non-teaching staff members.  
Figure 4 illustrates the two main buildings of the school.  
To simulate the level of potential savings, it was necessary to evaluate the existing level of energy consumption. Data were collected for the period from December 2018 to November 2019 (Table 3) and from December 2019 to November 2020. Due to the fact that in 2020 the school closed due to the confinement caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, this invoicing was not considered because the results achieved through its analysis would be misrepresentative of reality. In addition to this invoicing, three energy audits were made available, with their results and their solutions, which include the placement of photovoltaic panels in the infrastructure coverage. After data collection, the following is the study of the proposals prepared by three different entities, in order to conduct the analysis of the information obtained.
## 4 Evaluation Performance Indices  
To evaluate the quality of the PSO-ANN, GA-ANN, ICA-ANN, and ABC-ANN models, R\({}^{2}\), RMSE, and MAE, were used as the indicators of the model's performances. They were computed as Equations (4-6):  
\[RMSE=\sqrt{\frac{1}{n}{\sum\limits_{i=1}^{n}{{{(y_{i}-\hat{y}_{i})}^{2}}}}} \tag{4}\]  
\[R^{2}=1-\frac{\sum\limits_{i=1}^{n}{{{(y_{i}-\hat{y}_{i})}^{2}}}}{\sum\limits_ {i=1}^{n}{{{(y_{i}-\overline{y})}^{2}}}} \tag{5}\]  
\[MAE=\frac{1}{n}{\sum\limits_{i=1}^{n}{{\left|{{y_{i}-\hat{y}_{i}}}\right|}}} \tag{6}\]  
\(n\) stands for the number of instances; \(\overline{y}\), \(y_{i}\), and \(\hat{y}_{i}\) are considered as average, calculated, and modeled amounts of the response variable.
# An Ensemble of Convolutional Neural Networks for Audio Classification
## 5 Experimental Results  
### Datasets  
The approach presented here was tested on three sound datasets (see Figure 4 for some examples):  
* BIRDZ [34]: a control audio dataset, where recordings in the wilds were downloaded from the Xeno-canto Archive ([[http://www.xeno-canto.org/](http://www.xeno-canto.org/)]([http://www.xeno-canto.org/](http://www.xeno-canto.org/)) accessed on 6 January 2021). BIRDZ contains 2762 bird acoustic events with 339 detected \"unknown\" events that are either noise or other vocalizations aside from the eleven labeled North American bird species. Many spectrogram types (constant frequency, broadband with varying frequency components, broadband pulses, frequency modulated whistles, and strong harmonics) are included;
* CAT [28,33]: a balanced dataset of 300 samples of 10 classes of cat vocalizations collected from Kaggle, YouTube, and Flickr. The average duration of each sound is \(\sim\) 4 s;
* ESC-50 [4]: an environmental sound classification dataset with 2000 samples evenly divided into 50 classes and five folds; each fold contains eight samples. The five folds with class names in parentheses are _Animals_ (Dog, Rooster, Pig, Cow, Frog, Cat, Hen, Flying Insects, Sheep, and Crow), _Natural soundscapes and water sounds_ (Rain, Sea waves, Crackling fire, Crickets, Chirping birds, Water drops, Wind, Pouring water, Toilet flush, and Thunderstorm), _Human non-speech_ (Crying baby, Sneezing, Clapping, Breathing, Coughing, Footsteps, Laughing, Brushing teeth, Snoring, and Drinking/sipping), _Interior and domestic sounds_ (Door knock, Mouse click, Keyboard typing, Door, wood creaks, Can opening, Washing machine, Vacuum cleaner, Clock alarm, Clock tick, and Glass breaking), and _Exterior and urban noises_ (Helicopter, Chainsaw, Siren, Car horn, Engine, Train, Church bells, Airplane, Fireworks, and Hand saw).  
The data augmentation techniques explored in this study are assessed on each dataset using the same testing protocols described in the original papers. The recognition rate (the average accuracy across all folds) is used as the performance indicator. Also, it should be noted that many papers [16,27,46,48,51,52,53] report classification results on the datasets listed above that are superior to human performance.
# A Novel Reliability Analysis Approach under Multiple Failure Modes Using an Adaptive MGRP Model
## 4 Case Studies  
### Validation of RMQGS Method  
The methods of LHS and RGS are compared to prove the effectiveness of the proposed RMQGS. Assume that the dimensionless design variables \(x_{1}\) and \(x_{2}\) follow a normal distribution \(N(10,3^{2})\), and the range is \([0,20]\) with 10 levels for each design variable. There are 100 sample points obtained by three methods, as shown in Figure 3.  
From Figure 3, the 100 sample points selected by the LHS method have good randomness but poor uniformity, which cannot be distributed in the entire design space. Moreover, there is a phenomenon where the sample points are too concentrated or overlapped, and it is easy to lose the information from the samples. The RGS method makes up for the lack of uniformity of the LHS method to a certain extent and only needs to determine the range of design variables to obtain high-quality samples. However, the randomness of sample points is greater than that of the LHS method, and there are a large number of sample points distributed on the boundary of the design space, resulting in a serious lack of information. The RMQGS method has both the randomness and uniformity of the sample points, which can be uniformly and randomly distributed in each dimension, and the sample information covers the entire sample space. Therefore, the samples selected by the RMQGS method have greater advantages in uniformity and randomness compared with the LHS and RGS methods, and the accuracy of the initial MRGP model can be significantly improved.
# Meander Line Super-Wideband Radiator for Fifth-Generation (5G) Vehicles
###### Abstract  
Designing antennas for vehicular communication systems presents several unique challenges due to the dynamic nature of vehicular environments, mobility, and the need for reliable connectivity. A wider bandwidth is a critical requirement of vehicular antennas. In this paper, a super-wideband FR4 epoxy-based low-cost meander line patch antenna is designed for fifth-generation (5G) vehicular mobile frequency applications. The proposed antenna is excited through a microstrip feedline on top of the substrate with a continuous ground plane. The meander line is implemented through a theoretical formula to cover upper-5G frequency range 1 (FR1) and frequency range 2 (FR2). The proposed antenna has 7.5 dBi peak gain when operated at 28 GHz. The simulated bandwidth ratio (BWR) is 9.09:1 for a \(-\)10 dB reflection coefficient covering a 53.4 GHz (6.6 GHz to 60 GHz) frequency range. The proposed antenna has a linear meander line planar structure, occupies a small area of 34 mm \(\times\) 20 mm \(\times\) 1.6 mm, and satisfies the bandwidth requirements of 5G millimeter-wave and sub-bands of the sixth generation for vehicular applications.  
5G millimeter-wave; meander line; monopole; partial ground; super-wideband (SWB) antenna +
Footnote †: journal:  
0000-0001-1919-22001
## 2 Experimental Methodology
### Batch Adsorption Experiments  
Batch adsorption experiments were conducted to study the adsorption properties of the adsorbent. The effects of the pH level, reaction time, solid-to-liquid ratios, and the presence of various interfering ion species and concentrations on adsorption performance were investigated. First, 0.05 g of SiPMAN adsorbent was weighed and placed into a 40 mL clear glass vial, to which 30 mL of the working solution was added. The mixture was then reacted in a constant-temperature shaker at 25 \({}^{\circ}\)C and 120 r/min. After 2 h of shaking, the mixture was filtered through a 13 mm diameter filter with a pore size of 0.45 \(\upmu\)m. The concentration of U ions in the filtrate was measured via an inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometer (ICP-AES, Ultima Expert, Paris, France) after dilution with 2.5 \(v/v\)% HNO\({}_{3}\). The detailed steps of the batch experiment are provided in Section S2 of the Supplementary Materials. SiPMA-TEPA was used to remove uranium from environmental water systems. The environmental water samples were collected from well water (WW) in Mt. Yumu, Xiangjiang River on Jiefang Road, and tap water (TW) from the laboratory. Details are provided in Section S2 and Figure S2 of the Supplementary Materials. The preparation of the SiPMA-TEPA-U sample for the mechanistic analysis is described in Section S5. The adsorption amount (\(Q\)), adsorption efficiency (\(E\)), desorption capacity (\(Q_{d}\)),  
Figure 1: Flowchart for the preparation of SiPMA-TEPA.  
and desorption efficiency (\(E_{\text{d}}\)) were used to represent the adsorption performance of the adsorbent. The specific calculation formulas are as follows:  
\[Q=\frac{C_{0}-C}{m}\times V \tag{1}\]  
\[E=\frac{C_{0}-C}{C_{0}}\times 100\% \tag{2}\]  
\[Q_{\text{d}}=C_{\text{d}}\times\frac{V}{m} \tag{3}\]  
\[E_{\text{d}}=\frac{Q_{\text{d}}}{Q}\times 100\% \tag{4}\]  
where \(m\) (g) is the mass of the adsorbent; \(V\) (mL) is the volume of the liquid phase; \(C_{0}\) and \(C\) (mg/L) represent the ion concentrations in the liquid phase before and after adsorption by the adsorbent, respectively; and \(C_{\text{d}}\) (mg/L) is the ion concentration in the liquid phase after desorption. Additionally, the solid-to-liquid ratio during the elution process is the same as that during the adsorption process.
Moreover, previous studies using different satellite products yielded partially contradictory conclusions in the TRSR [9]. For example, the vegetation SOS obtained from different satellite data in the literature [29; 30] showed obvious spatial mismatch, although the temporal periods are slightly different. Given that a reliable inference in phenological detection and vegetation dynamics at large spatiotemporal scales affect the predictions of climate change, crop cultivation, and deployment of sustainability development in the TRSR, it is critical to conduct a comprehensive evaluation of time-series performances of various satellite products across the TRSR. In addition, several studies [13; 31; 32; 33] have proved that Global LAnd Surface Satellite (GLASS) products exhibit good spatial, seasonal, and annual variability over regional or global scales compared to other biophysical satellite products (e.g., MODIS). In this context, GLASS biophysical products (i.e., LAI, FVC, GPP) are selected as good proxies for interpreting vegetation changes in this study, and we carry out intercomparison among three GLASS products over the TRSR. Our objectives are to (1) evaluate the characteristics of LSP metrics derived from three products and the level of their agreement; (2) reveal the performances of temporal variations of GLASS LAI, FVC, and GPP products and their matching degree. The organization of this study is as follows. Section 2 presents the GLASS LAI, FVC, and GPP products. The ancillary data are also introduced. The research methods are shown at the end of this section. Section 3 details the LSP and temporal variation characteristics of GLASS products and their comparative analysis, as well as the time-series performances of three products under different characteristics of topographic complexity (TC) and land-cover heterogeneity (LCH). Discussions and conclusions are drawn in Sections 4 and 5, respectively.
## 3 Problem Formulation
### Optimisation Problem  
The optimisation problem of this work and its relevant elements are defined as follows:  
**Objective function.** This study addresses an optimisation problem for identifying the optimal set of allocation variables to maximise job throughput. In the context of job packing, the objective is to maximise the total throughput of a set of jobs. The definition of job throughput is given in Section 3.2 for a more comprehensive understanding.  
**Decision variables.** In this study, we consider the following allocation variables to optimise throughput: GPU architecture, the number of GPUs used for training, and the batch size. Each of these variables plays a distinct role in shaping the objective function. We present an analysis of their impact on the objective function in Section 3.3.  
**Constraints.** The optimisation problem is subject to the following constraints.  
* The allocation of jobs is made in rounds (i.e., the allocation is carried out at a set frequency, every \(t\) time unit).
* The allocations made in each round must ensure they do not oversubscribe resource availability.
* After each round, the allocation of jobs can change.
* The packed job must not exceed a specific GPU memory.
* Job allocation is made in sequence based on job arrival time. However, in the case of job packing, where GPU memory is a consideration, the priority to arrival time is relaxed.