esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Analysis of Recent Deep Learning Techniques for Arabic Handwritten-Text OCR and Post-OCR Correction
## 6 Analysis of Recent Works
### Post-OCR Correction Works [61; 62; 63; 64; 65; 66; 67; 68; 69; 70; 71]
[71] trained a deep belief network (DBN) to separately classify each input letter with the corresponding diacritized version. The classification was composed of 12 classes. Three layers of RBM were utilized, Borderline-SMOTE was used to over-sample and balance the classes, and ReLU activation was employed. Tashkeela and LDC ATB3 were used for the training and testing. The model, at best, achieved a 2.21% DER and 6.73% WER on the ATB3 dataset. For the Tashkeela set, it achieved 1.79%, with an improvement of 14%. To summarize the analysis of recent works, a thorough and critical review of relevant works on both (1) OCR models and (2) text-correction models was performed. It was concluded that each type of model has gaps, and some have unique insights that can be adopted to develop further models. We identified a variety of different techniques. The effectiveness of LSTM-CNN-CTC was shown in situations in which limited data were available, and the application of deep-learning techniques for text correction showed its effectiveness in multiple works. In the following section, we discuss each work in more depth, discussing the crucial points in each work, and, finally, we present our findings for each technique, from both OCR and text-correction works.
# Detecting Small Size Mass Loading Using Transversely Coupled SAW Resonator
## 2 Materials and Methods  
### Two-Dimensional Coupling-of-Modes Theory  
The two-dimensional coupling-of-modes theory (2D-COM) is a simulation method of surface acoustic wave devices by considering the diffraction effect. It was originally proposed by [PERSON] to analyze the waveguide effect (transverse mode) of surface acoustic wave devices [17]. The TC-SAWR works in the transverse resonant modes; thus, the 2D-COM theory is very suitable for its simulation. Recently, [PERSON] et al. proposed a new general biquadratic form of 2D-COM equations, which further improved the simulation accuracy of this method [18]. In this paper, the 2D-COM equations of biquadratic form were used. The equations are shown in Equation (1).  
\[\left\{\begin{array}{l}\frac{\partial u_{1}}{\partial x}=-jk_{0}u_{1}+j\frac {\gamma_{1}}{2k_{0}}\frac{\partial^{2}u_{1}}{\partial y^{2}}+j\frac{\gamma_{2} }{2 ik_{0}}\frac{\partial^{4}u_{1}}{\partial y^{4}}+j\kappa u_{2}+j\alpha V\\ \frac{\partial u_{2}}{\partial x}=jk_{0}u_{2}-j\frac{\gamma_{1}}{2k_{0}}\frac{ \partial^{2}u_{2}}{\partial y^{2}}-j\frac{\gamma_{2}}{2 ik_{0}}\frac{\partial ^{4}u_{2}}{\partial y^{4}}-j\kappa^{4}u_{1}-j\kappa^{4}V\\ \frac{\partial^{2}I}{\partial x\partial y}=-2j\kappa^{*}u_{1}-2j\alpha u_{2}+ j\alpha CV\end{array}\right. \tag{1}\]  
Here, \(u_{1}\) and \(u_{2}\) stands for the particle displacements of waves propagating forward and backward directions, respectively; and \(k_{0}\) is the wave number according to the electric period of the IDT. \(\gamma_{1}\) and \(\gamma_{2}\) are the parameters for characterizing the anisotropy of the piezoelectric substrate; \(\kappa\), \(\alpha\), \(C\), \(V\) and \(I\) represent coupling coefficient, excitation coefficient, static capacitance, input voltage and current.  
The parameters \(\gamma_{1}\) and \(\gamma_{2}\) can be obtained by calculating the second and fourth derivatives at the zero point of the slowness curve [18,19]. The slowness curves of each region of the device with Al/ST-X Quartz structure are shown in Figure 3.  
The values of \(\gamma_{1}\) and \(\gamma_{2}\) in different regions were further obtained, as shown in Table 1.  
Figure 3: Slowness curves of each region of the TC-SAWR device.  
The parameters such as velocity, coupling coefficient, excitation coefficient and static capacitance were determined by using the finite element method [20], as shown in Table 2.  
All the above parameters were close to the values reported in the other literature [8; 18] (the subtle differences were caused by factors such as substrate material, device structure and calculation accuracy).
###### Abstract  
Building information models (BIMs) offer advantages, such as visualization and collaboration, making them widely used in the management of existing buildings. Currently, most BIMs for existing indoor spaces are manually created, consuming a significant amount of manpower and time, severely impacting the efficiency of building operations and maintenance management. To address this issue, this study proposes an automated reconstruction method for an indoor scene BIM based on a feature-enhanced point transformer and an octree. This method enhances the semantic segmentation performance of point clouds by using feature position encoding to strengthen the point transformer network. Subsequently, the data are partitioned into multiple segments using an octree, collecting the geometric and spatial information of individual objects in the indoor scene. Finally, the BIM is automatically reconstructed using Dynamo in Revit. The research results indicate that the proposed feature-enhanced point transformer algorithm achieves a high segmentation accuracy of 71.3% mIoU on the S3 DIS dataset. The BIM automatically generated from the field point cloud data, when compared to the original data, has an average error of \(\pm\)1.276 mm, demonstrating a good reconstruction quality. This method achieves the high-precision, automated reconstruction of the indoor BIM for existing buildings, avoiding extensive manual operations and promoting the application of BIMs for the maintenance processes of existing buildings.  
BIM; point cloud; automated reconstruction; point transformer; existing building +
Footnote †: journal: Applied sciences
## 5 Soil Productivity Effects of Biochar  
Most research results to date have confirmed biochar's beneficial effect for increasing soil productivity, which is known as the most important soil function. The authors indicated a growth-inducing effect of biochar yield in almost 90% of the reviewed studies. The processed scientific publications reported yield increases of between 20% and 220% in proportion to the quantity and quality of biochar used. Some authors [106] considered only biochar application to intensive arable crops, and there were therefore no data available from settings such as organic farming areas. In an earlier study, [PERSON] [107] examined the increase and nutrient replenishment of a maize yield with soya sowing. Plant-coal biochar was applied at 8 and 20 t ha\({}^{-1}\). The yield did not increase in the first year, but 28%, 30%, and 140% improvements were found in pots after applying a 20 t ha\({}^{-1}\) dose in the  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c c} \hline \hline
**Mechanism** & _Rhizobium_ & **Bacteria** & **Mycorrhiza** &
\begin{tabular}{c} **Filamentous** \\ **Fungi** \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline Protecting surface & 0 & + & + & + \\ \hline Improved hydration & + & + & + & + \\ \hline N availability & \(-\) & + & 0 & + \\ \hline P, Ca, Mg, K availability & + & + & \(-\) & \(-\) \\ \hline Micronutrient availability & + & + & \(-\) & + \\ \hline pH increase & + & + & 0 & 0 \\ \hline pH decrease & \(-\) & \(-\) & 0 & 0 \\ \hline Sorption of microorganisms & \(-\) & + & + & + \\ \hline Biofilm formation & + & + & 0 & 0 \\ \hline Sorption of dissolved organic & & & & \\ matter as an energy source & 0 & + & 0 & + \\ for microorganisms & & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} + positive effect, \(-\) negative effect, 0 no change.  
\end{table}
Table 4: Summary of possible mechanisms by which microbial abundance is affected by biochar supplementation of soil. (Original data from [PERSON] et al., 2011 [100], were refreshed based on new results).  
following years. The effect was attributed to the better nutrient uptake, mainly via the soil's 77-320% higher Ca and Mg contents in biochar-treated plots. At the same time, a more moderate increase in yield in the later years indicated a dose effect and the shortcomings of our current knowledge, which draws attention to the importance of long-term studies and the need for continuous field experiments and soil monitoring. Table 5 shows a summary of possible mechanisms by which physical, chemical, and biological properties can be affected by biochar supplementation in soil.
# Review on Active and Passive Remote Sensing Techniques for Road Extraction
## 2 Overview of the Existing Data Acquisition Techniques for Road Extraction
### SAR Imaging Technology
#### 2.3.1 Data Acquisition Methods and Characteristics
Interferometric coherence, that is, the complex correlation coefficient between two SAR images, can provide information on the changes in the target changes and can be used in target classification as well [148; 149; 150; 151].
# Title-to-Length Coupling Analysis of an Off-Axis Optical Bench Design for NGGM
## 3 Local TTL Coupling
### Misalignment of the Critical Components  
To evaluate the impact of misalignments of the optical components due to assembly errors, the positions of the components are slightly shifted along the \(x,y,\) and \(z\) axes. The RX beam is then rotated around the RX RP point for \(\pm\)2 mrad in yaw and pitch degrees of freedom, and LPS signal variations derived from the QPDs are used to calculate the local TTL coupling. For the off-axis optical bench, QPD2 acts as a redundant detector, and the deployment tolerance of lens L4 is expected to be similar to lens L5, so only the LPS signal derived from the QPD1 is considered.  
Depicted in Figure 8, local TTL coupling is significant in the yaw degree of freedom when L1 is misaligned on the \(y\)-axis and L2 is misaligned on the \(x\)-axis. Significant variations of local TTL coupling also exist in pitch when L1 and L2 are misaligned on the \(z\)-axis. For a positioning accuracy of \(\pm\)1 \(\upmu\)m in assembling the critical components L1 and L2, local TTL coupling variations due to the misalignment are shown in Figure 9.
## 2 Related Works
### Template Matching-Based Pedestrian Detection  
The pedestrian detection algorithm based on template matching aimed to establish a pedestrian target template database for different types of pedestrians. The template can be a pedestrian outline or a grayscale image. When detecting an image, the template features of the input image are calculated, and then searched for in a pedestrian template database to find whether a corresponding pedestrian template matches the input template feature successfully.  
The contour-based hierarchical matching algorithm proposed by [PERSON] [2; 3] is a typical template-matching algorithm. The algorithm firstly used a layered matching method to lock the candidate area by using contour features of the human body, compute the distance transformation  
Figure 1: Distribution of deaths of road users in 2018 reported by the World Health Organization (WHO).  
image of the candidate area, and calculate the Chamfer distance between the distance transformation images and pedestrian templates. The second step used radial basis functions (RBF) with Chamfer distance to verify whether the candidate area is pedestrian. The candidate area includes persons, so the algorithm belongs to the overall template matching method.  
In order to tackle occlusion and a variety of human poses, [PERSON] [4] proposes an algorithm based on human part template matching. The algorithm divided the human body into nine parts with overlapping regions and built nine types of pedestrian templates. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [5] divided the human body into three parts: a head with shoulders, a torso, and legs, and used Edgelet features for part detection. Each Edgelet is composed of a set of edge points to describe an outline of part of the human body.  
Pedestrian detection based on a template-matching algorithm is relatively simple to calculate, but the algorithm requires a pre-designed pedestrian template database. The human body is a non-rigid object, and the pose changes are more complicated. Therefore, the algorithm has certain limitations. At the same time, the template-matching algorithms only consider the outline information of human body and ignore details such as the skin color and clothing of the human body. When the contour feature of pedestrians is relatively fuzzy, the performance would drop.
# Trusted Data Access Control Based on Logistics Business Collaboration Semantics
## 4 Construction of Access Control Model
### Semantic Access Policy Set  
The semantic access policy set is a cornerstone of the proposed access control model, leveraging the expressiveness of semantic web rule language (SWRL) to define custom access control rules. Following the access policy, the access permission can be decided by the user's attributes. The value of \"allow\" access permission is returned if the access conditions are satisfied; otherwise, the value is \"deny\". According to the semantics in functional architecture (Table 3) of the collaborative logistics business process, the custom  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l l} \hline \hline
**Property** & **Domain** & **Range** & **SubClass** \\ \hline hasLocation & Subject & Location & EnvironmentalAttributes \\ hasRole & Subject & Role & SubjectAttributes \\ hasTime & Subject & Time & EnvironmentalAttributes \\ hasType & Object & ObjectAttributes & \\ permit & Subject & Object & \\ deny & Subject & Object & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Object properties.  
access control rules can be formalized with SWRL, which offers a powerful syntax with a combination of OWL (Web Ontology Language) and RuleML (Rule Markup Language).
# Design of an Underwater Acoustic Waveform and Integrated System for Communication and Detection
## 4 Simulations  
The ambiguity function and communication performance of the CPM-LFM waveform in an AWGN (additive white Gaussian noise) channel is simulated. Its differences in range and velocity ambiguity functions with those of the LFM waveform are analyzed. Additionally, we analyzed the impact of the modulation index \(h\), the modulation order \(M\), and the correlation length \(L\) of the CPM-LFM waveform on its communication performance. Furthermore, simulations on the ambiguity function and communication performance of the proposed shared waveform and the hydroacoustic integrated system under the BELLHOP underwater acoustic channel are conducted. The range and velocity ambiguity functions of the LFM, CPM-LFM, SS-CPM-LFM signals are compared, as well as the bit error rate (BER) performance of the CPM, CPM-LFM, SS-CPM- LFM signals. The simulation block diagram is shown in Figures 12 and 13.  
Figure 12: The block diagram of the simulations in AWGN channels.  
Figure 13: The block diagram of the simulations in BELLHOP underwater acoustic channel.
# Augmenting CCAM Infrastructure for Creating Smart Roads and Enabling Autonomous Driving
###### Abstract  
Autonomous vehicles and smart roads are not new concepts and the undergoing development to empower the vehicles for higher levels of automation has achieved initial milestones. However, the transportation industry and relevant research communities still require making considerable efforts to create smart and intelligent roads for autonomous driving. To achieve the results of such efforts, the CCAM infrastructure is a game changer and plays a key role in achieving higher levels of autonomous driving. In this paper, we present a smart infrastructure and autonomous driving capabilities enhanced by CCAM infrastructure. Meaning thereby, we lay down the technical requirements of the CCAM infrastructure: identify the right set of the sensory infrastructure, their interfacing, integration platform, and necessary communication interfaces to be interconnected with upstream and downstream solution components. Then, we parameterize the road and network infrastructures (and automated vehicles) to be advanced and evaluated during the research work, under the very distinct scenarios and conditions. For validation, we demonstrate the machine learning algorithms in mobility applications such as traffic flow and mobile communication demands. Consequently, we train multiple linear regression models and achieve accuracy of over 94% for predicting aforementioned demands on a daily basis. This research therefore equips the readers with relevant technical information required for enhancing CCAM infrastructure. It also encourages and guides the relevant research communities to implement the CCAM infrastructure towards creating smart and intelligent roads for autonomous driving.  
CCAM infrastructure; autonomous driving Article
## 2 Materials and Methods  
### Apparatus and Materials  
A standard gas generation system based on the permeation technique (Dynacalibrator 230, Valco Instruments Co. Inc., Houston, TX, USA) was used for the generation of MT standard gases for olfactory tests. A zero-air generator (M701, Teledyne Advanced Pollution Instrumentation Inc., San Diego, CA, USA) was used to supply zero air. The outlet air of the zero-air generator did not contain any quantifiable VOCs. In this work, three MTs (i.e., \(\alpha\)-pinene, \(\beta\)-pinene, and \(d\)-limonene) were selected as the main target because of their general abundance (see Table 1). They were generated using a permeation tube system containing them at high concentration levels in (near) pure forms (>99%) (100-106-1805-U90, 100-103-1851-U90, and 100-022-1855-U90, Valco Instruments Co. Inc., TX, USA). The outlet concentrations of the MTs were maintained in the range of 2 to 20 ppbv. For the actual human olfactory test, the mixture gas was made to flow at 5 L/min into a funnel, which was placed close to the subject's nose. The test mixture of the MTs generated from the permeation system was also analyzed to determine their real concentrations and compositions using a gas chromatograph (6890, Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA, USA) coupled with a mass-selective detector (5975, Agilent Technologies, USA) as reported elsewhere [30]. To pretreat the sample gas, an adsorption tube trap [30; 31] or absorption needle trap [32] can be employed. In this study, MTs samples were collected by an adsorption tube trap made of 110 mg of Tenax TA (60/80 mesh, Sigma-Aldrich Inc., Louis, MO, USA) and 100 mg of Carbotrap (20/40 mesh, Supelco, USA). The analytical procedures for the quantitation of the selected targets have been reported elsewhere [30].  
Temporal stability in the generation of MT gases for the olfactory test was assessed for up to 12 h. Once the generation system was equilibrated with regard to temperature, the target gases collected from the outlet of the generation system were measured hourly for 12 h. The temporal variability was assessed in terms of the relative standard deviation (RSD), and the values were stable (<2.5%).
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Literature Review and Analysis on HRC Modeling Methods
#### 2.1.5 Petri Nets  
Petri nets were developed primarily for the modeling of systems in which events may occur concurrently, with constraints on the concurrence [46]. Petri nets for human-robot collaboration were found in the literature. [PERSON] et al. [47] presented a scheduling method for collaborative tasks in assembly, which aims at achieving optimal planning and adaptability of assembly process based on runtime knowledge. Similar work was carried out in refs. [48; 49]. Colored petri nets were used to model the concurrent scenario in which a human works collaboratively with a wearable robot. The developed model assigned tasks to the robot that were considered too laborious for the human in a panel installation task [50]. The main aim of the work carried out by [PERSON] et al. [51] was to develop a technique to model human-robot interaction (HRI). [PERSON] et al. [52] demonstrated this in a realistic scenario involving a human operator and dual-arm robot performing an assembly task using time petri nets. However, the control policy is case-specific and needs to be extended to adapt to general cases in future research. Petri nets were found to be advantageous, as they are generally simple yet are built upon underlying mathematics, making them powerful for such modeling applications. Additionally, their graphical nature makes them a great communication medium.  
Petri nets have limitations on expressiveness for complex decision making, task allocation, and communication. Their design is mainly used for discrete event modeling other than real-time and continuous motion and perception. Petri nets also do not naturally integrate with AI and learning algorithms. They are not considered the most suitable choice for modeling the complexity and dynamics of human-robot collaboration, which involves a combination of continuous and discrete interactions, uncertainty, and complex decision-making processes.
# Distributed Information Compression for Target Tracking in Cluster-Based Wireless Sensor Networks
## 3 Data Processing Schemes  
This section discusses the proposed data processing scheme, Cooperative Tracking via Compressing Information (CTCI), including the tracking method, information processing model, information flow and the meaning of the location estimation. First, we introduce the network architecture and TCAT, which is the basic model of the proposed CTCI data processing scheme. Secondly, we compare and contrast the DCTTP and TCAT schemes. Finally, a new data processing scheme, CTCI, is proposed to balance the distortion of the processed data and the energy consumption.
## 1 Introduction
Real production tests about larger sizes, capable of more than one thousand litres per day, are currently very few. As far as the authors' knowledge goes, the only examples about large-sized machines are:  
* the case study described by authors in ref. [20], which provided a methodological approach refined and used in the current study;
* the experience reported in ref. [21], which used the same machine subject of the current work but only for water quality analyses purposes;
* the test performed in ref. [22], where it was tried to improve the water yield, increasing the vapour content in the air by means of adiabatic cooling. Another lack of research concerns economic considerations about water coming from the air in order to determine its sustainability, taking into account AWG integrated machines, which are an AWG evolution, and also considering the possible plastic saving due to the onsite water production and distribution, as declared by [23]. Moreover, HVAC plant sustainable retrofitting analyses, with a particular attention to water coming from the air, are also needed [24]. The scope of the current paper is to contribute to the scientific knowledge providing new results focused on the said lack. The research questions to be answered concern:  
* more data about large-sized integrated AWG real tests;
* HVAC retrofitting potentialities by means of integrated AWG;
* extended economic evaluations, taking into account the water quality and the particularity of the integration (HVAC contributions);
* considerations about plastic saving. In order to answer to the research questions, this paper presents a test carried out on an integrated AWG machine placed in a worker village in Dubai. Starting from the results coming from such a test and data concerning the existing HVAC plants serving the village, the current research work studies:  
* the machine behaviour during an entire year, tuning the physically based model used in ref. [20];
* revamping potentialities of the existing HVAC plant;
* economic analyses, carried out considering the integration advantages and the quality of the produced water;
* plastic savings potentialities. To address the above topics, the research work is developed as follows: a brief description of the AWG machines technology, with a particular attention to integrated AWGs (Section 2), the applied methodology (Section 3), the case study (Section 4), the machine behaviour (Section 5), economic evaluations (Section 6) and, finally, considerations about plastic savings (Section 7) and results discussion (Section 8).