# Physiological and Biomechanical Characteristics of Olympic and World-Class Rovers--Case Study
## 3 Results
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Variables** & **Low** & **Moderate** & **Heavy** & **Severe** & **Extreme** \\ \hline Physiological & & & & & \\ Oxygen uptake (mL/min/kg) & 45.6 \(\pm\) 1.2 & 65.9 \(\pm\) 0.3 \({}^{\star}\) & 70.9 \(\pm\) 2.6 \({}^{\star}\) & 79.4 \(\pm\) 2.4 \({}^{\star}\) & 62.9 \(\pm\) 10.4 \({}^{\star}\) \\ Respiratory frequency (b/min) & 39.7 \(\pm\) 1.1 & 51.8 \(\pm\) 0.8 \({}^{\star}\) & 55.4 \(\pm\) 3.1 \({}^{\star}\) & 66.3 \(\pm\) 2.6 \({}^{\star\star}\): & 70.5 \(\pm\) 0.9 \({}^{\star\star}\): \\ Vertilation (L/min) & 83.0 \(\pm\) 2.6 & 136.8 \(\pm\) 1.9 \({}^{\star}\) & 152.2 \(\pm\) 5.4 \({}^{\star}\) & 179.3 \(\pm\) 5.7 \({}^{\star}\) & 174.2 \(\pm\) 6.1 \({}^{\star\star}\) \\ Carbon dioxide production & 36.7 \(\pm\) 1.2 & 58.5 \(\pm\) 0.4 \({}^{\star}\) & 64.0 \(\pm\) 2.8 \({}^{\star}\) & 76.2 \(\pm\) 1.8 \({}^{\star\star}\) & 65.4 \(\pm\) 1.6 \({}^{\star\sharp}\) \\ Respiratory quotient & 0.8 \(\pm\) 0.0 & 0.8 \(\pm\) 0.0 \({}^{\star}\) & 0.9 \(\pm\) 0.0 \({}^{\star}\) & 1.0 \(\pm\) 0.0 \({}^{\star\star}\) & 1.1 \(\pm\) 0.2 \({}^{\star}\) \\ Heart rate (ppm) & 117 \(\pm\) 1 & 148 \(\pm\) 1 \({}^{\star}\) & 157 \(\pm\) 0 \({}^{\star}\) & 164 \(\pm\) 0.8 \({}^{\star\sharp}\) & 170 \(\pm\) 1.8 \({}^{\star\sharp}\) \\ Blood lactate (mmol/L) & 1.4 & 2.2 & 3.2 & 4.5 & 10.6 \\ Core temperature (\({}^{\circ}\)C) & 37.0 \(\pm\) 0.02 & 37.1 \(\pm\) 0.06 \({}^{\star}\) & 37.5 \(\pm\) 0.09 \({}^{\star\sharp}\) & 37.8 \(\pm\) 0.08 \({}^{\star\sharp}\) & 38.1 \(\pm\) 0.03 \({}^{\star\sharp}\): \\ \hline Mechanical Power & & & & & \\ Power (W) & 210 & 300 & 330 & 360 & 539 \\ Power (W/Kg) & 2.6 & 3.8 & 4.1 & 4.5 & 6.8 \\ Work (J) & 226.8 & 285.0 & 300.3 & 313.3 & 398.9 \\ \hline Kinematic & & & & & \\ Rowing rate (cycles/min) & 20 & 26 & 29 & 31 & 40 \\ Rowing cycle length (m) & 1.56 \(\pm\) 0.01 & 1.53 \(\pm\) 0.01 \({}^{\star}\) & 1.52 \(\pm\) 0.01 \({}^{\star\sharp\star}\) & 1.49 \(\pm\) 0.01 \({}^{\star\sharp}\) & 1.42 \(\pm\) 0.03 \({}^{\star\sharp}\) \\ Propulsive time (s) & 1.08 \(\pm\) 0.01 & 0.95 \(\pm\) 0.01 \({}^{\star}\) & 0.91 \(\pm\) 0.01 \({}^{\star\sharp\star}\) & 0.87 \(\pm\) 0.01 \({}^{\star\sharp\star}\) & 0.74 \(\pm\) 0.02 \({}^{\star\sharp\sharp}\) \\ Maximal seat velocity (m/s) & 1.19 \(\pm\) 0.03 & 1.32 \(\pm\) 0.03 \({}^{\star}\) & 1.29 \(\pm\) 0.04 \({}^{\star\ddagger}\) & 1.37 \(\pm\) 0.05 \({}^{\star\ddagger}\) & 1.31 \(\pm\) 0.04 \({}^{\ddagger}\) \\ Maximal handle drive velocity & 1.86 \(\pm\) 0.02 & 2.03 \(\pm\) 0.02 \({}^{\star}\) & 2.08 \(\pm\) 0.02 \({}^{\star\sharp\star}\) & 2.13 \(\pm\) 0.02 \({}^{\star\sharp\ddagger}\) & 2.35 \(\pm\) 0.02 \({}^{\star\sharp\ddagger}\) \\ Catch factor (ms) & \(-\)20 \(\pm\) 10 & \(-\)20 \(\pm\) 10 & \(-\)20 \(\pm\) 10 & \(-\)20 \(\pm\) 10 & 20 \(\pm\) 10 \\ Rhythm (\%) & 37 \(\pm\) 1.3 & 42 \(\pm\) 0.50 \({}^{\star}\) & 44 \(\pm\) 0.58 \({}^{\star\ddagger}\) & 46 \(\pm\) 0.50 \({}^{\ddagger\ddagger}\) & 50 \(\pm\) 0.96 \({}^{\star\ddagger\ddagger}\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}  \({}^{\star}\). \({}^{\star}\). handle did, which can be observed by reference to the negative values for the catch factor) (\(p<0.001\)). Additionally, differences were observed between the genders in terms of VO\({}_{2}\) (heavy, severe and extreme intensities; \(p<0.05\)), respiratory frequency (severe and extreme intensities; \(p<0.05\)), ventilation (moderate, heavy, severe and extreme intensities; \(p<0.05\)), exarbon dioxide production (moderate, heavy and extreme intensities; \(p<0.05\)), respiratory quotient (low intensity; \(p<0.05\)), HR (low, moderate, heavy and severe intensities; \(p<0.05\)) and core temperature (low, moderate, heavy, severe and extreme intensities; \(p<0.05\)).