esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Results  
We compared the effectiveness of the postulated ANN-based approach to optimizing a PK model's parameters in reference to the algebraic curve-fitting method, configured to utilize the Trust Region Reflective algorithm [31]. Apart from the direct comparison of particular model parameters, we also estimated single- and two-kidney GFRs. The image-derived estimates were then compared against reference values measured with iohexol clearance tests.  
We also validated the designed algorithm for the determination of the arterial input function. In this experiment, we calculated the GFR scores using the Trust Region Reflective method for AIFs annotated manually, and using the proposed automated approach.  
For every study we performed manual segmentation of the whole kidney, as well as cortex and medulla. This step was accomplished by two professionals experienced in medical image analysis, using our custom software annotation tool. The rate of agreement between the respective kidney regions delineated by both experts was estimated by the Jaccard coefficient, and was equal to 0.93 on average. For a given study, kidney segments were outlined only in a time frame corresponding to the maximum signal enhancement in the perfusion phase, which ensured the largest contrast between cortex, medulla and pelvis. Depending on the study, this maximal enhancement was observed in frames numbered from 12 to 18. Then, the segmentations were applied to all other time frames reflected in the parameter estimation procedure, so as to determine mean signal time courses in the perfused renal tissue, and the selected frames became fixed reference frames in the b-spline registration algorithm.
# Retrieving Freeze/Thaw Cycles Using Sentinel-1 Data in Eastern Nunavik (Quebec, Canada)
###### Abstract  
In the terrestrial cryosphere, freeze/thaw (FT) state transitions play an important and measurable role in climatic, hydrological, ecological, and biogeochemical processes in permafrost landscapes. Active and passive microwave remote sensing has shown a principal capacity to provide effective monitoring of landscape FT dynamics. The study presents a seasonal threshold approach, which examines the timeseries progression of remote sensing measurements relative to signatures acquired during seasonal frozen and thawed reference states. This is used to estimate the FT state from the Sentinel-1 database and applied and evaluated for the region of Eastern Nunavik (Quebec, Canada). An optimization process of the threshold is included. In situ measurements from the meteorological station network were used for the validation process. Overall, acceptable estimation accuracy (>70%) was achieved in most tests; on the best-performing sites, an accuracy higher than 90% was reached. The performance of the seasonal threshold approach over the study region was further discussed with consideration of land cover, spatial heterogeneity, and soil depth. This work is dedicated to providing more accurate data to capture the spatiotemporal heterogeneity of freeze/thaw transitions and to improving our understanding of related processes in permafrost landscapes.  
FT state; Sentinel-1; seasonal threshold approach; frozen ground Article
## 5 Conclusions
Furthermore, implementing planned maintenance for heavily utilized infrastructure components can significantly reduce long-term maintenance expenses by preventing excessive wear and minimizing unplanned service interruptions. Nevertheless, the absence of real-world operational data presents challenges in precise quantification. Despite this limitation, future research will focus on refining these estimations through empirical validation, further enhancing the practical applicability of the proposed methodology. Additionally, the current approach primarily focuses on static interlocking structures. While the proposed framework enhances connectivity strength, accounts for the number of source and destination nodes, improves node efficiency, and integrates an extended PageRank algorithm, it does not comprehensively capture dynamic factors such as train schedules, real-time route conflicts, and operational constraints. Future research should explore integrating real-time train movement data, stochastic modeling of train operations, and adaptive control mechanisms to refine node importance evaluation within railway station networks. Conceptualization, P.G. and W.Z. ; methodology, P.G. and J.L. ; software, P.G; validation, P.G., J.L. and D.W.; formal analysis, J.L. and D.W.; investigation, J.L. ; resources, P.G., J.L. and D.W.; data curation, D.W.; writing--original draft preparation, P.G. ; writing--review and editing, P.G., W.Z., J.L. and D.W.; visualization, P.G., J.L. and D.W.; supervision, P.G., W.Z. and D.W.; project administration, P.G. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. This research was supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (2024)BMC002, 2022 JBJC2008), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (U2368204), the Project of Beijing Jiaotong University (O22L00010, P22L00050, P22L00090, M24L01240, AI24L00460). Not applicable. The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the authors on request. The authors gratefully acknowledge the insightful comments of the editor and the reviewers that substantially improved the paper. The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest. The following abbreviations are used in this manuscript:  
RSCN Railway station yard diagrams based on multi-layer complex networks  
TS(s) Track section(s)  
AM Adjacency matrix  
SM Structural matrix  
CCM Connection count matrix  
TPM Transition probability matrix  
CS Connectivity strength  
DNC Destination node count  
SNC Source node count  
NE Node efficiency
## 2 Protocol Description
### Deployment and Clinical Validation
Applying the documentation of clinical validation of traditional measurement tools [30; 31; 32], the clinical validation in the case of the EYEFUL system will address the following analyses:  
* Reliability analysis will examine the degree to which EYEFUL measures without error, and internal consistency will evaluate whether the metrics measuring dependence are homogeneous with each other. * Content validity will evaluate whether EYEFUL covers all the metrics it is intended to measure. * Criterion validity will seek to establish the degree of correlation between the scores obtained with EYEFUL and those obtained from the assessment tools established as the gold standard. This will require a sample of 45 subjects without dependence. * Finally, for the analysis of construct validity, the degree of EYEFUL's ability to distinguish between the population without dependence and the population with dependence will be determined. This will require a sample of 90 subjects, 45 non-dependent and 45 dependent, and the resulting EYEFUL scores of both groups will be used. These subjects will follow the inclusion and exclusion criteria described above. To determine the appropriate sample size for the clinical validity phases, the G*Power software (version 3.1.7) was used [31; 32].
# Toward a Detailed Evaluation of Wireless Industrial Data Distribution Approaches +
## 1 Introduction
Finally, wiring the whole network would be an expensive operation and in some cases it could even be difficult to connect the nodes to a cable because they are located in places that are not easily accessible. Given these reasons, it is easy to understand the choice to work with wireless technologies in the industrial field. The main protocols for wireless communication are Near Field Communication (NFC) [9] and Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) [10], but they are not always suitable because they have a very small radio range. Bluetooth has a better radio range (about ten meters) but creates small networks (up to 255 devices connected to the same master, but only 7 can be active and communicate with the master); it supports only the star topology and not uses IP for addressing. WiFi has a greater radio range but it is not economic from the point of view of energy consumption. IEEE has developed, however, IEEE 802.15.4, a protocol for Low-Power Wireless Personal Area Networks. This protocol has driven the design of many related wireless standards, tailored to industrial communication requirements, such as ZigBee [11], WIA-PA [12], ISA100 Wireless [13] and WirelessHART [14]. The last one is of interest to our current study. The number of technologies to be integrated in order to implement a smart data distribution system is large. Current data management solutions primarily consider centralized data management approaches, where all data are collected at a central location (usually in some cloud platform) and then distributed across nodes when needed. However, due to the expected increase in the data generation rate by devices, coupled with the stringent requirements on data delivery for control processes, more distributed solutions are going to be needed, where data are stored on devices closer to where they are needed and delivered directly from there. In addition, robust solutions are also needed, exploiting all types of wireless communication technologies available, in order to reduce the impact of interference, malfunctioning or unavailability of each specific technology.
## 7 IEC in 6G and Open Research Challenges in IEC with 6G Network
### Emerging Technology and Business  
The next generation of intelligent edge computing after AR and VR in 6G will include more sufficient technologies and services such as holographic media and multi-sense service. New media will be more effective based on its realism and attractiveness in rending objects. Holographic media provides magnificent remote presence and merging some of the lifetime applications such as remote surgery which means this media is not limited to the realm of entertainment or teleconferencing.  
_Holographic Communications:_ applications of holographic became more sufficient day after day starting by light display technologies to develop HMDs. Holographic technologies are on their way to became a reality where they have the ability to transfer holographic data remotely. Holographic-Type Communications (HTC) will have the ability to project participants remotely to be attendants in virtual space. Furthermore, a combination of HTC and tactical networking applications will allow users to interact with hologram.  
_Multi-Sense Networks:_ used networking applications including optical, acoustic and tactical are not the only target for IEC in 6G Network but also the other lower senses such as smell and taste. The lower senses focuses on the near chemical interaction in opposite to vision and hearing that involve far distance perception of remote sources. Some progress has been made to simulate the sensory sensation such as digital lollipops, but these technologies face many challenges. For instance, the ability of digital multi-sensors in some of the advertisement applications could be improved by adding smell sense.  
_Time Engineered Applications:_ time-engineered applications will have a significant role in 6G Networks based on the human need to remember some events or rescheduling and handling some voice or video communications that have problem in connection. Most of the machines are built to achieve special tasks such as automotive machines, sensors and autonomous systems where they are not supposed to determine the time loops which unable to overcome delay or slowness. Sensors, actuators, and tiny entities of networks are supposed to perform within milliseconds.  
_Effective Infrastructure:_ referring to necessary infrastructure that is supposed to continue to smooth the use of network and improvement of services in 6G Network in the future. One of the primary goals of 6G Network is identifying new capabilities to face challenges of security, rescuing of any subjects anytime and emergency situations. In particular, the 6G Network will have the ability to identify how subjects are associated with devices by using time centric sensors [113].
## 1 Introduction  
As a further extension of traditional irreversible process thermodynamics, finite-time thermodynamics (FTT) [1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 8; 9; 10; 11] has been applied to analyze and optimize performances of actual thermodynamic cycles, and great progress has been made. FTT has been applied in micro- and nano-cycles [12; 13; 14; 15], thermoelectric devices [16; 17], thermionic devices [18; 19], gas turbine cycles [20; 21; 22], internal combustion cycles [23; 24], cogeneration plants [25; 26], thermoraditative cell [27], chemical devices [28; 29], and economics [30; 31].  
According to the nature of the cycle, the researched heat engine (HEG) cycles include steady flow cycles [32; 33; 34; 35; 36; 37] and reciprocating cycles [38; 39; 40; 41; 42; 43; 44; 45; 46; 47; 48]. For the steady flow HEG cycle, considering the temperature change of the heat reservoir (HR) can make the cycle closer to the actual working state of the HEG, therefore, some scholars have studied the steady flow cycles with variable temperature HR [49; 50; 51; 52; 53].  
The Lenoir cycle (LC) model [54] was proposed by [PERSON] in 1860. From the perspective of the cycle process, the LC lacks a compression process. It looks like a triangle in the cycle \(T\)-\(s\) diagram. It is a typical atmosphere pressure compression HEG cycle, the compression process required by the HEG during operation is realized by atmosphere pressure and it can be used in aerospace, ships, vehicles, and power plants in engineering practice. [PERSON] [55] first used classical thermodynamics to study the steady flow Lenoir cycle (SFLC) and compared its performance with that of a steady flow Camot cycle.  
Compared to the classical thermodynamics, the finite time process of the finite rate heat exchange (HEX) between the system and the environment and the finite size device are considered in the FTT [1; 2; 3; 4; 56; 6; 7; 8; 9; 10; 11; 57; 58; 59], therefore, the result obtained is closer to the actual HEG performance  
Considering the heat transfer loss, [PERSON] et al. [60] established an endoreversible SFLC model with constant-temperature HRs by applying FTT theory, analyzed the influences of HR temperature ratio and total heat conductance (HTC) on the power output (\(P\)) and efficiency (\(\eta\)) characteristics, and obtained the maximum \(P\) and maximum \(\eta\) and the corresponding optimal HTC distributions. Based on the NSGA-II algorithm, [PERSON] et al. [61] optimized the ecological performance coefficient and thermoeconomic performance of the endoreversible SFLC with constant-temperature HRs. Based on the Ref. [60], [PERSON] et al. [62] further considered the internal irreversibility loss, established the irreversible SFLC model and optimized its \(P\) and \(\eta\) performance.  
The above-mentioned were all studies on the SFLC with constant temperature HR. Based on Refs. [60; 61; 62], an irreversible SFLC with a variable temperature HR will be established in this paper, and the influence of internal irreversibility, HR inlet temperature ratio, thermal capacity rate (TCR) matching, and total HTC on cycle performance will be studied.
# Temperature Estimation Adaptive to Variables over Distance Using Infrared-LiDAR
###### Abstract  
Measuring accurate surface temperature using a long-wave infrared camera and a non-contact thermometer, is very difficult due to variables such as atmospheric transmittance, emissivity, and influences from the environment such as atmosphere, sun, and dust. Conventional approaches use geometric correction or atmospheric transmittance modeling for temperature correction. However, these approaches have limitations in finding an accurate temperature because it is difficult to fully model a physical phenomenon. In this paper, a new temperature estimation method using distance information of LiDAR and digital count of long-wave infrared camera is proposed. The proposed method estimates the temperature by redefining the mapping function between radiation and digital count by distance. Using the proposed method, if the digital count is measured at a specific distance, accurate temperature can be estimated through the redefined Radiation-Digital count mapping function at a specific distance. The most important property of proposed method is that complex physical modeling is complemented by mapping function of specific distances. In addition, digital counts that change according to the distance at the same temperature required for the mapping function are obtained through linear interpolation using digital count of specific distances. Experimental results using a blackbody, long-wave infrared camera and LiDAR verify that the proposed method estimates the precise temperature. In addition, through experiments on humans, it shows the possibility of accurate body temperature measurement through fusion of long-wave infrared cameras and LiDAR in the future. However, as a limitation, a new calibration is required when the temperature and humidity of the atmosphere change.  
Keywords:temperature estimation; radiation; digital count; blackbody; long-wave infrared; LiDAR +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Physics Letters
## 1 Introduction  
The research on broadband antennas in industry and academia is ongoing. Vivaldi antennas, dielectric resonant antennas, and planar antennas can provide a wide bandwidth [1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6]. Since the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) allocated the frequency band from 3.1 GHz to 10.6 GHz for commercial UWB systems, UWB printed antennas have been endowed with the ability to be used in short-range, high-speed communication systems [7]. However, UWB antennas are also highly susceptible to in-band interference, for instance, WiMAX (IEEE 802.16) systems operating at 3.3-3.7 GHz, wireless local area networks (WLANs) operating at 5.15-5.35 GHz and 5.725-5.825 GHz, and downlink of X-band satellite communication operating at 7.25-7.75 GHz [8]. The general method is to filter out the interfering frequency bands by cascading UWB antennas with filters. However, the use of filters increases the complexity and cost of UWB systems, as well as causes electromagnetic interference between components. Using an antenna with band-notched characteristics is one of the simple, effective, and low-cost filter methods. Many structures have been developed to achieve band-notched antennas, such as etching \(\Omega\)-shaped, L-shaped, and U-shaped slots on the antenna radiating element and ground [9; 10; 11; 12; 13; 14]. Adding parasitic structures is another way to create band rejections, such as loading split-ring resonators (SRR), U-shaped resonators, or fork-shaped structures on the back of the antenna [15; 16; 17; 18]. Due to the wide notch bandwidth of the general band-notched structures, it is difficult to accurately filter out the narrow-band frequencies, resulting in a waste of useful frequency bands. Therefore, further research on structures with narrow-band filtering properties is required.  
This paper proposes a quadruple band-notched UWB antenna using cured C-shaped structures and interdigital inductance slots, which have narrow-band filtering properties. The front of the antenna consists of a circular patch antenna and a side-feed microstrip line. Band stops of WLAN are achieved by etching two interdigital inductance slots on the ground plane. At the same time, curled C-shaped slots are etched on the radiation patch on the front of the antenna, and a curled split-ring resonator is used on the backside of the antenna to realize the band stops of WiMAX and downlink of the X-band satellite communication.
# Factorial Design Analysis for Localization Algorithms
## 3 \(2^{k}\) Factorial Methodology  
The research, development and testing of different experiments can involve high costs and intense work. Simulation is therefore a useful alternative before actual implementation; however, simulations involve extensive, heterogeneous scenarios. The number of possible factors and their values can be very high. This section explains how \(2^{k}\) factorial analysis can be used to determine the most relevant factors that affect a certain variable of interest and describe a system's behavior. The use of \(2^{k}\) factorial analysis is important for the following reasons: (1) it reduces the number of simulations that need to be done, (2) it evaluates the relation among different factors, and (3) it reduces the simulation time needed.  
This study uses the following complete \(2^{k}\) factorial design methodology whose flow diagram is shown in Figure 1. First, a set of \(k\) interest factors is defined, determined by two critical levels (\(-1\) and \(1\)), for each one the them, which represent extreme values of said factors, i.e., values for the best and worst simulation scenario. Then, the experiment is run for all the \(2^{k}\) possible combinations of factors. From each simulation \(\left(\begin{array}{c}k\\ 2\end{array}\right)\) two-factor interactions are extracted, \(\left(\begin{array}{c}k\\ 3\end{array}\right)\) three-factor interactions, and so on. Finally, using the sign table method the results are analyzed and the variation is assigned, depending on the combination of the different factors. A factor's importance depends on the proportion of the total metric variation explained by the factor. The variation refers to the variance of a metric [30]. The total variation of \(y\) is known as the total sum of squares (SST), which is calculated using Equation (18).  
\[\text{Total variation of }y=\text{SST}=\sum_{i=1}^{2^{k}}(y_{i}-\overline{y})^{2} \tag{18}\]  
where \(\overline{y}\) denotes the mean of the responses of all the experiments. The variable \(y_{i}\) is calculated with a non-linear regression model of the study factors. The fraction of variation explained calculates the percentage of variation or impact of a factor or combination of various study factors on a performance metric. The methodology used is described below.
# Application of Molecularly Imprinted Polymers in the Analysis of Waters and Wastewaters
## 5 Application of MIPs for the Detection of Different Classes of Contaminants
### Pesticides
#### 5.3.2. Herbicides
While EGDMA and DVB are the most commonly used cross-linker for stabilizing the pre-polymerization complex formed between the monomer and the target template by fixing the functional monomer around the template molecule. The proper adjustment of the cross-linker type and ratio in the polymerization process has a great effect on the properties of the resulting polymer, where the increase in the amount of crosslinker may reduce the number of imprinted recognition sites and affect the rigidity of the polymer when rebinding to the template in any removal experiments, while inefficient crosslinking may result in low stability and poor polymerization complexes. Most of the reported methods applied free-radical thermal or photochemical polymerization initiator for various types of imprinting reactions. Magnetic surface molecularly imprinted polymer was found to be a highly efficient sorbents for pesticides, where an external magnetic field can be applied to collect the sorbents in a few seconds compared to other separation methods involving filtration or centrifugation. MIPs have showed higher specificity and selectivity for the target analytes, besides the possibility to be used multiple times.