esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Efficient Pruning of Detection Transformer in Remote Sensing Using Ant Colony Evolutionary Pruning
## 2 Related Works
### NAS-Based Pruning Techniques  
Neural network pruning can be viewed as a multi-objective optimization problem, as it not only requires minimizing the number of neural network parameters but also maximizing model performance. However, the number of neural network parameters is often directly related to performance levels, so there is usually no single solution that optimally addresses all objectives. Instead, a set of optimal solutions is sought within the original neural network structure, and trade-offs are made among them [38; 39]. This method can be perfectly combined with NAS. Initially devised to automatically craft more optimal neural network structures, NAS can be seamlessly adapted to automatic pruning, with the search cost for pruning using NAS being comparatively lower than that of the original NAS process [40; 41]. Pruning-oriented NAS can be segmented into three key categories [42]: reinforcement learning-based methods, strategies based on gradients, and evolutionary algorithm searches. While [PERSON] et al. [41] employ reinforcement learning to ascertain the pruning rate for each layer; it does not specifically address residual layers, thereby capping the maximum optimal proportion. By adjusting sparse constraints, [PERSON] et al. [43] directly restrict the number of channels during the gradient descent iteration. Aiming at different receptive fields across various neural network layers, [PERSON] et al. [44] set larger pruning ratios for deeper layers, particularly beneficial in scenarios such as remote sensing, marked by numerous small objects. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [40] operate by directly seeking the neural network's width and depth using a unique architecture search approach, although it modifies the neural network structure during the search. [PERSON] et al. [45] utilize a multi-objective evolutionary strategy for filter pruning to strike a balance between model performance and size.
###### Abstract  
The rising demand for bandwidth in optical communication networks has led to the need for more efficient solutions for spectrum allocation. This article presents a solution to enhance the capacity and efficiency of passive optical networks (PON) using optical microring resonators and dynamic spectrum allocation. The solution relies on wavelength division multiplexing (WDM). It proposes using a support vector machine (SVM) and a Routing, Modulation Level, and Spectrum Assignment (RMLSA) method to manage spectrum allocation based on the bandwidth and distance of multiple requests. The network employs a pulse shaper to physically allocate the spectrum, allowing for the separation of the spectrum generated by the microring resonators into different wavelengths or wavelength ranges (super-channel). Additionally, the SVM and RMLSA algorithms regulate the pulse shaper to execute the allocation. This photonic network achieves improved spectrum utilization and reduces the network blocking probability. Our proposal shows that we successfully addressed 1090 requests with a zero blocking probability, accounting for 81% of the total requests. These request scenarios can simultaneously accommodate up to 200 requests, with a maximum bandwidth of 31 THz. This highlights the efficacy of our approach in efficiently managing requests with substantial processing capacity.
# TAEO-A Thermal Aware & Energy Optimized Routing Protocol for Wireless Body Area Networks
###### Abstract  
Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs) are in the spotlight of researchers and engineering industries due to many applications. Remote health monitoring for general as well as military purposes where tiny sensors are attached or implanted inside the skin of the body to sense the required attribute is particularly prominent. To seamlessly accomplish this procedure, there are various challenges, out of which temperature control to reduce thermal effects and optimum power consumption to reduce energy wastage are placed at the highest priority. Regular and consistent operation of a sensor node for a long-time result in a rising of the temperature of respective tissues, where it is attached or implanted. This temperature rise has harmful effects on human tissues, which may lead to the tissue damage. In this paper, a Temperate Aware and Energy Optimized (TAEO) routing protocol is proposed that not only deals with the thermal aspects and hot spot problem, but also extends the stability and lifetime of a network. Analytical simulations are conducted, and the results depict better performance in terms of the network lifetime, throughput, energy preservation, and temperature control with respect to state of the art WBAN protocols.  
energy efficient; hot spot; power dissipation; thermal aware; WBAN +
Footnote †: journal: Sensors  
1  
[PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON].  
WBAN constitutes a set of miniature sensors, like Electrocardiogram (ECG) and Electromyography (EMG), which are implanted inside the human body or placed outside the skin; Figure 1 shows a basic WBAN architecture. These nodes are integrated into the exchange of information. Each sensor collects the associated data from its surrounding and processes it for onward submission to the intended medical rep or physician. The adoption of technology always imposes certain challenges; similar is the case with WBAN. Aside from its proved assistance to both patients and doctors, some aspects of WBAN need to be controlled for its practical implementation.  
In addition to the saved energy through intelligent design of electric circuits of wireless sensor nodes, energy efficient routing plays a vital role in preserving the energy of these nodes. Moreover, another vital problem in such networks is the thermal dissipation of nodes, which is harmful for human tissues. In WBAN, a node is declared as a hot-spot node when its temperature is raised to an extent where it can damage human tissues. This is a safety hazard and it is not acceptable in WBAN implementation. Therefore, the temperature of a hot-spot node needs to be intelligently managed for a hazard-free deployment of WBAN. There are various factors that cause the temperature rise of the node. Two primary sources [3] are:  
* EM transmission and
* power consumption within internal circuitry.
## 3 Smart Grid High-Voltage Transmission Line Condition Detection System
### Communication Design  
The sensing device communicates with the server through the GPRS communication network, using TCP/IP protocol as the data transmission protocol. The commonly used protocols in the transport layer of TCP/IP protocol are the UDP protocol and TCP protocol, which are connectionless, out-of-order, and unreliable transmission protocols, but are characterized by fast transmission speeds. The TCP protocol receives packets from the application layer and splits the data stream into fixed-length packet segments for transmission. It also performs the functions of confirming the legality of datagrams, controlling the traffic transmission within a certain period of time, handling network delays, detecting the format of datagrams sent by the source host, etc. It provides highly reliable data communication between the sensing device and the server.  
(1) Communication link establishment  
When the sensing terminal device collects data, the collected data are packetized at the application layer through a custom data communication protocol, and then, TCP packets are added to convert it into TCP packets to provide an end-to-end interface. The IP header is added to form an IP datagram, and the IP address addressing is used to select the best route between networks for data transmission.  
(2) Data communication protocol design  
In order to achieve standardized, automated, and transparent transmission of transmission line status monitoring information, the data transmission protocol for communication between the sensing terminal equipment and the server is designed, and the data is packetized, as the protocol of the application layer so as to establish a standardized and mutually compatible information management system. After receiving the data, the server-side parses the data in accordance with this data communication protocol format, after which, the data are stored in the database. The sensing terminal device has intermittent collection and automatic upload, and the data transmission protocol uses the data frame format, as shown in Table 2.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### SIP Measurements and Chemical Analysis of Samples in the Laboratory
Grinding was conducted to different degrees to obtain samples with four different grain sizes (d): fine (d \(<\) 0.45 mm) denoted as d1, medium (d between 0.45 and 1 mm) denoted as d2, coarse (between 1 and 2 mm) denoted as d3, and large (\(>\)10 mm) denoted as d4. SIP measurements in these samples were conducted in a column with a length of 300 mm and a radius of 25 mm. Two plate electrodes are located at each end of the column and are used to inject current, while two non-polarizing Ag/AgCl electrodes (based on Inamdar et al. [47]) are located equidistant in the column (100 mm separation) to collect the electrical voltage. The columns were filled with ground graphite particles disseminated in quartz sand and fully saturated with demineralized water. Besides the rock samples, we conducted SIP measurements on commercial graphite powder with a maximum grain size of 0.075 mm provided by Carl Roth GmbH. Such commercial samples were built with a graphite volume content of 2% disseminated in silica sand. The commercial samples were fully saturated, and measurements were collected at different steps after increasing the pore fluid salinity (in the range between 0.005 and 0.25 S/m) by adding Natrium-chloride (NaCl) to demineralized water. The idea was to have a well-controlled grain size and evaluate changes in the SIP response by varying fluid conductivity to improve the interpretation of our field signatures.
## 4 Discussion
The open-source software PRIDE PPP-AR improves the PPP technique with ambiguity resolution thanks to the algorithm it runs in the background. It has been found that PRIDE PPP-AR software performs better compared to services with similar PPP techniques [58]. In this study, the PPP-AR technique was considered an alternative to RTK/PPK techniques, which require more infrastructure, labor, and cost. The analysis of the horizontal, vertical, and 3D components indicates that the results of the PPP-AR technique are consistent with those of the alternative techniques. Since RTK requires an instant mobile connection due to its structure, it may have a negative effect in case of signal failure. The accuracy will not reach the desired level because the correction data cannot be received in real time. Furthermore, an additional GNSS for RTK/PPK adds an extra workload.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### WRMS Analysis  
To investigate the impact of MOT on the non-linear characteristics of global IGS stations, we calculate the weighted root mean square (WRMS) of the coordinate time series for the 109 stations before and after considering the MOT effect. Here, we also only estimate the WRMS of IGS stations with continuous observation span of more than three years. Figure 8 illustrates the spatial distribution of the MOT induced WRMS variation rate. Negative means that the WRMS reduced after implementing MOT correction. Figure 9 gives the percentage of stations with the WRMS variation rate inside different ranges. For the definition of the WRMS and its variation rate, please refer to [22] for detail.  
Figure 8: Spatial distribution of the MOT induced WRMS variation rate. Black dot in the figure indicates that the WRMS variation rate for the station is smaller than the minimum value on the scale. From top to bottom are the U, E, and N components. Unit of the variation rate is in percentage (%).  
From Figures 8 and 9, we observe that MOT could only introduce small WRMS variations of the global IGS stations, with maximum variation rate smaller than 5% at coastal/island stations. Different from the results in previous sections, the vertical component exhibits the smallest impact. Except for only several coastal/island stations, e.g., REYK, whose WRMS reduction reaching 3%, stations with WRMS variation rate smaller than 1% account for 84% of the selected stations. For the horizontal components, the impact of MOT is slightly larger. 59% of stations' WRMS in the E component are reduced after considering the MOT effect, with maximum reduction of 1%-5% at most coastal and island stations, such as station MAC1 (MacQuarie Island, Southern Ocean). With respect to the N component, however, stations with WRMS reduced account for only 36%, and most of them are located along coasts or on the island, with maximum WRMS reduction smaller than 3%. Nevertheless, implementing MOT correction could also increase the WRMS for some global IGS stations, in particular for the N component. For example, the E component of station PDEL (Ponta Delgada, Portugal) and the N component of station NOT1 (Sicily, Italy) exhibit a WRMS increase of about 3% after considering MOT effect.  
Until now, there is still big discrepancy between global IGS stations' non-linear position time series and the environmental loading induced displacement [22, 29, 45, 46]. One of the major factors that caused the discrepancy is known as the GPS related error [29, 47, 48]. Our MOT modeling here at the observation level during the GPS data processing may indicate a possible source that would narrow the gap. Further work still needs to be done on the contribution of MOT to the inconsistency between GPS coordinate time series and the surface displacement driven by environmental loading.
# Invasive Prenatal Diagnostics: A Cornerstone of Perinatal Management
## 1 Introduction to Prenatal Diagnostics
Prenatal screening for such disorders is hindered by a lack of comprehensive prospective clinical trials and insufficient outcome data. Professional recommendations currently do not suggest it for routine screening [61]. No screening procedure is flawless; each has its own strengths and weaknesses. [PERSON] et al. suggest that NIPT is most cost-effective when used as a tool in the contingent screening approach [62]. Non-invasive testing is favoured by most healthcare professionals and patients because of its safety compared with invasive procedures. With that in mind, NIPT does not provide the capability for whole-exome sequencing (WES), which requires amniocentesis or CVS samples. Introducing cell-free DNA (cffDNA) into screening for foetal chromosomal disorders perfectly exemplifies the rapid changes in the field of modern genomics and prenatal diagnostics. Simultaneously with research on cffDNA, methods for investigating the human genome were sought. DNA sequencing was first described in 1977 by [PERSON] et al. [63] and [PERSON] et al. [64]. Originally, it required an enzymatic denaturation and synthesis followed by gel electrophoresis of DNA fragments in order to analyse the sequence of the gel bands. This was effective only for short fragments of DNA (up to 1000-1500 base pairs) and limited to sequencing a single fragment at a time. A groundbreaking article, published in 2005 by [PERSON] et al. [65], introduced a technology that utilised microfabricated high-density picolitre reactors capable of performing simultaneous sequencing reactions in millions of small chambers. The concept of massive parallel sequencing (MPS) made it possible to sequence large genomes, such as the human genome, in much shorter timetrames and at lower costs than previously possible. Since that publication, sequencing technology has been intensively developed, leading to the emergence of various platforms that are now widely used in genetic research, medicine, biotechnology, and other scientific fields.
## Modeling and Simulation  
The hybrid compression/absorption chiller and the low-capacity solar concentrator analyzed in this work are shown in Figure 1. The chiller is made up of the following 5 systems:  
* Space conditioning system, SCS. In this system, it is required to remove the heat from the conditioned Space conditioning system, SCS. In this system, it is required to remove the heat from the conditioned space. Solar radiation and outside temperature influence the amount of heat to be removed by the coil \(\dot{Q}_{e}\).
* Compression refrigeration system, CRS. This system removes the heat from the conditioned space through the evaporator \(\dot{Q}_{ce}\). This parameter, together with the outside temperature, \(T_{o}\), and the inside temperature, \(T_{i}\), influences the power of the compressor, \(\dot{W}_{c}\).
* Thermal engine system, TES. This system consists of a Stirling engine mechanically coupled to the compressor of the compression system. Depending on the power of the compressor and the efficiency of the heat engine, the amount of heat required from the hot source \(\dot{Q}_{HS}\) is determined.
* Absorption refrigeration system, ARS. This system removes the heat from the conditioned space through \(\dot{Q}_{ae}\). This parameter, together with the outside temperature, inside temperature and supply temperature, \(T_{g}\), influences the amount of heat required in the generator \(\dot{Q}_{g}\).
* Solar energy system, SES. This system consists of a dish collector, which takes advantage of the radiation in the heat absorber. This heat is provided to the Stirling engine that is coupled to the compression system and/or the absorption refrigeration system.  
Modeling of each component and each system is shown in Section 2.1. Modeling of the dish collector is shown in Section 2.2.  
Figure 1: Schematic diagram of the hybrid compression/absorption chiller fed by Stirling engine and solar energy.
## 5 Feasibility and Evaluation
### Architectural Comparison
#### 5.5.3 Usability  
Traditional security architectures and corresponding controls are designed to protect resources, such as a server, files or subnets. They are driven by a resource-specific policy irrespective of the user requirements. EDAS offers a user- and service-centric security solution. All requirements pertaining to the user, service, as well as critical resources are considered and assessed in individual adverse contexts before any decisions are made. End-user solutions may accommodate user preferences to some extent, but overall, the emphasis is the resource.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Wort Fermentation of Sugarcane Samples  
The populations of different microbial groups during fermentation are reported in Figures 3-6. Before inoculation and chemical treatments, the microbial levels in sugarcane juice were 5.20 log CFU/mL for total mesophilic microorganism, 4.70 log CFU/mL for _Saccharomyces_ spp., 4.35 for non-_Saccharomyces_ yeasts, 3.60 log CFU/mL for LAB cocci, 5.20 log CFU/mL for LAB rods, and 2.40 log CFU/mL for AAB.  
The stems of sugarcane, and consequently the extracted juice, host a diverse bacterial community comprising both aerobic lactic acid bacteria and microaerophilic species [12]. The juice also contained yeasts belonging to both _Saccharomyces_ and non-_Saccharomyces_ genera, with the former being predominant. These yeast population levels are consistent with the observations reported by [PERSON] et al. [60]. Following yeast inoculation and the addition of various chemical adjuncts, the total mesophilic microbial load ranged from 4.01 to 5.91 log CFU/mL, as illustrated in Figure 3. These values increased at the next sampling point. Overall, trials without chemical treatment showed higher values. Specifically, the highest cell counts were registered at the inoculum for _S. cerevisiae_ EC1118 in the trial SC4 (5.91 log CFU/mL), on day 6 for spontaneous fermentation in SC1 and for EC1118 in SC4 (7.89 log CFU/mL), on day 12 for _S. cerevisiae_ MN113 in trial SC3 (8.02 log CFU/mL), and at the end of alcoholic fermentation for _S. cerevisiae_ MN113 in SC3 (7.61 log CFU/mL). Trials with lactic acid, sulfuric acid, and metabisulfite showed lower microbial loads compared to the trials without these additions, due to their antimicrobial activity [17; 18; 19]. Although the yeast inoculum was prepared at a concentration of approximately 2 \(\times\) 10\({}^{6}\) CFU/mL, the viable cell count measured immediately after inoculation was 5.91 log CFU/mL (approximately 8.1 \(\times\) 10\({}^{5}\) CFU/mL). This indicates a viability of around 59.5%. While this level of viability was slightly lower than expected, it was sufficient to ensure rapid yeast dominance and successful fermentation, as confirmed by the microbial dynamics and sugar consumption profiles. The reduced viability may be attributed to osmotic stress or handling during inoculum preparation.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Drying Characteristic of Cassava Leaves
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Models** & **Temperature** & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Parameters**} & **R\({}^{2}\)** & **MAPE** & **RMSE** \\ \cline{3-6}
**Equation *** & **(\({}^{\circ}\)C)** & **k** & **a** & **n, g, b** & & \\ \hline  & 40 & 0.2242 & & 0.9895 & 2.6157 & 0.0045 \\  & 50 & 0.4826 & & 0.9860 & 5.0923 & 0.0096 \\  & 60 & 0.7593 & & 0.9873 & 8.8639 & 0.0099 \\  & 70 & 1.1796 & & 0.9879 & 9.9045 & 0.0145 \\  & 80 & 1.8493 & & 0.9939 & 15.2210 & 0.0115 \\ \hline  & 40 & 0.1570 & 1.2065 & 0.9982 & 0.6074 & 0.0019 \\  & 50 & 0.3843 & 1.2419 & 0.9973 & 1.6251 & 0.0042 \\  & 60 & 0.6566 & 1.2913 & 0.9988 & 1.6186 & 0.0031 \\  & 70 & 1.1590 & & 1.3277 & 0.9999 & 0.9707 & 0.0014 \\  & 80 & 2.0584 & & 1.3374 & 0.9998 & 3.6879 & 0.0018 \\ \hline  & 40 & 0.2352 & 1.0533 & & 0.9920 & 2.1846 & 0.0040 \\  & 50 & 0.5020 & 1.0440 & & 0.9882 & 4.5775 & 0.0088 \\  & 60 & 0.7868 & 1.0423 & & 0.9891 & 7.8898 & 0.0091 \\  & 70 & 1.2063 & 1.0278 & & 0.9889 & 9.4084 & 0.0139 \\  & 80 & 1.8624 & 1.0103 & & 0.9941 & 14.9701 & 0.0114 \\ \hline  & 40 & 0.2994 & 1.7341 & & 0.9980 & 0.8556 & 0.0020 \\  & 50 & 0.6574 & 1.7682 & & 0.9969 & 2.2231 & 0.0045 \\  & 60 & 1.0661 & 1.8330 & & 0.9982 & 2.1726 & 0.0037 \\  & 70 & 1.7191 & 1.9075 & & 0.9996 & 2.2986 & 0.0027 \\  & 80 & 2.7258 & 1.9866 & & 0.9997 & 3.3528 & 0.0024 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Drying models fitted at different temperatures and statistical results.
## 3 Results
### Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR)  
The analysis of the IR spectra of the developed polymeric systems (Figure 2) proved the encapsulation of the active substances into chitosan matrix through the presence of the characteristic absorption bands for CS, Gly, and LA. The spectra of CS and CS microparticles revealed the peak associated to the vibration of carbonyl bond of amide groups (-CO-NH-) at 1660 cm\({}^{-1}\) and a peak at 1589 cm\({}^{-1}\) corresponding to the vibration of amine groups (NH\({}_{2}\)). The peaks at 1430 cmand 1060 cm\({}^{-1}\) were attributed to the vibrations of methylene groups (CH\({}_{2}\)) and etheric bond (C-O-C), respectively. In addition, the large band between 3100-3600 cm\({}^{-1}\) was attributed to the vibration of -OH and -NH- groups.  
The presence of Gly into CS-Gly-LA microparticles was proved by the absorption characteristic bands corresponding to stretching vibrations for C-H groups from the aromatic ring (2950-2850 cm\({}^{-1}\)), carbonyl group C=O (1690 cm\({}^{-1}\)), deformation vibrations for secondary amino group NH-(1400-1460 cm\({}^{-1}\)), S=O (1350-1300 cm\({}^{-1}\)) and 1150 cm\({}^{-1}\) (C-N). LA was proved into CS-Gly-LA microparticles by the presence of the absorption characteristic bands corresponding to methylene groups CH\({}_{2}\) (2950-2900 cm\({}^{-1}\)), carbonyl C=O (1690 cm\({}^{-1}\)), C-H (1430-1380 cm\({}^{-1}\)), hydroxyl OH (950 cm\({}^{-1}\)), C-S (750-700 cm\({}^{-1}\)), S-S (671 cm\({}^{-1}\)) groups.  
Figure 1: SEM images ofchitosan (CS) (**A**); CS-glibenclamide (Gly) (**B**), CS-lipoic acid (LA) (**C**), CS-Gly–LA (**D**) microparticles at different scales: 200/400 \(\upmu\)m (a), 50 \(\upmu\)m (b), 20 \(\upmu\)m (c).