## 3 Results
### Cellular Diagnostic Parameters and Biomarkers in Asthma  
As support to clinical diagnosis, biomarkers and cellular and molecular parameters have been developed to diagnose asthma pathology (Figure 2). Asthma classification (T2 and non-T2) enables the establishment of an effective treatment strategy [23; 24; 25]. Th2 cells, type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2), eosinophils, mast cells, and M2 macrophages are involved in T2 inflammation, characteristic of T2 asthma, which is primarily caused by the activation of the Th2 cells and ILC2, producing Th2 cytokines (IL-4, IL-5, IL-9, IL-13, and IL-31) [26; 27]. At the cellular level, several immune cells (eosinophilis, Th2 cells, ILC2, B cells, and mast cells) are present in T2 asthma. On the other hand, it is also known that neutrophils, Th1, and Th17 cells are the main mediators in non-T2 asthma [26]. Although the phenotypes of non-T2 asthma are still poorly known (some associated symptoms include obesity, smoking, and psychological factors), the innate immunological, metabolic, and epigenetic indicators must be considered [8]. Therefore, searching for new biomarkers and cellular diagnostic tools for allergy disorders, including asthma, has been the focus of a plethora of studies in recent years [28; 29]. The basophil activation test (BAT) is a functional assay that evaluates the percentage of degranulation of the basophils after allergen incubation by flow cytometry. In the last few years, BAT has become a novel promise diagnostic tool for allergic asthma [30]. Basophil sensitivity, measured by CD-sens, has been demonstrated as a useful parameter in the diagnosis of allergic asthma, correlating with the dose of allergen used in the bronchial challenge that causes a 20% drop in FEV1 [31]. On the other hand, biomarkers are important parameters for precision medicine as they provide information on disease endotypes, clusters, precise diagnoses, identification of therapeutic targets, and tracking of therapy efficacies. Several studies have shown some clinically applicable cell point-of-care biomarkers [32; 33; 34; 11; 35], including sputum and blood eosinophils [36; 37], circulating ILC2s expressing chemokine receptor (CCR) 10, plasmatic CCL27 levels, and an increase in serum IgE (Figure 2). Moreover, innate epithelial cytokines (IL-25, IL-33, and thymic stromal lymphopoietin [TSLP]), Th2 cytokines (IL-4 and IL-13), and receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) are also important biomarkers in asthma [38; 39; 40; 41; 42; 43]. In contrast, non-T2 asthma typically relies on neutroph or paucigranulocytic patterns [11; 44; 45], so calprotectin and HMGB1 levels are also useful biomarkers for this type of asthma. Although these biomarkers could provide limited information [37], they are used for multiple approaches: disease diagnosis, selection of targeted therapy, disease monitoring, and prediction of prognosis [46]. Molecular Diagnostic Parameters in Asthma: Proteomics, Metabolomics, and Transcriptomics Analysis  
Several novel diagnostic tools are under current investigation, such as other biomarkers that may be measured in serum, bodily fluids, and exhaled air, such as pro-inflammatory mediators, micro RNAs (miRNAsNAs), eicosanoid molecules, epithelial barrier integrity, and microbiota alterations [24; 47; 48] (Figure 2). They are helpful in the diagnosis and monitoring of allergic disorders [24; 26; 49; 50]. New technologies such as imaging, artificial intelligence, and omics models further enable a precision treatment strategy for asthma [8]. Specifically, omics studies [51], such as proteomics [52; 53], metabolomics [54], and transcriptomic (real-time PCR, microarrays, and RNA sequencing), have been recently used as tools for the identification of novel biomarkers as diagnostic tools. These are becoming even more necessary because of the use of biologicals in clinical practice for patient selection, outcome prediction, and monitoring, allowing for a suitable choice of how long to administer these expensive and long treatments [24].