## 4 Artificial Pollination--Artificial Pollination Technology  
Pollination is critical for many crops for successful production. To avoid pollination failure due to weather events, bloom asynchrony, insects, and wind-based pollination systems, artificial pollination systems are required that can provide yield security for crops [30]. There are various reasons for resorting to artificial pollination, including:  
1. Crop yield enhancement: In agriculture, artificial pollination is sometimes employed to increase crop yields. This can be particularly important for crops where natural pollination may be insufficient [31]. 2. Control of pollination: Artificial pollination allows for precise control over the pollination process. This is useful in hybrid seed production, where specific traits can be selected [32]. 3. Overcoming pollination challenges: Some crops may face challenges with natural pollination due to factors like low insect activity, unfavorable weather conditions, i.e., wind, or geographic isolation. Artificial pollination can overcome these challenges [33]. 4. Biotechnological research: In scientific research, artificial pollination can be used to study plant genetics, breeding, and other aspects of plant biology [34]. Artificial pollination technology involves various methods and tools designed to facilitate the pollination process in plants by assisting the natural transfer of pollen. Some of the technologies and techniques used for artificial pollination include:  
1. Drones: Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), or drones, equipped with special devices can be used for pollination. These devices may carry pollen and release it over crops, i.e., walnut trees, or mimic the actions of bees and other pollinators [35]. 2. Robotic pollinators: Small robots designed to mimic the behaviors of natural pollinators can navigate through crops, transferring pollen between flowers. These robots are often equipped with cameras and sensors to identify and locate flowers [36]. 3. Spraying devices: Some systems involve the use of sprayers to disperse pollen over crops. These devices can be mounted on tractors or other vehicles, releasing pollen in a controlled manner [37]. Electrostatic pollination: This method uses an electrostatic charge to adhere pollen to flowers. The charged pollen is attracted to the stigma, increasing the chances of successful pollination [38]. 5. Vibrational devices: Certain crops respond well to vibrational stimulation, which can be achieved through devices that vibrate the flowers, causing the release of pollen [39]. 6. Artificial flowers: In controlled environments like greenhouses, artificial flowers containing pollen can be placed strategically to enhance pollination [40]. 7. Automated pollination systems: Some systems use automated robotic arms or other mechanical devices to transfer pollen between flowers. These systems can be programmed to work efficiently and quickly [41]. The development of artificial pollination technologies is driven by the need to address challenges such as declining bee populations, environmental factors, and the increasing demand for efficient and reliable pollination in agriculture. Using VOS viewer mapping software (version 1.6.20) and the Scopus bibliographic database based on the search strategy criteria \"Artificial and Pollination and Technologies\" (Figure 1) revealed that the above-mentioned technologies show promise, but they are still in the early stages of development (co-keyword: \"artificial intelligence\", Figure 1) and may vary in effectiveness (co-keyword: \"optimization\", Figure 1), depending on the specific crop, environmental conditions, and probably other parameters such as the disease inoculum [42; 43; 44; 45].