esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 6 Performance Evaluation
### Communication Overhead  
The sizes of the environmental data ciphertexts, denoted as \(|\mathbf{E}_{sym}|\), \(|\mathbf{E}|\), \(|\mathcal{G}|\), \(|\mathcal{G}|\), and \(|Z|\) bytes, respectively, indicate that \(E=(\{E_{1 ij},E_{2 ij},E_{3 ij},E_{4 ij}\}_{j\in[1,n]})\) is a component in \(\mathcal{G}\), \(\mathbb{G}\), and \(Z_{q}\). Table 3 illustrates the four stages of communication costs: ciphertexts, aggregation, trapdoor, and search. While current techniques typically consider only one \(dg_{i}\), the proposed scheme accommodates multiple \(dg_{i}\)s. Consequently, we focus on a single \(dg_{i}\) here for comparison with other methods. During the ciphertext phase, the \(dg_{i}\) transmits \(k\) ciphertexts and environmental ciphertexts (\(E_{d_{i}},k\)) to the FS for storage. With \(n\) representing the number of files, these ciphertexts' overall length is \(n(|\mathbf{E}_{sym}|+|\mathbf{E}|+|\mathcal{G}|+|\mathcal{G}|)\) bytes. The length of the encrypted symmetric key and trapdoor (\(T_{i},\mathcal{S}B_{ggg}\)) sent to the \(dr\) by the aggregation \(SC\) during the aggregation phase is \(|\mathbf{E}_{sym}|+|\mathcal{G}|\) bytes. The \(dr\) then provides a search trapdoor (\(T_{i}\)) to the FS after recovering the trapdoor using the private key. The trapdoor's overall length is \(|\mathcal{G}|\) bytes.In the process of the search, the FS provides the matching environmental data ciphertexts (\(E_{i}\)) to the \(dr\). The length for the data search is \(|\mathbf{E}_{sym}|+|\mathbf{E}|\) bytes.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Property** & **[PERSON] et al. [24]** & **[PERSON] et al. [19]** & **[PERSON] et al. [26]** & **[PERSON] et al. [25]** & **Proposed** \\ \hline Secure search & \(\surd\) & \(\surd\) & \(\surd\) & \(\surd\) & \(\surd\) \\ \hline Accountability & \(\times\) & \(\times\) & \(\times\) & \(\times\) & \(\surd\) \\ \hline Access control & \(\surd\) & \(\surd\) & \(\surd\) & \(\surd\) & \(\surd\) \\ \hline Requester privacy & \(\times\) & \(\times\) & \(\times\) & \(\times\) & \(\times\) \\ \hline Key-leakage resistance & \(\surd\) & \(\surd\) & \(\times\) & \(\surd\) & \(\surd\) \\ \hline Dual verifiable search & \(\times\) & \(\times\) & \(\times\) & \(\times\) & \(\surd\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Comparison of security properties.  
We evaluate the communication overhead against two comparable systems, represented by the number of \(n\) files: those proposed by [PERSON] et al. [19] and [PERSON] et al. [25]. Compared to the method of [PERSON] et al. [19], the proposed solution incurs a higher communication overhead during the ciphertext phase, as indicated in Table 3. In the trapdoor phase, the method proposed by [PERSON] et al. [25] outperforms the proposed scheme in terms of communication costs. However, in contrast to the other two strategies, the proposed scheme incurs only a minimal transmission cost during the data search.  
In summary, regarding communication overhead during the search phase, the recommended method outperforms both of the proposed alternatives.
# A Review of Wireless Positioning Techniques and Technologies: From Smart Sensors to 6G
## 3 Wireless Technologies
### Acoustic  
An acoustic-based localization system utilizes the sound for determining the distance and direction of an object. The acoustic signals were initially used for detecting aircraft and objects under water by using the sound navigation and ranging (SONAR). Nowadays, they provide another dimension for smart applications, mainly due to the wide availability of microphones, speakers, and audio chips embedded on the smart devices [23]. The acoustic-based localization systems can be classified as active or passive. The former include the creation of sound for producing an echo aiming to determine the target's location, whereas the latter include the detection of sound created by the target. Additional features, such as the energy, temporal, and directional features of the incoming sound at different microphones, can also be used, together with a suitable model for estimating the source location [14]. Additionally, the acoustic-based localization algorithms depend on the speed of sound, which is influenced by variations in temperature and humidity. For instance, a 1 \({}^{\circ}\)C offset in the temperature can cause about 0.606 m/s drift in the sound speed, when the humidity is 0% [13].  
Beamforming and holography can also be used. Beamforming can identify the sources by scanning all potential locations and holography for making sound fields' predictions.  
Figure 17: Typical RFID system reproduced with permission from [PERSON], _RFID-based Localization and Tracking Technologies_, published by IEEE, 2011.  
Similarly, the steered response power (SRP) approach, which is a combination of RSS, ToA, and DoA estimations, can be used. The SRP is a beamforming-based technique that estimates the output power of a filter-and-sum beamformer steered to the source locations defined by a predefined spatial grid. The different SRPs are collected from various points and make up the SRP power maps, and the point with the highest value corresponds to the estimated source location. In asynchronous networks, the SRP power maps are accumulated at the central node, and the combined SRP power map indicates the source location.  
Alternatively, the audio playing and recording capabilities of the devices can be utilized. For instance, the wireless acoustic sensor networks (WASNs), which consist of distributed wireless interconnected acoustic-sensing devices equipped with audio playing and recording capabilities, require at least three acoustic nodes for estimating the target's position using the ToA measurements. The WASNs accuracy is proportional to the microphones' density. The \"BeepBeep\" [33] is a purely software-based solution that utilizes a combination of microphones and speakers. Similarly, the \"Beep\" [120] employs roaming devices with wireless capabilities.
# Comparative Studies on Nanocellulose as a Bio-Based Consolidating Agent for Ancient Wood
## 4 Conclusions  
In this work, a new bio-inspired consolidating agent for degraded wood, based on an aqueous solution of CNC, was studied. SEM analyses of this material have shown that it appears very homogeneous and uniform once applied to the artistic surface of degraded wood, unlike the traditional synthetic products Paraloid B-72 and Regalrez 1126, which alter the original appearance of wood and its cell lumina structure, providing thicker surface coatings. Moreover, one month after treatment, it was noticed that the CNC did not increase the weight of the wood samples, unlike what happened for Paraloid B-72 and Regalrez 1126. This is certainly an advantage, because it avoids subjecting already degraded wood to mechanical stress due to the weight of the applied consolidants. In addition, the colorimetric analysis of the untreated and treated samples has demonstrated that the sample treated with CNC did not show alterations in its visual aspect, unlike the samples treated with the synthetic resins Paraloid B-72 and Regalrez 1126, which appear much darker than untreated wood.  
Finally, the use of a bio-based restoration product, such as nanocellulose, would certainly be an important step for the ecological revolution necessary not only for the protection of cultural heritage, but also for environmental protection and for the health of operators working in the field of fine arts.  
The future prospective is to functionalize the CNC to make it not only a filler agent, but a full-fledged binder of the cellulosic fibers of degraded wood [36; 37]--thus also obtaining a conservation and restoration intervention for wooden works heavily degraded by atmospheric and biological agents.  
Conceptualization, A.F. and F.P.; Methodology, A.F., D.R., M.B., M.R., S.B. and F.P.; Validation, L.M., L.B. and C.G.; Formal analysis, D.R. and M.B.; Investigation, A.F., M.R., S.B. and F.P.; Resources, L.B., C.G. and F.M.; Data curation, A.F., S.B. and F.P.; Writing--original draft, A.F. and F.P.; Writing--review & editing, D.R., L.M., M.B., L.B., C.G., A.F. and F.P.; Supervision, L.M. and F.M.; Project administration, L.M. and F.M.; Funding acquisition, M.R. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This work was supported by the Italian Ministry for Education, Universities, and Research (MIUR), Sapienza University of Rome, Regione Lazio (POR FSE Lazio 2014-2020) and Nanoshare S.r.l.  
Not applicable.  
The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding authors.  
The authors declare that this study received funding from Nanoshare S.r.l. and Regione Lazio. The funder was not involved in the study design, collection, analysis, interpretation of data, the writing of this article or the decision to submit it for publication.
## 4 Simulation Results
### Analysis of Positioning Errors for Static Points
This figure indicates that when the pseudorange observation error is approximately 1 m, 80% of the horizontal positioning errors are within 0.7487 m, 80% of the vertical positioning errors are within 0.7963 m, and 80% of the overall positioning errors are within 1.0988 m. When the pseudorange observation error is approximately 3 m, 80% of the horizontal positioning errors are within 1.1020 m, 80% of the vertical positioning errors are within 1.1611 m, and 80% of the overall positioning errors are within 1.6459 m. With a pseudorange observation error of approximately 5 m, 80% of the horizontal positioning errors are within 1.3628 m, 80% of the vertical positioning errors are within 1.4798 m, and 80% of the overall positioning errors are within 1.9055 m. When the pseudorange observation error is around 7 m, 80% of the horizontal positioning errors are within 1.5556 m, 80% of the vertical positioning errors are within 1.7209 m, and 80% of the overall positioning errors are within 2.3267 m.  
Figure 21: Static point positioning deviation distribution (pseudorange observation error approximately 3 m). Figure 20: Static point positioning deviation distribution (pseudorange observation error approximately 1 m). Figure 24 shows the bar chart of RMSE for positioning results under different noise variance levels. The figure indicates that, at the same noise variance level, the horizontal positioning accuracy is slightly better than the vertical positioning accuracy. Under the noise conditions set in the simulation experiments, the maximum RMSE of the overall positioning results is less than 2 m, indicating that this algorithm can achieve meter-level positioning accuracy in tunnel environments. Figure 23: Static point positioning deviation distribution (pseudorange observation error approximately 7 m). Figure 22: Static point positioning deviation distribution (pseudorange observation error approximately 5 m). To further analyze the impact of receiver pseudorange observation errors on the positioning performance of this system, 10,000 times independent simulation experiments were conducted under pseudorange observation error variances ranging from 1 to 100 m\({}^{2}\). By calculating the average RMSE for each error condition, an RMSE variation graph was plotted to study the positioning results. Figure 25 shows the RMSE variation graph of the positioning results under different pseudorange observation error conditions. The figure indicates that as the error variance increases, the RMSE of both horizontal and vertical positioning results gradually rises. Under an error variance of 100 m\({}^{2}\), the RMSE for horizontal positioning results is less than 4.5m, and for vertical positioning results, it is less than 5 m.
# Designing Parallel Adaptive Laplacian Smoothing for Improving Tetrahedral Mesh Quality on the GPU
For example, [PERSON] [18] found that approximately 30 percent of the Laplacian smoothing steps will result in an invalid mesh when using the ordinary algorithm compared with approximately 3 percent when using an improved swapping approach. Moreover, [PERSON] [33] found that the ordinary Laplacian algorithm shrinks meshes. [PERSON] et al. [4] reported that there are still severely distorted elements after using Laplacian smoothing. Therefore, it is necessary to propose improved Laplacian mesh smoothing algorithms. To address the above problem, in this paper, we specifically designed a parallel adaptive Laplacian smoothing algorithm for improving the quality of large-scale tetrahedral meshes by exploiting the parallelism features of the GPU. In the proposed algorithm, we added a judgment of tetrahedral mesh quality in the Laplacian smoothing process, and the new smoothing location is retained only if it improves the mesh quality. Furthermore, we changed the method of searching for neighboring nodes and compared the impact of different data layouts and iteration forms on the running performance and compared the efficiency on the GPU when using a single block and multiple blocks. The results are compared and analyzed with the serial version and ordinary Laplacian smoothing. The rest of the paper is organized as follows: Section 2 provides a background introduction to Laplacian mesh smoothing and GPU computing. Section 3 introduces the proposed parallel adaptive Laplacian mesh smoothing in detail. Section 4 describes the experimental test and results. Section 5 discusses the advantages and shortcomings of the proposed parallel algorithm and outlines future work. Finally, Section 6 concludes this work.
## 1 Introduction
Recently, homogeneous/immobilized Pd-SALEN and -SALOPHEN catalysts have been reported as excellent catalysts for use in the Mizoroki-Heck [31; 41; 42; 43; 44] and Suzuki-Miyaura [44; 45; 46; 47; 48] C-C coupling reactions, due to their high selectivity, air- and moisture-stability, and relatively low toxicity. Thus, we herein report the synthesis of highly crosslinked mesoporous resins for immobilization of the N,N'-bis(3-allyl-salicylidene)o-phenylenediamine palladium(II) (PdAS) complex to provide heterogeneous catalysts for application in the Heck coupling reaction. The novelty of this work is the design of a synthetic strategy that includes the incorporation of PdAS as a MCM in the material formulation. In addition, the one-step radical suspension polymerization of PdAS using divinylbenzene (DVB) and methyl acrylate (MA) as co-monomers, in addition to 2,2'-azobis(2-methylpropionitrile) (AIBN) as a radical initiator, is also reported. The effect of the PdAS loading on the physicochemical and catalytic properties of the resulting PdAS(x)-MA (x = 1, 2, 5, or 10 wt.%) resins as catalysts for the Heck reaction of iodobenzene (I-Ph) and MA to produce methyl cinnamate (MCIN) is also assessed. For comparison, palladium(II) acetate (Pd(CH\({}_{3}\)CO\({}_{2}\))\({}_{2}\)) and N,N'-bis(salicylidene)o-phenylenediamine palladium(II) (Pd-SALOPHEN) complexes are also tested as homogeneous catalysts for the production of MCIN. Finally, we evaluate the operational stabilities of the most active catalyst over five consecutive catalytic cycles.
## 2 The AAL Prototype CARIMO for Home Care Service Users
### Information and Entertainment: Mind-Related Features of CARIMO  
The \"mind-related features\" of CARIMO comprised five functions providing information and entertainment: (i) notes, (ii) newspapers, (iii) internet and games, (iv) a system manual, and (v) a function to arrange appointments [26].  
CARIMO offered access to six regional newspapers and magazines in each country. Based on feedback from design workshops with lead users from the target group, we implemented an RSS (really simple syndication) reader with a large font size and high contrast to make information more legible than in traditional paper newspapers.  
The feature \"internet and games\" provided an internet browser and up to six games (Math Quiz, Solitaire, 4-Pictures-1-Word, Crossword Puzzles, Connect Four, and Word Search) to provide an intellectual challenge and to train the handling of a tablet in general.  
Figure 1: CARIMO tablet (CARIMO home screen) and fitness bracelet. Source: Salzburg Research.  
In addition to a series of visits of care workers to introduce CARIMO to the home care service users at the beginning of the trial, CARIMO also offered an interactive system tutorial to enable users to train themselves in the use of CARIMO. For this feature, the e-learning system SITOS was integrated.  
Finally, the care network (consisting of care workers, family members, and volunteers) could arrange meetings via the CARIMO appointment feature. This allowed the home care service user to check the date and time of the next visit of a carer. The notes part of the \"activities and notes\" feature enabled the home care service users to leave a note for their caregiver.
## 3 Fluctuation Function and Decoding of the Proposed System
### Image Decryption  
It is assumed that the receiver knows both the encryption key and the data-hiding key. The receiver first generates the \(r_{i,j}\), which was already used for the encrypted image, according to the encryption  
Figure 2: Example of embedded codewords when \(s=26\), \(L=M=512\), \(n=15\).  
key, and the decrypted pixel \(p^{\prime}_{i,j}\) is calculated by taking the XOR of the received signal \(E^{\prime}_{i,j}\) in (7) and \(r_{i,j}\). That is, for \(0\leq i<L\), \(0\leq j<M\), \(p^{\prime}_{i,j}\) is calculated as:  
\[p^{\prime}_{i,j}=r_{i,j}\oplus E^{\prime}_{i,j}.\]  
If \(E^{\prime}_{i,j}\) is the same as \(\overline{E_{i,j}}\), \(p^{\prime}_{i,j}\) can be expressed as:  
\[p^{\prime}_{i,j}=r_{i,j}\oplus\overline{E_{i,j}}=r_{i,j}\oplus p_{i,j}\oplus h _{w}\oplus r_{i,j}=p_{i,j}\oplus h_{w}=\overline{p_{i,j}},\]  
where \(\overline{p_{i,j}}\) is a value by flipping \(w\) LSBs of the original pixel \(p_{i,j}\). Therefore, the decrypted pixel \(p^{\prime}_{i,j}\) can be expressed as:  
\[p^{\prime}_{i,j}=\begin{cases}\overline{p_{i,j}}&\text{for }E^{\prime}_{i,j}= \overline{E_{i,j}}\\ p_{i,j}&\text{for }E^{\prime}_{i,j}=E_{i,j}.\end{cases} \tag{8}\]
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Potential Cytotoxicity Associated with the Use of Ozonation to Degrade PPCPs
#### 3.2.2 Effects of Effluents with Mixed PPCPs on Cell Viability
It is then evident that monitoring the concentration of parent compounds and by-products is not sufficient to safely decide on the potential use of reclaimed water. Hence, it is recommended to optimize the ozonation processes towards safe use of reclaimed water, e.g., by increasing the ozone doses, increasing pH to produce more hydroxyl radicals, or even using catalysts to favor the ozone decomposition, which will increase the oxidation potential [47]. It should be kept in mind that for low concentrations of single contaminants (such as the dilution 12.5%), which are closer to environmental concentrations [23], commonly the observed cytotoxicity of both untreated and ozone treated samples was negligible compared to the control treatment. However, regarding mixtures, cytotoxicity was observed for all ozone-treated samples, including the dilution of 12.5%, which suggests that ozonation of samples containing mixtures of contaminants might cause higher cytotoxicity than ozonation of individual contaminants. Future studies should extend the mixture complexity to real wastewater samples, and should consider other advanced oxidation processes and other cell lines. For instance, intestinal epithelial cells as well as lung epithelial cells might be targeted when handling reclaimed water.
## 3 Experimental Results Analysis
### Effect of Loading Rate and Inclination Angle on Peak Shear Stress  
Figure 8 shows the variation of shear stress components with loading rate and inclination angle. Table 1 shows the corresponding shear stress component data. As shown in Figure 8a, with the increase of the inclination angle at the constant loading rate, the peak shear stress component nonlinearly increases. For example, at the loading rate of 0.05 mm/min, when the inclination angle increases from 5\({}^{\circ}\)-15\({}^{\circ}\), the peak shear stress increases by 1.11 MPa or 138.75%; when the inclination angle increases from 15\({}^{\circ}\)-25\({}^{\circ}\), the peak shear stress increases by 0.62 MPa or 32.46%. At the loading rate of 10 mm/min, when the inclination angle increases from 5\({}^{\circ}\)-15\({}^{\circ}\), the peak shear stress increases by 0.38 MPa or 54.29%; when the inclination angle increases from 15\({}^{\circ}\)-25\({}^{\circ}\), the peak shear stress increases by 0.34 MPa or 31.48%. In general, the peak shear stress increases greatly in the low range of inclination angle, but decreases in the high range of inclination angle. This is related to the weakening effect of shear stress components on the strength of coal samples, which will be detailed in Section 3.4.  
As shown in Figure 8b, when the inclination angle is 20\({}^{\circ}\) and 25\({}^{\circ}\), the peak shear stress component shows a nonlinear decreasing trend, but the slope of the relationship curve of the peak shear stress component and the loading rate decreases gradually. At the inclination angle of 25\({}^{\circ}\), when the loading rate increases from 0.05 to 1 mm/min, the peak shear stress decreases by 0.35 MPa or 13.83%; when the loading rate increases from 3.5 to 5 mm/min, the peak shear stress decreases only by 0.11 MPa or 5.82%. When the inclination angles are 5\({}^{\circ}\), 10\({}^{\circ}\) and 15\({}^{\circ}\), respectively, the peak shear stress increases first and then decreases with the increase of loading rate; the larger the inclination angle, the lower the loading rate required for the sample to reach the peak shear stress. This is related to the weakening effect of shear stress component on the loading rate effect of samples, which will be detailed in Section 3.4.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Inclination Angles \(\theta\) (\({}^{\circ}\))**} & \multicolumn{6}{c}{**Loading Rate (mm/min)**} \\ \cline{2-9}  & **0.05** & **0.5** & **1** & **2** & **3.5** & **5** & **7.5** & **10** \\ \hline
5 & 0.80 & 0.84 & 0.87 & 0.93 & 1.05 & 0.87 & 0.