## 4 Analyses of the Applications of Digital Twin Models
### Manufacturing
#### 4.1.2 Benefits and Challenges of Digital Twins in Manufacturing  
In the following, the advantages and disadvantages identified as a result of the use of DT in manufacturing will be presented. Also, factors related to the integration of Cyber-Physical Systems (CPSs) in manufacturing will be highlighted. _Benefits_  
Among the benefits of using Digital Twin in the field of operational efficiency are the implementation of continuous simulation and testing processes in the virtual environment, predictive maintenance, resource optimization, and cost reduction. Regarding planning and scheduling processes, these can be improved by creating an overview of the production chain, taking into account continuous changes in specifications, customer requirements, and market needs. The use of Digital Twins contributes to ensuring production quality and compliance with appropriate standards. However, the main advantage of using Digital Twin lies in accelerating the development and innovation process, which facilitates the simulation, development, and testing of products in the virtual environment. Thus, errors that could occur on physical production lines can be avoided, leading to cost reduction. Another benefit of using Digital Twin is that it allows real-time monitoring of CPS, playing an essential role in identifying potential failures. Additionally, the use of Digital Twins contributes to optimizing resource consumption, thus increasing their efficiency. In this context, Digital Twin helps reduce manufacturing and maintenance costs. The development of efficient solutions, based on anticipating and avoiding functional and testing problems, can be achieved through simulations and experiments conducted in the virtual space, without using the physical space. Therefore, the efficiency of CPSs in terms of innovation, rapid development, and technology implementation, as well as their adaptability to variable requirements and environmental conditions, can be improved. By continuously acquiring data from physical assets and processing stored information, decision-making algorithms can be developed and improved. This allows for increased efficiency and precision in production and maintenance processes, while also ensuring adaptability to the constant changes in the market and technology. _Challenges_  
In the manufacturing domain, significant challenges associated with the use of Digital Twin can be caused by the complexity of the modeling process. Creating a Digital Twin for an entire industrial process or for sub-processes relies on the specifications and operating mode of the equipment, as well as the understanding of the process by all stakeholders. This aspect requires effective collaboration and communication between engineers, operators, and managers to ensure that all relevant aspects are captured and correctly integrated into the digital model. Additionally, another challenge can be the emergence of significant cost issues related to the acquisition of necessary hardware and software resources, as well as employee training. Implementing a Digital Twin requires considerable investments not only in technology but also in personnel training to efficiently utilize the new tools and techniques. Moreover, it is essential that all employees understand the functionality and benefits of using Digital Twin to fully exploit its potential. In the manufacturing field, strict regulations regarding data management, protection, confidentiality, and compliance with standards are necessary. In this regard, organizations must ensure that sensitive data are protected against unauthorized access and security breaches. Organizational culture is a key factor in the use of Digital Twins, as it will be necessary to implement management change procedures. These procedures must include effective communication strategies and continuous training to facilitate the transition and ensure the acceptance of new technologies by all members of the organization.