# Novel Processing Methods of Low-Clinker Multi-Component Cementitious Materials--A Review
## 3 Magnetic Field Treatment (MF-T) Methodology
### MF-T of Cementitious Materials/Concrete and SCMs
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Aggregates (F-Fine, C-Coarse)** & **SCMs/Replacement Levels (\%)** & **Main Findings** & **Treatment Refs.** \\ \hline \multicolumn{4}{c}{**Permeability durability indicators**} \\ \hline F: nonreactive sand & \multirow{3}{*}{\(\text{DSF}/(5,10,20)\)} & - SSF prepared using US-T demonstrated enhanced pozzolanic reactivity, as evidenced by increased consumption of & \\ F: nonreactive sand & \(\text{DSF}/(5,10,20)\) & portlandite during paste hardening. Pastes containing SSF & US-T \\  & & exhibited 68\% consumption of portlandite after 28 days of & [62] \\  & & curing, compared to 28\% for pastes containing DSF. & \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{-} & \(\text{DSF}/(10)\) & - After 28 days of curing, SSF had up to 43\% less Ca(OH)\({}_{2}\) than & US-T \\  & & \(\text{non-sonicated SF}\). & [69] \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{-} & \multirow{3}{*}{\(\text{SF}/(8,10)\)} & - The C-S-H Ca/Si ratio is noticeably reduced using the US-T of & \\  & & SF and NS in the ternary paste (cement + SF + NSF), while the & \\  & & C-S-H MCL is increased, which in turn can improve the & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & \(\text{durability of the prepared specimens}\). & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & - After 28 days of hydration, the synergistic effects of ternary & [71] \\ \cline{1-1}  & & paste may help to accelerate the pozzolanic response (lowest & \\ \hline \multicolumn{4}{c}{**-** The amount of high-range water needed for SCC can be } \\ F: river sand & \multirow{3}{*}{\(\text{SF}\), metakaolin, rice husk ash, FA/(10, 20)} & - The “M-Water” can reduce SCC’s water absorption by up to 10\% when compared to the SCC control mix prepared with tap water. Additionally, this value can be decreased by up to 55\% for SCC containing 20\% SF and M-Water. & \\ \hline F: river sand & \multirow{3}{*}{\(\text{GWD}\)} & - In comparison to specimens prepared with tap water, those prepared with M-Water showed lower water absorption, lower mass loss, and higher resistance to aggressive environments (5\% by weight NaCl and H\({}_{2}\)SO\({}_{4}\) solutions). & \\ \hline Indigenous C and F & \multirow{3}{*}{\(\text{Limestone powder}\)} & - The most beneficial benefits of M-Water were seen for \multirow{3}{*}{\(\text{aggregate}\)} & \multirow{3}{*}{\(\text{M-Water}\)[91]} \\  & & electromagnetic field intensity of 1.2 T and a water flow rate of 9 L min\({}^{-1}\), resulting in a reduction of up to 34.1\% in & \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{F: nonreactive sand} & \multirow{6}{*}{\(\text{MWD}\)} & - When using 0\%, 10\%, 20\%, 30\%, and 40\% MWD in & \\  & & comparison to mortar mixes prepared with tap water, & \\  & & respectively, mortar mixes made with M-Water showed lower & \\  & & mass losses of 26\%, 36\%, 22\%, 28\%, and 28\%. & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & - In comparison to the mortar specimens prepared with tap & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & water, M-Water reduced the water absorption of the mortar & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & specimens by roughly 15\%, 14\%, 3\%, 9\%, and 9.5\%, respectively. & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & - In comparison to cement pastes prepared with tap water at the same replacing ratios, the initial setting times of cement pastes prepared with M-Water and 0\%, 10\%, 20\%, 30\%, and 40\% MWD & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & were, respectively, around 8.70\%, 7.85, 2.85, 4.25\%, and 4.40\% longer. & \\ \hline F: river sand & \multirow{3}{*}{\(\text{SF}/(5,10)\)} & - M-Water decreased the slump flow time by an average of 17\% while increasing the final slump flow diameter of all the mixes by roughly 9\%. & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & - When M-Water is used instead of tap water, the binding & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & strength is increased at the 7- and 28-day curing ages with & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & various bar diameters. & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & - The bond strength of specimens with SF combined with & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & M-Water is greater than that of specimens with the same SF & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & content mixed with tap water. & \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Cont.