# Dynamic Structural Response of a Corrugated Blast Wall Under Hydrogen Blast Loads
## 1 Introduction  
IMO [1] proposed a road map towards net-zero greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 2050 to contribute to global environmental protection and climate change response. Meanwhile, interest in eco-friendly energies that could replace existing hydrocarbon fuels is rapidly increasing in the shipbuilding and shipping industries, given the need to prevent greenhouse emissions. Liquefied natural gas (LNG), methanol, biofuel, ammonia, and hydrogen are all potential sources of eco-friendly shipping energy [2], and each has advantages and disadvantages in terms of greenness, cost-effectiveness, applicability, safety, and other criteria [3, 4]. Among them, hydrogen is considered an ideal eco-friendly energy source because it can be produced through water electrolysis, has high combustion efficiency, and does not emit most of the harmful gases, such as carbon oxides, sulfur oxides, and fine dust, when used. However, due to its low boiling point, wide flammability limits, and low minimum ignition energy, hydrogen also possesses a high risk of explosion. In 2019, hydrogen explosion accidents occurred at a research facility in the Republic of Korea and a hydrogen fueling station in Norway [5, 6]. These accidents clearly presented the high risk of hydrogen explosions and served as an opportunity to enhance safety regulations for hydrogen storagefacilities and promote research on hydrogen explosions. Nevertheless, due to the lack of relevant technology and research, further comprehensive studies need to be conducted to universalize and commercialize hydrogen energy. When leaked or stored hydrogen explodes, strong pressure wave, and heat energy propagate to the surroundings. The pressure wave, in particular, can cause fatal failure and collapse of surrounding equipment and structures. Therefore, research analyzing dynamic structural response to blast loads is a useful reference when designing equipment and structures installed in a place with a high explosion risk. [PERSON] et al. [7] predicted the dynamic structural response of a spherical tank exposed to a hydrogen-blended natural gas explosion through the Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian (ALE) and TNT-equivalent methods and analyzed the effects of hydrogen blend ratio, pillar thickness, and explosive distance on the structural response. [PERSON] et al. [8] observed the influence of volumetric blockage ratio on hydrogen explosion load and dynamic structural response by conducting a series of experiments and investigated the correlation of the blockage ratio with the structural response. [PERSON] et al. [9] conducted numerical simulations to investigate the influence of confined multi-point ignited H\({}_{2}\)-O\({}_{2}\) mixtures on shock wave propagation and the dynamic response of thin plates, and the influence of the distance between the ignition location and the plate, as well as the combustion region, on the ultimate deformation of the plate was examined. [PERSON] et al. [10] conducted 48 vented explosion experiments and analyzed the influence of vent position, the number of obstacles, ignition position, and hydrogen concentration on the dynamic structural response of a 40-foot container under hydrogen explosion loads. [PERSON] et al. [11] investigated the mode I crack propagation of a tube under internal hydrogen static and detonation loadings in terms of crack length and speed, energy storage, and other factors through numerical simulations. [PERSON] et al. [12] applied a probabilistic risk assessment procedure to a high-pressure hydrogen pipeline to assess the harm to people and buildings exposed to pipeline explosions and proposed a safe distance from the pipeline network. In addition to the aforementioned studies, diverse research has been carried out to observe the dynamic response of various structures exposed to hydrogen explosions and obtained outstanding findings [13; 14; 15; 16; 17; 18; 19; 20; 21; 22]. The literature review was conducted using Google Scholar with the keywords'structural response' and 'hydrogen explosion.'