esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 5 Policy-based Adaptive QoS Management: CNQF Runtime Validation
### Runtime Adaptive Policies  
CNQF adaptive policies are triggered by temporal events such as congestion in the network. With the run time adaptive policies, the RB can invoke reconfigurations of QoS management via the associated RC instance, but will require monitoring reports which are provided by the netmon instance running on the PEP (routers). The message sequence diagram of the procedure is shown in Figure 3. In this particular test scenario, when bandwidth utilization on a link is high (indicative of congestion situation), the PEPs are reconfigured via a runtime policy to mark a specific flow with Expedited Forwarding DSCP (0x2e). This run time policy is specified in the GUI policy tool as follows:  
* IF (_bandwidth_utilization_)=high THEN (mark_flow_id_ with DSCP = 0x2e).  
The runtime policies for CNQF measurement-based adaptive QoS configuration are specified in the following format:  
* IF (_temporal_event_) == _state_ THEN (_action_)  
Here, _temporal_event_ is a monitored event which may be mapped to specific _netmon_ measurement ranges; while predefined RB-compliant commands invoke specific set of procedures in the RC instances to implement the required policy _action_ when the condition _state_ is fulfilled. At the same time the look-up table is updated with the changed flow's QoS specification. A temporal_event such as bandwidth utilization is monitored by the _netmon_ instance in the PEP and the state is reported back to the RB via RMI protocol when a trigger threshold is exceeded. RB can also poll the _netmon_ instance using the _netmon.getEWMA()_ RMI call to determine whether the policy condition is satisfied upon  
Figure 3: CNQF enabled adaptive measurement-based QoS management procedures scenario.  
which the policy action (reconfiguration) commands are sent to the RC. The RC then returns the status of the configuration action as success or failure which can be seen in the GUI status pane.
# Renewable Energy-Based Energy-Efficient Off-Grid Base Stations for Heterogeneous Network
## 5 Conclusions  
In this paper, a green energy-supplied off-grid heterogeneous cellular network along with IoT devices has been proposed and thoroughly analyzed. The feasibility of the proposed system has been evaluated through various key performance parameters, such as the per unit electricity generation cost, throughput, energy saving, energy efficiency, and carbon footprints. To find out the optimal criteria, wide-ranging simulations are accomplished using the HOMER optimization software under different network conditions. From the simulation results, it is well established that locally available RESs are sufficient for  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c} \hline \hline  & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Emissions (Kg/Yg)**} \\ \cline{2-3}
**Pollutants** & **Macro** & **Micro** \\ \hline \(CO_{2}\) & 0.216 & 0.558 \\ \(CO\) & 0.000967 & 0.00249 \\ Unburned hydrocarbons & 0.000107 & 0.000276 \\ Particulate matter & 0.0000729 & 0.000188 \\ \(SO_{2}\) & 0 & 0 \\ \(NO,NO_{2},N_{2}O,NO_{5}\) & 0.00863 & 0.0222 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 11: Carbon contents for the hybrid solar PV/BG system under 10 MHz bandwidth.  
Figure 30: GHG emissions concerning BG operating hours.  
powering the heterogeneous cellular network without any external support. The proposed system shows its cost efficiency by endeavoring the minimum NPC and CoE. In addition, compared to other power supply solutions, the proposed system leads to negligible carbon emissions (0% form solar PV and around 0.2% form BG) that ensures the improved eco-sustainability through green engineering solutions. Moreover, adequate energy storage devices and proper energy co-operation techniques enhance the system's reliability by maintaining the zero percent shortage/outage of energy. Quantitative results also reveal that the inter-BSs green energy-sharing mechanism system can save energy up to 27.98%. Furthermore, the throughput and energy efficiency analysis guarantee the fulfillment of the spectral efficiency and data rate requirement through the efficient usage of energy. Finally, the proposed resource scheduling algorithm for the NRT application achieved a large amount of power-saving through the permissible delay in comparison with the existing model. The novel eDRX and PSM-assisted power-saving algorithm achieves a better battery lifetime for IoT devices. One future improvement of this work can be an autonomous droop controlled energy sharing policy. Additionally, for NRT and IoT applications, the proposed sleep mode algorithms can be optimized for specific applications.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Recurrent Neural Network  
The recurrent neural network (RNN) method is employed to systematically capture the sequential dependencies among license plate characters or digits. It operates by utilizing the hidden state of the preceding input vector to retain information from the previous time step's license plate characters. Alongside the input vector of the current time step, it forecasts the succeeding license plate characters [17]. By employing the RNN method for character recognition in license plates, weight parameters pertinent to character information can be shared, thereby enhancing the connectivity of features between characters. Moreover, this method allows for automatic adaptation to license plates of varying lengths during recognition, thereby enhancing the model's overall generalization performance [18]. Hence, the retention of information from the previous time step through the hidden state is pivotal. The formula governing the update of the hidden state across different time steps is as follows:  
\[h_{t}=f(W_{xh}\,*\,x_{t}+W_{hh}\,*\,h_{(t-1)}), \tag{2}\]  
In the given formula, \(h_{t}\) represents the hidden state at the current time step, \(f\) denotes the activation function, \(W_{xh}\) and \(W_{hh}\) are weight matrices, \(x_{t}\) represents the input vector, and \(h_{(t-1)}\) is the hidden state from the previous time step. By integrating the hidden states from the previous time step and the current time step with the corresponding weights and subsequently applying the rectified linear unit (ReLU) activation function, the prediction for the current time step is generated.  
\[y_{t}=\text{g}(W_{hy}*h_{t}), \tag{3}\]  
In the given formula, \(y_{t}\) represents the output at the current time step, \(g\) denotes the output activation function, \(W_{hy}\) signifies the weight matrix, and \(h_{t}\) represents the hidden state at the current time step. Integrating the recurrent neural network with the encoder proves instrumental in capturing a more exhaustive array of character information from the license plate image. This integration enriches the decoder with supplementary character details and features, thereby enhancing its ability to process and interpret the data effectively.
# Decentralized Identity Authentication with Auditability and Privacy
## 5 Privacy-Preserving Protocol
### Intermediate Protocol
#### 5.1.1 Registration  
The registration process is similar to that in the baseline protocol. First, a client generates its key pair \(\langle vk,sk\rangle\leftarrow\mathit{KeyGen}(1^{\lambda})\), derives its identity \(\mathit{did}\gets H(vk)\), sets its local counter \(\mathit{cnt}\gets 0\), computes \(\langle tkn,\bot\rangle\leftarrow\mathit{VRF}_{sk}(cnt)\), where the VRF's hash \(tkn\) is called an _authentication token_, and sends the following registration request (for a simple description, we assume that the clients use the same keypair in the VRFs and digital signatures; in practice, different cryptographic primitives may require different keypairs) to the blockchain platform:  
\[\mathit{regReq}\leftarrow\langle vk,info,tkn,\mathit{Sig}_{sk}(vk\|info\|tkn)\rangle.\]  
The blockchain smart contract (a) verifies the signature, (b) adds a \(\mathit{did}\) to the identity map (in contrast to the previous protocol, counter values are not associated with identities), (c) checks that \(tkn\) is not in the _token set_, and, if so, (d) adds the token to this set. The token set is the set of all tokens that the blockchain platform has accepted. If all of these checks pass, the blockchain nodes return the \(\mathit{did}\) and token inclusion proofs (\(\beta^{\mathit{did}}\) and \(\beta^{\mathit{txn}}\), respectively), proving that the identity and the token are part of the blockchain. After receiving and validating the proofs, the client can use their identity for authentication.
# TGAN-AD: Transformer-Based GAN for Anomaly Detection of Time Series Data
## 7 Conclusions  
Anomaly detection is one of the most popular applications of time series data analysis, and it is also an important research branch in the field of AlOps. In this paper, we propose a novel framework called TGAN-AD for anomaly detection of multivariate time series. We use Transformer to train the generator and discriminator of GANs and finally use reconstruction loss and discrimination loss to measure the anomaly. We tested TGAN-AD on three public datasets and compared it with the state-of-the-art methods of time series anomaly detection. TGAN-AD showed the best performance.  
The performance of anomaly detection is sensitive to the sliding window length. Hence, in future work, automatic selection of the optimal sliding window length of the model is a good direction for the further improvement of anomaly detection. In our work, only the elementary Transformer was used. The variants of Transformer can also be used in the model of time series data.  
Conceptualization, L.X.; methodology, K.X.; software, X.H. and Z.L.; formal analysis, N.Y.; resources, X.J.; writing--original draft preparation, Y.Q.; writing--review and editing, Y.L. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was in part by the State Key Laboratory of Smart Grid Protection and Control under Grant SGNR0000 KJS2007626, in part by the Research Foundation for Advanced Talents of Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications under Grants NY218118 and NY219104, and in part by the Jiangsu Project of Social Development under Grant BE2020713.  
Not applicable.  
We would like to thank the reviewers for their comments, which helped improve this paper considerably.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
###### Abstract  
The gypsum-anhydrite rocks in the abandoned quarry at Dingwall (Nova Scotia, Canada) are subjected to physical and chemical weathering, including hydration of the anhydrite, i.e., its transformation into secondary gypsum under the influence of water. This process is known to lead to the localized volume increase of the rock and the formation of spectacular hydration landforms: domes, tepees and ridges. Cavities appearing in the interior of these domes are often unique hydration caves (_Quellungshollen_ in German). For the first time, this paper gives detailed geomorphometric characteristics of the 77 dome- and tepee-like hydration landforms growing today at Dingwall based on their digital surface models and orthophotomaps, made with the method of photogrammetry integrated with direct measurements. The length of hydration landforms varies from 1.86 to 23.05 m and the relative height varies from 0.33 to 2.09 m. Their approximate shape in a plan view varies from nearly circular, through oval, to elongated with a length-to-width ratio rarely exceeding 5.2. Length, width and relative height are characterized by moderate mutual correlation with proportional relations expressed by linear equations, testifying that the hydration landforms generally preserve the same or very similar shape independent of their sizes. The averaged thickness of the detached rock layer ranges from 6 to 46 cm. The size of the forms seems to depend on this thickness--the forms larger in extent (longer) generally have a thicker detached rock layer. Master (and other) joints and, to a lesser extent, layering in the bedrock influence the development of hydration landforms, particularly by controlling the place where the entrances are open to internal cavities or caves. Three structural types of the bedrock influencing the growth of hydration forms were recognized: with master joints, with layering and with both of them. The latter type of bedrock has the most complex impact on the morphology of hydration landforms because it depends on the number of master joint sets and the mutual orientation of joints and layering, which are changeable across the quarry. The durability of the hydration forms over time depends, among others, on the density of fractures in the detached rock layer.  
anhydrite; gypsum; hydration landforms; weathering; photogrammetry; geomorphometric analysis; structural analysis +
Footnote †: journal: Applied sciences
## 3 Results and Analysis
### Electrical Maintenance Characteristics of OLED Panels and Luminaires  
To evaluate the electrical maintenance characteristics of OLED products, operating voltage and power were measured up to six thousand hours while applying constant current to them. Maintained operating voltage required to supply constant current for OLED products tended to rise during long operation because of degradation of OLED products as shown in Table 7. In case of OLED panels, the increment of operating voltage after six thousand hours was 0.07 V (type A), 0.34 V (type B), 0.29 V (type C), and 0.22 V (type D), respectively. It means that maximum increment of operating voltage for OLED panels is less than 6%. However, for the OLED luminaires, the increment of operating voltage after six thousand hours came to 0.71 V (type E) and 1.01 V (type F). Thus, the maximum  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Type** & **Initial CRI** & **Maintained CRI** & **Delta CRI** \\ \hline A & 90 & 89 & 1 \\ B & 89 & 88 & 1 \\ C & 90 & 89 & 1 \\ D & 91 & 89 & 2 \\ E & 90 & 87 & 3 \\ F & 90 & 87 & 3 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 6: Color rendering index (CRI) maintenance characteristics of OLED products with operating of six thousand hours.  
Figure 3: Characteristics of maintained correlated color temperature (CCT) of OLED products. (**a**) Maintained CCT of OLED panels. (**b**) Maintained CCT of OLED luminaires.  
increment of operating voltage for OLED luminaires is about 16%. In the IEC 62922 which is performance requirements standard, the manufacturer declares the maintained operating voltage value at two thousand hours, then the operating voltage should not exceed the declared value with operation of two thousand hours. Thus necessity of the dedicated OLED control gear turns out in this study because LED control gear was used generally for OLED panel in the market.
###### Abstract  
Tomato (_Solanum Lyopersicum_) is a globally important crop, and enhancing its fruit quality and phenotypic traits is a key objective in modern breeding. This study investigates the role of the LEAFY-COTYLEDON1-LIKE4 (L1L4), an NF-YB subunit of the nuclear factor Y (NF-Y) transcription factor, in tomato fruit development using RNA-sequencing data from zinc-finger nuclease (ZFN)-targeted disruption lines. Differential gene expression (DEG) analyses of two independent _ll14_ mutant lines compared to the wild-type line revealed significant alterations in key metabolic pathways and regulatory networks that are implicated in fruit ripening. Specifically, _L1L4_ disruption impacted the genes and pathways related to the fruit's color development (carotenoid and flavonoids), texture (cell wall modification), flavor (sugar and volatile organic compound metabolism), and ripening-related hormone signaling. The analyses also revealed multiple differentially expressed histones, histone modifiers, and transcription factors (ERFs, MYBs, bHLHs, WRKYs, C2H2s, NACs, GRAS, MADs, and bZIPs), indicating that L1L4 participates in a complex regulatory network. These findings provide valuable insights into the role of L1L4 in orchestrating tomato fruit development and highlight it as a potential target for genetically improving the fruit quality.  
tomato; fruit quality; fruit shape; L1L4; NF-Y transcription factor; RNA-sequencing; genome editing; ZFN Article
## 1 Introduction  
The demand for meat analogs has been increasing due to meat consumption-related concerns, including human health and environmental and ethical concerns. As a result, various texturized plant proteins are being developed for the substitution of animal protein in the human diet [1]. The typical structures fabricated by the texturization of plant proteins are fibers, chunks, slices, granules and films. Among these structures, yuba, a soy protein-lipid film, has gained attention due to its cost effectiveness and environmental friendliness [2]. Yuba film formed on the surface of soymilk, heated on a shallow pan, has the potential to be modified as a meat substitute owing to its flexible, thin characteristics and longitudinal patterns [3, 4]. Isolated soy protein (ISP) is a useful material for the development of meat substitutes due to its abundant supply, functional properties, and nutritious values [5]. The merits of the utilization of ISP as a base material for yuba film include product consistency, yield control and the quality of the films. However, a major issue with ISP produced by isoelectric precipitation is the beauty flavor originating from soybean [6]. Moreover, for improved consumer acceptance of ISP-based yuba films as a meat substitute, further development in the flavor, appearance, and texture of films is required.  
\(\beta\)-Cyclodextrin (CD), a cyclic oligosaccharidesacharide consisting of glucopyranose units, has a hydrophilic outer surface and hydrophobic cavity, which form inclusion complexes with hydrophobic molecules of suitable dimensions [7]. CD is being applied as a nanocarier owing to its supramolecular structure that resembles a cage [8]. CD, which is formulated by the hydrolytic process of starch degradation, has been considered GRAS since 1998. Moreover, it has been investigated in the improvement of flavor and taste using its inclusion complex-forming ability with various compounds [9; 10]. Recently, inclusion complexes with volatile components in the CD cavity have been used for the removal or masking of undesirable compound flavors [11; 12]. The limited water solubility of CD, which is lower than that of linear dextrin, is due to its rigid structure caused by hydrogen bonding between the hydroxyl groups and the excess CD that exists as crystals in aqueous suspension [13].  
CD is a potential ingredient for the improvement of flavor and physical properties of yuba films [14]. In addition, the crystallinity of CD is likely to improve the textural properties of ISP-based products. However, studies on the application of CD for the reduction of beamy flavor and the improvement of the textural property of yuba film are limited. Although the application of CD is an effective way of removing the beamy flavor from soy formulations, it is unclear whether flavor-entrapped CD is removed or present in soy products. Therefore, this study investigated the effect of CD concentration on the flavor profiles and textural characteristics of yuba film in the presence of (+CD), or after removing, flavor-entrapped CD (\(-\)CD).
# A Tweak-Cube Color Image Encryption Scheme Jointly Manipulated by Chaos and Hyper-Chaos
## 2 Preliminaries
### The Logistic-Fraction Hybrid Chaotic Map
#### 2.1.2 Lyapunov Exponent  
The Lyapunov exponent is used to characterize the motion of a system. When it is calculated as a positive number, it indicates that a map has chaotic behavior. Not only that, the larger the Lyapunov exponent, the better the chaotic properties of the map. Besides, the definition of the Lyapunov exponent for a 1D chaotic map \(\mathrm{x_{k+1}}=\mathrm{F(x_{k})}\) is as follows:  
\[\lambda(\mathrm{x_{0}})=\lim_{n\to\infty}\left\{\frac{1}{n}\!\!\sum_{k=0}^{n-1 }\ln\!\left|\mathrm{F^{\prime}(x_{k})}\right|\right\} \tag{4}\]  
Since the Lyapunov exponent \(\lambda\) is independent of the initial value \(\mathrm{x_{0}}\), we arbitrarily chose \(\mathrm{x_{0}}=0.5\). Moreover, in order to observe the change between the adjacent iteration points as a whole, the number of iterations \(n\) should be chosen as large as possible, so we set \(n=20,000\). Then, calculated the derivatives of the LFHCM, Logistic map, and Fraction map according to Equations (1)-(3), and substituted the results into Equation (4) to get the Lyapunov exponent plots exhibited in Figure 2. It can be seen that the LFHCM has larger Lyapunov exponents than the other two maps, which means that its orbit is rapidly separated in the direction of the positive Lyapunov exponent and it is sensitive to initial values.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Chaotic Maps** & **Chaotic Regions** \\ \hline The LFHCM & \([5.9,11.5]\) \\ The Logistic map & \((3.6,4]\) \\ The Fraction map & \([0.07,0.15]\cup[0.25,052]\cup[0.57,0.68]\) \\ Modified logistic map in [24] & \([3.9,6.27]\) \\ Sine-Tent systemin [26] & \([0,4]\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Comparison of chaotic intervals between the LFHCM and other one-dimensional (1D) chaotic maps.  
Figure 1: The bifurcation graphs of the **(a)** Logistic-Fraction hybrid chaotic map (LFHCM); **(b)** Logistic map; **(c)** Fraction map.  
Figure 2: The Lyapunov exponents of the **(a)** LFHCM; **(b)** Logistic map; **(c)** Fraction map.
## 4 Simulation and Performance Evaluation
### Group keys  
We also evaluated the performance of the proposed framework for the group keys mechanism. The key distribution time, memory usage, energy consumption, and scalability of the framework were evaluated for different numbers of sensor nodes in the network. The results of the evaluation are shown in Figure 6.  
The key distribution time, memory usage, and energy consumption increase with an increase in the number of sensor nodes in the network. However, the proposed framework exhibits good scalability for up to 150 sensor nodes in the network.  
Based on the performance evaluation results, we can conclude that the proposed secure and lightweight key management framework is suitable for use in underwater wireless sensor networks. The framework exhibits good scalability and low memory usage and energy consumption.
# State-of-the-Art Techniques in RF Energy Harvesting Circuits
## 4 Discussion
In addition to that, in most of the designs studied, the characteristic impedance of the circuits is at 50 \(\Omega\) and most authors agree on the use of the substrate, with the FR4 substrate being the most common because it is quite cheap. Energy harvesting is without a doubt a very attractive technique for a large number of self-powered microsystems. Examples of such systems are wireless sensors, implantable medical devices, military surveillance devices, remote weather stations, calulators, watches, Bluetooth, or even mobile phones. There are already companies on the market that have launched mobile phones that charge using RF energy harvesting. With the great development of the Internet of Things (IoT) in recent years, the RF energy harvesting will play a very important role because RF signals are all around us and are inexhaustible. A rectenna system will be very useful in Smart Cities and Smart Homes which is also a huge new scientific field. It aims to solve the power supply problem of the countless sensors used in the IoT to monitor and develop data collection, thus contributing to the need to reduce their battery or power supply. Finally, we made an extensive analysis of the design of the RF energy harvesting system, but it is not necessary to limit energy scavenging to RF power if other sources are abundantly available. As we mentioned before, other energy sources can be kinetic, chemical, friction, heat radiation, solar, etc. Hence, the future of energy harvesting could be the combination of these types of energy to improve efficiency. This approach is the hybrid systems. Nowadays, for example, hybrid vehicles are the future of the car industry.