esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# A Python Framework for Crop Yield Estimation Using Sentinel-2 Satellite Data
## 4 Discussion
### Web Application Development  
The developed web application represents a significant advancement in wheat growth monitoring by utilizing Sentinel-2 satellite data to deliver actionable agricultural insights. This advancement holds significant implications for smallholder agricultural producers, agronomists, and professionals in the agricultural sector who encounter both financial limitations and technical challenges. By integrating open-source frameworks and leveraging freely available Sentinel-2 data, the application offers an accessible and cost-effective solution that addresses the economic barriers often associated with traditional crop monitoring systems. This affordability is complemented by the automation of data processing workflows, which provide real-time insights into wheat growth across phenological stages. These capabilities empower users to make informed decisions regarding resource allocation, such as optimizing fertilizer application and irrigation schedules, thereby enhancing productivity and promoting sustainable agricultural practices.  
The application's scalability and flexibility further extend its utility across diverse agricultural contexts. Users can customize their analyses by selecting vegetation indices, adjusting parameters, and focusing on specific growth stages, enabling the tool to accommodate both small-scale and large-scale farming operations. The intuitive graphical user interface facilitates accessibility for individuals possessing diverse degrees of technicalproficiency, thereby effectively connecting sophisticated geospatial technologies with their pragmatic applications in the field. Through these features, the web application fosters a more inclusive approach to precision agriculture, providing a robust framework for systematic crop monitoring.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Search Strategy  
Due to the breadth of the topic and the evidence of interest, multiple targeted searches were conducted to identify the relevant literature. The topics of each search, databases searched, and keywords used to construct the searches are provided in Table 1, and the complete search strategies used for each database are provided as supplementary online material (Supplementary Table S1). Database searches were conducted using a range of medical and health-focussed databases, including PubMed, EMBASE, CINAHL, PsyclNFO, and Scopus. Additionally, a grey literature search was conducted relating to healthcare in the oil and gas industry. Google and Google Scholar (grey literature) were the sole databases searched for evidence on public-private partnerships, as the majority of the evidence and available data are published outside of academic journals. Lastly, reports from the International Association of Oil and Gas Producers (IOGP) were searched via their website ([[https://www.iogp.org/](https://www.iogp.org/)]([https://www.iogp.org/](https://www.iogp.org/))) to help identify established guidelines and recommendations for the provision of healthcare within the oil and gas industry. Reference lists of included articles were also searched.  
All searches were restricted to articles published in English within the last ten years; however, older articles identified via searching reference lists were included if they were pertinent to the review. Both primary and secondary sources were included in the review in order to identify areas of interest in which a substantial body of evidence was already available (e.g., systematic reviews).  
The lead author was responsible for searching and screening articles. All articles retrieved from electronic databases were screened, along with the first 50 pages of results (if sufficient results were retrieved, sorted by relevance) for all grey literature searches. The lead author read all titles and abstracts before relevant full-text items were reviewed and the key findings from all relevant articles summarised. Based on the key findings from the included studies, the lead author, with input from the wider authorship team, developed a narrative summary of the main themes and findings, which are presented in the subsequent sections of this review.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline
**Search Topic** & **Database** & **Keywords** \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Health of employees working in the mining industry and resource sector} & \multirow{4}{*}{PubMed, EMBASE, CINAHL, PsycINFO} & \#1 Miner, miners, mining industry, resource sector, oil and gas NOT data mining AND \\  & & \\  & & \\  & & \\  & & \\  & & \\  & & \\  & & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Health status of remote and FIFO workers} & PubMed, EMBASE, CINAHL, PsycINFO & \#2 physical health, health behavior *, sleep, stress, mental health, fatigue, alcohol, smoking, diet, exercise, distress, sick *, ill *, well-being \\  & & & \\  &
## 5 Results
### Comparison of Different Numbers of APs and UE  
Deploying different numbers of antennas in a fixed scenario means that the antenna density varies. It directly affects the average distance from a UE to an antenna. A smaller average distance provides less path loss. Figure 6 compares the impact of the number of APs on the spectral efficiency. The figure shows that the spectral efficiency increases with the number of antennas. When the number of antennas is small, increasing the number of APs gives a significant performance improvement. When the AP density is large, the spectral efficiency gain obtained by further increasing the number of APs is limited.  
Figure 7 illustrates the effect of the number of terminals transmitting simultaneously. As the number of terminals increases, the spectral efficiency of each terminal decreases. The 95%-likely spectral efficiency of each terminal is approximately 9.7 bit/s/Hz when the system serves five terminals simultaneously and decreases to approximately 4.5 bit/s/Hz when the number of simultaneously served terminals increases to 40. Although the spectral efficiency of each terminal decreases, the total spectral efficiency of the system is improved. Therefore, increasing the number of simultaneously served terminals can improve the system capacity under the premise of guaranteeing the QoS requirements of terminals.  
Figure 5: Cumulative distribution function of the achievable per-user rates for different numbers of quantization bits with max–min fair power allocations for \(M=100\) and \(K=10\).  
Figure 6: Cumulative distribution function of the achievable per-user rates for different APs with max–min fair power allocations for \(M=60,\dots,150\) and \(K=10\). The number of quantization bits is 5 bits.  
Figure 7: Cumulative distribution function of the achievable per-user rates for different UE with max-min fair power allocations for \(M=100\) and \(K=5,10,20,30,40\). The number of quantization bits is 5 bits.
## 3 Results and Discussions
### HRV Features
#### 3.2.2 Frequency Domain  
Figure 5 shows the Lomb-Scargle spectral analysis for different percentages of missing values and for each interpolation method on both time and duration. This figure shows that different interpolation methods introduce different deformations in the resulting power spectra. It is interesting to notice that performing no interpolation results in a flatter spectrum, more similar to a white noise.  
In the frequency domain, the interpolation method that produces the least error is the quadratic on time (see Table 3). This figure shows that, as the amount of missing values increases, the no-interpolation approach tends to flatten the HRV spectrum, making it similar to the spectrum  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline  & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**Interpolation**} \\
**Missing Values (\%)** & **HRV** & **How** & **Method** & **RE (\%)** & **RMSE** \\ \hline \multirow{8}{*}{50} & RMSSD (ms) & No-interpolation & 23.13 & 0.76 \\  & SDNN (s) & Time & quadratic & 15.47 & 0.41 \\  & PNN50 (n) & No-interpolation & 39.01 & 2.35 \\  & SD1 (s) & No-interpolation & 23.18 & 0.54 \\  & SD2 (s) & Time & quadratic & 13.49 & 0.49 \\  & VLF (s2) & Time & quadratic & 23.72 & 0.40 \\  & LF (s2) & Time & quadratic & 42.42 & 1.12 \\  & HF (s2) & Time & quadratic & 52.56 & 2.48 \\  & LF/HF (s2) & Time & cubic & 58.07 & 2.26 \\  & total power (s2) & Time & quadratic & 27.59 & 3.96 \\ \hline \multirow{8}{*}{70} & RMSSD (s) & No-interpolation & 34.37 & 0.91 \\  & SDNN (s) & Time & quadratic & 22.76 & 0.47 \\  & PNN50 (n) & Time & linear & 63.90 & 3.88 \\  & SD1 (s) & No-interpolation & 34.46 & 0.59 \\  & SD2 (s) & Time & quadratic & 19.19 & 0.51 \\  & VLF (s2) & Time & quadratic & 29.73 & 0.52 \\  & LF (s2) & Time & quadratic & 56.41 & 1.45 \\  & HF (s2) & Time & quadratic & 72.98 & 3.34 \\  & LF/HF (s2) & Time & cubic & 72.07 & 2.80 \\  & total power (s2) & Time & quadratic & 72.07 & 5.27 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: _Cont._of white noise. Figure 5 also shows that cubic spline interpolation on time tends to dampen low frequencies while enhancing high frequencies; that cubic spline interpolation on duration tends to dampen all frequencies; and that quadratic interpolation on duration tends to enhance all frequencies. Finally, Figure 5 also shows that linear and quadratic interpolations on time and that nearest neighbour and linear interpolation on duration have minimal impact on both low and high frequencies, with quadratic interpolation on time having the least effect on all frequencies.
## 4 Ground Directional Pre-Grouting Reinforcement Technology
### Key Technical Processes
#### 4.3.2 Grouting Hole Layout  
The COMSOL 2022 software was used to explore the diffusion effect of the slurry under different grouting pipe arrangements. The pipeline arrangement includes three kinds of arrangement forms: a vertical double hole, a horizontal double hole, and an annular four hole, as shown in Figure 9.  
The final slurry diffusion form of the vertical double-hole layout is similar to the vertical ellipse. At this time, the diffusion range of the slurry is narrow, which struggles to meet the reinforcement needs of the two-sided surrounding rock during roadway excavation. The final slurry diffusion form of the vertical double-hole arrangement is similar to the horizontal ellipse. As shown in Figure 9, when the roadway is located in the broken zone, the plastic zone around the roadway is widely distributed, and the plasticization of the surrounding rock at the top and bottom of the roadway is particularly serious. Therefore, the horizontal double-hole arrangement struggles to meet the reinforcement requirements. When the circumferential four-hole form is arranged in the form of four holes, the final slurry diffusion form is nearly circular; the distribution range is wide, and the cutting is uniform, and the surrounding rock of the subsequent roadway excavation is fully reinforced.  
Figure 10 shows the distribution of grouting pressure under three kinds of grouting hole arrangements. Under the two arrangements of vertical double holes and horizontal double holes, the grouting pressure in the middle of the final two grouting holes is low, which is not conducive to grouting diffusion and consolidation strength. When the circumferential four-hole arrangement is adopted, the surrounding grouting pressure converges  
Figure 8: Directional drilling process.  
to the middle with the passage of time, which ensures slurry diffusion in the middle area and the strength of the consolidated body formed.  
Figure 9: Evolution law of slurry diffusion range in various grouting hole layout forms.  
Therefore, through the above research on the slurry diffusion range and grouting pressure based on the three grouting hole layout forms, there are certain defects in the two double-hole layout forms, and the layout form of the circumferential four holes is more excellent, which can ensure the diffusion range of the slurry and the strength of the consolidated body, thereby improving the surrounding rock condition of the roadway excavation area and reducing the maintenance difficulty of the subsequent roadway.
# A Review of Air Pollution Monitoring Technology for Ports
## 2 Detection Methods for Air Pollutants in Ports
### PM Detection Methods
#### 2.3.2 PM2.5 and PM10 Detection Methods
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Pollutants** & **Example Products** & **Detection Methods** & **Price (USD)** \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{SO\({}_{2}\)} & Teledyne Model 6400T/6400E Sulfur Dioxide & UV Fluorescence & About \$30,000 \\  & Analyzer & & \\ \cline{2-4}  & \multirow{2}{*}{Aeroqual Series 500 with SO\({}_{2}\) Sensor Head} & Electrochemical & \\  & & Sensor & \\ \cline{2-4}  & \multirow{2}{*}{Hanwei} & Solid-State & \\  & & MQ-136 SO\({}_{2}\) Sensor & Sensor & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{NO\({}_{2}\)} & Teledyne Model T500U & Cavity Attenuated & \\  & Nitrogen Dioxide Analyzer & Phase Shift & About \$30,000 \\  & & Spectroscopy & \\ \cline{2-4}  & \multirow{2}{*}{Aeroqual Series 500 with NO\({}_{2}\) Sensor Head} & Electrochemical & \\  & & with NO\({}_{2}\) Sensor Head & Sensor & \\ \cline{2-4}  & \multirow{2}{*}{SGXSensorTech MiCS-2714 NO\({}_{2}\) Sensor} & Solid-State & \\  & & Sensor & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{CO} & Teledyne Model T300U & IR Absorption & \\  & Gas Filter Correlation & with Gas Filter & \\  & Carbon Monoxide Analyzer & Correlation Wheel & \\ \cline{2-4}  & \multirow{2}{*}{Aeroqual Series 500 with CO Sensor Head} & Electrochemical & \\  & & Sensor & \\ \cline{2-4}  & \multirow{2}{*}{Hanwei} & Solid-State & \\  & MQ-7 CO Sensor & Sensor & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{PM2.5} & Met One Instrument BAM-1020 & \multirow{2}{*}{Beta Attenuation} & About \$25,000 \\  & Beta Attenuation Monitor & & \\ \cline{2-4}  & Met One Instrument Aerocet 831 Aerosol Mass & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & Monitor & Light Scatting & About \$2000 \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{PM10} & Teledyne Model 602 BetaPLUS & \multirow{2}{*}{Beta Attenuation} & About \$30,000 \\  & Particle Measurement System & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & Met One Instrument Aerocet 831 Aerosol & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & Mass Monitor & Light Scatting & About \$2000 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 5: Some traditional testing instruments (Adapted from [42]). -based monitoring system will have greater advantages in covering the port area. Although the accuracy and anti-interference of many sensors are not as good as manual monitoring and traditional detection instruments, with the development of technology, automatic monitoring based on sensors will become mainstream in the future.
# A Pipeline Approach to Context-Aware Handwritten Text Recognition
## 1 Introduction
Clinical receipts are used as the subject of study as they contain a combination of printed items on the receipts, handwritten texts of the clinicians, as well as non-text elements, such as the logo of the clinics. Towards this end, a dataset containing 500 samples of clinical receipts has been collected. The documents are further segmented based on regions such as patient names, address, prescription, and bill amount, yielding a total of 15,297 text segments. The proposed HTR pipeline consists of a You Only Look Once v5 (YOLOv5) model for text localization and type classification, followed by a Residual Network with Transformer (RESNET-101T) for text recognition, and a Named Entity Recognition (NER) model for text context recognition. An integrated model comprising ResNet-101 and Transformer, which is coined as ResNet-101T, is introduced in this paper. ResNet-101 acts as a feature extractor, whose output is fed into the Transformer model to perform text recognition. ResNet-101 is well-known for its ability to alleviate the effect of vanishing gradient and avoid performance degradation when the network's depth is increased. The Transformer model is selected due to its outstanding performance in handling sequential data, and it has a low inductive bias compared to conventional RNN architectures. Nevertheless, the Transformer model requires a huge dataset for training. Therefore, data augmentation is performed to ensure the model is properly trained with a sufficient amount of data. The proposed pipeline aims to study the applicability of data-driven DL models on a close-to-real-life dataset, where it contains much noisier and challenging data compared to the existing benchmark datasets. The contributions of this paper are highlighted as follows:  
- A context-aware HTR pipeline made up of a series of carefully chosen pre-processing, text recognition, and context interpretation funnels is presented to deal with a close-to-real-life handwritten text dataset. The pipeline is designed to locate texts on a page and is able to recognize the text types such as handwritten text, printed text, non-text, as well as the text context. * A ResNet-101T model that has a better ability in handling sequence data compared to RNN variations is proposed for text recognition. The proposed model is compared with the state-of-the-art HTR methods, including CNN-LSTM and Vision Transformer. * A NER model is proposed to complement the pipeline to recognize the context of the transcribed texts. Transcription of the document can be performed in a fully automatic way. The remaining paper is organized as follows. Section 2 presents the literature review. Section 3 describes the data and theoretical backgrounds of the methods applied for the proposed pipeline. Then, Section 4 presents the experimental result, and Section 5 discusses the insights into the proposed pipeline. Finally, the conclusion and future works are drawn in Section 6.
# Analysis of Tidal Accelerations in the Solar System and in Extrasolar Planetary Systems
###### Abstract  
Volcanism powered by tidal forces inside celestial bodies can provide enough energy to keep important solvents for living systems in the liquid phase. A prerequisite to calculate such tidal interactions and consequences is depending on simulations for tidal accelerations in a multi-body system. Unfortunately, from measurements in many extrasolar planetary systems, only few physical and orbital parameters are well-known enough for investigated celestial bodies. For calculating tidal and acceleration vectors under missing most orbital parameter exactly, a simulation method is developed that is only based on a few basic parameters, easily measurable even in extrasolar planetary systems. Such a method as the one presented here allows finding a relation between the tidal acceleration vectors and potential heating inside celestial objects. Using the values and results of our model approach to our solar system as a \"gold standard\" for feasibility allowed us to classify this heating in relation to different forms of volcanism. This \"gold standard\" approach gave us a classification measure for the relevance of tidal heating in other extrasolar systems with a reduced availability of exact physical parameters. We help to estimate conditions for the identification of potential candidates for further sophisticated investigations by more complex established methods such as viscoelastic multi-body theories. As a first example, we applied the procedures developed here to the extrasolar planetary system TRAPPIST-1 as an example to check our working hypothesis.  
tidal forces; numeric simulation; acceleration vectors; multi-planetary system; extrasolar planets/planet systems +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences
# Deep Learning in the Biomedical Applications: Recent and Future Status
## 4 Omics
### Around the Genome
#### 4.1.1 Protein Binding Prediction  
Protein-DNA interactions play important roles in different cell processes including transcription, translation, repair, and replication machinery [60]. Finding the exact location of these binding sites is very important in several domains such as drug design and development.  
* **DNA-RNA-binding proteins**: The chemical interaction between the protein and a DNA or RNA strands is called the protein binding. Predicting these binding sites is very crucial in various biological activities such as gene regulation, transcription, DNA repair, and mutations [59] and it is essential for the interpretation of the genome. To model the binding sites, the position-frequency matrix is mainly used as a four input channels and the output is a binding score [108; 109; 110; 111; 112; 113; 114].
* **Enhancer and promoter identification**: Promoters and enhancers act via complex interactions across time and space in the nucleus to control when, where and at what magnitude genes are active [115]. Promoters and enhancers were early discoveries during the molecular characterization of genes [115]. Promoters specify and enable the positioning of RNA polymerase machinery at transcription initiation sites while enhancers are the short regions of DNA sequences bounded by a certain type of proteins, the transcription factors [115; 116; 117; 118; 119].
# Analyzing the Nonlinear Performance of Miniature Loudspeakers in Consideration of the Creep Effect
###### Abstract  
Minature loudspeakers exhibit pronounced nonlinear characteristics due to physical size limitations and the demand for sufficient sound pressure. The primary nonlinear properties, including the force factor, mechanical stiffness, and mechanical resistance, depend on the displacement or velocity of the voice coil. The creep effect in the loudspeaker's suspension system, which significantly affects low-frequency displacement, is often neglected in existing studies on nonlinear dynamics. This study enhances the modeling of miniature loudspeakers by incorporating the creep effect into an extended nonlinear model. The voice coil displacement and total harmonic distortion (THD) predicted by the extended model were validated against experimental data. The displacement and THD values predicted by the nonlinear model in consideration of the creep effect corresponded closely to the actual measurement values, substantiating the effectiveness and precision of the model.  
electroacoustics; miniature loudspeakers; creep effect; nonlinear characteristics +
Footnote †: journal: Applied sciences