## 2 Materials and Methods
### Procedure
#### 2.3.2 Visual and Oculomotor Assessments  
The assessment included the following tests:Static Visual Acuity: This measures the ability to distinguish the details of a static object. Participants were assessed at a distance of 6 m with 100% contrast using the Tumbling E test.  
Dynamic Visual Acuity: This evaluates the smallest identifiable size of a moving object, simulating scenarios where athletes must track fast-moving objects during gameplay. Participants were tested with optotypes of letters in motion at a consistent angular speed of 32 rpm, using the Wayne Rotator Robot. They stood at a distance of 6 m and read aloud specified lines on the rotating panel. The angular speed was chosen to replicate real-world dynamics, such as following a ball in sports like tennis or basketball. To ensure reliability, each participant completed two trials, and the best performance was recorded.  
Contrast Sensitivity: This measures the ability to differentiate an object from its background. The \"Luminosity Contrast Sensitivity Function Test\" was used, where participants stood 3 m from the screen and identified the orientation of grating patterns with varying contrasts (4-0.10%) and spatial frequencies (1.5/3/6/12/18 cycles/degree).  
Vergence: This assesses the simultaneous rotational movement of both eyes to maintain fixation on a target. Using red/green filters, participants viewed a double target, and the software measured the separation and prismatic diopters corresponding to the blur, breakup, and recovery points.  
Stereopsis: This test evaluates the ability to merge visual inputs from both eyes into a single three-dimensional image, a skill critical for depth perception and spatial awareness in sports. Using random dot patterns displayed on a calibrated monitor, the program determined the minimum stereoscopic disparity detectable in seconds of arc. Participants were seated 40 cm from the screen and wore polarized glasses to view the stereograms. The test included a series of progressively finer disparities, and participants indicated the orientation or pattern they perceived.  
Fixation Disparity: Participants aligned a red cross with a green arrow vertically and horizontally to measure horizontal and vertical disparity. Red/green filters were used, with the red filter placed over the dominant eye. Measurements were recorded in minutes of arc.  
Visual Memory: Using the tic-tac-toe test, participants viewed a grid of nine spaces for 0.1 s. Five spaces were occupied by symbols, and participants had to recall and mark the correct locations as quickly as possible.  
Identification: This test required participants to identify and touch a moving red ball on the screen while being distracted by other moving balls of various colors. Their accuracy was analyzed by sectors, and response times were recorded.  
Anticipation Time: Participants predicted when a moving red ball would pass through a specified rectangular area on the screen. Accuracy and reaction times were measured, with tests performed using the dominant hand.  
Peripheral Awareness: Participants detected peripheral icons displayed briefly (0.1 s) alongside a central letter. Accuracy percentages and mean response times were recorded.  
Hand-Eye Coordination: Participants responded to sequentially displayed directional arrows on a screen, touching each arrow before its direction changed. Correct responses and execution times were recorded.  
Additionally, participants completed a questionnaire (Supplementary Material) divided into three sections: demographic information, systemic and ocular history, and sports practice.