# The Impact of 6G-IoT Technologies on the Development of Agriculture 5.0: A Review
## 2 Agriculture 5.0: Revolutionizing Agriculture with Cutting-Edge Technologies
### Evolution of Agriculture: From Traditional Farming to Agriculture 5.0
Overall, adopting data-driven strategies has proven to increase agricultural productivity by increasing crop yields, reducing input costs, and minimizing crop loss. According to the Global Smart Farming Market Forecast, the market is anticipated to experience substantial growth, with projections estimating its value will rise from USD 12.80 billion in 2021 to USD 33.69 billion by 2029 [26], providing a reliable assessment of the expected impact of ICT on agriculture. Even so, major technical challenges typically elicit major solutions via disruptive technologies, and the concept of Agriculture 5.0 is likely to be seen as such in the first half of the 21 st century. Agriculture 5.0, as stated previously, is based on the principles of precision agriculture and thus involves the use of autonomous decision support systems and unmanned operations [18]. Consequently, this type of smart agriculture entails the use of robotics in conjunction with various AI-based mechanisms [27], as illustrated in Figure 1, which depicts an example of a crop management life cycle. Historically, the harvesting of crops from farmlands required large numbers of seasonal laborers. Nonetheless, due to the transformation of the current social regime from a rural one in which many people previously lived on farms to a city-based one, farms now face a labor shortage. According to a Forbes article [28], farm robots with AI features are the solution to this shortage, as they can augment human labor by harvesting crops at a faster pace and higher volume. However, in many cases, human labor remains more efficient than robot labor, so the smart IoT systems of Agriculture 5.0 aim to develop robotic farming systems to assist farmers with repetitive tasks [29; 30; 31]. Therefore, robotic systems for Agriculture 5.0 applications are developing exponentially [32], offering promising solutions in dealing with a long-time declining profitability and labor shortage. In this regard, [PERSON] et al. [33] revealed that the introduction of robotics in agriculture dramatically increased the productivity of several countries while simultaneously reducing farm operating costs. However, as with many innovations in their early stages, important limitations need to be dealt with. One of the biggest current limitations of such proposed technologies is their cost, as for most small farmers, such robotic applications still remain too expensive [34] due to scale economics that cause small individual farms to be less profitable [35]. However, as global agricultural productivity and crop yields slowed in 2015, robots were introduced as a potential solution to address these challenges and the growing demand for high yields. Therefore, agricultural robots are increasingly utilized, and the cost of the technology continuously decreases [36]. We also anticipate a steady rise in the usage of farm robots in the future, which will aid farmers in performing their duties more efficiently and effectively, to the benefit of the agricultural sector worldwide [37]. Figure 1: The concept of Agriculture 5.0 along a crop management life cycle.