# Smart Lighting Systems: State-of-the-Art in the Adoption of the EdgeML Computing Paradigm
## 2 Background
### Smart Lighting Systems  
The three principal benefits offered by the advent of high-power LEDs in the early 2000s regard the following: higher energy efficiency, longer lifespan (and then reduction of maintenance costs), and basic dimming capabilities. The specific consumption per dwelling for lighting is decreasing thanks to the phasing out of incandescent light bulbs. In the EU, in 2021 they accounted for 14% of captive electricity, compared to 20% in 2000 (source: [[https://www.odyssee-mure.eu/publications/efficiency-by-sector/households/household-eu.pdf](https://www.odyssee-mure.eu/publications/efficiency-by-sector/households/household-eu.pdf)]([https://www.odyssee-mure.eu/publications/efficiency-by-sector/households/household-eu.pdf](https://www.odyssee-mure.eu/publications/efficiency-by-sector/households/household-eu.pdf)) (accessed on 10 November 2024)). Figure 4: TinyML workflow. Figure 3: EdgeML supporting architecture. Building on the LED technology, smart LSs are emerging. They have the potential to become the backbone of infrastructure for homes, buildings, cities, and rural areas, featuring benefits that go beyond energy efficiency up to user comfort. For citizens, lighting professionals, and urban/rural planners, understanding and leveraging this technology is no longer optional: it is essential. The global smart lighting market is expected to grow at an annual growth rate of 22.9% between 2022 and 2030 (source: [[https://energy-cities.eu/the-evolution-of-public-lighting-from-torches-to-smart-services/](https://energy-cities.eu/the-evolution-of-public-lighting-from-torches-to-smart-services/)]([https://energy-cities.eu/the-evolution-of-public-lighting-from-torches-to-smart-services/](https://energy-cities.eu/the-evolution-of-public-lighting-from-torches-to-smart-services/)) (accessed on 10 November 2024)). In ref. [3], it has been pointed out that in the extant literature there are six alternative synonyms for the phrase \"smart LS\". Each terminology item aims at emphasizing a specific characteristic of this category of system. When the notion of smart lighting was firstly introduced in 2011 by [PERSON] et al. [35], the authors meant just a system composed of sensors and actuators connected through a network that cooperate to meet specific user needs. In the present review, the sentence \"smart LS\" brings also embedded intelligence from the adoption of ML methods. This definition corresponds to the meaning of the phrase \"intelligent smart LSs\" adopted by [PERSON] and [PERSON] [36]. Smart LSs comprise hardware and software. In turn, hardware includes LED luminaires, sensors, and the communication network, while software consists of either a manufacture's app (this is frequent in homes' smart LSs) or a central management system (as in the case of smart street LSs). In addition, a hardware-software component is present usually called a control system [2]. These elements are briefly described in the following. Each LED luminary includes a certain number of LED bulbs (also called lamps) and a built-in driver (called a light controller in [2]). The latter regulates the power to the bulbs, ensuring proper current and voltage for optimal performance and longevity. Advanced LED drivers include dimming capabilities and can communicate with the control system. Smart luminaires embed different types of sensors. Table 1 compares six commonly used ones. Control systems manage the lighting based on sensor data and pre-programmed parameters. Communication networks are wireless or wired networks that allow the lights to communicate with each other and with either an app or the central management system. The central management system allows operators to monitor and control the lighting network.