## 3 Results and Discussions  
### Characteristics of Survey Participants  
A total of 1056 people participated in this survey. Their characteristics are summarized in Table 1. The spatial distribution of respondents' current residence is shown in Figure 1. Among all respondents, 511 people answered that their current place of residence was not their hometown. Figure 2 shows their spatial distribution based on their hometowns. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l l} \hline \hline  & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Variable**} & **N** & **\%** \\ \hline Total & & & 1056 & 100 \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Gender} & Male & 587 & 55.6 \\ \cline{2-4}  & Female & 469 & 44.4 \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Age} & \(<\)30 & 76 & 7.2 \\  & 30–39 & 181 & 17.1 \\ \cline{1-1}  & 40–49 & 326 & 30.9 \\ \cline{1-1}  & 50–59 & 243 & 23 \\ \cline{1-1}  & \(\geq\)60 & 230 & 21.8 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Demographic characteristics of respondents. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l l} \hline  & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Variable**} & **N** & **\%** \\ \hline Marital status and & Unmarried & 332 & 31.4 \\ living with a child or & Married and living with a child/children & 457 & 43.3 \\ children & Married but not living with any child/children & 267 & 25.3 \\ \hline  & Ordinance-designated city [4], the 23 wards of Tokyo & 171 & 16.2 \\ Municipal type of & Heartland city, specially designated city & 339 & 32.1 \\ current residence [1; 2] & City with population \(\geq\) 0.1 million & 203 & 19.2 \\  & City with population \(<\) 0.1 million & 273 & 25.9 \\  & Town and village & 70 & 6.6 \\ \hline  & Ordinance-designated city [4], the 23 wards of Tokyo & 129 & 25.9 \\ Municipal type of & Heartland city, specially designated city & 113 & 22.6 \\ hometown [1; 2] & City with population \(\geq\) 0.1 million & 78 & 15.6 \\  & City with population \(<\) 0.1 million & 127 & 25.5 \\  & Town and village & 52 & 10.4 \\ \hline Area of current & Three major metropolitan areas of Japan & 241 & 22.8 \\ residence [3] & Other areas & 815 & 77.2 \\ \hline Area of hometown [2; 3] & Three major metropolitan areas of Japan & 185 & 37.1 \\  & Other areas & 314 & 62.9 \\ \hline \end{tabular}  
* Municipalities were categorized with reference to the previous survey in Japan [4]. The population of each municipality was based on the national census taken on October 1 st, 2015. 2 Respondents who answered that their current residences and hometown were the same were excluded from the aggregation. 3 “The major metropolitan areas” refers to the Tokyo area (Tokyo, Kanagawa, Saitama, and Chiba Prefectures), Nagoya area (Aichi, Gifu, and Mie Prefectures) and Osaka area (Osaka, Kyoto, Hyogo, and Nara Prefectures). 4 Ordinance-designated cities comprise a type of local government in Japan. Each ordinance-designated city has over half a million of people, and most of the administrative powers and responsibilities are normally attached to the pretextural governments. There are several administrative wards in an ordinance-designated city and each ward has its own public office.  
\end{table} 
Table 1: _Cont._  
Figure 1: The spatial distribution of respondents’ current residences by municipal unit. Table 2 shows the respondents' evaluations of the living environments in their current places of residence and their hometowns.