# Embracing the Future Internet of Things +
## 2 Future Hyper-Connected IoT Framework  
### Future IoT Framework  
In this work, we present instantiations and technical capability advancements of the _hyper-connected IoT framework_, proposed in our previous work [3], that envisions the collaboration of multiple services. These services utilize and produce resources (such as data sources, objects, and data analytics components) and context with each other following an omnidirectional topology,differentiating from the vertical approach of today's IoT instances. The information in the future IoT framework is represented as a knowledge graph shared among multiple IoT domains with both nodes (representing things) and links between them discovered by automated services. Figure 1 summarizes the needed technical capabilities with some of them highlighted (in bold in the figure) that are later discussed in Section 3.  
The future IoT framework capabilities are horizontally placed on vertical IoT elements such as device, edge and cloud. Data is produced by sources through the observation of the real-world such as physical phenomena measurements. The capabilities are then fulfilled by functions that are executed either in the cloud or in the edge depending on the hardware resource requirements (such as storage, communication and computation), real-time constraints, and/or optimization of network bandwidth [1]. Moreover, due to the geographically distributed nature of the IoT services, edge computing has become very significant [2]. Some of the data sources might be devices comprehensive of computation and communication capability (e.g., smartphones, cars) hence able to actively participate at the execution of the IoT framework capabilities as dew computing [4].  
Figure 1(a) depicts the horizontal placement of the highlighted IoT platform capabilities on the vertical IoT elements. The first is _service-defined data analytics_ that configures data analytics as a topology of functions, each of which are placed on the cloud or edge (or even device) depending on the requirements of the service. For example, at the edge, some stream analytics are executed in order to reduce the amount of data or to apply privacy-preservation algorithm (such as data anonymization). The cloud, which is orders of magnitude richer in terms of physical resources, is then responsible for performing high-demanding computation for data analytics (e.g., MapReduce tasks). The second  
Figure 1: Key technical tipping points towards the future hyper-connected Internet-of-Things.  
capability is the _information transparency_ that aims to make the data understandable and usable by heterogeneous IoT systems and applications by hiding the complexity of the IoT elements topology. The translation of raw data to a common form is made by the semantic mediation, usually left to the edge of the IoT (e.g., IoT gateways), whereas the semantic interoperability is performed as cloud services. Finally, the third capability is the _resource and context management_ that allows the handling of data not only as isolated pieces of data or isolated datasets but as a global virtual graph of things, having attributes representing the things' status, linked with each other. The edge is left to associate the incoming real-world observations to a thing uniquely identified by a knowledge base. The data is then semantically discoverable at the cloud level, having the latter a broader view of the IoT elements, making possible a mash-up of heterogeneous information coming from heterogeneous data sources.  
A generic future IoT framework deployment is depicted in Figure 1(b) where each one of the cloud services, often indicated as IoT domains, are handling sensors, edge nodes and cloud nodes. Those cloud services are connected with each other through a network of IoT Brokers that broker IoT messages (requests and data) from a cloud service to another. In order to announce their availability, each of the cloud services announces what their capabilities are through a registration to its IoT Broker.