## 2 Literature Review
These findings suggest that both roundabout design and traffic control measures play a significant role in shaping lane change behavior. Another study investigated driver lane change behavior in roundabouts and found that driver demographics, such as age and gender, influenced the likelihood of lane changes [27]. Younger drivers and male drivers were more likely to change lanes compared to older drivers and female drivers. The study also highlighted the impact of traffic flow and lane configuration on lane change behavior. These findings provide comprehension of the factors influencing lane change behavior within roundabouts and can inform traffic engineering practices to improve safety and efficiency. Correct lane usage is vital for ensuring smooth traffic flow and minimizing conflicts within roundabouts. Drivers must select the lane before entering the roundabout and maintain their lane position until exiting. Studies have investigated factors influencing correct lane usage, highlighting the importance of signage, markings, and lane guidance [28; 29]. Research demonstrated that clear and consistent roundabout signage significantly influenced driver compliance with proper lane usage [29]. Similarly, a study revealed that lane arrows and pavement markings positively affected driver adherence to correct lane usage [30]. Furthermore, incorrect lane usage appears to be more prevalent in non-signalized roundabouts compared to signalized roundabouts. Turn signal usage is also crucial within roundabouts, as drivers should indicate their intention to enter or exit the roundabout to other drivers. Nevertheless, research has revealed that many drivers fail to signal their intentions when entering or exiting roundabouts [31]. A study demonstrated that less than half of the drivers signaled their intent when exiting the roundabout, and only a small percentage signaled when entering the roundabout [32]. Drivers at non-signalized roundabouts display a lower likelihood of using turn signals compared to drivers at signalized roundabouts [33]. In a recent study conducted in 2022, the rate of turn signal usage at two-lane roundabouts in Doha was assessed [34]. The study reported a remarkably low rate of turn signal usage, ranging from 18% to 24%, at the roundabouts under investigation. The data collection method employed in this study was reasonable and proved suitable for this research as well, hence its adoption. Conversely, the absence of traffic signal usage can cause confusion and misinterpretation of driver intentions, potentially leading to accidents [35]. The presence of traffic signals is another crucial factor influencing a driver's behavior at roundabouts. Studies suggest that the presence of traffic signals can affect driver behavior at roundabouts, particularly concerning turn signal usage [36]. Drivers are more likely to use turn signals at signalized roundabouts compared to non-signalized roundabouts [37]. Therefore, this existing body of literature highlights the significant impact of junction control on driver behavior within roundabouts. Studies have consistently shown that signalized roundabouts, equipped with traffic signals, tend to regulate traffic flow more predictably and improve turn signal compliance. Conversely, non-signalized roundabouts, relying on yield signs and road markings, often present challenges in driver comprehension and behavior consistency.