## 3 Results
### Biological Response from Nonanal against S. frugiperda  
The insecticidal effect of nonanal against S. frugiperda began at 80 ppm and was increased significantly (\(p<0.0001\)) by 65, 70, 70, and y 90% at 120, 400, 600, and 1000 ppm (Table 4); however, pupal mortality was not different between treatments. Regarding insecticide activity, nonanal increased larval duration in 3.2, 3.9, 5.1, 6.6, and 10.8 days at 80, 120, 400, 600, and 1000 ppm, respectively, compared with the control. However, there were no differences in pupae development. Finally, feeding inhibition was observed with the reduction in pupal weight. A significant negative correlation (\(p<0.0001\)) between nonanal concentrations and pupal weight was found with decreases of 3.4, 2.9, 5.8, 8.8, and 24% at 80, 120, 400, 600, and 1000 ppm, respectively, compared with the control.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**No.** & **Name** & **Formula** & **Mass** & **Mass (MFG)** & **RT (min)** & **DB** & **MFG** & **No. of Isomers** \\ \hline
1 & 6E-Octen-2,4-dinoic acid & C\({}_{8}\)H\({}_{6}\)O\({}_{2}\) & 134.03 & 134.03 & 10.05 & 97.83 & 97.84 & 6 \\
2 & S-2-Hidrovzglutarate & C\({}_{8}\)H\({}_{8}\)O\({}_{5}\) & 148.03 & 148.03 & 10.16 & 57.70 & 57.72 & 2 \\
3 & Glutaral & C\({}_{8}\)H\({}_{8}\)O\({}_{2}\) & 100.05 & 100.05 & 11.93 & 99.76 & 99.76 & 2 \\
4 & Pyrocatechol & C\({}_{6}\)H\({}_{6}\)O\({}_{2}\) & 110.03 & 110.03 & 12.76 & 95.06 & 95.06 & 4 \\
5 & Nonanal & C\({}_{9}\)H\({}_{18}\)O & 142.13 & 142.13 & 13.56 & 96.88 & 96.88 & 1 \\
6 & Indanone & C\({}_{9}\)H\({}_{8}\)O & 132.05 & & 14.83 & 90.42 & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}  
* RT: retention time; DB: correlation percentage compared with the Metlin database; MFG: correlation percentage compared with the MFG database.  
\end{table}
Table 2: Main compounds in the 11 th and 12 th fractions of the chloroformic extract of aerial parts of _Salvia continvers_.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Treatment (ppm)** & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Mortality \%**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Duration (days)**} & **Pupal Weight (mg)** \\ \cline{2-5}  & **Larvae** & **Pupae** & **Larvae** & **Pupae** & \\ \hline
1000 & 15 \(\pm\) 8.2 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & 25 \(\pm\) 9.9 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & 30.2 \(\pm\) 0.2 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & 15.2 \(\pm\) 0.3 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & 246.8 \(\pm\) 0.7 \({}^{\text{a}}\) \\ \hline
600 & 10 \(\pm\) 6.9 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & 20 \(\pm\) 9.2 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & 27.9 \(\pm\) 0.5 \({}^{\text{b}}\) & 15.1 \(\pm\) 0.3 \({}^{\text{ab}}\) & 242.1 \(\pm\) 0.4 \({}^{\text{b}}\) \\ \hline
400 & 10 \(\pm\) 6.9 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & 20 \(\pm\) 9.2 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & 28.0 \(\pm\) 0.5 \({}^{\text{b}}\) & 14.60 \(\pm\) 0.4 \({}^{\text{abc}}\) & 230.8 \(\pm\) 0.4 \({}^{\text{c}}\) \\ \hline
120 & 5 \(\pm\) 5 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & 20 \(\pm\) 9.2 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & 27.9 \(\pm\) 0.2 \({}^{\text{b}}\) & 14.1 \(\pm\) 0.2 \({}^{\text{bc}}\) & 230.5 \(\pm\) 0.4 \({}^{\text{c}}\) \\ \hline
80 & 5 \(\pm\) 5.00 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & 15 \(\pm\) 8.2 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & 27 \(\pm\) 0.2 \({}^{\text{b}}\) & 14.1 \(\pm\) 0.2 \({}^{\text{bc}}\) & 230.1 \(\pm\) 0.3 \({}^{\text{c}}\) \\ \hline
0 & 10 \(\pm\) 6.9 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & 10 \(\pm\) 6.9 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & 25.3 \(\pm\) 0.3 \({}^{\text{c}}\) & 13.6 \(\pm\) 0.3 \({}^{\text{c}}\) & 216.5 \(\pm\) 0.5 \({}^{\text{d}}\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}  
* Average values (\(\pm\) SE) followed by the same letter are not significantly different (\(p<0.05\), Tukey’s test).  
\end{table}
Table 3: Insecticide and insecistatic activity from pyrocatech against _Spodoptera frugiperda_.