# Comparative Analysis of Marine Alternative Fuels for Offshore Supply Vessels
###### Abstract  
This paper provides an in-depth analysis of alternative fuels, including liquefied natural gas (LNG), hydrogen, ammonia, and biofuels, assessing their feasibility based on operational requirements, availability, safety concerns, and the infrastructure needed for large-scale adoption. Moreover, it examines hybrid and fully electric propulsion systems, considering advancements in battery technology and the integration of renewable energy sources, such as wind and solar power, to further reduce SOV emissions. Key findings from this research indicate that LNG serves as a viable short- to medium-term solution for reducing GHG emissions in the SOV sector, due to its relatively lower carbon content compared to MDO and HFO. This paper finally insists that while LNG presents an immediate opportunity for emission reduction in the SOV sector, a combination of hydrogen, ammonia, and hybrid propulsion systems will be necessary to meet long-term decarbonisation goals. The findings underscore the importance of coordinated industry efforts, technological innovation, and supportive regulatory frameworks to overcome the technical, economic, and infrastructural challenges associated with decarbonising the maritime industry. m +
Footnote †: journal: applied sciences  
article  
[color=gray!20,] [color=gray! Given the critical nature of fuel choice in achieving both economic and environmental objectives, a thorough comparative analysis of alternative fuels is essential. This analysis is necessary to evaluate the technical feasibility of each fuel, assess the environmental and regulatory impacts, and understand the economic implications for ship operators. Additionally, it is important to consider the broader infrastructure requirements, such as fuel production, supply chains, and bunkering facilities, which will play a major role in the adoption of alternative fuels. Conducting a comparative analysis allows stakeholders to make informed decisions about which fuels are best suited for different vessel types and operational contexts. This is particularly important as the maritime industry faces increasing pressure to make strategic decisions about fuel transitions, given the rapid development of fuel technologies and evolving international regulations. The purpose of this paper, therefore, is to provide an in-depth comparative analysis of the most promising alternative fuels, exploring their technological readiness, environmental benefits, and economic considerations to support the maritime sector in its journey towards decarbonisation. A voluminous body of research on marine alternative fuels and decision-making processes highlights the growing need for decarbonising the maritime sector in light of increasing environmental regulations and international climate targets. Various alternative fuels--such as liquefied natural gas (LNG), hydrogen, ammonia, methanol, and biodiesel--are being investigated for their potential to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, sulphur oxides (SOx), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and particulate matter (PM) compared to traditional fossil fuels. Several studies emphasise LNG as a key transitional fuel due to its relative maturity and immediate availability [1]. It is noted for its lower CO2 emissions and better performance in reducing SOx and PM. However, the issue of methane slip, which releases methane into the atmosphere during incomplete combustion, poses a challenge as methane is a potent greenhouse gas [2]. Studies that compare GHG emissions across various fuels, such as LNG, hydrogen, and ammonia, conclude that while LNG offers near-term benefits, it is not a long-term solution for achieving zero-carbon operations [3]. Hydrogen and ammonia are considered more promising for long-term decarbonisation due to their potential to operate as zero-carbon fuels. Hydrogen, in particular, is discussed in terms of its ability to fuel both internal combustion engines and fuel cells, the latter of which can significantly reduce emissions if used in maritime applications [4].