# Recent Trends in AI-Based Intelligent Sensing
## 5 Challenges and Future Research Directions
### Future Directions  
1. Data Fusion: Recently, data fusion techniques are gaining a lot of attention in different aspects. Data fusion with big data is an area that ensures the aggregation of data that are generated either independently or collectively. It facilitates improvement in decision making through value extraction. The result of this data fusion can be further manipulated, analyzed, and stored. Data fusion in IoT [32] is more efficient in integrating, managing, storing, and manipulating the large amount of data. Data processing in IoT leads to the addition of more data by extracting meaningful information. Thus, data fusion can help to reduce the volume of that data. Emerging technologies like M2 MC (machine to machine communication) allow data fusion to be performed at the edge [107]. M2 MC has the ability to communicate over a dedicated medium, for  
Figure 10: Layer-wise Security Challenges. example, the internet, to enable information flow in an intelligent way through smart devices for smart homes, cities, and businesses. * Industry 4.0: Samarization of manufacturing industries has been perceived as Industry 4.0 (fourth industrial revolution), a paradigm shift made possible by the development of new information and communication technologies (ICT) [179]. Industry 4.0 is a new industrial model that displays how production trails and deviates over time. The emerging technology means the digital factory in which intelligent devices are inter-networked with semi-finished products, raw materials, robots, machines, and workers. Industry 4.0 is characterized by the use of resources and the incorporation of customers and business partners in the business process [180]. The technologies of the future will be founded on the availability of data. Moreover, those data are becoming available in profusion thanks to Industry 4.0 that is transforming the industry digitally. Digital resources like Siemens' Digital Enterprise portfolio are affecting every phase of industrial production, from the design of a product to its production to its use. Future technologies make it possible to analyze and exploit these data pools in completely new ways. This development will necessitate the use of technology and knowledge developed in numerous other domains. Autonomous systems need to gain trust between humans and machines [181]. The IoT vision is rooted in the belief that the advancement in communications, information technology and microelectronics we have observed in recent years will be continued into the future. Due to their small sizes, decreasing energy consumption, and falling prices, communications modules, processors, and other electronic equipment are being progressively integrated into everyday objects. At present, cities are remotely monitored and data are collected intelligently through multiple sensors embedded in surveillance systems. Fifth-generation (5G) cellular wireless can connect numerous smart objects at the same time thanks to its capacity and high speed [182]. * Industry 5.0: After Industry 4.0, intelligent sensing is discovering new heights with more strategic growth in industrial automation and control. The origin of Industry 5.0 was presented in [183]. The inclusion of ecosystem for safe operation and accelerating innovation are core features of Industry 5.0. The communication technology used in Industry 5.0 is similar to Industry 4.0, but the emphasis is on collecting more dark data from the core components of the plant or manufacturing units to enable intelligence on it. Society 5.0 is an outcome of industrial advancements which assist human and machines in making intelligent decisions [184]. Industry 5.0 includes the implementation of IoT, Big data, Artificial Intelligence, and communication technology for the digitalization of work environments. The work presented in [185] shares details about the infrastructure involved in the development of Industry 5.0 work environment and its effects on business and industries with the involvement of information technology.