## 5 Conclusions  
To eliminate the \"gas barrier effect\" in the grinding process, a self-inhaling internal cooling grinding wheel with a leaf order arrangement structure was designed and prepared. The main conclusions are summarized as follows:  
1. Fluid flow simulation software Ansys Fluent 2020 R2 was used to simulate the internal flow field of the grinding wheel. The influence of the cooling hole's position and diameter on the fluid outlet flow rate and average outlet velocity were analyzed. The optimal diameter of the cooling hole was determined to be 2 mm, with a distance of 11.25 mm from the center of the end face. This configuration provides a relatively reasonable average velocity, while ensuring a sufficiently large outlet flow rate. Additionally, the outlet velocity distribution is uniform, which contributes to a stable grinding process, benefiting both grinding efficiency and precision.  
Figure 19: Grinding wheel preparation experiment scene.  
Figure 18: Grinding wheel base and cover: (**a**) cover; (**b**) base.  
2. The impact of grinding wheel speed and coolant pressure on coolant outlet velocity was analyzed. When the initial coolant pressure was set to a fixed value, increasing the grinding wheel speed resulted in uneven outlet coolant velocity distribution, leading to high-speed and low-speed zones. When the grinding wheel speed was fixed, both excessively high and low initial coolant pressures caused velocity stratification at different levels or locations. When the coolant pressure was moderate, the velocity distribution was relatively uniform. Therefore, to achieve uniform outlet velocity, the grinding wheel speed should be matched with the initial coolant pressure entering the grinding wheel. A pressure of 5 bar and a speed of 3000 r/min were selected as the initial coolant conditions for the grinding wheel. 3. A structured grinding wheel model was developed using different abrasive cluster configurations, including array arrangement, rectangular arrangement, parallelogram arrangement, and leaf-sequence arrangement. Through flow field simulation of the grinding area, the movement pattern of the coolant was obtained. In the grinding process with the leaf-sequence arrangement of abrasive clusters, the coolant distribution was more uniform, and the flow velocity was more consistent, resulting in a better flushing effect at the intersections of the abrasive clusters. The advantages of using leaf-sequence arrangement theory for abrasive cluster arrangement were confirmed. 4. Orthogonal experiments and range analysis were conducted on the laser cladding preparation process of the leaf-sequence abrasive cluster grinding wheel. The influence of various factors on the experimental results were analyzed. The optimal process parameters selected for grinding wheel preparation were as follows: laser power \(P=250\) W, laser scanning speed \(V_{\mathrm{s}}=4.5\) mm/s, and powder feed rate \(V_{\mathrm{r}}=1.5\) r/min. Based on the predetermined laser cladding trajectory, a self-priming, internal cooling, structured grinding wheel with leaf-sequence abrasive clusters in the grinding area was fabricated.  
Conceptualization, T.Y.; Methodology, Z.S. and Y.H.; Software, Y.H.; Validation, Z.S. and Y.H.; Investigation, Z.W., Z.S., Y.H., T.Y. and J.Z.; Writing - original draft, Z.W. and J.Z.; Supervision, Z.W. and T.Y.; Funding acquisition, Z.W., T.Y. and J.Z. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (52405460, 52075088, U23B20106, 52075494), the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2022 YFE0121500), Liaoning Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China (2023-MSBA-032), and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (N2403018).  
The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding authors.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.