# Limitations on the Use of Recycled Asphalt Pavement in Structural Concrete
## 3 Quality and Homogeneity of RAP Aggregates
### Definition and Origin/Production of RAP Aggregates
* The following actions (defined in Annex 1 of the Ministerial Decree) should be carried out:  
* a visual check on the incoming material;
* an asbestos test, a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) test and a leaching test, whose results are then compared with the limits reported in the Ministerial Decree;
* characteristics such as grading (EN 933-1 [56]), petrographic description (EN 932-3 [57]) and content of extraneous material (maximum equal to 1% in mass content) should be defined. These will be included in a Declaration of Conformity, which is the document that confirms that the granulate fully respects what is established in the Ministerial Decree. EN 12620 [58], which is the harmonised European standard for aggregate for use in concrete (more details will be presented in the following sections), is not recalled in the Ministerial Decree, posing therefore a limit to the use of the bituminous conglomerate granulate in the building sector. This means that, currently, the bituminous conglomerate granulate can only be used in road construction, causing, therefore, a strong limitation and barrier on further implementations of this recycled material in structural concrete. Characterization of RAP Aggregates According to Existing Standards for Different End-Use Application  
The construction sector is closely regulated by standards, regulations and design codes, which cover different levels of the commercialization and the use of innovative materials in the national and international market. The Construction Products Regulation (CPR) EU 305/2011 [59] sets up harmonised conditions for the marketing of construction products on the EU market. The reference documents for the CE marking of a product are the harmonised technical specifications, i.e., harmonised standards (hENs) and European Assessment Documents (EADs), which are published in the Official Journal of the European Union (OJEU). When a product is covered by a harmonised standard the manufacturer shall draw up a Declaration of Performance (DoP) when such a product is placed on the market (CPR, Art. 4). Through the DoP the manufacturer assumes responsibility for the conformity of the product with the declared performance values, which are assessed according to the methods reported in the specific harmonised standard. When it comes to aggregates, there are different harmonised standards for their CE marking and therefore their commercialisation. A list is reported in Table 3. All standards generally foresee the use of recycled aggregates and are the result of the Mandate M/125 [60], which is the mandate of the European Commission to CEN [61] (European Committee for Standardization), and CENELEC [62] (European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization) concerning the execution of standardisation work for harmonised standards on aggregates. The harmonised standards include a list of essential characteristics that define the properties of the product, which have influence on the basic requirements of the construction work (_BWR_, see CPR, Annex I). Each essential characteristic has to be determined according to the test method reported in the specific hEN in relation to the intended use of the product. The study of the existing hENs, including the use of recycled aggregates, allows us to discuss the possible application of RAP as an aggregate for different intended uses in the construction sector. A summary is reported in Table 3. Except for EN 12620 [58], which is specific for aggregate for concrete and will be studied in more detail in Section 3.3, a general overview will be given for each analysed standard. In the harmonised European standard EN 13139 [63], which specifies the properties and the characteristics of aggregates and fillers obtained from natural, artificial or recycled materials to be used for mortars, some limitations for the use of RAP have been found.