## 2 Results and Discussion
### Preparation of the Catalytic System
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Resin**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Loading (mmol Cl/g)**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**DVB (\%)**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Practical Size**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**FT-IR (ATR; cm\({}^{-1}\))**} \\  & a & b & & & **(mesh)** & & **(\(\upmu\)m)** \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{PS-Cl-1} & \multirow{2}{*}{\(\sim\)5.5} & \multirow{2}{*}{5.5} & \multirow{2}{*}{5.5} & \multirow{2}{*}{16–50} & \multirow{2}{*}{297–1190} & 3023, 2921, 1611, 1511, 1443, \\  & & & & & & 1421, 1264, 1111, 1019, 913, 823, 744, 672 \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{PS-Cl-2} & \multirow{2}{*}{2.5–4.0} & \multirow{2}{*}{4.24} & \multirow{2}{*}{1} & \multirow{2}{*}{50–100} & \multirow{2}{*}{149–297} & 3025, 2920, 1602, 1510, 1493, \\  & & & & & & 1451, 1421, 1265, 1111, 1019, 908, 823, 760, 699, 674 \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{PS-Cl-3} & \multirow{2}{*}{3.5–4.5} & \multirow{2}{*}{3.94} & \multirow{2}{*}{1} & \multirow{2}{*}{100–200} & \multirow{2}{*}{74–149} & 3025, 2920, 1602, 1510, 1493, \\  & & & & & & 1451, 1421, 1265, 1111, 1019, 908, 823, 760, 699, 674 \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{PS-Cl-4} & \multirow{2}{*}{3.5–4.5} & \multirow{2}{*}{4.39} & \multirow{2}{*}{1} & \multirow{2}{*}{200–400} & \multirow{2}{*}{37–74} & 3024, 2919, 1602, 1510, 1493, \\  & & & & & & 1451, 1421, 1264, 1111, 1019, \\  & & & & & & 1451, 1421, 1264, 1111, 1019, \\  & & & & & & 1452, 1420, 1265, 1112, 1028, \\  & & & & & & 907, 823, 757, 697, 676 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}  
* given by the manufacturer; b based on elemental analysis: PS-Cl-1: %C: 74.41, %H: 6.14; PS-Cl-2: %C: 78.29, %H: 6.69; PS-Cl-3: %C: 79.34, %H: 6.70; PS-Cl-4: %C: 77.86, %H: 6.56; PS-Cl-5: %C: 83.08, %H: 7.05.  
\end{table} 
Table 1: Types of applied resins and selected properties. The SEM images (Figures S1 and S6) show that the macroporous PS-Cl-1 carrier undergoes mechanical degradation during the synthesis, and consequently, the NHPI-containing catalyst consists \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Imobilized NHPI** & \begin{tabular}{c} **Loading** \\ **(mmol NHPI/g) a** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} **Size b** \\ **(\(\mu\)m)** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} **Shape b** \\ **(\(\mu\)m)** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} **FT-IR (ATR; cm\({}^{-1}\))** \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline PS-NHPI-1 & 2.60 & 2–15 & irregular & \begin{tabular}{c} 3397 br, 2925, 1786, \\ 1717, 1449, 1362, \\ 1275, 1245, 1183, \\ 1103, 1070, 962, 817, \\ 770, 746, 709 \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline PS-NHPI-2 & 2.63 & 149–297 & spherical & \begin{tabular}{c} 3398 br, 2925, 1784, \\ 1720, 1668, 1452, \\ 1363, 1274, 1236, \\ 1182, 1103, 1069, \\ 817, 747, 701 \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline PS-NHPI-3 & 2.13 & 74–149 & spherical & \begin{tabular}{c} 3398 br, 2925, 1788, \\ 1721, 1601, 1452, \\ 1361, 1274, 1235, \\ 1182, 1110, 1069, \\ 1018, 817, 747, 701 \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline PS-NHPI-4 & 2.17 & 37–74 & spherical & \begin{tabular}{c} 34398 br, 2918, 1783, \\ 1717, 1451, 1361, \\ 1274, 1237, 1182, \\ 1109, 818, 746, 701 \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline PS-NHPI-5 & 1.70 & 37–74 & spherical & \
\begin{tabular}{c} 34398 br, 2918, 1783, \\ 1717, 1451, 1361, \\ 1274, 1237, 1182, \\ 1109, 818, 746, 701 \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline PS-NHPI-5 & 1.70 & 37–74 & spherical &
\begin{tabular}{c} 34398 br, 3025, 2917, \\ 1785, 1723, 1601, \\ 1492, 1452, 1373, \\ 1278, 1246, 1182, \\ 1108, 819, 748, 699 \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Elemental analysis and FT-IR characterization of obtained resin-immobilized NHPI catalysts. Figure 3: FT-IR spectra of PS-Cl-2 (**I**) and PS-NHPI-2 (**II**). of small, irregularly-shaped grains, approx. 2-15 \(\upmu\)m in size. Similarly, in the case of the PS-NHPI-2 catalyst, the regular grains of the PS-Cl-2 polymer resin (149-297 \(\upmu\)m) were partially degraded to irregularly-shaped grains in the size range of 20-170 \(\upmu\)m (Figures S2 and S7). The PS-NHPI-3 catalyst grains underwent very little mechanical degradation, resulting in grain sizes of approx.