# A Low-Cost CPW-Fed Multiband Frequency Reconfigurable Antenna for Wireless Applications
## 5 Conclusion  
A novel cedar-shaped multiband frequency reconfigurable antenna is proposed for WLAN, WiMAX, X-band satellite, and many other wireless communication systems. The broad tunability of operating bands is achieved by employing switches to alter the effective electrical length of the radiating element of the antenna. The proposed antenna is studied and optimized in different reconfigurable scenarios and validated through measurements. The proposed antenna is studied in terms of important antenna parameters, including reflection coefficient, antenna gain, and radiation pattern, through simulation as well as measurements. This antenna radiates efficiently at all the desired bands. Design simplicity, compactness, and reconfigurability are the features that make this antenna a good choice for future wireless communication applications.  
**Author Contributions:** Conceptualization, T.K.; Data curation, T.K.; Formal analysis, T.K. and M.R.; Investigation, M.R., A.A. and Y.A.; Methodology, T.K. and M.R.; Project administration, Y.A.; Resources, A.A.; Software, A.A.; Supervision, A.A. and Y.A.; Validation, Y.A. and H.T.; Visualization, H.T.; Writing--original draft, T.K.; Writing--review & editing, M.R.  
**Funding:** This research received no external funding.  
**Acknowledgments:** The work was financially supported by Vinnova (The Swedish Governmental Agency for Innovating Systems) and University of Engineering and Technology Taxila, Pakistan through the Vinn Excellence centers program and ACTSENA research group funding, respectively. The fabrication of the antenna has been carried out at National Institute of Electronics (NIE) Islamabad, Pakistan, whereas antenna testing and measurement was done at Research Institute for Microwave and Millimeter-Wave Studies (RIMMS), National University of Science and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan.  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest regarding this publication.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & **Case 1** & & **Case 2** & & **Case 3** & & **Case 4** \\
**Freq.** & **Efficiency (\%)** & **Freq.** & **Efficiency (\%)** & **Freq.** & **Efficiency (\%)** & **Freq.** & **Efficiency (\%)** \\ \hline
2.7 & 90 & 1.9 & 95 & 2.7 & 87 & 2.7 & 94 \\
4.4 & 91 & 4.1 & 88 & 4.1 & 85 & 4.2 & 89 \\
8.1 & 88 & 5.4 & 77 & 5.4 & 82 & 8.4 & 84 \\
9.4 & 91 & 6.6 & 85 & 6.9 & 89 & - & - \\ - & - & 8.6 & 87 & 8.8 & 88 & - & - \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 8: Radiation Efficiency (%) in all four cases at resonance frequencies.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Ref.** & [9] & [15] & [16] & [17] & [18] & [19] & [31] & [32] &
\begin{tabular}{c} **Proposed** \\ **Work** \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline
**Area (mm2)** & 3900 & 675 & 1852.3 & 400 & 1720 & 1892 & 337.5 & 2852 & 2400 \\ \hline
**Substrate** & FR4 & RO4350B & RO4350 & FR4 & FR4 & PET & FR4 & FR4 & FR4 \\ \hline
**Thickness (mm)** & 1.55 & 0.8 & 1.5 & 0.8 & 1.6 & 0.1 & 0.8 & N/A & 1.6 \\ \hline
**No. of** & & & & & & & & & \\
**resonances** & 6 & 6 & 4 & 3 & 3 & 3 & 2 & 2 & 12 \\ \hline
**No. of** & & & & & & & & & & \\
**switches** & & & & & & & & & & \\ \hline
**BW at diff.** & & 100; 120; & 690; 300; & 210; 400; & 500; 380; & 160; 180; & 1575; & 245; 525; & 500; 700; 260; \\
**resonance (MHz)** & 4600 & 100; 320 & 740; 620 & 580 & 800 & 270 & 244 & 575 & 400; 400; 500; \\  & & & & & & & & & 800; 800; 700 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 9: Performance comparison with other designs in the literature.