esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Data Structure and Management Protocol to Enhance Name Resolving in Named Data Networking
## 3 Proposed Solution
### Proposed Encoded Component Hash Trie (ECHT) Data Structure
#### 3.1.1 ECHT Design Overview  
Trie is a tree data structure that is comprised of nodes and edges. It starts with an empty node called the \"root node\", which forks into several child nodes using edges. Both nodes and edges are associated with values. The ordered concatenation of the traversed nodes and edges while walking a path represents a tree key.  
In our work, a component trie represents a traditional trie in which each node value is associated with an NDN NameComponent in a human-readable string format. Edges, on the other hand, are associated with the NDN name delimiter '/'. Consequently, an encoded component trie is a component trie where the NDN NameComponent is encoded as a pure byte string encapsulated in a TLV-style header [15], e.g., the TLV format of the NameComponent'squ' is b'\(\backslash\)x08\(\backslash\)x03 squ', where 'b' stands for byte, '\(\backslash\)x08' represents the type of the name, which is a GenericNameComponent [16], '\(\backslash\)x03' represents the length of the NameComponent, which is 3 bytes, and'squ' is the value of the NameComponent. We use this type of encoding to match the NDN wire format for encoded name components, thus reducing the data type conversion when processing NDN messages and replies. Figure 2 represents both component and encoded component trie.  
Figure 2: ECHT design: (**a**) original mapping table, (**b**) ECHT component-based trie, (**c**) TLV encoded trie, (**d**) combined structure (trie and hash table).  
A hash table is a collection of hashed key and value pairs, where data are considered to be a value uniquely identified with a key. After having a key-value pair, hash tables require a hashing function that requests both the key and the value as input. According to the generated value, an index is generated to the location of the value corresponding to the specific key stored. The hash table's significant value over other data structures is its speed in insertion, lookup, and deletion [17]. In our proposed ECHT, SipHash is chosen due to its simplicity and high speed [14].  
However, SipHash suffers from internal collisions. Therefore, we studied two famous collision resolution techniques, separate chaining and open addressing, which are compared in Table 1[18]. We chose open addressing over separate chaining due to its cache performance and operation complexity.  
Figure 2 depicts the data structure and transformation in ECHT.
## 3 Results  
### Study Selection  
A comprehensive keyword search of various databases yielded 707 studies from various databases: 276 from PubMed, 136 from Web of Science, 88 from SPORTDiscus, 96 from Scopus, 23 from CINAHL, 49 from Academic Search Complete, 39 from Google Scholar, and 5 from forward and backward citation searches. Following the removal of duplicates, 413 unique studies were subjected to title and abstract screening, resulting in the exclusion of 372 studies. The full texts of the remaining 45 studies were reviewed against the study selection criteria. Of these, 20 studies were excluded. Reasons for exclusion included the following: thirteen articles did not utilize CNT intervention [32; 33; 34; 35; 36; 37; 38; 39; 40; 41; 42; 43; 44], the full text of one study was not found [45], one study was not a chronic intervention study [46], two studies did not involve team sports [47; 48], and two studies did not include a positive control group [49; 50]. In total, twenty-five studies met the selection criteria and were included in the meta-analysis (Figure 1).
# Evaluation of Non-Encapsulated and Microencapsulated Lactic Acid Bacteria
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Spray Drying Technique Using Maltodextrin and Glucose and Cell Viability  
A BUCHI Mini Spray Dryer B-290 Swiss-made (Switzerland) was used for microencapsulation of LAB strains. Maltodextrin-glucose solution (24% maltodextrin and 4% glucose, \(w/v\)) was prepared in distilled water and sterilized by autoclavation (121 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 15 min). After 24 h of incubation at 37 \({}^{\circ}\)C and 150 rpm in the bioreactor, the bacterial culture was centrifuged at 8000 rpm for 10 min at 4 \({}^{\circ}\)C. After discarding the supernatant, the cell suspension (biomass) was washed three times with sterile distilled water. The pellet cell was then resuspended aseptically into the sterile mixed solution. During spray drying, the culture solution was homogenized with magnetic stirring, at room temperature, under continuous agitation. The operating conditions were: inlet air temperature 126 \(\pm\) 3 \({}^{\circ}\)C, outlet air temperature 66 \(\pm\) 3 \({}^{\circ}\)C, volume flow of 15 mL/min, compressor air pressure of 0.6 MPa, and drying air flow rate of 0.04 m\({}^{3}\)/h.  
Serial dilutions were done in PBS (pH = 7 \(\pm\) 0.2) for evaluating the survival of microencapsulated bacteria (_L. acidophilus_ IBNA 64, _L. salivarius_ IBNA 33, and _L. salivarius_ IBNA 41). Briefly, 1 g of powder strain was dissolved in 9 mL MRS broth (pH = 6.5 \(\pm\) 0.2) and vortexed till complete dissolution. Serially dilutions in 9 mL PBS from spray-dried powder were completed and plated out on MRS agar by incubation at 37 \({}^{\circ}\)C, 48 h, in anaerobic conditions. LAB enumeration was expressed as CFU/gram of microcapsule (Log CFU/g).  
The equation from [PERSON] et al. [18] was used to calculate encapsulation efficiency (EE):  
EE = 100 \(\times\) Nr/Nf  
where, Nr = Log CFU/mL before spray drying; Nf = Log CFU/mL after spray drying.
# Service-Aware Clustering: An Energy-Efficient Model for the Internet-of-Things
### Contributions and Outline  
It is widely recognized that clustering techniques may help alleviate the energy issue in sensor networks. However, the application of traditional \"service-blind clustering (SBC)\" algorithms to the IoT may lead to energy imbalance, arising from electing the most service-demanding nodes as cluster heads and aggregating and forwarding most of a cluster's sensor readings to the base station, while the least service-demanding nodes are used as cluster members, which remain idle most of the time. \"Service-aware clustering (SAC)\" is a natural fit for the IoT platforms where the heterogeneity and diversity of service profiles of the smart objects demand new ways of engineering the multitude of interconnected sensor networks islands. However, to the best of our knowledge, traffic engineering techniques that account for such service profiles have not yet been addressed by either the research or the practitioner communities. This paper's main contribution is to propose and assess the relevance of using a traffic engineering model that builds upon clustering techniques and sensor nodes service profiles to improve the lifetime of a wireless sensor network. The proposed TEmodel is built around four main ideas.
## 2 Pharmacology of Piperine: In Vitro and In Vivo Studies
### Cervical and Ovarian Cancer
#### 2.6.4. Cancers of the Gastrointestinal Tract  
Piperine significantly increased the levels of lipid peroxidation in 7,12-dimethyl benz [a] anthracene (DMBA)-induced hamster buccal pouch carcinogenesis. This chemopre efficacy of piperine was recorded by FT-IR spectroscopic technique, where decreased levels of proteins and nucleic acid content were found in comparison to untreated cancer cells [65]. In AGS human gastric cancer cells, piperine decreases Bcl-2, XIAP (anti-apoptotic), and Akt, while p53, Bax (pro-apoptotic), cleaved caspase-9, and cleaved-PARP increased [66]. Piperine inhibits IL-1 \(\beta\)-induced p38 MAPK and STAT3 activation and, in turn, blocks the IL-1 \(\beta\)-induced IL-6 expression in TMK-1 gastric cancer cells [67]. It also decreases the protein levels of Bcl-2, Mcl-1, survivin, and increases the Fas levels, resulting in inhibition of the growth of HT-29, human colon cancer cells [68]. In HT-29 colon carcinoma cells, piperine reduces the levels of cyclins (D1 and D3), cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK-4 and 6), and upregulates p21/WAF1 and p27/KIP1 expression [69]. The study of [PERSON] et al. [70] found that this natural compound inhibited the growth of HRT-18 human rectal adenocarcinoma cells by causing apoptosis. The same study found that this effect has been at least partially caused by creating increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the cancer cells treated with piperine. The activation of the mechanistic target of the rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) was found to be associated with sustained inflammation and,thus, the progression of colorectal cancer. Piperine alone and in combination with curcumin plays a preventive role in the development of colorectal cancer by inhibiting TNF-\(\alpha\) and mTOR1 in human intestinal epithelial cells [71].
# A Novel Self-Forming Virtual Sub-Nets Based Cross-Layer MAC Protocol for Multihop Tactical Network
## 3 Proposed VSCL-MAC Architecture
### Route Discovery Using NBR_Table  
Many of the ad hoc routing protocols rely on advertising HELLO packets for route discovery. Most of them use physical layer parameters such as a line of sight (LOS), energy levels, directional communication links, and signal-strength-based distance measurements [27; 28]. However, these approaches consume significant time to operate and use extensive bandwidth resources to find neighbors rather than send data.  
The proposed VSCL-MAC design uses the NBR_table to perform efficient route discovery and makes no assumption on prior knowledge, such as the number or relative position of neighbors. A source node searches its NBR_table for the 1-hop neighbor to reach the destination node involving minimum hops. Each node has confirmed a 2-hop destination path in its NBR_table, and further, it consents the next node that shows the minimum hop route to the destination to handle it.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline
**1-Hop NBR** & **2-Hop NBR** & **3-Hop NBR** & **4-Hop NBR** \\ \hline MAC ID of direct neighbors & MAC ID of neighbor(s), received from 1-hop \\ \hline NBR(s) & NBR(s) \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Neighbor table of node \(N_{i}\).  
Figure 3: One-time neighbor discovery process to build the NBR_table.  
In the proposed design, all nodes update the NBR_table using NBR_MAP received in NBR_DSCV packets and later in control messages that keep nodes aware of its active neighbors for route discovery. It eliminates the need for any other routing protocol, considerably reduces required neighbor discovery time, and eradicates route discovery packet transmissions. The proposed VSCL-MAC design uses a hybrid routing mechanism and enables continuous route maintenance without using extra signaling packets. It decreases the excessive overhead of hello packets; adaptive link connectivity improves connectivity and coverage when the node is far away from the destination.
## 4 Results and Analysis
### RM Properties  
The RM measured with the focal-plane and imaging systems both maintained the ability to refocus light to a single CCD segment or multiple segments simultaneously, similar to their transmission matrix counterparts. Multiple segments are enhanced simultaneously using the same process as the transmission case, by using a linear combination of the rows of the RM [17]. Simulations of the focal-plane system show single-segment enhancement in Figure 6a, and multi-segment enhancements in Figure 6b,c. The imaging system with the 600-grit aluminum sample demonstrates single-segment and simultaneous multi-segment enhancements and are shown in Figure 6d-f. Each spot location is  
Figure 5: Simulated Enhancement (\(\eta\)) vs. Lateral Surface Dimension (\(\ell_{\lambda/2}\)). The red solid line shows average enhancement of the focal-plane system, while the red dotted line shows maximum enhancement. The solid blue line shows average enhancement of the imaging system, while the blue dotted line represents maximum enhancement.  
labeled with its corresponding (row, column) coordinates. As the enhancement was split over multiple segments, the background intensity becomes more visible.
## 2 Methods
### Equipment  
Testing employed a smartphone with Android Oreo 8.1 (Google, Mountain View, CA, USA) commercially available on the market (Galaxy S6, Samsung, Gyeonggi Province, Korea). The smartphone had the dimensions of 7.1 cm \(\times\) 14.3 cm \(\times\) 0.7 cm (width \(\times\) height \(\times\) thickness), and its touch screen size and resolution were 6.4 cm \(\times\) 11.3 cm (width \(\times\) height) and 1440 \(\times\) 2560 pixels, respectively. Two sections were created on the touch screen: (1) an instruction section (top) and (2) a QWERTY keyboard section (bottom) (Figure 1a). The instruction section (6.4 cm \(\times\) 5.0 cm) was implemented to display experimental information such as a target letter and the number of trials that could help participants' progress in given tasks. On the other hand, the QWERTY soft keyboard (6.4 cm \(\times\) 4.2 cm) of the application had a similar layout to a typical QWERTY keyboard that basically consisted of 26 alphabet letter keys--here, the size of the letter keys was maintained at 0.5 cm \(\times\) 0.7 cm (width \(\times\) height), and they were located in the predetermined positions on the keyboard, as illustrated in Figure 1b. Note that extra keys including ten numeric keys on the top row and a few additional keys near the bottom (assumed as functions) were also rendered on the QWERTY soft keyboard, but they did not actually work.  
Figure 1: \(Cont.\)An Android application for this study was implemented using M-BizMaker (Softpower, Seoul, Korea) based on the Samsung keyboard 3.2.10.22 (Samsung, Gyeonggi Province, Korea), as shown in Figure 1. The application was designed to provide one random target key from the 26 alphabet letters at a time; to be specific, the application was launched by pressing the start button on the top row of the screen. After a countdown of three seconds, the information for the first target key appeared in the center of the instruction section, and then the corresponding letter key on the QWERTY keyboard section was highlighted in light gray to help the participant to easily locate the key. After the target key was successfully touched, the application counted down three seconds again and provided its next target key--this was repeated until every alphabet letter appeared once in each experimental trial. On the other hand, the application had a feature that automatically recorded the task completion times (unit: msec) and touch error frequencies. The task completion time was defined to measure the duration from the moment when a target key was provided to the moment when the target key was successfully tapped. Meanwhile, the touch error frequency was counted for the touch errors occurring for each given key until a successful touch was made.
## 1 Introduction  
A vast amount of tree-structured data on diverse domains is available in eXtensible Markup Language (XML) files on the Web, such as SwissProt (protein sequence database), DBLP (computer science bibliography), and Treebank (tagged sentences). A query that determines whether there exists a path between the two nodes of a given pair (source and target) is an important one for trees. It can also be regarded as a reachability or ancestor-descendant query. A straightforward manner to address it is tree traversal, starting from the source node and then visiting intermediate nodes until arriving at the target node. However, it is not feasible to use this method in the case of large trees.  
To avoid visiting intermediate nodes, labeling schemes have been proposed [1]. Existing works are classified into containment-based [2; 3], prefix-based [4; 5], and prime number labeling schemes. In this paper, we focus on a prime number labeling scheme that does not require all the nodes to be re-labeled when some nodes are updated. An earlier study on a prime number labeling scheme was reported in [6]. In this scheme (hereafter, PRM), each node is assigned a globally unique prime number, called a self label. The node label is then recursively computed by multiplying its self label and its parent node's label. The pair of two nodes is reachable if the target node label is divisible by the source node label. An approach has been proposed to utilize the MapReduce framework in order to do prime number labeling of massive XML data [7]. The schemes' shortcomings are apparent when the number of nodes becomes very large--the size of self labels increases as well. In addition, they did not consider the performance of answering reachability queries.  
Attempts to reuse self labels were made. In [8; 9], a repetitive prime number labeling scheme (hereafter, REP) was described that reuses prime numbers inherited from parents. In [10], the order of ancestors' self labels is encoded based on the Chinese Remainder Theorem (hereafter, CRT). A drawback of these approaches is that their inefficient method for performing reachability tests significantly reduces their usability in the case of large datasets. In this paper, we propose an efficient method for answering reachability queries in REP.
## 5 Results and Discussion
### Effect of Pile Arrangement  
To check the effect of pile arrangement on the behavior of the GRS berm, four cases with different pile arrangement were analyzed (Baseline and Group III in Table 2). The four cases included: Case I--one row of piles 10 m in length (Group III--Piles I in Table 2); Case II--one row of piles 18 m in length (Baseline in Table 2); Case III--two rows of piles 10 m in length and 5 m in spacing (Group III--Piles II in Table 2); and Case IV--one row of piles 25 m in length (Group III--Piles III in Table 2). The failure mechanisms of these four cases are shown in Figure 12a-d, and the pile arrangement effect on the factor of safety and the maximum tensile force of the geotextile is shown in Figure 13. Through comparison, it could be seen that doubling the row of piles (hence doubling the total pile length) had a minimal effect on the factor of safety (\(F_{\text{s}}=1.20\) and 1.25). However, by comparing Cases I, II, and IV with only one row of piles but increasing pile length (i.e., \(L_{\text{pile}}=10\), 18, and 25 m, respectively), the factor of safety increased quite dramatically. By comparing Cases II and III with a similar total pile length (i.e., 18 and 20, respectively), the two row of piles showed a lower efficiency in increasing the factor of safety of the berm. As all factors of safety of these four cases were \(F_{\text{s}}=1.20\) or higher, the effect of the pile arrangement on the maximum tensile force of the geotextile was minimal. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [19] reported a case history in which concrete piers were used as a deep foundation to enhance the stability of a geogrid-reinforced steep landfill slope at the Operating industries, Inc. (OII) Superfund site, a hazardous waste site in southern California. However, the effect of pile arrangement on the GRS structure was ignored.  
Figure 11: FOS and \(T_{max}\) versus leachate level at the left slope surface of berm \(H_{w}\).  
Figure 12: _Cont._  
Figure 12: Effect of pile arrangement: (**a**) Piles I (\(L_{pile}\) = 10 m), (**b**) Piles II (double \(L_{pile}\) = 10 m), (**c**) Baseline (\(L_{pile}\) = 18 m), and (**d**) Piles III (\(L_{pile}\) = 25 m).
# C-MWCAR: Classification Based on Multiple Weighted Class Association Rules
## 5 Experimental Evaluation
### Evaluation Results
#### 5.2.4 Visualization of the Mined CARs  
We randomly select five CARs from the hypertensive group and normotensive group, respectively, and then visualize them in Figure 8, with the null values of each CAR replaced by the average value of the current item in the current group. From Figure 8, we find that the overall trends of the CARs derived from the two groups are quite different from each other. Concretely, the overall trend of the normotensive group remains relatively high at first, and then gradually decreases until the end, except for the fluctuations at MIN, PNN50, and SD1. As for the hypertensive group, its overall trend is just the opposite. More specifically, the hypertensive group usually has smaller time-frequency domain features except for MIN and PNN50 but bigger non-linear domain features compared with the normotensive group, which is coherent with the results reported in previous medical studies [31; 38; 39; 40]. Hence, we think that the extracted CARs are conducive for doctors to analyze the patient's condition. For example, if the subject's features converge towards to or are similar to the CARs of the hypertensive group, then the doctors have reasons to believe that the subject is likely to suffer from hypertension in the future, and thus give him or her effective health interventions at once, which may avoid the occurrence or prevent the deterioration of hypertension.  
Figure 8: Visualization of the five most powerful CARs in the hypertensive group and normotensive group. The null value in CARs are replaced by the average value of the current group, and the CARs for the hypertensive group and normotensive group are plotted by using the red solid line and blue dotted line, respectively.
## 2 Results and Discussion
### Molecular Design of Deep Blue TADF Emitters
These constants are dependent from the transition dipole moment (in case of radiative decay) and to the vibronic coupling constants (in case of non-radiative decay) between S\({}_{0}\) and S\({}_{1}\), respectively [57; 58]. When the HOMO\(-\)LUMO excitation dominates the S\({}_{0}\)\(-\)S\({}_{1}\) transition, the rates of S\({}_{1}\)\(\rightarrow\)S\({}_{0}\) radiative and non-radiative decays are altered by the HOMO-LUMO spatial overlap [59]. For donor/acceptor molecules with a small dihedral angle, the superimposition between the HOMO (located mainly on the donor) and the LUMO (located mainly on the acceptor) orbitals is relatively important. This increases the S\({}_{1}\)\(\rightarrow\)S\({}_{0}\) radiative decay constant, leading to improvement of the fluorescence efficiency. However, a too large twist angle will prevent the S\({}_{0}\)-S\({}_{1}\) transition to occur and reduce the fluorescence efficiency. The challenge of TADF molecular design is thus finding a trade-off to simultaneously minimize \(\Delta\)E\({}_{\text{ST}}\) and induce efficient S\({}_{1}\)\(\leftarrow\)T\({}_{1}\) RISC, while retaining a good S\({}_{1}\)\(\rightarrow\)S\({}_{0}\) radiative decay rate. The spin-orbit vibronic coupling is also another major important factor in the design of TADF materials. To date, investigations concerning the relationship existing between spin-orbit coupling and RISC are still rare [60; 61; 62; 63]. While aiming at designing deep blue TADF emitters, several parameters should be taken under consideration, such as the \(\pi\)-conjugation length, the redox potential of both the electron-releasing and electron-withdrawing moieties, as well as the degree of conjugation, which is allowed between the two moieties. In practice, the photophysical characteristics as well as the geometry of the molecules are now classically examined by theoretical calculations prior to their synthesis, optimizing the probability to get materials with the desired properties. However, the design and synthesis of a light-emitting material with TADF properties is not enough to be sure that OLEDs that will be fabricated will furnish a deep blue OLEDs. Indeed, choice of an adapted host, selection of the right device stacking, the dopant concentration are other crucial parameter governing the performance of OLEDs [64]. In the following paragraphs of this review, an overview of the different scaffold that have been examined to produce a deep blue emission are presented.