## 4 Results
### RQ2: Effect of Spatial Ability Skills on Campus Wayfinding (Performance and Perceived Workload)  
This research question investigated the effect of spatial ability skills on the perceived workload and wayfinding performance of all participants in indoor-outdoor campus navigation tasks regardless of their group (i.e., used navigation aid). The spatial ability skills of all participants were assessed before conducting the navigation task using mobile navigation aid. After the first phase (pre-task phase, see Figure 1), participants were randomly assigned to the control and experiment groups. The descriptive statistics presented in Table 3 show that the spatial ability skill parameters of participants in both groups are fairly equal, which shows that results in the previous section were not affected by the spatial ability skills of participants. The spatial ability skills were measured on three parameters spatial reasoning test, spatial orientation test and navigation (using the Santa Barbara Sense of Direction (SBSOD) scale). The scores of these three factors were added to get an overall score for spatial ability skills. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & & & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**Levene’s Test for**} & & & & & & & **95\% Confidence** \\  & & & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**Equality of**} & & & & & & **Intersal of** \\  & & & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**Variances**} & & & & & & & **Lower** & **Upper** \\ \hline  & & & & & & & & & & & & & \\  & & & & & & & & & & & & & \\  & & & & & & & & & & & & & \\ \hline  & & & & & & & & & & & & & \\A series of [PERSON]'s correlations were conducted to identify any potential correlation between the participant's spatial ability skills parameters (spatial reasoning score, spatial orientation score and SBSOD score), their perceived workload (NASA TLX score and SWR score), and wayfinding performance parameters (task duration, task completion, total help, total hesitation, and total wrong directions). [PERSON]'s correlation measures the strength and direction of the linear relationship between two variables. [PERSON]'s correlation was used to determine whether the variables of interest are correlated or related to each other, and the data met all the assumptions required for using [PERSON]'s correlation. All results for [PERSON]'s correlation are presented in Tables 4 and 5. This research question focused on hypotheses H3 and H4. The third hypothesis focuses on the relationship between spatial ability skills and workload in campus wayfinding. The null hypothesis for H3 was that the spatial ability skills of participants will not impact the workload they experience in the university campus wayfinding task. [PERSON]'s test (see Table 4) revealed a significant negative relationship between the overall score for spatial ability skill and perceived workload parameters: NASA TLX and SWR. It means that the spatial ability skills of participants affect the workload they experience in indoor-outdoor campus wayfinding tasks using mobile navigation apps. It shows that participants who had higher spatial ability skills experienced less workload during campus navigation using mobile apps. However, if we look further in detail at the