# The Analysis of Service Convergence in an Optical Access Network +
## 3 Methodology
A coaxial cable is then connected from the SMA port of channel 1 at one end to the RF input of the modulator at the other end. Additionally, a DC power supply is used to power the optical modulator with a voltage of 3.2 V. In the optical distribution network (ODN), a 20 km reel of G.652D optical fiber, which is manufactured by Corning in the Corning, NY, USA, is used. It has FC/APC connectors on both ends. The first connector is coupled to the output of the Mach-Zehnder-type optical modulator via an FC/APC connection, while the second is inserted into a port of the variable attenuator. The Mach-Zehnder modulator is manufactured by Thorlabs in the USA. The FC/APC end of an optical fiber patch cord is connected to the other port of the attenuator, while the FC/UPC end is inserted into the input port of the PIN photodetector. This device marks the beginning of the optical line terminal (OLT), where the transmitted signal is received and processed. To do this, one end of the coaxial cable is connected to the SMA output port of the photodetector and the other end to the SMA input port of channel 1 on the DSA. The transmitted signal can be observed in real time on the equipment screen [7,8]. For the implementation of the optical link, the parameters set in Table 2 for the various equipment used are considered. For the photodetector, its operating range must be considered to obtain accurate results. Operating above the limit of \(-3\) dBm could damage the equipment, while working below the sensitivity of \(-19\) dBm can result in incorrect signal recovery. On the other hand, a key consideration for the deployment of these technologies in large-scale infrastructures is their ability to scale efficiently. In a high-demand scenario, the integration of UFMC and GFDM technologies into an extensive optical access network must account for factors such as increased data traffic, enhanced user density, and evolving service requirements. The UFMC's inherent flexibility in managing sub-carrier blocks allows for efficient scaling across larger networks, while GFDM, despite its limitations in spectral efficiency, can be optimized through techniques such as cyclic prefixing and dynamic spectrum management. Testing under simulated conditions of network stress has  
Figure 1: Block diagram modeling of the transmission, channel, and reception of the system to be implemented. demonstrated that both technologies exhibit satisfactory scalability, though the UFMC tends to outperform GFDM in maintaining the BER and latency under high-load environments. Finally, the methodology also considers the scalability and adaptability of the designed network, evaluating how UFMC and GFDM technologies could be integrated into larger and more complex infrastructures. This evaluation included network resiliency and flexibility tests, simulating scenarios of high demand and variability in data traffic. The results obtained offer valuable insights into the capabilities and limitations of the technologies studied, providing crucial information for future 5G network implementations and optimizations. Overall, the methodology adopted in this study provides a comprehensive and detailed view of the challenges and opportunities presented by the convergence of services in optical access networks, contributing significantly to the advancement of knowledge