# Assessing Crisis Management Tools for Sustainability of Industrial Safety
## 4 Model Situation
### Results of Models of Individual Scenarios
#### 4.1.4 Thermal Radiation Intensity and Hazard Zones  
In Scenario 2, the analysis emphasises thermal radiation emitted from the pool fire, with each color-coded zone delineating specific levels of thermal radiation intensity, \(q\) (measured in kW.m\({}^{-2}\)), and the associated risk, as follows:  
* ERPG-3 zone defined as \(q\geq 10.0\) kW.m\({}^{-2}\) extends to a distance of 12 m from the fire source, where exposure for 60 s is potentially fatal due to the intense heat. * ERPG-2 zone includes radiation levels ranging from 5.0 to 10.0 kW.m\({}^{-2}\) and extends up to 17 m from the fire source, where exposure for 60 s can result in second-degree burns. * ERPG-1 zone indicates radiation levels between 2.0 and 5.0 kW.m\({}^{-2}\), reaching up to 25 m, where exposure may cause pain within 60 s.  
The total thermal energy absorbed over time, \(E\), is expressed as:  
\[E=q\times t \tag{6}\]  
This relationship highlights that the severity of thermal effects escalates with prolonged exposure or elevated thermal radiation levels, underscoring the critical need for timely evacuation in hazardous situations. Scheme 3 illustrates the danger zones for Scenario 2, demonstrating the dispersion patterns of thermal radiation. Figure 4 provides a vulnerability and risk model for the affected area, showcasing the areas impacted by the ammonia leak (export of data from Scheme 3 to Google Earth for Scenario 2). Figure 4: Vulnerability and risk model for the affected area, due to the NH\({}_{3}\) leak (export of data from Scheme 3 to Google Earth for Scenario 2). The data presented in Table 5 quantify the size and extent of these hazard zones, offering a structured framework for planning effective emergency responses during a pool fire incident. The parameters for the ammonia leak and resulting pool fire simulation are summarised in Table 6. These parameters are essential for modelling and analysing the risks associated with hazardous substance releases. These data underscore the significance of utilising accurate, real-time environmental data within the ALOHA software to effectively predict the spread and intensity of hazards during industrial incidents. The simulations clearly demonstrate the critical need for \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l} \hline Location Data & \\ \hline Location & Slovakia, GPS: 49.135727, 20.433323 \\ Chemical data & \\ Name of the substance & Ammonia (NH\({}_{3}\)) \\ Molecular weight & 17.03 g.mol\({}^{-1}\) \\ Boiling Point at Normal Atmospheric Pressure & 34.9 \({}^{\circ}\)C \\ Saturated concentration in the normal & 1003 ppm or 100\% \\ atmosphere & \\ Atmospheric data & \\ Wind & 1 m.s\({}^{-1}\) from the northeast at a height of 3 \\ Roughness of the terrain & City or forest \\ Cloudiness & 5 tenths \\ Air temperature & 20 \({}^{\circ}\)C \\ Stability class & B \\ Relative humidity & 50\% \\ The power of the source & \\ Leak & From the opening in the horizontal direction, from the cylindrical tank \\ Flammable chemical & Leaking from the tank (not burning) \\ Tank diameter & 1 m \\ Tank volume & 4 m \\ The tank contains & 3142 L \\ Internal temperature & \(-\)40 \({}^{\circ}\)C \\ Mass of the chemical in the tank & 1500 kg \\ Tank fill level & 69\% \\ Diameter of round hole & 10 cm \\ The hole is at a distance & 20 cm from the bottom of the tank \\ Maximum flame length & 8 m \\ Duration of burning & 11 min \\ Maximum Burning Rate & 174 kg.min\({}^{-1}\) \\ The pool expanded to the diameter & 16.7 m \\ Total amount of spilled substance & 1200 kg \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 6: Data, ALOHA software, Scenario 2.