## 3 Results  
The analysis of expert responses regarding the challenges faced by POEs indicates that most identified impediments are technological in nature (Figure 2a). A smaller portion of challenges relates to economic and environmental factors that affect the operational dynamics of the seaport ecosystem under uncertain conditions. The analysis of experts' opinions reveals that technological challenges could possibly be linked to management skills (Figure 2b). It is hypothesized that the technological challenges confronting POEs are closely related to managerial skills in technological innovation practices. In the context of green transitions in POEs, the primary challenge is associated with the decision-making processes and management practices. Experts suggest that neglecting these challenges could lead to significant economic losses (Figure 2c) and decreased competitiveness, which many view as a moderate risk. In conclusion, the effective management of technological innovation within green transitions presents considerable challenges related to the management skills of the POE. The analysis of challenges affecting the resilience of POEs highlights several key aspects illustrated in Figure 2a. Politically, ports confront issues related to technological standardization and cybersecurity threats (Figure 2a) that can disrupt operations (Figure 2c). Technologically, outdated infrastructure poses significant barriers to technological advancement, innovations, and green transitions (Figure 3a), as it was mentioned by experts representing primary port services providers. However, it can also be seen that it is not only technological challenges that dominate; a large part of the challenges mentioned by experts from the primary port service group are also related to a lack of knowledge and management competences (Figure 3a). Experts representing logistic companies and primary service providers identified the need for planned dynamic infrastructural development, and experts from fields related to port management identified modernization needs aligned with green technologies driven by innovations in automation (Figure 3b). Notably, these challenges may also act as catalysts for accelerating green transitions in ports (expert SIEI4). To improve the resilience of POEs (Figure 3b) and promote green transitions, experts recommend several effective managerial interventions. Key areas include sustainable development planning (S2 EL4, S3 EI9), investment in green technologies (S2 EI1, S3 EI8), stakeholder engagement (S1 EL3, S1 EL4, S1E11, S1 EI3, S1E15, S2 EL2, S3 EI9, S4 EL10, S5 EL11, SSE11), compliance and assessment (S2 EL1, S3 EL1, S3 EI8, S4E10, S4 EL9), training and capacity building (S2 EI1, S2 EL1, SSE11, SSE111), and the adoption of green tools and strategies (S1 EL1, S1E11, S1E13, S2 EL1, S2 EL2, S4 EL10) for the integration of environmental factors (Figure 2a). Figure 2: Frequencies of challenges (**a,b**) and impacts (**c**) according to the results of focus group discussion: (**a**) classification by political, economic, social, environmental, and legislative factorial field; (**b**) classification by components of POE resilience; and (**c**) classification by negative impact. Experts mentioned 63 challenges (**a,b**) and 35 impacts (**c**) during discussion. tally friendly practices into strategic planning, which is essential for ensuring long-term coastal sustainability. Additionally, technological challenges are closely linked to a lack of managerial competencies (Figure 3c), affecting both green transitions and the overall resilience of coastal ecosystems. Expert analyses indicate that modern technologies require complex integration into existing systems, and without adequate managerial understanding, inefficiencies are likely to arise: Modern technology integration's relationship with the needs for adequate managerial understanding was mostly identified in the opinions of primary service providers.