# Digital Identity in the EU: Promoting eIDAS Solutions Based on Biometrics
## 6 Conclusions
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Method** & **Description** & **Drawbacks** & **Our Method** \\ \hline \multirow{8}{*}{Traditional Biometric mobile authentication} & \multirow{8}{*}{This method enrolls the user the first time they use the app, then stores a gallery data on the device for subsequent authentications (e.g., Apple Face ID, Samsung Pass, etc.).} & The user’s real identity is not verified during the enrollment process. The actual matching between digital identity and real identity is not ensured. Additionally, if the device is shared with other users, multiple biometric gallery data can be stored. This means that any user with an account on the authentication system can potentially be authenticated. & The gallery data is retrieved from the eID card, which is issued by the national authority. During the enrollment phase, an operator verifies the identity of the individual and checks the quality of the data collected. \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & \\ \hline \multirow{8}{*}{Centralized systems} & \multirow{8}{*}{This method involves a central repository, under full control of the provider, where credentials, whether traditional or biometric, are stored and retrieved for each authentication request.} & The user loses control of their data, and the central repository becomes a single point of failure. If the repository is attacked, a large number of identities can be stolen. Additionally, data (probe image or gallery) must be transferred over the internet each time an authentication is requested. & The data are processed locally, and after authentication, both the gallery and probe data can be deleted from the device. This ensures that data are never shared or moved from the user’s device. \\ \cline{1-1}  & \multirow{8}{*}{This method entails the use of specialized hardware to authenticate the user, such as a card reader or a code generator (OTP). These devices are typically used to enhance the modalities for authentication.} & This method adheres to the Bring Your Own Device (BYOD) approach. The system can run on a personal mobile device and can be used without the need for any additional specialized hardware. \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: _Cont._the tool and the perceived trustworthiness of users, including against new identification and authentication solutions. Although the eIDAS network is increasingly accepted by MSs, its integration with actual operational services is still at an early stage, and significant efforts are needed to extend and push the eIDAS framework as a common goal of the EU economy. Fortunately, many MSs have planned projects to implement e-government solutions, including the European digital identity, in their national plans under the Recovery and Resilience Instrument. If properly conducted, with an EU-wide perspective and gradual convergence of IT platforms, these projects could provide an incredible opportunity for the consolidation of the European economic space and renewed momentum toward the goal of full European citizenship. The integration of regulatory and IT sources, in particular by leveraging biometric data, can offer significant advantages in addressing new legal challenges. The biometric solution proposed in this model ensures full compliance with GDPR and eIDAS regulations, and furthermore, implementing a robust security protocol allows for improved identity verification processes, guaranteeing the authenticity and security of individuals' identities and indirectly reinforcing legal frameworks. Conceptualization, P.R. and E.G. ; Formal analysis, P.R., S.S. and E.G. ; Funding acquisition, P.R. and E.G. ; Investigation, P.R., S.S. and E.G. ; Methodology, P.R., S.S. and E.G. ; Project administration, P.R. and E.G. ; Supervision, P.R. and E.G. ; Writing--original draft, P.R., S.S. and E.G. ; Writing--review and editing, P.R., S.S. and E.G. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.