# Research on Waveform Adaptability Based on Lunar Channels
## 1 Introduction  
Under the ambitious drive of both governmental and private space agencies, lunar exploration has once again garnered widespread attention [1]. The goal of this exploration is to achieve grand objectives of human permanent presence, resource development, and scientific research [2]. Against this backdrop, the deployment and operation of lunar stations and exploration devices have become crucial, providing indispensable support for the exploration and utilization of resources on the lunar surface [3]. Therefore, ensuring that rovers are equipped with reliable and efficient communication systems is crucial for the success of missions. In recent years, there has been a significant amount of research dedicated to lunar surface communication. [PERSON] has investigated the scattering and emission characteristics of lunar regolith in the terahertz (THz) frequency band [4]. Through modeling, the study analyzed the contributions of rough boundaries, the volume, and the interactions between boundaries and the volume to the total scattering and emission. The simulation results indicate that surface roughness is the primary contributor to total scattering, while the dielectric contrast between the volume and the boundaries dominates the total emission. [PERSON] has proposed a ranging system that measures the distance between two radionodes by estimating the time of flight (ToF) of a series of short radio frequency bursts. The ToF is estimated by periodically exchanging two precisely timed OFDM frames and measuring the time of reception (ToR) using a cross-correlation-based technique. The main application of this system is to provide a ground-based local positioning and navigation system for exploration, scientific research, and commercial activities on the lunar surface. It is clear that a thorough performance evaluation of communication systems is essential. [PERSON] et al. have provided a comprehensive evaluation of the Thread network protocol, examining not only the commonly assessed parameters of RTT and packet loss, but also the impact of jitter, offering a more holistic analysis of network behavior [5]. In the lunar surface communication environment, there are unique characteristics and challenges that impose additional requirements on the design and performance of communication systems [6]. Due to variations in lunar surface terrain and topography, signals experience attenuation and multipath propagation during transmission. Signal propagation delays can affect the real-time nature of communication systems [7]. Additionally, there is frequency-selective fading in the lunar surface communication environment, presenting a challenge to communication quality and reliability. Communication systems need to possess good fading resistance to address this frequency-selective fading challenge. The Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) technology has demonstrated excellent performance in high-speed data transmission and combating multipath interference [8]. Therefore, we are considering the adaptability of OFDMA in the lunar communication environment. OFDMA allows the division of bandwidth into multiple subcarriers within the same spectrum, with each subcarrier being orthogonal to one another. This facilitates the transmission of more data, significantly improving spectrum efficiency. Additionally, OFDMA exhibits strong interference resistance in multipath propagation environments, reducing time-domain spreading and inter-symbol interference caused by multipath propagation. OFDMA supports the parallel transmission of multiple symbols, with each symbol corresponding to a subcarrier, providing high capacity and the ability to simultaneously transmit data for multiple users [9]. Furthermore, by applying independent equalization on each subcarrier, OFDMA combats frequency-selective fading, enhancing the system's adaptability to frequency-selective channels.