## 2 Technology Selection
### Demonstration and Future Planned Projects Worldwide  
Industrially, Kerr McGee, ABB Lummus, and Global Fluor (Econamine FG) are commercializing the MEA process [15]. The KEPCO/MIH process is being implemented at the Petra Nova project, where 4776 tCO\({}_{2}\)/day has been captured since the installation in 2016 at the NRG Energy's 610 MW W.A Parish coal-fired power plant located in the state of Texas. The captured carbon dioxide is further transported for Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) application. Shell ADIP-X process was implemented in 2015 at Shell's Quest project, where 1.2 million tonne CO\({}_{2}\) annually is captured from steam reforming operations in Alberta, Canada. The same process is used to capture 4 million tonne CO\({}_{2}\)/year from a Chevron Gorgon Project located in Western Australia [9]. Several demonstrations and early deployment projects are in operation, such as the Peterhead Carbon Capture and Storage project (CCS) located in Aberdeenshire, Scotland. The post combustion carbon capture facility will be retrofitted to a 385 MW gas-fired turbine. Around one million tonne CO\({}_{2}\)/year will be captured and injected into the Goldeye depleted gas reservoir for storage, 2.5 km beneath the seabed [16]. Acorn CCS project located at St Fergus, UK will be funded by industry partners (Chrysaor, Shell and Total), the UK and Scottish governments, and the European Union. Led by Pale Blue Dot Energy, the project will carry out its first injection of greenhouse gas in 2024. The project makes use of the existing gas pipelines to transport carbon dioxide directly to the storage sites [17]. The Northern Lights Project aims to store up to 800,000 tons of CO\({}_{2}\) per year at a storage site 3000 m below the sea bed. Fortum Oslo Varme waste incineration plant will provide half of the amount captured, while the rest will be captured from the Norcem cement factory at Brevik. Total, Shell, and Equinor decided to invest in the Northern Lights project in May 2020 with total initial investments of almost NOK 6.9 billion. The Northern Lights project could help Europe realize its climate neutrality ambitions by 2050. The ship transport will provide flexibility to reach various emission points across the continent [18]. A number of studies focus on the steady-state and full-load operation of post-combustion CO\({}_{2}\) capture (PCC) [19; 20; 21]. While this might be essential to understand the behavior of the process, it does not reflect the response to inevitable disturbances and the highly nonlinear behavior of the process. With changing feed conditions, product demand, and renewable integration, it is required to optimize the process during dynamic operation. Operating at full load may not have any economic incentive, especially during periods of high electricity prices [22]. Stand-alone unit models have also been studied in the literature, reducing the model complexity in the case of equilibrium-based absorbers [23] or rate-based [24; 25; 26]. Researchers have also studied the desorber unit only to decide on the optimal operation and the effect of varying reboiler duty on the desorber performance. Other studies focused on the integration of the carbon capture model with power plants in several locations. Integrated simulations concluded how the PCC process has a higher response time than the power plant [22]. Some studies investigated the profitability of flexible CCS by solvent storage and flue gas bypass approach [27]. [PERSON] et al. [28] investigated the possibility of turning the capture plant on and off in response to electricity demand, eliminating the need for additional capacity already consumed within the carbon capture stage. Usually, when operating dynamically, researchers maintain an overall CO\({}_{2}\) capture rate within a constant level despite facing typical disturbances. [PERSON] et al. [29] compared two types of control systems where the capture rate for parallel trains was adjusted to maintain an overall desired capture. [PERSON] et al.