## 1 Introduction  
### Origin and Classification of Cannabis sativa  
_Cannabis sativa_ L. is widely recognized as an annual, typically dioecious herbaceous plant, believed to have originated in Central Asia [1, 2, 3]. Archeological and ethnobotanical evidence suggests that humans have interacted with cannabis for at least 12,000 years [4]. However, some scholars argue that its domestication may be even older, due to the plant's strong association with early agricultural settlements [3]. One prevailing hypothesis for its widespread dissemination is the \"camp follower\" concept [3]. Where prehistoric humans used or discarded plant material around campsites, the disturbed soils in these areas provided fertile ground for cannabis seeds to germinate and proliferate. Over time, this weedy, adaptable plant would have been taken along migration routes, facilitating its global spread and eventual cultivation for various purposes. Throughout history, cannabis has fulfilled a multitude of roles. Early societies cultivated the plant for its best fibers, which are strong and durable, and thus ideal for rope, textiles, and paper [5]. The seeds, rich in oil and protein, provided a valuable food source and an ingredient for cooking oils. Additionally, the plant's psychoactive properties, attributable to tetrahydroccannabinol (THC), have been found to have ceremonial or medicinal uses in a range of cultural contexts, spanning from ancient Central Asian societies to modern-day therapeutic applications [2; 6]. Some historical records indicate that cannabis was employed as an analgesic, sedative, or religious sacrament in regions as varied as the Middle East, China, and India [7]. Consequently, cannabis became intertwined with human culture, mythology, and healthcare, reinforcing its status as one of the oldest known domesticated plants. As human trade networks developed, the geographical range of cannabis expanded, extending to Europe, Africa, and eventually the Americas. Adaptable to a wide range of climates--from temperate to subtropical--cannabis established itself in diverse environments, further broadening its genetic variation. This global presence gave rise to various \"landrace\" populations, which exhibit traits shaped by local selective pressures such as climate, soil type, and cultural usage [3]. Modern breeding programs continue to leverage these landraces for desired characteristics, including fiber strength, seed yield, or specific cannabinoid profiles. Although _C. sativa_ is the most widely accepted scientific name, its taxonomy remains a subject of contention. Based on taxonomic classification, cannabis is described as a single species, _C. sativa_, with three varieties or sub-species, including _C. sativa_ var. sativa, _C. sativa_ var. Indica, and _C. sativa_ var. ruderalis [3]. When the THCA/CBDA ratio is taken into account, several chemotypes have been individuated: chemotype I (plants with a THCA/CBDA ratio > 1.0); chemotype II (intermediate THCA/CBDA ratio); chemotype III (THCA/CBDA < 1.0 or fiber plants); chemotype IV, where plants have a very high content of cannabigerolic acid (CBGA); and chemotype V, plants with no cannabinoid [8]. Beyond the scientific debates, vernacular terms such as \"hemp\" and \"marjuana\" have likewise contributed to public misconceptions. Legally, \"hemp\" generally refers to cannabis with a THC concentration below a certain threshold (commonly 0.3% in the United States), whereas \"marjuana\" denotes higher-THC cultivars typically used for medicinal or recreational purposes [9]. From a botanical standpoint, however, both classifications refer to the same species--their main differences lie in the plants' THC content, morphology, and intended use. In recent decades, the relaxation of prohibition in several regions, marked notably by the 2018 Farm Bill in the United States, has reignited scientific and commercial interest in cannabis [10].