# How Do Humans Recognize the Motion Arousal of Non-Humanoid Robots?
## 4 Experiment One
### Experimental Results  
The analysis of the experimental results focuses on the hypotheses proposed in this chapter, as follows:  
**H1**. : _In FK-guided NHR, whether in the jump-phase-dominant group or the fall-phase-dominant group, there are significant differences in the arousal levels recognized by participants for the large, medium, and small amplitudes displayed by NHR when compared within the group._  
The effects of different amplitudes within each group on the recognition of arousal levels were compared using a one-way ANOVA analysis, see Figure 4.  
From an intragroup comparison perspective, in the jump-phase-dominant group, there was no significant difference in the mean values between the three amplitudes (the F-statistic = 2.548, the significance \(p\)-value = 0.084). In the fall-phase-dominant group, there were significant differences among all three amplitudes (F = 37.36, \(p\) < 0.001). Post hoc multiple comparison analysis with Bonferroni correction showed that, in the fall-phase-dominant group, the mean comparisons between large and medium amplitude, medium and small amplitude, and large and small amplitude all had \(p\)-values less than 0.001. Therefore, from the experimental results, it can be inferred that Hypothesis H\({}_{1}\) is not fully established. In this experiment, the jump-phase-dominant group does not conform to the hypothesis, while the fall-phase-dominant group does. **H2. ** _In FK-guided NHR, when comparing between the jump-phase-dominant group and the fall-phase-dominant group at the same levels of large, medium, and small amplitudes, there is no significant difference in the recognition of arousal levels._  
A chi-square test was used to analyze whether there was a significant difference between the jump-phase-dominant group and the fall-phase-dominant group at different amplitude levels. The results showed that there was a significant difference between the two groups (\(\mathcal{X}^{2}\) = 22.49, \(p\) < 0.001). Independent sample T-tests were used to analyze the pairwise comparisons of arousal levels at each amplitude level, as shown in Figure 5.  
Therefore, from the experimental results, it can be inferred that Hypothesis H\({}_{2}\) is not fully established. In this experiment, at the large amplitude level, the hypothesis holds true, but at the medium and small amplitude levels, there are significant differences in the recognition of arousal levels between jump phase and fall-phase-dominant group. **H3. ** _In FK-guided NHR, in both the jump-phase-dominant group and the fall-phase-dominant group, the movements of large, medium, and small amplitudes can be recognized by participants as corresponding to high, medium, and low arousal levels._  
Figure 4: Comparison of arousal levels of different amplitudes within the two groups. \({}^{**}p\) < 0.01, \({}^{***}p\) < 0.001. To visually compare the results of arousal levels expressed by different ranges of motion, this study compares the results using the PAD Emotional Scale revised by the Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, tailored to the Chinese context. The values for basic emotional arousal in this scale are referenced in Table 3.  
Since the positions of different emotions in the spatial dimensions are fixed, this study can visually inspect the impact of the range of motion on the level of arousal by using the emotional spatial locations. Placing the emotional results in the dimensional space, the positions of each emotional result are shown in the following Figure 6.  
From the figure, it can be seen that the arousal levels of the emotional content corresponding to the three different amplitudes of movement increase with the increase in amplitude, which is consistent with past research findings. However, the arousal levels of the upward movement group showed relatively small changes in the three amplitudes. Further correlation analysis was conducted, and the results are presented in Table 4.  
Figure 5: Comparison of arousal levels between the two groups.