esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Alternating Minimization Algorithms for Transmission Tomography
In fact, it can be shown that for \(q_{im}\) given by Equation (19),  
\[I(\mathbf{p}^{(k+1)}\,\|\,\mathbf{q})\leq \sum_{r=1}^{a}\sum_{j=1}^{p}\sum_{i=1}^{n}\sum_{m=0}^{M}\left(p_{ im}^{(k+1)}a_{ij}u_{mr}z_{rj}+\hat{q}_{im}a_{ij}u_{mr}\frac{1}{v_{0}}e^{v_{0}( \hat{z}_{rj}-z_{rj})}\right)+\text{ terms independent of }z_{rj} \tag{24}\]where \(v_{0}=\max_{(i,m)}\sum_{j}\sum_{r}a_{ij}u_{mr}\) and \(\hat{q}_{im}\) is an estimate of \(q_{im}\) corresponding to the estimate \(\hat{z}_{rj}\geq 0\) of \(z_{rj}\). This inequality is obtained from the fact that \(I(\mathbf{p}^{(k+1)}\,\|\,\mathbf{q})\) is a convex function of \(z_{rj}\). Clearly, \(z_{rj}\) on the right hand side of Equation (24) are decoupled and thus their non-negatively constrained optimizations will result in closed-form solutions. When we take \(\hat{z}_{rj}=z_{rj}^{(k)}\), the optimal solution to \(z_{rj}\) is  
\[z_{rj}^{(k+1)}=\max\left\{0,z_{rj}^{(k)}-\frac{1}{v_{0}}\log\left(\frac{\tilde {w}_{r}^{(k+1)}}{\hat{w}_{r}^{(k)}}\right)\right\} \tag{25}\]  
where \(\tilde{w}_{r}^{(k+1)}=\sum_{i}\sum_{m}a_{ij}u_{rm}p_{im}^{(k+1)}\) and \(\hat{w}_{r}^{(k)}=\sum_{i}\sum_{m}a_{ij}u_{rm}q_{im}^{(k)}\). We give some remarks about this algorithm below. **Remarks**  
1. This algorithm is designed for maximum likelihood estimation. However, it can be easily extended to MPL where the penalty function must be convex and therefore can also be decoupled. 2. This algorithm is developed for the likelihood function derived from the simple Poisson measurement noise. Note that the alternating minimization algorithm was also developed for a compound Poisson noise model in [36] and its comparison with the simple Poisson alternating minimization was provided in [37]. For other measurement distributions, however, the corresponding algorithms have to be completely re-developed. 3. The convergence properties of the alternating maximization algorithm have been studied in [34]. Particularly, it is monotonically convergent under certain conditions. 4. It will become clear in Section 5 (Example 5.3) that the multiplicative-iterative algorithm can be derived more easily for this transmission reconstruction problem. 5. The trick of decoupling the objective function using its convex (or concave) property is also the key technique of the optimization transfer algorithms discussed in Section 4.
# FTUC: A Flooding Tree Uneven Clustering Protocol for a Wireless Sensor Network
## 6 Simulation and Analysis
### Analysis of Cluster Creation  
To improve network energy efficiency, UCR and FTUC use the creation of unequal clusters, making this phase more complex compared to LEACH. In FTUC, when the network is in the form of a  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline
**Parameter** & **Value** \\ \hline C, C1, C2 & 0.8, 0.8, 0.2 \\ T, R\({}_{0}\) & 0.08, 200 \\ T\({}_{\text{R}}\) (s) & 800 \\ \(\alpha,\ \beta,\gamma\) & 0.4, 0.3, 0.3 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Optimal parameter values for FTUC.  
Figure 11: Impact of the iteration time T\({}_{\text{R}}\) on the network LT-1 lifetime.  
Figure 10: T value impact on network lifetime.  
tree structure, N nodes need to broadcast 'T1 messages', and then broadcast an N\(\times\)T 'ID message' in the N\(\times\)T temporary cluster head election stage. When K final cluster heads are elected, K 'join cluster message' are then broadcasted. Finally, the N\(-\)K cluster member nodes broadcast an N\(-\)K 'Join cluster message'. Therefore, the message overhead for the whole process is: N + N\(\times\)T + K + N\(-\)K = N(T + 2) messages, and the complexity for the cluster formation in FTUC is in O(N).  
In UCR [12], the clustering phase adds up (2T + 1)N messages per round and the complexity is also in O(N). As can be seen, although we add the tree type network construction, the network complexity does not increase.  
In FTUC, to determine the global minimum and maximum distance values, each node sends and receives one message, assumed to be of a k bit width. Under the presented conditions above, the free space model is leveraged for the communications, and the network energy consumption is as follows:  
\[\begin{array}{l}E_{1}=\sum\limits_{i=1}^{N}\left\{E_{R}+E_{T}(d_{ij})\right\} \\ \rightarrow=\sum\limits_{i=1}^{N}\left\{k\times E_{elec}+(k\times E_{elec}+k \times\varepsilon_{fs}d_{ij}^{2})\right\}\\ \rightarrow=\sum\limits_{i=1}^{N}\left\{2k\times E_{elec}+k\times\varepsilon_{ fs}d_{ij}^{2}\right\}\end{array} \tag{12}\]  
In UCR, it is considered that each node can directly communicate with the base station to calculate the distance values. According to the experimental setup, nodes within a radius of d\({}_{0}\) meters centered on the base station communicate using the free space mode. All the other nodes are considered as using the multi-hop way model. The network energy consumption is then:  
\[\begin{array}{l}E_{2}=\sum\limits_{i=1}^{a}\left\{E_{T}(d_{iBS})\right\}+ \sum\limits_{j=1}^{\text{b}}\left\{E_{T}(d_{jBS})\right\}\\ \rightarrow=\sum\limits_{i=1}^{a}\left\{k\times E_{elec}+k\times\varepsilon_{ fs}d_{iBS}^{2}\right\}+\sum\limits_{i=1}^{\text{b}}\left\{k\times E_{elec}+k \times\varepsilon_{mp}d_{jBS}^{4}\right\}\end{array} \tag{13}\]  
where a is the number of nodes in the circular area near the base station, and b = N\(-\)a is the number of remaining nodes.  
So, we can see (comparing E\({}_{2}\) and E\({}_{1}\)) that the FTUC algorithm requires less energy consumption than UCR to find the maximum and minimum distance values.
## 3 System Model and Security Goals
### Security Goals
#### 3.3.5 Lightweightness  
IoT-based devices are resource-constrained in terms of low computing power, short memory, and short battery. The nodes can only execute restricted computations. So, security systems should be designed with lightweight cryptosystems that perform only simple arithmetic operations, hash functions, and bitwise XOR.
# RF Exposure Assessment for Various Poses of Patient Assistant in Open MRI Environment
## 4 Conclusions  
In this study, we investigated the level of RF energy exposure under various patient assistant poses using the head and body RF coils for an open MRI system. Although a lower risk of RF energy exposure is incurred in low-field MRI systems, there may be situations in which an MRI scan can be performed with a patient assistant nearby. The safety of the patient assistant with respect to EMFs in open MRI systems is an important factor, and thus the RF safety assessment needs to be carefully defined to see how significantly the SAR level will increase under specific conditions, including patient assistant poses, distance to the RF coils, and configurations of interventional treatments during MRI scans. For this reason, in this paper, different exposure scenarios for a patient assistant were derived and the assistant's EMF exposure was analyzed. The larger the loop size between the patient and patient assistant, and the closer the contact position between the patient and patient assistant is to the RF coil, the higher the SAR levels created for the patient assistant. To protect the patient assistant during MRI scans, particularly in open MRI systems, it is necessary to consider the loop formation and contact locations for both the patient and patient assistant. Additional worst-case patient assistant poses are worth investigating.  
Conceptualization, S.-E.H. and S.O.; methodology, S.-E.H., S.O., and H.-D.C.; validation, S.-E.H. and S.O.; formal analysis, S.-E.H. and S.O.; investigation, S.-E.H. and S.O.; resources, S.-E.H. and S.O.; data curation, S.-E.H. and S.O.; writing--original draft preparation, S.-E.H., S.O., and H.-D.C.; writing--review and editing, S.-E.H. and S.O.; visualization, H.-D.C.; project administration, H.-D.C.; funding acquisition. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This work was supported by the ICT R&D program of MSIT/IITP (2019-0-00102, A Study on Public Health and Safety in a Complex EMF Environment).  
Not applicable.
## 3 Management of Electrical Grids by Means of WSANs
### Application of WSANs to Manage the Whole Electrical Grid
#### 3.2.2 WSANs for Energy Transmission and Distribution Networks Management  
Transmission and distribution electrical networks are responsible of energy transportation from the power generation sites to the end users, and they are mainly composed of overhead and underground power lines, transmission towers, transformers and substations. Traditionally, the energy transmission has been performed in alternative current (AC). Nevertheless, the interest on transmission in direct current (DC), also in a SG scenario [36], is increasing from several years due to some advantages compared to AC transmission [37], such us the lower number of needed cables, the lower resistivity of a conductor in DC, or the lack of reactive power, among others. Nevertheless, in both cases, any breakdown or failure in the equipment will result in a blackout for the end users. Consequently, the reliability must be assured, including supervision methods that will increase the robustness and the fault tolerance of this segment of the electrical grid.  
In this frame, WSANs can provide promising monitoring tools adapted to the large size of distribution networks. As mentioned in the literature [38; 39], low cost and flexible solutions are applied at the transmission and distribution level for overhead line and underground cable monitoring, power quality measurements, substation management and control, fault detection, cable thermal and vibration monitoring. The analysis of the data collected by sensors allows detecting and isolating (with the correct actuators, such as remotely controlled circuit breakers) failures or power disturbances in the grid, avoiding any cascading effect over the whole electrical network.  
Hierarchical and hybrid communication structures have also been proposed to enlarge the fault detection and diagnosis effectiveness of WSANs along the vast geographical area covered by the transmission and distribution lines. In [40], a two-level hierarchical communication system is employed to increase the scalability of a WSAN that is used for the detection of mechanical failures in transmission systems. A three-level hierarchical wireless data communication approach is proposed in [41]. This solution, dedicated to large-scale deployment of WSANs in electrical transmission and distribution grids, uses the hybridization of ZigBee, cellular networks and optical fiber to guarantee the required robustness of the transmission system.
# A Versatile 100 Hz Laser System with Few-Cycle and TeraWatt Pulses for Applications
## 5 The TW Laser
### Laser Control System  
The complexity of the laser system makes it necessary to implement a monitoring system and automated control units for smooth and long-term operation. The former includes the continuous observation of the spectrum and the energy of the laser pulses after each unit with spectrometers (SM) and photodiodes (PD), respectively. The path of the monitoring elements is marked with dashed lines in Figures 2, 5, 6 and 9. The stability of the beam is kept by four commercial stabilization systems, providing both the pointing stability and beam position stability via far-field and near-field monitoring, respectively. The stabilization system between the FE and BA has an additional machine protection feature. If the pointing of the beam from the FE deviates more than a predefined value, it stops the pump laser of the BA and PA to prevent damage to the components.  
Due to the relatively short distance and to the image relay of the beam between the BA and PA amplifiers, in the absence of the seed beam, the emerging amplified spontaneous emission from the PA can be amplified by the BA one, and vice versa. The resulting parasitic amplification can evolve to a level which may damage the optical components of the laser system. To avoid this, a photodiode monitors the amplified pulses after the BA. It closes  
Figure 11: Long-term stability of the laser system, characterized by the output energy and the energy of the pump laser (**a**) and the spectrum (**b**).  
Figure 10: The near-field (**a**) and the far-field (**b**) beam profiles of the compressed beam.  
a shutter in the path of the laser beam between the major amplifier stages for the pump pulse if the seed pulse is missing.  
The master clock signal of the control of the entire system was derived from the actual pulse train of the ultimate seed laser, the Venteon femtosecond KLM laser oscillator. The leaking pulses from the first turning mirror were steered to an amplified ultrafast photodiode module (Fastlite 11610, by Fastlite, Antibes, France). The resulting 75 MHz RF signal drove a smart synchronization unit for photonic systems (ISEO by Thales Laser, Elancourt Cedex, France), which provides an ultralow jitter trigger signal for all pump lasers, Pockels cells, and further devices.
# Sustainability as a Challenge and Driver for Novel Ecosystem 6G Business Scenarios
## 3 Results
### Communities Scenario 1D
#### Over-the-Top Scenario 2D  
The over-the-top scenario builds on value creation by novel service providers and closed ecosystem-driven value configurations. Novel digital service providers have leveraged their access to customer data in winning customers from traditional mobile network operators. MNOs continue to own and manage commoditized connectivity technologies and orchestrate the e2e mobile and fixed value chains. Operators have actively created partnerships with webscales, industrial service providers, and public networks to provide wholesale services utilizing their transaction platforms. Webscale internet companies base their connectivity offering on free and subsidized business models, utilizing revisited net neutrality policies, to reach the next billion.  
It is essential for an MNO to retain control of network technology, the related spectrum, and network management and orchestration. Edge cloud has become a new control point and local sharing with webscales and OTTs could follow the potential for internal asset leverage in combination with media content and industrial data. Cloud-native edge applications and services represent the new demand and, combined with a local and instant context analytics and autonomic security capabilities, create a new competitive advantage over centralized cloud services for existing customers and new vertical enterprise segments. Such edge intelligence and information service platform can be extended to a highly local and dynamic marketplace for content, services, resources, and information. Quantum computing and distributed ledger technologies will be taken into use in proving 6G to be a secure and predictable general-purpose digital trust platform used widely in critical infrastructures such as public safety, utilities, fintech, and healthcare.  
The 6G system will itself employ digital twin technologies to create an exact digital replica of its physical and virtual assets and processes in order to provide manageable and controllable insight into the real system and further forecasts predicting future behavior. The supply and demand of resources are identified and matched through novel aggregator and broker roles, including various network infrastructure and service providers, specialized resource brokers, and application providers offering, e.g., security and privacy services. Utilized 6G platforms are extended beyond modular elements and open interfaces toward data and algorithms leveraging cloud-native technology practices and their large open-source inheritance.
# Channel Correlation-Based Adaptive Power Transmission for Free-Space Optical Communications
###### Abstract  
Free-space optical (FSO) communication has received widespread attention as a high-bandwidth, low-latency communication technique. However, the scintillation effect caused by atmospheric turbulence leads to intensity fluctuations of the transmission signal, which, in turn, affects the performance of the FSO communication system. This paper proposes a channel correlation-based adaptive power transmission for FSO communications. Based on the correlation between uplink and downlink turbulence channels, the power of the reverse transmission signal is adjusted by the fluctuation strength of the received uplink or downlink transmission signal and the channel correlation coefficient to improve the system's performance. The proposed technique is investigated through a simulation using established uplink and downlink channels with different link distances and turbulence intensities. The simulation results show that the bit error rate (BER) performance of the proposed technique is significantly improved compared to the fixed threshold decision (FTD) technique, and it is close to the adaptive threshold decision (ATD) technique. The proposed technique provides an effective optimization scheme for FSO communications.  
a _et al._ Article
# Enhanced Fully Generalized Spatial Modulation for the Internet of Underwater Things
## 4 Performance Analysis of EFGSM for the Underwater Acoustic Channel  
While the next generation of underwater technologies requires the support of the IoUT, due to the characteristics of underwater communication tools the idea of practical and robust transmission techniques for IoUT still faces significant difficulties. One of the challenges facing the IoUT is the difficulty of recharging the underwater nodes [15]. In order to ensure and facilitate better and continuous operation of IoUT nodes, the proposed EFGSM has been evaluated over the underwater acoustic channel as a low-energy MIMO modulation scheme. The primary goal of the proposed EFGSM is to minimize the power loss in underwater communication and increase the underwater communication spectral efficiency for IoUT applications. This section provides a mathematical framework for performance evaluation of the pairwise error probability (PEP), energy efficiency improvement and system complexity.
# Intelligent Resource Orchestration for 5G Edge Infrastructures
## 6 Edge Resource Optimization
### Problem Formulation
#### Constraints  
Each of these objective functions is subject to a set of strict constraints and some optional constraints.  
* Strict constraints
* Each virtual resource must be allocated to exactly one edge server: \[\sum_{j=1}^{m}X_{ij}=1\quad\forall i=1,\ldots,n\] (16)
* The estimated CPU usage of all the virtual resources allocated to a server cannot exceed, within a certain threshold \(\alpha\) (with \(\alpha\in[0,1]\)), the maximum capacity (number of cores) available on that server: \[\sum_{i=1}^{n}X_{ij}\cdot V_{i}^{c}\cdot V_{i,t}^{u}\leq\alpha\cdot S_{j}^{c} \cdot Y_{j}\quad\forall j=1,\ldots,m\quad\forall t=0,\ldots,23\] (17) The analyst has the flexibility to select the value of the \(\alpha\) threshold, which serves to mitigate the discrepancy between the estimated CPU usage and the actual CPU usage of the virtual resources and prevent overloading of the physical servers.
* Optional constraints
* We can set a limit on the maximum number of cores used in the edge infrastructure: \[Total\_cores=\sum_{j=1}^{m}S_{j}^{c}\cdot Y_{j}\leq core\_limit\] (18)
* We can set a limit on the maximum number of latency violations allowed: \[\begin{split} Total\_latency\_violations=\frac{\sum_{i=1}^{n}\sum_{j=1}^{m}| Pref_{ij}-X_{ij}|}{2}\\ \leq latency\_violation\_limit\end{split}\] (19) It is necessary to note that, once again, the \(Total\_latency\_violations\) function must be reformulated, as shown in Equations (14) and (15), to transform the absolute value function into a linear expression.  
It is important to note that this study primarily focuses on CPU usage for virtual resources. However, it is worth mentioning that similar constraints and considerations can be applied to other system resources, such as memory, bandwidth, and disk consumption.
# A Long-Distance WiFi Network as a Tool to Promote Social Inclusion in Southern Vercarruz, Mexico
## 3 Methodology
### Design and Implementation of a Long-Distance WiFi Network  
For the design and implementation of a long-distance WiFi network, it is necessary to simulate the antenna, analyze the cost of materials and the manufacturing process, as well as to design and implement the link and carry out coverage tests.
# Kiwifruit Allergy--Molecular Basis, Diagnostics and Treatment
## 4 Diagnostics in Kiwifruit Allergy
### Allergen-Specific IgE in Serum  
Another method to diagnose a kiwi allergy is for physicians to order the quantification of allergen-specific IgE in serum. Here, the discovery and characterization of allergenic proteins originating from kiwifruit were critical for the establishment of component-resolved diagnostics. One of the most used is ImmunoCAP, which can be used to test IgE antibodies against kiwifruit proteins. ImmunoCAP slgE consistently has high specificity (90%) when kiwifruit allergens Act d 1, Act d 2, Act d 4, and Act d 5 are combined, but lower values of sensitivity that tend to vary by study (45-54%) [15; 28]. It was also noted that the sum of the single allergens performed better than commercial extracts when sensitivity was taken into consideration (77% vs. 17%); however, specificities were 30% and 100%, respectively.  
The availability of highly purified allergens as well as allergen extracts enabled the development of high-throughput multiplex assays in which IgE binding to many allergens may be measured simultaneously. Currently, there are several multiplex platforms that are available for allergy diagnostics, like ImmunoCAP ISAC E112i (the newest version of ISAC), Allergy Explorer 2 (ALEX\({}^{2}\)), and FABER 244 [99; 100]. The ISAC test includes only purified molecules of kiwifruit, namely Act d 1, Act d 2, Act d 5, and Act d 8. The FABER system allows for the testing of both extracts and purified molecules. The kiwifruit extracts spotted on the FABER biochip are Act d and Act c, derived from green and golden kiwifruit, respectively; the six available purified molecules are Act d 1, Act d 2, Act d 5, Act d 10, Act c kirola, and Act c chitinase IV [101]. Like FABER, the ALEX\({}^{2}\) test also includes both extracts and purified molecules of several organisms, and contains the kiwifruit allergens Act d 1, Act d 2, Act d 5, and Act d 10. Therefore, the last two multiplex platforms, due to the presence of kiwifruit extracts, can provide more detailed information on kiwifruit-allergic patient sensitization.