# Space Efficiency in European High-Rise Timber Buildings
## 1 Introduction  
In the past few decades, the global building sector has encountered the difficulty of harmonizing urban development with the necessity for ecological sustainability amidst worries about climate change [1]. As urban areas become densified, there is an increased need for creative and environmentally-friendly construction methods that surpass simple structural performance, integrating design and long-term ecological factors [2]. High-rise timber structures have surfaced as an innovative answer to urban development issues, showcasing a dedication to environmental stewardship [3]. Timber, a renewable and low-carbon resource, differs from conventional materials such as concrete, helping to reduce the construction industry's carbon emissions [4]. Besides their ecological benefits, high-rise timber towers offer a distinctive aesthetic warmth, contrasting with the uniform facades of contemporary buildings [5]. This blend of sustainability and aesthetic charm aids in crafting metropolitan areas that emphasize well-being and a relation to natural environment. It is worth noting that historical timber structures serve as foundational predecessors to contemporary high-rise timber buildings, exemplifying enduring principles of architectural innovation and structural engineering [6; 7; 8]. The Great Pagoda of Nara in Japan, constructed in the 8 th century, stands as one of the earliest timber high-rises, showcasing a nine-story wooden tower that attests to the skillful craftsmanship and advanced timber joinery techniques of its time [9]. Similarly, medieval European timber-framed buildings such as the 14 th-century Tallinn Town Hall in Estonia [10] and the Old St. Peter's Basilica in Rome [11], dating back to the 4 th century, demonstrated the feasibility of constructingtall and expansive spaces with timber while adhering to stringent safety and durability requirements. These historical structures not only utilized timber's strength and flexibility but also pioneered construction methods that balanced architectural grandeur with structural integrity. By examining their enduring legacy, contemporary architects and engineers draw inspiration for modern timber high-rises, leveraging technological advancements in materials and construction techniques to redefine sustainable urban architecture in the 21 st century. High-rise timber buildings are most viable in urban contexts that prioritize sustainability, innovation in construction, and environmental stewardship [12]. These contexts typically include cities aiming to reduce carbon footprints and promote renewable resources. Additionally, urban areas undergoing redevelopment or seeking distinctive architectural solutions find high-rise wood buildings appealing for their aesthetic and environmental benefits. Mixed-use developments that integrate residential, commercial, and public spaces also benefit from the flexibility and sustainability of timber construction. Furthermore, regions with seismic activity may favor wooden buildings for their resilience when engineered appropriately. Overall, high-rise wooden buildings thrive in urban settings where there is a convergence of sustainable development goals, architectural innovation, and a supportive regulatory environment. The construction of tall wooden towers corresponds with the increasing movement towards eco-friendly urban development, fostering green areas and sustainable architecture [13]. As these sustainable buildings gain traction, they represent a notable shift in the construction industry, harmonizing the practical requirements of urban living with a conscientious focus on environmental well-being. In Europe, particularly in the Nordic region, a longstanding affinity for wooden construction highlights a rich cultural legacy, underscoring artisanal quality, sustainability, and a strong sense of locality [14]. The revival of timber as a primary material in Europe marks a crucial transition towards more eco-conscious options, recognizing the ecological effect of traditional materials.