# 3D Visualization in Digital Medicine Using XR Technology
## 1 Introduction
### Extended Reality in Digital Pathology  
Pathologists have been making diagnoses using digital microscopes and digitized samples for decades. In the 1980s, a new term appeared in this field, telepathology. This means remote pathological diagnosis and consultation, which are done with the help of digital image transmission over a network [9]. The emergence of digital pathology and the development of new types of examination software, renewed pathology, and enabled a new and efficient digital workflow. With the help of a digital workflow the patient can receive a faster and more accurate diagnosis, thereby increasing the chance of recovery [10]. An example of an implementation of a digital workflow used in pathology can be seen in the publication of [PERSON] [10].  
Since the spread of digital pathology [11], diagnostic pathology activity is carried out with software capable of displaying digitized samples. Today, pathological software supporting 2D visualization are widespread, but solutions that use virtual reality or augmented reality are becoming more and more common. Today's pathology software solutions provide the doctor with the opportunity to examine a specific part of the sample even at the highest magnification level, to place different annotation markers, or to make voice notes. These functions and many other additional functionalities enable the doctor to make the most accurate diagnosis, in the most comfortable environment possible.  
The rise of technologies such as extended reality, which includes virtual reality, augmented reality and mixed reality may revolutionize digital pathology in the future. These tools not only enable more advanced data visualization, but with these visualization technologies the doctors can examine digitalized samples from a new perspective.  
In addition to the advantages provided by the use of XR devices, it is also necessary to mention the limitations that are currently hindering the wide spread of this visualization technology. Examples of such limitations are: motion sickness [12], computational limitations of XR devices, the learning curve of using XR devices, and the lack of easy-to-use user interfaces in extended reality. Motion sickness is perhaps one of the most serious obstacles to the spread of XR technology. When motion sickness exists, the user feels uncomfortable in the virtual environment, as a result of which the user experience deteriorates. In some cases, motion sickness causes nausea and dizziness [13].  
3D visualization has enabled great progress within digital pathology. With this technology, the doctor can examine the digitized serial sections in their real, 3-dimensional shape, so the doctor has the opportunity to examine the samples from a new perspective [14; 15].  
Nowadays, solutions using XR technology focus on clarifying, speeding up and further developing the current pathology workflow. There is a lot of research into how XR technology could be used in digital pathology [2; 9; 15; 16]. Current solutions show that extended reality may be useful in the future in areas such as medical student education [16] or telepathology [17]. On the other hand, in order to be able to use the technology in routine diagnostics, a lot of development is still needed. Such development includes, for example, the design and implementation of the functionalities that the researcher or doctor will use in the virtual environment, increasing the resolution of the display, and making the use of the XR device more comfortable.  
The basic principles laid down at the time of the introduction of digital pathology have not lost any of their importance or actuality in the nearly 20 years since their introduction.