# Large Language Models' Trustworthiness in the Light of the EU AI Act--A Systematic Mapping Study
## 5 Results and Discussion
### Results of RQ2
* **Linguistic** applications started with 16 papers in 2019 and experienced steady growth, peaking at 201 papers in 2023 before slightly declining to 119 papers in 2024. The sharp increase from 2020 to 2023 highlights the growing attention to linguistic trustworthiness. * **Healthcare** exhibited the most remarkable growth, starting with 4 papers in 2019 and skyrocketing to 232 papers in 2024, with a sharp increase observed between 2022 and 2024. * **Education** grew steadily from 1 paper in 2019 to 126 papers in 2024, with a dramatic surge in 2023 (160 papers). Figure 6: Explored LLM trustworthiness across different application domains. * **Information verification** saw consistent growth, rising from 7 papers in 2019 to 71 papers in 2024, with a peak of 95 papers in 2023. * **Not specified** domain-related papers fluctuated across the years, starting with 5 papers in 2019, peaking at 90 papers in 2023, and stabilizing at 93 papers in 2024. * **Smart system/coding** applications increased significantly, starting with 3 papers in 2019 and peaking at 109 papers in 2023 before declining to 60 papers in 2024. * **Human-computer interaction (HCI)** grew from 3 papers in 2019 to 33 papers in 2024, with notable peaks in 2022 (31 papers) and 2023 (60 papers). * **Social scoring** saw rapid growth from 5 papers in 2020 to 67 papers in 2023, followed by a decline to 36 papers in 2024. * **Other** applications started with 2 papers in 2019 and grew significantly to 64 papers in 2024, with substantial increases in 2023 and 2024. * **News/Media** applications steadily increased from 3 papers in 2019 to 29 papers in 2024, showing moderate growth from 2023 onwards. Other Application Domains  
The trends across other domains of LLM trustworthiness are presented in Figure 8. While these domains were less prominent compared to the top 10, they exhibited notable growth:  
* **Smart business** started with 1 paper in 2019 and grew significantly, reaching 40 papers in 2024, with a sharp rise in 2023 (38 papers). * **Law** grew from 1 paper in 2019 to 25 papers in 2024, with a peak of 26 papers in 2023. * **Cybersecurity** started with 1 paper in 2019 and grew steadily to 16 papers in 2024, peaking at 20 papers in 2023. * **Finance** grew from 3 papers in 2021 to 18 papers in 2024, with a peak of 23 papers in 2023. * **Environment** emerged as a focus area in 2022 with 1 paper, growing to 12 papers in 2024. * **Smart factory** showed modest growth, peaking at five papers in 2023 and declining to two papers in 2024. * **Robotics** emerged in 2022 with one paper, growing to six papers in 2023 and stabilizing at four papers in 2024. Figure 7: Trends in top 10 application domains from 2019 to June 2024. * **Automotive** remained minor, with one paper in 2021 and 2022, increasing slightly to four papers in 2024. * **Internet of Things (IoT)** saw an increase from two papers in 2023 to seven papers in 2024. * **Surveillance** grew from three papers in 2023 to four papers in 2024. * **Air space** declined slightly, from three papers in 2023 to two papers in 2024. * Domains such as **construction**, **agriculture**, **defense**, **marine**, and ** telecommunication** maintained a minimal presence over the years, with little to no growth. For instance, **construction** had one paper annually in 2020, 2023, and 2024; **agriculture** emerged in 2022 with two papers; and **defense**, **marine**, and **telecommunication** exhibited sporadic publications with only one paper per year in specific instances. Given the number of application domains examined in this study, the following analysis presents a detailed year-by-year trends. The application domains in 2022 are presented in Figure 9. As shown, the majority of LLM papers were concentrated in a few domains, with **linguistic** applications dominating the field at 23.3%, totaling 84 papers. Other prominent domains included **information verification** (16.1%), **human-computer interaction (HCI)** (8.6%), and **health care** (8.1%).