## 1 Introduction  
Due to global pressure on achieving sustainability, many industries and disciplines are facing challenges in coping with sustainable development demands. In this regard, the concrete making industry faces enormous challenges because concrete is the second-largest consumable materials on the planet [1]. The demand in terms of sustainability is that concrete should be strong enough to resist load, which can reduce the size of structural members. Concrete can be cast in any desired shape with a low energy profile. In the last few years, successful efforts have been made in achieving the ultra-high strength of concrete by varying the water to cement ratio and by the use of new generation admixtures. Achievement of ultra-high-strength concrete resulted in increased brittleness when subjected to adverse conditions, which is one of its drawbacks regarding its long-term performance [1]. Similarly, high strength concrete showed a less fire-resistant character, which can cause a sudden loss of strength in cases of fire exposure [2]. Therefore, toughness and ductility are the two essential properties of high strength concrete (HSC), representing the requirements for achieving adequate performance, particularly when subjected to abnormal conditions. Thus, during the second half of the twentieth century, steel fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC) was introduced. It helped to enhance the ductility and toughness of HSC. Still, it has raised the concern of corrosion of the steel fibers during severe conditions, which may lead to concrete spalling [3; 4]. The uniformly distributed discrete fibers' mechanism is to resist the cementitious matrix so that it does not come apart, even after failure. Evenly distributed fibers tend to maintain a link within the cementitious matrix and improve its post-cracking behavior [4]. Several studies showed that SFRC exhibited ductile failure under both compression and tensile loading conditions [5]. Additionally, it has increased compressive strength and modulus of rupture [6]. In another study, [PERSON] and [PERSON] [7] reported that steel fibers with different volume fractions improved the compressive strength, split tensile strength, modulus of rupture, and toughness index. It also enhanced the post-crack ductility by providing a bridging effect across the crack. Hence, it increased the energy absorption capability of the matrix [8; 9]. Despite the many advantages of steel fibers, they are costly; as an estimate, it was found that a 1% addition of steel fibers doubled the cost of the concrete composite [8]. To overcome the corrosion issues of steel fibers, they were coated [10], and showed a significant improvement in concrete properties [11]. In the next era of fiber reinforced concrete (FRC), alternative forms of fibers, such as non-metallic fibers, were utilized to overcome the corrosion issues. Commonly investigated non-metallic fibers are polypropylene fibers that increased the toughness and ductility but harmed the mechanical properties of the concrete [12]. In contrast, nylon fibers show relatively better results [13]. Basalt fibers are another alternative type that have been investigated during the last decade. Chopped basalt fibers showed high ductility [14] and much-improved post-cracking behavior in concrete [15]. They formed a firm bond with the cement matrix [16]; however, they caused comparatively worse effects on compressive strength and concrete workability, making them an unfeasible option [17; 18]. In most research studies on FRC, the concrete's workability was not controlled by increasing the amount of superplasticizer or the water to cement ratio; its hardened concrete properties were appreciably reduced [19; 20]. Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) fibers are a recent introduction in the non-metallic fiber family, and have caused much enhancement in concrete properties. They have increased the compressive, split tensile, and flexure strength of newly introduced Engineered Cemerentitious Composites (ECC) [21].