###### Abstract  
The ambition of making North Africa a hub for renewable energies and green hydrogen has prompted local governments and the private sector to work together towards boosting the growth of locally available, sustainable energy resources. Numerous climate and energy challenges can be addressed by microgrid technologies, which enable cost-effective incorporation of renewable energy resources and energy storage systems through smart management and control infrastructures. This paper discusses the ongoing energy transition in the countries of North Africa, highlighting the potential for renewable energy sources as well as regional obstacles and challenges. Additionally, it explores how robust and stable controls and advanced management strategies can improve microgrids' performances. Special attention is given to assessing the advantages and disadvantages of conventional and advanced controllers, with an emphasis on resilience needed within the harsh North African environment. microgrid; resilient control; microgrid resilience; North Africa; energy transition; cyberattacks; cyber-physical attacks +
Footnote †: journal: _Sciences_
region all its own. Blessed with natural resources (oil, coal, and natural gas) and unique geographic features (large deserts and abundance of sunshine), it is perfect for integrating renewable energies and producing green hydrogen on a large scale, as shown in Figure 1. In the Sahara Desert, solar insolation levels range from 2500 to 3000 kWh per square meter annually [3]. North African countries also stand out for their pre-existing pipeline networks and offshore wind potential. In May 2022, six African countries--including three from North Africa: Morocco, Egypt, and Mauritan-- signed the \"Africa Green Hydrogen Alliance\" with the aim of pooling their efforts and adding value to Africa through sustainable energy and extended an invitation to other African countries [4]. Figure 1: _Cont_. North Africa is an important exporter of fertilizers, and it is utilizing green hydrogen to produce zero-carbon ammonia by the Haber-Bosch process by combining nitrogen and hydrogen [12]. Thereupon, the idea of a microgrid is particularly appealing in North African nations, and governments support it through public-private partnerships. In addition, through the use of energy storage systems, reliable controllers, electrical vehicles,  
Figure 1: Solar and wind map of North African countries, (**a**) Morocco [5], (**b**) Tunisia [6,7], (**c**) Algeria [8], (**d**) Libya [9], (**e**) Egypt [10,11]. and renewable energy sources, microgrids in North Africa can reduce their carbon footprint while supplying local loads. In addition to offering financial advantages, microgrids can guarantee a steady supply of high-quality power, support the grid when it is connected, and boost resilience [13], as shown in Figure 2.  
Depending on the operation mode and the objective control, different controllers can be used at different levels. Microgrids can be controlled using centralized, decentralized, distributed, or hierarchical control. Hierarchical control is categorized into three levels: primary, secondary, and tertiary. In the primary control, the inverter can operate as a grid feeder, grid form, or grid support. Different types of controllers can be used, conventional ones as proportional (P), proportional-integral-derivative (PID), and proportional resonant (PR), and advanced like neural network (NN), practical swarm optimization (PSO), genetic algorithm (GA), fuzzy logic (FLC), H-infinity, adaptive control, sliding mode control (SMC), backstepping control (BC), model predictive control (MPC), and disturbance estimation (Kalman filter). Advanced controllers have the benefit of being able to manage complicated dynamics and uncertainties. Nevertheless, they have the following noteworthy shortcomings: for example, in MPC, the computational cost is higher. SMC has chattering problems, and H-infinity control has slow system dynamics and responses for more details see, [14].