## 4 Applications of WSN in Urban Areas
### Disaster, Emergency, and Security Applications
(2021) [32] introduced a pragmatic approach to evaluating the efficiency of tragedy risk management cycles and stages in city flooding. The researchers sought to understand perspectives and responses at each flood risk management cycle stage. Utilizing thematic analysis, views were classified, and responses were identified for each stage. The study highlighted the reliance on reactive approaches by local institutions in managing flood risks, emphasizing the need for proactive and comprehensive strategies to enhance urban resilience to flooding. The 37 results provided insights into the limitations of current flood risk management practices and proposed solutions to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of flood risk management in urban areas. An integrated approach was designed by [PERSON] et al. (2013) [33] to address the challenges associated with managing urban facilities and responding to emergencies in real time. The approach focused on the complexities and diversification of urban facilities in monitoring and managing emergencies effectively. The researchers designed a system for urban facility administration that incorporated facility-related information and management functions. They developed and tested an Integrated Urban Facility Management System (IUFMS) prototype, which aimed to identify abnormalities in advance and take appropriate measures to mitigate emergency events. The results demonstrated the effectiveness of IUFMS in improving real-time emergency response capabilities and enhancing urban facility management. The study concluded by emphasizing the importance of leveraging technology and integrated approaches to enhance the resilience of urban infrastructure and improve emergency response in urban areas. [PERSON] et al. (2016) [34] developed a Generalized Linear Mixed Modeling (GLMM) approach to quantify solid accretion in gully pots. The study addressed the challenges associated with sediment accumulation in gully pots, which can lead to reduced retaining efficiency and potential drainage issues. By employing a GLMM approach, the researchers aimed to identify relevant physical and catchment properties that influence composite trapping processes within gully pots. The study sought to understand how sediment bed levels impact retaining efficiency and drainage performance. Through their analysis, the researchers provided insights into the factors contributing to solid accretion in gully pots and proposed solutions to mitigate sediment accumulation and improve drainage effectiveness. The results of the study offered valuable information for urban planners and infrastructure managers to optimize gully pot maintenance practices and ensure efficient store-water management in urban areas. The conclusion emphasized the importance of considering sediment trapping processes and sediment bed levels in gully pot design and maintenance to minimize drainage issues and enhance overall drainage performance. Table 6 presents various methodologies aimed at improving urban resilience and disaster response, comparing their objectives, sensor types, network configurations, results, and limitations. These methods use seismic sensors, weather sensors, seismometers, environmental sensors, and hybrid cloud architectures within centralized or decentralized networks featuring tree, mesh, star, and cluster-based topologies. Objectives include investigating the historical emergence of disaster risk management (DRM) and disaster risk reduction (DRR), defining mitigation zones, assessing crisis response abilities, addressing overcrowding, managing computing resources, emphasizing proactive strategies, enhancing infrastructure resilience, and quantifying gully pot sediment. The results show improved EC, NL, E, Delay, R, T, and LR. However, limitations include inefficiencies in DRM and DRR, insufficient reliability in positioning approaches, unminimized delays  
in mathematical models, high computational costs, complexity in several approaches, and inadequately quantified gully pot sediments.