# Jamming and Spoofing Techniques for Drone Neutralization: An Experimental Study
## 5 Conclusions  
The increasing proliferation of UAVs has underscored the necessity of effective countermeasures, especially as these systems become more sophisticated and harder to neutralize. This study focused on jamming techniques to disrupt drone communication systems, aiming to provide solutions to protect sensitive areas and infrastructure. The SDR-based jamming system developed in this study was tailored to address the challenges posed by modern UAVs. The combination of barrage jamming, and more precise techniques, such as BPSK jamming for GNSS interference, proved effective in multiple scenarios. This adaptability and a focus on critical communication channels underscores the system's design and success in neutralizing drone operations. Methodologically, the approach taken in this research was grounded in testing both static and dynamic environments. Key variables such as signal strength and frequency modulation were isolated in controlled indoor settings to fine-tune the jamming techniques. Outdoor field tests introduced real-world challenges, such as legitimate GNSS signals, which were effectively countered by a two-step process: first jamming the genuine signals, then introducing spoofed data. This method successfully manipulated the drone's navigation system, demonstrating the jamming system's robustness and flexibility in real-world conditions. Among the key findings, barrage jamming was highly effective in neutralizing most UAVs by disrupting their control and video feeds. However, the Husban Zino Mini Pro,  
Figure 14: Interference detection on the controller. with its ability to switch to 4G communication, highlighted a limitation in frequency-focused jamming strategies. This demonstrated the need for broader-spectrum multi-frequency solutions in future iterations of anti-drone technology. Additionally, BPSK jamming for GNSS interference showed superior range and precision over barrage jamming, providing a more targeted and efficient method for disabling UAV navigation systems. Another notable implementation was dynamic spoofing, particularly when combined with the no-fly zone (NFZ) concept and altitude manipulation. By directly influencing the drone's flight dynamics, this approach emerged as the most comprehensive method for forcing landings or inducing erratic behavior, ultimately neutralizing the UAV. In conclusion, this research contributes to the field of UAV countermeasures by offering an adaptable, low-cost solution for jamming and spoofing drone communication links. The findings provide a robust framework for defending sensitive areas and critical infrastructure against unauthorized UAV activity, laying the groundwork for further advancements in electronic warfare and anti-drone technologies. Future work should build on these findings by advancing multi-frequency jamming systems to counteract drones' growing reliance on 4G/5G communication technologies. In addition, integrating adaptive, real-time jamming and spoofing systems, capable of responding to dynamic environmental conditions and UAV behavior, will enhance the effectiveness of these countermeasures. Furthermore, future research should focus on jamming and spoofing GNSS systems, especially in scenarios where drones utilize AI-assisted mapping for navigation. The incorporation of AI and machine learning algorithms in drone navigation poses significant challenges for traditional countermeasures, making it crucial to develop advanced jamming techniques capable of disrupting both GNSS signals and the onboard AI mapping systems in real time. Additionally, future work should employ SDR platforms with broader bandwidth capabilities to accommodate modern communication protocols. The ADALM-PLUTO SDR used in this study, with its limited 20 MHz bandwidth, restricts its effectiveness against drones operating in wider or more advanced frequency bands.