# A CIOS Analysis for the Promotion of Sustainable Plans of Mobility: The Case of Mexico City
## 1 Introduction  
Undoubtedly, transportation is a key factor in shaping an area's economic health and quality of life [1]. Transportation systems provide the infrastructure for the mobility of people and goods. Moreover, they influence patterns of growth and socio-economic activity by providing access to several different land use types that are spatially separated; thus, allowing people to carry out a diverse range of everyday activities, such as working, studying and, shopping [1; 2; 3]. Because of its intensive use of infrastructure, the transport sector is an important component of the economy and a common tool used for economic development [4; 5]. In the past two decades, the analytical literature has grown substantially with studies carried out using different approaches, such as a production function and growth regressions, as well as different variants of these techniques (using different methodologies, methods and data). Most of these studies concluded that transportationinfrastructure and the transportation sector in general contribute to productivity, output, and growth rate [6; 7; 8; 9; 10; 11; 12; 13; 14; 15; 16; 17]. In these growth-focused studies, there is a bias towards the economic impact rather than the social goals, making it necessary to study the impact of transportation with qualitative parameters, such as development, and not only on quantifiable ones, such as growth [18]. Furthermore, it is vital to mention that there are also some negative externalities related to transportation. For example, private cars are responsible for generating the majority of greenhouse emissions and several distinct pollutants, and these emissions contribute to climate changes, which could have serious consequences in terms of health and environmental costs [19; 20]. Some data for Mexico are illustrative. In 2008, the pollution generated by gasoline combustion was connected to 14,000 deaths. In addition, traffic accidents caused 24,000 deaths and left 40,000 disabled and 750,000 injured [21]. The annual cost of these accidents was around 126 billion peso, which is equivalent to 1.3% of the National Gross Domestic Product (GDP) [22]. In terms of quality of life and social goals, the long periods of time spent in travelling reduce the involvement of individuals in their communities and limit social relations [23]. In the study by [PERSON] [24], it can be appreciated that in regions of heavy traffic, there are 1.15 friends and 2.8 family members per person. In regions of medium traffic, he finds 2.45 friends and 3.65 family members per person, while for the case of low traffic, there are 5.35 friends and 6.1 family members per person. In this pessimistic overview, there is the need to highlight that the degradation of public space due to the overuse of private vehicles (and its associated infrastructure) has harmful effects, not only upon the psychology of local population, but also upon the attractiveness and image of the city, which in turn lowers the value of land use [25]. Consequently, the contemporary challenge of urban traffic and urban planning systems is to promote sustainable mobility using the available network (infrastructures) and constituent entities, and with a qualitative improvement based on geospatial information, participation, accessibility, and personalized travel related services that take into account social groups with different mobility necessities. For this reason, many countries, primarily in Europe, have attempted to implement sustainable urban mobility plans so as to shift from the traditional vehicle-oriented transport planning towards a new user-friendly way of planning urban mobility. A Sustainable Urban Mobility Plan (SUMP) can be defined as a plan aimed at establishing a better quality of life via the satisfaction of people and business mobility needs in cities and their suburbs. It is based on existing planning practices and considers the principles of integration, participation, and evaluation [26].