# AIoT Monitoring Technology for Optimal Fill Dam Installation and Operation
## 3 AIoT Dam Monitoring Technology
### Autonomous Operation  
Existing IoT sensors have only measurement and simple communication functions. Consequently, the function of precise measurements for abnormality detection or disaster prediction cannot be expected. However, the developed intelligent IoT sensor enables autonomous switching between normal measurement (once per hour) in daily life and precision measurement (once per minute) for abnormality detection and disaster prediction. Figure 3 shows the results of the autonomous operation performance test of the intelligent IoT system. Data were measured from 07:00 to 14:00. The results showed that normal measurement was replaced by precision measurement for one hour, i.e., from 08:00 to 09:00, because a load that exceeded the design load (14 Tonf) was detected. Figure 4 shows the results of the autonomous operation performance test for the pore pressure. Operation without errors in the pore pressure was also confirmed.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt}} \hline \hline
**Category** & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Problems in the Current Technology**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**AIoT Technology**} \\ \hline (1) Malfunction prevention technology & Sensor measurement error due to unstable voltage and sensing noise & Application of a statistics-based data filtering technique \(\Rightarrow\) Decreased reliability of measurement data \(\Rightarrow\) Treatment data error removal and reliable alarm notification & Application of a statistics-based data filtering technique \(\Rightarrow\) Measurement data error removal and reliable alarm notification \\ \hline (2) Communication performance improvement & Use of the open-frequency area of shared Wi-Fi and LoRa communications \(\Rightarrow\) Communication delay & Frequency channel setting feature (0-15 channels) \(\Rightarrow\) Improved communication performance by using a frequency with high communication sensitivity \\ \hline (3) Autonomous operation & Limited to periodic measurements (once per hour, week, day) and simple communication capabilities \(\Rightarrow\) Impossible to perform precision measurement when a risk occurs & Autonomous switching from normal measurement (once per hour) to precision measurement (once per minute) in the event of a risk \(\Rightarrow\) Precision measurement/bi-directional communication is possible \\ \hline (4) Data authentication & Use of open IoT communications (LoRa and Wi-Fi) \(\Rightarrow\) Problem in collecting error data (other communication data) & CRC checking when collecting measurement data (received data authentication) \(\Rightarrow\) Verification of data quality and reliability \\ \hline (5) Prediction technology using machine learning & Simple measurement data monitoring \(\Rightarrow\) The state of safety of the facility cannot be recognized \(\Rightarrow\) Expert judgment is required & Assessment of safety status based on real-time data collected \(\Rightarrow\) Use of normal and anomaly detection information to predict safety status \\ \hline (6) Security features & Vulnerable to external connections and hacking on open communication frequencies \(\Rightarrow\) Decreased security & Data transmission after pattern encryption \(\Rightarrow\) Prevention of hacking and enhancement of security features \(\Rightarrow\) Smooth control of devices/systems \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Problems in the current technology and advantages of the developed AIoT technology.