## 3 Results  
The descriptive characteristics of our 67 participants are presented in Table 1. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Variable** & \(n/\)**N = 67 1** \\ \hline
**Age (years)** & 27.70 (8.35) \\ Sex & \\ Male & 35/67 (52\%) \\ Female & 32/67 (48\%) \\
**Height (m)** & 1.71 (0.09) \\
**Body mass (kg)** & 74.26 (12.22) \\
**Years of training** & \\ \(<\)1 yr & 11/67 (16\%) \\
1–3 yrs & 28/67 (42\%) \\
3–5 yrs & 13/67 (19\%) \\
**Frequency of training (days/week)** & \\
1–4 & 19/67 (28\%) \\
5 & 34/67 (51\%) \\
6–7 & 14/67 (21\%) \\
**Session duration (h)** & \\ \(<\)1 h & 11/67 (16\%) \\
1–2 & 44/67 (66\%) \\ \(>\)2 & 12/67 (18\%) \\
**Training sport** & \\ WL only & 20/67 (30\%) \\ PL only & 25/67 (37\%) \\ WL + PL & 22/67 (33\%) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Descriptive Statistics for Participants. Upon testing the first hypothesis, that Back-PAQ and PHODA-SeV scores will be lower when compared to published scores from a pain-free general population, we found that the PHODA-SeV score in the cohort of WL and PL athletes was non-significantly different from the population mean of 19 (95% CI = 17.44, 24.79, t (66) = 1.15, \(p\) = 0.254 (Figure 1). Back-PAQ score in the present cohort was significantly lower than the general population mean of 113 (mean = 98.9, 95% CI = 95.0, 107.7, t (66) = -7.31, \(p\) < 0.001) (Figure 1). Upon testing the second hypothesis, that female athletes would have higher Back-PAQ and PHODA-SeV scores than male athletes, we found that male participants had a significantly lower PHODA-SeV score compared to female participants by a magnitude of 9.8 (95% CI = \(-\)16.9, \(-\)2.6, t (53) = \(-\)2.74, \(p\) = 0.008) (Figure 1). The difference between male (96.5) and female (101.5) Back-PAQ scores did not reach statistical significance (95% CI = \(-\)12.7, 2.6, t (64) = \(-\)1.32, \(p\) = 0.192) (Figure 1). A moderate positive correlation was seen between Back-PAQ and PHODA scores, r (65) = 0.54, and this relationship was significant (\(p\) < 0.001). \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Variable** & \(\textit{n/N}\) = 671 ** \\ \hline
**Competition sport** & \\ None & 25/67 (37\%) \\ WL & 19/67 (28\%) \\ PL & 23/67 (34\%) \\
**1 RM Deadlift (kg)** & 151.48 (50.52) \\ Missing & 6 \\
**1 RM Back Squat (kg)** & 128.64 (48.94) \\ Missing & 1 \\
**Back-PAQ** & 98.87 (15.82) \\
**PHODA-SeV** & 21.12 (15.07) \\
**Oslo-1** & \\ \hline \end{tabular} _“Have you had any difficulties participating in training and/or competition due to back problems during the past 7 days?”_  
Full participation without low back problems & 48/67 (72\%) \\ Full participation with low back problems & 13/67 (19\%) \\ Reduced participation due to low back problems & 0/67 (0\%) \\ Cannot participate due to low back problems & 6/67 (9.0\%) \\
**Oslo-2** & \\ \hline \end{tabular} _“To what extent have you modified your training and/or competition due to back problems during the past 7 days?”_  
No reduction & 46/67 (69\%) \\ To a minor extent & 15/67 (22\%) \\ To a moderate extent & 4/67 (6.0\%) \\ To a major extent & 2/67 (3.0\%) \\
**Oslo-3** & \\ \hline \end{tabular} _“To what extent have back problems affected your performance during the past 7 days?”_  
No effect & 50/67 (75\%) \\ To a minor extent & 11/67 (16\%) \\ To a moderate extent & 4/67 (6.0\%) \\ To a major extent & 2/67 (3.0\%) \\
**Oslo-4** & \\ \hline \end{tabular} _“To what extent have you experienced back pain related to your sport during the past 7 days?”_  
No pain & 44/67 (66\%) \\ Mild pain & 16/67 (24\%) \\ Moderate pain & 7/67 (10\%) \\ Severe pain & 0/67 (0\%) \\
**SeVE min intensity (0–100)** & 12.13 (16.19)  
\end{table} 
Table 1: _Cont._Our third hypothesis was that Back-PAQ and PHODA-SeV scores will be positively correlated. For the outcomes of Back-PAQ and PHODA-SeV, the final models had R\({}_{\text{adj}}^{2}\) of 0.13 and 0.37, respectively. We also hypothesized that training history (number of years trained) will have a significant association with Back-PAQ and PHODA-SeV scores.