esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# ECG Signal Classification Using Interpretable KAN: Towards Predictive Diagnosis of Arrhythmias
## 4 Experimental Results and Analysis
### Cluster Feature Distribution  
This study applies three clustering algorithms to the original MIT-BIH dataset and the feature vectors output by the KAN for comparison. The experimental results are illustrated  
Figure 5: Classification confusion matrix and ROC curve of different categories of heart failure in the MIT-BIH dataset after balanced and variance sorting.  
in Figure 6. A comparison of the clustering effects reveals that the performance on the original MIT-BIH dataset under the MeanShift and Spectral algorithms is suboptimal. The data boundaries are indistinct, with significant overlap between multiple clusters, making effective differentiation challenging, as depicted in Figure 6A. Notably, under the Spectral algorithm, only one cluster is discernible, indicating that the dataset's graph features are insufficient to support effective clustering.  
In contrast, when clustering is applied to the feature vectors produced by the KAN, as shown in Figure 6B, the boundaries between categories become distinctly visible. This demonstrates the KAN's significant efficacy in feature extraction from the original MIT-BIH dataset, providing enhanced support for predicting heart failure classifications.
## 4 Results and Discussion
### Integrated Discussion
#### 4.2.2 Indicator Importance Ranking Results and Analysis  
As can be seen from Tables 6 and 7, the weights of the dimension layer are \(W^{1}=\) (0.30, 0.25, 0.20, 0.24), and the weights of the criterion layer are \(W^{2}_{1}=\) (0.19, 0.22, 0.29, 0.30), \(W^{2}_{2}=\) (0.18, 0.20, 0.19, 0.26, 0.17), \(W^{2}_{3}=\) (0.57, 0.43), and \(W^{2}_{4}=\) (0.40, 0.60), respectively; all judgment matrices meet consistency. Table 8 shows that the total score of the evaluation index of AI painting software based on GAN is 82.23, and the score corresponds to the evaluation level of \"important\", which indicates that the evaluation indexes constructed in this study have important reference values. Among the four first-level evaluation indexes, the score of functionality is 89.53, ranking first, and developers must prioritize the functionality indexes of the relevant software. The score of ease of use is 83.10, ranking second, which indicates that a good operating experience will have an important impact on customer selection, and it is important to pay attention to the ease of use indexes. The scores of security and system performance are 77.32 and 75.48, ranking third and fourth, which indicates the importance of these two indexes. The scores of security and system performance are 77.32 and 75.48, respectively, ranking third and fourth, which indicates that the importance of these two is far less than that of functionality and ease of use indicators. However, enterprises should fully consider system performance and security indicators when developing related software to further optimize the user experience.
###### Abstract  
In this study, we investigated the use of empirical mode decomposition (EMD)-based features extracted from electrocardiogram (ECG) RR interval signals to differentiate between different levels of cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy (CAN) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2 DM). This study involved 60 participants divided into three groups: no CAN, subclinical CAN, and established CAN. Six EMD features (area of analytic signal representation--\(ASR_{area}\), area of the ellipse evaluated from the second-order difference plot--\(SODP_{area}\), central tendency measure of SODP--\(SODP_{CTM}\); power spectral density (PSD) peak amplitude--\(PSD_{plump}\); PSD band power--\(PSD_{lpup}\); and PSD mean frequency--\(PSD_{mfreq}\)) were extracted from the RR interval signals and compared between groups. The results revealed significant differences between the noCAN and estCAN individuals for all EMD features and their components, except for the \(PSD_{mfreq}\). However, only some EMD components of each feature showed significant differences between individuals with noCAN or estCAN and those with subCAN. This study found a pattern of decreasing \(ASR_{area}\) and \(SODP_{area}\) values, an increasing \(SODP_{CTM}\) value, and a reduction in \(PSD_{lpup}\) and \(PSD_{plump}\) values as the CAN progressed. These findings suggest that the EMD outcome measures could contribute to characterizing changes associated with CAN manifestation in individuals with T2 DM.  
electrocardiogram (ECG); heart rate variability; diabetes; cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy; empirical mode decomposition
## 3 All-Optical Ultrasound Transducers and Imaging  
### Development of Transducers and Imaging  
Since the 1960s when the laser was discovered, optical generation and detection of ultrasound have been considered as a potential approach to overcome some limitations of conventional piezoelectric ultrasound transducers. Before the last decade, the optical-based technique was still a modern technique compared with piezoelectric transducers. It was more complex and expensive, and suffered from critical problems in relatively low efficiency in LGUS transmission and poor sensitivity in ODUS sensing. Thus, it was not widely presented in the commercial industry [83]. Piezoelectric transducers still dominated the majority of ultrasound-related applications and do the same nowadays [84; 85]. In the last decade, due to the advancement of material sciences and fabrication technologies, exciting progress has been made in developing high-performance optical-based ultrasound transmitters as well as receivers.  
As detailed in Section 2, LGUS transmitters have been intensely and extensively studied in the past few years. They can provide advantages such as broadband and flat frequency response, a tiny active area enabling high spatial resolution, noncontact operation facilitating applications in regions that  
Figure 6: **(A,B)** All-optical ultrasound imaging (AOUSI) of swine aorta samples with a scale bar of 2 mm. B: the base of the tissue mount; LN: a lymph node; SB: a side branch; T: tunica media; V: a vessel; X: cross-talk. Arrows indicate the reflective layers, which may correspond to the intima. (**C,D**) The corresponding histology of aorta sections imaged in (**A,B**), respectively. Reproduced with permission from [77], OSA Publishing, 2015.  
are difficult to reach, and good tolerance of electromagnetic interference. Driven in part by the need of novel ultrasound (and photoacoustic) imaging and detection, ODUS sensing technique has made significant progress during the last decade [32; 33; 34; 37; 38; 86; 87]. As a counterpart of LGUS transmitters, the ODUS detectors enjoy several analogous benefits, such as broadband detection, the possibility for noncontact measurement, and immunity against electromagnetic interference. Furthermore, high sensitivity can be achieved with a tiny active area, which facilitates device miniaturization.  
Combining the great advantages of the LGUS transmitters and the ODUS detectors, an optical ultrasound system based on an innovative \"all-optical\" scheme is brought about for imaging and inspection applications. In this subsection, the recent achievement in development of AOUSTs in various aspects such as improved integration of transmitters and detectors, enhanced resolution and sensitivity, and miniaturization is described. Advanced AOUSI applications that have been demonstrated very recently are also included. A summary of AOUST and AOUSI developed in recent years is presented in Table 12 in Appendix.
# Dynamic Measuring Method of Laser Beam Incident Angle for Laser Doppler Vibrometer
## 5 Error Analysis and Discussion
### Environmental Noise  
Environmental noise is inevitable in testing. During this measurement process, the noise mainly comes from the rotating disk's surface roughness and the entire system's abnormal vibration. This kind of noise belongs to Gaussian white noise and obeys normal distribution. Then, the actual measured value \(V_{\rm mn}\) of LDV can be expressed using Equation (8). In this equation, \(V_{\rm m}\) represents the expected velocity, and \(n(t)\) represents the time series of the noise signal.  
\[V_{\rm mn}=V_{\rm m}+n(t) \tag{8}\]  
Based on the uncorrelated characteristics of the noise signal, after averaging, the amplitude of the noise signal becomes \(1/\sqrt{N}\), and \(N\) represents the total number of samples in the test data. Without loss of generality, the noise signal \(n(t=1)\) at \(t=1\) s is selected to analyze the result of mean processing. So, the mean value \(\overline{V_{\rm mn}}\) of the measurement \(V_{\rm mn}\) containing environmental noise can be expressed as Equation (9).  
\[\overline{V_{\rm mn}}=V_{\rm m}+n(t=1)/\sqrt{N} \tag{9}\]  
This equation indicates that averaging the measurement signal can significantly reduce the impact of noise. Therefore, to effectively reduce the effects of environmental noise, the number of sampling points \(N\) can be increased by increasing the sampling rate or sampling time. In addition, the high-precision machining of the rotating disk's outer circle (at P point) can also be considered. It should be noted that noise does not fundamentally affect the amplitude of the signal. Therefore, although averaging reduces the energy of the noisy signal, it does not have a significant impact on the measurement results. Since averaging processing has been widely used in academic and engineering fields, the paper will no longer carry out experimental verification on it.
# Practical I-Voting on Stellar Blockchain
## 4 Results
### Transaction Fees  
We evaluate the proposed system in the context of transaction fees. To do this, we can estimate how much would cost the 2019 Polish parliamentary election, handled by the proposed system. We already know that 18,470,710 people participated in such an election. Each operation on the Stellar network costs 0.00001 XLM. Our vote transaction consists of 6 operations, so the transaction's total cost equals 0.00006 XLM. We know that the closing price for one Lumen at the day of the election was 0.061 USD.  
We can easily calculate \(18470710 vote*0.00006\frac{XLM}{vote}*0.061\frac{USD}{XLM}\approx 67.62\ USD\). Other operational transactions can be neglected due to the very low influence on the total sum.  
It is hard to compare how the costs would look like using other Blockchains because, on smart contract platforms, the price depends on a smart contract execution time. On Ethereum, if we assume, the cost of the standard ERC-20 (ERC-20 is a standard interface for tokens created on Ethereum. [[https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-20](https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-20)]([https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-20](https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-20))) token transfer to 200,000 gas (gas is a unit in which Ethereum smart contract execution is measured.), and the gas price at the day of the election to 15 gwei (gwei is a denomination of Ether (ETH), \(1 ETH=10^{9}\) gwei [[https://etherscan.io/chart/gasprice](https://etherscan.io/chart/gasprice)]([https://etherscan.io/chart/gasprice](https://etherscan.io/chart/gasprice))) then sending the ERC-20 token would cost \(15*200000*10^{-9}=0.0003 ETH\), the price of ETH at that time was 180 USD. So the total cost of the elections would be approximately \(18470710 vote*0.0003\frac{ETH}{vote}*180\frac{USD}{ETH}=997418.34\ USD\).  
Those estimations are purely theoretical because, at the time of writing, neither Stellar nor Ethereum can handle 18 million transactions in one day. Additionally, the transaction fee is dynamically adjusted based on network congestion, which is unpredictable in public networks. Nevertheless, Stellar, compared to Ethereum, is much cheaper.  
Most of the solutions presented in Section 2.1 use private Blockchain networks where transactions are free. However, by using private networks, there is another price we need to pay--trust to organizers--which we cannot compare directly to money.
## 3 Theoretical Analysis
### Advantages of the Method
#### 3.6.3 Effectively Compensate for the Impact of Simplification  
The path collection is expanded to compensate for the little differences due to approximate calculations and the legacy timing problems due to simplifying paths. After bulkreplacement in STA tools, add the legacy path constraints to the original path collection. Loop until the result of STA shows that the timing constraints have been met. It effectively ensures the convergence of the running time and makes the operation of simplifying paths feasible.
## 4 Results and Discussion  
Long-term datasets, such as those from bottom-mounted ADCP and turbidity stations, satellite-derived products and data from periodic field measurements, provide a reference base to develop the integrated approach described and discussed here. A previous analysis of precision, uncertainty and representativity of the instrumental setup was carried out. The investigation on the three-day period represents a demonstration case for the study of the dynamics of transport in a complex tidal inlet, with detailed spatial and temporal resolutions.
# Numerical Performance Investigation of a Hybrid eCVT Specialized Agricultural Tractor
###### Abstract
This is crucial to keep electric motors small and in compliance with space requirements for agricultural tractors. [PERSON] et al. [29] proposed investigating a similar eCVT powertrain applied on an agricultural tool, demonstrating ICE efficiency improvements thanks to the degree of freedom introduced with the use of the power-split configuration. In this work, an alternative hybrid eCVT (HeCVT) configuration, such as the one proposed in [30], was investigated, and its performance was compared to that of a traditional specialized orchard tractor. The proposed numerical model was used to test the architectural characteristics according to several testing scenarios proposed by the authors in previous works [22; 23], derived from experimental field tests. Two energy management strategies were defined to meet the need for daily working scenarios [31]. Thanks to the energy management strategy proposed by the authors in this paper, the HeCVT architecture for specialized orchard tractor under investigation was able to achieve the following results:  
* Peak power performance comparable with those of a conventional tractor but with a downsized diesel engine and a simplified gearbox. The last point is not something that was considered in other works that wanted to keep the same tractor gearbox. * Increased overall efficiency with fuel saving ranging from 10% in the most heavy PTO loading scenarios up to 20% in heavy trailer transportation. * Capability for full electric operations decoupling the ICE and using the two electric machines in a dual-input-motor configuration using the energy stored in the battery pack.
###### Abstract  
A wireless network gives flexibility to the user in terms of mobility that attracts the user to use wireless communication more. The video communication in the wireless network experiences Quality of Services (QoS) and Quality of Experience (QoE) issues due to network dynamics. The parameters, such as node mobility, routing protocols, and distance between the nodes, play a major role in the quality of video communication. Scalable Video Coding (SVC) is an extension to H.264 Advanced Video Coding (AVC), allows partial removal of layers, and generates a valid adapted bit-stream. This adaptation feature enables the streaming of video data over a wireless network to meet the availability of the resources. The video adaptation is a dynamic process and requires prior knowledge to decide the adaptation parameter for extraction of the video levels. This research work aims at building the adaptation parameters that are required by the adaptation engines, such as Media Aware Network Elements (MANE), to perform adaptation on-the-fly. The prior knowledge improves the performances of the adaptation engines and gives the improved quality of the video communication. The unique feature of this work is that, here, we used an experimental evaluation method to identify the video levels that are suitable for a given network condition. In this paper, we estimated the adaptation parameters for streaming scalable video over the wireless network using the experimental method. The adaptation parameters are derived using node mobility, link bandwidth, and motion level of video sequences as deciding parameters. The experimentation is carried on the OMNeT++ tool, and Joint Scalable Video Module (JSVM) is used to encode and decode the scalable video data.  
video streaming; video coding; video adaptation; wireless networks +
Footnote †: journal: Computer Physics  
0221  
10.399[[https://doi.org/10.3390/computers10040039](https://doi.org/10.3390/computers10040039)]([https://doi.org/10.3390/computers10040039](https://doi.org/10.3390/computers10040039))
# Adaptive Software Defined Equalization Techniques for Indoor Visible Light Communication
## 1 Introduction
Examples cover all scenarios from vehicle-to-everything (V2X) to machine-to-machine communication (M2M). algorithms had similar results while deployed in a pulse-amplitude modulation (PAM)based system. [PERSON] and [PERSON] in 2017 [36] presented their work focusing on Chebyshev-NLMS based pre-distorter LED compensation in non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA)-VLC. Their work partially focused on deployment in IoT with different QoS levels in mind. Their claims were backed up by simulations. [PERSON] et al. in 2016 [37] presented their work focusing on spectrally efficient fxrequency division multiplexing (FDM)with RLS time-domain channel estimation. RLS vastly improved the performance of the whole presented platform. This work focuses on an adaptive equalization implementation in a previously designed multistate quadrature amplitude modulation (M-QAM) VLC system [38]. A number of adaptive algorithms are tested, such as least mean squares (LMS), normalized least mean squares (NLMS), or QR decomposition based RLS (QR-RLS). All these algorithms are tested in simulations and real-life measurements. This article mainly focuses on the error vector magnitude (EVM), modulation error ratio (MER), and BER parameters and their evaluation across different equalization algorithms. Measurements are carried out in laboratory at the Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science of VSB-Technical University of Ostrava. Figure 2 represents the whole prototyping process. In the beginning, research was carried out to determine the rough design of the platform. This software based simulation had to be highly modular and independent; therefore, any additional changes could be quickly tested for future deployment on hardware. Feedback from hardware could be then used for further optimization of the simulation platform, which again would influence the future form of the hardware design. Each major \"release\" of the hardware platform could be also further used for advanced measurements in the BROADBAND\({}^{\text{LIGHT}}\) testing polygon situated next to the Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (described more in detail by [PERSON] et al. [39]) or real-world scenarios. The whole \"iteration <-> optimization\" process was mainly used during the estimation of the ideal equalization parameters and the training sequence length.
## 1 Introduction
At both CPER and in the broader surrounding region of the shortgrass steppe, the two most widespread ecological sites are Loamy Plains [23], which is typically dominated by C\({}_{4}\) shortgrasses (_Bouteloua gracilis_, _B. dactyloides_) with sub-dominant C\({}_{3}\) mid-height perennial graminoids (_Pascopyrum smithi_, _Hesperostiya comata_, _Carex duriscula_), and Sandy Plains [24], which is typically co-dominated by C\({}_{4}\) shortgrasses and C\({}_{3}\) mid-height graminoids. Less widespread soil types characterized by increased alkalinity support the Salt Flats ecological site, which is dominated by C\({}_{4}\) mid-height grasses (_Sporobolus airoides_, _Disticllis spicata_) in combination with mid-height C\({}_{3}\) graminoids [25]. Both Sandy Plains and Salt Flats support significantly greater ANHP and more vertically oriented vegetation than the Loamy Plains ecological site [8]. As a result, our prior work developing a model relating temporal variation in iAPAR to ANHP [12] found a significantly greater slope for mid-height structured communities (Sandy Plains and Salt Flats) compared to the more prostrate plant community on Loamy Plains. However, our previous models were calibrated only using sites grazed season-long (May-Oct) at a moderate stocking rate. Where rangeland managers employ adaptive, multipaddock (AMP) rotational grazing over the growing season, the sward is expected to experience a much different temporal pattern of defoliation, which is expected to change the shape and the seasonal NDVI and APAR curves. We evaluated two main hypotheses associated with our main objective. First, we expected that the slope of iAPAR as a predictor of ANHP would vary by ecological site. Second, we expected that grazing management would not affect the relationship between iAPAR and ANHP in this study area. Grazing seems unlikely to change the underlying relationship between NDVI and fPAR for the relatively short-structured herbaceous vegetation dominant in this region. Furthermore, previous ground-based research in semi-arid short-grass systems has shown that, within a single growing season, the potential for substantial over- or under-compensation is limited by the semi-arid climate [26]. Our study also pursued a secondary objective, in which we compared satellite-predicted biomass production from the process-based RAP model to our empirical iAPAR-based model across different grazing management regimes and ecosites at CPER. We expected that our empirical model would better account for variation across cosites since it is calibrated to the location and explicitly accounts for the effects of ecosite on the ANHP-iAPAR relationship. We also evaluated how the RAP model performed across ecosites and grazing management regimes since the parameters of RAP's underlying process-based GPP model were calibrated at ungrazed grassland sites with taller structured vegetation.