esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 4 Case Study  
### Implementation of Intelligent System  
The implementation of the proposed framework for the Intelligent Information System is considered an example of a web-oriented system. This will make it possible to develop it as an add-on for CRM systems and provide management in the future. In addition, the web-based system simplifies work with the user and does not require installation.  
In the initial phase, the system enables the marketer to choose a competitive product (Figure 8) using the intelligent method of generating keywords for advertising content based on reviews [42]. This phase is implemented on the array of reviews (477 reviews) [54]. Next, a JSON file is generated, and unnecessary characters and stop words are removed.  
After vectorization and lemmatization, the most optimal methods of text classification based on machine learning are selected [42] (see Figure 2. block 1.9). All these methods showed an average evaluation result (Figure 8), and the reviews include both Ukrainian and Russian versions. The RandomForestClassifier is the best among them, with a prediction score of 0.78. The reviews were then sorted into positive and negative based on the RandomForestClassifier classification. Among the feedback words with the largest n-gram index, several stand out: \"Cool\" (0.71), \"Best\" (0.56)--for positive sentiments, and (\"Not convenient\" (\(-\)0.77), \"Not high-quality\" (\(-\)0.63)--for negative connotations. Advertising content is formed on the basis of positive words; that is, they are key elements for generating advertising content.  
In addition, the system can automatically download the corresponding product to the online store, which works on the basis of the intelligent method of forming the product catalog [40]. Figure 9 shows how this method works with the addition of the selected product. All product photos receive tags with the name of the category and color and some others. The photos of the goods are uploaded to the catalog for the online store according to the assigned tags. Next, an XML file can be created from the received product catalog. After that, the description and characteristics of each product can be edited.  
Figure 7: Block of selecting the target audience and keywords based on associative rules.  
Taking into account the above, a marketer (Figure 10a) can create a simple advertising post based on positive words and immediately post it on Facebook and Instagram social networks. In the process, the user first encounters a window with two options: (i) to choose the type of Internet advertisement (Figure 10b), or (ii) to use the function of generating content (Figure 10a, the \"Create photo\" button). After that, a window will open where the user can upload video content (Figure 10c) and add a new content if necessary.  
Figure 8: Parsing and classification of comments.  
Figure 9: Product catalog window.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Volatile Compounds
#### 3.4.1. Esters  
Esters play a crucial role in imparting fruity and floral aromas to cider, significantly contributing to its overall flavor profile. In this study, 41 esters were detected, with higher levels of ethyl acetate, ethyl octanoate, ethyl caprate, ethyl caprate, and isoamyl acetate. Esters are formed through the reaction of alcohol with acetyl-CoA, catalyzed by acetyltransferase during yeast fermentation, as well as transesterification [28]. The formation of esters is influenced by various factors such as fermentation temperature, pH, nitrogen levels, microbial presence during fermentation, and growth-stimulating factors [29]. Ethyl acetate is the most abundant ester and is known to contribute significantly to the fruity aroma of cider when present at appropriate concentrations [30]. In the analyzed Huaniu cider samples, ethyl acetate was the predominant ester, accounting for over 25% of all volatile esters. Isoamyl acetate, another important ester, was also detected at relatively high concentrations, contributing to the pleasant fruity taste of Huaniu cider. Other esters, such as ethyl caprylate (with floral and fruity rose and orange aromas) and ethyl capricate (with a coconut aroma), play a role in giving cider its characteristic apple aroma [30].
# SPME Method Optimized by Box-Behnken Design for Impact Odorants in Reduced Alcohol Wines
## 1 Introduction
In addition to evaluating the overall effect on reduced alcohol wine's volatile composition, a sample set of the reduced-alcohol-wines were reconstituted to their natural ethanol level to evaluate the effect of the ethanol content reduction on the volatile composition. A full three-factor Box-Behnken design was used for the optimization of SPME conditions. The quantitative methodology was validated for 23 impact odorants of relevance in wines at each ethanol concentration of interest, alleviating a requirement for sample dilution prior to analysis. This approach removed the confounding effects of varying the ethanol levels upon the partitioning of target compounds from liquid to headspace during the analysis, enabling a more robust comparison of volatile composition at the treatment level.
## 2 Contact Pressure Estimation from Laryngeal High-Speed Video
### Video Pre-Processing  
Videoendoscopy recordings normally have an undesirable rotation and low frequency movements related to endoscope manipulation. A motion compensation algorithm is first applied to remove low-frequency components [33]. Rotation compensation is achieved by identifying the end-points of the glottis, the line connecting which is used to compute the angle of the anatomical structure with respect to the camera. This measured angle is then used to rotate the image such that the glottis is vertical in the image plane.  
A Region of Interest (ROI) centered on the glottis and encompassing the entire glottal length and excursion distance of the VFs is identified for further analysis. A mask is applied to remove information outside of the ROI for each frame in the HSV sequence. A Cartesian coordinate system is defined with \(x\) oriented horizontally in the image (medial-lateral direction) and \(y\) oriented vertically (anterior-posterior direction).  
The anterior and posterior attachment points of each vocal fold, expressed as \((x_{a},y_{a})\) and \((x_{b},y_{b})\), respectively, are identified and recorded for later use. The straight line connecting the attachment points for each VF is assumed to be the rest position of that fold.
## 4 Discussion
### Enhancement of Cell Rescue Systems in FT Stress  
Cell rescue systems, including redox homeostasis, ion homeostasis, and proteostasis, play critical roles in stress response to abiotic stress, including FT [79]. In relation to enzymatic antioxidant systems, DM cells upregulated _CTT1_ encoding cytosolic CAT, _GTO3_ encoding \(\omega\)-class GSH transferase, and _YOL024W_ encoding hypothetical protein predicting to have thiol-disulfide oxidoreductase active site under FT2 stress, but downregulated _TRX3_ of mitochondrial thioredoxin and _AIF1_ encoding mitochondrial cell death effector (Figure 7A; Table 1 and Table S2). The involvement of oxidative stress response in FT has been investigated using yeast mutants defective in different antioxidant functions (mainly superoxide dismutase) but not using high-throughput analysis [43]. Among the activated genes, _CTT1_ encoding cytosolic CAT protects cells from oxidative damage by converting toxic H\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{2}\) to H\({}_{2}\)O [80]. Cytosolic GTO3 is one of the three \(\omega\)-class GSHtransferases with the enzymatic activity of this transferase (glutaredoxin), DHAR, and dimethylarsinic acid reductase and is functionally related to sulfur metabolism [81; 82]. In addition, DM cells upregulated the _AAD6_ gene under FT2 stress (Table S2). The protein-encoding aryl-ADH, including _AAD6_, may play a critical ancestral role in neutralizing aromatic aldehyde in yeast [83]. By contrast, _TRX3_ was downregulated in DM cells under FT stress (Figures 5 and 7A; Table 1 and Table S2). Mitochondrial Trx3 functions as an antioxidant defense system, and its oxidation promotes cell death via apoptosis in response to oxidative stress [84]. Altogether, these results showed that aerobic FT2-responsive injury in _DaMDHAR_-expressing transgenic yeast cells is caused by oxidative stress, and this process was mainly initiated in the cytoplasm via an oxidative burst of H\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{2}\) or free radicals produced from oxygen and electron released from the mitochondrial electrons transport chain, thereby supporting that redox homeostasis is achieved by CAT and thiol-containing antioxidant enzymes.  
With respect to HSPs, DM cells expressing _DaMDHAR_ showed a high accumulation of _HSP12_ transcript but reduced _HSP30_ expression (Figure 7A; Table 1 and Table S2). Hsp12,as a major small sHSP, contributes to stress tolerance to freezing conditions (\(-20\)\({}^{\circ}\)C) [85]. Although Hsp30, a PM-localized HSP, is induced by various abiotic stressors, its expression was downregulated in DM cells under FT2 stress. Hsp30 downregulation activates Pma1p with PM H\({}^{+}\)-pump activity under high-temperature stress [86; 87]. Accordingly, _SWP1_ and _NANI_ involved in protein folding/refolding were downregulated in FT2-treated DM cells compared with WT cells (Figure 5). Molecular chaperones enhanced the refolding of denatured proteins under FT stress, acting as a general stress resistance mechanism [43]. These results indicated that an enhanced understanding of the cellular expression of these sHSPs could shed light on the biological role or physiological characteristics of FT stress.
# Evaluation of a Framework for Robust Image Reversible Watermarking
## 3 Results and Discussions
### Fragile Reversible Watermarking Schemes  
Each fragile reversible watermarking scheme was applied to the data set using watermarks of 1000 bits to 10,000 bits with 1000 bits steps. The peak-signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) and Watson metrics evaluated the algorithm's distortion for different watermark lengths.  
Figure 4 shows the performance of the fragile reversible watermarking schemes using the PNSR metric as an evaluation tool. A comparison between fragile reversible watermarking techniques using the Watson metric as an evaluation tool is shown in Figure 5.  
From Figures 4 and 5, it is possible to observe that, although performance decreases when a higher payload is hidden, all the selected fragile reversible watermarking schemes hold high transparency for high payloads. The PSNR and Watson values for the highest payload applied are better than the minimum suggested in the literature.
## 5 Conclusions  
A vibration technique was demonstrated to be an alternative means of obtaining three-point-bending-compatible lifetime data. It is clearly evident that the proposed vibration method yields results that fall within the three-point bending 95% confidence level, showing a good correlation to justify its use. The proposed method is significantly faster than the conventional three-point bending test performed with a hydraulic servo machine. This methodology has the potential to offer significant time revenue savings, especially when various repetitive tests at specific stress ratios are required to generate S-N curves with statistical information, overcoming the time needed in the geometry design.  
Conceptualization, F.A.J.-A., D.S.A., B.S. and M.M.; methodology, F.A.J.-A., D.S.A., B.S. and M.M.; software, F.A.J.-A., D.S.A., B.S. and M.M.; validation, F.A.J.-A., D.S.A., B.S. and M.M.; formal analysis, F.A.J.-A., D.S.A., B.S. and M.M.; investigation, F.A.J.-A., D.S.A., B.S. and M.M.; resources, F.A.J.-A., D.S.A., B.S. and M.M.; data curation, F.A.J.-A., D.S.A., B.S., M.M., A.C., U.K.V. and J.M.V.B.; writing--original draft preparation, F.A.J.-A., M.M., D.S.A., B.S. and A.C.; writing--review and editing, M.M., F.A.J.-A., A.C., U.K.V., J.M.V.B., B.S. and D.S.A.; visualization, M.M., F.A.J.-A., A.C., D.S.A., B.S., J.M.V.B. and U.K.V.; supervision, F.A.J.-A., D.S.A., B.S. and M.M.; project administration, F.A.J.-A., D.S.A., B.S. and M.M.; funding acquisition, F.A.J.-A., D.S.A., B.S., U.K.V. and M.M. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Frequency, Hz**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Time per Data Point**} & **Time Required for** & **Time Required for Curve** \\  & & **Obtaining 10 Data Points** & **Four different Stress Ratios** \\  & & **(10 Data Points/Stress Ratio)** \\ \hline
5 & 5.5 h & 2.29 days & 9.16 days \\ \hline
32 & 52 min & 8.67 h & 1.45 days \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 4: Costs associated with testing at different frequencies.  
**Funding:** This research was funded by the Puerto Rico Science, Technology and Research Trust (PRSTRT), grant agreement number 2020-00135, and the Office of Naval Research (ONR), grant number N00014-06-1-1043.  
**Institutional Review Board Statement:** Not applicable.  
**Informed Consent Statement:** Not applicable.  
**Data Availability Statement:** Not applicable.  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript, or in the decision to publish the results.
## 5 Limitations and Threats to Validity  
As in any research that investigates users' perceptions concerning a given scenario, we have some threats to validity. Regarding the fidelity of the participants' answers, we cannot guarantee that all of them answered according to the actual scenario of the Brazilian agencies and if the information represents all the technologies and techniques applied in the development of the Jurisprudence Search systems used by them. To mitigate this threat, we did not make the information of all survey participants public. In addition, the results of the quantitative data analysis would not impact the evaluation of the agencies by the controlling bodies.  
Regarding the system developed in the actual case study of this research, the Jurisprudence Search system currently developed has some limitations, which are: (a) There is a current inability of the solution to apply the statistical and stochastic processes using Artificial Intelligence techniques in interpreting the indexed terms that exist in the database, posing a challenge in transforming the processes that use simple natural language processing to the intended final understanding, which supports the marking of summaries and review of the main sentences with their terminologies adequately supported; (b) in dealing with security aspects, the imposition of multiple levels of access produces undesirable latencies, with the exponential growth of indexed bases of legal documents and other collections with Apache Solr; (c) the use of free visual components that have a high impact on the execution of screen templates, creates situations of anticipated and synchronous treatment in the construction of screens, which results in an increase of time in the total loads of the results data; (d) the analytical view of the data in clusters and in correlations in general is still being implemented, one of the fundamental issues of support to the internal activities of analysis and interpretation of legal pieces referring to some theme or subject; and (e) regarding the ontological treatment of data, such as, for example, the one that allows the observation of the interconnection model among the several named entities and their physical and legal relations within their activity sectors and shareholding, object of CADE's observation, has not been implemented in the available solution yet. As a mitigation to these factors, we are developing new functionalities that will meet the needs of the Jurisprudence Search system.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Image Analysis
#### 2.3.1 Calculation of Reference Values  
To obtain reference values of normal or concordant lung volumes, at first the images of the reference group were analyzed. A total of four reference values per lung were calculated based on the images. These were:  
* Optimal segmentation thresholds for the ventilation images;
* Optimal segmentation thresholds for the perfusion images;
* Mean average \(V_{V\text{-}P}\) among all patients of the reference group (\(Mean(V_{V\text{-}P,\text{ }ref})\)) for all evaluated pairs of segmentation thresholds;
* Minimum average \(V_{V\text{-}P}\) among all patients of the reference group (\(Min(V_{V\text{-}P,\text{ }ref})\)) for all evaluated pairs of segmentation thresholds.  
First, the images were iteratively segmented with different thresholds defined between two initial values and increasing the percentage by 1. These initial thresholds of the grid search were obtained by visually identifying those values when regions were included in the segmentation that do not belong to the lung (for the superior threshold) or when not the entire lung was segmented (for the inferior threshold). Then, \(V_{V}\) and \(V_{P}\) were obtained for each pair of thresholds (one for the ventilation image and another for the perfusion image) and each case of the reference group. It must be noted that the volumes obtained from cases without defects or presenting concordant defects were not the same. Therefore, the mean \(V_{V\text{-}P}\) was calculated for each pair of thresholds among all patients of the reference group. Lastly, the average of these mean \(V_{V\text{-}P}\) values was defined as the \(Mean(V_{V\text{-}P,\text{ }ref})\). The lowest average \(V_{V\text{-}P}\) (\(Min(V_{V\text{-}P,\text{ }ref})\)) among all patients of the reference group out of the evaluated pairs of segmentation thresholds was also calculated. Its corresponding thresholds were then established as the optimal segmentation thresholds for the ventilation and perfusion images.
## 2 Forward and Inversion Theory
### Magnetic Three-Dimensional Inversion  
#### 2.2.1 Traditional Magnetic Three-Dimensional Inversion  
Inversion is the process of using the observed data of known fields to solve the geophysical parameters of the corresponding underground geological model. In solving the inversion problem, it is generally an additive objective function, but this objective function needs to determine the weight factor of the regularization term according to experience or numerical experiments, which has a great influence on the inversion efficiency.  
In the conventional magnetic method of three-dimensional inversion, the logarithmic obstacle method is often used because of the possibility of negative inversion results. The objective function of traditional magnetic inversion is shown in Equation (1), and the logarithmic obstacle term is the third term, which also needs to determine the weight factor. The addition of this term makes the inversion objective function more complicated, and the efficiency of the traditional magnetic method of three-dimensional inversion is low. Moreover, the time utilization is low.  
\[\Phi(m)=\Phi_{d}+\lambda\Phi_{m}+2\mu\sum\limits_{j=1}^{M}log\big{(}m_{j} \big{)}, \tag{5}\]  
\[\Phi_{d}=\big{(}d-Gm\big{)}^{T}C_{d}^{-1}\big{(}d-Gm\big{)}, \tag{6}\]  
\[\Phi_{m_{1}}=\big{(}m-m_{pri}\big{)}^{T}C_{m}^{-1}\big{(}m-m_{pri}\big{)}, \tag{7}\]  
where \(\Phi_{d}\) is the data term, \(\Phi_{m_{1}}\) is the model term, \(\sum\limits_{j=1}^{M}log\big{(}m_{j}\big{)}\) is the logarithmic barrier term, \(m\) is the permeability \(\kappa\), \(m_{pri}\) is the prior model vector, \(G\) is the kernel function matrix, \(C_{m}\) is the model covariance matrix, and \(C_{d}\) is the data covariance matrix, \(T\) is the transpose operation.
## 3 Results
### Effect of the tri5 Overexpression on Tomato Seedlings  
An _in vitro_ assay was performed to determine the effect of _tri5_ overexpression on the development of tomato seedlings, using the wild-type strain and the three _tri5_-overexpressing transformants.  
Ten days after the inoculation of plates containing 3-day-old germinated tomato seedlings with the different _Trichoderma_ strains or with water (control), three parameters were measured for each condition: plant size, length of the main root and number of lateral roots.  
Figure 3: RT-PCR quantification of the _erg1_ transcript, in the wild-type strain IBT40841 and three _tri5_ overexpressing transformants. The strains were grown (**A**) for 3 days in MM [24], supplemented with 20 g/L glucose or (**B**) for 1 or 3 days in MM, supplemented with 20 g/L glucose and 0.25 mM tyrosol. The basal condition and the internal reference genes used were those described in Figure 1.  
The mean value of plant sizes was 4.1 \(\pm\) 1 cm when they were grown in the presence of water (control); 4 \(\pm\) 0.6 cm in the presence of the wild type strain; 3.7 \(\pm\) 0.5 cm with Tb38 tri5; 3.8 \(\pm\) 1 cm with Tb40 tri5 and 3.6 \(\pm\) 0.4 cm with Tb41 tri5. Statistically significant differences were observed between the size of the control plants and those growing in the presence of the three transformants (\(p=0.05\)), and also, between the size of the plants growing in the presence of the wild-type strain and those grown in the presence of Tb38 tri5 (\(p=0.046\)) and Tb41 tri5 (\(p=0.045\)). The data indicated that both the presence of _T. brevicompactum_ in the growth medium and the _tri5_ gene overexpression negatively affected to the size of the tomato seedlings.  
Root length was also lower when the tomato seedlings were grown in the presence of IBT40841 or the _tri5_-overexpressing transformants in comparison with the control condition without _Trichoderma_ in the medium. The mean values were: 6.6 \(\pm\) 2.0 cm in the control; 5.1 \(\pm\) 1.0 cm with the _Tb41_ strain; 4.8 \(\pm\) 0.8 cm with Tb38 tri5; 5.9 \(\pm\) 1.2 cm with Tb40 tri5; and 5.6 \(\pm\) 1.0 cm with Tb41 tri5. Finally, it was observed that the number of lateral roots, in comparison with the control, was similar or was reduced when wild-type IBT40841 or the _tri5_-overexpressing transformants were present in the medium used to grow the tomato seedlings. The mean values were: 15.9 \(\pm\) 8.0 in the control, 11.5 \(\pm\) 5.2 with the wild type strain, 11.1 \(\pm\) 4.2 with Tb38 tri5, 15.9 \(\pm\) 4.6 with Tb40 tri5 and 14.8 \(\pm\) 3.0 with Tb41 tri5. The greatest reduction in the number of lateral roots with respect to the control was seen in the presence of the wild-type strain or the Tb38 tri5 transformant (Figure 4). In both determinations (root length and number of lateral roots), statistically significant differences were seen between the control condition and the conditions that contained _Trichoderma_ (\(p\leq 0.05\)), and also between the condition treated with the wild-type strain and those treated with spores from the three _tri5_-overexpressing transformants (\(p=0.05\)) (Figure 4).