Importantly, phosphorylation of salivuricin 10 was demonstrated as determining the unreported immunomodulatory effects, including enhancing neutrophil recruitment and phagocytosis and promoting anti-inflammatory macrophages. As such, further development of salivuricin 10 as a multifaceted molecule with antimicrobial, antib Biofilm, microbiome-regulating, and inflammatory-resolving properties is needed [94]. Research in recent years has also focused on the development of new pharmaceutical formulations that allow the beneficial properties of already-established AMPs to be used to treat local and generalized oral conditions. Most recently, a randomized controlled clinical trial was conducted to evaluate the antibacterial effectiveness of AMP-based mouthwash against oral pathogens and elucidate its efficacy in reducing halitosis and supragingival plaque. More detailed BOP\({}^{\circledR}\) mouthwash consisting of domiphen (antimicrobial with cationic surfactant property and membrane-permeabilizing characteristics [99]) and two AMPs with antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory activities, namely \(\varepsilon\)-PL (\(\varepsilon\)-poly-L-lysine) and FP (fumme peptide [100]), was demonstrated to display bactericidal effects against _F. nucleatum_, _P. gingivalis_, _S. mutans_, and _Aggregatibacter actinocytemcomitans_ and exhibit anti-dental plaque and anti-halitosis properties in a clinical trial while maintaining a satisfactory level of biocompatibility [75]. Additionally, a few other formulations were also explored in clinical trials in the last 5 years, with some results recently published (Table 1). Favorable outcomes recorded in these studies strongly confirm \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Main Compound** & **Composition** &
\begin{tabular}{c} **Oral Disease/Medical** \\ **Condition** \\ \end{tabular} & **Phase** & **Results** & **Ref.** \\ \hline
**KSL-W** & \begin{tabular}{c} Antiplaque \\ chewing gum \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Dental plaque \\ regrowth \\ \end{tabular} & Phase 2 &
\begin{tabular}{c} Inhibition of the \\ regrowth of dental \\ plaque over 4 days \\ \end{tabular} & [95] \\ \hline
**Probiotics** & \begin{tabular}{c} Milk supplemented \\ with _Lactobacillus_ \\ _rhamnosus_ SP1 \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Caries in children \\ \end{tabular} & No data &
\begin{tabular}{c} Decrease in IBD-3 \\ in saliva \\ Decreased occurrence of \\ caries in \\ preschool children \\ \end{tabular} & [96] \\ \hline
**Nisin** & \begin{tabular}{c} Guar gum (biogel) \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Periodontal disease \\ and dental plaque \\ formation in dogs \\ \end{tabular} & Pilot study &
\begin{tabular}{c} Inhib bacteria from \\ canine dental plaque \\ \end{tabular} & [97] \\ \hline \(\varepsilon\)**-PL, fume** \\
**peptide,** & \begin{tabular}{c} BOP\({}^{\circledR}\) mouthwash \\ supplemented \\ with AMPs \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Halitosis \\ Supragingival plaque \\ \end{tabular} & Phase 1 &
\begin{tabular}{c} Lower levels of volatile \\ sulfur compounds \\ Decrease in \\ plaque index \\ \end{tabular} & [75] \\ \hline
**AMPs** & \begin{tabular}{c} Biokiller oral \\ biological \\ antimicrobial gel \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Stage III grade B \\ periodontitis \\ \end{tabular} & Phase 4 &
\begin{tabular}{c} Reduced periodontal \\ probing depth \\ Decreased abundance of \\ periodontal pathogens \\ Increased abundance of \\ periodontal probiotics \\ \end{tabular} & [93] \\ \hline
**P11-4** & \begin{tabular}{c} Nanosilver fluoride \\ varnish (NSF), P11-4 \\ and sodium fluoride \\ (NaF) varnish \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Effect on salivary \\ cariogenic bacteria \\ \end{tabular} & Not applicable &
\begin{tabular}{c} High activity of P11-4 \\ after 1 month with \\ sustained effect until \\ 3 months \\ \end{tabular} & [98] \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}