## 4 Case Studies
### Case Study 3--Health Effects of Exposure to RF-EMF in Indoor and Outdoor Environments  
The 5G system is expected to enable smart industries by providing massive and reliable high-bandwidth communication links and creating high-bandwidth campus environments supporting high data rate connectivity. 5G wireless networks will employ higher frequency bands to support such connectivity demands. In such scenarios, the RF-EMF exposure  
Figure 6: Case Study 2—Optimized outdoor urban planning and 5G design architecture and investigations for public awareness on cancer-related health hazards.  
in specific locations will be highly dynamic in time and space, based on the user's data request and spatial movement in a given area. The passive RF-EMF exposure of individuals will then vary considerably compared to 4G/LTE cases. Users with different demands in the same workplace are exposed to various sources of RF-EMF. However, the adoption of the high-frequency band, and usage of beam steering devices, in both indoor and outdoor locations (e.g., campus, industrial) requires the development of novel measurement devices and deeper analysis to evaluate the potential health risks or symptoms due to the directional RF-EMF exposure in high frequencies (FR2, above 26 GHz). The main scope of this case study (Figure 7) is to assess the exposure of 5G signals in the FR2 mmWave bands according to personalized demands in indoor and outdoor environments and studies of possible biological effects and their mechanisms on RBC.  
To achieve this goal, NextGEM will conduct an extensive literature review on the effects of RF-EMF biophysical mechanisms and on RF-EMF assessment sensing technology. The indoor and outdoor exposures will be modeled using the ERMES ray-tracing tools, including the provision of a first-order model including scattering from the environment to computed received power. This case study will define the indoor (i.e., industrial environment) and outdoor university campus environment with multiple FR2 antenna modules with steering capabilities covering the defined area to provide a higher data rate. This includes identifying signal test cases/scenarios to identify low-, medium-, and high-body RF-EMF exposure.  
The assessment of real-life exposure will be measured with wearable test sensors. The sensing element will provide the required sensitivity to accurately sample the average energy received in the selected case study, operating in the FR2 mm wave bands and capable of covering the entire-body RF-EMF exposure (i.e., distributed sensors). The number and the location of the developed sensors on the test will provide entire-body RF-EMF exposure. The testing of measurement systems will be carried out in the TU Delft lab and the outdoor measurement in the IoT Green Village 5G in the Delft Campus with the participation of volunteer students. In addition, the possible biophysical and biochemical mechanisms of mmWave exposure (FR2) will be investigated on RBC to identify the fundamental mode of action of acute (minutes to hours) exposure and to identify the signal features (pattern, intensity, duration) of importance. If the in vitro experiments show effects of the exposure found in the case study, a double-blind experiment on volunteers will be performed to investigate the possibility of blood effects.