# Image Steganography Using LSB and Hybrid Encryption Algorithms
## 2 Related Work
Peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) measures the quality of the stego image compared with the cover image in decibels. The higher the PSNR, the better the quality. Where MAX is the maximum possible pixel value of the image, this metric describes the proportion of a signal's maximal strength to the power of corrupting noise that compromises the accuracy of its representation. This metric determines signal reconstruction quality, like video coding and data encoding [25]. Visual attack is the only stego attack that allows attackers visual analysis of the stego image. The most common attack of this type is the display of the least significant bit of an object as a binary image and analysis of the resulting image for differences between pixel shows. This attack is too slow and expensive [26]. A statistical attack assumes that the least significant bit of the cover file is random. This attack aims to compare the frequency distribution of the potential cover file with the expected distribution of the cover file. If the new data are not the same as the statistical data expected to contain the standard data, then it probably contains confidential data. It is worth mentioning that the distribution analysis is performed via mathematical methods like the standard deviation of the image histogram, which makes the analysis much faster and widely used [27]. Compared to some state-of-the-art techniques, the proposed method has demonstrated improved perceptual transparency measures, such as peak signal-to-noise ratio and the structural similarity index. Additionally, the proposed method has exhibited high resistance to stego attacks, such as pixel difference histograms and regular and singular analysis. The out-of-boundary pixel issue in many current data-hiding techniques has also been effectively addressed in work [28]. The study of information hiding holds great significance in data security. With the advancements in computational technology, covert communication methods have become widely recognized among researchers and common data communication participants. Image steganography is one of the top choices among experts in data hiding. The biggest challenge in designing a steganographic system is to balance measures such as the quality of the cover image, capacity, and robustness to various attacks [29]. This study aims to comprehensively review various existing image steganography techniques concerning their performance evaluation standards. The challenges faced and the future directions of this field are also discussed [30]. A comprehensive performance evaluation of reversible image steganography techniques was conducted. Techniques from the past two decades were compared using standard test images, with PSNR and embedding capacity as the evaluation parameters. The results of each technique were tabulated, analyzed, and compared to provide a clear understanding of their performance. Descriptive statistics and an in-depth analysis were also performed to assess these past techniques of the standard test [31]. A study was conducted on the scaling parameter, alpha, in the context of image steganography. Various cover and payload images, including live images from a webcam, were preprocessed and normalized. The cover and payload images were then subjected to Haar Discrete Wavelet Transformation (DWT). The payload image was encrypted and combined with the cover image to form the stego image. The performance of the stego image was evaluated using metrics such as PSNR, MSE, and Entropy [32]. This article highlights the importance of establishing a secure organization facing significant industrial and regulatory demands. The widespread use of Wi-Fi networks for remote access to various resources and devices makes them an essential component of modern organizations. Security measures must be taken to mitigate Wi-Fi risks and prevent hacking attempts. This article provides an overview of essential security measures for different organizational contexts to ensure a secure organizational environment.