## 8 Future Research on Solar Energy Systems
### Building-Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV)  
Building-integrated photovoltaics (BIPV) constitute an intelligent energy production system where PV panels are seamlessly integrated into various building elements, such as the roof, windows, and facades [102; 103; 104; 105]. Generally, BIPV systems exhibit lower efficiency than conventional solar panels [106]. The lower efficiency is attributed to their purposeful integration with the building's architecture, which may restrict panel size and orientation. Nevertheless, BIPV systems still yield a substantial energy output, and their efficiency can be enhanced through careful design and placement. Given their integrated nature, BIPV systems necessitate careful consideration during the design phase, as they cannot be easily replaced or altered. It is imperative to strategically position and design the panels to maximize energy generation potential over the building's lifespan. Additionally, this optimization process can reduce BIPV systems' payback period, enhancing their long-term cost-effectiveness [107; 108; 109; 110; 111]. Cost-related challenges in implementing BIPV systems on low-rise buildings are multifaceted. Firstly, the initial investment for BIPV systems tends to surpass that of conventional solar panels, potentially rendering them economically less feasible for such structures [112; 113]. This higher upfront cost is primarily attributed to the need for customized integration, ensuring seamless alignment with the building's architectural design. However, strategic approaches can be adopted to bolster the economic viability of BIPV. One pivotal tactic involves optimizing the design of BIPV systems, thereby enhancing their energy generation potential. Considerations such as selecting optimal orientation, tilt angle, and panel dimensions to maximize energy yield are essential considerations. Concurrently, cost-effective installation methods can be implemented, employing prefabricated panels and streamlining the installation process. This step not only curtails the installation expenses but also contributes to balancing the higher initial cost associated with BIPV systems. Governmental intervention in the form of incentives and subsidies have proven instrumental in encouraging BIPV adoption in low-rise buildings [114]. These measures, encompassing tax credits, rebates, and grants, defray the initial investment and ultimately render BIPV systems a more financially prudent choice. The durability and longevity of BIPV systems stand as paramount concerns due to their integral role in a building's design, rendering them not easily replaceable or modifiable. Several factors influence the lifespan of BIPV systems. Firstly, manufacturing quality plays a pivotal role; employing high-grade materials in their construction enhances resilience to adverse weather conditions and prolongs their functional lifespan [113]. Equally significant is the quality of installation, as subpar execution can result in leaks, potentially causing damage to the panels and diminishing their longevity. Regular maintenance constitutes another vital aspect, encompassing panel cleaning, damage inspections, and timely repairs to ensure sustained functionality. Environmental variables, including temperature, humidity, and UV radiation, influence BIPV systems' longevity [115; 116]. Exposure to extreme weather conditions can expedite panel degradation, reducing their lifespan. In order to maximize energy generation potential and minimize the need for replacement or repair, it is imperative to guarantee the durability and longevity of BIPV systems. While these systems generally have a 20- to 30-year guarantee [117], their operational lifespan can be extended through top-tier materials, careful installation and maintenance, and shielding against harsh environmental conditions. Local building codes and permitting requirements are pivotal in overseeing the installation, operation, and upkeep of BIPV systems, ensuring their adherence to safety standards and legal authorization for building integration [118].