# Pedestrian Comfort Analysis and Parameterized Optimization Design for Raised Floors
## 2 Material and Methods  
### Materials  
The research conducted in this study focused on four distinct types of raised floor systems manufactured by Beijing Livision Residential Industrial Technology Co., Ltd, located in Beijing, China. These included the hybrid ceramic-EPS composite raised floor, hybrid ceramic-cement board composite floor, stainless steel raised floor, and SMC raised floor. In  
Figure 1: Framework for analysis of pedestrian comfort and optimization design of shapes.  
Figure 2, detailed models of each of these raised floor systems are illustrated, while Figure 3 provides actual photographs for visual reference. These raised floor systems have been meticulously designed to cater to diverse market needs. In contrast to conventional raised flooring, the implementation of raised floors within prefab bathroom units necessitates a dual-functionality approach, fulfilling the dual roles of a waterproofed plate and elevated platform support. This integration demands an expansion in both the length and width dimensions to preserve a cohesive and seamless design aesthetic. Concurrently, the thickness of the flooring is suitably enhanced to effectively satisfy waterproofing requirements, thereby safeguarding against potential leaks.  
Table 1 outlines the abbreviated terms and provides a detailed overview of the primary compositions of the aforementioned four types of raised floors, with a particular emphasis on two critical materials: expanded polystyrene (EPS) and sheet molding compound (SMC). EPS, a lightweight cellular plastic, consists of small spherical beads and is composed of approximately 98% air. Under pedestrian impact, EPS exhibits dynamic stiffness values typically ranging from 1 to 5 MPa, coupled with a dynamic elastic modulus between 10 and 20 MPa. These properties stand in stark contrast to those of standard concrete, which generally features a dynamic stiffness exceeding 25 MPa and a dynamic elastic modulus within the range of 30 to 40 GPa. As a result, EPS is notably softer than concrete, endowing  
Figure 3: Photos of four types of raised floor. (The floor types (**a**,**b**,**d**) are of support foot type (**e**), while floor type (**c**) is of support foot type (**f**)).  
Figure 2: Models of four types of raised floor. (�⃝) Ceramic ⃝) EPS ⃝) Waterproofed plate ⃝) Crossbeam ⃝) Support feet ⃝) Cement board ⃝) Stainless steel ⃝) SMC; The floor types A, B, and D are of support foot type E, while floor type C is of support foot type F).  
it with superior deformation capabilities that enhance its ability to absorb impact energy efficiently [30; 31; 32]. On the other hand, SMC is celebrated for its outstanding waterproof properties [33]. This material demonstrates exceptional durability and reliability in humid environments. Its distinctive composite structure adeptly prevents moisture penetration, thereby providing enduring protection to the underlying structure. The qualities of SMC render it indispensable in applications where moisture resistance is paramount.  
The load-bearing structure of raised floors typically consists of cross beams and adjustment supports. In contrast to traditional raised floors with four corner bearings, the raised floor examined in this study features six support legs to accommodate its larger panel size. The steel floor, being heavier, is supported by twelve legs to meet structural bearing requirements. Support legs, derived from modified M12 bolts, are height-adjustable to ensure the floor remains level.