## 3 Results  
In recent decades, the location shifts of low-pressure systems (e.g., cyclones, typhoons, and hurricanes) within their respective basins have been reported by the IMD. The present research focuses on the increased genesis of cyclones in the Arabian Sea compared to previous decades. The Bay of Bengal has consistently witnessed several cyclones due to low wind shear and warmer SST [14]. The drainage of freshwater from rivers into the BoB, along with surface and subsurface saline water, has caused ocean stratification, enhancing TC genesis due to the deep mixed layer during the OND season [25, 26]. Moreover, the AS has higher salinity and a deeper mixed layer, exhibiting greater seasonal variation than the BoB [27]. Additionally, water temperatures in the Arabian Sea remain warm after the summer monsoon season. The spatial distribution and frequency of cyclonic storms over the BoB and AS during the OND season across three decades are shown in Figure 1. Further, it presents a comparative analysis of the number of TCs, highlighting any trends or changes in cyclonic activity over time. Both BoB and AS basins are also witnessed an increased number of cyclones (Figure 1a,b) compared to their climatology. Due to their westward movement and curvature, cyclones are major sources of water and wind damage over nearby landmasses. The BoB cyclones cause heavy rainfall over the India, Bangladesh, Myanmar coasts, and while AS cyclones might bring rainfall to the Middle Eastern region and East African countries (Figure 1a). Yearly variations (from 1991 to 2020) in cyclone formation (of all intensities) also show a gradual increase in numbers year by year over the BoB and AS (Figure 1c). Notably, the number of cyclone formations has increased more over the AS than the BoB, which could change the hydrological cycle around the AS. In the last four decades, [PERSON] et al. [28] noticed an increasing trend of cyclones in the northwestern part of the AS basin. The increase in cyclones over the AS might be attributed to the increased SST, enhanced moisture, and modifications in upper tropospheric winds. However, the analysis shows an increase in cyclonic activity over the BoB, due to SST-induced moisture supply in 2012-2021 compared to 2002-2011. The total number of cyclonic storms reached a maximum of 18 (Table 1) during 2012-2021, compared to the previous two decades (1992-2001 and 2002-2011). Recent studies by [PERSON] et al. [29], [PERSON] et al. [30], [PERSON] et al. [31], and [PERSON] et al. [32] documented that the mean intensity, frequency, track and size of tropical cyclones over the AS were stronger and larger in 2012-2021 compared to 1992-2001 and 2002-2011, respectively. The tracks of all kinds of low-pressure systems formed over the AS and BoB are listed in Table 1. The BoB is a region of higher SST and low wind shear, where the formation of a low-pressure system has a known history. There has been a sudden increase in the formation of low-pressure systems in the AS compared to the BoB in recent years and decades (in 2012-2021, a total of 18). A full analysis of the formation and comparison of the cyclones was performed by [PERSON] et al. [29]. In their study on the changing cyclone  
Figure 1: Cyclonic storms over the (**a**) Arabian Sea (AS: 55–75\({}^{\circ}\) E; 5–20\({}^{\circ}\) N) and (**b**) Bay of Bengal (BoB: 80–100\({}^{\circ}\) E; 5–20\({}^{\circ}\) N), and (**c**) total number of storms over the BoB and AS during the OND seasons of 1992–2021 (source: IMD, India). frequency in the Indian Ocean, they pointed to the availability of heat potential, moist static energy, and other related variables that contribute to cyclonic circulation. The SST climatology and anomalies for the three decades indicate areas with significant warming or cooling around the Indian subcontinent (Figure 2). The anomalies are calculated using the 1982-2011 climatology as a reference. This helps in understanding the changes in SST patterns and their potential impact on TC genesis.