esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 1 Introduction
However, its setup is complicated and it is mainly used for laboratorial tests. GWT is used for the inspection or monitoring of large structures; mainly piezoelectric transducers are employed upon the structure being tested exciting/receiving guided waves [24]. Piezoelectric transducers require direct access to the specimen and a coupling medium (usually a water-based gel), and their response cannot travel through a vacuum. IR can be used in this application mainly for overheating identification; however, the length of the pipes makes this technique practically inefficient. The camera needs to scan the whole length of the pipe, which is time-consuming and may not be possible while the absorber tube is operating [25]. The monitoring of absorber tubes requires a non-contact NDT technique that can be applied at high temperatures without the need for a couplant and can inspect the whole length of the tube from a single point. Therefore, GWT can be applied with the use of non-contact transducers that can withstand high temperatures and excite/receive guided waves and more particularly a T(0,1) wave mode (or SH\({}_{0}\)) [26, 27]. The EMAT can be used for this application, since it is a non-contact technology that has been used in GWT and can be applied for the inspection of structures under hostile conditions such as moving specimen and elevated temperatures. In the following section the main operating principles of EMATs are described and emphasis is also placed on the potentials and limitations of EMATs on guided waves and high temperatures. A brief description of this study follows. The results obtained from the theoretical study are shown in Section 4, where the dispersion curves of the absorber tubes were calculated and processed and a PPM EMAT with racetrack coil has been evaluated mainly regarding its guided wave purity characteristics at both room and high temperatures. In Sections 5 and 6 the experimental setup and the results of the experimental evaluation of a pair of PPM EMATs are presented. The EMATs were tested as far as their efficiency to excite SH\({}_{0}\) is concerned and the parameters that may affect their performance at both room and high temperatures. The EMATs were validated for their wave purity, their sensitivity to noise, their lift-off limitations, their power requirements, and their performance at high temperatures while they were exciting/receiving guided waves. Hence, a comparison between the simulated and the experimental results is finally presented. A high temperature EMAT exciting SH\({}_{0}\) wave and operating up to 400-550 \({}^{\circ}\)C for either monitoring or long-term inspection is also to be accomplished in the near future.
## 2 Related Work  
Recently, as the role of artificial neural networks as diagnostic tools emerges, their influence has gradually expanded, and various methods of using neural networks have been used for research on medical data.  
Autoencoder, an unsupervised learning method, is one of them. [PERSON] et al. [17] studied anomaly detection, the task of identifying sample data that do not match the overall data distribution, using a variational autoencoder [18]. Because variational autoencoders make complex data such as tympanic membrane endoscopic images difficult to learn, they pre-processed tympanic membrane images using adaptive histogram equalization and canny edge detection. Then, they made the variational autoencoder learn the preprocessed data only for the normal tympanic membrane and applied the normal and abnormal tympanic membrane image anomaly scores of the distribution of the variational autoencoder to the K-nearest neighbor algorithm to classify the normal and abnormal tympanic membrane images. As a result, a total of 1232 normal and abnormal tympanic membrane images were obtained, which were classified with 94.5% accuracy, using the algorithm that applied only the normal tympanic membrane image. Studies on lightweight models are also being attempted in many directions.  
[PERSON] et al. [19] constructed the first large-scale ear endoscopy dataset consisting of eight types of ear disease and disease-free samples from two institutions. Inspired by ShuffleNetV2 [20], Best-EarNet is an ultra-fast and ultra-lightweight network that enables real-time ear disease diagnosis. Best-EarNet includes a novel local-global spatial feature fusion module and a multi-scale supervision strategy, making it easy to focus on global-local information within different levels of feature maps. Using transfer learning, the accuracy of Best-EarNet with only 0.77 M parameters achieved 95.23% (with 22,581 images inside) and 92.14% (with 1652 images outside), respectively. Specifically, the average frame per second is 80, so real-time computation was possible.  
[PERSON] et al. [21] presented a deep learning model to automatically diagnose tympanic diseases in real time using abundant octoscope image data obtained from clinical cases. They trained nine common deep CNNs using a total of 20,542 endoscopic images and classified eight ear diseases, including normal diseases, cholesteatoma of the middle ear, chronic suppurative otitis media, external auditory canal bleeding, impacted cerumen, otomycosis external, secretory otitis media, tympanic membrane classification. A transfer learning model was selected by them to construct an ensemble model with DensNet-BC169 [22] and DensNet-BC1615, which has an average accuracy of 95.59%.
# Production Plant and Warehouse Automation with IoT and Industry 5.0
## 1 Introduction
### Existing Survey Deficiencies  
So far, the literature review on IoT has remained theoretical, with a focus on IoT's applications but not on its functioning procedures and benefits. Its operational quality has rarely been analyzed. Recent research has provided a comprehensive analysis of IoT's utilization in transportation, but it did not confer its significance across its use in the supply chain [14]. Another study also provided an optimistic link between IoT-enabled supply chain integration (SCI) on the supply chain, but it did not provide evidence for the implementation of the use cases in the real world or industries. An analysis of the operational procedures is required to find how each technology will work and to what extent they will be efficient in each step of the process [26]. The technology's sustainability research is required to find any problems or risks in its use case, so that any insufficient/deficient process can be refined in the future.  
Therefore, in this review, the authors will explore the following research questions:  
* How can digitalization and IoT improve the industrial sectors, mainly the supply chain management cycle?
* How does IoT implementation affect the internal and external cross-communication of the organizational stakeholders in content to the SC performance?
* How much impact does IoT's implementation have on the performance of the supply chain of an organization as well as on its sustainability?
* How can various IoT devices impact the flexibility, traceability, quality, cost, and monitoring in SCM?
* Is IoT and modernization always beneficial, rather than a manual supply chain?
* What future enhancements can be applied to this sector that can simplify and improve workload and tracking in the future?  
As of now, there are various theoretical models for Industry 4.0--one of the ways being the formation of smart factories that can keep track of all the information being exchanged within and around them using blockchain. Even though these are excellent innovations for the future, there is a dire need for the developers to come up with standardized testing practices that are widely agreeable to evaluate the near-accurate measurement of stability, performance, efficiency, and security of these systems [27]. Only then will consumers choose such technologies, and authors can deduce that IIoT has been truly successful in taking the world a step nearer to becoming a smart hub.
## 3 Chang'E-5T Orbit Determination
### Orbit Determination
#### 3.2.2 Orbit Overlap Comparison  
To evaluate dynamic orbit, we first separate the 2-h GPS data into two 1.5-h arcs with a 1-h overlap, as shown in Figure 10. These two arcs are processed with the same OD strategy presented in Section 3.1, and their orbit differences during the overlaps are calculated in along-track, cross-track and radial components and are used as indicators of the orbit quality. The overlap comparison here can reveal the internal consistency of the orbit estimates. Figure 11 shows the 1-h overlap differences. The differences in along-track and radial components are mainly within \(\pm\)20 m but show larger discrepancies in the last 10 min. Comparatively, the orbit differences in cross-track component are much smaller. The RMS errors in along-track, cross-track and radial direction are 10.60 m, 2.26 m and 13.89 m, respectively. This indicates that the orbit consistency using the OD scheme presented in Table 2 should be at this precision.
# Energy-Efficient Opportunistic Routing Algorithm for Post-Disaster Mine Internet of Things Networks
Moreover, our work provides a novel data transmission method for emergency communication in coal mines, which is of great practical significance for improving the efficiency of post-disaster rescue. The rest of this paper is organized as follows. Section 2 discusses the related works. In Section 3, we describe the system model and problem description. Section 4 explains the proposed DEOR algorithm. Section 5 elaborates on the simulation setup and simulation results. Finally, Section 6 concludes this paper.
## 3 Research Methodology
### Discussion  
In the final stage, we analyzed the measured performance to identify the parameters with the strongest influence on uplink latency and throughput. The findings were then interpreted with respect to the practical requirements of selected industrial use cases, as defined in Tables 1 and 2.
# A Hierarchical Coordinative Control Strategy for Solid State Transformer Based DC Microgrids
## 1 Introduction
The addressed control strategy focused on the input stage of the SST without collaboration among different stages. However, such independent control strategy ignores the inherent differences in the power response speed between different stages, which is prone to cause power difference on both sides of the DC-link capacitors and exacerbate the DC voltage fluctuation. Many efforts have been made to solve this problem. A coordinated control strategy is put forward in [19], to reduce the voltage fluctuations of the LVDC bus, that combines the isolation stage and the output stage. However, it focuses on the dual active bridge cascaded with an inverter (DABCI), which does not consider the input stage in a complete SST. The coordinated control in three stages of the SST should be further studied. Based on a simple SST model, an energy feed-forward scheme for the isolation stage and a direct power feed-forward scheme for the rectifier are proposed in [20], which improve the dynamic performance of the DC-link voltage during load fluctuation. A data-driven coordinated controller architecture for a multiple active  
Figure 1: Structure of a three-stage solid state transformer. bridge-based SST is proposed in [21]. This controller optimizes the target value by collecting and analyzing the global information of the SST, and improves the MVDC-link and LVDC-link voltage quality of the SST under grid-side abnormal conditions. In this paper, a three-stage SST that adopts an MMC as the input stage and a CLLC resonant converter, as the isolation stage is modeled, and a hierarchical coordinative control strategy is proposed. The control strategy aims to improve the DC port voltage quality of the SST when the microgrid output is fluctuating. Compared with other control strategies, a coordinated control strategy between DGs and local energy storage equipment is designed by utilizing super capacitors, which can quickly compensate the power fluctuation of DGs. In addition, the control loop proposed in this paper can eliminate the current imbalance at both ends of the buffer capacitor caused by the power response speed difference of the MMC and CLLC. This control strategy is not only applicable to the situation of power fluctuation in microgrids, but also effective to other kinds of transient conditions, such as the microgrid isolation during fault and the islanding process. The rest of this paper is organized as follows: in Section 2, an overview of an SST-based microgrid is presented. The mathematical model and problems existing in the independent control strategy are introduced. In Section 3, a hierarchical coordinative control is proposed to improve the DC bus voltage stability. A detailed frequency-domain analysis, compared with independent control, is discussed. Finally, simulation results under different conditions are demonstrated in Section 4, followed by the conclusions in Section 5.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### PH, a\({}_{w}\) (Water Activity,) and Microbial Counts
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline  & **pH** & **a\({}_{\text{w}}\)** & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Total Viable Count**} \\  & & & **(Log CFU/g) and Countable** \\ \hline  & & t0 = unripened roes & \\ NC & 5.86 \(\pm\) 0.02 & 0.30 \(\pm\) 0.00 & 1.24 \(\pm\) 0.17 b (2/4) \\ OAM & 6.12 \(\pm\) 0.09 & 0.30 \(\pm\) 0.00 & 1.08 \(\pm\) 0.08 b (4/4) \\ BSM & 6.15 \(\pm\) 0.01 & 0.30 \(\pm\) 0.00 & 1.48 \(\pm\) 0.20 b (4/4) \\  & & t1 = 4 months of ripening & \\ NC & 5.97 \(\pm\) 0.01 & 0.29 \(\pm\) 0.00 & 5.89 \(\pm\) 1.29 a (4/4) \\ OAM & 6.28 \(\pm\) 0.07 & 0.29 \(\pm\) 0.00 & 1.20 \(\pm\) 0.17 b (4/4) \\ BSM & 6.42 \(\pm\) 0.02 & 0.29 \(\pm\) 0.00 & 1.50 \(\pm\) 0.17 b (3/4) \\  & & t2 = 8 months of ripening & \\ NC & 5.90 \(\pm\) 0.02 & 0.29 \(\pm\) 0.00 & 5.90 \(\pm\) 1.20 a (4/4) \\ OAM & 6.26 \(\pm\) 0.01 & 0.29 \(\pm\) 0.00 & nd \\  & & t3 = 14 months of ripening & \\ NC & 5.84 \(\pm\) 0.02 & 0.29 \(\pm\) 0.00 & 6.89 \(\pm\) 0.09 a (3/4) \\ OAM & 6.12 \(\pm\) 0.08 & 0.29 \(\pm\) 0.0 & nd \\ BSM & 6.30 \(\pm\) 0.03 & 0.29 \(\pm\) 0.00 & 1.30 (1/4) \\ \hline \end{tabular} a,b = values associated to a different letter within the same column were significantly different (\(p<0.05\)) when testing for the interaction effect of ripening time and preservative treatment over group least squares means (Tukey HSD multiple comparisons) in a multifactorial model; nd = not detected.  
\end{table} 
Table 2: pH, a\({}_{\text{w}}\), and total viable count (TVC, expressed as Log CFU/g) detected in caviar under investigation during the ripening time. Data were expressed as mean \(\pm\) SEM (standard error of the mean). For the TVC, the number of samples in which counts were detected is indicated in brackets. Legend: NC, sodium chloride (NaCl); OAM, organic acid mixture; BSM, borax and salt mixture. a\({}_{\text{w}}\): water activity, TVC: total viable counts. (t3), only one sample over the 4 in the BSM series showed the presence of microbial counts, with a value of 1.30 log CFU/g.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Evaluation of Different Extraction Techniques on the Yield and Purity of Obtained Extracts
#### 3.1.1 Extraction of Phycobiliproteins by Maceration  
In this part of the study, the effect of extraction time on the phycobiliprotein extraction efficiency and purity was evaluated (Figure 2). As expected, the lowest yield (23.1 \(\pm\) 0.4 mg PC/g of biomass and 8.1 \(\pm\) 0.2 mg APC/g of biomass) was achieved with 1 h of maceration. The prolongation of extraction time resulted in significantly higher yields (\(\sim\)31 mg PC/g of biomass) than for the 1 h; however, no statistically significant differences were observed between two and three hours of maceration (Figure 2A). For APC, although the content increased from one to two hours, the prolongation of extraction from two to three hours led to the degradation of APC by approximately 20%.  
Figure 1: Extraction yield of phycocyanin and allophycocyanin from _A. platensis_ using different solvents. DW—distilled water, pH 6–0.1 M sodium phosphate buffer at pH 6, pH 6.5–0.1 M sodium phosphate buffer at pH 6.5, pH 7–0.1 M sodium phosphate buffer at pH 7. Yield values are expressed as mg/g of biomass. Values are expressed as mean \(\pm\) standard deviation, n = 3. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences \(p\) < 0.05 (ANOVA, \(p\) < 0.05).  
The purity of the obtained extracts ranged from 1.33 \(\pm\) 0.38 to 1.35 \(\pm\) 0.36, with no significant differences (\(p\) > 0.05) between the extractions. This high purity is somewhat surprising since the purity ratios of PC extracts from maceration extractions reported by other authors in the literature range between 0.6 and 1.0, which can vary due to extraction conditions (mixing speed, time, temperature, solvent) and source of the biomass used [38; 39]. However, [PERSON] et al. have observed that using a buffer system in PC extraction can lead to a higher purity due to minimal chlorophyll extraction [40].
# Analysis of Lower Limb Performance Determinants in Sport Climbing
## 4 Discussion
### Sex Differences  
Our results confirm marked sex differences in the physical performance of recreational climbers, with men showing significantly superior performance in all explosive strength tests (vertical and horizontal jumps) and maximal strength tests (handgrip strength and number of pull-ups). Due to the differences within the sample, these results should be interpreted with caution. Nevertheless, they accurately reflect the distribution of participants in this sport. These differences align with findings in the literature, which document greater strength and power capacity in men, attributed to physiological factors such as greater muscle mass, higher testosterone levels, and muscle architecture more favorable for force production [12; 55; 56]. However, when these values were normalized for body mass and fat-free mass, the sex differences were considerably reduced (35.3%, 18.4%, and 13.3% in power; 33.2%, 13.0%, and 9.9% in handgrip strength), indicating that part of the male advantage in absolute values is influenced by body composition. Additionally, in disciplines involving frequent jumping and landings--an increasingly common situation in modern indoor climbing--women face a higher risk of knee joint injuries, especially involving the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), due to structural factors such as greater dynamic valgus, a wider Q angle, and increased ligamentous laxity [57; 58]. In this context, the growing prevalence of dynamic moves and jumps in modern bouldering [13; 16; 17] highlights the need for specific preventive programs, particularly for female climbers. On the other hand, women demonstrated greater lower limb mobility, with clear advantages in ankle dorsiflexion and dynamic flexibility tests, showing percentage differences of 57.5% (Sit and Reach), 5.5% (LFM), and 2.4% (RFM). These findings align with previous studies that describe greater general flexibility in women, associated with hormonal and biomechanical factors such as higher levels of relaxin and estrogens, which reduce muscle stiffness and increase tendon elasticity by inhibiting collagen synthesis [59; 60; 61]. However, this increased joint mobility may also elevate injury susceptibility, especially in the lower limbs and structures like the ACL, where a higher incidence of injuries has been observed in women [62]. Overall, our findings are consistent with studies evaluating lower limb mobility in climbers by sex [2; 22], as well as with research in disciplines like gymnastics, where flexibility is a key performance component [63]. Paradoxically, although male gymnasts can achieve high levels of flexibility, their overall performance is often lower than that of female gymnasts [63], reinforcing the notion that structural and functional sex differences must be considered in both training planning and injury prevention in climbing.
## 1 Introduction
AI-based approaches will become an alternative to traditional harmonic analysis in the near future, although some challenges must be faced first. To date, their effectiveness is low when dealing with unknown signals containing unknown harmonics and interharmonics [27]. Another technique that has become widespread is the linear Kalman filter (LKF). This is a well-known technique based on a recursive algorithm that can be used to accurately obtain the amplitude, frequency, and phase angle of a signal [28; 29]. The main concern with the application of LKF in measuring non-sinusoidal signals (voltages or currents) is the need for prior knowledge of the real number of harmonic and interharmonic components present in the voltage. Without the \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Component** & **Frequency** \\ \hline DC & 0 Hz \\ Fundamental component & \(f_{1}\) \\ Subharmonic & \(0<f<f_{1}\) \\ Harmonic & \(f=h*f_{1}\) \\ Interharmonic & \(f\
eq h*f_{1}\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Frequency components of a signal. correct dimension of its matrices, the algorithm may fail to converge or may produce inaccurate results [30]. Intended for the future development of new power-quality measurement equipment, this work proposes a new real-time adaptive algorithm that improves the frequency component identification and quantification of an unknown electrical signal. New definitions are proposed for spectral energy grouping, allowing for the identification of the real number of harmonic and interharmonic components. Therefore, an accurate model of the signal is obtained, enabling the implementation of an LKF with adequate dimensions to perform a precise tracking of the signal components. Applied to network voltage, it results in a highly accurate identification method for harmonic and interharmonic voltage components. The proposed algorithm also enables for fast convergence when the harmonic spectrum of the network voltage changes. This article is structured as follows: Section 2 presents a review of the IEC 61000-4-7 standard. Section 3 details the operation of the LKF in obtaining real-time values of the individual components present. Section 4 delineates the developed method. In Section 5, the presented method is validated through simulations. Finally, Section 6 presents the conclusions.
## 2 Stand-Alone Wind Energy Supply System  
The power circuit topology of the proposed variable speed stand-alone wind energy supply system is shown in Figure 1. The system consists of the following components:  
* Wind turbine.
* Permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG), which is directly driven by the wind turbine without using a gearbox.
* A single switch three phase mode rectifier which consists of a three phase diode bridge rectifier and DC-DC boost converter.
* Batteries bank is connected to the DC-link voltage through DC-DC bidirectional buck-boost converter.
* A three phase voltage source inverter connected to the load through LC filter.  
The proposed model has been modeled and simulated using MATLAB/SIMULINK software program.
## 3 Numerical Investigations
### Disk Tests  
Brazilian disk tests with a single slot were experimentally investigated in [79]. The diameter of the disk is 10 cm. A slot with length 3 cm and width 0.1 cm is located in the middle of the disk, with inclination angle to the \(y\)-axis denoted as \(\alpha\). The bottom 0.4 cm width of the disk is fixed when the top 0.4 cm width of the disk is vertically loaded. The elastic modulus \(E\) is 15 GPa, the Poisson's ratio \(\
u\) is 0.21, the fracture energy \(G_{f}\) is 30 N/m, and the tensile strength \(f_{t}\) is 3.81 MPa, see the model provided in [57]. The analytical peak load per unit thickness is \(F_{peak}=(\pi\ D\ f_{t})/2=598.47\) kN, which is used for obtaining the normalized peak loads. The numerically obtained crack paths are shown in Figure 3 and the normalized peak loads are shown in Figure 4 comparing the results provided in [80] (obtained by the phase field method) and [81] (by the bond-based peridynamics method). The results indicate the reliability of the CEM, which shows weak mesh dependency and agreeable results comparing to some other work.  
Figure 3: Brazilian disk tests: crack paths regarding different inclined angle \(\alpha\) and meshes.