## 4 Mitigation Methods for Disinfecting AMR Pathogens and Genes in Wastewater Treatment
### Photocatalysis
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**S. No** & **Sample Type** & **Target ARGs** & **Method of Wastewater Treatment** & **Reduction in ARGs** & **References** \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{1} & Urban MWW & _blatTEM_, _qnrS_ and _sull_ & \begin{tabular}{c} Photocatalytic ozonation \\ (TiO\({}_{2}\) rings and LED light) \\ \end{tabular} & Reduced to 10 gene copies/mL & [109] \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{2} & MWW & _mccA_ & Photocatalysis & 5.8 log & [102] \\ \cline{3-6}  & _ampC_ & \begin{tabular}{c} (TiO\({}_{2}\)/H\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{2}\) based and under UV \\ radiation) \\ \end{tabular} & 4.7 log & \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{3} & WWTP & _sull_ & \multirow{3}{*}{Photocatalytic ultrafiltration} & \multirow{3}{*}{-98\%} & [101] \\ \cline{3-6}  & & _sull2_ & & & \\ \cline{3-6}  & & _fobR_ & & & \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{4} & Wastewater & _ampC_ & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Photocatalysis \\ (Graphene based TiO\({}_{2}\)/Solar \\ radiation) \\ \end{tabular} & Complete removal & [100] \\ \cline{3-6}  & WWTP effluents & _tetA_ &
\begin{tabular}{c} Photocatalysis \\ (Ag/Agbr/gC\({}_{3}\)/N\({}_{4}\) nano \\ composites/Visible light) \\ \end{tabular} & 49\% & \\ \cline{3-6}
5 & & _tetM_ & \begin{tabular}{c} (Ag/Agbr/gC\({}_{3}\)/N\({}_{4}\) nano \\ composites/Visible light) \\ \end{tabular} & 86\% & [96] \\ \cline{3-6}  & & _tetQ_ & \begin{tabular}{c} 69\% \\ (sull, _sull_ and _tetQ_) \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} Photocatalysis \\ (with constructed wetlands) \\ \end{tabular} & 1.27–1.72 log & [97] \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{7} & WWTP & _sull1_, _tetA_ and _tetG_ & Fenton oxidation (UV/H\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{2}\)) & 2.58 to 3.79 logs & [116] \\ \cline{3-6}  & Urban MWW & \begin{tabular}{c} _bla_, _blc_, _blc_, _sull_ \\ and _tetM_ \\ \end{tabular} & Solar Fenton process & Reduced to –10 copies/mL & [106] \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{9} & Wastewater effluents & _Intracellular_, _blatTEM_, & \multirow{3}{*}{Photo-Fenton process} & 3.79 log & \\ \cline{3-6}  & & _Intracellular_, _blatTEM_, & & 2.19 log & [105] \\ \cline{3-6}  & & _Extracellular_, _tetA_ & & & \\ \cline{3-6}  & & _Extracellular_, _tetA_ & & & \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{10} & HWW & _qnrA_, _qnrB_, _qnrS_, _qnrD_, _aac(6)-_jb-cr_, _qnrA_ & Electro-peroxone and sequencing & - & [117] \\ \cline{3-6}  & & _tetA_ & \begin{tabular}{c} _sull1_ \\ TiO\({}_{2}\) nanotube/under UV lights) \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} 2.1–2.3 for long sequence target \\ 1.3–1.8 for short sequence target \\ \end{tabular} & [114] \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{12} & MWW & _tetG_, _fobR_ and _sull_ & \begin{tabular}{c} Electro-oxidation using a Magneli \\ phase Ti\({}_{4}\)O\({}_{2}\) anode \\ \end{tabular} & 99\% & [104] \\ \cline{3-6}  & & & & (2/3/3\({}^{4}\) compared with conventional \\ \cline{3-6}  & MWW & _sull_ & \begin{tabular}{c} _sull_ \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} _sull_ \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} _sull_ \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} _sull_ \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{14} & Wastewater & _sull_ & Electro-oxidation & 4.8 log & [118] \\ \cline{3-6}  & & _tetA_ & & 1.8 log & \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: The degree of reduction in ARG concentration by various methods of wastewater treatment. AMR genes (_mecA_ and _ampC_) within their hosts MRSA and _P. aeruginosa_. respectively. Their study resulted in a reduction of 5.8 log values and 4.7 log values of _mecA_ and _ampC_, respectively. In the presence of TiO\({}_{2}\)-based photocatalysis under UV radiation (120 mJ/cm\({}^{2}\)) and the addition of H\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{2}\), it showed an enhanced efficiency in controlling AMR genes [102]. [PERSON] et al. [101] had incorporated TiO\({}_{2}\) into the Polyvinylidine fluoride ultra-filtration membrane for the removal of ARGs such as _fl0R_ (Florfenicol resistance), _sull_ and _sullI_ (sulfonamide resistance) from wastewater treatment plants. The authors documented that the efficiency of this method for ARG degradation was found to be -98% under UV irradiation.