## 2 Results
### The Extracts Chemical Profile
Higher aliphatic compounds were also present (Table 2). However typical compounds found in direct extracts with solvents A and B were not present. Diethyl ether extract (sequence I, D) contained hydroquinone (36.8%) and 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (16.6%) as the major constituents. (_E_)-4-(r-1\({}^{\prime}\),4-2\({}^{\prime}\),\(\zeta\)-4\({}^{\prime}\)-trihydroxy-3\({}^{\prime}\),6\({}^{\prime}\),6\({}^{\prime}\)-trimethylcyclohexaryl)-but-3-en-2-one was present with 6.2%, methyl syringae with 3.0%, and 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde with 5.3%. Other C\({}_{13}\)-norisoprenoids were found with minor abundance, such as 3-oxo-\(\alpha\)-ionone, 3-oxo-7,8-dihydro-\(\alpha\)-ionone, and vomifoliol. Only _trans_-linalool oxide (furan type) was found. It can be seen that this extract was purified from less polar compounds by previous extraction with pentane (sequence I). The extract with pentane:diethyl ether (1:2, \(v/v\)) applied in sequence II (E) contained as major compounds 1,4-benzenediol (27.7%), docosane (14.0%), 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (13.3%), 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (11.6%), methyl syringae (6.6%), and (E)-4-(r-1\({}^{\prime}\),t-2\({}^{\prime}\),c-4\({}^{\prime}\)-trihydroxy-3\({}^{\prime}\),6\({}^{\prime}\),6\({}^{\prime}\)-trimethylcyclohexaryl)-but-3-en-2-one (3.3%). Other C\({}_{13}\)-norisoprenoids (3-oxo-\(\alpha\)-ionone, 3-oxo-7,8-dihydro-\(\alpha\)-ionone, and vomifoliol) were present. Lot of similarities were noted among diethyl ether extract in sequence I (D) and the extract with the mixture of pentane:diethyl ether (1:2, \(v/v\)) in sequence II (E) regarding the distribution of hydroquinone, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde, and C\({}_{13}\)-norisoprenoids. The major difference was the abundance of docosane in the extract E (sequence II). Since dichloromethane extract in sequence II (F) was applied after pentane extraction and after the extraction with pentane:diethyl ether (1:2, \(v/v\)), it was expected to contain the least compounds of all the extracts (Table 2). However, this extract was dominated by (_E_)-4-(r-1\({}^{\prime}\),t-2\({}^{\prime}\),c-4\({}^{\prime}\)-trihydroxy-3\({}^{\prime}\),6\({}^{\prime}\),6\({}^{\prime}\)-trimethylcyclohexylaryl)-but-3-en-2-one (49.1%), which could be useful for its isolation from the honey matrix. Such a result was also expected and it is in accordance with the data obtained from the direct extraction with dichloromethane. It is interesting to note that other C\({}_{13}\)-norisoprenoids were extracted with pentane:diethyl ether (1:2, \(v/v\)) previously applied in sequence II (E), and they were not present in dichloromethane extract (F). Docosane was the second major compound (25.9%) in this extract, followed by (_Z_)-octadec-9-en-1-ol (8.9%) and octadecan-1-ol (2.8%). In comparison with HS-SPME (Tables 1 and 2), only a few compounds were similar, whilelinalool and its derivatives were found with significantly lower abundance in the extracts than in the headspace. Epoxidation of lanalool gives 6,7-epoxylinalool, which undergoes further reactions to form lanalool oxides, while hotriend is derived from hydroxylated lanalool derivatives [11]. Higher abundance of lanalool, _cis_-, and _trans_-linalool oxide were found in the headspace of _Coriandrum sativum_ L. [14] and _Citrus_ spp. [13; 15; 16] honey types. Regarding the extract chemical profiles, no major similarity was found among the profiles of other honey types. A combination of predominant compounds (_E_)-4-(r-1\({}^{\prime}\),t-2\({}^{\prime}\),c-4\({}^{\prime}\)-trihydroxy-3\({}^{\prime}\),6\({}^{\prime}\),6\({}^{\prime}\)-trimethylcyclohexylaryl)-but-3-en-2-one, hydroquinone, methyl syringe, and 4-hydroxybenzoic acid is unique to _A.__ursinum_ honey. 1,4-Dihydroxybenzene was proposed as a floral marker compound for vipers bugloss (_Echium vulgare_ L.) honey [17]. High proportions of benzoic acid and its derivatives were found in _Salix_ spp. honeydehrcatives [18], but with a minor percentage of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid. The latter was found abundant by HPLC in buckwheat (_Fagopyrum esculent_ L.) honey [19].