## 4 Discussion  
Corn oil is rich in linoleic acid (LA), which plays an essential role in neural development and the regulation of inflammation [33], lipid-lowering properties [34], anticarcinogenic properties, and body weight reduction [35], and it is found in the tissues of _Drosophila melanogaster_ during ingestion [11]. However, excessive intake of LA leads to the formation of oxidized LA metabolites, impairments in mitochondrial function, and free radical production [36]. In this study, exposure to a diet containing corn oil did not result in changes in pupal volume when compared to studies by [PERSON] et al. (2023) [17] and [PERSON] et al. (2024) [18], which demonstrated intoxication during the pupal stage, as indicated by reduced pupal development. However, the positive relationship between body size and fitness is not confined to insects; it has also been observed in vertebrates, including reptiles and mammals [37]. Furthermore, our results showed a significant decrease in the hatching rate of \(D\). _melanogaster_ only after the larvae ingested 45.9 mg/mL of corn oil, suggesting that lower doses do not impair development into adulthood. Additionally, the ingestion of vegetable oils with varying concentrations of PUFAs in a mouse model with Alzheimer's disease (AD) reduced cognitive impairment and offered benefits against oxidative stress, improved learning and memory parameters, and significantly affected neurogenesis [38]. Figure 8: Expression of human \(\beta_{42}\) in the _Drosophila melanogaster_ eye. (**A**) Phenotypic image, (**B**) area (**C**) amyloid aggregation in heads of _Drosophila melanogaster_ fed on a diet supplemented with corn oil (n = 10). The values represent the mean \(\pm\) SEM (Two-Way ANOVA, Bonferroni as post-hoc test) of three experiments. The results were considered statistically significant when \(p<0.05\). Moreover, _D. melanogaster_ fed LA exhibited inhibitory effects on the cytotoxicity of \(\beta_{42}\) fragments [36]. _D. melanogaster_ has four developmental stages: egg, larva, pupa, and adult. In the larval stage, they feed continuously to accumulate nutrients and use them as an energy reserve in fat cells [39]. Food deprivation after 48 h demonstrated lower mortality in _D. melanogaster_ fed with differing concentrations and ratios of protein and carbohydrates [40], modulating the lifespan as in _Caenorhabditis elegans_[41], turtle [42], and mice [43]. Our results show that larvae fed with 37.8 mg/mL of corn oil resulted in \(\sim\)20% survival of flies living after five days of starvation, suggesting that the oil ingestion during the larval stage or instar promoted lipid storage and energy mobilization for the metabolism during fasting [44]. The locomotor activity in animals is linked to AChE activity. This enzyme plays a crucial role in regulating cholinergic neurotransmission and exists in two forms: soluble in the cytosol (neural tissue) and membrane-bound (muscle tissue) [45; 46]. Dysfunction of this enzyme, such as high concentrations, is associated with neurodegenerative diseases like AD [45]. Our results show that supplementation with corn oil (37.8 mg/mL) for five days promoted greater longevity and improved climbing activity, similar to the effects observed in _D. melanogaster_ supplemented with different PUFAs [29]. It also enhanced cholinergic transmission, either by increasing the synthesis and release of acetylcholine and has thus far proven to be the most effective in improving cognitive performance through dietary means [47]. The primary energy source is carbohydrates, which undergo oxidation to produce energy carriers and metabolic intermediates such as ATP, NADH, FADH\({}_{2}\), and pyruvate. When there is not enough oxygen to oxidize pyruvate, anaerobic glycolysis occurs, producing lactate, which also provides energy. This process happens in the muscles during physical activity. However, lactate is also present in the postprandial period and is preferable for supplying energy to the brain, heart, and skeletal muscle [48; 49].