## 1 Introduction
Each of these studies is a case study, and the main results presented in the study provide valuable information for better understanding the seismic response and vulnerability of the structures and for use in the assessment and mitigation of seismic risk. There are some special studies on the behaviour of adobe structures before and after the earthquake. [PERSON] et al. [34] conducted a study on the combined evaluation of in- and out-of-plane fragility functions for adobe buildings in the Peruvian Andes. [PERSON] et al. [35], investigated in detail the behaviour of confined adobe structures under earthquake effects. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [36] used advanced numerical structural analysis to evaluate the overall behaviour of adobe buildings and to determine the failure mechanisms and damage distribution. [PERSON] et al. [37], in light of recent earthquakes, investigated the seismic behaviour of adobe masonry structures under the influence of earthquakes. [PERSON] et al. [38] analysed the earthquake behaviour of the adobe buildings based on parametric and machine learning after the 2017 Mexico earthquakes. [PERSON] et al. [39] examined the structural behaviour and strengthening of the adobe structures. [PERSON] et al. [40] investigated the structural damages in adobe and masonry structures during the 2011 Elazig earthquake within the framework of engineering. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [41] investigated the failure mechanisms of masonry and adobe structures after the 2003 Bam (Iran) earthquake. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [42] investigated the earthquake damage in historical adobe structures after the 1994 Northridge earthquake. [PERSON] et al. [43] examined the damages in adobe and masonry structures after the 2011 Van (Turkiye) earthquakes within the framework of a cause-effect relationship. Each of these and comparable studies can be thought of as case studies, and they can help with the design and strengthening of masonry structures, as well as the development of earthquake-resistant building design concepts for such structures. In addition, some studies can be seen as field studies for seismic risk assessments of such structures before a possible earthquake. In this study, the effects of the 2023 Kahramanmaras earthquake couple, which was the worst disaster of the century for Turkiye, on adobe structures were examined in detail. A significant part of the dominant masonry building type in rural regions consists of adobe structures. In the study, first of all, the studies in which the damages occurred after earthquakes in masonry structures and especially in adobe structures after different earthquakes were examined were examined. By giving information about the Kahramanmaras earthquakes, the highest PGA values measured at the earthquake stations in 11 provinces most affected by earthquakes are given. It was converted to earthquake intensity for each earthquake station using these measured PGA values, with the help of the PGA-intensityrelation, which is especially recommended for Turkiye. It has been tried to reveal the destructive features of the earthquakes with the structural damage data in 11 different provinces affected by the earthquakes. Observed structural damages at different levels in adobe buildings after earthquakes have been investigated within the framework of the cause-effect relationship in terms of civil and earthquake engineering. Moreover, damage levels were determined by using EMS-98 for 100 adobe structures as a result of these earthquakes. A comparison was made for adobe structures within the framework of the rules specified in the last two earthquake design codes used in Turkiye. This study aims to reveal the extent of structural damages caused by two independent earthquakes. This will be one of the first studies to look into in detail the damages caused to adobe structures by the Kahramanmaras earthquakes, which caused great destruction. With this study, it can be used to improve earthquake design principles related to adobe structures.