# Information and Communication Technologies and Agricultural Production: New Evidence from Africa
## 4 Results and Discussion
### Panel ARDL Elasticities of Impacts of Digital Tools on Agricultural Production
Ceteris paribus, a percentage increase in the subscription of the fixed telephones in these African countries would de  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Variables**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Crop Production**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Livestock Production**} \\ \cline{2-5}  & **PMG** & **DFE** & **PMG** & **DFE** \\ \hline Panel A: Long-Run Estimates & & & & \\ InX1 & 0.071 & 0.148 & 0.017 & 0.039 \\  & (10.72) *** & (5.56) *** & (0.97) & (0.91) \\ InX2 & \(-0.022\) & \(-0.017\) & 0.077 & 0.106 \\  & (\(-1.97\)) *** & (\(-0.50\)) & (5.17) *** & (1.90) * \\ InX3 & \(-0.031\) & \(-0.015\) & \(-0.079\) & 0.008 \\  & (\(-3.87\)) *** & (\(-1.28\)) & (\(-6.17\)) *** & (0.41) \\ InX4 & 0.079 & 0.001 & 0.106 & 0.018 \\  & (4.46) *** & (0.01) & (2.42) *** & (0.15) \\ InX5 & 0.006 & 0.141 & 0.392 & 0.009 \\  & (0.44) & (2.34) *** & (6.72) *** & (0.09) \\ InX6 & \(-0.293\) & \(-0.183\) & 1.507 & 0.022 \\  & (\(-10.34\)) *** & (\(-0.72\)) & (5.99) *** & (0.05) \\ Panel B: Short-Run Estimates & & & & \\ ECT & 0.690 & 0.481 & 0.191 & 0.170 \\  & (6.47) *** & (11.94) *** & (4.42) *** & (6.16) *** \\ \(\Delta\)InX1 & \(-0.051\) & \(-0.043\) & \(-0.018\) & 0.003 \\  & (\(-1.14\)) & (\(-1.22\)) & (\(-0.38\)) & (0.14) \\ \(\Delta\)InX2 & 0.120 & 0.007 & 0.008 & 0.007 \\  & (1.96) ** & (0.17) & (0.27) & (0.27) \\ \(\Delta\)InX3 & \(-0.089\) & \(-0.002\) & \(-0.014\) & 0.0002 \\  & (\(-1.77\)) * & (\(-0.19\)) & (\(-0.25\)) & (0.03) \\ \(\Delta\)InX4 & 0.102 & 0.091 & \(-0.005\) & 0.038 \\  & (0.87) & (1.79)* & (\(-0.08\)) & (1.31) \\ \(\Delta\)InX5 & 0.022 & \(-0.038\) & \(-0.003\) & \(-0.006\) \\  & (0.19) & (\(-0.88\)) & (\(-0.06\)) & (\(-0.23\)) \\ \(\Delta\)InX6 & 1.969 & \(-0.247\) & 0.656 & \(-0.061\) \\  & (1.33) & (\(-0.22\)) & (0.78) & (\(-0.10\)) \\ Constant & \(-3.857\) & \(-2.335\) & 0.754 & \(-0.404\) \\  & (\(-6.27\)) *** & (\(-4.14\)) * & (4.87) *** & (-1.29) \\ Observations & 512 & 512 & 512 & 512 \\ \hline \hline \mulcrease their crop production index by approximately 0.03%. Thus, as more of the populace subscribes to fixed telephones in these countries, their crop production index is expected to decrease in the long run. On the other hand, the fixed telephone subscription was highly significant (statistically significant at 1%). It also recorded a coefficient of \(-0.079\). Thus, holding all other variables constant, a percentage increase in the subscription of fixed telephones in these African countries will decrease their crop production by approximately 0.079%. This implies that, as more of the populace from the aforementioned countries subscribes to the fixed telephone, the livestock production in these countries is expected to decline in the long run. [PERSON] et al. [56] in their research found a long-run relationship between fixed telephone subscriptions with both crop and livestock production. The probable reason for the negative relationship between fixed telephone use and crop and livestock production could be due to the fact that fixed telephone subscription is low in the continent and they are not usually subscribed by farmers. We observed that the variable \"adjusted net national income per capita\" was statistically significant under both crop production and livestock production categories. This implies that adjusted net national income per capita has a long-run relationship with both crop production and livestock production. It also recorded a coefficient of 0.106 for livestock production and 0.079 for crop production. Thus, the adjusted net national income per capita has a positive influence on crop and livestock production in these African countries. Statistically, livestock production in these African countries is expected to increase by 0.106% when there is an increase in the adjusted net national income per capita of these countries by a unit. Moreover, crop production index in these African countries is expected to increase by 0.079% when there is an increase in the adjusted net national income per capita of these countries by a unit.