## 3 IoT-Cloud Systems
### IoT Systems
With the help of IoT devices, we can collect real-time data on various environmental factors such as temperature, humidity, air pressure, and wind speed, which can help us detect natural disasters such as hurricanes, floods, and earthquakes. These devices can also monitor infrastructure such as bridges, dams, and buildings for any signs of damage or weakness and alert authorities before they collapse or fail, preventing further damage and loss of life. Moreover, IoT can aid disaster management by providing real-time updates on the affected areas, helping authorities plan and allocate resources effectively. Smart sensors and cameras can be deployed to assess the extent of the damage in disaster-stricken areas, and drones can be used to reach inaccessible areas and gather more information. This data can be analyzed using ML algorithms to identify patterns and predict future disasters [145; 146], improving the accuracy of EWS and minimizing the impact of disasters. Another significant advantage of IoT in disaster management is its ability to facilitate communication between emergency responders and victims. Wearable devices and mobile apps can help victims send alerts and SOS messages, and responders can use IoT devices to locate and rescue survivors in real time. IoT can also help in tracking the movements of rescue teams and ensuring their safety. The use of IoT for disaster detection and management has the potential to save countless lives and minimize the impact of disasters. By leveraging IoT devices to collect real-time data, authorities can detect disasters early, manage resources effectively, and respond quickly to save lives. However, it is crucial to address concerns about data privacy and security to ensure the safe and ethical use of IoT in disaster management. Drones, also known as unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), have come a long way since their inception in the early 20 th century [147]. Initially used for military purposes, drones have evolved and diversified over time, and today they have a wide range of applications in various fields, including photography, agriculture, search and rescue, and disaster management [148]. In addition, it can be equipped with thermal imaging sensors that can also be used to detect the presence of survivors in collapsed buildings or other hard-to-reach areas [149]. There are several types of drones (Figure 6), each with unique characteristics and capabilities. The most common types of drones are fixed-wing, rotary-wing, and hybrid drones. Fixed-wing drones are similar to airplanes and can fly for longer distances, while rotary-wing drones, also known as quadcopters, are more agile and can hover in place. Hybrid drones combine features of both fixed-wing and rotary-wing drones, providing a balance between endurance and agility. Figure 5: A general IoT system paradigm. Drones can be involved in various types of communications (Figure 7), including visual, auditory, and data communication. Visual communication involves transmitting images and videos captured by the drone's camera to a remote operator or a ground station. Auditory communication can include transmitting audio messages, such as warnings or instructions, to individuals or groups on the ground via a speaker on the drone. Data communication involves transmitting data, such as telemetry and sensor readings, between the drone and a ground station or another device. Additionally, drones can be equipped with communication technologies such as satellite communication, Wi-Fi, and cellular networks to enable long-range communication and control. In [150], the authors exploited the UAVs to collect data for disaster management relying on 5G (fifth generation) and B5G (beyond 5G) systems with their huge capacity in terms of different data types. The authors investigated various literature solutions to some UAV issues, such as energy harvesting and security. For example, they mentioned a sample method that used UAVs to find the most suitable localization of the sensor nodes for optimizing Quality of Service.