### Recent Advances in the Tactile Internet  
Recently, because of the emergence of the Tactile Internet (TI), a remarkable amount of research has been substantially carried out. These studies are generally inspired by several applications such as self-driving vehicles, augmented reality (AR), virtual reality (VR), Industry 4.0, Healthcare 4.0, immersive virtual reality (IVR), teleoperation systems, telemeroring, remote driving, and tactile robots. The existing system models and architectures are still theoretically and technically inadequate to realise the arising TI applications. Due to the non-traditional requirements and demands for TI in future B5G networks, factors such as Fog/Edge clouds, sensors and actuators at the master and slave sides, RTT, reliability, system models, and architecture are taken into consideration.  
In addition, the speed of light is 3 \(\times\) 10\({}^{8}\) m/s, i.e., light travels 300 km in 1 ms. To meet the requirements of the TI RTT, the control server and tactile ends can be at a maximum of 150 km. Thus, the limiting parameter, i.e., the speed of light, also affects the speed of human interaction with humans/machines.  
Furthermore, considering the stringent demands and requirements of TI involving ultra-low latency and ultra-high reliability, features such as data integrity, security, encryption, and network availability need to be established with fewer trade-offs between these. However, the existing centralised infrastructure is not adequate to meet these features. Therefore, more distributed infrastructure based on Fog/Edge computing should be adequately examined to bring TI applications nearer to end users [8].  
Additionally, it is crucial to refresh next-generation wireless access networks by exploring novel resource allocation in network slicing, feedback mechanisms of the sensors/actuators, interference management and multiple-access techniques to satisfy the potential demands and requirements of TI applications [1].  
Moreover, considerable research has been carried out on haptic devices such as tactile gloves, etc., and kinematic devices such as capacitive-based, magnetic-based, piezoelectric and image sensors, and tactile support engines with AI compatibility for information integration and decision boxes [9].  
The demand for interdisciplinary research is crucial in planning and designing intelligent tactile sensors considering fabrication techniques/technologies, the material of sensors/devices, intelligent signal processing and machine-learning algorithms to analyse the behaviour of the sensing device and process complex data coming to the sensors. Several factors are necessary to realise the TI, such as security, reliability, availability, and latency in wireless transmission of tactile sensing data, thus giving the experience of remote real touch feeling and control. A few standardised works are forecasted to collaborate between the TI's use cases and the improvement of current wireless sensor networks.  
Considering ongoing standardisation, a new IEEE standard family has been defined for the TI, i.e., IEEE P1918.X [10; 11]. IEEE P1918.X describes the architecture technology and assumptions in the TI, whereas IEEE P1918.X.1, IEEE P1918.X.2 and IEEE P1918.X.3 are focussed on codecs, AI and towards MAC for the TI, respectively. In addition, a considerable amount of work has been done to develop a working group for low-latency Industrial IoT (IIoT) such as intelligent transportation systems, Industry 4.0, and Health 4.0 [12].