## 1 Introduction  
Functional and parafunctional forces can lead to significant stress accumulation in various directions and magnitudes within healthy teeth and dental hard tissues, both before and after dental treatment [1]. Analyzing the distribution of these stresses and determining their magnitudes can be instrumental in reducing the likelihood of restoration failures that may occur in dental restorations [2]. Preserving healthy enamel and dentin tissues is crucial after the cavity preparation and restoration of decayed teeth [3]. While there is currently no restorative material that can match the mechanical and biological properties of natural teeth [4], restorative materials must be capable of replacing both enamel and dentin and exhibit elastic properties that are similar to those of dental tissues [5]. The success of posterior restorations is influenced by several factors, including the type, shape, and size of the cavity; the restoration materials used; and patient and dentist factors. Specifically, class II cavities can significantly weaken the strength of teeth against forces [3]. The use of dental amalgam as a restorative material has a long history, and while it is not the only filling material available, it does offer certain advantages over other materials [6]. One such advantage is its affordability as a direct restorative material, although more expensive resin-based alternatives have been developed [7]. Additionally, dental amalgam is easier to place than tooth-colored filling materials, such as composites, because it does not require a perfectly isolated working area, which can be challenging in various settings, such as congested hospitals, or for patients with special requirements. Thus, dental amalgam is still frequently used in such institutions due to its ease of use [8]. The use of dental amalgam in restorative applications has been prevalent due to several advantages, including its low cost, easy application, and bacteriostatic properties [6]. However, its popularity is declining due to its poor esthetics and adverse environmental effects [9]. Furthermore, dental amalgam has several disadvantages, such as a poor marginal compatibility, an unesthetic color, the conduction of heat and electricity, and tooth discoloration caused by corrosion [10]. A significant limitation of dental amalgam is its inability to effectively adhere to residual dental tissues, resulting in an inadequate sealing of the restoration to the tooth [11]. Resins offer potential benefits, as they can seal the edges of the restoration between the cement and the tooth structure, providing additional retention to the compromised tooth structure. To minimize material loss in the tooth, an adhesive system is used with a resin cement. Resin cements ensure chemical and mechanical bonding, increasing the adhesion of the amalgam to the tooth structure [12]. Resin cements, with their high compressive and tensile strengths and high bonding value to the tooth and porcelain surface, have the lowest solubility compared to other cements [13]. Using resin cements in restorative procedures can decrease microleakage, increase restorative strength, and enhance tooth longevity [14]. The finite element analysis is one of the most effective analyses used in stress, strength, fluid, vibration, and dynamic calculations. Additionally, it can be defined as a solution method in which complex problems are divided into simple sub-problems, with each one being solved separately [8]. Various external factors, such as occlusal loading, have been used, and studies have been conducted to evaluate the forces acting on teeth and restorations [15]. Stress levels can be assessed with numerical analyses involving the finite element analysis (FEA), bioengineering, and dentistry. Numerical computations are made with this method by loading complex structures with various parameters [9], and stress levels are evaluated [16]. The FEA method separates the region to be analyzed into basic and simple elements that are developed from single parts to a whole.