# The Integration of AI and Metaverse in Education: A Systematic Literature Review
## 5 Discussion  
In this section, we analyze the findings reported above, highlighting key limitations. These limitations could serve as a foundation upon which to construct a research agenda to address gaps in the area of integrating AI into the metaverse to deliver education. In the literature explored for this study, we observed the potential for the current rapid advances in AI techniques to play a crucial role in the creation of an AI-driven metaverse to transform education. We established that the AI-driven metaverse is already being introduced into several specific educational disciplines enumerated previously in Section 4 (RQ1). Furthermore, we discussed the potential education disciplines that may benefit from the use of AI techniques within the context of the metaverse. We identified a certain number of educational disciplines that have not yet benefited from this technology, but which have the potential to adapt and integrate existing AI tools into the metaverse. We also noted that even disciplines that are already under investigation would benefit from linking several novel aspects using AI techniques integrated into the metaverse. For example, the metaverse for medical education contains numerous sub-fields which could effectively incorporate AI tools to achieve more efficient healthcare learning. Regarding language learning, only English and Chinese were found to have been studied. The remaining languages would also benefit from the AI-based metaverse. We did, however, conclude that not all disciplines are suitable to integrate using such tools, since disciplines that require the need to master skills may necessitate a skill-based learning approach. The research we reviewed primarily focuses on potential benefits and design concepts, rather than practical, operational systems. While much of the focus has been on the progress of the metaverse, existing efforts remain at the design or prototype stage, with implementations limited to 3D environments and specific tools, such as the class notes generator mentioned by [56]. Notably, despite the reviewed papers including the word \"metaverse\" in their abstracts and keywords, the majority reduce the metaverse to a 3D virtual environment, disregarding its more extensive elements, such as augmented reality, blockchain technology, and social engagement. Indeed, only a few papers described the metaverse as a whole ecosystem, e.g., [56]. Moreover, the absence of empirical testing andoperational frameworks constrains the ability to assess enduring efficacy, scalability, and the educational impact of AI-based solutions within the metaverse to benefit education. Although most articles discussed the importance of data privacy and security, they did not delve deeply into specific strategies or technologies to address related concerns. The requirement for stringent measures to protect sensitive information was acknowledged, although detailed solutions are not provided. In addition, while several papers discussed various applications for AI-based chatbots in the metaverse for education, they did not explicitly address the full range of challenges that might arise in different educational contexts. Our analysis revealed that there exist numerous technical, security, and integration-related challenges relating to the deployment of AI-based chatbots or virtual assistants. Regarding educational use case applications, AI-based chatbots are among the applications most commonly explored for enhancing educational experiences. However, there is limited research regarding use of AI and user behavior within immersive learning environments. In traditional 2D learning settings, AI has been applied to assess students' concentration and engagement levels through eye tracking and facial emotion analysis, e.g., [109, 110, 111]. With the evolution of head-mounted displays (HMDs) equipped with advanced eye, hand, and face tracking capabilities, AI could take on a pivotal role developing built-in assistive tools that enhance learning through behavior analysis.