# Spatiotemporal Heterogeneous Effects of Built Environment and Taxi Demand on Ride-Hailing Ridership
## 4 Results
### Spatiotemporal Variations in the Effects on Ride-Hailing Ridership  
To explore the spatiotemporal variations in the effects of exogenous variables on ride-hailing ridership, we visualize the parameters of those variables that show heterogeneous effects on ride-hailing ridership at three periods. Hence, the spatiotemporal variations in the effects of taxi ridership, metro station density, distance to CBD, road density, and bike lane density on ride-hailing ridership are illustrated and discussed in this section. Figure 3 illustrates the spatiotemporal variations in the effects of taxi ridership on ride-hailing ridership. Figure 3a-c are the taxi ridership coefficients of the morning peak, evening peak and off peak, Figure 3d-f are the significance of the three periods. The positive relationship between the two is consistent with the research conclusion of the literature [2], which may be due to the fact that, under the supervision of policies, the entry of ride-hailing into the market has promoted the reform of the taxi industry, and the two have evolved from a competitive landscape to a cooperative relationship. Based on the estimation results, although the effects of taxi ridership are always positive, the effect sizes vary across different spatial locations. The positive effects indicate that taxis show a cooperative relationship with ride-hailing. Notably, the effect sizes tend to gradually increase as they move from the urban center toward peripheral areas. This spatial pattern suggests that the impact of taxi ridership on ride-hailing ridership becomes more pronounced in the outskirts of the study area. In the junction of the Xuanwu, Qinhuai, Gulou, and Jianye districts, we observe that the local coefficients are the lowest among all grids. This finding can be attributed to the presence of the Central Business District (CBD) in Nanjing, specifically the Xinjiekou area, which offers high accessibility to public transit options and promotes better walkability. Consequently, the cooperative relationship between taxis and ride-hailing services might be weakened in these areas. Additionally, the coefficients are lower in the Gulou district relative to other districts. This result is reasonable because many universities are concentrated in the Gulou district, and university students tend to have stronger intentions to use ride-hailing services [8]. In the Jianye, Yuhuatai, and Qixia \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Variable**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Moming Peak**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Evening Peak**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Off-Peak**} \\ \cline{2-7}  & **GWR** & **MGWR** & **GWR** & **MGWR** & **GWR** & **MGWR** \\ \hline Intercept & 110 & 57 & 121 & 388 & 128 & 57 \\ Taxi ridership & 110 & 43 & 121 & 43 & 128 & 57 \\ Density & & & & & & \\ Population density & 110 & 366 & 121 & 1554 & 128 & 354 \\ Housing price & 110 & 1554 & 121 & 1554 & 128 & 1341 \\ Diversity & & & & & & \\ Land use mix & 110 & 1554 & 121 & 1550 & 128 & 86 \\ Design & & & & & & \\ Road density & 110 & 791 & 121 & 523 & 128 & 703 \\ Bike lane density & 110 & 419 & 121 & 122 & 128 & 252 \\ Distance to transit & & & & & & \\ Bus stop density & 110 & 1541 & 121 & 1554 & 128 & 1554 \\ Metro station density & 110 & 66 & 121 & 87 & 128 & 89 \\ Distance to the nearest bus stop & 110 & 1554 & 121 & 1554 & 128 & 1554 \\ Distance to the nearest metro station & 110 & 1554 & 121 & 1554 & 128 & 1324 \\ Destination accessibility & & & & & & \\ Distance to CBD & 110 & 54 & 121 & 57 & 128 & 57 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 5: Bandwidths of GWR and MGWR. districts, we observe variations in the positive relationship between taxi ridership and ride-hailing ridership across the morning peak and evening peak periods. This discrepancy can be attributed to the distinct land use characteristics of each district. The Jianye district is primarily characterized by a blend of commercial and residential areas, while the Qixia and Yuhuatai districts serve as gathering places for firms with some residential zones.