esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Optimized Clustering Algorithms for Large Wireless Sensor Networks: A Review
## 3 Optimized Hierarchical Based Routing Protocols
### Fuzzy Logic
#### 3.1.9 Fbuc  
FBUC or Fuzzy Based Unequal Clustering is an improved version of EAUCF [40]. Additionally, to EAUCF, FBUC uses a probabilistic threshold value instead of a predefined threshold value and adds a fuzzy variable called node degree used for the election of the CH during competition of radius. The members join the CH based on distance and the CH degree in order to efficiently use the energy and then increase the network lifetime. FBUC is compared with protocols LEACH and EAUC in two scenarios, WSN#1 (sink node inside the sensor field) and WSN#2. FBUC shows a better energy consumption and a better network lifetime than the other two algorithms according to the FND and the LND on the different scenarios.
# Effect of Rock Abrasiveness on Wear of Shield Tunnelling in Bukit Timah Granite
## 2 Materials and Methods
The disc cutter configurations of the cutterhead are depicted in Figure 5. Disc cutters C1-C8 were double-disc cutters mounted at the central area of the cutterhead, and the others were single-disc cutters. Disc cutters No. 14-No. 36, called face cutters, were mounted at the cutterhead face. Disc cutters No. 1-No. 13, called transition cutters, were installed at the edge of the cutterhead, located at the curved portion of the cutterhead. Disc cutters G1 and G2 are gage cutters and were mounted at the same radius of the cutterhead. Disc cutters OC1 and OC2 are over cutters and were installed at the outermost portion of the cutterhead. The over cutters were mainly used for excavation at the tightly curved radius sections to negotiate the planned alignment. The theoretical wear limit of the 19 inch disc cutter was 30 mm. In the project, the allowable wear limit was set to 15 mm for centre, gage, and over cutters, and 25 mm for the face and transition cutters. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c} \hline \hline
**Parameter** & **Value** \\ \hline Machine diameter & 6.9 m \\ Disc cutter size & 19 inches (483 mm) \\ Disc cutter load capacity & 320 kN \\ Number of disc cutters & Single 40, double 4 \\ Cutterhead speed & 0.5–6 RPM \\ Cutterhead torque & 6250 kNm 0.5–2.5 RPM \\  & 2600 kNm 6.0 RPM \\ Total thrust force & 51,200 kN \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: TBM specifications. Figure 4: Measurement of wear of disc cutters: (**a**) during cutterhead interventions; (**b**) wear measuring ruler. Figure 3: Photographs of tunnel boring machines (TBMs) used for the project: (**a**) TBM No. 1; (**b**) TBM No. 2. A carbon steel pipe with a diameter, length, and thickness of 20.32 cm, 6 m, and 13 mm, respectively, was used as the slurry discharge pipe at the project site. The thickness of the pipes was measured every week using an ultrasonic thickness gauge at the base where the maximum wear occurred. The pipes were rotated by approximately 120\({}^{\circ}\) once the residual thickness of the pipe reached 6 mm to maximize the life cycle of the pipes; otherwise, the pipes were replaced. Measurements were recorded at three locations, i.e., at the front, middle, and rear of each pipe, based on the direction of the excavation. Figure 6 shows a site where the pipe thickness was measured and the location of the pipe measurement. The slurry bentonite density ranged from 1.04 to 1.27 ton/m\({}^{3}\) with an average value of 1.16 ton/m\({}^{3}\), and the discharged material density varied from 1.14 to 1.29 ton/m\({}^{3}\) with an average of 1.23 ton/m\({}^{3}\).
## 3 Methodology
### Datasets
#### 3.2.2 Time Shifting  
Time shifting refers to the manipulation of the entire audio signal, whereby it is moved forward or backward in time. This technique simulates variations in the timing of audio events, thereby assisting the model in recognizing signals that may not always commence at the same point in time. In our work, we shift the spectrogram in the right direction. The pseudocode for time shifting is presented in Algorithm 2. In this study, we shift the spectrogram to the right.  
```
0:
1: shift_amounts \(\leftarrow\) 0.1 //Calculate Shift in Samples
2: shift_samples \(\leftarrow\) int(shift_amount \(\times\) len(audio_data)) //Apply Time shifting
3: augmented_audio \(\leftarrow\) np.roll(audio_data, shift_samples) //Fill with zeros at the start
4: augmented_audio[shift_samples:] \(\gets\) 0
5: return augmented_audio
```  
**Algorithm 2** Data augmentation: Time shifting
## 5 Conclusions  
A space weather forecasting system was proposed for high-energy electron flux 24 h ahead at GEO. The forecasting was based on multiple sensors from multiple satellites located at different positions. The system consists of seven sensors equipped with four satellites and one imaginary sensor, a sensor for prediction. The proposed model successfully predicts high-energy electron flux using more than three sensors from four satellites; however, prediction using mutually evaluation of two sensors from two satellites leads to an ambiguous forecast. Thus, more sensors are required for _in-situ_ sensing to give a more accurate forecast. Further, _in-situ_ sensor systems should be organized in terms of sensors from different satellites forming a network for more accurate and reliable forecasting.
# The Relationship between Radon and Geology: Sources, Transport and Indoor Accumulation
## 4 Risk Assessment and Mitigation
### Radon Risks Mitigation
#### 4.3.6 Construction and Design of Buildings  
In the field of civil engineering, a very important aspect of the design and construction of new structures is the incorporation of measures to mitigate exposure to radon, which can pose significant health risks if it accumulates in indoor environments. It is paramount, therefore, to develop strategies to minimize its presence in the built environment. A myriad of preventative measures can be integrated into the design and construction process. One such measure involves the implementation of radon barriers. These barriers, typically composed of impermeable membranes, are an effective means of preventing radon infiltration from the soil into the building. Equally significant is the incorporation of robust ventilation systems in the building design. Proper ventilation can significantly reduce radon levels by encouraging air exchange, thus preventing the buildup of radon gas within the building. Site selection is another critical aspect to consider. Local geological conditions and soil radon concentrations can vary greatly, and understanding these can inform the decision-making process when identifying suitable construction sites. Choosing areas with lower radon concentration in the soil can limit the inherent potential for indoor radon accumulation. Modern buildings can be designed to include specific features, such as sub-slab depressurization systems. These systems can be installed during construction to create a pressure differential that prevents radon from entering indoor spaces, offering a further protective measure against this harmful gas. Therefore, it is imperative that civil engineers and architects consider the potential for radon exposure when designing and constructing new buildings. Through thoughtful design and construction, we can create built environments that are not only functional and aesthetically pleasing but also safe and healthy for their inhabitants.
## 7 Case Study  
[PERSON] and [PERSON] [35] pointed out the deterioration symptoms of a bridge at the Sado River coastal pier in Portugal (Figure 10). In this research, the observations of the mentioned bridge deterioration symptoms [35] have been investigated to validate the developed fuzzy expert system. Table 3 indicates the values of each symptom of chemical deterioration in a bridge at the Sado River coastal pier in Portugal. According to Table 3, the most severe chemical deterioration symptoms are \"steel rust production (corrosion)\" and \"increase in chloride ion concentration.\" Also, according to Table 4 and Figure 11, the results of developed fuzzy expert system diagnose the deterioration type of \"reinforced concrete corrosion due to chloride ion diffusion\" as the most severe deterioration type.  
Figure 10: (**a**) Typical deterioration observed for a bridge in Sado River, Portugal in the splash and tidal zones; (**b**) concrete spalling in a construction joint; (**c**) corrosion of prestressing steel in un-grouped ducts; (**d**) macro-corrosion cell in dock walls; (**e**) bars with 25 mm diameter totally corroded; (**f**) concrete spalling in a low cover zone [35].  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline
**Types of Chemical Deteriorations** & **Value** \\ \hline
1 & Cation exchange reaction–formation of soluble calcium salt & 55 \\
2 & Cation exchange reaction–formation of insoluble and & 56 \\  & non-expansion salt & 50 \\
3 & Cation exchange reaction–chemical attack by magnesium salt & 53 \\
4 & Concrete disintegration from products of expansive & 53 \\  & reactions–sulfate attack due to ingress of external sulfate ion & 53 \\
5 & Concrete disintegration from products of expansive & 53 \\  & reactions–sulfate attack due to ingress of internal sulfate ion & 53 \\
6 & Concrete disintegration from products of expansive & 40 \\  & reactions—ASR & 41 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 4: Fuzzy types of chemical deteriorations value of a bridge in Portugal: case study.  
The outputs of the developed fuzzy expert system indicate that the deterioration type occurring is correctly diagnosed according to its coastal environment and the observations of the bridge deterioration symptoms.
# Stratosphere: A Fast Virtual Circuit Switch Layer for Data Center Network
## 3 Prototype Design
### Management of VCS Modules
#### 3.3.3 Path Plan  
The controller could take two ways to control the stratospheric network: the controller periodically collects buffers of uplink ports in Tor switches. When the utilization of the buffer exceeds a certain threshold, the path adjustment for high-priority traffic is made re-actively. On the other hand, according to the requirement of applications, the configuration of the Ethernet switch and virtual circuit switching is made by the controller proactively.  
Mode 1: The controller periodically collects the utilization of uplink ports of Tor switches to dispatch traffic among the Tor switches of adjacent racks. The EF traffic, AF traffic, and BE traffic are counted separately. When EF traffic exceeds a threshold and uplinks of Tors in adjacent racks are still idle, the EF traffic is migrated to the virtual circuit channel until its end, which could alleviate local hotspots of Tors. When the AF traffic exceeds the threshold and the virtual circuit channel also has an idle time slot, the AF is relayed to the virtual circuit channel. AF traffic is returned when AF traffic is less than the threshold.  
Mode 2: The controller receives the transport request from source servers and assigns the virtual circuit channel and the Ethernet path. The controller configures the bandwidth and forwarding rules of the Ethernet switch and VCS according to the current switch state and user requirements. Depending on the traffic of the Tor switches in adjacent racks, the uplink bandwidth could be occupied by the traffic from neighbor Tor switches to prevent network congestion.  
Figure 8: Topology of VCS modules.  
Figure 9: The threshold of migration traffic.  
In mode 2, an interface between application/user and controller/network is required. The host-network interface is packet options defined in TCP/IP, and the manager-network interface is the protocol of SNMP proposed by IETF, as we know, which are all not suited for notifying the requirements of users. In the stratosphere, there are two means to provide the requirements. One is designing a new option of packets, in which the users' requirement of bandwidth or latency is inserted. For the first hop of VCS modules, the bandwidth requirement in packets may not be stratified, which could induce dropping of packets, so it is only recommended in the unreliable communication of a single packet. The other way is that a dedicated API associated with sockets is provided for applications in the stratosphere, through which the requirements of users are transferred to the controller of the stratosphere before the communication.
## 4 Conclusions  
In this study, we established the optical imaging platform integrated with the ultrasound application system to verify the ultrasound-induced microbubble cavitation for drug delivery to the cultured cervical cancer cell in the microfluidic cell culture flow chamber. Using the optical imaging platform, we obtained fluorescence images of both Fura-2 AM and PI to measure intracellular calcium flux changes and intracellular PI delivery during and after the ultrasound-induced microbubble cavitation. Calcium flux increased immediately after the ultrasound irradiation and recovered to normal levels with a decaying temporal constant of 67.8918 s for the region of interest corresponding to the neighboring region in contact with the microbubble. Unlike the trend of changing calcium flux, fluorescence signals from intracellular PI increased gradually with a growing temporal constant of 191.188 s for the region of interest. Through this in vitro study of ultrasound-induced microbubble cavitation, we are convinced that the optical imaging platform integrated with the ultrasound application system has adequate performance to understand drug delivery in cultured cells. Also, a possibility that the cavitation can be utilized as a technique for drug delivery without compromising the cell membrane was secured.  
**Author Contributions:** [PERSON]-r.C. and [PERSON] designed the experiment. [PERSON]-r.C. investigated an optical imaging platform to acquire fluorescence images of Fura-2 AM and intracellular PI. [PERSON] established an ultrasound application system and applied to the platform. [PERSON]-r.C. and [PERSON] performed the experiment. [PERSON]-r.C. and [PERSON] wrote the manuscript. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
**Funding:** This work was supported by Original Technology Research Program for Brain Science through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Science, ICT & Future Planning (NRF-2016M3C7A1913933). Also, this research was supported by Innovative MD/PhD Collaborative Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Science, ICT & Future Planning (NRF-2019M3E5D1A02069399).  
**Institutional Review Board Statement**: Not applicable.  
**Informed Consent Statement:** Not applicable.  
**Data Availability Statement:** The data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author.  
**Acknowledgments:** [PERSON]-r.C. and [PERSON] acknowledge [PERSON] for valuable guidance of cervical cell cultures and fluorescent indicator applications. Also, [PERSON]-r.C. and [PERSON] acknowledge [PERSON] for providing support to use the ultrasound application system.  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Tools  
The subjects filled out a demographic questionnaire. Passive ROM of the hip and knee was measured bilaterally. The timed up and go (TUG) was used as a predictor of the risk of fall [35]. The minimal detectable change (MDC) of TUG is 1.1 s [36].  
Kinematics were collected using a 10-camera motion capture system (Qualisys, Sweden). A ceiling-attached safety harness was used to prevent falls. A manually-controlled electronic locking mechanism was attached to the ankle by a velcro strap attached to an unstretchable cable (Figure 2). The cable went through a wall-mounted pulley, set at one end of the path at ankle height. Locking of the pulley was controlled by a mechanism based on a relay shield [23]. When pressing a button, the cable is locked and then released after a duration of 200 ms, causing a short gait perturbation. The locking mechanism therefore produced an immediate and complete stop for a duration of 200 ms, as if the limb contacted a rigid obstacle in its path. This effect was similar between subjects walking at different velocities.  
We used three questionnaires: First, the subjective pain levels were assessed using the VAS, rated from '0' (no pain) to '10' (worst imaginable pain) in both knees in the last week. A change of \(\geq\)20 mm is the established meaningful clinical important difference (MCID) for pain in individuals with knee OA [37]. The MCID represents the smallest improvement considered worthwhile by a patient. Second, the Oxford score for functional disability, which consists of 12 questions (scored between '0' meaning low disability to '4' meaning high disability) concerning the pain and disability experienced over the past four weeks. A change of \(\geq\)7 points is the established meaningful important difference (MID) [38]. Third, we used the Activities-specific Balance Confidence (ABC) Scale to assess the fear of falling. A score below 67% in older adults predicted the risk for falling [39].  
Figure 1: The study recruitment process and design.
# Utilizing Trusted Lightweight Ciphers To Support Electronic-Commerce Transaction Cryptography
## 5 Security and Performance of Proposed E-Commerce Applications
### Performance of Proposed E-Commerce Applications
#### 5.3.1 Theoretical Discussion  
E-commerce networks are considered huge networks due to the dependence of buyers and sellers from all over the world on the use of online transactions, which causes major problems in the consumption of hardware/software and network resources such as memory and execution time. Our protocol uses several lightweight methods that make it suitable for e-commerce applications. It relies on relatively small and random keys compared to public key algorithms (see Table 5), which lead to reduced memory usage and consumption, especially in networks that use large organizations and companies. In addition, the AES-256 encryption algorithm is fast when compared to public encryption algorithms such as elliptic curve cryptography (ECC) and RSA. In addition, our protocol relies on the CRT approach to generate small and fast keys, which greatly affects the speed of key generation, encryption and decryption. It changes the public keys every sixteen times depending on the four partitions of size 256. This means that the customer does not need to change the public key every sixteen times, which contributes to performance improvement. It eliminates the expense of generating public keys. Based on the above, the solid methodology used in designing our protocol makes it eligible for application in the e-commerce environment.  
For more detail, our protocol is lightweight because, first, it uses hybrid encryption based on ElGamal-AES. It uses AES-256 bit for encryption and decryption. It is common knowledge that symmetric algorithms have high performance compared to asymmetric encryption algorithms because the latter use complex operations and generate very large keys. That is, our protocol encrypts with the AES algorithm and not with asymmetric encryption algorithms, as in some existing research that uses ECC, RSA and ElGamal. Second, symmetric encryption algorithms suffer from a major problem, which is the use of one shared key for all users. Our protocol generates keys using the ElGamal-1024 bit algorithm, taking advantage of CRT technology to speed up the process of generating private keys, and then converting these public keys into a suitable length for the AES algorithm, which is 256 bit using an XOR gate that does not require complex calculations. This means that our protocol uses an asymmetric key exchange in the algorithm and does not use a single key for all users. If one user's keys are exposed, it will not affect the rest of the users (providing solid security); at the same time, ElGamal's algorithm generates keys only every 16 times (see Algorithm 1, step 10) based on a permutation of \(SK_{s}\) and random addition (providing high performance). This confirms that our protocol balances performance and security.
# A Novel Deep Learning Method for Detecting Strawberry Fruit
## 3 Experiments And Results
### Experimental Setting
#### 3.1.2 Index Definition  
Various metrics were employed to measure the effectiveness of RTF-YOLO, namely, recall, precision, \(AP\) (average precision), \(mAP\) (mean average precision), parameter count, FPS, and FLOPs (floating point operations). The formulas for calculating these performance metrics are as follows:  
\[R=\frac{TP}{TP+FN}, \tag{7}\]  
\[P=\frac{TP}{TP+FP}, \tag{8}\]  
\[F1=\frac{2\times P\times R}{P+R}, \tag{9}\]  
\[AP=\int_{0}^{1}P(R)d_{R}, \tag{10}\]  
\[mAP=\frac{\sum_{i=1}^{n}AP_{i}}{n}, \tag{11}\]  
where \(TP\) represents the count of accurate predictions the model makes for positive examples. In contrast, \(FP\) denotes the count of negative examples incorrectly identified as positive. \(FN\) signifies the measure of positive samples erroneously categorized as negative. \(F1\) is a composite evaluation index of \(P\) and \(R\). \(AP\) is the area under the \(P\)-\(R\) (precision-recall) curve, indicating the overall model performance. A larger area implies better performance. \(mAP\), the mean value of \(AP\) across all classes, indicates the model's detection performance. FLOPs refer to the computational complexity measurement of a model, while the detection speed is evaluated with FPS, which represents the number of images the model can process per second during inference.
## 8 Conclusions  
In sum, our research shows that a blockchain-based system can significantly improve the security and reliability of vehicular communication networks by effectively defending against common cyberattacks such as Sybil and denial of service (DoS) attacks. The implementation of the Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance (PBFT) consensus method has demonstrated high fault tolerance by maintaining consensus and data integrity even in the presence of malicious nodes. The simulations provided a clear indication that our approach successfully ensures secure and robust vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communication while demonstrating the importance of edge processing and scalability measures for managing network loads and ensuring timely communication.  
However, our results also highlight the trade-offs between security and performance, especially in terms of latency and scalability in large networks. The increased latencies under certain conditions indicate that further optimizations are needed, especially for real-time applications in vehicles where fast data exchange is crucial. The fact that we rely on simulations also emphasizes the need for real-world testing to validate these results under dynamic conditions.  
Overall, this research provides a fundamental framework for the use of the blockchain in vehicle networks and paves the way for further advances in secure autonomous vehicle systems. Future work will focus on real-world deployment, improved privacy measures, energy efficiency, and exploring hybrid consensus mechanisms to address the identified limitations. By further improving and expanding this system, we aim to contribute to the development of secure, scalable, and efficient communication networks for the evolving landscape of autonomous vehicles and smart cities.  
Conceptualization, S.I., C.C.P. and C.P.; methodology, C.P.; software, S.I. and C.C.P.; validation, C.P.; resources, S.I.; data curation, C.C.P.; writing--original draft preparation, S.I. and C.C.P.; writing--review and editing, C.P.; visualization, S.I. and C.C.P.; supervision, C.P. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research received no external funding.  
The study does not report any data.  
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.