## 4 Conclusions  
Stress shielding and toxic effects represent some limitations for the usage of Co-Cr as a TMJ Implant. Despite the lesser fatigue strength compared to Co-Cr alloys, Ti alloys are popularly used for TMJ implants due to their extraordinary bio-compatibility. The modulus of elasticity of Ti alloys are much lower than the Co-Cr and stainless steel alloys, this renders Ti alloys more preferable over the Co-Cr and stainless steel alloys as far as stress shielding is concerned. But as compared to human bone, Ti alloys are still much stiffer which cannot completely eliminate stress shielding effects for long term use.  
The \(\beta\)-titanium alloys with porosity contains huge potential for the development of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) prostheses. The scientific and research community are working in the direction to develop such materials for bio-medical implants.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Material Model** & **Condyle** & **Condylar Screws** & **Fossa** & **Fossa Screws** \\ \hline Model 1 a & 0.022 & 0.015 & 0.005 & 0.005 \\ Model 2 b & 0.0113 & 0.017 & 0.006 & 0.005 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} a Model 1 refers to Ti alloy; b Model 2 refers to Co-Cr alloy.  
\end{table}
Table 4: Maximum deformation values in mm for two different materials model in customized TMJ prostheses.  
The FEA of this study suggests that the patient-specific TMJ implant reveals lesser maximum deformation values near the neck of the condylar head as compared to the intact mandible. This implant design exhibits a better option of customized TMJ implant for a person suffering critically from TMD with an enhanced design. Further, in vivo and in vitro testing and verification are inevitably required to ensure viability and efficacy before putting customized TMJ prostheses into clinical use. This study can provide aid to any biomedical engineers and scientists to develop a patient-specific temporo-mandibular implant. Moreover, every human being bears a peculiar shape and geometry of their own mandible and jaw, which is why the FEA results of the present study exhibit some differences as compared to other concerned research works. This study provides useful information concerning the stress distribution and deformations for development of customized temporomandibular joint implants using finite element simulations with the combinations of different material models.  
A.T.: Conceptualization, Methodology, Software, Writing Original Draft, Visualization, Investigation, and Original draft preparation. V.K.G.: Conceptualization, Methodology, Supervision, Software, Validation, Visualization, and Validation of research methods. R.K.H.: software, formal analysis; writing--review and editing. I.A.P.: supervision; funding acquisition. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded by the grant from the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of Russia supported by Southern Federal University, grant No. VnGr-07/2020-04-IM.  
Not applicable.  
This research was funded by the grant from the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of Russia supported by Southern Federal University, grant No. VnGr-07/2020-04-IM.  
With the experience and suggestions/feedbacks of [PERSON] Maxillofacial Surgeon Jabalpur Research Centre, M.P, India. The author is grateful for the support from the Ministry of Human Resource Development, Government of India for the Institute Teaching Assistantship to [PERSON] for conducting this research work as a part of his Ph.D.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.