esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Topic 1: Health Status and Needs  
The health status of oil and gas workers is important to ascertain, as this insight will drive how healthcare is delivered. For the purposes of this review, data are drawn from the entire resource sector, inclusive of the broader mining sector. While mine work and contexts largely differ from the oil and gas industry, there are a number of similarities in the populations and workforce design which make these data somewhat comparable. Specifically, both industries are typically male-dominated, workers may be exposed to monotonous/repetitive tasks, and both have a heavy reliance on a FIFO workforce. All of these factors contribute to differing health behaviours, health status, and occupational risks. Mine workers often report low exercise levels, poor nutrition, higher levels of stress, and increased fatigue, which all correlate with low job satisfaction [8]. In addition, health status appears more adversely affected where employees work in remote environments. Amongst offshore oil and gas workers, more than 70% were reported to be overweight or obese, 67% had poor sleep quality, over 50% engaged in risky levels of alcohol consumption, and 15% had a long-term illness [3].
## 2 Materials and Methods  
### Biochar Production and Characterization  
A fifty kilograms sample of wet BSG was chosen randomly from a big container at a craft brewery. Subsequently, three replicates of about 1 kg each were selected randomly from this sample, oven-dried at 105 \(\pm\) 1 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 78 h and successively subjected to elemental analysis for the determination of the CHN content, according to UNI EN 15104: 2011. Ash content was analyzed by heating ground dried BSG samples (maximum grain size 2 mm) at 550 \({}^{\circ}\)C \(\pm\) 1 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 8 h in a muffle furnace, according to UNI EN 14775: 2010. Three analytical replicates were performed for all parameters analyzed and for each sample.  
Biochar was prepared from BSG using the pyrolytic reactor Elsa D17 (pat. BLUECOMB) and through a thermochemical process that can reach carbonization temperatures of 400-500 \({}^{\circ}\)C [24; 25].  
Biochar was chemically characterized by Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy analysis (FT-IR), according to the methodology described by [PERSON] et al. [26]. Spectra were collected at room temperature with a FT-IR spectrometer (iS 50 FT-IR Nicolet Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc., Waltham, MA, USA) equipped with a single-reflection horizontal ATR cell with a diamond crystal [26].
# Privacy and Security in Federated Learning: A Survey
## 3 Security in Federated Learning
### Techniques for Defending against Attacks in FL
#### 3.3.4 FL Security through the Blockchain Technology  
As defined by [33], blockchain technology can be represented as a distributed database--a ledger that can be consulted by everyone and everything. Each new element in the database is verified and forgery-proofed [34].  
Technologies such as blockchain can be used to secure federated learning and introduce device and model trust. This has been proven in [35; 36]. Blockchain technology would act at two levels. The first would be to encourage users to participate in the development of the global model by rewarding contributors for their involvement. The second would be to save the evolution of the parameters in the blockchain. This can then increase user confidence and reduce the risk of poisoning attacks. One of the most cited models following this approach is called blockFL [36]. It proposes a way to trust devices in which a blockchain network replaces the central server of a classical centralized FL infrastructure and conducts local model validation, but model aggregation is performed on the client side. In further detail, each client sends its updates to an associated miner in the network. Miners are in charge of exchanging and verifying all the model updates. For a given operation, a miner runs a Proof of Work (PoW), which aims to generate a new block where the model updates are stored. Finally, the generated block stores the aggregated local model updates that can be downloaded by the other members of the network. Then, each client can compute the global model locally. This strategy makes poisoning attacks more difficult by certifying model updates. As a counterpart, communication and client computation costs are increased. Additionally, in order to keep attackers from tampering with local models, [PERSON] et al. [37] proposed a blockchain-based Federated Learning framework with an Intel Software Guard Extension (SGX)-based Trusted Execution Environment to securely aggregate local models in Industrial Internet of Things. Indeed, each blockchain node could (i) host an SGX-enabled processor to securely perform the FL-based aggregation tasks, (ii) verify the authenticity of the aggregated model, and (iii) add it to the distributed ledger for tamper-proof storage and integrity verification.
## 4 Discussion
### Limitations  
This study has certain limitations. First, as mentioned in Section 2.1, a model built with rabbit ventricular geometry and human electrophysiological parameters was chosen to study the effect of MI. Although this choice was based on the compromise of current computing resources and the fact that rabbit and human electrophysiological characteristics share several similarities [16; 17], employing a human ventricular geometry would provide more valuable clinical guidance. Moreover, an exact human ventricular model with compatible electrophysiological parameters would offer more robust validation. Second, this study focused solely on key Ca\({}^{2+}\)-related subcellular parameters due to the limited capabilities of the simulation software. The effect of the time constant of the gating parameter was not considered when calculating the GCOT by integrating the activation and inactivation gates. Furthermore, some subcellular parameters, such as complete information on an ionic level, the activation and inactivation gates of sodium, and potassium ion channels, could not be extracted from the current software. Consequently, the effects of these parameters on CRA were ignored. These factors absent in this study can be further addressed if the simulation software is updated to include these functions or if the study is performed using other emerging tools in the future.  
Figure 10: Mechanistic flowchart of the major Ca\({}^{2+}\)-related subcellular parameters leading to CRA. The arrows inside the flowchart elements indicate an increase or decrease in the associated parameter; while those outside the elements indicate the direction of effect between different parameters.In the context of a fixed activation cycle, shortened APD corresponds to a longer DI (currently even beats), which provides relatively sufficient time to largely compensate for the elevated [Ca\({}^{2+}\)]\({}_{i}\) caused by decreased cardiomyocyte calcium re-uptake. This results in lower [Ca\({}^{2+}\)]\({}_{i}\), improved \(\mathrm{I_{CAL}}\) channel restoration, larger calcium inward flow, which increases AP amplitude and APD, and GCOT in the following beat (currently odd beats). In addition to the inherent decline in SERCA pump function, the reduced DI combined with lengthened APD further suppresses Ca\({}^{2+}\) re-uptake in the next beat, forming alternans of [Ca\({}^{2+}\)]\({}_{i}\), voltage gates, and GCOT among adjacent beats. Among these parameters, alternans of [Ca\({}^{2+}\)]\({}_{i}\) at end-diastole always occurs first as it directly reflects the situation of Ca\({}^{2+}\) re-uptake, making it the most important factor contributing to CRA. The activation and opening time of the \(\mathrm{I_{CAL}}\) channel significantly determine the amount of current flow responsible for the subsequent generation of AP. From Figure 8, it is evident that state switching is more intensive for the d-gate. Therefore, a shorter total opening time, along with the impacts from AP, \(\mathrm{I_{CAL}}\), and GCOT involved in the positive feedback loop, makes the importance of the d-gate higher than the ff-gate.
# Topology Optimization of Functionally Graded Structure for Thermal Management of Cooling Plate
## 3 Evaluation and Analysis
### Numerical Example 2  
In practical application, a battery may work under nonuniform thermal load conditions. Thus, the second case is introduced to demonstrate the advancement of the functionally graded structure for nonuniform thermal load management. The boundary condition is shown in Figure 5, where the thermal load linearly increased from the left edge to the right one, and the thermal power of the left and right edges were \(5\times 10^{6}\) W/m\({}^{2}\) and \(1.1\times 10^{7}\) W/m\({}^{2}\), respectively. The local filter radius varied from 1 mm to 3 mm.  
Figure 6a shows the result of the traditional density-based method, as the thermal source is high at the right part of the design domain; thus, the material gathered at the right part for better heat dissipation. However, the slender channels still existed, which caused the velocity of flow to be comparatively slow at these channels; thus, the performance of heat dissipation on this part is not desirable, in which the maximum temperature approached 333.85 K. Figure 6b shows the result of the proposed method with a constant filter radius. Similarly, the introduction of the local volume constraint avoided the creation of the slender channel. Nevertheless, the local volume constraint prevented the gathering of the material, which caused the thermal load at the right part to not be taken away. The maximum temperature was 327.04 K. Figure 6c shows the result of the proposed method with variable filter radius values, in which the lower and upper boundaries were set to \(r\) and \(3r\), respectively. It can be observed that the width of the channel gradually widened from the left to the right side, which acted consistently with the thermal load in the design domain. The maximum temperature of the optimal design further decreased to 324.20 K.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline  & **Average** & **Maximum** & \\  & **Temperature** & **Temperature** & **Standard Error** \\ \hline Straight channel & 326.81 & 365.38 & 21.80 \\ SIMP & 311.38 & 357.85 & 14.16 \\ Proposed method & 307.13 & 324.12 & 7.88 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Comparison of temperature responses of various cooling plate designs (unit: K).  
Figure 5: Design domain with liner heat source.  
To quantitatively measure the radiation performance of the structures, the average and maximum temperature and the standard error were taken as the indicators for evaluation, which are given in Table 3. We can find that the result of the functionally graded structure had good performance regarding heat dissipation.  
Figure 6: (**a**) Cooling plate using SIMP method, (**b**) design using the proposed method with constant filter radius, and (**c**) optimal design using the proposed functionally graded lattice structure. The left column shows the optimal design of the cooling plate, and the right shows the temperature response of the cooling plate design.
###### Abstract  
Approximately 20% of emissions from air travel are attributed to the auxiliary power units (APUs) carried in commercial aircraft. This paper proposes to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in international air transport by adopting proton-exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells to replace APUs in commercial aircraft: we consider the design of three compressed hydrogen storage vessels made of 304 stainless steel, 6061-T6 aluminium, and Grade 5 (Ti-6 Al-4V) titanium and capable of delivering 440 kW--enough for a PEM fuel cell for a Boeing 777. Complete structural analyses for pressures from 35 MPa to 70 MPa and wall thicknesses of 25, 50, 100, and 150 mm are used to determine the optimal material for aviation applications. Key factors such as deformation, safety factors, and Von Mises equivalent stress are evaluated to ensure structural integrity under a range of operating conditions. In addition, CO\({}_{2}\) emissions from a conventional 440 kW gas turbine APU and an equivalent PEM fuel cell are compared. This study provides insights into optimal material selection for compressed hydrogen storage vessels, emphasising safety, reliability, cost, and weight reduction. Ultimately, this research aims to facilitate the adoption of fuel cell technology in aviation, contributing to greenhouse emissions reduction and hence sustainable air transport.  
commercial aircraft; compressed hydrogen vessel; PEM fuel cell; auxiliary power unit; vessel structural analysis; aviation sustainability Article
# A Secure CDM-Based Data Analysis Platform (SCAP) in Multi-Centered Distributed Setting
###### Abstract  
Hospitals have their own database structures and maintain their data in a closed manner. For this reason, it is difficult for researchers outside of institutions to access multi-center data. Therefore, if the data maintained by all hospitals follow a commonly shared format, researchers can analyze multi-center data using the same method. To safely analyze data using a common data model (CDM) in a distributed multi-center network environment, the objective of this study is to propose and implement the processes for distribution, executing the analysis codes, and returning the results. A secure CDM-based data analysis platform (SCAP) consists of a certificate authority (CA), authentication server (AS), code signer (CS), ticket-granting server (TGS), relaying server (RS), and service server (SS). The AS, CS, TGS, and RS form the central server group of the platform. An SS is stored on a hospital server as an agent for communication with the server group. We designed the functionalities and communication protocols among servers. To safely conduct the intended functions, the proposed protocol was implemented based on a cryptographic algorithm. An SCAP was developed as a web application running on this protocol. Users accessed the platform through a web-based interface.  
common data model; secure protocol; web application; distributed network +
Footnote †: journal: Applied  
Article
## 6 Performance Results
### Network and Encryption Latency
It is worth noting that part of the setup used in this scenario was located in Limerick (IP camera and cRIO), while the other part was located in Sarajevo (myRIO). Video latency measurement results are shown in Figure 17, while network latency measurements are shown in Figure 18. By looking at Figure 17, it is noticeable that in all cases, except in Case 4, tests with encryption do have higher mean values when compared to the tests without encryption. This is expected due to the fact that there is additional data processing in tests with encryption. However, Case 4 stands out with the same resulting arithmetic mean latency in both tests, with and without encryption. It can happen that other causes of video latency overpower and cancel the delays introduced by the additional calculations needed in cases with encryption. This conclusion is based on results presented in Figure 18, where it is visible that network latency with secured video is higher than the latency with an unsecure video stream. This case proves that the security solution, which was added in the loop, does not significantly influence the latency of the video, since the variation in network latency can be higher than delays introduced by the encryption process. Figure 16: Internet network latency (512 bytes encryption).
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Electric Polarization  
The preference for inversion symmetry with respect to CsPbBrxI3-x causes band structure changes. To clarify this, we applied a small displacement of the central Pb atom in the \(z\)-direction in CsPbBrxI3-x to break the inversion symmetry. Figure 6 shows the calculated band gap and electric polarization as a function of the Pb displacement in the \(z\)-direction of the CsPbBrxI3-x cell, indicating that the all band gaps of CsPbBrxI3-x at the equilibrium lattice constants increased markedly with the Pb displacement in the \(z\)-direction as shown in Figure 6a-d. Notably, the band gaps of CsPbBrxI3-x at the equilibrium lattice constants decreased with the iodine concentration, showing that the movement of Pb around the iodine atoms significantly narrows the energy band gap, as shown in Figure 6a-d. The largest electric polarizations P\({}_{\text{ele}}\) of CsPbBrxI3, CsPbBrzI, CsPbBrzI, and CsPbI3 at the equilibrium lattice constants were 0.003, 0.02, 0.015, and 0.013 C/m\({}^{2}\), respectively. The electric polarizations P\({}_{\text{ele}}\) increased monotonically with the Pb displacement in CsPbBrzI, CsPbBrzI, and CsPbI3 at the equilibrium lattice constants, but the CsPbBr3 was close to the highest P\({}_{\text{ele}}\) on the Pb displacement of 0.0275 A in the \(z\)-direction. The aforementioned data indicate that the behavior of TIs is intimately related to their respective electronic band structures and can be enhanced by increasing the iodine concentration or the Pb displacement of CsPbBrxI3-x. By contrast, all band gaps of CsPbBrxI3-x compressed by 10% relative to their equilibrium bulk lattice parameters; the lattice constants used for  
Figure 5: CsPbI3 band structures derived from VASP (dashed blue line) and Wannier function (red line).  
CsPbBr\({}_{3}\), CsPbBr\({}_{2}\)I, CsPbBrI\({}_{2}\), and CsPbI\({}_{3}\) were 5.39, 5.53, 5.64, and 5.75 A, respectively, which decreased substantially as shown in Figure 6e-h, suggesting that more external pressure may be required to approach TI behavior. With the displacement of Pb in the \(z\)-direction, the band gaps of the hydrostatically compressed CsPbBr\({}_{3}\)I\({}_{3-x}\) decreased significantly as the polarizations increase. The largest electric polarization of 0.025 C/m\({}^{2}\) was found in CsPbBr\({}_{2}\)I under compression strain of 10% when Pb was moved along the I-Pb-I direction, as shown in Figure 6f. A theoretical study [23] reported that the electric polarization of CsPbI\({}_{3}\) induced by a Pb displacement of 0.04 A was approximately 0.030 C/m\({}^{2}\), which was about two times greater than but still consistent with our result.  
Figure 6: Plots on the left (**a**–**d**) and right (**e**–**h**) depict the calculated electric polarization P\({}_{\rm ele}\) (C/m\({}^{2}\)) (red solid lines) and band gaps (eV) (blue dashed lines), respectively, for the CsPbBr\({}_{3}\) (**a**,**e**), CsPbBr\({}_{2}\)I (**b**,**f**), CsPbBrI\({}_{2}\) (**c**,**g**), and CsPbI\({}_{3}\) (**d**,**h**) perovskites as a function of Pb displacement in equilibrium (compressive strain of 10%).
# Ocean-Current-Motion-Model-Based Routing Protocol for Void-Avoided UASNs
###### Abstract  
An increasing number of scholars are researching underwater acoustic sensor networks (UASNs), including the physical layer, the protocols of the routing layer, the MAC layer, and the cross-layer. In UASNs, the ultimate goal is to transmit data from the seabed to the surface, and a well-performed routing protocol can effectively achieve this goal. However, the nodes in the network are prone to drift, and the topology is easily changed because of the movement caused by ocean currents, resulting in a routing void. The data cannot be effectively aggregated to the sink terminal on the surface. Thus, it is extremely important to determine how to find an alternative node as a relay node after node drift and how to rebuild a reliable transmission path. Although many relay routing protocols have been proposed to avoid routing voids, few of them consider the relay node selection between the outage probability and the ocean current model. Therefore, we propose an ocean current motion model based routing (OCMR) protocol to avoid the routing void in UASNs. We predicted underwater node movement based on the ocean current motion model and designed a protection radius to construct a limited search coverage based on the optimal outage probability; then, the node with the best fitness value within the protection radius was selected as the alternative relay node using an improved WOA. In OCMR, the problem of the routing void caused by ocean current motion is effectively suppressed. The simulation results show that, compared with VBF, HH-VBF, and QELAR, the proposed OCMR platform performs well in terms of the PDR (packet delivery ratio), average end-to-end delay, and average energy consumption.  
UASNs; ocean current motion model; routing void; optimal outage probability; protection radius +
Footnote †: journal: Marine Science and Engineering  
0
Footnote 0: _J. Mar. Sci. Eng._**2024**, 12, 537. [[https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12040537](https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12040537)]([https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12040537](https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12040537))
## 1 Introduction
Since the patient, in most scenarios, is connected to ground potential at a high impedance (dissipative, 10 \(\times\) 10\({}^{5}\) to 10 \(\times\) 10\({}^{6}\) Ohm), the current to charge the capacitance is limited to a few nA. While the problem of potential electromagnetic interference between dental instruments and patient assist systems has been addressed by several authors [12; 13], vastly contradictive findings are described with an obvious dependence on manufacturer and type of device [14; 15]. Only few reports on non-cardiac devices could be found showing that an electric pulp tester, apex locator and electrocautery unit did not profoundly damage cochlear implants, while it was possible to destroy the implant's circuitry with an electrosurgical unit [16]. Similarly, the probability of damage to spinal cord stimulation by an apex locator, electric pulp tester or electrocautery unit was found to be negligible [17]. Only one report on the interactions between dental instruments and their surroundings was found, showing that mobile phones did not interfere with electronic working length determination [18]. Electrosurgery caused electromagnetic disturbances in an implantable cardioverter defibrillator [19; 20], which hence seems to be contraindicated [21], while piezoelectric dental scalers [22], electronic apex locators and electric pulp testers [19; 23; 24] did not interfere. The exposure distance and lead-related parameters of the cardiac implantable electrical devices [12; 13] seem to play an important role and, consequently, [PERSON] et al. [25] found electromagnetic interference in electronic apex locators and pacemakers when placed in close contact. Implanted cardiac pacemakers seem to be comparably robust in not interfering with numerous electronic dental instruments [26], including electronic apex locators and electric pulp testers [27]. However, an in vitro study also showed that electronic apex locators did not interfere with cardiac pacemaker function, while electronic pulp testers showed varying levels of background noise and the use of diathermy interfered with the pacing system [28]. It was the goal of this animal study to compare the potential disturbances of an electrocorticogram (ECoG) and electrocardiogram (ECG) caused by the use of an electrotome and the different arrays of boron-doped diamond electrodes.