# Toward Emerging Innovations in Electrochemical Biosensing Technology
###### Abstract  
With the progress of nanoscience and biotechnology, advanced electrochemical biosensors have been widely investigated for various application fields. Such electrochemical sensors are well suited to miniaturization and integration for portable devices and parallel processing chips. Therefore, advanced electrochemical biosensors can open a new era in health care, drug discovery, and environmental monitoring. This Special Issue serves the need to promote exploratory research and development on emerging electrochemical biosensor technologies while aiming to reflect on the current state of research in this emerging field. integrated biosensors; lab-on-a-chip; immunosensors; aptasensors; medical diagnostics; nanomaterials; advanced sensing platforms; environmental monitoring  
The last decade has been marked by the identification of the rapidly emerging innovations in nanosystems and biotechnology [1, 2, 3]. These innovations have accelerated the creation of new electrochemical biosensors with remarkable improvements in sensitivity, selectivity, accuracy, and multiplexing capacity, along with significant size reductions [4]. Electrochemical biosensors consist of three parts: a sensitive biocomponent that recognizes the analyte, an electrochemical signal transducer or detector component that transforms the recognition into a measurable electrochemical signal, and an amplification and reader device (Figure 1). With a rich inventory of advanced material science and electronic technology such as signal processing and front-end electronic systems, researchers have overcome the limitations of conventional sensors, such as low sensitivity and lack of availability of miniaturization and integration to parallel processing chips. This Special Issue is dedicated to original results, achievements, and reviews by active researchers working on current state-of-the-art research of electrochemical biosensors. In this editorial, we intend to introduce the topic of the Special Issue, briefly describe each of the contributions that make up this Special Issue, and provide some perspectives on the future development of electrochemical biosensors. One of the ongoing issues met by biosensing devices is the immobilization process used to intimately connect the bio-specific element onto the transducer without the loss of selectivity and sensitivity. [PERSON] summarized the latest efforts to develop efficient immobilization approaches for biorecognition elements by entirely maintaining their biological activity, through the utilization of conducting polymers [5]. Conducting polymers have been employed in developing high-performance electrochemical biosensors owing to their advantages such as their charge transport properties and chemical versatility. In particular, conducting polymers can be easily modified and functionalized, which enables immobilization of biorecognition molecules efficiently without the inactivation of their biological properties. In his review, [PERSON] showed the recent progress in the application of conducting polymers in the recognition of biotargets leading to the development of enzymatic biosensors, immunosensors, DNA biosensors, and whole-cell biosensors with cost-effectiveness and high sensitivity. The improvement in the sensitivity can alsobe produced by utilizing various emerging nanomaterials including 0D (quantum dots), 1D (nanowires, nanotubes), and 2D (thin films, few layers) materials. Since the discovery of graphene by [PERSON] and [PERSON], 2D layered materials, such as graphene, black phosphorous, transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs), MXene, and hexagonal boron nitride, have drawn extensive attention due to their excellent properties and various application possibilities. As one of those examples, [PERSON] et al. reported on an electrochemical aptasensor based on molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) nanosheets, one of TMDCs in this Special Issue [6]. They demonstrated that the proposed MoS2-based sensor exhibits rapid detection of acetamiprid insecticide with high sensitivity.