## 3 Proposed Techniques
### Initial Phase
#### 3.1.2 Independent Nodes (INs)
The reduction in the data transmission distances, which is obtained

Figure 14: The total number of packets sent to Base Station (BS) in the DMR, SMR, EDMHT-LEACH, IMHT-LEACH and conventional LEACH approaches versus the rounds. Figure 13: The total number of packets sent to CHs in the DMR, SMR, EDMHT-LEACH, IMHT-LEACH and conventional LEACH approaches versus the rounds. by applying the proposed approaches, has minimized the energy dissipation in the network and thus extended the network lifetime. Moreover, the results showed that the proposed approaches have also improved the stability of the network. In fact, the slower decline in the energy of the sensor nodes, which has appeared using the proposed approaches during the lifespan of the network, has increased the stability of the network. The throughput of the network is also evaluated and compared. Once again, the results revealed that the proposed approaches have achieved the best results in comparison with other protocols. The distinctive results, which have been achieved for the lifetime and stability of the network, have raised the throughput of the network. Finally, it should be noted that the simulations results have shown that the DMR technique improved the performance of the network more than the SMR technique. The explanation of the previous result is that the SMR technique uses the same data routes during the round, whereas the DMR technique provides a dynamic approach to switching between routes. Accordingly, the energy consumption is reduced by the DMR technique. Thus, the DMR technique obtained better results than the SMR technique in all the evaluation metrics. In the future, we hope to make several improvements on the current work. For example, we intend to develop a new approach to reduce the duplicate packets, which are produced by the neighboring nodes and transmitted between the levels to the CHs or to the BS. As a result, this may reduce the total energy consumption in the network. At the same time, we shall study a new approach that can give priority levels for each packet in order to be transmit rapidly over the network levels to the BS packets coming from real-time applications. This research paper has been accomplished in collaboration between the authors. [PERSON] proposed the essential idea. Then they convinced and designed the fundamental experiments. [PERSON] performed the experiments and analyzed the results. [PERSON] supervised on the research procedure. They both wrote and formatted the paper. The authors would like to thank the University Politehnica of Bucharest for facilitating the working on this research. The authors declare no conflict of interest. ## References

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