## 1 Introduction  
RFID, short for Radio Frequency Identification, is a method for remote data storage and collection using metal tags known as \"RFID tags\". These tags respond to radio waves, enabling wireless transmission of information and showing promise in potentially replacing traditional barcodes [1]. Despite its efficiency, RFID adoption raises significant ethical and privacy concerns. The versatility of RFID spans various sectors, including industry [2], commerce [3], healthcare [4], warehouses [5], tracking [6], and agriculture [7]. Central to an RFID system is its straightforward architecture, consisting primarily of two components: the reader and the tag [8, 9]. In parallel with RFID technology, wireless communication networks have evolved rapidly, becoming integral to modern network architectures. Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) represent a significant application of wireless communication, offering seamless connectivity and communication. The integration of RFID with WSNs has been explored in several papers [10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15], addressing challenges related to energy consumption, convergence, and collision within network systems. RFID systems operate across different frequency bands and bandwidths, each suited to specific ranges. For example, in retail, electronic price tags rely on RFID readers for accurate inventory management, while in warehouses, readers cover expansive areas for efficient tracking. To address coverage limitations, multiple RFID readers are deployed in specific domains, such as entry points in malls or checkpoints in warehouses. Thistailored approach ensures comprehensive coverage, optimizing operational efficiency in various applications. In densely populated RFID systems, one critical consideration is the bandwidth utilized. This selection is pivotal for optimizing system performance and minimizing interference, particularly in scenarios where multiple readers coexist within close proximity. For instance, low-frequency RFID may not be suitable for high-density concurrent requests, as its limited bandwidth can lead to increased collisions and reduced efficiency in densely populated environments. Collisions at the MAC layer are common in such environments, primarily involving readers. In dense multi-channel RFID networks, Reader-to-Reader Interference (RRI) and Reader-to-Tag Interference (RTI) manifest in unique ways due to the presence of multiple communication channels. The definition of RRI and RTI in this context is as follows [16; 17; 18]:  
* **Reader-to-Reader Interference (RRI)** [Figure 1a]: In dense multi-channel RFID networks, RRI occurs when one RFID reader's transmission overlaps with the transmission range (Discontinuous circle in Figure 1) of another nearby reader operating on a different channel. This interference disrupts the communication between the readers and the tags within their respective interrogation zones. Unlike in single-channel networks, where RRI primarily occurs due to overlapping transmission ranges, in dense multi-channel networks, RRI can also arise from interference caused by readers operating on adjacent or overlapping frequency bands. This can lead to collisions between reader signals, resulting in decreased read accuracy, increased latency, and reduced overall system performance. * **Reader-to-Tag Interference (RTI)** [Figure 1b]: RTI in dense multi-channel RFID networks occurs when multiple readers simultaneously attempt to interrogate the same set of tags, leading to interference at the tag level. This interference arises when tags within the reading range. (Continuous circle in Figure 1) of multiple readers receive conflicting signals, making it challenging for them to respond accurately to the interrogation commands. In dense multi-channel networks, RTI may be exacerbated by the presence of multiple readers operating on different channels, increasing the likelihood of tag collisions and communication errors. Consequently, RTI can lead to decreased tag read rates, increased collision probability, and reduced system efficiency.