# Improved Temporal Fuzzy Reasoning Spiking Neural P Systems for Power System Fault Diagnosis
## 5 Conclusions  
This study proposes a fault diagnosis method based on the ITFRSNP system and a fault diagnosis principle based on a general fault diagnosis model. First, this study proposes the IIFRSNP system, which contains new rule neurons and reasoning methods to realize correlation reasoning of confidence degrees and temporal constraints. This provides a theoretical basis for a general fault diagnosis model. Then, the concept of the CB subnet is defined according to the configuration of the CBs and corresponding PRs. A general fault diagnosis model based on the ITFRSNP system is constructed for the CB subnet. The subnets of the suspected faulty components are diagnosed using the general fault diagnosis model. The diagnosis results of the subnets are fused to determine faulty components. This study also proposes a new search method for suspected faulty components, which avoids the expanded diagnosis scope and incorrect diagnosis. Finally, the effectiveness and reliability of this method are verified and analyzed using a case simulation. The proposed method can diagnose fault components and time in complex fault scenarios with high accuracy and tolerance. Additionally, the general fault diagnosis model effectively accommodates a variety of components and topological alterations, demonstrating broad applicability and flexibility while streamlining the modeling process. The search algorithm for suspected faulty components reduces the scope of the topology search without missing the faulty components. Owing to its reliability, simplicity, and computational efficiency, the method fulfills the demands of online fault diagnosis, showcasing promising application potential. The proposed method encounters challenges in diagnosing faults in complex wiring connections, such as double bus and 3/2 wiring connections. In double bus connections, CBs are interconnected between buses, whereas in 3/2 wiring connections, CBs are linked directly. The relay protection configurations in these complex wiring connections are different from those in the CB subnet in this study. Therefore, the proposed method is not applicable to the fault diagnosis of double bus and 3/2 wiring connections. Future research will concentrate on analyzing relay protection configuration and operation logic within complex wiring connections, developing a topology search method, a general fault diagnosis model and a fault diagnosis process to realize the fault diagnosis of complex wiring. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Components**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**This Study**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{[20]} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{[21]} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{[22]} \\ \cline{2-10}  & & \(\mathbf{\kappa_{p}}\) & \(\mathbf{\kappa_{r}}\) & \(\mathbf{\kappa_{p}}\) & \(\mathbf{\kappa_{r}}\) & \(\mathbf{\kappa_{p}}\) & \(\mathbf{\kappa_{r}}\) & \(\mathbf{\kappa_{p}}\) & \(\mathbf{\kappa_{r}}\) \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Before L\({}_{0304}\) outage} & \(\text{B}_{03}\) & 10 & 7 & 21 & 9 & 25 & 10 & 25 & 16 \\ \cline{2-10}  & L\({}_{0318}\) & 10 & 7 & 20 & 8 & 35 & 11 & 23 & 16 \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{After L\({}_{0304}\) outage} & \(\text{B}_{03}\) & 10 & 7 & 14 & 6 & 16 & 7 & 17 & 11 \\ \cline{2-10}  & L\({}_{0318}\) & 10 & 7 & 18 & 8 & 29 & 9 & 21 & 15 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 6: The number of neurons in the fault diagnosis models. **Author Contributions:** Conceptualization, N.S. and Q.C. ; data curation, N.S. and C.Y. ; formal analysis, N.S., D.X. and Y.S. ; funding acquisition, Q.C. ; methodology, N.S., C.Y. and D.X. ; project administration, Q.C. ; software, N.S. ; validation, N.S. and Q.C. ; visualization, N.S. and Y.S. ; writing original draft, N.S. ; writing review and editing, N.S., C.Y., D.X. and Y.S. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. **Funding:** This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China, under Grant 51877123. **Institutional Review Board Statement:** Not applicable. **Informed Consent Statement:** Not applicable.