## 2 Methodology, Fundamentals, and Materials
### Materials  
The following sources, methods, and tools were used to perform the research:  
* Books, conferences, and articles from the literature research.
* System theory and cybernetics: Cybernetics can be considered part of systems theory. Both sciences deal with essentially the same subject; however, system theory focuses on the development of systems, while cybernetics explores the control and operation of systems [20]. The general object of consideration in cybernetics is systems. These systems are defined by a number of objects that are mutually connected through dynamic relationships and common properties. The boundary of a system is subjective in nature and must be defined by the observer [21]. Cybernetics deals with all forms of behavior, insofar as they are regular, determinate, or reproducible. As a result, it cares about what a system can perform [22]. On the other hand, there are two different cybernetic approaches to how to study a system: first-order and second-order cybernetics. First-order cybernetics study a system as if it were a \"thing\" that can be observed, manipulated, and separated. Second-order cybernetics, on the other hand, treat that system as an agent with its own entity that interacts with another agent, the observer [23]. A fundamental component of cybernetic systems are control loops, in which constant parameters are kept within the system. Under a control loop, there is an evolution of the effects that originate through the feedback of output factors in input factors [24]. In this way, control loops allow systems to be able to regulate themselves by comparing target and actual values through feedback mechanisms. In this research paper, the model is a system in which the interrelationships among the flows and different models are developed based on a model without regulation, a model with first-order cybernetics regulation, and with a second-order cybernetics regulation.
* Modeling is the representation of a real-world scenario by a mathematical expression and/or a simplification of the real-world system. Simulation uses a model to generate data, and these data can then be analyzed [25]. Simulation allows companies to assess how decisions should be made and the optimal time to make them. Therefore, these analyses can assist in determining whether certain decisions are wise or not, acting as a decision supporting tool [26]. The use of simulation for manufacturing system design and analysis is recognized by scientists and industrial managers [27]. Simulations will be used more extensively in manufacturing operations to make use of real-time data to copy the physical world in a virtual model, which can include machines, products, and humans, thereby optimizing machine availability, increasing quality, as well as reducing production failures and improving decision making quality [6].
* System dynamics simulation: This type of continuous simulation is chosen over discrete simulations, such as discrete-event or agent-based modeling, due to its high abstraction level that represents global causal dependencies with aggregates and feedback dynamics supporting the integral assessment and selection of strategic alternatives of a manufacturing system.
* Simulation software: There are different software packages on the market that enable system dynamics modeling [28]. Out of them, VENSIM (Ventana Systems) simulation software was selected for this research.
* Data bases served as input data for simulation.