# An Overview of Fog Computing and Edge Computing Security and Privacy Issues
## 6 Fog and Edge Computing Attacks Countermeasures
### Countermeasures for Attacks in Edge Computing  
Since Edge computing as illustrated in this paper have special features different security solutions preformed on cloud computing service cannot be effective with edge computing some of proposed solutions that lands with the unique characteristics of edge computing are:  
* Edge Node Security: Same level of security must be applied on all nodes of the edge network to ensure proper safety protocols. In case of different security levels, the attacker may break through the node having weak security algorithm causing system's degradation. Moreover, different security levels can also cause trouble for the system operators in determining which node has weak security barrier that allowed security breach. * Full-time Monitoring: In order to secure a network from malicious users, it is necessary to constantly keep an eye on all the edge nodes and provide network visibility to the users in an interactive interface. * Proper Encryption: With the advance in modern technology, new state-of-the-art encryption algorithms are being proposed that are very complex to decode. These algorithms consist of a secret key which is properly secured and shared between the legitimate sender and receiver. This secret key allows the genuine users to decrypt the algorithm and access the data. * Intrusion Detection System: It is a system which informs the user about any anomaly or unauthorized access it detects in the system. * User Behavior Profiling: User behavior profiling refers to the observation, monitoring and maintenance of general behavior of the users so that any activity different from the normal behavior will help in determining the presence of a malicious user. Hence, the users will be informed about the abnormal activity. * Cryptographic Techniques: Cryptographic techniques are being proposed to deal with the security attacks launched by hackers and intruders. These techniques mostly consists of a secret key that is only shared between the sender and the receiver. This secret key is used to decrypt the received message. If an intruder succeeded in acquiring this secret key from the transmitted packets over the communication channel then he would be able to steal the data in the message. * Data Confidentiality: To deal with the different privacy issues that are caused by the illegal data operations, loss of data, data manipulation, data breach etc. by network attackers, various data confidentiality mechanism are proposed based on encryption algorithms. In paper [54], the author proposes a privacy-preserving mechanism named as QueryGuard that is a latency-aware query optimization technique. This technique achieves two fold objective: first is that it tackles the privacy-aware distributed \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l} \hline \hline
**Countermeasures** & **Brief Description** \\ \hline Intrusion Detection System & It is employed in fog computing to detect and protect from attacks including DoS, insider attacks, port scanning attacks, flooding attacks on virtual machine, man-in-the-middle attacks, hypervisors etc.the authors of [51] proposed a lightweight intrusion detection system based on a vector space representation using a Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) model. \\ \hline Authentication Schemes & It allows verification of user’s identity by verifying user’s given credentials that whether or not they match with information present in the database through an authentication server. In [52], the authors proposed a secure identity based anonymous authentication scheme for mobile edge computing. \\ \hline Blockchain Security & Blockchain allows network transaction with highly secure encryption algorithm and reduces failure of single point. In [53], the authors discussed integration of blockchain with edge computing and the challenges facing such integration. \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: \(Cont.\)query processing issue and second is that it optimizes the queries for delay-free communication.