## 4 Discussion
### AC Joint Displacement  
Differences between Feedback Condition  
The decrease in horizontal and vertical AC displacement in the combination of visual and verbal feedback condition, C3, suggested that the \"reConnect Your Dots\" movement language, IFA combined with EFA (combination of visual and verbal feedback), was effective for improving SS in the four arm movement patterns. It is important to note that significant differences existed between C1 and C3 and between C2 and C3, whereas there was no difference between C1 and C2. C1 was designed to rely solely on the participants' previous knowledge of the movements presented and their individual background in movement; therefore, no specific verbal instructions were provided in this condition. As previously mentioned, there are numerous verbal cues or instructions to describe one movement and our goal was to test the \"reConnect Your Dots\" movement language, not any other specific movement language. When the dots image was introduced in C2, there was no significant change in the movement patterns and, in some cases, there was actually increased scapular movement. The goal of this study was to test the combination of IFA and EFA (C3); however, an interesting aspect of movement language is imagery, so we therefore added C2 to our study. When verbal cues were added to the image (C3), there was an overall decrease in AC joint movement, indicating greater SS. This effect may be attributed to the simplicity of the cues used, which provided instructions about the outcome of the movement of a particular point on the body. Simple and familiar cues, incorporated into EFA practice, have been shown to be beneficial for motor learning, particularly in the early stages [19,20]. [PERSON] et al. reported that even though EFA was a more effective form of practice than IFA [20], this advantage was only observed in the early phase of practice and not the subsequent phases of motor learning [34].Additionally, a comprehensive meta-analysis indicated that EFA is far superior to IFA in terms of motor performance and learning, regardless of age or skill level. However, research has also shown that using IFA for movement preparation and EFA for movement execution resulted in greater movement success [22,35]. The cues used in the current study involved constructing an image of points on the body (motor imagery), related to corresponding joints, with cues instructing which points should move, and in what direction, and which points should remain stable (verbal cues). The success of this technique may lie, at least in part, in structuring a typical IFA learning situation to be more like EFA because the instructions were focused on a visible outcome (the motion of particular dots) [36,37]. That is, the image of the points on specific joints directed attention to an abstract representation of the body and body movements, which likely created enhanced proprioception or kinesthetic awareness (improved IFA) [38], \"preparing for movement\" [22,35]. When attention was directed toward moving or relocating the dots, the focus converted to the outcome of the movement by verbal feedback (increased EFA) [22,35]. Differences between exercises  
Our findings showed that Reverse Flys and Rowing induced significantly more horizontal AC joint displacement compared to Biceps Curls and Shoulder Extensions. These exercises involve moving the arms from a front to a back position, engaging posterior muscles such as the triceps brachii, lower trapezius, rhomboids, and serratus anterior [36,39]. Perhaps results showed more displacement because women tend to have weaker posterior muscles compared to anterior muscles like the biceps brachii and pectoralis major [36,37] and most of our participants were female. The greater displacement during movements toward the back suggests possible inadequate stabilization by the lower trapezius while the triceps brachii controls the arm movement [36]. There was a significant main effect of exercise type on vertical displacement.