## 1 Introduction
Drawing from research on underground linear engineering [24], the relationship between active faults and underground infrastructure [25], as well as hydrogeological conditions affecting underground structures [26], the United States has intensified its research efforts on UUS. This research further supports risk assessment, spatial adaptability, and related space planning initiatives. The emergence of new technical tools, such as LiDAR, InSAR, and geological radar (GPR), has enhanced the accuracy of suitability evaluations [27; 28]. As research progresses, systems and methodologies for GSE indices have been developed [12; 29], incorporating indicators that identify resources, which restricts development and necessitates ongoing protection. The integration of technologies, such as GIS and remote sensing, has facilitated deeper research into these areas [30; 31]. The environmental impact of UUS [31; 32], along with its social and economic implications [12; 33] and the influence of climate change [25; 34] on UUS development, has increasingly become a focal point of research. Given the systematic and complex nature of GSEUUS, the evaluation methods employed are becoming increasingly sophisticated [35; 36]. Additionally, 3D modeling technology has rendered evaluation results more tangible [37], thereby enhancing the ability of suitability evaluations to inform decision support systems (DSS). UUS is recognized as a significant component of land planning [38], prompting the incorporation of a policy framework for UUS into urban planning policies [39], which underscores the necessity of integrating UUS considerations into urban planning [39]. An authoritative report released by the National Academy of Sciences systematically summarizes the geological, engineering, and policy frameworks relevant to the development of UUS in the United States [40]. With the acceleration of global urbanization process, environmental Strategic Assessment (ESA), as a fundamental tool for global land use planning, ESA emphasizes the systematic integration of environmental and social factors at the Policy, Planning, and Program (PPP) level to prevent irreversible impacts of development activities on ecosystems [41]. In the context of UUS development, ESA offers a decision-making framework for GSE through multidisciplinary collaboration, stakeholder engagement, and long-term impact forecasting. For instance, the EU Strategic Environmental Assessment Directive (2001/42/EC) (SEA Directive) [42; 43] mandates that major infrastructure projects assess potential risks to soil, hydrology, and cultural heritage during the initial planning phase [44]. In the past five years, an examination of the keyword \"geological suitability evaluation of urban underground spaces\" reveals that a significant portion of the relevant literature has been authored by Chinese scholars, with research primarily concentrated in various cities of China. The methodologies employed for these evaluations are increasingly reliant on mathematical calculations, often utilizing a combination of various methods [45]. Additionally, the survey techniques adopted include a range of innovative exploration technologies [18; 46], leading to a transition in the depiction of geological structures from 2D evaluations to 3D digital simulations [47; 48]. This trend is closely tied to China's policy framework, where national initiatives, such as \"changing the urban development model\" and \"promoting new urban construction,\" have been established. These measures aim to harmonize the utilization of aboveground and underground spaces through development strategies characterized by \"functional complexity\" and \"3D development\" [49]. Consequently, local governments are tasked with formulating comprehensive planning and management strategies for key areas, tailored to the size and specific requirements of their cities. Thus, suitability evaluations serve as a scientific foundation for enhancing urban quality. Geological suitability evaluation (GSE) development is a systems engineering.