## 3 Results and Discussion
### Evaluation of Antibacterialeral Effect of C. axillaris Dried Extracts  
The antibacterial activity of four different extracts, derived from the dried mature fruit of _C. axillaris_, at the concentration of 1 mg dry extract/disc, was investigated against a range of pathogenic bacteria, including four strains of Gram-positive bacteria and four strains of Gram-negative bacteria. To obtain quantitative data, the area of bacterial growth on Petri discs, inhibited by both plant extracts and standard antibiotic discs was measured using a Vernier caliper. According to the findings presented in Table 7, this study demonstrated that the ethyl acetate, acetone, and methanol extracts exhibited greater efficacy in inhibiting Gram-positive bacteria compared to Gram-negative bacteria. Interestingly, the aqueous extract demonstrated a higher inhibitory effect against Gram-negative bacteria. Typically, plant extracts tend to have a stronger suppressive effect on Gram-positive bacteria compared to Gram-negative strains. This is attributed to the presence of a multi-layered cell wall with drug-impenetrable lipopolysaccharideacharide architecture in Gram-negative bacteria, which is absent in Gram-positive strains. In addition, Gram-positive bacteria possess a peptidoglycan layer that has a mesh-like structure, making them more vulnerable to the penetration of extracts [71; 72]. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & & \multicolumn{5}{c}{**Zone of Inhibition in mm (mean\(\pm\) SD)**} \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Bacterial Strains**} & \multirow{2}{*}{\ \begin{tabular}{c} **Ethyl Acetate** \\ **Extract** \\ \end{tabular}  } & \multirow{2}{*}{**Acetone Extract**} & \multirow{2}{*}{ \begin{tabular}{c} **Methanol** \\ **Extract** \\ \end{tabular}  } & \multirow{2}{*}{**Water Extract**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Ciprofloxacinacin**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Gentamicin**} \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{5-7} \cline{8-9} \cl  
As shown in Table 7, the acetone extract from dried fruits of _C. axillaris_ showed significant effectiveness against _S. aureus_ (ZOI-13.76 mm) and _B. cereus_ (ZOI-12.56 mm). However, it exhibited sensitivity only against _E. coli_, among the Gram-negative bacteria (ZOI-7.89 mm). Similarly, the ethyl acetate extract showed the most prominent inhibitory effect on _S. epidermidis_ (ZOI-11.67 mm). For Gram-negative bacteria, the aqueous extract displayed the strongest suppressive effect on _K. pneumoniae_ (ZOI-11.56 mm). Ethyl acetate and acetone extracts were effective against all examined Gram-positive bacteria, while only the aqueous extract was effective against all investigated Gram-negative bacteria. Notably, _E. coli_ showed sensitivity to all four different extracts among the Gram-negative bacteria. Interestingly, our results revealed that the inhibitory effect on Gram-negative bacteria increased with the extracts obtained from solvents of increasing polarity. In a study conducted in China, using the ethanolic extract of _C. axillaris_ fruit, the peel extract showed measurable inhibitory effects against _S. aureus_ (ZOI-21.75 mm) and _E. coli_ (ZOI-15.00 mm). Similarly, the pulp extract exhibited inhibitory effects with ZOI of 15.00 mm and 10.75 mm against _S. aureus_ and _E. coli_, respectively. Also, both the peel extract (ZOI-17.00 mm) and pulp extract (ZOI-13.75 mm) demonstrated measurable growth inhibition against _B. subtilis_. The concentration of the extract used in the study was 2 mg per disc [56]. Here, we investigated the antibacterial potency of _C. axillaris_ dried fruit extracts against other six bacteria for the first time. Figure 4 depicts the ZOI shown by different extracts of _C. axillaris_ fruit against different pathogenic bacteria. Figure 4: Photographs depicting ZOI produced different extracts of _C. axillaris_ dried fruits against different bacterial strains ((**A**) ethyl acetate extract against _S. epidermidis_; (**B**) acetone extract against _S. aureus_; (**C**) acetone extract against _S. epidermidis_, and (**D**) aqueous extract against _P. aeruginosa_).