the location of other mobile phones in the surrounding area. The DW3000 series products launched by Qorvo can also be used with the supported Apple chips to realize nearby interaction functions [4]. This underscores the widespread adoption of UWB ranging technology for achieving centimeter-level positioning accuracy in industrial applications. On the other hand, as Wi-Fi signals are ubiquitous across various settings and mobile devices, Wi-Fi-based indoor positioning is considered a highly promising technology, and Google is promoting its broad applications with smart devices [5]. In a multipath environment, signals from different paths often experience time delays due to propagation distance and obstacles. For narrowband signals, these signals from different paths can easily overlap each other because the bandwidth of narrowband signals is very small, and the delays of each signal cannot be clearly distinguished, resulting in overlapping multipath signals and difficulty in separation. Unlike traditional radio signal transmission that uses high-frequency carriers to modulate narrow bandwidth signals, UWB technology uses narrow pulse modulation signals at the microsecond or even nanosecond level for transmission, as shown in Figure 1. The bandwidth of UWB (ultra-wideband) signals is very large, and the pulse duration is very short (usually at the nanosecond level); so, there will be a significant time difference between UWB signals on each path. As long as the time difference between these signals is greater than the width of a pulse, they will not overlap at the receiving end. Therefore, this design of UWB signals minimizes power consumption and maximizes bandwidth. In this way, the uniqueness of each path's signal can be retained, allowing the receiver to distinguish each multipath signal and effectively combat signal distortion and noise [6]. Due to its short pulse duration, UWB signals can effectively penetrate obstacles and achieve high-precision ranging, thus establishing UWB's unique advantage in indoor positioning. The stringent radiated power restrictions imposed by the Federal Communications Commission in 2002 facilitated UWB's transition from military to civilian uses. A comparative analysis of various indoor positioning technologies with UWB was conducted to provide a detailed historical perspective on UWB's development [7]. The integration of UWB with other indoor positioning technologies was further compared in [8], which highlighted the suitability of UWB for widespread applications due to its robust resilience to multipath effects, although UWB technology faces challenges such as high deployment costs [9]. Additionally, the evolution of UWB industry standards over the past two decades has been extensively reviewed [10], and UWB technology is widely utilized for asset tracking [11,12] and positioning [13]. Wi-Fi technology offers a range of measurement options through different protocols for indoor positioning, including Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI), Channel State Information (CSI), and RTT [14]. Due to their low frequency and long wavelength, Wi-Fi  
Figure 1: An illustration of multipath resolution of (**a**) Wi-Fi signal and (**b**) UWB signal [6]. signals face challenges in penetrating obstacles and experience significant attenuation in NLOS environments. RSSI and CSI measurements are commonly utilized in fingerprint-based positioning, and the positioning accuracy remains within several meters. The IEEE 802.11 mc protocol, introduced in 2016, developed the RTT ranging technology, marking a significant advancement in Wi-Fi-based positioning. Unlike RSSI and CSI, RTT-based ranging relies solely on the flight time between transmitting and receiving devices, alleviating constraints related to beam width and antenna configurations and offering superior ranging accuracy. Major hardware manufacturers such as Google and Compulab have developed mobile phones and routers with RTT ranging capabilities, and software ecosystems like Android have supported the RTT protocol.