esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
###### Abstract  
Solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF) offers significant potential as a novel approach for quantifying carbon and water cycling in coastal wetland ecosystems across multiple spatial scales. However, the mechanisms governing these biogeochemical processes remain insufficiently understood, largely due to the periodic influence of tidal inundation. In this study, we investigated the effects and underlying mechanisms of meteorological and tidal factors on the relationships between canopy-level solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence at 760 nm (SIF\({}_{760}\)) and key ecosystem processes, including gross primary productivity (GPP) and evapotranspiration (ET), in coastal wetlands. These processes are critical components of the ecosystem carbon and water cycles. Our approach involved a comparative analysis of simulations from the Soil Canopy Observation, Photochemistry and Energy Fluxes (SCOPE) model with field measurements. The results showed that: (1) simulations of SIF\({}_{760}\) improved following observation-based calibration of the fluorescence photosynthesis module in the SCOPE model; (2) under optimal moisture and temperature conditions (VPD 1.2-1.4 kPa and temperatures of 20-23 \({}^{\circ}\)C for air, soil, and water), the simulations of GPP, ET, and SIF\({}_{760}\) were most accurate, although salinity stress reduced performance. GPP simulations tended to overestimate under drought stress but improved at higher air temperatures (30-32 \({}^{\circ}\)C); (3) during tidal inundation, the SIF\({}_{760}\)-GPP relationship weakened while the SIF\({}_{760}\)-ET strengthened. The range of significant correlations between SIF\({}_{760}\), water levels, and temperature narrowed, with both relationships becoming more complex due to salinity stress. These findings suggest that tidal inundation can alleviate temperature stress on photosynthesis and transpiration; however, it also decreases photosynthetic efficiency and alters radiative transfer processes due to elevated salinity and water levels. These factors are critical considerations when using SIF to monitor GPP and ET dynamics in coastal wetlands. This study demonstrated that the tidal dynamics significantly affected the SIF\({}_{760}\)-GPP and SIF\({}_{760}\)-ET relationships, underscoring the necessity of incorporating tidal influences in the application of SIF remote sensing for monitoring GPP and ET dynamics. The results of this study not only contribute to a deeper understanding of the mechanisms linking SIF\({}_{760}\) with GPP and ET but also provide new insights into the development and refinement of SIF-based remote sensing for carbon quantification in coastal blue-carbon ecosystems on a large-scale domain.  
solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF); coastal salt marsh; gross primary productivity (GPP); photosynthesis; evapotranspiration; tidal influence 2024 16 4636 [EMAIL_ADDRESS]
Sensors_**2008**, \(8\), 6674-6691; DOI: 10.3390/s8106674  
_Sensors_**ISSN 1424-8220**  
www.mdpi.com/journal/sensors  
_Article_  
**Impact of Link Unreliability and Asymmetry on the Quality of Connectivity in Large-scale Sensor Networks**  
**[PERSON] 1,2, [PERSON] 2, [PERSON] 2, [PERSON] 1,* and [PERSON] 1**  
State Key Laboratory of Industrial Control Technology, Zhejiang University, China / 38, Zheda Road 310027, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China; E-Mails: [EMAIL_ADDRESS]  
LORIA-Nancy University, Villers-les-Nancy, France / Campus Scientifique, B.P. 239 - 54506 Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, France; E-Mails: {song, [EMAIL_ADDRESS]  
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [EMAIL_ADDRESS]; Tel.: +86-571-85698532; Fax: +86-571-87951879  
_Received: 1 July 2008; in revised form: 12 October 2008 / Accepted: 22 Oct 2008 / Published: 24 Oct 2008_  
**Abstract:** Connectivity is a fundamental issue in research on wireless sensor networks. However, unreliable and asymmetric links have a great impact on the global quality of connectivity (QoC). By assuming the deployment of nodes a homogeneous Poisson point process and eliminating the border effect, this paper derives an explicit expression of node non-isolation probability as the upper bound of one-connectivity, based on an analytical link model which incorporates important parameters such as path loss exponent, shadowing variance of channel, modulation, encoding method etc. The derivation has built a bridge over the local link property and the global network connectivity, which makes it clear to see how various parameter impact the QoC. Numerical results obtained further confirm the analysis and can be used as reference for practical design and simulation of wireless ad hoc and sensor networks. Besides, we find giant component size a good relaxed measure of connectivity in some applications that do not require full connectivity.  
**Keywords:** Sensor networks, connectivity, link model, node isolation probability, giant component, critical node density.
## 5 Conclusions  
The results of the benchmark tests show that spectral finite element methods are an efficient numerical tool, requiring fewer nodes to calculate reliable dispersion curves of ultrasonic guided waves on plates. The benchmark test results demonstrate that the spectral finite element method applied to dispersion curve calculation in plates requires fewer nodes than the isoparametric method, achieving convergence with a total of eight nodes. Greater plate thickness requires a larger number of isoparametric elements, thus demanding a longer computational time. A quadratic relationship between the increase in the running time and the increase in the thickness was found for the dispersion curves' estimation in the isoparametric elements approach.  
The Scaled Boundary Finite Element Method implemented with spectral elements required lower computational times than the quadratic isoparametric elements. Despite this, the generated dispersion curves show good agreement for the frequency range of interest. Consequently, the spectral elements yield reliable data, and could be implemented in more complex conditions, as they do not require the construction of a global matrix.  
Isoparametric elements and spectral elements show good convergence of properties with a similar quality of results. In general, the spectral elements under the Gaussian-Lobatto-Legendre quadrature schemes achieve better performance by efficiently solving the coefficient integrals and not requiring the assembly of a global matrix. These results are in agreement with those published by [PERSON] et al. [30] and [PERSON] et al. [31]. An advantage of the Gaussian-Lobatto-Legendre scheme is that it concentrates the nodes near the surface, where the wave profiles register high displacements, giving a possible physical meaning to the better performance of the approach.  
In general, it can be concluded that spectral elements require a lower number of nodes per wavelength, which is independent of the plate thickness. In isoparametric approaches, however, the number of nodes required increases with increasing thickness in order to achieve a similar performance in calculating the dispersion of ultrasonic guided waves for the nondestructive inspection of plates.  
[PERSON]. Wrote the manuscript; [PERSON] and [PERSON]. Contributed to the interpretation of the results; [PERSON], [PERSON] and [PERSON] formal analysis; [PERSON] supervision; [PERSON], [PERSON]-[PERSON] and [PERSON] carried out the numerical simulations and analyzed the data. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research has been financially supported by the Universidad Industrial de Santander within the framework of internally funded research projects (reference number 2531) and by the office of the Vice chancellor for research of the Universidad del Quindio.  
Not applicable.  
The data presented in this study are available in the article.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
###### Abstract  
To address the challenge of detecting low-frequency electric field signals from vessels in complex marine environments, a vessel shaft frequency electric field feature extraction method based on intrinsic mode function energy arrangement entropy values is proposed, building upon a scaled model. This study initially establishes a measurement system for shaft frequency electric fields, utilizing a titanium-based oxide electrode to construct an equivalent dipole source simulating the shaft frequency electric field signals of different types of vessels. Subsequently, a comparative analysis of the time-domain and frequency-domain characteristics of signals after modal decomposition is conducted. A feature extraction method is then proposed that combines the maximum average energy of intrinsic mode functions with arrangement entropy values to achieve discrimination of target signals. Finally, the feasibility of the proposed method is validated through sea trials. The results indicate that the method can successfully screen different types of typical vessels and address the target screening failure caused by slight differences in the characteristic parameters of the shaft frequency electric field signal. The entropy difference has been improved from 0.05 to about 0.2, and the difference rate of the shaft frequency electric field signal has been improved by 75%. This has effectively reduced the false alarm rate of target detection.  
shaft frequency electric field of vessel; intrinsic mode function; maximum average energy; arrangement entropy; feature extraction Article
## 2 Fundamentals of Pricing Schemes: Uniform, Zonal, and Nodal Pricing  
This section provides an essential background for understanding market-clearing models and pricing mechanisms in electricity markets, which form the basis for uniform, zonal, and nodal pricing schemes.  
Electricity markets typically follow a two-step process: the market-clearing model, followed by the application of pricing mechanisms, as shown in Table 1[30]. Market-clearing models are generally solved by employing an optimization process called unit commitment and economic dispatch (UCED). This process considers various constraints, including power balance and transmission flow constraints such as ATC, FBMC, and DC optimal power flow (DC-OPF) [6,27,28]. Upon the completion of the market-clearing model, different pricing mechanisms can be applied to determine the market prices. These mechanisms include the SMP, LMP, ZMP, and ELMP. The combination of the market-clearing model and chosen pricing mechanism yields different outcomes, even within the same general scheme (uniform, zonal, or nodal).
# Towards Explainable Deep Neural Networks for the Automatic Detection of Diabetic Retinopathy
## 1 Introduction
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Reference** & **Dataset** & **Approach** & **Accuracy** \\ \hline
[5] & DIARETDB1 & Random Forest & 93.58\% \\
[6] & Public DR datasets & SVM with Bhattacharyya kernel & 91.33\% \\
[7] & Messidor & Logistic Regression & 75.00\% \\
[10] & Kaggle DR dataset, & CNN & 98.20\% \\
[13] & Kaggle DR dataset & AlexNet, VggNet, GoogleNet, and ResNet & 95.68\% \\
[14] & Kaggle DR dataset & ResNet50, Xception Nets, DenseNets, and VGG & 81.30\% \\
[15] & Kaggle DR dataset & Inception-V3 & 90.90\% \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Summary of some DR automatic detection approaches applied by other related works. Evaluate three state-of-the-art deep transfer learning algorithm models using color fundus images for automatic DR detection;  
Optimize the proposed transfer learning deep learning architectures through early stopping and dropout techniques to control the models' overfitting tendency. Perform Grad-CAM analysis to provide human-interpretable explanations of the deep architectures' predictions of DR.
## 3 Results and Discussions
### Analysis of Nutritional Components and Total Flavonoids in V. kulingiana Leaves
#### 3.2.1 Basic Nutritional Components  
The tender leaves of _V. kulingiana_ contain approximately 60.9 kcal/100 g of energy, which is notably higher than that contained in many other vegetable foods. For comparison, green beans contain around 27 kcal/100 g, while pumpkins provide only 22 kcal/100 g [35]. Although its energy content is similar to that of most starch vegetables, such as potatoes (76 kcal/100 g) and sweet potatoes (99 kcal/100 g), it is considerably lower than that of typical grains like wheat (317 kcal/100 g) and millet (358 kcal/100 g) [36]. Also, the carbohydrate content in _V. kulingiana_ leaves is moderate, with 1.4 g/100 g of starch content, which is lower than that of grains [35]. Although this plant has a lower energy or carbohydrate content compared with that of some grains, its nutritional value cannot be overlooked, supporting its traditional use as a wild vegetable or animal feed, especially in times of scarcity.  
_V. kulingiana_ leaves are notably protein-rich, containing 8.73 g per 100 g of edible portion. Its protein content is significantly higher than that of most leafy green vegetables, such as green beans (2.5 g/100 g of edible portion) and mung bean sprouts (2.1 g/100 g), and it is even close to the protein content of wheat, a grain known for its protein content, which stands at 11.9 g/100 g [35]. As a result, _V. kulingiana_ leaves, being leafy greens, offer a substantial source of protein and can contribute to daily protein intake for humans.  
Dietary fiber, a type of non-starch polysaccharide usually contained in vegetables, fruits, and whole grains, provides various health benefits, including a reduced risk of heart disease and type 2 diabetes [36]. The total dietary fiber content in _V. kulingiana_ leaves is approximately 4.82 g/100 g, with the majority being insoluble dietary fiber (4.255 g/100 g) and only 0.565 g/100 g being soluble dietary fiber. While the dietary fiber content in _V. kulingiana_ leaves is lower than that in common grains, such as wheat (10.8 g/100 g) and bran (31.3 g/100 g) [35], the recommended daily intake of dietary fiber in China is approximately 27 g per day [34]. This suggests that _V. kulingiana_ leaves may not be the primary source of dietary fiber.  
In summary, _V. kulingiana_ leaves are rich in energy nutrients and protein, making them a suitable dietary option for meeting human nutritional needs. They possess significant potential as a valuable vegetable for consumption. The series of results from the nutritional content test also prove the scientific validity of traditional knowledge of the utilization of this plant.
###### Abstract  
An intensity modulated, continuous-wave (IM-CW) integrated path differential absorption (IPDA) fiber-based lidar is developed herein for measuring atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO\({}_{2}\)). There are two main challenges in improving measurement accuracy, which have not been given enough attention in the previous research: one is that temperature sensitivity in optical components causes biases, due to the drift of component characteristic, and the other is that speckle noise deteriorates the signal-to-noise ratio. With the components thermally controlled, a target calibration accuracy of 0.003 dB is realized, corresponding to a CO\({}_{2}\) concentration precision of better than 1 ppm for a 1 km path. A moving diffuser can reduce speckle noise by time averaging. In this paper, movement of the diffuser is substituted by the perturbation of the emitted laser beam by using a vibrating motor mounted on the optical antenna. Selecting on and off wavelengths with a small wavelength separation can improve the correlation between two laser speckle fields. These improvements result in the improved accuracy of the IPDA lidar system. Finally, the lidar performance was analyzed after the improvements described above were implemented. The diurnal variations of the atmospheric CO\({}_{2}\) concentration using a topographic target were performed, and the results showed good agreement with the data measured by an in situ sensor. The root mean square (rms) of the deviation between the IPDA lidar and the in situ sensor was less than 1.4%.  
calibration; improved speckle statistics; IM-CW; IPDA lidar Article
# Model for Quantifying the Quality of Secure Service
## 3 Components of a Security Model  
According to [PERSON] [1], an equation to describe the tunable security for a communication system could be  
\[TS:T\times Env\to R \tag{1}\]  
where \(TS\) is the tunable security, which may be dynamically adjusted based on the user security requirements. The transmitter capabilities3 are represented by \(T\), the environmental descriptions are represented by \(Env\), and the overall system security requirements are represented by \(R\). The goal is to map the tunable security services to the system security requirements. To achieve this, the tunable security services must first be decomposed into the constituent parts, such as the available number of channels, the use or disuse of encryption, and the amount of fragmentation across the network. In many cases, the environmental descriptions are directly reflected in the traditional QoS measurements available from the service provider.  
Footnote 3: [[https://www.cs.org/](https://www.cs.org/)]([https://www.cs.org/](https://www.cs.org/))  
This initial version of the QoS model is a static snap-shot, reflecting the system security at one point in time. The multiplication operator in Equation (1) does not adequately address the numerous non-linear relationships between system capability and environmental aspects. Instead, QoS captures those factors as an array of features or values and then relates the transmitter capabilities and the environmental description to the CIA triad, where confidentiality, \(C\), and integrity, \(I\), replace the transmitter capabilities, and availability, \(A\), replaces the environmental descriptors.  
Security measures are typically subjective. To achieve objectivity, we substitute measurements of confidentiality and integrity with the probability of each, designated as \(P(C)\) and \(P(I)\), respectively, as discussed in subsequent sections. Although it is unconventional to consider a QoS attack as impacting data integrity (described in subsequent sections), doing so has the added benefit of collecting all adversarial influences into the metrics for confidentiality and integrity, leaving only the system and network capabilities to be considered as availability. Availability is a specific set of objective performance metrics, or QoS, provided by the transmitter, e.g., data or bit rate, jitter, bandwidth, transmission frequency, or power. The resulting QoS equation is  
\[QoSS:[P(C),P(I),A]\to Security Requirements \tag{2}\]  
representing a snapshot of QoSS metrics mapped to the security requirements. If the array of metrics does not directly map to the security requirements, then the QoSS for that network is inadequate, and the system must be redesigned. The array of metrics also provides a foundation to perform one-to-one comparisons between two networks.
## 5 Experiment and Analysis  
### Experiments and Evaluation  
We establish a mechanism that evaluates the matching precision. The type, position, and posture of each component are computed, and they are compared with the ground truth. The posture is represented by the rotation angle. The component labels correspond to the labels in Figure 1. The ground-truth position (\(x,y,z\)) and posture (\(\alpha,\beta,\gamma\)) of a component are  
Figure 14: Fine registration results of all components. (**a**) Magnetic system. (**b**) Arc extinguisher. (**c**) Yoke. (**d**) Lever. (**e**) Big-U rod.  
Figure 15: Relationships between the threshold of the coincidence degree and the errors of the magnetic system component.  
achieved by measuring several points on the component surface using the robot exhibited in Figure 3, which uses its gripper to calibrate the appropriate gripping position and angle of the component due to its high precision (repeatability of \(\pm\)0.02 mm) [5]. The camera scans the point cloud after the robot moves out of the field, and thus the matching results and the errors can be computed. We randomly placed the components on the loading carrier 20 times and performed spatial positioning and postural estimation each time.  
For comparison, we implemented the methods introduced in Chapter 2 and found that Normal Distributions Transform (NDT) [15] and the Photoneo localization method [21] could reach relatively high precisions. Hence, the two methods were selected for comparison. Figure 16 shows the results of the two methods. The differences between our method and the comparisons were not visually significant, so we also performed a numerical comparison in the following section.  
We also compared the method proposed by this paper with our previously proposed 2D matching method, which used cascading convolutional neural networks (CNNs) for the classification of types, locations, and general postures; applied Oriented Fast and Rotated BRIEF (ORB) with Fast Approximate Nearest Neighbors [29] for feature matching; and employed RANSAC for error removal. We applied a high-resolution RGB camera of 2590 \(\times\) 1942, i.e., 0.049 mm per pixel with the FOV in Figure 5, expecting precise matching. Finally, we obtained the spatial and postural matching shown in Figure 17.  
Figure 16: Matching results with NDT (**upper column**) and Photoneo method (**lower column**). (**a**) Magnetic system. (**b**) Arc extinguisher. (**c**) Yoke. (**d**) Lever. (**e**) Big-U rod.  
Figure 17: The test results proved that compared with several existing 2D methods, our 2D matching method achieved the highest precision in this circumstance. (**a**) Magnetic system. (**b**) Arc extinguisher. (**c**) Yoke. (**d**) Lever. (**e**) Big-U rod.
# Lower- Limb Exosuits for Rehabilitation or Assistance of Human Movement: A Systematic Review
## 2 Methods
### Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria  
In this review, database searches were limited to the following definition. A soft exoskeleton (or exosuit) has no essential rigid structure, is worn by a human user, fits to the body and moves along with the body movement. It adds or aids at least one articulation of the human body and it is focused on the rehabilitation or assistance of movement. Rehabilitation is aimed at the restoration of the ability to move or to fulfill certain tasks, which has been lost due to a pathology or an accident. It does not include immobilization of articulations.  
For this definition, active exosuits need an external power input (e.g., electrical power), while passive systems are self-contained, generating the necessary power themselves [18]. In this review, no distinction between a soft exoskeleton and exosuit is made.  
Studies were selected by revision of title, abstract and full text. By screening the titles first, articles that did not fall into the category of \"exosuits for humans\" were excluded. After that, abstracts and full texts were screened for the following inclusion criteria: The study uses a physical prototype or device that (i) is a complete device, (ii) falls into the definition of \"exosuit\", (iii) is worn by a human user, (iv) is used for clinical rehabilitation or aid of an impaired user, (v) does not use a rigid frame, (vi) does add or aid at least one lower-limb articulation of the human body and (vii) does not block movement of an articulation.  
Articles not meeting all criteria were excluded. No restrictions on study design or time of publication were included. Search for relevant studies was ended 31 December 2020. Studies in languages other than English were excluded.