esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 4 SECHash Proof-of-Concept
### SECHach Evaluation and Discussion
#### 4.3.1 Storage Analysis  
SECHash solves a significant problem in e-governance; central data storage capacity requirements and the resulting recourse to third parties may need to be more trustworthy. Utilising blockchain technology saves central storage space and ensures non-duplicate document copies for each transaction [50]. SECHash's data storage system is explicitly based on the LBRY blockchain. Thus, the government will trade in the LBRY blockchain network and create transactions that include copies of accepted documents, as mentioned in Section 4.2. The cost of storing data on the LBRY blockchain can vary depending on several factors, including the amount of data and current market conditions. The prevailing market price of LBC determines the cost of data storage, which today is estimated to be USD 0.010057 (as of 3 July 2023, [[https://coinmarketfees.com/library-credit](https://coinmarketfees.com/library-credit)]([https://coinmarketfees.com/library-credit](https://coinmarketfees.com/library-credit)), accessed on 20 May 2023). In addition, the fees charged for processing transactions and including them in the network will be added to the cost of trading. The price of fees varies according to network conditions. During times of heavy network traffic, fees may be higher. SECHash  
Figure 5: Transaction list.  
Figure 6: LBRY claim ID.  
Figure 7: LBRY transaction. ID.  
does not focus on the speed of embedding the transaction into the network. Therefore, [PERSON] et al. [51] recommended waiting for network conditions to improve, as fees are lower when the network is less congested.  
In contrast, all papers offered in document data filing rely on centralised storage capacity or contracting with a third party. This process can be efficient. However, central storage would be a significant financial burden on government documents, estimated at USD 7-12 ([[https://dgtlinfra.com/how-much-does-it-cost-to-build-a-data-center/](https://dgtlinfra.com/how-much-does-it-cost-to-build-a-data-center/)]([https://dgtlinfra.com/how-much-does-it-cost-to-build-a-data-center/](https://dgtlinfra.com/how-much-does-it-cost-to-build-a-data-center/)), accessed on 24 May 2023) million per megawatt of IT load. Moreover, data storage consumption is between 20-50 megawatts per year based on a 2023 study ([[https://www.afhhyperscale.com/articles/what-makes-hyperscale-hyperscale/](https://www.afhhyperscale.com/articles/what-makes-hyperscale-hyperscale/)]([https://www.afhhyperscale.com/articles/what-makes-hyperscale-hyperscale/](https://www.afhhyperscale.com/articles/what-makes-hyperscale-hyperscale/)), accessed on 26 May 2023). A government relying on centralised data storage would cost at least USD 140 million annually. As for the proposals outsourced to a third party, the third party must have an excellent reputation to secure sensitive government documents. Yet, it is possible to penetrate this third party either internally or from an external party without the knowledge of the government [52].
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Electrochemical Characterization of IIP/Fe\({}_{3}\)O\({}_{4}\)@SiO\({}_{2}\)/MCPE Sensors
#### 3.2.2 Study on Accessible Surface Area of Different Sensors  
The average value of the electroactive surface area of the MIIP/Fe3O4@SiO2/MCPE after removing the template ion is 0.975 \(\pm\) 0.005 cm\({}^{2}\), which can be obtained from the slope (2.69 \(\times\) 10\({}^{5}\)\(n^{3/2}\)\(AD^{1/2}\)\(C\)). It is 1.8 times that of the MIIP/Fe3O4@SiO2/MCPE with template ions (0.541 \(\pm\) 0.003 cm\({}^{2}\)), 1.6 times that of MIIP/MCPE (0.609 \(\pm\) 0.005 cm\({}^{2}\)), 1.5 times that of N-MIIP/Fe3O4@SiO2/MCPE (0.650 \(\pm\) 0.003 cm\({}^{2}\)) and 3.2 times that of Fe3O4@SiO2/MCPE (0.305 \(\pm\) 0.003 cm\({}^{2}\)). It indicates that the effective removal of template UO2\({}^{2+}\) leaves many imprinted holes on the surface of MIIP/Fe3O4@SiO2/MCPE.
# Analyzing Data Reduction Techniques: An Experimental Perspective
## 9 Discussion
### Lossless Data Reduction Algorithms  
In the lossless data reduction algorithms, BZip2 demonstrated respectable compression speeds and significant percentage variation, outperforming all the other lossless data reduction algorithms in both metrics. Notably, BZip2 showed better percentage variations than some lossy data reduction techniques, such as Principal Component Analysis, Quantization, or Random Projection, indicating BZip2 as a good choice for minimizing data volume while preserving data integrity, highlighting its effectiveness as a lossless data reduction algorithm across the different data types studied in our research.
# Physical Layer Definition for a Long-Haul HF Antarctica to Spain Radio Link
## 2 Observatory Measurements  
This section describes the main measurements carried out in the ASJI, both related to the ionospheric sounder and the geomagnetic sensors.
# Experimental and Numerical Studies on the Impact Energy Absorption of Cutting Shear Rings
## 5 Discussion
### Influence of Shear Ring Spacing  
When the impactor impinges on the energy absorption device with the same shear ring thickness and different shear ring spacing at a speed of 10 m/s, the changes in key parameters are shown in Figure 10. Among them, the number of shear rings is inversely proportional to the spacing. Figure 10a-c shows the velocity curve of the impactor with time. Combined with Figure 10h, it can be seen that there is a linear trend between the number of shear rings and the energy absorption. The slope of this linear relationship is different for different shear ring thicknesses. Figure 10d-f shows the change curve of the impact force in the energy absorption process over time. Combined with Figure 10g, it can be seen that there is no obvious correlation between the number of shear rings and the peak force.  
Figure 10: _Cont._The responses of the energy absorption device based on CSR under nine working conditions are analyzed and compared. The energy absorption characteristics of the shear rings are summarized as follows:  
1. Impact energy absorption characteristics of shear rings: By analyzing and comparing the impact energy absorption characteristics of shear rings under nine working conditions, it can be seen that increasing the thickness of shear rings is obviously better than reducing the spacing of shear rings to improve the energy absorption of the device. Because with the reduction of the spacing of shear rings, the energy absorption of the device increases linearly, and with the increase in shear ring thickness, the upward trend of energy absorption of the device is more obvious. Moreover, reducing the spacing of shear rings not only increases the processing procedure but also the quality of the energy absorption rods is greater than that of increasing the thickness, which is not conducive to the lightweight of the energy absorption device.
2. Characteristics of the peak force in the energy absorption process of shear rings impact: The failure of each shear ring in the energy absorption process is accompanied by the generation of peak force, but the maximum peak force usually occurs when the first shear ring is destroyed. There is a linear trend between the shear ring thickness and the peak force, but the spacing of the shear rings has little effect on the peak force. Therefore, in the application process of the energy absorption device, the thickness of the shear ring should be determined according to the installation conditions to ensure that the device will not fall off in the process of energy absorption. Then, according to the requirements for energy absorption, the appropriate spacing of shear rings is selected to achieve the purposes of collision mitigation and energy absorption.
## 3 Results
### Case Study Analyses
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Ref. No.**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Authors and Year**} & \multicolumn{6}{c}{Five Dimensions of Tao et al.} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Fulfillment**} \\ \cline{3-4} \cline{6-6}  & & **Physical Entity** & **Virtual Model** & **DT Data** & **Service System** & **Connection** \\ \hline
[30] & [PERSON] et al. 2021 & x & x & & & 40\% \\
[31] & [PERSON] et al. 2021 & x & x & x & x & 80\% \\
[32] & [PERSON] et al. 2021 & x & x & x & & 60\% \\
[33] & [PERSON] et al. 2021 & x & x & x & & 40\% \\
[34] & [PERSON] et al. 2021 & x (lab) & x & x & & 60\% \\
[36] & [PERSON] et al. 2020 & x & x & & x & 60\% \\
[38] & [PERSON] et al. 2020 & x (lab) & x & x & & 60\% \\
[39] & [PERSON] et al. 2020 & x & x & x & x & 100\% \\
[40] & [PERSON] et al. 2020 & x & x & x & & 60\% \\
[21] & [PERSON] et al. 2020 & x & x & & & 40\% \\
[41] & [PERSON] and [PERSON], 2020 & x & x & x & x & 100\% \\
[42] & [PERSON] et al. 2020 & x & x & x & x & 100\% \\
[43] & [PERSON] et al. 2019 & x (lab) & x & x & x & 100\% \\
[44] & [PERSON] et al. 2019 & x & x & x & & 60\% \\
[22] & [PERSON] et al. 2019 & x & x & x & & 20\% \\
[45] & [PERSON] et al. 2018 & x & & & & 20\% \\
[27] & [PERSON] et al. 2018 & x & x & x & x & 100\% \\
[46] & [PERSON] et al. 2018 & x (lab) & x & x & x & 100\% \\
[47] & [PERSON] et al. 2017 & x & x & x & & 40\% \\
[48] & [PERSON] and [PERSON], 2017 & x (lab) & & x & x & 60\% \\ \hline Allocation & 90\% & 90\% & 70\% & 60\% & 35\% \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 9: Fulfillment of five dimensions of Digital Twins. represent the behaviors and functions of the real system virtually in an executable model. Hence, this objective is not explicitly stated. Production system machine monitoring, production scheduling, AGV control, as well as overall equipment effectiveness (OEE) were most often addressed as the main objective of the identified DTs studies. Although no paper mentioned OEE per se, many studies address this performance indicator by considering the underlying OEE indicators, namely, quality rate, machine availability, and machine performance. The line balance rate, reaction time, workstation design, and lead time are also addressed in two papers each. Several other objectives have been tackled by individuals. As displayed in Table 12, the DTs were also developed for different areas of application. Four of the papers do not describe their application domain and are, therefore, not assignable (20%). Furthermore, it can be observed that most of the DTs were investigated in laboratory environments (25%). In addition, investigations were carried out in the automotive industry (15%), in the electronics industry (10%), in the metalworking industry (10%), in the aerospace industry (5%), and in the energy sector (5%), as well as in warehouse (5%) and distribution center (5%) environments.
## 3 Experimental Results and Discussion
### Experimental Result  
The experiment adopted an iron particle (0.90 mm length, 0.90 mm diameter), and the amplification gain was 30. The particles are 1 mm from the flow tube wall. Figure 8 shows the output voltage signal of the sensor when the wear debris is driven at a speed of 2.12 m/s by a high-gradient magnetic field produced by a 0.4 A direct current. When the wear debris pass through the high-gradient magnetic field, a pulse output signal similar to a sine wave is generated, which matches the simulation wave shown in Figure 6. The signal first generates a valley and then forms a peak; the peak-to-peak value is 163 mV with the pulse width of approximately 28 ms. The background noise of the signal has a peak-to-peak value of approximately 30 mV. Furthermore, the background noise is a continuous sine wave whose frequency is 50 Hz due to industry frequency interference.
## 4 Emerging Lightweight Security Approaches
### Asymmetric Encryption--Lightweight ECC Approaches
#### 4.2.2 Elliptic Curve Digital Signature  
ECDSA is an alternative to the digital signature algorithm (DSA) due to the smaller key sizes associated with ECC [96; 97]. ECDSA's reduced key size can be used in IoT gateways to authenticate IoT devices and verify the integrity of the messages [98].  
ECDSA begins with the sender generating a hash value \(e\) of the message \(m\). A hash value is a one-way function that generates a fixed-size, unique value for the input message. This hash value is then truncated to \(k\) bits in length, where \(k\) is equal to the order of the subgroup generated by the base point \(G\). This truncated hash is represented as \(z\).  
Figure 10: ECDH being used between a LoRA gateway and the cloud application server.  
The sender then uses the key pair (H\({}_{a}\), \(a\)) generated during the ECDH key exchange to generate the signature \(s\), which is calculated using Equation (13).  
\[s=a^{-1}(z+r*a) \tag{13}\]  
where the value \(r\) represents the \(x\) coordinate of the point that serves as the sender's public key H\({}_{a}\) modulo \(k\), and \(a^{-1}\) is the multiplicative inverse of \(a\) modulo \(k\). The signature is then placed into a pair (\(r\), \(s\)), which is sent to the receiver with the encrypted message for verification.  
The receiver begins verification by decrypting the received message to obtain the plaintext message \(m\). The receiver then calculates the hash value e using the same procedure as the sender. After the hash value is truncated to obtain \(z\), two values (x\({}_{1}\) and x\({}_{2}\)) are calculated as in Equations (14) and (15).  
\[\mathrm{x}_{1}=s^{-1}\;z\;\mathrm{mod(n)} \tag{14}\]  
\[\mathrm{x}_{2}=s^{-1}\;r\;\mathrm{mod(n)} \tag{15}\]  
These two values are used in Equation (16) to obtain the point (x,y).  
\[\mathrm{(x,y)}=\mathrm{x}_{1}\;\mathrm{G}+\mathrm{x}_{2}\;\mathrm{H}_{a}, \tag{16}\]  
where H\({}_{a}\) is the sender's public key. If the condition \(r=\mathrm{x}\;\mathrm{mod(n)}\) is met, then the signature is verified. Otherwise, it is invalid.
# A Review of Medical Diagnostic Video Analysis Using Deep Learning Techniques
## 5 Publicly Available Datasets for Medical Video Analysis
### HyperKvasir Dataset  
The HyperKvasir dataset is the largest and most diverse endoscopy video dataset [32]. This dataset contains 374 videos, corresponding to 9.78 h of videos and 889,372 video frames. The videos are divided into two categories: upper GI tract and lower GI tract. These categories are divided into 30 classes, such as ulcers, polyps, and cancer. All the videos are of different sizes and resolutions and stored in.avi format.
## 2 System Description and Current Controller
### Direct Current Control Based on Capacitor Current Damping  
Figure 2 shows the direct current control based on the capacitor current damping for a three-phase inverter connected with the grid inductance \(L_{g}\). In this scheme, the active damping is realized through the virtual resistance based on capacitance current to achieve stable grid current control loop. In Figure 2, the function of the proportional gain \(K_{c}\) is the same as the virtual resistance in capacitor branch for the purpose of restraining the resonance of the LCL filter.  
To track the grid current reference and compensate the grid disturbance in the orders of 3 rd, 5 th, and 7 th harmonic components, this scheme implements the harmonic compensators at respective harmonics in the stationary frame [13]. In this study, this scheme is modified to include the resonant controllers for harmonic suppression in the orders of 5 th, 7 th, 11 th, and 13 th harmonic components, in which the PR controllers for the fundamental and harmonic components are expressed as:  
\[G_{1}(s)=K_{p1}+\left(\frac{K_{r1}}{s^{2}+\omega^{2}}\right) \tag{6}\]  
\[G_{h}(s)=\sum_{h=5,7,11,13}\left(\frac{K_{rh}}{s^{2}+h\omega^{2}}\right) \tag{7}\]  
Figure 1: Configuration of a grid-connected inverter and a current control scheme.  
In addition, to improve the stability margin, zero compensation is introduced as [13]:  
\[G_{HP}(s)=1+\frac{s}{\omega_{ref}} \tag{8}\]  
The closed-loop transfer function of the entire system is presented as:  
\[G_{cl}(s)=\frac{G_{op}(s)}{1+G_{op}(s)} \tag{9}\]  
where: \(G_{op}(z)=\frac{i^{\pi}_{2}(s)}{\epsilon^{\alpha}(s)}=G_{HP}(s)\bigg{(}(G_{1}( s)+G_{h}(s))\frac{1}{s(L_{1}L_{2}C^{\beta}+K_{c}L_{2}C^{\beta}+(L_{1}+L_{2})} \bigg{)}\).  
\[\epsilon^{\alpha\beta}=[\begin{array}{cc}\epsilon^{\alpha}&\epsilon^{\beta} \end{array}]^{T}=[\begin{array}{cc}i^{\alpha\alpha}_{2}-i^{\alpha}_{2}&i^{ \beta\ast}_{2}-i^{\beta}_{2}\end{array}]^{T},\,\mathbf{i}_{2}=[\begin{array}{ cc}i^{\alpha}_{2}&i^{\beta}_{2}\end{array}]^{T}\]  
and the superscript \(\alpha\) and \(\beta\) denote the stationary variables, respectively. To ensure the system stability as well as good dynamic performance, the selected gains are obtained via an iterative process according to the design guideline in [13], and the closed-loop poles derived from (9) should be maintained in the stable region.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Thin Finn RTD Array  
The thin-film RTD array sensor on a thin polyimide (PI) substrate [13] was prepared for response time measurement. The sensor consists of 100 RTDs arranged in a 10 \(\times\) 10 array with a 1 mm inter-RTD distance, with a serpentine design per unit of RTD. Platinum (Pt) was used as the material for both RTD electrodes and electrical lines. The thickness of the PI film was fabricated as thin as 2.5 \(\upmu\)m.  
The sensor was fabricated on a glass wafer using microelectromechanical system (MEMS) technology and then transferred onto a printed circuit board (PCB) using a previously reported process [13]. In brief, a polyimide liquid (VTEC PI-1388) diluted with N-Methyl-2-Pyrrolidone (NMP) was spin-coated and dried on a glass wafer. To create RTDs and electrode lines on the PI layer, a photoresist (PR) was spin-coated and patterned by a photolithography process using ultraviolet (UV) light and photomasks. Then, the Pt/Cr layer was deposited, and PR was removed to lift off Pt/Cr on PR. After attaching water-soluble tape to the wafer, the film was cut into individual devices and transferred from the wafer to the PCB. A square hole in the PCB corresponds to the sensing area (10 mm \(\times\) 10 mm) of the thin-film RTD sensor. The electrode on the film was connected to the data acquisition (DAQ) system using anisotropic conductive film (ACF).  
To perform the liquid drop test, an acrylic mold was assembled on the PCB, and polyurethane rubber (VytaFlex(tm)40, Smooth-on, Inc., Macungie, PA, USA) was poured onto the top side of the sensor and cured. The speed of sound and attenuation coefficient of the rubber at the 1.1 MHz frequency were 1423 \(\pm\) 4 m/s and 1.38 \(\pm\) 0.07 dB/cm, respectively [13]. The PCB was then flipped so that the bottom PI substrate of the RTD array sensor was exposed to the air for the liquid drop method. The thin PI substrate acted as an insulating layer, preventing the RTD electrodes from contacting water. At the same time, the polyurethane rubber supported the thin-film sensors during the liquid drop test, preventing mechanical impact and deformation caused by the water drop.
###### Abstract
[39] developed a high-resolution 3D geological model of Samso (Denmark) to update the risk assessment of the Pillemark landfill; [PERSON] et al. [3] constructed an integrated 3D geological model of Vejle, Denmark, to support urban planning by providing planning maps; and [PERSON] et al. [40] presented an integrated MPS-based 3D model framework in Minjiang Estuary area (China) to achieve more precise visualization for the subsurface structures. In general, 3D geological models have increasingly been used to improve understanding of geology at different scales. Three-dimensional geological models are currently needed and used independently of urban development; yet constructing a 3D geological model in an urban setting is still challenging considering the accessibility to data, data compilation, methods employed, and complex geological environments. Even though the use of different frameworks for modeling has been tested, few studies have presented systematic procedures and methods at a city scale in a complex alluvial fan sedimentary environment. The main aim of this study is to develop an efficient and practical procedure of 3D geological modeling under a fluvial sedimentary environment in an urban area and discuss the applications. Taking Tongzhou District (Beijing) as a case, 40 new drilled boreholes combined with an existing 1506 files of investigation data were analyzed to support lithology generalization, a necessary step of the cross-section method. A detailed procedure of this method was discussed. Finally, a systematic modeling framework and an integrated 3D model (up to 50 m beneath Tongzhou) were constructed. The new model was used as a tool to visualize the depth and geometry variations below ground and to characterize a large variety of properties (for example, the compression modulus analyzed in this paper) that each unit contains and then to evaluate the underground geological conditions. Outputs combined with the thickness map of each geological unit revealed from the model can improve our understanding of geological conditions below ground and provide valuable insights to reduce construction risk in the future. The dynamic monitoring model that takes time into consideration is another key application, but more research is needed for dynamic models.
## 4 Results of Experiment and Simulation
### Disturbance Rejecting Ability Simulations and Experimental Results  
In order to validate the disturbance rejecting ability of the proposed method, pulse disturbances of 50 N\(\cdot\)m and 100 N\(\cdot\)m are added at time 70 s and 130 s, respectively, as shown in Figure 12.  
Figure 11: Comparative azimuth gimbal absolute angle experimental results with four different methods: (**a**) PID method; (**b**) NFTSM method; (**c**) NFTSM-RBFNN method; (**d**) the proposed method.  
Figure 10: Form change of the B-spline activation function: (**a**) initial forms of the activation curves; (**b**) final forms of the activation curves after training.