## 3 Results  
To evaluate and validate the performance of the developed dynamic model of the push-pull converter, two experimental tests were carried out on a real 2 kW converter. This converter was specifically developed by the authors for this application to learn all its parameters. Two tests were performed to evaluate the steady-state behavior of the converter, considering variations in the converter input voltage (test 1) and in its duty cycle (test 2). The objective of both tests was to evaluate the performance of the developed model with respect to variations in each variable in isolation. Finally, a dynamic performance test (test 3) was developed. These tests will be described in more detail below. The validation of the model consisted of comparing the results of the open-loop simulations of the developed model (DM) with the experimental results obtained (Exp) in the real converter. On the other hand, to demonstrate the performance of the developed model with respect to existing solutions in the scientific literature, these results were also compared with those obtained using the ideal model (IM) developed in [17] and the reference model (RM), represented by the most complete T3M found in the literature [23]. For the instrumentation systems required for the experimental tests, the following were used: a Regatron(r) programmable power (Regatron, Rorschach, Switzerland.) supply (TC.GSS series) to generate the input voltage to the converter and a LeCroy(r) WaveSurfer 454 oscilloscope (Lecroy, New York, USA) with a professional current and differential voltage probes to measure the electrical variables in the converter. The converter load was implemented using a bank of eight power resistors of 10 \(\Omega\), with each connected in series. Finally, the switching frequency of the converter's PWM signal was set at 25 kHz, which is typical for converters in this power range. The experimental setup is shown in Figure 4.  
On the other hand, all simulations were performed in the Matlab(r) environment. The sampling time was set at 5 \(\upmu\)s.  
Finally, the converter parameters were obtained from the component datasheets, as well as from direct measurements in the actual circuit. In the specific case of the HF transformer, the capacitances and leakage inductances were calculated from empirical expressions based on the transformer construction and sizing according to [30; 31], respectively, while the core parameters were calculated by performing an open-circuit test. Hardware details are shown in Table 2. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline
**Element** & **Model and Characteristics** & **Parameter** \\ \hline Capacitor filter & MKP1848680704Y5, Vishay® (Vishay, Hangzhou, China) & \(C_{F}:80\) μF \\  & Power voltage: 700 VDC & \(R_{C_{F}}:3\) m\(\Omega\) \\ Inductance filter & Custom & \(L_{F}:2.1\) m\(\Omega\) \\  & Ferrite material: N27 & \(R_{L_{F}}:30\) m\(\Omega\) \\  & & \(N_{P}:4\) \\  & & \(N_{S}:48\) \\  & & \(L_{P}:0.4\) u\(\Omega\) \\  & Custom, Saber S.L.® (Saber, Barcelona, Spain) & \(L_{S}:70\) μH \\  & Ferrite material: N27 & \(R_{L_{F}}:85\) m\(\Omega\) \\ HF transformer & Core: E100 /60/28 & \(R_{L_{S}}:40\) m\(\Omega\) \\  & Winding turns ratio: 1:12 & \(C_{F}:40\) μF \\  & & \(C_{S}:40\) μF \\  & & \(L_{M}:500\) μH \\  & HS300 10R F, Arcol® (Arcol, Warrenville, Illinois, USA) & \\ Load resistor & Configuration: 881P & \(R:80\) μ\(\Omega\) \\  & Power rating: 300 W & \\  & IXFN132N50Y3, LyYS® (YXIS, Milpitas, California, USA) & \(R_{DS}:40\) m\(\Omega\) \\ Mosfet & Configuration: 251P & \(C_{\infty}:3.5\) nF \\  & Maximum voltage: 500 V & Maximum current: 112 A \\  & VS-20 ETF12 PbF, Vishay® (Vishay, Hangzhou, China) & \(R_{D}:21\) m\(\Omega\) \\ Rectifier diode & Configuration: 251P & \(V_{\gamma}:1.1\) V \\  & Maximum voltage: 1200 V & \(V_{\gamma}:1.1\) V \\  & Maximum current: 20 A & \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Push–pull converter parameters. Figure 4: Laboratory experimental set-up. **Test 3. Dynamic analysis.