## 2 Related Work
Authors such as those of [26] introduce an innovative method for generating an orthogonal interleaver set to support a large increase in user count while reducing implementation complexity and memory requirements. The proposed scheme enhances security and uniqueness for individual users in the system while maintaining optimal performance. [PERSON] et al. [34] present a detailed investigation into how mutual coupling affects the achievable sum rate of NOMA systems in both uplink and downlink transmissions. The study focuses on a single-antenna-user NOMA system with directional beamforming in the millimeter wave channel. Other authors use progressive frequency-interleaved to improve the quality of the images. [PERSON] et al. [35] present a detailed study on a novel progressive frequency-interleaved network (PFIN) developed for improving the quality of underwater images. The researchers have proposed a unique approach that combines the progressive frequency-domain module (PFDM) and convolution-guided module (CGM) to address the challenges of color distortion, low contrast, and blurred details commonly found in underwater images. Some authors have presented surveys on grant-free non-orthogonal multiple access for IoT. [PERSON] et al. [36], in their survey, explore the challenges and solutions for enabling connectivity of a massive number of Internet of Things (IoT) devices in the fifth generation of wireless communications technologies. NOMA provides a promising solution for addressing the challenges of mMTC by enabling efficient resource utilization, grant-free access, improved spectral efficiency, and enhanced receiver design to support a massive number of IoT devices. [PERSON] [37] offers a thorough exploration of how visible light communication systems can leverage non-orthogonal multiple access techniques to improve spectral efficiency and capacity in wireless communication. He explores the client matching strategies, power allocation, and the applications of VLC-NOMA systems across different scenarios. The results of our study significantly contribute to the development of more efficient NOMA schemes for future wireless networks in several key ways:  
* Improved user identification: By utilizing techniques like progressive pattern interleaver (PPI), our study enhances the ability to identify users in congested network environments. This is crucial for ensuring efficient and reliable communication in future networks. * Enhanced performance in fading channels: Our study demonstrates that NOMA schemes, when combined with PPI and multi-carrier modulation techniques like SC-FDMA-IDMA and OFDM-IDMA, can significantly improve performance in fading channels. This is essential for maintaining stable and high-quality communication in wireless environments. * Optimized multi-carrier modulation: The optimization of multi-carrier modulation is key to maximizing spectral efficiency and network capacity. Our analysis of multi-carrier NOMA schemes with PPI provides insights into how these techniques can be optimized for future networks. * Reduced implementation complexity: Simplifying the implementation of NOMA schemes, particularly with the use of techniques like PPI, can lead to reduced implementation complexity. This is important for ensuring the practicality and efficiency of wireless communication systems. Our work builds upon previous studies by not only discussing the benefits of NOMA technology for next-generation networks but also providing concrete evidence of how implementing NOMA schemes with interleaving techniques can enhance network performance. By analyzing the performance of multi-carrier NOMA schemes with PPI, SC-FDMA-IDMA, and OFDM-IDMA, we offer justification for implementing interleaving in next-generation networks to improve overall performance and efficiency.