## 2 Solar-Hydrogen Storage System
### Hydrogen Storage System Components  
Systems for storing hydrogen safely and effectively until it is required for energy production or other uses are made up of a number of essential components [110; 111; 112]. These elements (Table 2) are essential [113; 114; 115; 116; 117; 118; 119; 120; 121; 122] to guaranteeing the hydrogen storage system's dependability and integrity. Here is a summary of the key elements.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**No** & **Hydrogen Storage** & **Description** \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{1} & & In tanks composed of lightweight materials like carbon fiber or composite materials, hydrogen gas is kept at high pressures, usually between 350 and 700 bar (5000 and 10,000 psi). Compression is appropriate for applications like fuel cell vehicles since it permits a comparatively high energy density and quick refueling times. The processes of compression and decompression can cause energy losses and demand a large amount of energy. Taking safety into account is essential because of the enormous pressure involved. \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{2} & & The process of turning hydrogen gas into a liquid involves cooling it to extremely low temperatures (\(-253\)\({}^{\circ}\)C or \(-423\)\({}^{\circ}\)F), which greatly boosts the gas’s energy density. Compared to compressed gas storage, liquid hydrogen has a higher energy density, allowing for more effective storage and transmission. Boil-off losses over time owing to heat leakage occur, and liquefaction necessitates a significant energy input for cooling. It takes insulated storage tanks to keep the temperature down. \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{3} & & Hydrogen molecules attach themselves physically to the surface of solids like metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), activated carbon, and nanoporous materials. Compared to compression or liquefaction, adsorption offers the possibility of large storage capacities at lower pressures and temperatures. It can also be effective and reversible. It is still difficult to achieve quick kinetics and high efficiency in reversible adsorption–desorption cycles. Important considerations include the stability and durability of the adsorbent material as well as its selection. \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{4} & & Metal hydrides and other hydride compounds are created when hydrogen forms a chemical bond with a solid substance. Hydrides provide stable storage at moderate temperatures and pressures and can store considerable amounts of hydrogen by weight. The efficiency of a system may be impacted by hydrides that require heating or cooling during cycles of hydrogen absorption and desorption. Important factors to take into account are the kinetics of hydrogen release and uptake as well as the stability and reversibility of the material. \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{5} & & A liquid organic substance, such as an aromatic compound or a heterocycle containing nitrogen, is chemically linked to hydrogen. Transporting and storing hydrogen at room temperature and pressure is made safe and effective with LOHCs. Additionally, they have a high volumetric energy density. The kinetics of hydrogen uptake and release, as well as the requirement for catalysts or energy input, are crucial considerations. It is also necessary to take into account the carrier molecules’ regeneration and recycling. \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Types of hydrogen storage.  
Systems for storing and delivering hydrogen gas safely for a variety of uses are made up of a number of components. To fully utilize hydrogen as a clean and sustainable energy source, these elements must be integrated effectively [6; 123; 124]. Improvements in materials, design, and technology are propelling the development of hydrogen storage systems, which is making them more and more practical for a variety of uses, from stationary power generation to transportation [125; 126; 127].