## 5 Results and Discussions
### Anomaly Pattern Detection
Furthermore, the spatial distribution of the inliers prominently highlights the seismic zone of the rift, potentially offering valuable insights into the stress distribution and fault line dynamics within the Red Sea region. The outliers pinpointed by the analysis are primarily clustered in two regions: the northern part of the Red Sea, in proximity to the Gulf of Aqaba, and the southern part, near the Gulf of Aden. These zones are recognized for their seismic activity and have historically hosted some of the largest earthquakes in the region. Conversely, the inliers exhibit a more uniform distribution across the entirety of the Red Sea area. Figure 8 illustrates the results of a comprehensive analysis of seismic activity in the Red Sea region, utilizing data gathered by Saudi monitoring networks. This analysis employs an isolation forest machine learning algorithm for the identification of anomalies. The figure delineates three key aspects of the seismic data: magnitude distribution, distance distribution, and geographic spread of the seismic events. The magnitude distribution indicates a predominance of seismic events with magnitudes below 2.5, alongside a minority of events exceeding a magnitude of 4.0. In terms of distance distribution, most events are observed within a 500 km radius from the monitoring stations, although a few extend up to 1750 km. Geographically, seismic activity is notably higher in the northern and central areas of the Red Sea, with a reduced frequency in the southern region. The overall interpretation of this data suggests that the Red Sea region exhibits significant seismic activity. While the majority of events are of lower magnitude, the presence of occasional larger magnitude  
Figure 7: Comparative Distribution of Seismic Parameters by Monitoring Network. events is notable. The geographical concentration of these events in the northern and central Red Sea is also evident. The application of the isolation forest technique has successfully identified a small subset of anomalous data points, which may be attributed to various causes such as data inaccuracies or the occurrence of atypical seismic events. Table 4 presents the descriptive statistics of the newly developed unified seismicity catalog for Saudi Arabia and the Red Sea region. This comprehensive dataset, comprising 70,497 recorded events, provides valuable insights into the seismic activity of the area. The dataset encompasses a 37-year period from 1985 to 2022, with an average year of 2005.19 and a standard deviation of 6.75 years. This indicates a slight skew towards more recent events, attributed to the increased number of seismic stations and improved detection and recording capabilities over time. The uniform distribution across months (mean 6.53, std 3.48) shows that seismic activity in the region is not seasonal. The mean coordinates (26.80A\({}^{\circ}\) N, 35.17A\({}^{\circ}\) E) place the center of seismic activity in the northern part of the Red Sea and the two gulfs. The relatively small standard deviations in latitude (2.85A\({}^{\circ}\)) and longitude (1.53A\({}^{\circ}\)) suggest a concentration of events within a specific area  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & **Year** & **Month** & **Day** & **Hour** & **Minute** & **Second** & **Latitude** & **Longitude** & **Depth** & **Magnitude** \\ \hline
**count** & 70,497 & 70,497 & 70,497 & 70,497 & 70,497 & 70,497 & 70,497 & 70,497 & 70,497 & 70,497 & 70,497 \\
**mean** & 2005.19 & 6.53 & 15.82 & 11.82  
corresponding to the Red Sea rift zone, Gulf of Suez, and Gulf of Aqaba. However, the range of coordinates (notably the maximum longitude of 43.31A\({}^{\text{a}}\) E) indicates that some events occur in the surrounding regions. The mean focal depth of 13.58 km with a standard deviation of 7.32 km suggests that most seismic activities in this region are shallow to moderate in depth, consistent with the tectonic setting of the Red Sea.