## Appendix A  
Information and communication technologies (ICT) are the foundation of growth and development in the modern global economy and society, striving to bring robust connectivity to all corners of the globe. New means of connectivity, i.e., enhanced and new wireless platforms and network architectures,together with innovative wireless technologies promise improved coverage, greater capacity, higher data rates, more efficient use of spectrum resources, much quicker round-trip times or lower latency, higher system reliability, and more flexibility for the effective delivery of the ICT services. This will open up new applications, where the **major market drivers** beyond 2020, which trigger a massive number of use cases are [4, 270, 271]:  
* Mobile Internet (MI) focused on people-oriented communications with use cases such as Ultra-High Density (UHD) and 3D video, augmented reality, virtual reality, online gaming, mobile cloud, remote computing, tactile internet, 3D connectivity to aircrafts and drones, collaborative robots, smart office and
* Internet of Things (IoT), including Machine-to-Machine (M2M) and Device-to-Device (D2D) communications, which provides communications between things AND between things and people with use cases such as smart grid and critical infrastructure monitoring, mobile surveillance, environmental monitoring, industrial automation, eHealth services, smart wearables and smart body area networks, sensor networks, smart homes/buildings, smart cities, smart transportation, self-driving and connected cars (Internet of Vehicles). All these use cases can be grouped into three usage scenarios [4, 270], or generic 5G services [271], addressing different use case characteristics, as illustrated in Figure A1. The evolution of wireless communications is primarily driven by the anticipated data traffic explosion and its economical perspective. Some drivers, characteristics, and trends that are expected to impact the anticipated traffic growth are given in detail in the Report ITU-R M.2370 [272], containing global international mobile telecommunications (IMT) traffic beyond 2020 from several sources. It reaches 62 EB/57 EB, 607 EB/543 EB, and 5016 EB/4394 EB with/without M2M traffic in 2020, 2025, and 2030, respectively. The network capacity unit ExaByte (EB) is \(10^{18}\) (= 1 Trillion) Bytes. This means a compounded annual growth rate (CAGR) of around 55% in 2020 to 2030 with and without M2M traffic, respectively. Hence, global IMT traffic will grow in the range of 10 to 100 times from 2020 to 2030, where M2M will have a traffic volume of about 7% and 12% of the total one in 2020 and 2030, respectively. By far, the largest traffic volume will be consumed by _video usage_ with ultra-high resolution. Video streaming will account for almost 75% of all global mobile traffic, being more than 4.2 times and 6 times than non-video in 2025 and 2030, respectively. In Report ITU-R M.2370 [272] three major drivers have been identified, influencing the growth of future mobile traffic. All are expected to evolve over time. These three major drivers are:* enhanced mobile broadband, in particular by video usage with 75% of all global mobile traffic,
* application uptake, i.e., the rate at which applications are being adopted, e.g., annual global downloading of applications was about 270 billion apps in 2017 and
* device proliferation, accompanied with an evolution toward ever smarter mobile devices in different form factors and with continuously enhanced capabilities and intelligence, which require increasing bit rates and bandwidth. Globally, the growth of wireless devices, accessing mobile networks worldwide, will grow significantly. Thus, [272] estimates the global mobile subscriptions of 10.7 billion in 2020, 13.8 billion in 2025, and 17.1 billion in 2030, respectively. Together with the estimated number of mobile connected M2M devices, numbers will be around 7 billion in 2020, 34 billion in 2025, and 97 billion in 2030, respectively.