## 2 Study Area and Data Sources
### Methodology  
#### 2.3.1 Research Process  
The overall workflow of this study is shown in Figure 2. Firstly, the ecological evaluation indicators were selected by the Pressure-State-Response framework based on the Landsat data. Then, the RCEI was constructed based on the GEE platform to invert the past ecological and environmental quality changes in Jincheng City from 1990 to 2022. Finally, spatial autocorrelation analysis was conducted to explore the spatial distribution patterns of ecological environmental quality. The relationship between land cover and ecological environmental quality was further examined and discussed. A novel Resource-Based City Ecological Index (RCEI) was constructed based on a Pressure-State-Response framework. This framework, conceptualized by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development and the United Nations Environmental Programme, incorporates the three dimensions of anthropogenic pressure, environmental state, and climate response. In the early development of coal resource cities, rapid urban expansion centered around coal mining areas. As mining intensified and the workforce grew, population activities related to coal mining increased, leading to population concentration around mining areas. This resulted in the rapid development of production and residential zones, with significant ground hardening, replacing vegetation and causing ecological damage. The Normalized Differential Buildup and Bare Soil Index (NDBSI) is a remote sensing index used to describe surface dryness. It integrates multiple spectral bands to distinguish between bare soil and vegetation cover, reflecting changes in surface dryness and bare soil. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**1990 (Landsat TM)** & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**1996 (Landsat TM)**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**2002 (Landsat TM)**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**2006 (Landsat TM)**} \\ \hline
**Path/Row** & **Data Times** & **Path/Row** & **Data Times** & **Path/Row** & **Data Times** & **Path/Row** & **Data Times** \\ \hline
124,036 & 7 July 1990 & 124,035 & 13 June 1996 & 124,035 & 8 July 2002 & 124,035 & 1 June 2006 \\
125,035 & 31 August 1990 & 124,036 & 16 August 1996 & 124,036 & 24 July 2002 & 124,036 & 20 August 2006 \\
124,036 & 24 August 1990 & 125,036 & 7 August 1996 & 125,036 & 13 June 2002 & 125,035 & 10 July 2006 \\
125,035 & 28 June 1990 & 124,035 & 29 June 1996 & 125,035 & 16 August 2002 & 125,036 & 24 June 2006 \\
125,036 & 14 July 1990 & 125,035 & 4 June 1996 & 125,036 & 29 June 2002 & 125,036 & 11 August 2006 \\ \hline
**2008 (Landsat TM)** & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**2013 (OLI/TIRS)**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**2018 (OLI/TIRS)**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**2022 (OLI/TIRS)**} \\ \hline
**Path/Row** & **Data Times** & **Path/Row** & **Data Times** & **Path/Row** & **Data Times** & **Path/Row** & **Data Times** \\ \hline
125,036 & 29 June 2008 & 124,035 & 4 June 2013 & 124,035 & 12 June 2018 & 125,036 & 23 June 2022 \\
125,036 & 31 July 2008 & 124,035 & 7 August 2013 & 124,035 & 30 July 2018 & 125,035 & 16 June 2022 \\
124,035 & 25 August 2008 & 124,035 & 6 July 2013 & 124,035 & 31 August 2018 & 124,035 & 19 August 2022 \\
124,036 & 24 July 2008 & 124,036 & 23 August 2013 & 124,036 & 28 June 2018 & 125,035 & 25 July 2022 \\
124,035 & 22 June 2008 & 125,036 & 27 June 2013 & 125,035 & 22 August 2018 & 125,036 & 9 July 2022 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Landsat image series data of Jincheng City from 1990 to 2022. Figure 2: The overall workflow of this study. Large-scale mining leads to substantial coal piles on the surface, and coal dust from preprocessing and transport disperses into the air, spreading widely. Early mining areas in resource cities are typically near urban centers, causing coal dust to disperse in populated areas, leading to respiratory diseases and stressing surrounding vegetation, rapidly degrading the ecological environment. Therefore, coal dust pollution's impact on the ecological environment cannot be ignored.