# Highway Construction Safety Analysis Using Large Language Models
## 3 Database and Methods
### LLM Summarization and Cause Identification
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**Cluster No. and Title 1 ** & **Summary 3 ** \\ \hline Cluster 1 & The road construction incidents involve a wide range of injuries, including fractures, head injuries, and back injuries, with many employees requiring hospitalization. The incidents highlight the importance of proper safety protocols, such as wearing seat belts and using proper equipment, to prevent accidents and injuries on road construction sites. The incidents also demonstrate the need for ongoing safety training and vigilance in the road construction industry. The incidents involve employees being struck by vehicles or equipment, either while working alongside the road or while performing tasks such as loading or unloading equipment. The incidents emphasize the need for increased safety measures and awareness in the road construction industry to prevent further accidents and injuries, including the importance of proper traffic control and the dangers of distracted driving. The incidents also show the importance of proper footwear, the dangers of working in close proximity to moving vehicles, and the need for proper maintenance of equipment.[ENDFOOTNOTE]** \\ \hline Cluster 2 & The incidents range from employees being struck by objects or run over by equipment to suffering severe lacerations and fractures, resulting in hospitalization and surgery. Many incidents involve the use of heavy machinery, while others involve slips and trips on uneven surfaces or debris. The incidents emphasize the importance of prioritizing safety in the workplace through ongoing safety training, awareness, supervision, communication, and hazard identification to ensure a safe work environment for all employees. Commonalities between the incidents include employees being struck by equipment, suffering fractures and lacerations, and being hospitalized for their injuries. The incidents also highlight the importance of proper clothing and equipment maintenance, as well as the need for caution when working in trenches or around heavy machinery.[ENDFOOTNOTE] \\ \hline Cluster 3 & All of the listed incidents involve employees working in road construction who suffered from heat-related illnesses or dehydration. Many employees were hospitalized due to symptoms such as heat exhaustion, cramping, and dehydration. The incidents occurred during hot weather conditions, with some employees working in temperatures as high as 86 degrees. The affected employees were performing a variety of tasks, including paving, welding, shoveling, and flagging. The incidents highlight the importance of proper hydration and heat safety measures in road construction work.[ENDFOOTNOTE] \\ \hline Cluster 4 & The road construction incidents involved a variety of tasks and equipment, resulting in a range of injuries from falls, being struck by falling objects, being caught in between objects, and tripping. Safety equipment was not always used properly or was unhooked at the time of the incident, and employees were not always using proper equipment or following proper procedures. Many of the incidents resulted in hospitalization and required emergency surgery, with injuries ranging from broken bones to electrical burns and partial amputations. Commonalities between the incidents include falls from heights, being struck by falling objects, and improper use of equipment or failure to follow proper procedures.[ENDFOOTNOTE] \\ Cluster 5 & The road construction incidents involve a range of injuries, including burns from hot materials such as asphalt and oil, exposure to chemicals like battery acid and gasoline, and electrical hazards. Many incidents occur while employees are working on or near machinery and are injured due to equipment malfunctions or accidents. Other incidents involve employees being struck by vehicles or falling from heights. Employers must ensure that employees are aware of the potential hazards and are equipped with the necessary protective gear to prevent injuries. Commonalities between the incidents include hot materials causing burns, equipment malfunctions leading to accidents, and employees being exposed to hazardous materials.[ENDFOOTNOTE] \\ \hline Cluster 6 & The road construction incidents continue to involve hand and finger injuries, with many resulting in amputations. The injuries were caused by a variety of tools and equipment, including saws, forklifts, cranes, and excavators. Many of the incidents involved pinch points or kickbacks, where the worker’s hand or finger was caught between two objects or pulled into a dangerous area. The commonalities between the incidents include the use of heavy machinery, pinch points, kickbacks, and human error, emphasizing the importance of proper training, safety protocols, and equipment maintenance to prevent these types of injuries.[ENDFOOTNOTE] \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
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