# The Development of a Cold-Chain-Packaging Risk Management Model Based on Fuzzy Bayesian Network
## 2 Literature Review  
Both academic and industrial researchers and practitioners have studied the topic of cold chain packaging. In academia, the term 'cold chain packaging' is commonly used, while in industry the term'shipping solutions' is frequently seen. Existing research on cold chain packaging focuses on materials and technologies for improving temperature control, such as phase change materials (PCMs), sensors, Internet of Things (IoT), etc. [PERSON] et al. (2021) summarize some innovative vaccine cold chain cooling systems, including both active and passive cooling systems [8]. Passive cooling systems, e.g., PCM cold storage boxes, make delivery to rural areas where refrigerators are limited possible. PCMs are one important component in many passive cooling systems since they can achieve temperature regulation by changing their phases [16; 17]. The application of PCMs in cold chain packaging can improve thermal energy storage efficiency, which is beneficial to overall sustainable development [5]. Other popular cold chain materials and technologies include vacuum insulated panel (VIP), expanded polystyrene (EPS), polyurethane (PUR), dry ice, etc. Dry ice is sometimes used for ultra-low temperature cold chains, but its impact on the environment needs to be further explored [4]. VIP provides advanced head damage control during transportation, and PUR and EPS can offer additional insulation protection for cold chain packaging. In addition to the need to maintain the temperature, constant monitoring is of the same significance since no perfect cold chains exist. Many studies have proposed new cold chain detection and monitoring techniques [18; 19; 20; 21]. The application of monitoring devices in food cold chain packaging is summarized by [PERSON] et al. (2018) [1]. Temperature data loggers, sensors or indicators are often needed for cold chain monitoring. Temperature indicators utilize the inversible color change of physicochemical responses through microbial growth, solid state reactions, polymerizations, diffusion, etc. [22]. [PERSON] et al. (2020) developed a new temperature excursion indicating material based on the mixture of a phase-change material with photochromic spirogyra compounds that can change color once the temperature reaches 8 \({}^{\circ}\)C [21]. Sustainable materials have been used in some applications, and wide ranges of temperatures can be achieved. [PERSON] (2023) developed a nano-temperature sensor based on paper for cold chain storage with multiple temperature thresholds from \(-\)68 \({}^{\circ}\)C to 4 \({}^{\circ}\)C [23]. Apart from temperature indicators, data loggers are often used to keep track of the temperature and humidity data. The data can be stored in the memories of data loggers and can be transmitted to a central management system. There are single-use and multi-use data loggers, and to select suitable data loggers, factors like temperature range, capacity and accuracy need to be considered. Sensors and data loggers are usually placed in freezers, refrigerators, vehicles or cold rooms or integrated with the packages and containers. Other inspection tests are sometimes carried out for specific cold chain products. For instance, shake tests are often performed to freeze sensitive vaccines to detect any physical damage in vaccines, and [PERSON] et al. (2020) have developed a wNMR method to test if the vaccines have experienced freezes/thaws [20]. Studying cold chain packaging on its own is sometimes not enough, since many other factors have an impact on its performance and efficiency. During the design of cold chain packages, it is important to consider and evaluate the supply chain, stakeholders, temperature control and monitor requirements, transportation mode and regulations, product protection feature, ergonomic design and overall sustainability, and to select the right materials and size. Some previous studies have considered the supply chain management aspect during the packaging design phase [24; 25; 26].