# Review: Facial Anthropometric, Landmark Extraction, and Nasal Reconstruction Technology
## 2 Anthropometric Measurement Analysis of Different Regions  
Anthropometric data are the measurements of a human's size and shape, which are usually used to construct a digital human model. They depend on various factors, such as sex [18; 19; 20; 21; 22; 23; 24; 25; 26; 27; 28; 29], race [20; 21; 23; 26; 30; 31; 32], age [31; 33], etc. In the 13 th century, [PERSON] first described man during his circumnavigation of the world, from which the description and studies of the human body started to develop. In recent years, studies about people have attracted authors from many different countries. Anthropometric measurements are set up to facilitate the calculation and comparison of the sizes of body parts. In medicine, the determination of the location of landmarks always requires high accuracy for applications in reconstruction and clinical diagnosis to reduce costs and risks for patients or to use in medical education. As a result, most of the research was conducted for the purpose of collecting anthropometric data, landmarks were marked carefully and manually. Anthropometric data are used in clinical diagnosis as a reference to compare changes in patients with normal people. Many studies were conducted to create databases used by doctors in medicine and cosmetic surgery or to simply survey to design protective clothing for workers. For example, in 2005, [PERSON] et al. [30] conducted a study on facial anthropometric factors of participants from different countries. Four groups from 25 different countries and regions took 14 different facial measurements to determine differences in the anthropometric measurements of the participants. This can be considered the largest survey at that time, which took five years to complete with the support of the medical labs from countries around the world. However, the data used in the study was unbalanced as 53.1% of participants came from Europe, which was two-times that of all three groups of participants from elsewhere. In another study, [PERSON] et al. [33] performed facial measurements of Kanwomen to demonstrate age-related facial morphology. In this study, 192 Korean women of different ages were measured with non-invasive facial measurements. Morpheus 3D light-emitting diode-based light scanner was used to collect images, and according to the authors, this is the first study to examine the relationship between age and anthropometric data. However, in 2010, a previous study by [PERSON] et al. [31] performed measurements to demonstrate the influencing factors of anthropometric data, such as gender, ethnicity, and age. Their study surveyed 3997 participants with the aim of surveying the head sizes of workers and assisting in the design of protective products to be used in construction. Their results show that the factors of gender, ethnicity, and age group are statistically significant concerning anthropometric data. Because their research was conducted on American workers, the number of participants that were White Americans accounted for more than 47% of the total participants compared to other ethnicities, such as Hispanics, African-Americans, and others. Therefore, the strength of the conclusions about the differences in the measurements related to race is affected. Furthermore, the authors should be commended as this is a study with a large sample; it has great significance in anthropometrics. At the same time, [PERSON] et al. [32] also studied Indian American anthropometric landmarks on 30 manual measurements from 3-direction (frontal, left, right) images of 102 participants. The authors used these anthropometric figures to compare with the data available for North American White women (NAW) surveyed in the study by [PERSON] et al. [30] and concluded that 25 of the 30 measurements were different. The sample sizes of the two comparisons are different, hence, it may affect the reliability of the conclusions. Anthropometric data of Malaysians were collected and published by [PERSON] et al. [18]. They studied the facial morphology of Malay people between the ages of 20 and 30.