## 2 Results and Discussion
### AMP Type
#### 2.5.2 'Novel' AMP Types  
The following publications include the word 'novel' in their titles but do not include publications containing 'novel' when related to methods or specific bacterial species. Eight publications belong to this category. Of particular note during 2020-2023 is the discovery and testing of novel AMPs from various types of aquatic life. One such example is the marine mud crab _Scylla paramamosain_, with [PERSON] et al. investigating a 22 amino-acid variant of the C-type lectin homolog SpCTL6 (Sp-LECin) [124]. This AMP inhibited the growth of a range of Gram-negative bacteria, e.g., _P. aeruginosa_, _A. baumanmili_, and _Shigella fiexneri_ and Gram-positive bacteria, e.g., _L. monocytogenes_, _E. faecium_, and _E. faecalis_, as well as showing anti-biofilm maturation and the formation for _P. aeruginosa_. The AMP octoPartenopin was extracted from the suckers of _Octopus vulgaris_. This AMP possessed high protease activity, with an analogue of this AMP showing inhibition and eradication activity against _P. aeruginosa_, _S. aureus_, and _C. albicans_ biofilms [125]. A recombinant version of cycreprocin (found in the male gonads of this crab and named rScyreprocin) was identified as an interacting partner of the AMP SCY2. Interestingly, this compound not only possessed antibacterial and antib Biofilm activity but also antifungal (_Cryptococcus_ spp. and _Candida_ spp.) and _Aspergillus_ spp. anti-spore germination activity [126]. AMPs have also been isolated from bacteria, e.g., [PERSON] et al. aimed to simplify the structure of the AMP PE2 isolated from the endospore-forming, facultative anaerobic bacterium _Paenibacillus__eiliensis_. Linear analogues of AMP PE2, numbered 26 and 27, showed significant activity against both MDR bacteria in vitro as well as in a mouse pneumonia model [127]. A different AMP, 'YS12', was derived from _Bacillus veleensis_ strain CBSYS12 via the Korean food kimchi. This showed strong antimicrobial activity against MRSA 4-5, VRE 82, _E. coli_, _P. aeruginosa_, and _Mycobacterium smegmatis_ and inhibited 80% of biofilm formation by _E. coli_ and _P. aeruginosa_[128]. Using rational design, [PERSON] et al. combined the alpha-helical partsof BMAP-28 (bovine cathelicidin) and LL-37 (human cathelicidin), generating the hybrid peptide MAA-41. This hybrid peptide showed strong activity against biofilm-forming cells, as well as synergistic or additive effects in combination with conventional antibiotics [129]. [PERSON] et al. designed AMPs containing 'RWWWR' as a central motif together with arginine (R) end-tagging. One AMP (Pep 6) generated a 62-90% reduction in _S. aureus_ skin burn and _E. coli_ bacteremia models. Moreover, Pep 6 could reduce robust mature MRSA biofilm by 61% [130]. [PERSON] et al. designed a novel AMP SS-BF-3, against _P. aeruginosa_, which was developed using machine learning and a random forest algorithm with decision tree. However, the publication did not include in vitro or in vivo data [131]. Finally, [PERSON] et al. used bioinformatics to generate four truncated AMPs of Spampcin (Spa31, Spa22, Spa20, and Spa14) [132]. Spa31 demonstrated potent antimicrobial activity against _E. coli_, _P. aeruginosa_, and _S. aureus_, inhibited/eradicated _P. aeruginosa_ biofilms, and significantly improved the survival rate (from 50% to 79%) of _Danio rerio_ zebrafish infected with _P. aeruginosa_[132].