## 4 Remote Sensing Platforms Used in Peatland Research
### Satellite-Based Remote Sensing
#### Challenges and Limitations  
Satellite-based remote sensing has revolutionised peatland research by providing a comprehensive view of these complex ecosystems. It has proven effective in peatland mapping, vegetation monitoring, and carbon stock estimation due to large-scale coverage, cost-effectiveness, and the ability to capture seasonal dynamics and spatial variations. However, several limitations and challenges need to be addressed. These include improved calibration and validation of satellite products, considering local-scale factors and site-specific characteristics, and incorporating detailed in situ data for accurate assessments. Furthermore, utilising satellite data for peatland monitoring requires careful selection of appropriate vegetation indices, spectral bands, and processing techniques to capture these ecosystems' complex dynamics and heterogeneity. Moreover, challenges related to classification accuracy, vegetation penetration, and quantifying below-ground carbon stocks persist. Continued technological advancements, multi-sensor data integration, and improved algorithms are necessary to overcome these limitations. Furthermore, ground validation and site-specific considerations remain crucial to ensure accurate and reliable results in satellite-based remote sensing applications on peatlands. Although the emergence of hyperspectral satellite data made possible by upcoming missions such as EnMAP, PRISMA, and CHIME presents an exciting leading edge in peatland vegetation monitoring, there is a lack of hyperspectral satellite data studies, which is crucial to be included in future research as these new datasets, characterised by their extensive spectral coverage, hold the potential to delve into species-level analysis. The complexity lies in harnessing the full spectral extent of these novel hyperspectral satellite data sets, which calls for accurate measurements of the spectral properties specific to key plant species. Understanding and exploring these spectral characteristics are indispensable to unlocking the immense possibilities. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{|c|c c c c c c c c c c|} \hline \hline
**References** & **Peatland** & **Peatland** & **Peatland** & **Dominant Vegetation** & **Platform** & **Sensor/Product** & **Indices** & **Sensing** & **Multi/** & **Hyper** & **Application** \\  & **Type \({}^{*}\)** & **Status** & & & & & & & & & \\ \hline
[14] & **Peatland** & **Dusturbed** & \multicolumn{2}{c}{No vegetation (bare peat)} & Landsat & TM, OLI & NDVI & Passive & Multi & Change Detection \\ \hline
[60] & **Bog** & **Dusturbed** & \multicolumn{2}{c}{_Sphegium_ spp., other moss, lichen, _Erricous_ shrubs, sedogs, grasses} & Sentinel-1 & C-band SAR & NA & Active & NA & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Condition} \\
[11] & **Bog** & **Restored** & \multicolumn{2}{c}{NA} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{ENSI, ERES, Sentinel-1} & C-band SAR & NA & Active & NA & \multicolumn{1}{c}{} \\
[10] & **Peatland** & **Natural** & \multicolumn{2}{c}{_Sphegium_ spp., _Dimensions specific_} & Sentinel-2, Rapidgey & NA & NA & Passive & NA & \multicolumn{1}{c}{} \\
[9] & **Peatland** & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Natural**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{_Sphegium_ spp., _Dimensions specific_} & & & & & & \\
[9] & **Bog** & **Natural** & \multicolumn{2}{c}{_Sphegium_ spp., _Dimensions specific_} & & & & & & \\
[9] & **B  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**References** & **Peatland** & **Peatland** & **Peatland** & **Dominant Vegetation** & **Platform** & **Sensor/Product** & **Indices** & **Sensing** & **Multi/Type** & **Application** \\ \hline
[37] & Mire & Disturbed & \begin{tabular}{c} _Mulin carvalo_, \\ _Potential circle_ \\ _Potential circle_ \\ \end{tabular}  & Terra & \ \begin{tabular}{c} MOD9A1, \\ MOD15A2, \\ MOD15A2 \\ MOD17A2 \\ \end{tabular}  & \begin{tabular}{c} NDVI, EVI, LAI \\ _P_ARK, \\ \end{tabular}  & Passive & Multi & \\ \hline
[72] & Peatland & Natural &
\begin{tabular  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**References** &