## 2 Metal-Organic Frameworks
The variation in adsorption behavior between BUT-12 and BUT-13 is likely attributed to differences in their pore structures [93]. For PCN-224 particles with a diameter of 300 nm serve as an effective adsorbent for the removal of tetracycline (TC) and ciprofloxacin (CIP) from water. To better understand the adsorption process, kinetic, thermodynamic, and isotherm analyses were conducted for both antibiotics. The material demonstrated impressive adsorption capacities, reaching 354.81 mg/g for TC and 207.16 mg/g for CIP--values that are notably higher than those reported in previous studies [96]. Furthermore, MOFs like MIL-101-NH\({}_{2}\) and magnetic core-double-shell composites are effective in removing heavy metal ions, enhancing food safety by reducing environmental contamination [97]. Beyond remediation, luminescent MOFs, such as Eu(BTC)-MIP [98] and LMOF-241 [99], serve as sensitive sensors for detecting pollutants like antibiotics and aflat, providing valuable tools for food quality monitoring [50; 51]. In parallel with food preservation is concerned, MOFs offer innovative solutions for controlling ripening, preventing spoilage, and delivering antimicrobial agents. For example, they can regulate the production of ethylene which can directly affect the quality of packaged food. This can be achieved through storage and controlled release, as demonstrated by Cu-TPA MOF and Al-MOF encapsulated in alginate-Fe\({}^{3+}\) composites [100]. MOFs like HKUST-1 and MIL-101@GO composites also function as effective moisture and oxygen scavengers, preventing pathogen contamination and lipid oxidation [101]. Moreover, MOFs can encapsulate and release antimicrobial essential oils, such as thymol, providing high-efficiency delivery and sustained antimicrobial activity. Also Ag-MOFs, for example, control the release of Ag+ ions, exhibiting strong antimicrobial activity [102]. Au@ZIF-8 SERS paper [103] and Ce-PEDOT/GCE [104] serve as sensors for detecting biogenic amines and active substances, respectively, ensuring food quality monitoring. \(\gamma\)-CD-MOF-K and MgF embedded in films control ethylene levels, delaying fruit ripening [105]. While, Cat-\(\beta\)-CD-MOFs [106] and MOF-801 function as moisture and oxygen scavengers, maintaining food quality through smart packaging systems [107]. UiO-66-NH\({}_{2}\) and HKUST-1@CMCS control the release of antimicrobial agents [60; 61; 108], providing long-term antibacterial effects. Finally, Zr-MOF (BUT-17) detects toxic substances like polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), ensuring food safety [109]. These promising results have positioned MOFs at the forefront of alternative agrochemical and agrifood solutions, broadening their applications beyond the environmental and energy sectors to the fascinating realm of storing and releasing chemical compounds, in response to specific triggers for plant, soil, or crop protection. The integration of these smart porous materials not only introduces a new area of interest but also presents a viable solution for employing natural, green substances in agrifood applications. Until now, the volatile nature and chemical sensitivity of these substances have limited their use despite their profound benefits in comparison to traditionally used chemical compounds  
In general, MOFs are complicated tailor-made coordination polymers that can be synthesized from a plethora of metal ions and diverse organic linkers, which directly affects their toxicity regarding mammals and living organisms. Their biocompatibility is directly connected to that of their building blocks, but also to the physicochemical characteristics of the framework that they form [110]. Based on that, over the years, a plethora of attempts have been made towards the development of biocompatible MOFs, and indeed, an interesting category of bio-MOFs has emerged [111].