# Heavy Metals in Urban Street Dust: Health Risk Assessment (Lublin City, E Poland)
## 3 Results  
Previously conducted studies indicate that the average heavy metal content in 2018 was lower in the case of Cd, Ni, Pb and Zn, while slightly higher for Cr and Cu (Table 3). \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Parameter**} & **Value** & **Value** & **Unit** \\  & **(Adults)** & **(Children)** & **Unit** \\ \hline ingR [39] & 100 & 200 & mg\(\cdot\)day\({}^{-1}\) \\ inhR [40] & 20 & 7.6 & m\({}^{3}\cdot\)day\({}^{-1}\) \\ EF [28] & 230 & 230 & day\(\cdot\)year\({}^{-1}\) \\ ED [41] & 24 & 6 & years \\ SA [41] & 5700 & 2800 & cm\({}^{2}\) \\ SL [28] & 0.07 & 0.2 & mg\(\cdot\)cm\({}^{-2}\cdot\)days\({}^{-1}\) \\ ABS [28] & 0.001 & 0.001 & - \\ PEF [41] & 1,360,000,000 & 1,360,000,000 & m\({}^{3}\cdot\)kg\({}^{-1}\) \\ BW [41] & 70 & 15 & kg \\ AT1 (for non-carcinogens) [28] & 6360 & 1590 & days \\ AT2 (for carcinogens) [28] & 25,550 & 25,550 & days \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Exposure parameters for the health risk assessment. \begin{table} \begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & **Cd** & **Cr** & **Cu** & **Ni** & **Pb** & **Zn** \\ \hline RfD\({}_{\text{ing}}\) & 0.001 1  & 0.003 1  & 0.04 1  & 0.02 1  & 0.0035 1  & 0.03 1  \\ RfD\({}_{\text{inh}}\) & 0.001 1  & 0.0286 1  & 0.042  & 0.0206 1  & 0.00352  & 0.03 1  \\ RfD\({}_{\text{derm}}\) & 0.00001 1  & 0.00006 1  & 0.012  & 0.0054 1  & 0.000525 1  & 0.06 1  \\ SF\({}_{\text{ing}}\) & 6.1 2  & 0.5 3  & - & 0.91 3  & 0.0085 3  & - \\ SF\({}_{\text{inh}}\) & 6.3  & 42 1  & - & 0.84 1  & 0.042  & - \\ SF\({}_{\text{derm}}\) & - & - & - & - & - & - \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}  1  
[FOOTNOTE:1]Footnote 13: [  
The biggest decrease, by 25%, was observed for Pb, followed by Ni and Zn that decreased by about 20%. Similar patterns were found for the maximum values, but the decrease did not occur in the case of Cr and Ni. The highest enrichment factors in relation to the geochemical background were found for Zn (7.8-7.2 times), Cd (7.8-6.8 times) and Cu (6.4-6.7 times). For the maximum values, the factor reached 19 for Cu, 13 for Zn, and 10 for Cd. The variation coefficient in 2018 was higher for Cr and Cu, slightly lower for Cd, and basically unchanged for Ni, Pb and Zn. For both years studied, it was highest for Cu and the lowest for Cd and Ni [33]. The risk of non-carcinogenic effects appears when HI values are greater than one. In the case of street dust in the Lublin area, even the maximum HI levels for individual elements did not exceed 1/10 of this value, and in most cases (except Pb in 2013 and Cr in 2018) did not exceed 0.03 of the critical value (Tables 4 and 5). This means that streets dust in the area of Lublin is not hazardous to people and should not pose a risk of non-carcinogenic effects. This applies to indices for both adults and children. In the latter case, the more strict standard is not exceeded (H > 0.1) [42]. There are some differences for individual elements--the index for children is clearly higher in the case of Pb, it is slightly higher for Cr while in the case other metals, the HI is lower for children. From 2013 to 2018, changes occurred in both the value and variation of HI distribution for the individual elements in the area of Lublin. For Ni, Pb and Zn, changes in the variation of HI distribution (described with VC) were small. The mean HI value in all three cases decreased in 2018 compared to 2013 from about 18% for Zn to more than 56% for Pb. For Cd and Cu, the mean HI value also decreased (by 42% and 27%, respectively), but the variation of HI distribution in 2018 decreased significantly compared to the variation in 2013, which was due to a significant decrease in the maximum HI values.