## 3 Results and Discussion
### Comparison of Different Extraction Methods  
The effect of different extraction methods on the yields of CPT, HCPT, VCS-LT, and EOs are shown in Figure 7. From Figure 7a-c, it can be seen that IL-UMASDE is a better method than IL-MASDE, IL-UAE, 55% ethanol UAE and conventional 55% ethanol HRE techniques in terms of the CPT, HCPT, and VCS-LT yields and time consumption. The yields of CPT, HCPT, and VCS-LT obtained using IL-UMASDE were 1.08-, 1.12-, and 1.04-fold higher than those obtained using 55% ethanol HRE. The extraction time taken to reach the equilibrium yields of CPT, HCPT and VCS-LT using IL-UMASDE was only 33.2 min, which is 33.6%, 58.5%, 63.1%, and 66.8% lower than those for IL-MASDE, IL-UAE, 55% ethanol UAE and conventional 55% ethanol HRE, respectively. The yields obtained using IL-UMASDE are higher mainly because the IL dissolves the cellulose in the plant cell walls and the target compounds are highly soluble in the IL. In addition, the ultrasonic/microwave combination breaks the plant cells, which also accelerates the release of CPT, HCPT, and VCS-LT from the matrix; it also increases the molecular motion of the extraction solvent, which increases mass transfer, leading to higher yields of the target compounds. The variations in the EOs yield with extraction time using different methods are shown in Figure 7d. The yield of EOs using IL-UMASDE was 0.793 mg/g, which is 1.07-, 1.21-, 1.05-, and 1.31-fold  
Figure 7: Comparison of different methods for extraction of CPT, HCPT, VCS-LT, and EOs from _C. acuminata_ fruits. Effect of extraction time on Yield CPT **(a)**, HCPT **(b)**, BCS-LT **(c)**, and EOs **(d)**. higher than those obtained using IL-MASDE, water-UMASDE, water-MASDE, and HDE, respectively. The extraction time (33.2 min) of EOs using IL-UMASDE is 33.6%, 58.5%, 52.6%, and 72.3% lower than those for IL-MASDE, water-UMASDE, water-MASDE, and HDE, respectively. The extraction efficiency of IL-UMASDE is higher mainly because the ultrasonic/microwave combination breaks the plant cells and the IL dissolves the cellulose in the plant cell walls, which accelerates the release of EOs from the matrix. GC-MS was used to identify the chemical compositions of EOs and the results are shown in Table 3. 22 components from the EOs obtained using conventional HDE were identified, accounting for 90.03% of the total EOs constituents. 25 components from the EOs obtained using IL-UMASDE were identified, accounting for 90.11% of the total EOs constituents. Similarity of EOs constituents using above two methods is 95.3% by \"Similarity Evaluation System for Chromatographic Fingerprint of TCM\" software (Pharmacopoeia Commission of the People's Republic of China, 2004). These results show that the ultrasonic/microwave combination accelerated the extraction process, but without greatly changing the EOs composition. Compared with other extraction methods, IL-UMASDE gave the highest yields of CPT, HCPT, VCS-LT, EOs, and the shortest extraction time. In order to provide valuable information for engineering analysis and scale-up, first order kinetic equations were used to fit the extraction process (see Table 4). From the Table 4, we can see that the first order kinetic equation can describe the extraction process well, and the correlation coefficient range is 0.9769-0.9983. From reaction rate constants (_K_), compared to other extraction methods, IL-UMASDE can achieve the shortest equilibrium time for extraction of CPT, HCPT, VCS-LT, and EOs.