# Impact of Plasma Combustion Technology on Micro Gas Turbines Using Biodiesel Fuels
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Thrust-Specific Fuel Consumption (TSFC)  
The thrust-specific fuel consumption (TSFC) represents the fuel efficiency of an engine design with consideration of the thrust output. The TSFC may also be seen as the fuel consumption (grams/second) per unit of thrust kilonewtons (kN). This means that the fuel consumption is divided by the thrust. TSFC is the mass of fuel needed to provide the net thrust for a given period from an engine. The thrust value is a function of the engine loading that also impacts the fuel consumption level for each applied fuel result (Table 7). Load  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Operation Scenarios**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**GTE Compressor Outlet Pressure under Constant Fuel Flow Rate (Psi) Values of 360, 460, and 565**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**mL/min For Low, Medium, and Maximum Loading Operation Conditions**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Loading Conditions**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Diesel**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Kerosene**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**B20**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**B50**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**B75**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**B100**} \\ \cline{2-7}  & Low & 10.28 & 11.83 & 10.85 & 10.77 & 10.68 & 10.91 \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Normal Operation} & Medium & 20.02 & 21.06 & 20.9 & 21 & 21.38 & 19.68 \\ \cline{2-7}  & High & 30.36 & 29.13 & 30.46 & 30.94 & 31.38 & 31.71 \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Integrated Plasma-Rich} & Low & 10.55 & 12.02 & 10.91 & 10.53 & 11.05 & **11.41** \\ \cline{2-7}  & Medium & 20.87 & 22.43 & 21.94 & 21.45 & **22.48** & 19.62 \\ \cline{2-7}  & High & 30.58 & 29.37 & 30.32 & 31.13 & **32.2** & 31.07 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}  
* In the Table 6, yellow and green highlights indicate the comparison result under regular and integrated plasma-rich fuel mixtures.  
\end{table}
Table 6: GTE compressor outlet pressure.  
Figure 9: Compressor output pressure comparison plot.  
cells are transducer instruments used to generate an electrical signal proportional to the load or force applied to the engine. The thrust load cell (OPTIMA, OP-312) is very accurate and rugged and constructed to last a lifetime. This single-load cell system can withstand a load of more than 900 kg within the acceptable load applied in this study. It is constructed with an S-beam made from nickel-plated alloy steel. A weight scale (Vacuum gauge 69086, Yellowjacket, Kyburz, CA, USA) device was used to calculate the fuel consumption rate of the fabricated MGT engine measure the fuel entering the system.  
The proper thrust is much higher under integrated plasma-rich fuel mixture atomization. Under low loading, B20 presented the highest thrust value of 1.82 kgf, and the B75 blended mixture presented a value of 4.45 kgf under the highest engine loading conditions using the same fuel volume. The impact of plasma technology is reflected in both fossil fuels under low and medium loading conditions, with much higher values than those obtained with biodiesel blends. The obtained TSFC for B75 under the proposed integrated plasma technology is increased across all loading conditions, with the highest recorded value of 4.35 kgf approximately equal to that obtained from the fossil kerosene under the maximum loading condition, as seen in Table 6. The obtained thrust from an integrated hybrid plasma-rich fuel mixture is enhanced for all the fuels used compared to regular engine operation without plasma technology.