# A Comprehensive Study on the Expansion of Electric Vehicles in Europe
## 5 Conclusions  
The importance of emission reductions and energy savings, together with various related issues, has largely driven the development of the EV market to date. Actually, expanding the use of EVs is a logical and practical action that can be taken by governments. Worldwide, EV popularity has increased, resulting in different opportunities, while EVs will play an increasingly important role in the future power grid. In 2019 the global EV market experienced a decline in sales due to the economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. However, this was a temporary phenomenon. There is no doubt that as the number of EV models available increases and become available on the market, the production volume will rise as well. On the other hand, famous companies such as Tesla, Nissan, Ford, Honda, Fiat, Tata, and Toyota have many plans to overcome current hurdles and become leading manufacturers in the EV industry. Governments and investors will need a positive view of regulatory policies and competition in this field, while paying attention to consumer sentiment. Currently, EV manufacturers are working to provide a high level of customer satisfaction by paying attention to their financial concerns and emphasizing the energy and running cost savings that EVs can offer. The aim of this study is to shed light on the most important aspects of EV technologies, opportunities, characteristics, advantages/disadvantages, and barriers in Europe. We comprehensively discussed EVs and the perspectives of different countries in relation to expanding them. Based on the results, it can be concluded that there are different drivers for policymakers and car manufacturers in the development of EVs. For example, the expansion of EVs needs new technology, especially for batteries, fast-charging stations, suitable investments, government support for EV manufacturers, affordable prices for consumers, government subsidies, funding for battery research, congestion charge exemptions, incentives to purchase EVs, and improvement of charging infrastructure. Innovations in charging technology and increased charging stations are necessary in the near term in order to attract drivers. EVs have been developed and promoted by countries such as China, the U.S., the UK, France, Germany, India, Italy, Sweden, Hong Kong, Australia, and Japan despite all the problems mentioned. In these countries, companies such as Tesla, Mercedes, Volkswagen, and Ford are producing new technologies to mitigate these problems, developing advanced technologies related to EVs, including vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I), vehicle-to-grid (V2G), integrating artificial intelligence (AI), batteries, vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V), vehicle-to-pedestrian (V2P), mechanisms, and communication technologies to handle a wide range of users. Although, the batteries available now, being one of the main components of electric vehicles, cannot always meet the possible energy requirements of future EV needs, remarkable progress has been achieved regarding different types of batteries in electric vehicles, such as Lithium-ion (most popular), Acid batteries, Nickel-Cadmium batteries, Nickel-metal hydride batteries, and Nickel-iron batteries. On the other hand, research on new types of batteries such as Aluminium-air, Vanadium redox, iron-air battery are continuing. Governments must pay close attention to providing the EV charging infrastructure required for the widespread use of EVs by private citizens, and commercial and industrial users. Our future is closely linked to the development of EVs, and we must be looking forward to new types of EVs, as they surely will have positive effects on our lives. However, converting the vehicle fleet to electric cars is complicated and needs suitable policies. The successful development of EVs is critically dependent on factors such as consumer adoption of EVs, charging price and time, and charging infrastructures.