## 3 Results
### Research Farm Trials  
Among all of the response variables that we measured, only yield and % leaf N were affected by treatment. All ORG treatments had approximately the same value for leaf N (1.84%), regardless of the rate of N application. At the 100 kg N-ha\({}^{-1}\) rate, organically-managed treatments (ORGo and ORG+) had leaf N values about one half percent lower than leaves from conventionally-managed plants fertilized with the same rate of N. Leaf N increased significantly with N application in LOC treatments and the same trend existed for CON treatments. There were no significant differences in leaf C concentration among treatments, despite withholding organic amendments (cover crops, straw) from the LOC set  
Figure 6: Soluble solids content (%) of “Jewel” strawberry in 2018, 2019, and 2020. Each letter corresponds to an individual farm in New York State. One sample was collected per farm between early June and early July. Differences between years were significant (\(p<0.05\)) when treating farms as replicates, but not between farms when treating year as a replicate. Figure 7: Estimated concentrations of three esters in “Jewel” across regional farms in New York State. Esters: ethyl hexanoate (EH), ethyl butanoate (EB), isoamyl acetate (IA). Fruits collected between 6 June and 3 July 2018. Gray horizontal line indicates threshold for ester flavor detection: Nasal threshold of ethyl lexanoate at 0.16 m%, orthonasal threshold of ethyl butanoate at 20 m%, and orthonasal threshold of isoamyl acetate at 30 m%. of treatments. The leaf C/N ratio was significantly higher in all ORG treatments compared to conventionally-managed treatments (Table 3). In 2019, the average yield across all treatments was 2.91 kg\(\cdot\)m\({}^{-2}\) of row, ranging from 1.72 to 4.1 kg\(\cdot\)m\({}^{-2}\) (12.5-30 t\(\cdot\)ha\({}^{-1}\) equivalent). When fertilized at the maximum rate of 100 kg N\(\cdot\)ha\({}^{-1}\), CON+ and LOC treatments yielded significantly more total and marketable fruit than all other treatments, including ORG+. ORG+ treatments yielded 21% less total yield than CON+, and ORGo yielded 25% less (Figure 8). No significant differences were observed in the percentage of yield that was marketable between treatments (mean of 68%). In 2020, yield was low, and treatment differences were not significant as several unusual late spring frosts in early May diminished yield potential. Yield declined from 2.91 kg\(\cdot\)m\({}^{-2}\) in 2019 to 0.67 kg\(\cdot\)m\({}^{-2}\) in 2020. No significant differences were observed in average fruit weight between treatments (12.3 +/\(-\) 0.66 g) in 2019. Average individual fruit weight significantly decreased over the course of the harvest season (\(p<\) 0.001), but did so consistently across all treatments. Figure 8: Total yield and marketable yield of “Jewel” strawberry for various management practices. Fruits were collected between 19 June and 10 July 2019. Management regimes: Conventional (CON), Organic (ORG), and Low Carbon Conventional (LOC). Treatments fertilized with 50 kg N ha\({}^{-1}\) (\(-\)), cross hatch up to right, 100 kg ha\({}^{-1}\) N (o), no cross hatch, or 100 kg N ha\({}^{-1}\) with intensive application of biological supplements (+), cross hatch down to right. Differences between treatments calculated using Tukey’s HSD, where differences in marketable yield were significant at \(p=0.094\), and differences in total yield significant at \(p=0.05\). Letters indicating significance are identical for both total and marketable yields. S.E. = standard error of the mean.