## 2 A Case Study for the MSW Management of the Procida Island
### Life Cycle Inventory
The last generation WHe plant of Acerra, for which primary data are available in the literature [3], has received SRF from the Campania region since 2010 and recovers electric energy from their combustion as well as materials from bottom ashes treatment applied in recent years. The WHe unit has a waste-treatment capacity of more than 700,000 \(\mathrm{t_{SRF}/y}\) and a thermal capacity of 340 MW\(\mathrm{t}\). It is equipped with a moving grate furnace and has a net electric recovery efficiency of 26%. The air pollution control (APC) system includes a semi-dry scrubber, two fabric filter baghouses, and a selective catalytic reactor for the efficient abatement of acid gases, micro-pollutants and NOx, before the release of cleaned flue gases into the atmosphere. Generated solid residues include bottom ashes, which were sent for disposal in 2011, but were treated for recovery of metals and inert materials in 2021, fly ashes and APC residues, which are disposed of in exhausted salt mines in both scenarios. The environmental burdens deriving from the thermal treatment of SRF are shown in Table 4, quantified by considering different waste compositions of reference, as reported in ANNEX B, together with life-cycle inventory of the preliminary mechanical stage. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline  & **2011** & **2021** \\ \hline
**Input, kg** & 1000 & 1000 \\ \hline
**Consumptions** & & \\ \hline NH\({}_{3}\), kg & 2 & 2 \\ \hline Hydrated lime, kg & 7.3 & 7.3 \\ \hline Activated carbon, kg & 0.5 & 0.5 \\ \hline Mixed reagent 1 , kg & 0.7 & 0.7 \\ \hline Water, kg & 306 & 306 \\ \hline Diesel, kg & 0.58 & 0.58 \\ \hline Auxiliary fuel, kg & 3.5 & 3.5 \\ \hline
**Air emissions** & & \\ \hline Biogenic CO\({}_{2}\), kg & 493 & 526 \\ \hline Fossil CO\({}_{2}\), kg & 758 & 1040 \\ \hline CO, g & 65 & 65 \\ \hline NOx, g & 469 & 469 \\ \hline NH\({}_{3}\), g & 8 & 8 \\ \hline HF, g & 1 & 1 \\ \hline HCl, g & 13 & 13 \\ \hline SO\(\times\), g & 6 & 6 \\ \hline Hg, g & 0.0045 & 0.0045 \\ \hline Cd + Tl, g & 0.00244 & 0.00244 \\ \hline Metals (Sb + As + Pb + Cr + Co + Cu + Mn + Ni + V), g & 0.0593 & 0.0593 \\ \hline Dust, g & 2.7 & 2.7 \\ \hline VOC, g & 1.1 & 1.1 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: Direct and avoided burdens related to management of solid recovered fuel obtained from unsorted residual waste (EWC 200301). Data Source: [3]. Transportation stage. Finally, the environmental burdens of the transportation stage were quantified based on data provided by W-MySir, which included distance covered, type of vehicles, and the destination for each waste stream, as reported in Table 5.  
LCI results. Quantified LCI for treatment of each waste stream enabled a first comparison between Procfida MSW management in 2011 and 2021 to be performed, based on the amounts of separately collected waste streams and those sent for ultimate disposal in landfill (Figure 4). The Procfida 2021 scenario showed an increase in separate collection (of up to 74%), mainly due to the increased quantity of collected biowaste and, to a lesser extent, of plastics and glass. Improvements were also achieved in terms of reduced waste sent to WtE or for ultimate disposal in landfill, mainly related to the higher separate collection and material recovery from bottom ashes (which reduced residues from thermal treatments). \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline  & **2011** & **2021** \\ \hline Benzene, g & 0.8 & 0.8 \\ Zn, g & 0.054 & 0.054 \\ \hline PCDD/DF, I-TEQ, mg & \(6.7\times 10^{-7}\) & \(6.7\times 10^{-7}\) \\ \hline PCB, WHO-TEQ, mg & \(1.15\times 10^{-7}\) & \(1.15\times 10^{-7}\) \\ \hline PHA, mg & \(7.9\times 10^{-4}\) & \(7.9\times 10^{-4}\) \\ \hline
**Solid residues** & & \\ \hline Bottom ashes, kg & 165 & 165 \\ \hline Fly ash + APC residues kg & 49 & 49 \\ \hline
**AVOIDED BURDENS** & & \\ \hline Electric energy exported to the grid, kWh & 842 & 1110 \\ \hline \end{tabular} \({}^{1}\) Mixed reagent is 75% hydrated lime (Ca(OH)\({}_{2}\)) and 25% activated carbon.  
\end{table} 
Table 4: _Cont._