# Energy Intelligence: A Systematic Review of Artificial Intelligence for Energy Management
## 2 Smart Grids and Energy Management Systems
These constraints include limitations on hydrogen blending in natural gas pipelines and power line capacity. To address challenges in island wind power systems, particularly prolonged frequency fluctuations, ref. [125] presented a digital frequency relay control system proposed at network performance stabilization. Figure 5: Layered trends and advances in EMS of smart grids. (vehicle-to-building /subway/grid (V2G, V2B, V2S)). **Consumption:** The building, industrial, and transportation sectors are the urban energy primary consumers. Main strategies for creating low-carbon and zero-emission buildings include integrating sensors (such as occupancy, temperature, and water flow rate sensors), actuators (e.g., remotely controlled valves), and intelligent control algorithms, as well as reducing energy demand through passive design elements of thermal insulation, thermal mass, window placement, glazing types, and shading [126]. In recent years, the deployment of distributed energy resources (DERs) and demand response (DR) controls within energy systems [127; 128] has shown an impact in lowering overall energy consumption, costs, and CO\({}_{2}\) emissions. By combining DERs with flexible building loads, peak demand can be reduced, and energy self-sufficiency can be improved. For instance, [PERSON]. [129] implemented a MPC temperature control system in a building using dynamic pricing, peak trimming, demand-side management, and the smoothing of RES fluctuations. The industrial sector, when enhanced by Industry 4.0 and smart energy systems, can achieve high peak load reductions. A review by [130] demonstrated that digitalized industries can reduce energy consumption by applying flexible shutdowns and using inventory storage, all while maintaining operational efficiency. Water treatment plants are also considered important in smart grids due to the energy required for water production and distribution, particularly in arid regions. RES is increasingly being used for water desalination and stored in centralized reservoirs, resulting in sustainable urban development [131]. A mathematical model for the day-ahead economic dispatch of pumps and air blowers in wastewater treatment facilities is introduced by [132], ensuring compliance with particle concentration standards. In the transportation sector, which affects urban energy consumption and air pollution, cleaner and more efficient solutions are also important for future development. The transition to EVs is widely seen as a strategy for transportation decarbonization. According to [133], the smart grid framework can be applied to design future ships and port cities by integrating RES, ESS, and shore-side power systems. However, as noted by [134], the environmental benefits of EVs depend on the energy integration used to charge their batteries, as shown through life cycle assessments of EVs under current and future energy scenarios. Intelligent control algorithms are also being developed to optimize energy efficiency and service quality in transportation. These include systems for travel assistance [135], smart charging [136], V2G [137], V2B and vehicle-to-home (V2H) [138] applications. **Storage:** The integration of RESs, network regulation, and efficient energy management is significantly influenced by ESS. The study [139] demonstrated that the integration of a CHP facility with thermal storage can result in a twofold increase in cost savings compared to flat pricing and a reduction in electricity and gas costs through storage arbitrage in DR programs, considering the fact that key characteristics of urban energy storage solutions include power rate, storage capacity, round-trip efficiency, response dynamics, cost, and spatial requirements, which are subject to significant variation. Designed to alleviate voltage fluctuations in a trolleybus supply system, The research, conducted in [140], introduced a battery buffer station.