esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# MIMO Channel Estimation in an SDR Platform for Evaluation of D&F Relay Nodes
## 4 Channel Estimation for the Core Network: Link eNB-to-Relay Node
### Linear Equalizers
#### 4.2.2 ZF Equalization Scheme  
The Zero-Forcing (ZF) technique is another equalization method that treats all transmitted signals as interference, except for the desired signal. The ZF technique nullifies the interference by using the following matrix  
\[\mathbf{M}_{ZF}=(\mathbf{H}^{H}\mathbf{H})^{-1}\mathbf{H}^{H}, \tag{13}\]where \((\cdot)^{H}\) denotes the Hermitian transpose operation. Note that the ZF equalizer does not require the statistics of the noise. From Equation (2), the \(\hat{\mathbf{Y}}\) equalized received RG can be written as  
\[\hat{\mathbf{Y}} =\mathbf{M}_{ZF}\mathbf{Y}\] \[=(\mathbf{\hat{H}}^{H}\mathbf{\hat{H}})^{-1}\mathbf{\hat{H}}^{H} \mathbf{Y}, \tag{14}\] \[=\mathbf{X}+\hat{\mathbf{N}}_{ZF}\]  
where \(\hat{\mathbf{N}}_{ZF}=(\mathbf{\hat{H}}^{H}\mathbf{\hat{H}})^{-1}\mathbf{\hat {H}}^{H}\mathbf{N}\). Taking into account the expressions described above, Algorithm 3 details to procedure of equalization employing SISO and MIMO techniques.  
```
Input :Y, \(\hat{\mathbf{H}}\) Output :\(\hat{\mathbf{Y}}\) \(N_{sub}=\mathbf{size}(\mathbf{Y},1)\), \(N_{sym}=\mathbf{size}(\mathbf{Y},2)\), \(N_{Rx}=\mathbf{size}(\mathbf{Y},3)\) & \(N_{Tx}=\mathbf{size}(\mathbf{Y},4)\); if\(N_{Tx}==1\) && \(N_{Rx}==1\)then \(\hat{\mathbf{Y}}=(\mathbf{\hat{H}}^{H}\mathbf{\hat{H}})^{-1}\mathbf{\hat{H}}^ {H}\mathbf{Y}\); else for\(c\gets 1:N_{sub}\)do for\(s\gets 1:N_{sym}\)do \(\hat{\mathbf{Y}}^{(:)}_{(c,s)}=(\mathbf{\hat{H}}^{H(:)}_{(c,s)}\mathbf{\hat{H} }^{(:)}_{(c,s)})^{-1}\mathbf{\hat{H}}^{H(:)}_{(c,s)}\mathbf{Y}^{(:)}_{(c,s)}\);  end for  end for  end for
```  
**Algorithm 3**ZF Equalization Implementation for D&F Relay Node
## 4 Manufacturing of a Prototype and Preliminary System Testing
In some cases, this can be done by simply removing the supports used to fix the device to the frames. Figure 7a-c shows the support mounted on different shapes of glasses, as empirically determined to be among the most chosen by users. Given the good results obtained in testing the marker support system for almost all pairs of glasses tested--with the exception of extremely small or overly large frames, with heights either under 25 mm or above 65 mm--it was concluded that tests could be performed with an actual patient to determine how wearing the supports would influence the measurements taken. While preliminary tests could be performed without a human subject, some parameters could not be simulated--for example, the user might wear the glasses slightly tilted to one side, or certain asymmetries might influence the position of the marker support system in such a way that measurements might be harder to obtain. For this purpose, a human test subject was involved in further investigation, as described in Section 5. Figure 7: (a) “Regular”-shaped glasses frames. (b) Large glasses frames in terms of both width and height. (c) Round-shaped glasses frames.
# A Compact Low-Power LoRa IoT Sensor Node with Extended Dynamic Range for Channel Measurements
## 3 Hardware Verification Setups
### Indoor Measurement Setup
#### 3.2.1 Transmitter  
The transmitter (TX) was placed in a small meeting room on the ninth floor, adjacent to the concrete core of the building. Again, two ground plane monopole antennas were used. At this time, however, the transmitted data packets also included a timestamp and readings of the transmitter's supply voltage and the ambient temperature.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Investigation of the Green Potential of the Developed SI-HLIME-HPLC-DAD Protocol  
The green potential of the proposed SI-HLIME sample preparation protocol combined with HPLC-DAD analysis was evaluated using the GAPI index [38]. This tool is used for the evaluation of the reagents, the procedures and the instrumentation of an analytical procedure by taking into consideration different factors including the energy requirements, the type and amount of waste, and the chemical and environmental hazards of the chemicals [39]. Figure 6 shows a pictorial illustration of the GAPI pictogram for the herein developed SI-HLIME-HPLC-DAD method. Each part of the different pentagrams shows the impact of different criteria, while the color scale ranges between green, yellow or red showing low, medium and high environmental impact, respectively. Among the green aspects of the proposed protocol lie the low operational hazards, the absence of requirement for chemical or physical sample preservation, the possibility to store the samples under normal conditions and the absence of a requirement for other sample pretreatment steps. Moreover, microextraction is used, which results in relatively low consumption of hazardous organic solvents. Future directions for the reduction in the environmental impact of the herein developed methodology include the replacement of the organic solvents with deep eutectic and natural deep eutectic solvents [40] that are considered to be \"greener\" alternatives and the replacement of HPLC with ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) that efficiently minimizes solvent consumption [41].
## 4 Analysis of the Empirical Results
### Evaluation Indicator of LISREL Model  
The item-total correlation coefficient that was recommended by [PERSON] (1977) was used to verify the construct validity of the content of this questionnaire. In other words, the item-total correlation coefficients were analyzed by their reliability in order to judge the questionnaire content. The item-total correlation coefficients of each constituent element are larger than 0.7. This indicated that the constituent elements of the questionnaire that was used in this study had a certain degree of construct validity.  
The results of this study are summarized in Table 8. The global goodness-of-fit of this model is descried as follows. From the aspect of the global goodness-of-fit the standard value of \(\chi\)2/Df is 1.822 which is smaller than the criterion of 3. The RMR value is 0.005, which indicated that the \(\chi\)2/Df and the RMR are adequate. Moreover, since the chi-square value is very sensitive to the sample size, it is inadequate to use this value to judge the adequacy. However, the GFI value of the global goodness-of-fit is 0.969 and the AGFI is 0.911, which reached the criterion of 0.9. Therefore, this model has a better goodness-of-fit indicator since the goodness-of-fit of a model is better when the GFI and AGFI values are closer to 1.
## 4 Numerical Results
### Influence of System Parameters
#### 4.1.1 Effect of the Objective Function Weights
In the former case, it means that the sensor nodes are frequently having some opportunity to transmit their sensory data to the sink node, whereas in the later case some sensor nodes must remain silent during some intervals that can be relatively long. Figure 7 presents the activity levels assigned to the sensor nodes with respect to the residual energies shown in Figure 6. In general, those nodes that have low residual energy, are far away from the sink node or both are assigned smaller activity levels than those that are close to the sink node and have high residual energy. For example, observe that the sensor node identified with circles is assigned high activity levels around \(t=60\) and \(t=180\), meaning that it is under the combination of a good channel condition and enough residual energy around these intervals. Figure 6: Residual energies obtained by the proposed optimization method for \((w_{1},w_{2})=(1,0)\) (**a**); \((w_{1},w_{2})=(0,1)\) (**b**); and \((w_{1},w_{2})=(1,2)\) (**c**). The non-optimized network is considered in all graphs for reference.
# Secure Speech Content Based on Scrambling and Adaptive Hiding
## 3 Proposed Scheme  
The proposed scheme for covert communication of a speech signal using scrambling encompasses a hiding module to conceal voice content (confidential) within other content (non-confidential), and a recovery module for the extraction of the secret content. Each of these modules is described in the following.
# Super-Wideband Monopole Printed Antenna with Half-Elliptical-Shaped Patch
## 2 Antenna Design  
The geometrical parameters of the patch antenna are computed using rectangular patch formulas and then tuned to two elliptical-shaped patches to achieve the desired lowest working frequency. One of the methods of achieving a low resonant frequency is by increasing the capacitance between the patch and the ground plane of the microstrip antenna. Increasing the capacitance between the patch and ground plane can be achieved by making the patch wider, adding parasitic elements such as slots and shorting pins, or adding an additional patch on the ground plane side, or it can also be achieved by modifying the patch shape to adopt meandering or serpentine structures. Rectangular patch formulas are determined using Equations (1)-(4) [44].  
\[W=\frac{c}{2f\sqrt{\epsilon_{r}}} \tag{1}\]  
where \(W\) is dimension of patch width.  
\[\epsilon_{eff}=\frac{(\epsilon_{r}+1)}{2}+\frac{(\epsilon_{r}-1)}{2}\left[1+ 10\frac{h}{W}\right]^{-\frac{1}{2}} \tag{2}\]  
\[\frac{\Delta L}{H}=0.412\frac{\left(\epsilon_{eff}+0.3\right)\left(\frac{W}{h} +0.262\right)}{\left(\epsilon_{eff}-0.258\right)\left(\frac{W}{h}+0.813\right)} \tag{3}\]  
\[L=\frac{c}{2f\sqrt{\epsilon_{eff}}}-2\Delta L \tag{4}\]  
where \(L\) is dimension of patch length.  
The proposed super-wideband monopole antenna is shown in Figure 1. The antenna is printed on a Taconic TLY-5 dielectric substrate with a permittivity (\(\epsilon_{r}\)) of 2.2 and a height (\(h\)) of 1.57 mm. The physical dimensions of the substrate are Ws (200 mm) \(\times\) Ls (220 mm). These large dimensions are proposed to accommodate the low working frequency of 0.5 GHz.  
Figure 1: _Cont._  
Based on the rectangular patch dimensions from Equations (1) and (4), the proposed antenna is tuned to achieved an SWB performance by reshaping it into a semicircular shape with a partial ground plane (Figure 1a). Then, in Step 2 (Figure 1b), the antenna ground plane edge is modified into a bent shape. The next step is to adjust the R1 and R2 of the semicircular shape (Figure 1c). The final step is to add a triangular slit at the ground plane to achieve an SWB performance (Figure 1d). The performance of the antenna in each step will be explained in Section 3.  
The dimensions of the proposed antenna are listed in Table 1.  
Figure 1: Geometry of proposed SWB antenna (**a**) Step 1; (**b**) Step 2; (**c**) Step 3; (**d**) Step 4.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### SEM of GO/CC Specimens  
Figure 10 shows the microscopic morphology of pure cement and a GO/CC specimen (\(\times\)5000). It can be seen that there are a large number of holes, pores, and burr-like crystals in pure cement, the surface burrs are many and very messy, the larger holes provide more space for the growth of needle-like crystals, and its microstructure is relatively loose. In the specimen with 0.05% GO, the pores and burr-like crystals in the cement matrix were significantly reduced, the pore size was smaller, and the microscopic morphology was denser than pure cement. Upon further observation of the specimens with 0.1% GO doping, almost no burrs or pores could be seen, and the surface was very smooth and dense; although some tiny pores (see SEM enlargement) could still be found, the whole microstructure was denser. It is generally believed that the addition of GO helps to refine and evenly distribute the pores in a cement matrix, making the microstructure denser and improving the mechanical strength of the material. [PERSON] et al. concluded that the high dosage of GO resulted in finer microscopic pores than the low dosage, which aided the water loss. During drying, water is first lost from the edges of the material; evaporated water diffuses from the core of the specimen to the edges, and this diffusion is facilitated in highly doped specimens [35]. A similar morphology was observed in this SEM, where the  
Figure 9: Two-dimensional planar schematic of the microscopic electrical conductivity mechanism of GO/CCs.  
specimens with 0.1% doped material had finer micropores, which explains the phenomenon that the highly doped specimens always lost water faster than the low-doped specimens. The distribution of a large number of pores was observed for both the cement net paste and the GO/CCs. These pores can hold a higher amount of pore water. Therefore, in the aqueous state, the ions dissolved in the pore water can conduct between these pores and produce ionic conductivity.
# Toward Sustainable Mars Exploration: A Perspective on Collaborative Intelligent Systems
## 4 Communication, Navigation, and Observation  
Sustainable Mars exploration demands energy-aware and efficient communication, navigation, and observation. On one hand, local wireless technologies and protocols are required to facilitate the communication between rovers, drones, and in situ sensors deployed on Mars. On the other hand, a satellite constellation around Mars offers communication on a larger scale. In addition, such a constellation can also offer navigational guidance and remote sensing capabilities. These paradigms are discussed in the following subsections.
###### Abstract
[8] used CHT for the detection of abdominal aortic aneurysm automatically. Although segmentation of medical images is addressed in many studies as [9; 10; 11; 12; 13; 14; 15], and segmentation of elements in inhomogeneous images is achieving very good results as in [16; 17; 18; 19; 20], quantification of the exact number of points in a dermatological image is a problem that has not been solved efficiently. In this paper, CHT is applied to count the number of points in dermatological images and the algorithm is implemented in MATLAB. The main problem with this algorithm is the choice of the optimal sensitivity factor for each image. From a given sensitivity factor, the detection of dots increases exponentially, the latter being the optimal factor for achieving a correct count. As mentioned above, for each image we obtain several sensitivity factors, one of which gives us the highest precision in the point count. For each image, consecutive sensitivity factors are evaluated and for each sensitivity factor a number of points is obtained. The behavior of the data is as follows: from one sensitivity factor onwards, the number of points counted increases exponentially. This last sensitivity factor (before the exponential increase) is the optimum for the application of the algorithm. The values of the sensitivity factor and the corresponding number of points obtained have been plotted on a cartesian graph (X,Y). A sharp change in the slope of the graph was observed when the number of points started to grow exponentially. To choose the optimal sensitivity factor, a statistical methodology presented in studies such as [21] has been used. The behavior of the slope change can be modelled by choosing the mathematical equation according to the visual aspect of the XY plot or by knowing the expected behavior. In this study, the optimal point of the sensitivity factor will be sought by analyzing a change in slope. An algorithm for choosing the optimal sensitivity factor is proposed.
# An Efficient 5G Data Plan Approach Based on Partially Distributed Mobility Architecture
## 4 Numerical Analysis  
This section describes the mathematical framework to calculate the transmission delay for the 4G network and the proposed architecture. We consider that a specific message with size S sends between two nodes over the wired link and neglect delay for the wireless link. The following expressions show the signaling cost of the initial attache and handover delay.  
We express the transmission delay of the message size \(S\) transmitted through a wired link from \(x\) node to \(y\) node as \(C_{x,y}\left(S,H_{x\to y}\right)\), where \(H_{x\to y}\) donates the number of wired hops. The transmission delay can be denoted as follows:  
\[C_{x,y}\left(M,H_{x\to y}\right)=H_{x\to y}[\frac{S}{B}+D+Q] \tag{1}\]  
The default parameter and notations used in the performance analysis are described in Table 1.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Parameters** & **Description** & **Value** \\ \hline D & Delay & 2 ms \\ Q & Queuing delay & 2 ms \\ \(cn\) & The size of the control messages & 50 bytes \\ \(d\) & The size of data messages & 200 bytes \\ \(\alpha\) & Hop count between eNBs & 2 \\ \(\beta\) & Hop count between C.E and M-GW & 2 \\ \(\gamma\) & Hop count between HSS and C.E & 3 \\ \(\delta\) & Hop count between eNB and C.E & 2 \\ \(\epsilon\) & Hop count between S-GW and P-GW & 3 \\ \(\lambda\) & Hop count between eNB and S-GW & 2 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Default values are used in the numerical analysis.  
Figure 9: The procedure of the handover with gateway relocation in the proposed 5G concept.  
The initial attachment for the proposed work is described in Section 3.1; this procedure needs two types of messages: the control messages \(C_{Initial}^{cn}\) and data massages \(C_{Initial}^{d}\). Therefore, the total transmission delay for the initial attacke is expressed as follows:  
\[\sum C_{Initial}^{cn}+C_{Initial}^{d} \tag{2}\]  
the control messages in the proposed architecture can be expressed as follows:  
\[C_{Initial}^{cn,5G}=2C_{\delta}+2C_{\epsilon} \tag{3}\]  
and the data message  
\[C_{Initial}^{d,5G}=2C_{\lambda} \tag{4}\]  
On the other hand, the transmission delay for the 4G network for control and data messages can be donated in Equations (5) and (6):  
\[C_{Initial}^{cn,4G}=5C_{\delta}+2C_{\gamma}+4C_{\beta}+2C_{\epsilon} \tag{5}\]  
\[C_{Initial}^{d,4G}=2C_{\alpha}+2C_{\epsilon} \tag{6}\]  
For the handover delay, as described in Sections 3.3 and 3.4, the handover is divided into the Intra (\(C_{Intra}^{HO}\)) and Inter (\(C_{Inter}^{HO}\)). The Intra handover delay can be calculated for 4G network and the proposed network as follows:  
\[C_{Intra}^{HO,5G}=2C_{\alpha}+3C_{\delta}+2C_{\beta}+2C\epsilon \tag{7}\]  
\[C_{Intra}^{HO,AG}=2C_{\gamma}+2C_{\delta}+5C_{\beta}+C_{\epsilon}+C_{\lambda} \tag{8}\]  
and the Inter handover delay expressed as shown in Equations (9) and (10)  
\[C_{HO,Inter}^{D,5G}=3C_{\alpha}+2C_{\lambda}+2C_{\epsilon} \tag{9}\]  
\[C_{HO,Inter}^{D,AG}=6C_{\delta}+2C_{\beta}+2C_{\epsilon} \tag{10}\]
# Constructing More Complete Control Flow Graphs Utilizing Directed Gray-Box Fuzzing
## 7 Related Works
### CFG Construction  
Static analysis is the most popular approach to construct CFGs in practice. There are many tools based on static analysis, such as IDA pro [20] for binary code and LLVM [22] for source code. They construct CFGs by statically dividing the code into basic blocks and connecting the basic blocks with jump relations. The limitation of this technique is that it is difficult to resolve indirect jump targets by pure static analysis. To handle indirect jumps, [PERSON] et al. [29] proposed to apply the inclusion-based pointer analysis against the function pointers. The point-to set is calculated by focusing on four rules: address-of, copy, assign, and dereference. Due to the inherent difficulty of static analysis to resolve indirect jumps, these approaches cannot produce precise control flow information. In contrast, our approach resolves indirect jumps by dynamic execution and does not suffer from this limitation.  
Dynamic analysis is proposed to construct precise CFGs. Traditional dynamic analysis techniques only cover a small portion of program execution paths. Fex [23] uses _forced execution_ to improve the coverage of conditional branches. It dynamically tracks conditional branches and save the program state. Then, restore the saved program state and force the execution the other path by manipulating the CPU instruction pointer. Although, this approach effectively improves the branch coverage, the state saving and restoring cause a lot of overhead. Therefore, this approach cannot be applied in large-scale real-world programs efficiently. In contrast, our approach depends on the static analysis and DGF techniques, which are proved to be scalable in real-world programs.  
In recent years, hybrid techniques have been proposed to construct CFGs. [PERSON] et al. [24] dynamically compute the indirect jump relations with a set of seed tests and augment the computed relations with statically computed direct jumps. However, they do not pay enough attention to how to generate test cases, which determines the completeness of CFGs. The test cases in their work are generated randomly. [PERSON] et al. [26] proposed using _coverage-based gray-box fuzzing (CGF)_ to generate test cases to handle indirect jumps. However, the approach still cannot construct complete CFGs, because it adopts a undirected path exploration and spends a lot of resources to test the code unrelated to indirect jumps. In contrast, our approach uses DGF instead of CGF to generate test cases and spends most of the time budget on exercising indirect jumps. Therefore, our approach can resolve more indirect jumps and improve the completeness of CFGs.
## 4 Conclusions and Discussion  
The platform and systems developed in this study provide a complete implementation of a momentum data collection system using solar power type of repeaters and sensors that collect data of physical activities in the process of feeding and breeding in grazing. The transmission platform was designed and its effectiveness was tested through experiments. The platform and system was verified in the Korea-cattle Experiment Station of National Rural Development Administration in Republic of Korea. This study may provide solutions to prevent the expected problems for changing environment of the livestock industry using different kinds of useful technologies in this field. The data of physical activities can be used for prevention of diseases and breeding managements. In this study, the expert system of veterinary judgment can be based on future technical research. The current system is the processing of the collected data, as veterinary experts and other experts can determine the basic data of the biological status of livestock. In order to monitor the activity of livestock, the information collection system suitable for animal husbandry environment is set up, and the information collected by quantitative analysis is used to reflect the combination of different technologies and use it for the purpose of industry. The proposed system is the first step considering several multiple issues to human and animals by different methods with the convergence of technology.  
Figure 10: Activities information analyzing of one target.  
The platform of the system solved the problems about sensing the target's active-moment, transferring the data to a main system and energy supply with solar panels. The data analysis will be defined by animal experts or famers, so the system is partly automated to management of the target's state. In the future, the system should be fully automatic system with other physical and bio sensors and expert's knowledge by IT technology. The convergence technology should be popularized more quickly to solve problems such as power consumption, collection of the different kind of data, increment number of targets, etc. Once the system is stabilized, the data mapping algorithm with artificial intelligence, IoT, Big-DATA technology and expert-knowledge can be added and applied on the system for monitoring several events such as diseases, insemination and delivery of the target.  
Conceptualization, J.K. and L.Z.; Methodology, J.K.; Software, J.K.; Validation, L.Z., J.K. and Y.L.; Formal Analysis, L.Z.; Investigation, J.K.; Resources, J.K.; Data Curation, Y.L.; Writing-Original Draft Preparation, L.Z.; Writing-Review & Editing, J.K. and L.Z.; Visualization, Y.L.; Supervision, J.K.; Project Administration, J.K.  
This research received no external funding.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.