The nano-filler effect enables nano-powders to decrease the permeability of concrete, especially by creating the interfacial transition zone (ITZ) with homogeneous texture and less porosity [8]. There are several research studies on the effect of nanomaterials on the durability of concrete in freeze-thaw condition; for instance, [PERSON] et al. [9] have done research with different amounts of nano SiO\({}_{2}\) in High-Performance Concrete (HPC) to investigate the resistivity of HPC against freeze-thaw conditions; they made concrete samples in three grades, C60, C70, and C80. The results showed that the additions of nano SiO\({}_{2}\) improve compressive strength by 8%, 6%, and 5%, respectively. [PERSON] et al. [10] added different percentages of nano-kaolinite clay to concrete. After repeated freeze-thaw cycles, they measured concrete properties such as the compressive strength and dynamic modulus of elasticity. Based on their findings, samples with 5% kaolinite had the highest compressive strength and relative dynamic modulus of elasticity following 125 freeze-thaw cycles. In 2016, [PERSON] et al. [11] added nano-silica to Portland cement concrete (PCC) to fulfill this aim. They reported that nano-silica improved the compressive strength as well as paste density and reduced the external damage of samples subjected to freeze-thaw cycles. In Reference [12], nano additives with graphite were added to concrete to study the concrete characteristics such as the compressive strength and thermo-frost resistivity. The findings showed that using nano additives improved the properties of concrete. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [13] analyzed the effect of nano-silica, nano-alumina, and nano-clay on the durability of alkali-activated slag (AAS) concrete samples subjected to freeze-thaw cycles. Their results showed that nano-silica and nano-clay improved the concrete durability more than nano-alumina. In the experimental study [14], the effect of nano-powders on the mechanical properties and freeze-thaw resistance of shotcrete was investigated; in this regard, nano-clay and nano-silica were used, and different percentages of the mentioned nano-powders were replaced with the cement. According to the results, using 6% of nano-silica played an effective role in the frost resistance of shotcrete. Adding nano clay had less impact on the improvement of mechanical properties in comparison to the nano-silica, but it was more effective in comparison with the control sample. Another type of materials that have an effective role in the reduction of permeability of concrete is MgO. This type of material has an expanding feature that means that during the completion of the hydration process of MgO, the product occupies a larger volume that fills the pores and micro-cracks of concrete. The usage of MgO in conventional Portland cements results in the production of Mg(OH)\({}_{2}\) i.e.,  
\[(\text{MgO}+\text{H}_{2}\text{O}\rightarrow\text{Mg(OH)}_{2}) \tag{1}\]  
and its subsequent carbonation  
\[(\text{Mg(OH)}_{2}+\text{CO}_{2}+2\text{H}_{2}\text{O}\rightarrow\text{MgCO} _{3}.3\text{H}_{2}\text{O}) \tag{2}\]  
increases hydrated magnesium carbonates. Due to the long-term instability observed in concrete with a high amount of MgO, standards limited the usage of MgO in cement and concrete [15]. MgO is used as an additive in mass concrete and has been utilized widely for more than 40 years in concrete dams. Regarding the effect of high temperature on mass concrete, thermal shrinkage is inevitable, and MgO plays a role as an expansive additive to compensate for the thermal shrinkage. While the usage of MgO reduces thermal shrinkage, it helps to speed up the construction process as well [16]. The delayed expansion of MgO recovers the thermal shrinkage of concrete due to delayed hydration. An appropriate amount of MgO can prevent the formation of micro-cracks, but an excessive amount of MgO produces high inner pressure, which destroys the structure of concrete and deteriorates mechanical properties such as the compressive strength and permeability.