## 1 Introduction  
In general, fiber pull-out properties play important roles in protective fabric structures to absorb the impact energy, mainly using the friction principle [1]. Generally, ballistic and stab resistance properties are improved by the advancement of high-performance fibers such as para-aramid and tough matrices, special 2D and 3D fabric architectures [2], intra-ply hybridization [3], various surface treatments [4] and functionalization [5] providing strong chemical linkage and mechanical interlocking between the fibers and matrix, coatings [6], plasma [7], grafting [8], the growth of nanostructures [9] and nano additives, particularly carbon nanotubes (CNTs) [10], graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) [11, 12, 13, 14], boron carbide (B\({}_{4}\)C) [15, 16, 17, 18], shear thickening fluid (STF) [19, 20], and nanofibers [21, 22, 23], achieving multifunctional flexible or rigid [24] and lightweight nano ballistic material with an enhanced ballistic limit [25, 26, 27, 28]. Yarn pull-out phenomena during ballistic impact are generally considered a pivotal energy mitigation process. Evaluating yarn pull-outin relation to fabric dimensions and the quantity of extracted yarns constitutes a critical energy dissipation mechanism during the ballistic impact on p-aramid fabrics, attributed to yarn uncrimping and translational displacement [29; 30]. It was determined that yarn pull-out forces are influenced by fabric density, fabric dimensions, and the number of yarn ends. The findings indicated that the force required for multiple yarn pull-outs exceeded that observed in single-yarn pull-out tests [31]. Furthermore, fabrics exhibiting elevated yarn pull-out forces demonstrate enhanced impact performance. The yarn pull-out force can be augmented by adjusting directional linear density, crimp, and inter-yarn friction [32]. Another study exhibited that inter-yarn friction resulted in an expansion of the pull-out zone, while the pull-out zone in wet conditions contracted due to the lubricating properties of the liquid [33]. Moreover, stick-slip force and accumulative retraction force are influenced by fabric density and the quantity of extracted yarn ends. The stick-slip force and accumulative retraction force observed in multiple-yarn pull-out tests were greater than those in single-yarn pull-out tests [34]. A recent study illustrated that at high pull-out velocities, the yarn traversed multiple yarn intersections before experiencing accumulative retraction loading, which led to a significant force drop during the stick-slip phase due to a complete loss of contact or insufficient time delay [35]. Moreover, the frictional properties of high-strength and high-modulus yarn display anisotropic behavior attributable to filament texture. The surface topography and yarn orientation predominantly influence the frictional characteristics [36]. The frictional interactions in interlacement points considering yarn pull-out in a fabric are significant because of the integrity of the entire fabric structure and resistance of the interlacing points, especially during low strain rate loading [37]. Another study demonstrated that fabric-projectile friction delays yarn failure by redistributing stress along the boundary of the interaction zone between the projectile and the fabric. This postponement of fiber failure significantly enhances fabric energy absorption in the later stages of impact. Furthermore, fiber-to-fiber friction restricts relative yarn displacement, thereby resisting fabric crimp removal and potentially contributing to premature fabric failure during the impact process [38]. Another method to improve pull-out force employs shear thickening fluid (STF), which is a nanosuspension absorbing significant impact energy, enhancing fiber impact performance.