## 2 Solar-Hydrogen Storage System
### Components  
#### 2.2.1 Solar Panel  
This section looks at how solar panels capture sunlight and transform it into electrical energy. It discusses advances in solar panel technology and its effectiveness in producing \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**No** & **Technology** & **Description** \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{1} & \multirow{4}{*}{Photovoltaic (PV) solar panels} & Photovoltaic solar panels use semiconductor elements to convert sunlight directly into electricity. These panels capture solar energy for subsequent conversion and are an essential component of solar-hydrogen systems. When exposed to sunlight, PV panels generate direct current (DC) electricity. \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{2} & \multirow{4}{*}{Electrolyzers} & Electrolyzers are machines that use electricity to split water (H\({}_{2}\)O) into hydrogen (H\({}_{2}\)) and oxygen (O\({}_{2}\)). There are three types of electrolytes: Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) Electrolyzers, which are efficient and well-suited for smaller-scale applications. Alkaline Electrolyzers, which are economical and well-suited for large-scale industrial applications; and Solid Oxide Electrolyzers, which operate at high temperatures and are well-suited for specific industrial processes. \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{3} & \multirow{4}{*}{Hydrogen Storage Tanks} & Hydrogen storage tanks are used to keep the hydrogen produced for later use. The first type of hydrogen storage is gaseous hydrogen storage, which is stored under pressure in high-strength tanks. The second type of storage is liquid hydrogen storage, which uses extremely low temperatures to convert hydrogen to a liquid state. The third type of storage is solid-state hydrogen storage, which uses materials that absorb and release hydrogen as needed. \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{4} & \multirow{4}{*}{Fuel Cells} & Fuel cells are electrochemical devices that produce energy and water by converting hydrogen and oxygen. The most prevalent kind of fuel cells are Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) Fuel Cells, which are commonly utilized for stationary and portable applications. Less prevalent are Alkaline Fuel Cells (AFC), which have historically been utilized in space applications, and Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFC), which operate at high temperatures and are suited for a variety of applications. \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{5} & \multirow{4}{*}{Solar Thermal Hydrogen Production} & Concentrated solar power is used to generate high-temperature heat for the thermal breakdown of water into hydrogen and oxygen in solar thermal hydrogen synthesis. Solar concentrators focus sunlight onto a receiver, producing high temperatures that fuel chemical processes. \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{6} & \multirow{4}{*}{Photoelectrochemical (PEC) Cells} & PEC cells use semiconductor materials to directly convert solar energy into hydrogen via a photoelectrochemical process. The PEC function of light absorption in the semiconductor material generates electron-hole pairs, which initiates the water-splitting reaction. \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-2}  & & Solar panels that gather sunlight from both the front and back faces capture more energy overall. Increased efficiency by harnessing reflected sunlight from surrounding surfaces is the function. \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Key Components of Solar-Hydrogen Technologies. clean electricity. The photovoltaic effect describes the method by which solar panels catch sunlight and convert it into electrical energy (Table 3) [21; 22; 23]. The photovoltaic effect is a key phenomenon that enables solar panels to capture sunlight and transform it into a clean, renewable source of electricity [24; 25]. Photovoltaic cells made of semiconductor materials like silicon capture incoming photons from sunlight in this complicated operation. This absorption energizes electrons, causing them to be liberated from their typical locations and the formation of electron-hole pairs. The flow of these liberated electrons creates an electric current, which results in a voltage potential across the solar cell [26].