# A Review on Standardizing Electric Vehicles Community Charging Service Operator Infrastructure
## 4 Charging Type
### Wireless Charging: Charging Type
#### 4.2.1 Categorization of Wireless Charging Based on the Charging Standards
* IEC wireless charging standard The International Electrotechnical Commission has published several charging standards, i.e., IEC 62827-1 (2016) and IEC 61980-1 (2015) with variable charging power supplies of 7.5 kW, 15 kW, and 120 kW based on the different charging levels, i.e., Level 1, Level 2, and Level 3, to fulfill certain requirements for EV charging, such as avoiding overheating issues, increasing efficiency, and adequately managing the exposed electromagnetic field. However, charging involves transmitting the magnetic field from the transmitter coil to the receiver coil, which can lead to misalignment, compatibility, and electromagnetic interference issues. Facing these issues, authors have tried to address the challenges by considering the various misalignment conditions for EV charging with IEC charging standards. Some of the research works are as follows: [PERSON] et al. [114] addressed misalignment conditions by performing a thermal behavior analysis of wireless EV charging. They conducted the experiment to perform a sensitivity analysis of numerous types of misalignment between ground assembly and vehicle assembly based on the temperature measurement. However, they did not highlight the compatibility issues for EV charging with different charging standards. Then, the authors in [115] also discuss the misalignment issues in wireless EV charging by assessing the power loss and thermal analysis of wireless EV charging considering the increased temperature of ground assembly. Despite handling these issues, they need to improve their system in terms of power loss and thermal performance. Alternatively, the authors in [116] overcome the compatibility and electromagnetic interference issues of [114] by performing an analysis of inductive power transfer following the IEC charging standards. However, they have not considered the misalignment conditions, which can also cause overheating issues due to the rise in temperature in continuous EV wireless charging. Table 5 presents several wireless charging standards along with comparison parameters, i.e., the power supply, coupling technique, and manufacturer. Furthermore, Table 6 shows the comparison of numerous wireless charging standards based on the optimized communication parameter along with limitations to better highlight the limitations of the existing literature. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt}} \hline
**Wireless Charging Standards** & **Objective** & **Power Supply (W/kW)** & **Coupling Technique** & **Manufacturer** \\ \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Qi} & Wireless power transfer standard developed by Wireless Power Consortium & \multirow{2}{*}{5 W} & \multirow{2}{*}{120 W} & \multirow{2}{*}{N} & Magnetic inductive coupling technique & Nokia, Sony, HTC \\ \cline{3-5}  & & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{SAE} & Standard for wireless charging developed by SAE International & \multirow{2}{*}{3.7 kW} & \multirow{2}{*}{7.7 kW} & \multirow{2}{*}{11 kW} & Magnetic resonance coupling technique & WITricity, Qualcomm, Eavtran \\ \hline \hline A4 WP & Wireless charging standard for spatial power & \multirow{2}{*}{7.5 W} & \multirow{2}{*}{12W} & \multirow{2}{*}{3.3 kW} & Magnetic resonance coupling technique & WITricity, Intel \\ \cline{3-5}  & & & & & \\ \hline IEC & Standard developed for EV wireless power transfer for electrical safety & \multirow{2}{*}{7.5 kW} & \multirow{2}{*}{15 kW} & \multirow{2}{*}{120 kW} & Magnetic resonance coupling technique & WITricity \\ \cline{3-5}  & & & & & \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 5: Comparison of wireless charging standards based on the power supply and coupling technique [98, 117, 118].