# Prediction of Changes in Blood Parameters Induced by Low-Frequency Ultrasound  
[PERSON]  
1 Institute of Mechatronics, Kauasa University of Technology, Studentu Street 56, LT-51424 Kaunas, Lithuania; vytautas;[EMAIL_ADDRESS] (VJ. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (M.V.) [PERSON]  
2 Department of Applied Informatics, Kaunas University of Technology, Studentu Street 50, LT-51368 Kaunas, Lithuania; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (M.V.) [PERSON]  
3 Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, Institute of Cardiology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, A. Mickevicius Street 9, LT-44307 Kaunas, Lithuania; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (V.L. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (V.T. );  
[PERSON]  
4 Institute of Physiology and Pharmacology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, A. Mickevicius Street 9, LT-44307 Kaunas, Lithuania; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (V.L. );  
performed using chemical stimulation procedures, but ultrasound stimulation may be more effective [3]. The results in [4] show that platelet aggregation after exposure to low-frequency (22 kHz) and low-intensity (from 1.0 to 8.8 W/cm\({}^{2}\)) ultrasound depends on the intensity and time of exposure; in addition, platelet aggregation occurs only when the platelet medium contains calcium ions (Ca\({}^{2+}\)). A more accurate method was proposed to investigate platelet function, atherosclerotic plaques, and ischemic heart disease in [5]. The results in article [6] show that non-invasive contrast-enhanced ultrasound molecular imaging with targeted microbubbles can detect not only activated platelets in the vascular endothelium, but also the severity of atherosclerosis damage. The effects of ultrasound in biology and blood cells have been examined in research conducted by the authors of [7; 8; 9; 10]. The extent of damage to atherosclerotic tissue and the presence of platelets on the surface of the endothelium were assessed both from histological and immunohistochemical points of view. As a result of research on animals (rats), ultrasound was found to reduce inflammation by reducing the amount of fibrinogen in the blood [7]. The effect of ultrasound on fibrinogen and coagulation and fibrinogenolysis processes in an in vitro system was investigated by the authors of [8]. A study [9] analyzed the mechanical effect (immediate lysis) and biological effects (cell survival, apoptosis, cell cycle) in cells exposed to different ultrasound frequencies. It was found that cell survival decreased with increasing ultrasound intensity. From these findings, a conclusion can be drawn regarding the advantages of low-frequency ultrasound. As reported in paper [10], low-intensity pulsed ultrasound can accelerate the healing of fresh fractures, improve soft tissue regeneration, and suppress inflammatory reactions. The advantages of artificial intelligence are described in [11; 12; 13; 14; 15; 16; 17; 18; 19; 20]. Every year, machine learning algorithms gain increasing prominence in the (bio)medical sector, effectively addressing the most crucial tasks, such as disease identification [11], classification, and prediction and a variety of investigations involving blood samples [12]. A study [13] showed that powerful machine learning techniques can classify, detect, and predict blood cell subtypes and changes in blood cell count, shape, texture, and color. Study [14] briefly reviews and discusses the philosophy, possibilities, and limitations of artificial neural networks in medical diagnostics. Blood analysis, as one of the main detectors of diseases, provides many different parameters that show unequivocal evidence of the existence of a disease [15]. The use of machine learning to predict platelet activation and cell surface dynamics [16] focuses on the question of whether simple geometric features obtained from platelets scanned via standard light microscopy techniques are useful predictors of platelet shape replacement.