# The Effect of Heat Sink Properties on Solar Cell Cooling Systems
## 6 Conclusions  
Solar cell performance is influenced by the working temperature. The ideal working temperature can be maintained by adding a cooling system to the solar cell panel. The addition of a heat sink with perforated fins improves the cooling process. The type of base material and fins used on the heat sink also affect the cooling capability. The results of the modelling and experiment show that the use of a heat sink with perforated fins can significantly reduce temperature and increase performance. Furthermore, the use of a combination of heat sink materials from aluminum and copper did not significantly affect temperature reduction and increased performance. The use of heat sinks with 5, 10, and 15 fins provided excellent cooling. The increase in the number of fins provided better cooling capacity and increased the photovoltaic performance. The best cooling capability and performance were obtained by using 15 fins with a copper base and fin heat sink materials. The achieved decrease in temperature and increase in efficiency were 10.2 \({}^{\circ}\)C and 2.74%, respectively.  
Conceptualization, Z.A., S.S., and D.D.D.P.T.; methodology, W.E.J. and Z.A.; software, D.D.D.P.T. and A.R.P.; validation, S.S.; formal analysis, Z.A., S.S. and D.D.D.P.T.; investigation, W.E.J. and Z.A.; resources, Z.A., S.S. and D.D.D.P.T.; data curation, Z.A., S.S. and D.D.D.P.T.; writing--Original draft preparation, M.R.A.P., Z.A. and A.R.P.; writing--Review and editing, M.R.A.P., A.R.P. and Z.A.; visualization, M.R.A.P.; supervision, Z.A.; project administration, Z.A.; funding acquisition, Z.A., S.S. and D.D.D.P.T. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research received research grant of Hibah Mandatory-PNBP No. 452/UN27.11/PN/2020 and Hibah Penelitian Dasar Unggulan Perguruan Tinggi (PDUPT) 2020, contract number: 112/UN.27.21/HK/2020.  
The authors thank the Rector of Universitas Sebelas Maret (UNS) and DRPM Kemenristek/BRIN for financial support.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Variation** & \
\begin{tabular}{c} **Intensity** \\ **(W/m\({}^{2}\))** \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} **Temperature** \\ **(\({}^{\circ}\)C)** \\ \end{tabular} & _Voc (V)_ & _Isc (A)_ & **Fill Factor (-)** & **Efficiency (\%)** & **Error (\%)** \\ \hline Cu-Cu & 1100 & 53.7 & 19.8 & 3.15 & 0.78 & 12.92 & 1.01 \\ Cu-Al & 1100 & 55.6 & 19.7 & 3.12 & 0.76 & 12.79 & 5.70 \\ Al-Cu & 1100 & 57.6 & 19.6 & 3.11 & 0.75 & 12.1 & 1.85 \\ Al-Al & 1100 & 59.1 & 19.6 & 3.1 & 0.75 & 11.88 & 1.81 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 4: Temperature and efficiency of the solar cell with a 10-fin heat sink.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Intensity (W/m\({}^{2}\))** & **Temperature (\({}^{\circ}\)C)** & _Voc (V)_ & _Isc (A)_ & **Fill Factor (-)** & **Efficiency (\%)** & **Error (\%)** \\ \hline
400 & 31 & 20.7 & 1.38 & 0.66 & 13.54 & 0.67 \\
500 & 35.5 & 20.5 & 1.58 & 0.72 & 13.45 & 0.52 \\
600 & 37.9 & 20.5 & 1.93 & 0.7 & 13.38 & 0.90 \\
700 & 42.4 & 20.3 & 2.24 & 0.72 & 13.26 & 0.75 \\
800 & 44.6 & 20.1 & 2.55 & 0.72 & 13.36 & 2.12 \\
900 & 48.9 & 19.9 & 2.88 & 0.75 & 13.65 & 6.72 \\
1000 & 52.4 & 19.8 & 2.99 & 0.76 & 12.79 & 1.01 \\
1100 & 53.7 & 19.8 & 3.15 & 0.78 & 12.92 & 1.02 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 5: Temperature and efficiency of the solar cell with a 10-fin Cu-Cu heat sink.