## 4 Magnesium Alloys for Biomedical Implants
The influence of these elements on the Mg alloys is shown in Table 7.  
Magnetism allows have attracted substantial attention in the biomedical field owing to their impressive attributes, including remarkable strength, low density, and outstanding osteogenic biocompatibility, as highlighted in Table 7. Employing pure Magnesium alloys as implant materials comes with specific disadvantages. First, their mechanical properties fail to meet the necessary standards for implant materials, and their rapid resorption results in mechanical instability prior to complete bone healing. Second, magnesium alloys exhibit accelerated degradation rates, particularly in chloride-rich environments such as human bodily fluids. The generation of degradation rates gives rise to problems such as tissue inflammation. As mentioned, a notable challenge arises due to its considerable vulnerability to corrosion, originating from its remarkably low standard electrode potential of \(-\)2.37 V. Finally, implants made from pure magnesium alloys experience non-uniform corrosion, leading to premature failure. Among the concerns in the domain of biomedical implants, the corrosion behavior of Mg implants plays a preeminent role. When Mg is immersed in an aqueous milieu, a pivotal electrochemical process occurs, as highlighted in Equations (1) through (3), and underscores the significance of managing corrosion dynamics associated \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Disadvantages** & **Description** \\ \hline Low mechanical properties & Implants must be able to endure specific loads and deformation. It is difficult for Mg to meet medical demands in strength and plasticity. \\ High degradation rate & It leads to premature loss of mechanical integrity and implant supports. \\ Hydrogen generation & Hydrogen release creates air bubbles in the surrounding tissues. \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 6: Limitations of Mg alloys in medical implants [24]. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Advantages** & **Description** \\ \hline Reduced density and elastic stiffness & Density and elastic stiffness are similar to human bone. \\ Higher specific strength & Strength to weight ratio is roughly 35-260 KNm/kg. \\ Machinability & Mg has good machining capability to achieve accurate dimensions and processing into complex shapes. \\ Stress shielding effect & The elastic stiffness of Mg is very close to bone. \\ Biocompatibility & Mg is shown to have osteogenic functions. \\ Degradability & Mg naturally degrades in the body, which is favorable to the patients. \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 5: Benefits of Mg alloys in medical implants [24]. with Mg alloy im-plants for biomedical applications. Tafel plots for Magnesium alloys are shown in Figure 4[63]. Because of magnesium's inherent low strength, alloying becomes the predominant approach for enhancing its mechanical properties. However, introducing alloying elements gives rise to secondary phases that may expedite corrosion. Moreover, the release of alloy ions may play distinct roles in bone healing. Apart from their supporting function, the released ions from magnesium alloys during biodegradation exhibit additional effects, such as antibacterial and antitumor properties. In contrast to non-biodegradable materials, magnesium alloys stand out as a suitable choice for biodegradable implants due to their biocompatibility and the absence of toxicological tissue responses. These magnesium alloys present lower probabilities of releasing cytotoxic ions, thereby preventing stress shielding