## 3 Methods and Data
### Data  
Considering data availability and data statistical consistency, we use a panel dataset of annual data on twenty-six two-digit industrial sectors (Table 1) between 2003 and 2017, classified according to the 2017 version of the National Standard of Industrial Classification (GB/T 4754-2017). With reference to [15; 16], we set the input indicators as labor, capital stock and energy consumption, set the desirable output as the industrial output, and set the undesirable output as carbon dioxide emissions. The data sources and specific processing procedures are as follows. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline
**Industry** & **Code** & \begin{tabular}{c} **Equipment** \\ **Manufacturing Industry** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} **High-Tech** \\ **Manufacturing Industry** \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} **Consumer Goods** \\ **Manufacturing Industry** \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} **Energy-Intensive** \\ **Manufacturing Industry** \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline Food processing & H1 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 \\ Food manufacturing & H2 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 \\ Beverages & H3 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 \\ Tobacco & H4 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 \\ Textiles & H5 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 \\ Apparel & H6 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 \\ Leather & H7 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 \\ Wood processing & H8 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ Furniture & H9 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 \\ Paper & H10 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 \\ Printing & H11 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 \\ Fuel processing & H12 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ Chemicals & H13 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ Medicine & H14 & 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\ Fibers & H15 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 \\ Rubber and plastic products & H16 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ Nonmental manufacturing & H17 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ Ferrous smelt/press & H18 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ Non-ferrous smelt/press & H19 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Code and classification of manufacturing sub-sectors. According to the Classification of Industries in the National Economy (GB/T4754-2017), there are 31 sub-sectors in China’s manufacturing industry. Automobile manufacturing and railway, ship, aerospace and other transportation equipment manufacturing are included in transport equipment manufacturing before 2012. Therefore, we only use transport equipment manufacturing in our research. The rubber and plastic products manufacturing is divided into rubber products manufacturing and plastic products manufacturing before 2012, so we only use rubber and plastic products manufacturing in our research. Culture and education, industrial and aesthetics, sports and entertainment manufacturing, other manufacturing, comprehensive utilization of waste resources, metal products, machinery and equipment repairs have experienced relatively large adjustments during the sample period, so they are discarded. Referring to the “National Economic Industry Classification (GB/T 4754-2017)”, “High-tech Industry (Manufacturing) Classification (2017)” and other materials, we divide the manufacturing industry into the manufacturing industry into the equipment and high-tech manufacturing industry, consumer goods manufacturing and energy-intensive manufacturing industry. Labor is measured by the average annual number of employees of industrial enterprises above a designated size in the manufacturing industry. Relevant data come from the China Industrial Statistics Yearbook. For capital stock, the calculation method of capital stock adopts the method of [PERSON] [35]. Different capital depreciation rates are set for different industries in different years (depreciation in the current year/original value of fixed assets in the previous year). The initial capital stock in 2003 was directly taken from the research results of [PERSON] [35]. The price adopts the 2003 constant price. Relevant data come from the China Industrial Statistical Yearbook and China Fixed Asset Investment Statistical Yearbook. Energy consumption is measured by the energy consumption of industrial enterprises above a designated size in the manufacturing industry. Relevant data come from the China Energy Statistical Yearbook.