# Effect of Wind Direction and Velocity on PV Panels Cooling with Perforated Heat Sinks
## 6 Conclusions  
The goal of this study was to deploy a numerical analysis regarding the air cooling of photovoltaic panels by using heat sinks with perforated and non-perforated fins. A random PV panel with typical characteristics was analyzed for different wind directions--towards its back, front and from the side. The PV panel is mounted in fixed position, facing south, inclined at 45 degrees from the horizontal. The input constants were the solar radiation \(G=1000\) W/m\({}^{2}\) and ambient temperature \(t_{air}=35\)\({}^{\circ}\)C, while the parameters varied during the study were the wind direction (towards its back, front and from the side of PV panel) and velocity \(v_{air}=1\)-5 m/s. The base case of the numerical model was calibrated according to the NOCT conditions, while the accuracy of the numerical simulation was achieved by comparison with the experimental studies from literature. The numerical study is focused on six types of heat sink with perforated and non-perforated fins attached to a typical PV panel. The fins were distributed both horizontally and vertically. A challenging task consisted in simulation of the real wind conditions around the PV panel by taking into account the entire air domain. The main results obtained were the average temperature of PV panels and the respective efficiency. The passive cooling solutions analyzed introduced a rise of maximum power production between 1.85% (wind towards the front--worse case) and 7.71% (wind towards the side--best case) above the basic set-up, depending on the wind direction and velocity. The maximum power increase for each wind direction was of 7.71% for the side wind, 6.49% for the backside wind and 3.06% for the front wind. The effect is more intense for lower velocities. This phenomenon is achieved because of the lower convection near the PV panel in the base case, compared to usage of the heat. Conceptualization, S.V.H., F.E.T. and N.-C.C. ; methodology, S.V.H., F.E.T. and N.-C.C. ; software, S.V.H. and F.E.T. ; validation, S.V.H., F.E.T., N.-C.C. and I.H. ; formal analysis, S.V.H., D.-A.A. and I.H. ; investigation, S.V.H., F.E.T., N.-C.C., C.-G.P., M.V., D.-A.A. and I.H. ; resources, S.V.H., F.E.T. and C.-G.P. ; data curation, S.V.H., F.E.T. and I.H. ; writing--original draft preparation, S.V.H., F.E.T., N.-C.C., C.-G.P., M.V., D.-A.A. and I.H. ; writing--review and editing, S.V.H., F.E.T., N.-C.C., C.-G.P., M.V. and I.H. ; visualization, S.V.H., D.-A.A. and I.H. ; supervision, S.V.H. and M.V. ; project administration, S.V.H. ; funding acquisition, S.V.H. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. This work was supported by a grant of the Romanian Ministry of Education and Research, CCCDI-UEFISCDI, project number PN-III-P2-2.1-PED-2019-1294, within PNCDI III. Institutional Review Board Statement: Not applicable. Informed Consent Statement: Not applicable. Data Availability Statement: Not applicable. Acknowledgments: We would like to acknowledge the invaluable support provided by the FCI-TUIASI infrastructure in writing this article. Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest. References  
* [1] Available online: [[https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Electricity_price_statistics](https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Electricity_price_statistics)]([https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Electricity_price_statistics](https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Electricity_price_statistics)) (accessed on 15 August 2022). * [2] Available online: [[https://www.overshootday.org](https://www.overshootday.org)]([https://www.overshootday.org](https://www.overshootday.org)) (accessed on 15 August 2022). * [3] [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON] Analytical Modeling and Optimization of a Heat Sink Design for Passive Cooling of Solar PV Panel. _Sustainability_**2021**, 13, 3490.