## 2 State of the Art  
This section delineates the state of the art in urban logistics, delving into measures, technologies, and emerging paradigms for urban vehicle access regulations. It examines stakeholder perspectives and illustrates the primary simulation approaches employed within the field. Urban Logistics and Smart Urban Vehicle Access Regulations: Measures, Technologies, and Emerging Paradigms  
Urban logistics plays an increasingly important role in modern cities, where efficient transportation management is essential to ensure residents' well-being, support economic development, and mitigate the negative impacts of transportation [4]. One of the main challenges is minimizing the adverse effects of transportation, including traffic congestion, air and noise pollution, as well as environmental impact from greenhouse gas emissions. Addressing these challenges requires the adoption of innovative policies and strategies, such as promoting sustainable transportation modes, optimizing delivery routes, and introducing low-emission vehicles. These efforts align directly with the principles of Industry 5.0, particularly its emphasis on sustainability and fostering resilient urban systems. Various classifications of measures to improve urban logistics have been proposed. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [21] proposed categorizing best practices into four areas: Urban Logistics Spaces for Multi-Tier Last-Mile Distribution, Emerging Vehicles for Last-Mile Distribution, Complementary Last-Mile Distribution Strategies, and Additional Technologies. The first category encompasses Urban Consolidation/Transfer Centers, Micro-deconsolidation Platforms, Micro-consolidation Platforms, Delivery Bays, and Automatic Parcel Terminals. In the second category, solutions involving the use of alternative vehicles are included, such as Cargo-cycles, Electric Trucks, Mobile Warehouses, and Autonomous and Semi-autonomous Vehicles. The third category comprises complementary measures, including Off-hour Deliveries, On-demand (Crowd-sourced) Last-mile Services, and Last-Mile Delivery using the Bus Rapid Transit/Subway System. Finally, the last category includes technological solutions such as GPS Sensors and Data for Logistics. [PERSON] et al. [22] divided the measures of City logistics into: Infrastructure, Regulation, and Technology. Research hasnot only classified various measures for improving urban logistics but has also focused on analyzing how institutional entities can best combine interventions as they identify and implement them within their strategic plans [11]. Within the classification of 'Measure Fields', the ReVeAL project further identified a series of Building Blocks [11], which represent the operational components through which measures are implemented in urban contexts. These include:  
* Regulatory measures: establishing legal frameworks to control vehicle entry into specific areas, including Zero Emission Zones, Low Emission Zones, Limited Traffic Zones (LTZ), as well as regulations based on vehicle characteristics, trip purposes, or permitting systems. A Zero-emission Zone (ZEZ) is a designated area where only vehicles that produce zero emissions are allowed to enter. An LTZ is a defined spatial area characterized by low traffic volume, typically resulting from access regulations implemented by the local municipality. While a Low-Emission-Zone (LEZ) is an area where vehicular access is limited to vehicles that meet certain emissions characteristics;
* Spatial interventions: redesigning urban road layouts to prioritize sustainable mobility and restrict vehicular traffic, such as repurposing roads and parking areas for alternative modes of transport;
* Pricing aspects: introducing economic measures to incentivize sustainable travel choices, such as congestion-based tolls, distance-dependent charges, or fees determined by emission standards. According to the ReVeAL project, the various building blocks within this regulating measure field can be combined to form a comprehensive UVAR scheme.