## 5 Discussion
### Limitations and Future Research  
In this study, we aim to go further into the subject of decision-making. Our objective is to conduct a comprehensive investigation that will contribute to the existing body of knowledge in this field. By examining many factors and variables that influence decision-making. Additional research is necessary to fully understand the long-term effects and possible wider use of including simulation games, varied participants, and sample size as means of assessing decision-making. The advancement and inclusion of decision support systems have the potential to enhance the efficiency of decision-making in the field of engineering design. The inclusion of domain knowledge in machine learning can be approached in a more comprehensive manner, which has the potential to reveal new insights and improve the interpretability of models. The continued development and enhancement of hybrid modeling techniques, which integrate machine learning with simulation, have the potential to yield predictive models that are both more precise and informative. This study offers significant advancements over previous studies by integrating personality traits and knowledge assessments to provide a comprehensive understanding of decision-making in engineering design. Unlike earlier research, which often examines personality or knowledge in isolation, this study explores their interaction, offering nuanced insights into how they jointly influence decision quality and confidence. Furthermore, the use of a multi-faceted evaluation methodology--combining subjective assessments, expert validation, and machine learning (Naive Bayes model)--ensures robust and reliable findings, addressing the limitations of single-author evaluations seen in prior studies. The use of simulation games is another innovative aspect, allowing participants to engage in realistic, constraint-driven scenarios that mirror real-world engineering challenges. This contrasts with the theoretical or static experimental approaches commonly used in earlier research, enhancing the ecological validity of the findings. The study also stands out for its inclusion of diverse participants from various academic and cultural backgrounds, improving the generalizability of its results compared to studies with homogenous groups. Additionally, the differentiation between self-assessed and test-assessed knowledge highlights the importance of validated knowledge in decision-making, a factor often overlooked in previous work. By focusing on actionable insights, such as aligning tasks with individual personality traits and emphasizing test-assessed knowledge, this study bridges the gap between theoretical understanding and practical application, making it a valuable contribution to improving decision-making processes in education, training, and professional settings. The following supporting information can be downloaded at: [[https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/app15020518/s1](https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/app15020518/s1)]([https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/app15020518/s1](https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/app15020518/s1)), Personality Trait Assessment: Descriptions of Constructs and Key Items  
Conceptualization, M.A. and G.W. ; methodology, M.A. and G.W. ; validation, M.A. and G.W. ; formal analysis, M.A. and G.W. ; investigation, M.A. and G.W. ; resources, M.A. and G.W. ; data curation, M.A. and G.W. ; writing--original draft preparation, M.A. ; writing--review and editing, M.A. and G.W. ; visualization, M.A. and G.W. ; supervision, M.A. and G.W. ; project administration, M.A. and G.W. ; funding acquisition, M.A. and G.W. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. This work was supported by the CN ministry project (Grant No. 50923010101). Not applicable. The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the authors on request. **Acknowledgments:** Muhammad Ahmad and Wang Guoxin gratefully acknowledge the supporting fund by the CN ministry project (Grant No. 50923010101).