## 2 Related Work  
Many researchers and developers have used several protocols to estimate the performance of estimation vehicles' location [20,21]. [PERSON] et al. [22] proposed a protocol called the Anlgular-LAR protocol. This protocol upgraded the execution of the reactive information that is based on the geographical location which confines the flooding zone. Initially, the Angular-LAR initiates the route, which is based on the request messages for determining the geographical location of the destination. Thereafter, it confines the flooding of the control packets for discovering subsequent routes in the direction of the expected destination location. The intermediate nodes have been utilized to route the data packets if they are present in a particular request zone region. If the destination node location is unavailable, the sender has not considered the expected zone; therefore, the request zone needs to enhance the flooding to the overall network. This approach has several limitations, such as huge routing traffic and the collision caused by flooding policy. Due to these issues, the results cause an increase in overhead delay, which creates obsolete feedback and may lose the exact location of the node. According to [PERSON] et al. [23], the location of the mobile nodes in the VANETs predicted based on the method known as the KALAR. The idea is to improve the performance of LAR protocol by using the Kalman Filter, which helps to reduce the position error. This protocol enables the use of the fundamental technical analysis of the location information by utilizing the real mobility vehicles and model-driven traces with the Kalman Filter. However, it ignores the geometric nature of the road environment and vehicle kinematic constraint. Another study in [24] proposed a novel scheme to improve the identification of vehicle location. This method depends on the cooperation among the vehicles, where the vehicles are communicating by using their estimated location. The technique consists of two steps. In Step 1, it introduced a cooperative map-matching technique, which utilizes the V2V communication for exchanging the GPS data between the vehicles. Then, in the presence of an accurate road map, the vehicles can apply the road constraints of the other vehicles to map their matching procedure and thus improve their position. In Step 2, it proposed the idea of the Dynamic BS Differential GPS (DDGPS), which is used by the vehicles for generating and broadcasting the GPS pseudo-range corrections, which was recently utilized by the arrived vehicles to improve their positions. The DDGPS is seen to be a decentralized cooperative technique, which aimed to enhance the GPS positions by calculating and balancing the common errors in the GPS pseudo-range measurement. This method is the extension of the DGPS method; however, it wants the BSs to not be static for a precisely identified location. The pseudo-range corrections were estimated depending on the belief of the receiver with regards to the positioning and uncertainty of the vehicle. The results indicated that the use of the cooperative approach improved the map-matching process and helped achieve a better location. The study has some limitations, as it does not consider the interdependency of the pseudo-range corrections generated by the vehicles. It does not improve the fusion method for merging the received corrections. Furthermore, the [PERSON] et al. [25] investigated the modified LAR protocol for the inter-vehicular communication on the highway's environment. It is observed that the modified LAR protocol has improved the path stability between the source and the destination nodes. When the node receives a route request message, it would be forwarded based on the direction of the motion of the source. The protocol was improved, increasing the life of the route between the source and the destination. The researchers observed that the modified LAR performed better than the standard protocol in VANET environments.