esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Impact of One Additional Substitution on Player Load and Coaching Tactics in Elite Football
## 4 Discussion  
The results of the dual methodology using data analysis and subjective questionnaire indicates that an additional substitution in extra time could be beneficial for the tactical influence of coaches on the match. While the corresponding survey responses show a clear tendency towards a perceived benefit of an additional substitution, the data indicate a theoretical increase of 33% and practical increase of 26% of the substitution contingent and, therefore, of tactical influence of coaches on the match. Moreover, the findings of this study indicate that an additional substitution in regular time is beneficial for tactical influence of coaches on the match. Both questionnaire responses and the increase of tactical influence of coaches on the match by 26% more substitutions support this finding.  
Regarding the effect on player load, the results indicate that an additional substitution in regular time is beneficial for load reduction in one match. The data evaluation shows a 4% reduction of the match load with a fourth substitution in regular time. This resembles an _ILR_ by almost 50% compared to the load reduction of three substitutions (Figure 3).  
Figure 2: Coaches survey: Mean of answers to questions six and seven on additional substitution in extra time. Note: * signals a significantly (\(p\leq 0.05\)) higher mean value than the median (3.5) and thus the assessment of the additional substitution with regard to the queried aspect as beneficial by the coaches.  
The corresponding survey responses by the coaches reinforce this finding. In conclusion, the results of the dual methodology indicate that an additional substitution in regular time is potentially beneficial for load reduction in one season. Furthermore, the current results indicate that an additional substitution in extra time could be beneficial for load reduction in one match. This can be supported both by the responses of coaches and the maximum possible load reduction with additional substitution in extra time of 27%. On the contrary, an additional substitution in extra time was found to be non-beneficial for load reduction in a season. The survey responses as well as the data evaluation reiterated this result. While an additional substitution might have an effect on load reduction for one particular match, only a few matches during a season actually go into extra time. Thus, even a Bundesliga team participating in an International European Cup would have a maximum increase in load reduction of 23% over the course of a whole season. This effect might be worth investigating for national teams competing at Continental- or World Cups, where a higher percentage of matches with extra time are played. The maximum percentage of matches with extra times is 20% for the Bundesliga club, while 35% of World Cup finals go into extra time [3].
# Towards a New Digital Era: Observing Local E-Government Services Adoption in a Chinese Municipality
## 5 Discussions
### Digital Divide Regression Analysis
As for the impact of age, despite previous studies holding different opinions on whether age influences e-government usage or not [29; 55; 55; 59], the results show that age does positively influence the adoption of WeChat and Weibo services. If we note that they are all governmental e-services on social networking applications compared to traditional e-government services, we can have a meaningful discovery that older people are no longer falling behind younger generations in using SNS platforms. Apart from the reasons discussed above that new services are becoming easier and more accessible to people, WeChat and Weibo indeed are constant presences in Chinese citizens' daily life more than any other applications. The bold change of local governments outsourcing e-services to mutual commercial platforms is coming to fruition according to these findings: older generations are encouraged to use new e-services to interact with their government. As for the newly introduced factor of the digital divide, the results show that local residency is a vital factor to determining the adoption of local government e-services in China. Residents of Chongqing are much more often using all four types of local e-services whether on computer or mobile phone than non-resident immigrants living in Chongqing. It can be inferred that non-residents may suffer from informational inequalities because local e-government is more inclined to serve native residents. From another point of view, it is possible that local residents are using e-services much more frequently than non-residents because they have to interact with local governments in every aspect of their daily life.
## 3 Results
### Spatial and Temporal Patterns of SM and VPD  
SM and VPD exhibited distinct spatial patterns over the multiyear average (Figure 2 gj). From 2001 to 2022, the spatial distribution of SM was analogous to that of NDVI\({}_{\text{max}}\) and GPP\({}_{\text{max}}\). The SM values were elevated in the eastern and southern areas of the TP, whereas they were lower in the western and northern regions, with the areas ranging from 0 to 60 m\({}^{3}\)/m\({}^{3}\) accounting for 75.45% of the total area (Figure 2g). The standard deviation of SM was generally low, with only some values exceeding 28 mm in the eastern, southern, and western-central areas, and the proportion with 0-28 mm was 98.49% (Figure 2h). A declining tendency in SM was noticed during the period from 2001 to 2022, with an average rate of \(-\)0.19 mm/year (Figure 2i). Notably, approximately 25.82% of the pixel zone exhibited a noticeable decreasing tendency, which was 10 times greater than the region displaying a prominent increasing tendency (Figure 2i).  
The spatial patterns and tendencies of VPD from 2001 to 2022 are depicted in Figure 2j-l. The results indicated an overall low VPD with only some regions in the northeastern area of the TP showing slightly higher VPD values, with an average of 0.53 kPa (Figure 2j). The spatial distribution of the standard deviation of VPD was similar to its mean value. Except for the northeastern region, which was slightly higher, the remaining regions were generally lower, and the regions with a value between 0 and 36 kPa accounted for 95.67% of the area (Figure 2k). Approximately 74.75% of the pixel regions exhibited an increasing tendency in VPD during the period from 2001 to 2022 (significant at 31.86%), which were mainly concentrated in the central, western, and northeastern regions of the TP. Conversely, the eastern and northern areas showed a decreasing trend, with the significant trends accounting for 2% of the pixel regions (Figure 2l).  
Figure 2: The spatial distributions of the multiyear averages (**a**,**d**,**g**,**j**), standard deviations (**b**,**e**,**h**,**k**), and temporal trends and significance levels (**c**,**f**,**i**,**l**) of the normalized vegetation index (NDVI\({}_{\text{max}}\)), gross primary productivity (GPP\({}_{\text{max}}\)), soil moisture (SM), and vapor pressure deficit (VPD) on the TP. The subplots (**a**,**b**,**d**,**e**,**g**,**h**,**j**,**k**) include their respective frequency distributions. The small insets at the top of (**c**,**f**,**i**,**l**) show the areas with significant trends (\(p<0.05\)), where the bar charts represent the frequency distribution of the trends, the colored bars indicate the significant trends, and the white bars indicate the nonsignificant trends.
# Guidelines for Experimental Algorithmics:
## 7 Evaluating Results with Statistical Analysis
### Bayesian Inference
#### 7.4.1 Equivalence Testing  
Computing the highest density interval can also be used for hypothesis testing. In Section 7.3.1 we discussed how to show that two distributions are different. Sometimes, though, we are interested in showing that they are sufficiently _similar_. An example would be wanting to show that two sampling algorithms give the same distribution of results. This is not easily possible within the NHST paradigm, as the two answers of a classical hypothesis test are \"probably different\" and \"not sure\".  
This problem can be solved by calculating the posterior distribution of the parameter of interest and defining a _region of practical equivalence_ (ROPE), which covers all parameter values that are effectively indistinguishable from 0. If \(x\%\) of the posterior probability mass are in the region of practical equivalence, the inferred parameter is practically indistinguishable with probability \(x\%\). If \(x\%\) of the probability mass are outside the ROPE, the parameter is meaningfully different with probability \(x\%\). If the intervals overlap, the observed data is insufficient to come to either conclusion. In our example, the scaling behavior of two algorithms is equivalent if the inferred exponent modeling their relative running times is more or less 1. We could define practical equivalence as \(\pm 5\%\), resulting in a region of practical equivalence of \([0.95,1.05]\). The interval \([0.72,1.36]\) containing 95% of the probability mass for \(\beta\) is neither completely inside \([0.95,1.05]\) nor completely outside it, implying that more experiments are needed to come to a conclusion. In Section 4.3, we discussed that the width of many confidence and credible intervals is inversely proportional to the square root of the number of samples used to compute it. If the scaling is indeed equivalent, we would thus expect to need at least \(((1.36-0.72)/(1.05-0.95))^{2}\approx 41\) times as many samples to confirm it.
## 5 Conclusions  
This document examines the issue where the RRT path-planning algorithm readily aligns with the local optimum, and the rate of convergence becomes sluggish when employing the underground mine inspection robot in the mine's unstructured setting. A path-planning algorithm combining improved RRT and PRM is proposed, and the improved RRT algorithm is based on fan-shaped target orientation and environmental-adaptive step size. In contrast to the comparison algorithm, the improved RRT algorithm shortens the path length by 10.74% on average, reduces the number of inflection points by 69.99% on average, and increases the planning success rate by 17.55% on average. Simulation findings conclusively demonstrate that the overall performance of the improved RRT algorithm is better than the original algorithm and other improved algorithms in the environment of simulating some roadways. Finally, it was verified by real-world experiments. Consequently, the enhanced algorithm introduced in this document can effectively improve the optimality of trajectory selection, improve sampling efficiency and planning rate, and provide ideas for the work of underground inspection environment in narrow and complex roadways.  
Figure 19: The actual path of the robot in environment 2.  
Figure 18: Real-world simulated environment 2. (**a**) Front; (**b**) back.  
However, there are also shortcomings in this paper. The fusion algorithm of FGA-RRT and PRM is suitable for static-obstacle environments. However, due to the more complex internal environment of the mine in reality, there are dynamic obstacles. In future research, we can combine the dynamic obstacles and fully consider the influence of uncertain factors to analyze and verify, so as to further improve the applicability of the algorithm.  
Conceptualization, J.W. and R.L.; methodology, J.W.; software, J.W.; validation, J.W., R.L. and L.Z.; formal analysis, J.W.; investigation, L.Z.; resources, L.Z.; data curation, J.W., R.L. and L.Z.; writing--original draft preparation, J.W.; writing--review and editing, J.W., R.L. and L.Z.; visualization, J.W.; supervision, L.Z.; project administration, L.Z.; funding acquisition, L.Z. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant number: 51209167,12002251).  
Not applicable.  
Data Availability Statement: Data are available upon reasonable request.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Hardware Countermeasures Benchmarking against Fault Attacks
## 3 Dfa on AES
### Aes Block Cipher  
The AES cipher is the NIST standard, using the Rijndael algorithm [4] with 128 bit input blocks. Depending on the key size (128, 192, or 256 bits) AES performs the input transformation over multiple rounds (10, 12, or 14, respectively).  
The round process consists of processing the (16 byte) input state \(S\) through the operations SubBytes(), ShiftRows(), MixColums() and AddRoundKey(), as illustrated in Figure 2 for a 128 bit key.  
In the case of the 128-bit AES cipher, the cipher operates with 128-bit data matrixes, both for the key and for the plaintext. The 128 bits of data in each matrix are divided into 16 blocks of 8 bits. This encryption algorithm can be divided into two blocks, state transformation block and key expansion block. The first block applies different transformations to the state divided into 10 rounds. First, the state is loaded with the plaintext values, and then the AddRoundKey() function is applied to it along with the first key value. Then, each of the intermediate functions of the algorithm is applied to the state, transforming it in each round, obtaining at the end of the rounds the ciphertext.  
On the other hand, there is the key expansion. This block is used to generate the intermediate keys used in each round. Each of the keys in each round is obtained from the previous expanded key. Thus, in each round, the state will be mixed with a different key.  
AddRoundKey()--Performs the XOR operation between the state matrix and the expanded key of each round. SubBytes()--In this function the transformation of the state matrix with the Sbox8 of the AES byte by byte is applied. ShiftRows()--This function rotates each row of the state matrix. MixColumns()--Multiplies the internal state by a fixed data matrix defined by the algorithm.  
Figure 2: Schematic representation of AES.
# Dual-Band Frequency Selective Surface-Backed Reflectarray for High-Speed Ka-Band Satellites
## 5 Conclusions  
In this work, a dual-band dual linear polarized reflectarray system is proposed for high-speed satellites operating at Ka-band Tx-Rx frequencies (20/30 GHz). An FSS consisting of  
Figure 16: Measured gain variation in the dual-band reflectarray at Ka-Band satellite downlink and uplink frequencies.  
Figure 15: Measured normalized gain patterns of the dual-band reflectarray: (**a**) 20 GHz; (**b**) 30 GHz.  
microstrip ring elements is used as the planar filter that acts as a ground layer at 30 GHz and permits the transmission of the wave at 20 GHz. Compared to dual-band counterparts that are designed on a single reflective surface, improved gain and aperture efficiency is obtained by suppressing the mutual coupling generated due to the elements of the two reflectarrays. Dual-polarized unit cells are used for the reflectarrays.  
A dual-band reflectarray system, where the feed antenna is located at \(\theta=-20^{\circ}\) in the \(\phi=0^{\circ}\) plane and the reflected wave is directed to \(\theta=20^{\circ}\) in the \(\phi=0^{\circ}\) plane is demonstrated. Its performance is analyzed by full wave analysis and the analytical method. The maximum directivity of 20.9 dB at 20 GHz, 21.8 dB at 20.9 GHz, and 24.9 dB at 30 GHz is obtained by the reflectarray antenna system. A prototype is fabricated, and the performance of the reflectarray designed for transmit/receive operation is experimentally verified. The results show that the proposed dual-band reflectarray system can be used in high-speed Ka-band satellites.  
Conceptualization, A.H.G. and N.T.T.; methodology, A.H.G. and N.T.T.; software, A.H.G.; validation, A.H.G., N.T.T. and A.A.; formal analysis, A.H.G.; investigation, A.H.G. and N.T.T.; resources, A.H.G. and N.T.T.; data curation, A.H.G.; writing--original draft preparation, A.H.G.; writing--review and editing, N.T.T. and A.A.; visualization, A.H.G. and N.T.T.; supervision, N.T.T.; project administration, N.T.T.; funding acquisition, N.T.T. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This work was supported by The Research Fund of Yildiz Technical University (Project Number: FBA-2021-4493).  
Data Availability Statement: Data sharing is not applicable.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# A Novel Inductor-Based Non-Dissipative Equalizer
###### Abstract  
Large numbers of non-dissipative equalizers have been proposed for solving the inconsistency problem of lithium battery strings. However, these equalizers face problems such as slow speed or using excessively large numbers of energy storage elements. This paper improved a multiple switch-inductors equalizer (MSIE), and proposed a novel inductor-based non-dissipative equalizer (NIBNDE). A simulation is built to compare the NIBNDE with two other equalizers, which indicated that the NIBNDE can reduce the number of energy storage elements while remaining at a good equalization speed. Experimental results validate the analysis of the simulation and the feasibility of the NIBNDE.  
lithium battery; non-dissipative equalizer; energy storage elements; equalization speed Article
### Motivations and Contributions  
In an E2 EA scheme, LAP operations carry high communication costs. Therefore, we sought to increase the maximum limit of Cij to reduce the number of LAPs performed when the Pi sends an authentication request to the GWN. On the other hand, if there is a large number of \(m\), the level of security may be degraded. Thus, an appropriate (\(m\)) value need to be found that can maintain a specific level of security while minimizing the authentication signaling traffic costs. The main contributions of this paper can be summarized as follows:  
1. Introduced the E2 EA scheme by explaining the relationship between its authentication phases.
2. Introduced the residence timeline of authentication events in E2 EA scheme.
3. Proposed an analytic model to represent E2 EA signaling traffic according to Poisson process, wherein the residence authentication time has three types of distribution: gamma, hypo-exponential, and exponential.
4. Derived a signaling traffic cost function for the (\(m\)) value effect on the communication lines between the authentication nodes.  
(5)  
Analyzed the derived signaling traffic cost function numerically using the Newton-Raphson method to determine the optimal value of (\(m\)) to minimize the cost of E2 EA scheme.
# Privacy-Friendly Datasets of Synthetic Fingerprints for Evaluation of Biometric Algorithms
## 2 Background and Related Work
### Model-Based Fingerprint Generation
#### 2.1.2 Statistical Fingerprint Modeling  
In contrast to physical modeling, statistical modeling approaches build on statistical models trained using publicly available databases of real fingerprints to retain predefined features, including singular points, orientation fields, and minutiae [12]. In [13], the authors propose a process that involves generating multiple master fingerprints and subsequently producing different fingerprint impressions for each master fingerprint. The generation of master fingerprints comprises four steps: the generation of fingerprint shape, directional map, density map, and ridge pattern. Likewise, the process of fingerprint impression generation consists of four steps: ridge average thickness variation, distortion, the addition of noise, and global rotation. The study in [14] introduces a technique for modeling texture characteristics of real fingerprints (incl. ridge intensity, ridge width, ridge cross-sectional slope, ridge noise, and valley noise) to be reproduced in synthetic fingerprints.  
The approach from [13] is implemented and advanced in the commercial tool SFinGe [15], which is de facto the state-of-the-art tool for statistical modeling of fingerprints. It starts with defining a fingerprint area and estimating orientation and frequency maps from a given basic pattern and singularity points. Then, Gabor filters are applied to iteratively draw ridge lines along the orientation lines, resulting in a master-fingerprint. Minuutiae points are randomly sampled based on constructed ridge lines. Next, the physical characteristics of fingers and of sensor characteristics, as well as the contact between fingers and the sensor surface, are simulated by applying further filters. As a result, the fingerprint patterns appear more realistic. Anguli [16] is an open-source re-implementation of the core functionality of SFinGe. The tool is available at [[https://dsl.cds.iisc.ac.in/projects/Anguli](https://dsl.cds.iisc.ac.in/projects/Anguli)]([https://dsl.cds.iisc.ac.in/projects/Anguli](https://dsl.cds.iisc.ac.in/projects/Anguli)) (accessed on 4 September 2023) and can be perfectly utilized for the synthesis of idealistic non-realistic fingerprint patterns.  
Although the aforementioned model-based approaches can be applied for the compilation of large-scale fingerprint databases, they generally suffer from lacking realism, meaning that synthetic fingerprints are often visually distinguishable from real fingerprints [17].
## 5 Design Overview
### Architectural Decisions  
We have made two explicit architectural decisions that differentiate our design from previously proposed architectures such as CodeBlue [4]. These choices make it easier to secure the overall system, without unduly sacrificing the system's functionality or performance.  
First, _the motes communicate only with the base stations, not with individual medical professionals' computers_. This is because in a large healthcare facility, it would be difficult for the motes to directly authenticate hundreds of individual users (physicians, nurses, etc.). The motes simply do not have the  
Figure 1: Wireless health monitoring architecture.  
memory resources to maintain all this access control information. Instead, our design authenticates the users at the base stations and has the base stations issue queries to the motes on behalf of the users. Motes are configured with the base stations' addresses and public keys for authentication.  
Second, _motes do not have their own permanent public/private key pairs_, because such a key pair would have to be kept in non-volatile memory to prevent it from being lost when a mote is turned off. Since individual motes are relatively easy to physically compromise, an attacker who captures a mote would be able to decrypt all previously recorded data sent by the mote. Moreover, if the mote's public/private key pair is used for authentication, the attacker would be able to impersonate the patient after capturing the mote.