# Automation and Robotics Pilot Lines in the Context of Industry 5.0
## 6 Conclusions  
Industry 4.0 is evolving into Industry 5.0. Pilot lines have been one of the main elements of the modern industry. In the paradigm of Industry 4.0, they were key elements due to the needs for shorter production times and interoperability, and the expectations in terms of quality. In Industry 5.0, these needs are expanded to include new technologies, with a focus in human- and sustainability-related objectives. The interest in pilot lines, their link with Industry 5.0, and understanding how automation and robotics fit in these ecosystems has led us to analyze the state of the art and evaluate different approaches to highlight advantages and disadvantages when designing and deploying lines on a reduced scale. To this end, articles focused on pilot lines were searched in some of the main academic indexers and search engines, and we obtained thousands of results and observed how the works related to pilot lines increase slightly or are maintained year after year. From these articles, a subset was selected, refining the search by key terms related to Industry 4.0/5.0 concepts. These articles were analyzed, detailed, and compared. Once analyzed, the modular and scalable design followed in the GAMHE 5.0 pilot line was presented, in addition to a series of case studies carried out in the line. Also, the GAMHE line was compared with the ones detailed in the state of the art, to certify certain similarities in terms of approaches and trends. Finally, the aforementioned advantages and disadvantages of pilot lines are presented, whereby the main advantages are the ability to reduce risks and eliminate uncertainty before investing, and as an element of testing and validation of technologies without impacting main production. Regarding the disadvantages, issues related to the scaling of sustainability indicators and also potential initial, maintenance, and operating costs are mentioned. The scaling of sustainability indicators is an area of ongoing research, as several of the parameters used in life cycle assessments do not scale linearly [26]. Initial costs and operational costs may be justified by the benefits obtained. Some of these initial costs can be mitigated through the use of modular pilot lines, which can grow based on available funding. Additionally, a mix of models or Digital Twins can be used to replace some components and machines. Lastly, as discussed, pilot-line-as-a-service models can assist in reducing initial costs. The pilot lines are also framed in the context of Industry 5.0 and quality concepts, such as Zero Defect Manufacturing. Also, the lines are compared with slightly overlapping concepts such as testbeds and competence centers. The conclusion is that the pilot lines are relevant to adapt the organizations to the new Industry 5.0 and play a key role for validating technologies and processes. These lines could be key to the three pillars of the new industrial paradigm: regarding resilience, by enabling more robust, adaptable, and innovative production; in human-centricity, by supporting the training of operators and testing approaches where humans are enhanced by machines; and lastly, in sustainability, by focusing on process and energy efficiency, as well as improving quality control processes to avoid waste. The GAMHE 5.0 line, as a flexible and modular automation and robotics line, is an exponent of the pilot lines for Industry 5.0, and will facilitate new case studies related to technology, humans, and sustainability. Among these future cases, human-centricity and human-machine interaction are some of the activities that the authors are actively involved in. In particular, Human Digital Twins, to analyze data on fatigue, posture, and ergonomics, as well as human-in-the-loop approaches to empower the operator and enhance decision-making, are some of the main aspects planned to be addressed in future works. Conceptualization, R.A.; methodology, R.A.; software, T.F.S., D.A.A., Y.J.C. and A.V. ; investigation, R.A., T.F.S., D.A.A., Y.J.C., A.V. and F.C. ; resources, T.F.S. and D.A.A.