# Interoperability of Digital Tools for the Monitoring and Control of Construction Projects
## 4 Results and Discussion
### Interoperability: Integrated Use of FDCT and CT  
The selection of a solution that works for each organization will depend on its role in CSCs and the investments being made. In choosing a particular solution, organizations should consider the compatibility among technologies [40] according to the actions carried out both individually and concurrently [63]. There are technologies with higher development; in this sense, Table 7 presents eight actions aligned with Construction 4.0 in relation to the monitoring and control of tasks during the construction phase. It is evident that the same technology can have several different actions, giving it a competitive advantage. Given the need to identify the unobstructed data exchange among different cyber-physical systems, a search for interoperability is carried out within the tools offered in the market. In this sense, Tables 8 and 9 represent the intra-connections for the cases of FDCT and CT, respectively, and Table 10 identifies the interconnections, which represent the existing combination between the two subdivisions of concurrent technologies. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline
**Action** & **Description** & **Technologies** \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Automate} & Total or partial execution of technical tasks without human intervention. & Automated regulation checking and audits (ARCA); big data analytics (BDA); data mining (DM); deep learning (DL); embedded system (ES); Internet of Things (IoT); industrial Internet (II); machine learning (ML); robotics (R) \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Communicate} & Transmit data, information or knowledge to a human. & Building information modeling (BIM); common data environment (CDE); cloud computing (CC); data sharing (DS); edge computing (EC); Internet of Things (IoT); industrial Internet (II); mixed reality (MR); mobile applications (MAA); mobile computing (MC); radio frequency identification (RFID); smartphone (SMP); ultrawide band (UWB); virtual reality (VR); wireless sensor network (WSN) \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Locate} & Track the positioning of humans and materials in space and time. & Augmented reality (AR); deep learning (DL); geographic information system (GIS); global positioning system (GPS); laser scanning (LS); mixed reality (MR); radio frequency identification (RFID); unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV); virtual reality (VR); wireless sensor networks (WSN) \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Rebuild} & This action translates an existing physical system into a digital model. & Building information model (BIM); geographic information system (GIS); laser scanning (LS); photogrammetry (PHT); unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Simulate} & To represent the behavior of a given process. & Building information model (BIM); digital twin (DT); geographic information system (GIS); machine learning (ML); simulations models and tools (SMT); virtual reality (VR) \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Visualize} & It allows for a visual digital model to be made available to interested parties. & Augmented reality (AR); building information model (BIM); digital twins (DT); mobile applications (MAA); mobile computing (MC); mixed reality (MR); smartphones (SMP); virtual reality (VR) \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Transfer data} & Longitudinal transferability of information of interest among stakeholders. & Building information model (BIM): industrial Internet (II); Internet of Things (IoT); mobile applications (MAA); mobile computing (MC); radio frequency identification (RFID); smartphones (SMP); wireless sensor network (WSN) \\ \cline{1-1}  & & \\ \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 7: Actions associated with the technologies applied during the construction phase: monitoring and control. Construction 4.0. Adapted from [62]. Based on the links identified in the matrices in Tables 8-10 of the previous chapter, a network analysis was performed. The results are represented by three types of connections: (1) inter-edge, (2) intra-edge and (3) full. Each node represents the different technologies, either FDCT or CT.