esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 5 Summary and Conclusions
It is shown that early warning of crest cracking can be issued from at least 20 days ahead of the occurrence of crest cracking event, which is beneficial for safety management of the dam, since preparation for remediation measures can be made in advance. The performance of the proposed methodology is primarily dependent on the degree of randomness in the duration \(T_{AS}\) of abnormal state before crest cracking and the amount of observed values of \(T_{AS}\). If the randomness in \(T_{AS}\) is quite large and the amount of observed values of \(T_{AS}\) is small, the performance of the methodology is expected to decline. The randomness in \(T_{AS}\) is closely related to the structural characteristics and operation conditions (such as fluctuation in reservoir level) of rock-fill dams, thus there is not a guarantee that the proposed approach will be of good performance for other dams, especially for newly-built dams for which the amount of observed values of \(T_{AS}\) is inadequate. Nevertheless, the presented methodology may be one of alternative tools for risk evaluation and early warning of crest cracking for earth-rockfill dams. The future research recommendations are investigations on performances of other indications of abnormal state of crest deformation in risk evaluation of crest cracking for earth-rockfill dams and applications of other theories (such as possibility theory and the Dempster-Shafer theory of evidence) to quantify epistemic uncertainty in parameter \(\lambda\). Writing-original draft: Y.W. ; Software: Z.W. and J.L. ; Conceptualization: Z.W. ; Formal analysis: [PERSON] and J.L. ; Data curation: [PERSON] and C.Y. Resources: [PERSON]; Supervision: [PERSON]. Writing--review & editing: [PERSON] and C.Y. Project administration: [PERSON]. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. This research was funded by National Key R & D Program of China (No. 2018 YFC0407103). Financial support provided by the National Key R & D Program of China (No. 2018 YFC0407103) is gratefully acknowledged. The authors also would like to thank the anonymous reviewers for their valuable comments and suggestions to improve the quality of the paper. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 4 Conclusions  
The impacts of the internal sulfate attack on mortar specimens with different lithium mica slag contents were investigated. Based on the above studies, it was proven that using lithium mica slag as an admixture to partially replace cement is feasible, and the internal sulfate erosion reaction will not cause damage in the mortar specimens, and also improves the pore structure of the mortar specimens. The main conclusions are as follows:  
1. Since the pH value is 12.5 in the pore solution of concrete, the mortar specimens with lithium mica slag produce a large amount of sulfate ions (SO4\({}^{2-}\)).
2. It was observed that the mortar specimens with lithium mica slag initially formed new ettrinigite, according to the results from microscopic analyses. In addition, with an increase in the content of lithium mica slag, the mass, expansion rate, and strength of the mortar specimens increased as testing progressed, which indicates that internal sulfate reactions occurred within the mortar specimens.
3. When the content of lithium mica slag is below 30%, the content of AFt decreases in the later stages. Furthermore, the occurrence of internal sulfate attacks did not inflict cracking damage to the mortar specimens; instead, the strength of the mortar specimens was enhanced in the later stages.
4. This research study has proven that sulfates in lithium mica slag do not damage mortar specimens; thus, lithium mica slag is a good alternative material, as it not only reduces land resource waste, but also conserves resources and promotes economic recycling.  
N.L.: Conceptualization, methodology, validation, and writing--original draft preparation. B.H.: Conceptualization, methodology, and data curation. Z.D.: Writing--review and editing. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
We are grateful for the financial support provided by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2021 YFB3802002).  
Not applicable.  
The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author/s.  
Figure 10: Microstructure of AFt and the overall morphology of mortar specimens with 30% lithium mica slag at the age of 150 days.  
**Acknowledgments:** We are grateful for the financial support provided by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2021 YFB3802002). We are grateful for the College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China.  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
## 2 Preliminaries and Basic Concepts
### Laplace Transform  
**Definition 2**.: _We denote the Laplace transform of a function \(f(t)\) by \(F(s)\), which is defined as_  
\[F(s)=\mathcal{L}[f(t)](s)=\int_{0}^{\infty}e^{-st}f(t)dt. \tag{3}\]  
**Lemma 1**.: _The Laplace of the Caputo derivative is given by_  
\[\mathcal{L}[D_{t}^{\alpha}f(t)](s)=s^{\alpha}F(s)-\sum_{k=0}^{n-1}s^{\alpha-k- 1}f^{(k)}(0). \tag{4}\]  
**Definition 3**.: _A function \(f\) on \(0\leq t<\infty\) is said to be exponentially bounded if it satisfies an inequality of the form_  
\[|f(t)|\leq Me^{ct},\]  
_for some real constants \(M>0\) and \(c\), for all sufficiently large \(t\)._  
Theorem (3.1) given in [16] shows that one can take the Laplace operator over fractional differential equations if the homogeneous part is exponentially bounded. A modification of this mentioned theorem will be adjusted to fit with the proposed Fredholm equation as follows:  
**Theorem 1**.: _[_16_]_ _Assume Equation (1) has a unique continuous solution \(u(x,t)\). If \(f(x,t)\) and \(k(x,t,w,y)\) are continuous for \(x,\ t,\ w,y\ \in[0,1]\) and exponentially bounded in \(t\), then \(u(x,t)\) and its Caputo derivative are exponentially bounded in \(t\), and their Laplace transforms exist in \(t\)._  
As a corollary of this theorem and the Fubini's Theorem, we have the following result  
**Corollary 1**.: _Let \(k(x,t,w,y)\) be continuous for \(0\leq x,t,y,w\leq 1\) and of exponential order in \(t\). If_  
\[f(x,t)=\int_{0}^{1}\int_{0}^{1}k(x,t,y,w)dydw,\ \ \text{for}\ \ 0\leq x,t\leq 1,\]_then the Laplace transform of \(t\mapsto f(x,t)\) exists and \(F(x,s)=\int_{0}^{1}\int_{0}^{1}K(x,s,y,w)dydw\), where \(K(x,s,y,w)\) is the Laplace transform of \(t\mapsto k(x,t,y,w)\)._
## 3 Results  
This section is split into two analyses: one in the time domain and another utilizes statistical measures. The time-domain analysis served as a direct comparison between the outputs of the _WEC-Sim_ and _Gazebo_ numerical models when subject to monochromatic waves. Because phase information was not available for the field measurements, statistical analyses were performed to assess the accuracy of each model against field measurements. The variables considered for this comparison were as follows:  
* **Piston position [m]:** position of the PTO piston, where 0 equates to fully retracted and 2.03 equates to fully extended
* **Piston velocity [m/s]:** velocity of the PTO piston
* **Motor speed [RPM]:** speed of both the hydraulic and electric motor (directly coupled)
* **Electric power [W]:** the sum of the power to the battery and load dump; this is calculated in both models as \[P_{elec} =P_{mech}-P_{loss,tot}\] (8) \[P_{elec} =P_{mech}-(P_{loss,mech}+P_{loss,elec}),\] (9) where \(P_{mech}\) is the mechanical power (motor torque times motor speed), \(P_{loss,mech}\) is the motor mechanical power loss (motor torque friction), and \(P_{loss,elec}\) is the motor electrical power losses as described in Section 2 for both models.
## 5 Conclusions  
In this study, a nonthermal plasma processing system for acaricides residue degradation was built, and the influence of nonthermal air plasma on the degradation efficiency of five commonly used acaricides (avermectin, bifenazate, etoxazole, spiromesifen, and lufenuron) on the surface of kumquat cuiui was investigated. The main conclusions are as follows:  
1. The results show that plasma has a significant degradation effect on the acaricide residues on the surface of kumquat cuiui. The discharge voltage and treatment time have a significant impact on the degradation rate. The degradation efficiency varies for different acaricides and is closely related to their molecular structure, solution pH, and hydrophobicity.  
2 Plasma is a high-energy physical state that can degrade acaricide residues through non-elastic collisions of high-energy particles and oxidation of active groups. However, this study indicates that a higher discharge voltage and longer treatment time do not necessarily result in better degradation efficiency. This is because the active species generated in the plasma can decompose the pesticide molecules into smaller ones, leading to an increase in the concentration of small molecules in the solution, which in turn inhibits the degradation of large molecules. This study provides insights into the practical application of nonthermal plasma for the degradation of pesticide residues on fruit and vegetable surfaces. Therefore, in subsequent research, we intend to investigate the following points:  
1. We aim to determine the effective control and optimization of nonthermal plasma parameters for different pesticide residues.
2. Taking a micro-scale approach, we aim to explore the dynamic process of pesticide degradation by plasma-active species.  
**Author Contributions:** Formal analysis, Y.Z.; investigation, Z.W.; data curation, X.W.; writing--original draft, S.C.; writing--review & editing, S.Q.; funding acquisition, J.W. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
**Funding:** This research received financial support from the Department of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region (Project Name: Citrus Industry Project of the Guangxi Innovative Team of Modern Agricultural Industry Technology System; Project Number: nycytygx50 xtd2021-05-08), the Department of Science and Technology of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region (Project Name: Key Technology Research and Application for High-Efficiency Breeding of Healthy Seedlings forCirrus Fine Varieties; Project Number: Guike AA22068092-4), and the Guangxi Association for Science and Technology (Project Name: Grassroots Science Popularization Action Plan-Guangxi Science and Technology Small Courtyard Construction Special Project; Project Number: 202101296).  
**Data Availability Statement:** Not applicable.  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Thermal Behavior of Single-Crystal Diamonds Catalyzed by Titanium Alloy at Elevated Temperature
###### Abstract  
Single-crystal diamonds are considered as the best tool material for ultra-precision machining. However, due to its low thermal conductivity, small elastic modulus and strong chemical activity, titanium alloy has poor machinability and is a typically difficult-to-machine material. Excessive tool wear prevents diamonds from cutting titanium alloy. This study conducts a series of thermal analytic experiments under conditions of different gas atmospheres in order to research the details of thermochemical wear of diamonds catalyzed by titanium alloy at elevated temperatures. Raman scattering analysis was performed to identify the transformation of the diamond crystal structure. The change in chemical composition of the work material was detected be means of energy dispersive X-ray analysis. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy was used to confirm the resultant interfacial thermochemical reactions. The results of the study reveal the diffusion law of the single-crystal diamond under the action of titanium in the argon and air environment. From the experimental results, the product of the chemical reaction corresponding to the interface between the diamond and the titanium alloy sheet could be found. The research results provide a theoretical basis for elucidating the wear mechanism of diamond tools in the titanium alloy cutting process and for exploring the measures to suppress tool wear.  
diamond; thermochemical wear; diffusion; titanium alloy; chemical reaction; thermal analysis Article
## 3 Results  
### Comparison of Models  
To contextualize the performance of the proposed model outlined in Section 2.2, comparative analysis was conducted against three state-of-the-art models, U-Net++ [38], DeepLabV3+ [45] and Multi-Scale Attention Network (MA-Net) [46], each with a backbone of ResNet50 [47] and MobileNet_V2 [48]. U-Net++ leverages dense skip connections and deep supervision, whereas DeepLabV3+ incorporates atrous convolution and spatial pyramid pooling and MA-Net introduces self-attention mechanisms to adaptively integrate  
Figure 4: Data pipeline for the experiments.  
local features with their global dependencies; these consist of a position-wise attention block and a multi-scale fusion attention block, which capture the spatial dependencies between feature maps and the rich multi-scale semantic information of feature maps, respectively. ResNet50 is made up of residual blocks, which each consist of 3 \(\times\) 3 convolution, batch normalization, and ReLU activation, as well as skip connections; MobileNet_V2 leverages low-dimensional compressed representations as input, then filters through lightweight depthwise separable convolution in order to reduce the memory requirements of training the model.
# Single-Shot Coherent X-Ray Imaging Instrument at PAL-XFEL
## 4 Discussion  
We introduced a single-shot coherent X-ray imaging instrument, which can be applied in various coherent X-ray experiments, at the NCI endstation of PAL-XFEL. This instrument was well optimized for single-shot-based XFEL experiments, including pump-probe experiments. To supply fresh samples, raster scanning was enabled using high-speed piezo stages and home-built software.  
Additionally, we demonstrated a single-shot PPCDI in which we observed the ultrafast melting phenomena of Ag nanoparticles. The result shows that single-shot PPCDI can visualize the ultrafast phenomena of nanoparticles at picosecond temporal and nanometer spatial resolutions. In particular, it can be applied to understand irreversible phenomena in the case of homogenous specimens.  
Now, we are continuing to upgrade the single-shot coherent X-ray imaging instrument. The JUNGFRAU detector has been ready for single-shot XFEL experiments. It has high detection efficiency from tender X-rays to over 10 keV [33]. To achieve 3D single-particle imaging, we are developing a gas jet injector for the sample delivery system. To enhance the flux density of XFEL dramatically, we plan to install nanofocusing optics in the near future.  
Conceptualization: S.K. ([PERSON]) and C.S.; software: S.K. ([PERSON]); formal analysis: D.S. and D.N.; investigation: all; writing--original draft preparation: D.S. and D.N.; writing--review and editing: all; visualization: D.S., D.N., M.K., and S.K. ([PERSON]); supervision: S.K. ([PERSON]) and C.S. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded by the National Research Foundation of Korea, NRF-2018R1D1A1 B07048306 and NRF-2019R1A6B2A02098631, NRF-2019R1A2B5B03070059, and the Ministry of Science and ICT of Korea.  
Not applicable.  
The data presented in the study are available on request from the corresponding author.  
We acknowledge the PAL-XFEL engineering team and accelerator division for enormous technical assistance to establish this instrument. The XFEL experiments were conducted at the hard X-ray beamline of PAL-XFEL.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 4 Heat Transfer through the Gas Gap
However, during loading cycles, both surfaces of the samples were flattened due to elastoplastic deformations. This led to a decrease in the effective distance \(d\) and an increase of ITC. The measurements agree well with Equations (13) and (15) for a reasonable effective thickness \(d\). Indeed, \(G_{g}(d)=0.8\cdot 10^{4}\) W/m\({}^{2}\)K and \(3.2\cdot 10^{4}\) W/m\({}^{2}\)K at \(d=3\) um and \(0.3\) um for the beginning of the first cycle and after the loading cycles, respectively. Calculations according to Equation (13) were carried out for nitrogen gas at \(\sigma=0.6\), \(p~{}=~{}10^{5}\) Pa, \(T=350\) K, \(\varkappa_{g}(T)=0.029\) W/m \(\cdot\) K [58], and \(\delta=0.3\) um, see Equation (15). The data are collected in Table 1.  
The interfacial thermal conductance through the gas \(G_{g}(d)\) provides the main contribution to the total interfacial thermal conductance at \(d>100\) nm; see Figure 1. However, at \(d\) of the order of 100 nm, there is a transition from heat conduction through gas to heat conduction by the near-field thermal radiation. Thus, at distances \(d\) less than 100 nm, near-field photon tunneling becomes the most significant channel of interfacial heat transfer; see Figure 1.  
In experiments on melting and solidification, the thickness \(d\) depends on the state of the melting sample and the roughness of the solid substrate. The thickness \(d\) can be much less than the substrate roughness since the liquid can spread over surface asperities. Thus, the interfacial thermal conductance \(G_{LS}\) of the liquid-solid interfaces is generally much greater than the interfacial thermal conductance \(G_{SS}\) of the solid-solid interfaces. In fact, the interfacial gap decreases significantly during melting, and \(G_{LS}\) is usually due to the near-field thermal conductance \(G_{nf}\), while \(G_{SS}\) is due to the thermal conductance through the gas \(G_{g}\). \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Contact Pressure** & **ITC** & **Effective** & **Temperature** & **Temperature** & **Gas Pressure** & **Gas Thermal** \\ \(p_{c}\) & \(G_{g}(d)\) & **Thickness** & **Jump Distance** & **T** & **\(p\)** & **Conductivity** \\
**MPa** & **W/m\({}^{2}\)K** & \(d\)** & \(\delta\)** & **K** & **Pa** & **W/m\({}^{2}\)K** \\ \hline
25.8 & \(0.8\cdot 10^{4}\) & 3.0 & 0.3 & 350 & \(10^{5}\) & 0.029 \\ \hline
120 & \(3.2\cdot 10^{4}\) & 0.3 & 0.3 & 350 & \(10^{5}\) & 0.029 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Thermal contact parameters of steel specimens with initial surface roughness \(Ra=6.5\) μm.
# A Methodology for Controlling Bias and Fairness in Synthetic Data Generation
## 4 Experiments
### Impact of the Edge Weights  
In the first round of experiments, the impact of the edge weights on the mutual dependencies between nodes has been studied with reference to the network in Figure 4. In particular, the weight of each edge has been varied in isolation from its default value of one to values ranging from zero to five. A synthetic dataset has been generated for each of these values for each edge. The plots reported in Figures 5 and 6 show the mutual information between the target node \(Z\) and nodes \(A\), \(B\), \(C\), \(D\), \(E\) as a  
Figure 5: Mutual information between node \(Z\) and each other node, varying edges weight. (**a**) M.I. as function of edge DE weight. (**b**) M.I. as function of edge AC weight. (**c**) M.I. as function of edge BE weight. (**d**) M.I. as function of edge BC weight. (**e**) M.I. as function of edge EZ weight. (**f**) M.I. as function of edge CZ weight.  
An interesting yet reasonable result is reported in Figure 6, where \(A\)-\(B\) is the edge of interest: in this case, the MI significantly grows for all the nodes, except from \(D\). Nodes \(A\) and \(B\) are direct or indirect parents to all of the other nodes except \(D\); therefore, it is reasonable that increasing their connection also increases the importance of nodes \(C\) and \(E\). Node \(D\), which is independent of \(A\) and \(B\), is almost not affected by a variation in the edge \(A\)-\(B\). Interestingly, MI \((C,Z)\) grows faster than MI \((E,Z)\). This is due to the fact that \(C\) is directly influenced by both \(A\) and \(B\); thus, increasing the importance of these nodes rapidly increases the importance of \(C\). On the contrary, node \(E\) is directly influenced by \(B\) and \(D\) (which is the unaffected node), so its importance still grows, but not as fast as \(C\).  
In summary, it is possible to see that increasing the edge weight of a given node increases its importance in the network, exposing it to more significant risks of bias.
# Enhancing the Quality of Sampled Phase-Only Hologram (SPOH) Based on Time-Division Comb Filtering
## 1 Introduction
Multiple phase-only sub-holograms are generated, each based on the addition of a different set of random phase noise to the intensity image of the source object are generated. The sub-holograms are displayed at high speed on a SLM, so that their reconstructed images are averaged out with the persistence of vision of human perception, resulting in attenuation of the random noise. As multiple sub-holograms have to be generated in OSPR, the computation time is increased. In view of this, periodic noise blocks are added to the intensity image instead of random noise in generating the phase-only hologram. A hologram generated with this method is referred to as a patterned phase-only hologram (PPOH) [21]. Reconstructed image of a PPOH is not contaminated with random noise as in the case of the noise addition method, but is imposed with a blocky appearance. Similar approaches with enhancement on the quality of the reconstructed images have been attempted in [22]. Another method to simulate the effect of a diffuser is through down-sampling the intensity component of the object prior to generating the hologram. Similar to the noise addition method, the down-sampling the intensity image also results in a hologram with roughly homogeneous magnitude distribution. A hologram generated with this method is known as a sampled phase-only hologram (SPOH) [23]. Later the method has been extended to the generation of binary phase-only hologram [24]. It has also been demonstrated in [25] that a SPOH is also capable of representing multiple images with the incorporation of the Arnold transform. The visual quality of reconstructed images of SPOHs are generally favorable, and not as noisy as the ones associated with IFTA or noise addition. On the downside, the reconstructed images are masked with the down-sampling pattern with lots of empty voids (corresponding to the non-sampled pixels), resulting in a dim and pixelated outlook. In addition, continuous lines and curves are fragmented heavily. A solution to address this shortcoming has been proposed in [26]. Two or more SPOHs, each associated with a down-sampling lattice that is complementary to the others, are generated. The appearance of the reconstructed image can be improved by displaying the set of SPOHs at sufficiently high frame rate, so that the voids in one image can be filled by the rest of the images. However, the computation time is increased as more holograms have to be generated for a single hologram frame. In this paper, a low complexity method referred to as time-division comb filtering (TDCF) is propose to overcome the problem of SPOH. We shall demonstrate that TDCF is effective in enhancing the quality of the reconstructed images of a SPOH. Organization of the paper is given as follows. After the introduction, in Section 2, the principles of SPOH are outlined. The proposed enhanced SPOH method is described in Section 3. Experimental results and conclusion are provided in Sections 4 and 5, respectively.