esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 5 Conclusions  
In this study, the short-term improvement treatments of applying corn stover, gypsum, sulfuric acid, and chemical fertilizers for two consecutive years all played a positive role in improving the soil physicochemical properties and enhancing soil fertility. Firstly, these treatments significantly reduced soil pH and alkalinity. The application of exogenous calcium facilitated Ca-Na exchange, thereby decreasing soil alkalinity. The decomposition of corn straw contributed nutrients and acidic substances, such as humic acid. The acidification effects of sulfuric acid and chemical fertilizers further neutralized soil alkalinity. These actions enhanced the solubility and mobility of nutrients, effectively alleviating the ecological barriers posed by saline-alkali soil. Moreover, the short-term improvement treatments increased the contents of soil organic matter and humic acid, and the degree of soil humification, ultimately enhancing soil fertility. The increase in the number of calcium ions promoted the fixation of organic carbon, thereby improving the nutrient content and availability in the soil, which meets the growth requirements of crops. Among all the treatments, the JCWH treatment exhibited a more comprehensive effect compared to JCW and JCWF, proving to be more beneficial for enhancing both the quantity and quality of organic matter.  
The short-term improvement treatment was applied to soil in rice-seeding cultivation experiments, resulting in significant increases in the dry weight of plants, root length, and plant height. Exogenous calcium helped plants to alleviate growth pressure under salt stress, thereby increasing nutrient utilization and crop productivity. Compared to the farmer's seedling-raising soil, the JCWH-treated soil significantly enhanced seedling growth, demonstrating superior performance in the seedling-cultivation indicators. The combined application of corn straw, gypsum, and sulfuric acid (JCWH) served as an effective improvement scheme for soda saline-alkali soil, making the improved soil meet the growth requirements of rice seedlings. This study provides a theoretical foundation and technical support for the comprehensive improvement and application of soda saline-alkali soil.  
Conceptualization, Y.N.; Methodology, Y.N. and Z.L.; Software, X.L. and L.F.; Validation, Y.N. and Z.L.; Formal analysis, Y.N. and L.J.; Investigation, Y.N. and X.L.; Resources, Z.L.; Data curation, Y.N. and L.J.; Writing--original draft, Y.N.; Writing--review and editing, Y.N. and Z.L.; Visualization, Y.N. and L.F.; Supervision, Y.N. and Z.L.; Project administration, Z.L.; Funding acquisition, Z.L. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded by the National Key Research and Development Program of China, grant number [2018 YED0300208].  
Not applicable.  
The data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author.  
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
###### Abstract  
The livestock productivity in Ethiopia is seriously constrained by the shortage of fodder due to increasing soil salinization. Therefore, restoration of salt-affected lands into productive soils through salt-tolerant forages and improved irrigation and crop management practices is crucial for enhancing the productivity of the livestock sector in Ethiopia. In this three-year study, pot trials were conducted to evaluate the impact of five different soil salinity levels (i.e., 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 dS m\({}^{-1}\)) on plant growth, biomass production, and nutrient quality attributes of three Rhodes grass (_Chloris gayana_) genotypes (ILRI-6633, ILRI-7384, CV-massaba). Increasing soil salinity negatively affected germination percentage (GP) and mean germination time (MGT) of all genotypes. For all salinity levels, the highest GP was observed for ILRI-6633 and the lowest for CV-massaba. Plant height and chlorophyll content for ILRI-6633 was higher than the other two genotypes. The crude protein (CP) content was higher in low dry matter-producing genotype (ILRI-7384). The performance of ILRI-6633 at all salinity levels was superior to the other two genotypes. CV-massaba genotype performed better under low to medium soil salinity conditions. Therefore, ILRI-6633 and CV-massaba genotypes have excellent potential to increase forage production in salt-affected areas of Ethiopia.  
soil salinity; amelioration; forage grass; Ethiopia; livestock productivity; soil salinity +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Statistical Analysis  
For the analysis of electrode localization errors, we used a four-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) on the z-values to estimate to what extent the following factors influenced the connectivity values: network (DMN; DAN; VAN; LN; SMN; VN), frequency band (delta; theta; alpha; beta; gamma), error magnitude (0.25; 0.5; 0.75; 1 cm) and error type (systematic; random). A multiple comparison test was also performed to investigate the differences among estimated marginal group means, for each significant factor [67]. Furthermore, we compared correlation values corresponding to systematic and random localization errors to investigate in more detail under which conditions the two errors yield significantly different connectivity results. To this purpose, we used a two-tailed Wilcoxon signed rank paired test with significance level set to \(p<0.05\), corrected for multiple comparisons using the Bonferroni method. In order to test the impact of the head tissue segmentation method on connectivity, we performed a three-way ANOVA with factors: network (DMN; DAN; VAN; LN; SMN; VN), frequency band (delta; theta; alpha; beta; gamma) and segmentation method (12-layer WTS; 3-layer WTS; 3-layer template). Finally, we used a two-tailed Wilcoxon signed-rank paired test to check for differences in connectivity values between the head tissue segmentation and electrode positioning techniques. The significance level was set to \(p<0.05\), corrected for multiple comparisons using the Bonferroni method.  
Figure 3: Example of head tissue segmentations used in the study. From left to right: T1-weighted individual MR image; 12-layer segmentation using the MR-TIM toolbox; 12-layer segmentation using WTS; 3-layer segmentation using WTS.
## 7 Discussion  
### Extended Applications of the Results  
(1) Open-off cut inclined roof-breaking blasting: the roof-breaking blasting process could be applied in the open-off cut under the condition of a hard roof. Initially, the goat roof was supported on two solid coal sides. As mining progressed, the hard roof was resistant to collapse under the ultimate stress. As the suspended roof area expanded, it might have experienced a sudden collapse. To mitigate this risk, roof-breaking blasting was conducted in the open-off cut, causing the roof to collapse early in short-distance mining. This process effectively transformed the roof from a two-side support system to a one-side support system, thereby reducing both the static dynamic load resulting from the initial collapse.  
(2) Advanced pre-splitting: after the first caving event in the working face, the goat roof entered the periodic caving stage. The support for the goat rock shifted from two sides to one side, causing stress concentration and energy accumulation in the coal seam due to the compression and bending of the overhanging roof. When the stress exceeded the strength limit of solid coal, it fractured and released large energy. The resulting vibrations caused the overhanging roof to oscillate, leading to roof failure and triggering a rock burst. Once the roof's strength limit was reached, the hard roof fractured and collapsed. The vibration from the collapsing roof generated a dynamic load, impacting the coal body at a high rate, causing rapid fracturing and lateral expansion. To mitigate the impact risk, pre-splitting blasting can be applied to the roof strata before mining.
# Highly Compact 4 \(\times\) 4 Flower-Shaped MIMO Antenna for Wideband Communications
###### Abstract  
This paper introduces an MIMO antenna with a highly compact size of 30 mm width and 30 mm length. Four symmetrical MIMO antenna radiators are utilized with decoupling stubs in the top and bottom planes of the substrate to improve the isolation level. The simulated and measured outcomes are validated to investigate the impact of the suggested MIMO antenna for wideband applications. The suggested MIMO antenna has an impedance matching less than \(-10\) dB from 5.8 GHz up to 11 GHz, and the isolation between the four radiators exceeds 20 dB over this band. Moreover, the antenna provides an envelope correlation coefficient not exceeding 0.004, a diversity gain above 9.97 dB, and a mean effective gain of \(\leq\)\(-3\) dB over the achieved frequency range. The suggested MIMO antenna exhibits a nearly omnidirectional radiation pattern in one plane and a bi-directional radiation pattern in the other plane with an acceptable average value of the realized gain (4 dBi) over the achieved frequency band. A comparison with the state-of-the-art is tabulated to show the distinct performance of the suggested MIMO antenna for wideband applications.  
wideband communications; decoupling structure; multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) ac acmcopyright
###### Abstract  
(1) Background: Three-dimensional printing is progressing rapidly and is applied in many fields of dentistry. Tooth autotransplantation offers a viable biological approach to tooth replacement in children and adolescents. Restoring or reshaping the transplanted tooth to the anterior maxilla should be done as soon as possible for psychological and aesthetic reasons. However, to avoid interfering with the natural healing process, reshaping of transplanted teeth is usually delayed three to four months after transplantation. This delay creates a need for simple indirect temporary aesthetic restoration for autotransplanted teeth. The aim of this study was to develop and validate a digital solution for temporary restoration of autotransplanted teeth using 3D printing. (2) Methods: Four dry human skulls and four dry human mandibles were scanned using cone beam computed tomography to create 3D models for 15 premolars. Digital impression of the maxillary arch of one of the skulls was captured by intra oral scanner. The digital work flow for the design and fabrication of temporary veneers is presented. The seating and adaptation of the 3D printed veneers were evaluated using stereomicroscopy and micro-computed tomography. (3) Results: Evaluation of the veneer seating using stereomicroscopy showed that the mean marginal gap at all of the sides was below the cut-off value of 200 \(\upmu\)m. The overall mean marginal gap was 99.9 \(\pm\) 50.7 \(\upmu\)m (median: 87.8 (IQR 64.2-133 \(\upmu\)m)). The internal adaptation evaluation using micro-computed tomography showed an average median gap thickness of 152.5 \(\pm\) 47.7 (IQR 129-149.3 \(\upmu\)m). (4) Conclusions: The present concept of using temporary veneers that are designed and fabricated with CAD/CAM (computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing) technology using a DLP (digital light processing) printer may present a viable treatment option for restoration of autotransplanted teeth.  
CBCT; CAD/CAM; 3D printing; DLP; tooth autotransplantation Vol. 1
# Secure Data of Industrial Internet of Things in a Cement Factory Based on a Blockchain Technology
## 3 Architecture for a Cement Factory Based on Blockchain Technology
### Application Layer  
The top layer of our proposed architecture is the application layer, which provides a mechanism for efficient interaction between users and devices, and allows users to control the devices by visualizing data. Other services provided by this layer include administration, user management, and visualization of data from the physical devices, as shown in Figure 1.  
**Remark 1**.: _The integration of blockchain technology with IoTs in the industrial sector ensures system security and data integrity. In the physical layer of our proposed architecture, we utilized ultra-low-power STM32 boards. While, in the blockchain service layer, the lightweight nodes consists of four STM32F427 (based on ARM Cortex-M4) were designed to provide high performance of asymmetric cryptography algorithms (ECDSA) by improving computational performance. PoAh was utilized as a consensus mechanism that provides a prospective security solution for IoT structure and an adequate level of robustness when used with ECDSA. In addition, it is an ideal selection for resource-constraint devices. The application layer provides administration services, device management, and data visualization, which provides data access control and management._
# Strategies and Challenges in Detecting XSS Vulnerabilities Using an Innovative Cookie Collector
## 5 Discussion
### Automation of Cookie Collection in Educational Contexts  
The development of the BotSoul system, capable of simulating student browsing sessions, allowed the automated and large-scale collection of cookies from more than 440,000 visited URLs, which represents a significant advance compared with previous studies, such as that of Triki [52]. The findings highlight three key contributions:  
* Multidimensional integration of systems, through the combination of Pi-hole and Tshark, which allowed the correlation of cookies with advertising and tracking domains.
* Specific adaptation to university environments, focusing the analysis on platforms commonly used by students.
* Dynamic analysis of entire browsing, overcoming the limitations of traditional GDPR [53] compliance scanners by including traffic capture over entire browsing cycles.  
The observed result, with a 6:1 ratio between third-party and first-level cookies, is consistent with the findings of The Cookie Hunter [54] and highlights concerns about students' inadvertent exposure to external scripts, potentially increasing security risks during academic browsing.
## 2 MAC Design Issues in CRBANs
### Opportunistic Sensing  
SUs sense a channel whenever they have the opportunity and maintain a list of empty channels that is independent of other nodes [13]. In opportunistic sensing, the CR node transmits a data packet without sensing the relevant channel by selecting it from the empty channel list; hence, it experiences a short transmission delay. To effectively sense the entire channel, a node should collaborate with other nodes to adjust the sensing priorities of the channel in question.
## 3 Results  
### Weather Data Analysis of Each Sub-Producing Area  
As shown in Table 5, significant differences exist in the four phenological stages within each producing area. Throughout the entire phenological period of grape growth, the monthly average temperature ranged from 9.57 \({}^{\circ}\)C to 26.04 \({}^{\circ}\)C, the relative humidity ranged from 36.13% to 53.94%, and the average precipitation ranged from 11.02 mm to 43.40 mm. Furthermore, the monthly total sunshine hours in each region range from 152.27 h to 215.71 h. In the Ningxia Plain, the altitude gradually decreases from south to north and from west to east, which leads to generally higher temperatures in the northern producing areas compared with the southern ones ([PERSON] et al., 2018). In all stages, the monthly average temperature in the YN region is generally the highest, whereas that in the Hongsibu production area is the lowest. In the wine grape reserve at the eastern foot of Helan Mountain, the Hongsibu area is designated as a cool climate zone, whereas most of the other areas fall into a moderate climate zone. The study conducted by [PERSON] et al. (2018) demonstrated that the relative humidity of the grape growing area in Ningxia progressively increased with the geographical location towards the south, and this study also corroborates this finding.  
The HSP region is regarded as the coldest wine-producing area in Ningxia, with the highest relative humidity and precipitation at each stage and the lowest monthly average temperature. Unexpectedly, the HSP region had the most sunshine hours among the five production areas before maturity, whereas the HL production area had the most sunshine hours at maturity, which amounted to 157.65 h. In all producing areas, the average temperature and precipitation continued to increase during the fruit development stage and decreased after reaching their highest values during the berry-turning period. Meanwhile, the relative humidity gradually increased during the grape-ripening process, which might affect the flavor and maturity of grapes.
# Drift Potential Characteristics of a Flat Fan Nozzle: A Numerical and Experimental Study
## 2 Model Construction and Numerical Simulation
### Numerical Results  
#### 2.3.1 Computational Method  
This study investigated the drift potential characteristics of a flat fan nozzle, including the influence of horizontal wind on droplet size and deposition drift characteristics, which are interrelated and inseparable, i.e., droplet size is an important factor affecting droplet deposition and drift. For the same volume of drug (pesticide), the number of droplets exponentially increases as the droplet size decreases, resulting in a significant increase in the deposition uniformity and penetration into the target plant. However, if the droplet is too small, it will be seriously affected by the environmental wind field. The evaporation and drift loss will increase during the deposition process on the target plant [40; 41].  
Commonly used droplet size indicators include droplet diameter \(D_{\
u 0.1}\) (\(\mu\)m) (with a cumulative droplet distribution of 10%), \(D_{\
u 0.5}\) (\(\mu\)m) (with a cumulative droplet distribution of 50%), and \(D_{\
u 0.9}\) (\(\mu\)m) (with a cumulative droplet distribution of 90%), also known as droplet volume median diameter. Additional indicators include a diameter of less than 100 \(\mu\)m, cumulative proportion of droplets V100 (%), and the index of droplet size distribution width or droplet spectrum width S calculated as:  
\[S=(D_{\
u 0.9}-D_{\
u 0.1})/D_{\
u 0.5} \tag{8}\]  
The evaluation indices of droplet drift characteristics mainly included the characteristic height, \(h\), of the drift distribution, droplet accurate-deposition rate, \(R_{h}\), and droplet horizontal drift rate, \(R_{h}\).
## 5 Case Study  
In this study, we simulated and analyzed the IES interconnected with an IEEE 30-bus power system and a 13-bus natural gas system. The overall diagram of the system is shown in Figure 2. There are three wind power plants and two solar power plants in the IES. The natural gas load at number 3 is a fluctuating load that satisfies the normal distribution. Specific data values for natural gas systems can be found in [1]. A gas turbine is equivalent to a power source in the power system and a load in the natural gas network. The conversion between input gas flow and output electric power is as follows:  
\[H_{g,j}=a_{g,i}+b_{g,i}P_{G,j}+c_{g,i}P_{G,i}^{2}\ \ \ \ \ j=2,3,11\ \ \ \ \ i=23,24,22\ \ \, \tag{48}\]  
\[F_{gas}^{m,j}=\frac{H_{g,i}}{GHV}\ \ \ \ \ j=2,3,11\ \ \ \ \ i=23,24,22\ \ \, \tag{49}\]  
where \(H_{g,i}\) is the input heat value of gas turbine node \(j\), \(P_{G,i}\) is the output power of the gas turbine, \(F_{gas}^{m,i}\) is the equivalent gas load of gas node \(m\) in natural gas, \(GHV\) is a fixed high calorific value (\(GHV=0.2275\)), and \(a_{g,i}\), \(b_{g,i}\), and \(c_{g,i}\) are determined by the heat consumption curve of the gas turbine. In this case study, we simplify the heat consumption curve of the gas turbine and regard it as a linear relationship, that is, \(a_{g,i}=0\), \(b_{g,i}=7\), and \(c_{g,i}=0\).  
Hence, the relationship between the gas consumed by steam turbines and the electricity supplied to the power grid is as follows:  
\[F_{gas}^{m,j}=30.76923\times P_{G,i}\ \ \ \ \ \ j=2,3,11\ \ \ \ \ i=23,24,22\ . \tag{50}\]  
The compressor is equivalent to load for the power system, and its power consumption is as follows:  
\[P_{c}^{i}=BQ_{c}[(p_{j}/p_{m})^{k}-1](\frac{0.7457}{10^{5}})\ \ \ \ \ i=20\ \ \ \ \ j=10\ \ \ \ \ m=9\ \ \ \, \tag{51}\]  
where \(P_{c}^{i}\) is the power consumed by compressors, \(p_{j}\) and \(p_{m}\) are the pressures of nodes \(j\) and \(m\), respectively, \(Q_{c}\) is the gas flow rate from node \(m\) to node \(j\), \(B\) is a coefficient (\(B=306.2746\)), \(k\) is the compression ratio power, and \(k=2\). Hence,  
\[P_{c}^{i}=0.002284Q_{c}[(p_{j}/p_{m})^{2}-1]\ \ \ \ \ i=20\ \ \ \ \ j=10\ \ \ \ m=9\ \ . \tag{52}\]  
Figure 2: Diagram of the IES used in the case study.
## 5 Conclusions  
This study proposed an LID approach using speech rhythm as a feature for multi-lingual ASR. Most conventional LID approaches depend on common acoustic features used in speech recognition, thus employing insufficient language information. In addition, the approaches require a certain amount of parameters in training, making it difficult to directly operate on user devices. In this study, we attempted to find an LID approach having low computational intensity based on a language-specific feature called rhythm metrics. For this work, we proposed a way for the automatic extraction of rhythm metrics. Then, LID approaches based on SVM and i-vector were proposed for efficient use of the feature. Based on several speech corpora, we verified the efficiency of the automatically extracted rhythm metrics and the proposed LID approaches. The feature was successfully proved to convey language-discriminative information, showing language tendencies similar to the conventional studies on linguistics. In addition, the proposed LID approaches demonstrated superior or comparable LID performance to the conventional approaches in spite of low computation complexity.  
In future research, we will investigate ways of improving the correctness of rhythm metrics with further sophisticated model training. In addition, another linguistic features applicable to LID will be examined.  
Conceptualization, H.K. and J.-S.P.; methodology, H.K. and J.-S.P.; software, H.K.; validation, H.K. and J.-S.P.; formal analysis, H.K. and J.-S.P.; writing--original draft preparation, H.K.; writing--review and editing, J.-S.P.; supervision, J.-S.P.; project administration, J.-S.P.; funding acquisition, J.-S.P. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was supported by Hankuk University of Foreign Studies Research Fund, the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korea government (MSIT) (No. 2020R1A2C1013162, NRF-2017R1D1A1A09000903), the MSIT (Ministry of Science and ICT), Korea, under the ITRC (Information Technology Research Center) support program (IITP-2019-2016-0-00313) supervised by the IITP (Institute for Information & communications Technology Planning & evaluation).  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.