# Development on Solid Polymer Electrolytes for Electrochemical Devices
## 3 Basic Solid Polymer Electrolytes
### Strategies to Improve Ionic Conductivity of SPEs
#### 3.2.6 Composite Solid Polymer Electrolytes
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Electrolyte System** & **Preparation Method** & **Conductivity, \(\sigma\) (S cm\({}^{-1}\))** & **Important Findings** & **Reference** \\ \hline \hline PVA: PVP & & & CuS nanoparticles (particle size 20 nm) & \\  (1:1)-MgCl\({}_{2}\)-CuS & Solution casting & \(3.32\times 10^{-7}\) (RT) & was synthesized via microwave & \\  & & \(1.85\times 10^{-3}\) (protonic \(\sigma\) at RT) & irradiation method & [179] \\  & & & More amorphous after CuS addition & \\  & & at RT) & Suitable for solid state magnesium & \\  & & & batteries, supercapacitors and PEMFC & \\ \hline PEO-PMMA & & & SiO\({}_{2}\) particle size \(<\) 15 nm & \\  (1:1)-LiClO\({}_{4}\)-3 wt.\% & Solution casting + & & \(E_{A}\) = 0.32 eV; \(t_{Li+}\) = 0.9894 & \\ SiO\({}_{2}\) & melt pres & & Electrochemical stability & \\  [EO + C=OI]/[Li] = 9:1 & & & window 6.18 V & [180,181] \\  & & & Without filler: & \\  & & & \(\sigma\) = 1.72 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-5}\) S cm\({}^{-1}\) (27 \({}^{\circ}\)C); & \\  & & & \(E_{A}\) = 0.37 eV & \\ \hline PEO-PMMA & & & Al\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{3}\) particle size \(<\) 50 nm & \\  (1:1)-LiClO\({}_{4}\)-3 wt.\% & Solution casting + & & \(E_{A}\) = 0.30 eV; \(t_{Li+}\) = 0.9836 & \\ Al\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{3}\) & melt press & & Electrochemical stability & [180,181] \\
[EO + C=OI]/[Li] = 9:1 & & & window 6.00 V & \\ \hline PEO-PMMA & & & ZnO particle size \(<\) 100 nm & \\  (1:1)-LiClO\({}_{4}\)-3 wt.\% & Solution casting + & \(1.67\times 10^{-5}\) (27 \({}^{\circ}\)C) & \(E_{A}\) = 0.27 eV; \(t_{Li+}\) = 0.9857 & \\ ZnO & melt press & & Electrochemical stability & [180,181] \\
[EO + C=OI]/[Li] = 9:1 & & & window 6.06 V & \\ \hline PEO-PMMA & & & SnO\({}_{2}\) particle size \(=\) 100 nm & \\  (1:1)-LiClO\({}_{4}\)-3 wt.\% & Solution casting + & \(1.00\times 10^{-5}\) (27 \({}^{\circ}\)C) & \(E_{A}\) = 0.38 eV; \(t_{Li+}\) = 0.9881 & \\ SnO\({}_{2}\) & melt press & & Electrochemical stability & [180,181] \\
[EO + C=OI]/[Li] = 9:1 & & & window 6.10 V & \\ \hline PEO-PMMA & Microwave & & MMT is layered nanosheet which is & \\ (1:1)-LiClO\({}_{4}\)-10 wt.\% & irradiation + & & compatible with PEO polymer chain & \\ MMT & Solution casting & & Without filler: & \\ \(\left[EO + C=OI\right]/[Li]\) = 12:1 & and melt press & & \(\sigma\) = 1.99 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-6}\) S cm\({}^{-1}\) (27 \({}^{\circ}\)C) & \\ \hline  & & & \(E_{A}\) = 0.45 eV; \(t_{Li+}\) = 0.315 & \\  & & & Tensile strength = 44.89 MPa & \\  & & & Electrochemical stability & \\  & & & window 4.20 V & \\ PVDF-CA-LiTFSI- & & & LiFePO\({}_{4}\)/SPE/Li: & \\ OMMT & & \(3.40\times 10^{-4}\) (25 \({}^{\circ}\)C) & Discharge capacity = 112.9 mAh g\({}^{-1}\) & \\  & & & (0.5 C; 100 th cycle) & \\  & & & Without filler: & \\  & & & \(E_{A}\) = 0.53 eV; \(t_{Li+}\) = 0.120 & \\  & & & Tensile strength = 34.93 MPa & \\ \hline  & Solution cast & & Ion-dipolar complexes intercalated in & \\ PEO-PMMA & method & & MMT network in SPE prepared via & \\ (1:1)-LiBF\({}_{4}\)-EC-MMT & ultrasonic- & \(9.17\times 10^{-6}\) (27 \({}^{\circ}\)C) & solution cast method. & \\ PEO-PMMA & microwave & \(6.43\times 10^{-6}\) (27 \({}^{\circ}\)C) & Exfoliated MMT structure in SPE by & \\ (1:1)-LiBF\({}_{4}\)-EC-MMT & irradiation solution & & ultrasonic-microwave irradiation & \\  & cast method & & solution cast method & \\ \hline PEO-LiCF\({}_{3}\)SO\({}_{3}\)-20 wt.\% & Ball-milling and hot & & \(T_{g}\) = \(-65.3\)\({}^{\circ}\)C; \%\(\chi_{\rm{C}}\) = 18.6\% & [38] \\ Al\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{3}\) & press & & \(\sigma\) = 1.72 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-5}\) S cm\({}^{-1}\) (27 \({}^{\circ}\)C) & \\  & & & \(E_{A}\) = 0.37 eV & \\  & & & & \\ \hline PEO-PMMA & & & \(\sigma\) = 1.72 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-5}\) S cm\({}^{-1}\) (27 \({}^{\circ}\)C) & \\ \hline PEO-PMMA & & & \(\sigma\) = 1. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Electrolyte System** & \begin{tabular}{c} **Preparation** \\ **Method** \\ \end{tabular}  & \begin{tabular}{c} **Conductivity, \(\sigma\)** \\ **(S cm\({}^{-1}\))** \\ \end{tabular}  &