esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Thermal Control System Scheme and Unit Design
### First-Stage TCB
#### 3.2.2 Fluid Drive Device  
The first-stage fluid TCB in the module adopts the design principles of miniaturization and modularization. The physical model of the drive unit is shown in Figure 6, all functional components, such as pumps, valves and sensors, are integrated into a standard drawer. Different sizes of quick disconnect are mounted to the front panel of the drawer, used for quick connection and disconnection of liquid pipes. In addition, in order to ensure the long-term work of the fluid bus on orbit, the pump, compensator, filter, electronics board and other key components are designed in accordance with the on-orbit replaceable unit (ORU) for replacement by the astronauts.
## 2 Basic Theory of Acoustic-Solid Coupling
### Pressure-Acoustic Domain Control Equation  
The acoustic equations are derived from the fluid equations, which are established based on the law of conservation of mass, the law of conservation of momentum, and the equation of matter of the medium that describes the relationship between the thermodynamic variables [43].  
\[\frac{\partial\rho}{\partial t}+\
abla\cdot(\rho u)=M \tag{1}\]  
\[\frac{\partial(\rho u)}{\partial t}+\
abla\cdot(\rho uu^{\tau})=\
abla\cdot \sigma+\mathbf{F} \tag{2}\]  
\[\frac{\partial(\rho s)}{\partial t}+\
abla\cdot(\rho s\mathbf{u})=\frac{1}{\tau} (-\
abla\cdot\mathbf{q}+\Phi+Q\]  
\(\Phi=\
abla\mathbf{u}:\tau\)  
where the independent variables are time t (s) and spatial coordinates x (m); the dependent variables are the density \(\rho\) (kg/m\({}^{3}\)); the velocity field u (m/s), and the entropy s (J/kg/K), which is the entropy per unit mass. In addition, T is the temperature (K), \(\Phi\) is the viscous dissipation function (W/m\({}^{3}\)), \(\sigma\) is the total stress tensor (N/m\({}^{2}\)), \(\tau\) is the viscous stress tensor (N/m\({}^{2}\)), \(\mathbf{q}\) is the local heat flux (W/m\({}^{2}\)), \(M\) denotes the possible mass source term (kg/m\({}^{3}\)), \(Q\) denotes the possible heat source (W/m\({}^{3}\)), and \(\mathbf{F}\) is the possible volume force source term. The conserved quantities here are density \(\rho\), momentum \(\rho u\), and total entropy \(\rho s\).  
Assuming that the flow is lossless and adiabatic, the viscous effects are neglected, and the isentropic equation of state is used. Under these assumptions, the sound field is described by a single variable, the pressure \(p\), and the fluctuation equation is controlled as  
\[\frac{1}{\rho_{0}c^{2}}\frac{\partial^{2}p}{\partial t^{2}}+\
abla\cdot(- \frac{1}{\rho}(\
abla p-\mathbf{q}_{d}))=Q_{m} \tag{4}\]  
where \(Q_{m}\) is the monopole source (1/s\({}^{2}\)), which corresponds to a mass source in Equation (1); \(\mathbf{q}_{\rm d}\) is the dipole source (N/m\({}^{3}\)), which corresponds to a defining domain force source in Equation (2).  
Using the assumption of pressure field, the fluctuation equation is reduced to the well-known Helmholtz equation as follows:  
\[\
abla\cdot(-\frac{1}{\rho_{0}}(\
abla p-\mathbf{q}_{d}))-\frac{\omega^{2}}{\rho_ {0}c^{2}}p=Q_{m} \tag{5}\]  
A simple solution to Equation (5) is a plane wave in the homogeneous case where the two source terms \(\mathbf{q}_{\rm d}\) and \(Q_{\rm m}\) are zero.  
\[p=P_{0}e^{i(\omega t-k\cdot x)} \tag{6}\]In Equation (6), \(P_{0}\) is the wave amplitude, which moves along the \(k\) direction, where the angular frequency is \(\omega\) and the wavenumber is \(\kappa=\mid k\mid\).
## 3 Attitude Determination  
This section describes the platform processing involving attitude determination for a small-sized array of GNSS receivers/antennas with a known local body frame antenna geometry. First, the multi-baseline attitude model is introduced using the multivariate formulation of [12]. This formulation makes frequent use of the Kronecker product and the vec-operator [22]. Then, we include the local body frame antenna-geometry and show how the constrained attitude model can be solved in a step-wise manner.
## 4 System Model
### DMPF Scheduler
#### 4.2.2 DMPF Scheduler Forwarding Modes  
Now we are going to describe the DS request forwarding modes. In the request forwarding mode, the DS can forward all the SVC layers of the request on a _singlePath_ or each SVC layer on a _multiPath_. If the DS is configured to be in the _singlePath_ mode, all the SVC layers of the request will be transferred to the same path. If the DS is configured to be in _multiPath_ mode, the DS will send all the requested SVC layers of the client to different paths. When sending a request on a different path in _multiPath_ mode, we assume that the path is at least one edge different. The forwarding modes of the DS are described in detail in Figure 4. Figure 4 shows a network topology where one node acts as a DASH client and another acts as a DASH server. The SDN controller has a view of the entire topology of the network. There is a possibility of multiple paths that exist between the DASH client and the DASH server. We use Multipath TCP (MPTTCP) to use these multiple paths and send SVC layers on different paths. MPTCP manages multiple sub-flows which are transferred via multiple paths between the DASH client and the DASH server. Besides, if DASH client requests three SVC layers, that is, one BL and two EL(s) of a video, the controller executes the proposed Dynamic Multi Path Finder (DMPF) algorithm. DMPF algorithm finds three paths and allows the DASH client to create three multi-path TCP sub-flows with the DASH server. Figure 4 depicts the different paths between the DASH client and the DASH server as black dotted, red dashed and green dotted-dashed lines. However, the baseline algorithm finds only one path and transmits all SVC layers on it. Baseline and DMPF algorithm use the [PERSON]'s algorithm to find paths between the DASH client and the DASH server.  
Figure 6: DMPF scheduler request processing modes.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Human-Assisted Feature Extraction Methods
#### 2.2.3 Higher-Order Statistics (HOS) Descriptor  
Using cumulants of higher-order parameters has been a suitable option for morphologically describing ECG [5; 53]. In this case, [PERSON] et al. [11] chose to measure the kurtosis (the signal's tailedness') and the skewness (the signal's asymmetry) of five different signal intervals. The results are then connected to a joint array representing the 10-dimensional HOS descriptor. The descriptor's components from the merged database are shown on an example segment in Figure 4.
# Energy Efficient Access Point Placement for Distributed Massive MIMO
## 3 Different Channel Models
### Graph-Based Models
#### 3.2.1 A Graph for Capturing the Environment  
Figure 6 illustrates an example of the graph that we use to capture the environment in a given map. The nodes in the graph are one meter apart and directly connected to their neighbor nodes via edges. Each node within the coverage region, the dashed line in Figure 6, is associated with a generated location mentioned in Section 2. Due to the grid structure, each node is associated with at most eight edges.  
Utilizing this graph, we aim to approximate the average channel gain based on a non-obstructed path from the AP locations to user locations. We determine the value of parameter \(\ell_{il}\) by computing all the best found paths between each location \(i\in\mathcal{R}\) and location \(l\in\mathcal{L}\). The procedure for computing the paths is presented in the next section.
# Study on Penetration Sensing Method Based on Pool Oscillation and Arc Voltage during Pulsed GMAW
## 4 Conclusions  
In this paper, the oscillation characteristics of P-GMAW weld pool with different penetration status were studied. The internal relation between voltage signal and oscillation behavior of weld pool was analyzed. And a new method was proposed to sense the penetration of the weld pool for traveling P-GMAW which was based on the voltage signal during the base current period. The conclusions are as follows:  
1. During traveling welding process, the weld pool can be triggered into oscillation by the impact of the droplet. The oscillation amplitude of the weld pool decreased with penetration decrease and an abrupt transition occurred in the transition from full to partial penetration status.
2. During P-GMA welding, the frequency field of the oscillation for full and critical penetration was made up of fundamental frequency of arc and twice of which, while the low-frequency component of the critical penetration was unstable. For partial penetration, the frequency field of the oscillation was only made up of twice of the fundamental frequency of arc.
3. The change of L\({}_{\text{min}}\) caused by weld pool oscillation was the main factor of voltage signal fluctuation during the base current period. The voltage signal curve lost the frequency characteristics of the pool oscillation due to the curvature of the pool surface.
4. The fluctuation amplitude of the arc voltage at the base duration (\(\Delta\)U) represents the oscillation amplitude of the weld pool which reflects the penetration status. The constant watch of the curve of time and \(\Delta\)U during P-GMAW may be an efficient way to detect weld pool penetration.  
**Author Contributions:** Conceptualization, T.C. and S.X.; methodology, T.C.; software, T.C.; validation, T.C., S.X. and W.L.; formal analysis, T.C.; investigation, T.C., P.Z.; resources, T.C.; data curation, T.C.; writing--original draft preparation, T.C.; writing--review and editing, T.C., S.X.; visualization, T.C.; supervision, S.X.; project administration, B.W.; funding acquisition, S.X. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
**Funding:** This work was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China, grant No.51675269 and the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions (PAPD).  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Impact of the Revetment on the Seashore in the Region of Babie Doly (KM 93.6-93.9), Poland
## 1 Introduction  
The seashore section in the region of Babie Doly (northernmost district of Gdynia, see Figure 1) has recently been the subject of interest on the part of the media and representatives of social movements. The problem was critically reported by representatives of social movements within the broadcasts on local TV and radio. On the next day (27 April 2021), it was commented on by the Maritime Office in Gdynia ([[https://www.umgdy.gov.pl/?p=42355](https://www.umgdy.gov.pl/?p=42355)]([https://www.umgdy.gov.pl/?p=42355](https://www.umgdy.gov.pl/?p=42355)) (accessed on 29 April 2021)). The Maritime Office in Gdynia has been urged to take measures aimed at removing the coastal protection structure or at least clearing up the seashore section at KM 93.6-93.9, at which the rubble revetment is installed (Figure 2). The objective of this study is to analyse the situation and to provide suggestions on how to deal with the structure in question.  
Erosive processes cause serious engineering problems and require the implementation of protective measures. The phenomena of erosion and flooding resulting from specific hydraulic conditions occur both in the domain of coastal engineering and river engineering. Understanding of erosive processes requires a thorough identification of characteristics of the motion of water and sediments in the coastal zone [1, 2] or in rivers (see, e.g., [3, 4]). The solutions undertaken in order to mitigate the erosive threats depend on the features of local hydro- and litho-dynamic processes. In Poland, recently, these solutions need the acceptance of various entities (governmental institutions responsible for environmental protection, ecological associations and local authorities). Frequently, the aesthetics of existing or planned protective structures becomes important.  
The solution of the problem encountered at the considered study site requires the analysis of archival data on shoreline position, namely the historical maps, as well as the theoretical modelling, focused on the calculation of sediment transport characteristics. Within the latter issue, both qualitative findings (direction of transport of sandy sediments along the shore) and quantitative results (annual rates of net longshore sediment transport) are important.
# Survey on Power-Aware Optimization Solutions for MANETs
## 3 Analysis of Power-Aware Optimization Solutions in MANETs
### Cross-Layer Optimization for Energy Conservation in MANETs  
#### 3.8.1 Cross-Layer Optimization Defined  
The Open Systems Interconnection-Reference Model (OSI-RM) provides a networking framework to implement the protocols within seven layers [190]. However, in the context of wireless networks, the OSI model has two main limitations: the principles of abstraction and encapsulation at each layer. The principle of abstraction dictates that the implementation details and interior parameters of the protocols within a layer are hidden to other layers. The inter-layer communication (that is restricted to procedure calls and responses) is performed only between adjacent layers. The principle of encapsulation maintains modularity in the network development and improves testing and error checking, but it prevents sharing critical information among the layers in the protocol stack. Because of the shared nature of the wireless channel, the different layers of MANET depend on each other. The conventional OSI layered design is, therefore, ineffective, resulting in redundancy within layered wireless protocols. If we design communication protocols intended for QoS provisioning on resource-controlled mobile devices, it is recommended [49] to consider the cross-layer coupling of functionalities. All cross-layer (CL) optimization processes have a common format that involves taking a set of parameter values from one (or a subset) of protocol layers and returning optimized parameter values to the same or other protocol layers. [PERSON] et al. [191] defined a three-stage process of cross-layer optimization, as shown in Figure 4.  
The first stage (Abstraction) is vital for reducing the processing and communication overheads. It decides if a small number of parameters are to be distributed, and underlying technologies covering. Then, Optimisation and Reconfiguration enable protocol adaptation to the existing network conditions and QoS requirements to maximize network performance. This is obtained by the tuning of the abstracted (or other related) parameters that are then returned to the network stack. These three steps can be repeated along with changing QoS requirements and resource capabilities.
# An Evaluation of Directive-Based Parallelization on the GPU Using a Parboil Benchmark
## 6 Results  
For our experiments, we used the eight-core 11 th Gen Intel(R) Core(TM) i7-11700K with 128 GB RAM. This CPU has a unified 16 MB L3 cache shared by all sixteen contexts executing on the eight cores. Each core has a private 4 MB L2 cache. Finally, private 256 KB instruction L1i and 384 KB data L1d caches connect to each core's load/store units. A single NVIDIA GeForce RTX 3080 Ti GPU with 12 GB RAM was used to run GPU applications. The codes were offloaded to the GPU using the OpenACC programming model. The reference OpenMP, OpenCL, and CUDA implementations from the original Parboil benchmark suite were used for comparison purposes. All experiments were carried out on the datasets originally provided in the Parboil benchmark suite.  
The performance of the both sequential and parallel programs is usually measured in terms of execution time. Usually, the wall-clock time of the observed code part is measured. However, to allow for an easier comparison of results on different platforms, the performance is usually presented in the form of the speedup \((S_{p})\). The speedup \((S_{p})\) is defined as a ratio of the time required by the sequential algorithm to solve a problem, \((T_{s})\) to the time required by the parallel algorithm using \(p\) processors to solve the same problem, \((T_{p})\) as in the following formula:  
\[Speedup=\frac{T_{s}}{T_{p}}\]Each of the following charts depict the speedup of various programming models relative to the baseline CPU implementation from the Parboil benchmark suite. The baseline implementation is compiled using GCC 11.3.0, whereas all other programming implementations are compiled using NVIDIA HPC SDK 22.1, which employs a high-performance PGCC compiler. In addition, all implementations, except the baseline implementation, are compiled using the most aggressive optimizations. The execution time is intentionally omitted because it is dependent on the platform on which the applications were executed.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Measures and Procedures
#### 2.2.3 Quality of Life  
The assessment of QoL, i.e., its quantification, was realized with a shorter version of the WHOQoL questionnaire [37]. The questionnaire has been internationally validated [38] and contains items that are divided into four domains: physical health, mental health, social relations, and environmental health. The WHOQoL questionnaire generates precise ratings for each dimension of quality of life.  
This questionnaire was developed based on the WHOQOL-100 questionnaire [38], that is, by summarizing a certain number of questions, the short-version questionnaire was reduced from 100 to 24 questions. Two more questions about overall QoL and general health were added to the final edition of the questionnaire, bringing the total number of questions to 26. The answers to each question were given on a five-point Likert-type scale, i.e., respondents were given the possibility of selecting one of the following options: (1) not at all, (2) a little, (3) a moderate amount, (4) very much, and (5) an extreme amount. A great number of studies have proven the WHOQoL-BREF questionnaire's reliability and validity [39; 40; 41; 42; 43].
## 4 Conclusions  
The following are the findings from the experimental study of the DCMD desalination process:  
1. PTFE and PVDF membranes are the best choice of membrane materials for membrane distillation, whereas pp membranes are not recommended. The permeate fluxes of PVDF and PTFE membranes are very close when their pore sizes are 1.0 \(\upmu\)m.
2. Without considering the membrane fouling and scale-up issues caused by long-time desalination processes, the permeate flux of PTFE and PVDF membrane increases with the increase in the pore size. In contrast, the permeate flux of pp membranes does not vary significantly with pore size. Additionally, in this study, \(\mathrm{J_{pvdf1.0}=1.136J_{pvdf0.45}}\) = \(1.386J_{pvdf0.22}\), \(\mathrm{J_{pptef1.0}=1.267J_{ppt60.45}=1.377J_{ppt60.22}}\).
3. Under operating conditions of constant inlet flow on the hot and cold sides, increasing the hot-side temperature and decreasing the cold-side temperature facilitates the increase in permeate flux in membrane distillation systems. Moreover, the hot-side temperature and cold-side inlet flow rate have a greater influence on improving the permeate flux, and the optimal combination is A\({}_{3}\)B\({}_{1}\)C\({}_{3}\) in this experiment.  
Writing--original draft, Y.Z.; writing--review and editing, L.C.; Conceptualization, M.H. and W.H.; Resources, G.C. and B.W. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded by Zhejiang Provincial Key R&D Program of China (2022C02013).  
Not applicable.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Scenario**} & \multirow{2}{*}{\begin{tabular}{c} **Hot-Side** \\ **Temperature A (\({}^{\circ}\)C)** \\ \end{tabular} } & \begin{tabular}{c} **Hot-Side Inlet** \\ **Flow Rate** \\ **B (mL/min)** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} **Cold-Side Inlet** \\ **Flow Rate** \\ **C (mL/min)** \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} **Average** \\ **Permeate flux/J** \\ **kg/(m\({}^{2}\)*h)** \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} **Standard** \\ **Deviation** \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline
1 & 60 & 600 & 600 & 15.4 & 1.07 \\
2 & 60 & 800 & 800 & 16.1 & 0.85 \\
3 & 60 & 1000 & 1000 & 17.4 & 1.39 \\
4 & 70 & 600 & 800 & 23.8 & 1.17 \\
5 & 70 & 800 & 1000 & 25.2 & 1.03 \\
6 & 70 & 1000 & 600 & 23.6 & 1.26 \\
7 & 80 & 600 & 1000 & 35.8 & 1.15 \\
8 & 80 & 800 & 600 & 30.8 & 0.97 \\
9 & 80 & 1000 & 800 & 31.7 & 1.40 \\ \hline yj1 & 48.9 & 75.0 & 69.8 & & \\ yj2 & 72.6 & 72.1 & 72.8 & & \\ yj3 & 98.3 & 72.7 & 78.4 & & \\ yj1 & 16.30 & 25.00 & 23.27 & & \\ yj2 & 24.20 & 24.03 & 24.27 & & \\ yj3 & 32.77 & 24.23 & 26.13 & \(\Sigma\)J = 219.8 \\ Rj & 16.47 & 0.77 & 2.86 & \\ \hline Excellent level & A\({}_{3}\) & B\({}_{1}\) & C\({}_{3}\) & \\ Primary and & A & C & B & \\ secondary factors & & A\({}_{3}\)B\({}_{1}\)C\({}_{3}\) & & & \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 5: The orthogonal experimental results.
# Aroma Characteristics of Lavender Extract and Essential Oil from _Lavandula angustifolia_ Mill.
## 1 Introduction  
Lavender (_Lavandula angustifolia_ Mill.) is a perennial, medicinal and aromatic plant that is native to the Mediterranean region and has been widely cultivated in China, especially in Yili, Xinjiang [1]. Lavender possesses excellent biological activities such as antibacterial [2], anti-inflammatory [3, 4], anticancer [5] and antioxidant effects [6, 7], which are beneficial to human health. Lavender is also effective as an adjunctive therapy in alleviating agitated behaviors of patients with dementia [8]. In addition, lavernder-related products, such as lavernder essential oil and extracts produced therefrom, show outstanding aroma properties with a pleasant floral note and are widely used in perfume, food flavoring and cosmetic industry as well as aromatherapy [7, 9, 10]. The volatile compounds in a certain composition and proportion are the material basis for the health benefits of lavernder, subsequently determine the odor profiles of lavernder-related products, and thus influence the sensory characteristics and application performance of lavernder [3]. Up to now, more reports focus on the analysis of volatile compositions in lavernder essential oil [1] or the effects of variety and growth onessential oil properties [11]. However, few studies have been conducted on the aroma compositions and flavor characteristics of lavender extracts.  
The extraction solvents and extraction times are the vital factors affecting the quality of extracts [12; 13]. Generally, natural plant extracts are prepared with purified water or edible ethanol as extraction solvents, allowing for good solubility and safety, mainly for application in making beverages and producing food flavoring [12]. Lavender extracts have a relatively real flavor similar to that of raw materials, which lays the basis for their good application performance in the food industry. The odor property of lavender extracts provides supporting data and shows similarities and differences with essential oils. Therefore, it is worth studying the volatile compositions and the related odor characteristics of lavender extracts.  
Steam distillation (SD) is commonly used for the extraction of essential oils and enrichment of volatiles, including those in lavender [1; 11]. The odorants of essential oils and extracts could be separated and qualitatively analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) [14]. Solid-phase microextraction (SPME), which is a relatively simple method and does not produce artifacts, is commonly used to obtain the aroma compounds of complex matrix samples [15; 16].  
In the present work, the volatile compositions and odor profiles of lavender extracts and essential oil were comparatively investigated by GC-MS coupled with sensory evaluation, and the extraction conditions of extraction solvents and extraction times for lavender extracts were also optimized. The present research would provide scientific foundation for the production and quality control of lavender-related products.