# Analysis of Spatiotemporal Gait Variables before and after Unilateral Total Knee Arthroplasty
## 3 Results  
The results of the clinical tests performed pre- and post-surgery can be observed in Table 1. In short, after TKA, the patients experienced less pain, improved knee extension, better functionality according to the 2011 KSS, and a better quality of life according to the WOMAC questionnaire. Despite these improvements, force production did not significantly increase. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Clinical Parameter**} & **Pre** & **Post** & **Z-Value** & \(p\)**-Value** & \(\mathbf{d_{cohen}}\) \\ \hline \multicolumn{2}{c}{Number of falls in last month} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{0.0} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{0.0} & \(-1.15\) & 0.24 & 0.52 \\  & & (1.0) & (0.0) & & & \\ \multirow{2}{*}{Knee Pain} & \multirow{2}{*}{Ipsilateral} & 6.0 & 2.0 & \multirow{2}{*}{\(-3.83\)} & \multirow{2}{*}{\(<\)0.001 *} & \multirow{2}{*}{3.05} \\  & & (2.0) & (3.0) & & & \\ \multirow{2}{*}{Contralateral} & \multirow{2}{*}{Contralateral} & 5.0 & 4.0 & \multirow{2}{*}{\(-0.06\)} & \multirow{2}{*}{0.95} & \multirow{2}{*}{0.02} \\  & & (4.0) & (5.0) & & & \\ \multirow{2}{*}{Ipsilateral} & \multirow{2}{*}{Extension} & 9.0 & 4.0 & \multirow{2}{*}{\(-3.52\)} & \multirow{2}{*}{\(<\)0.001 *} & \multirow{2}{*}{2.41} \\  & & (6.0) & (4.0) & & & \\ \multirow{2}{*}{Joint ROM} & \multirow{2}{*}{Passive} & 0.0 & 0.0 & \multirow{2}{*}{\(-2.10\)} & \multirow{2}{*}{0.03 *} & \multirow{2}{*}{1.03} \\  & & (6.0) & (1.0) & & & \\ \multirow{2}{*}{Joint ROM} & \multirow{2}{*}{Flexion} & 102.0 & 102.0 & \multirow{2}{*}{\(-1.17\)} & \multirow{2}{*}{0.87} & \multirow{2}{*}{0.52} \\  & & (18.0) & (10.0) & & & \\ \multirow{2}{*}{Contralateral} & \multirow{2}{*}{Passive} & 114.0 & 114.0 & \multirow{2}{*}{\(-1.58\)} & \multirow{2}{*}{0.79} & \multirow{2}{*}{0.73} \\  & & (15.0) & (12.0) & & & \\ \multirow{2}{*}{Contralateral} & \multirow{2}{*}{Extension} & 4.0 & 4.0 & \multirow{2}{*}{\(-0.15\)} & \multirow{2}{*}{0.24} & \multirow{2}{*}{0.06} \\  & & (8.0) & (8.0) & & & \\ \multirow{2}{*}{Contralateral} & \multirow{2}{*}{Passive} & 0.0 & 0.0 & \multirow{2}{*}{\(-0.26\)} & \multirow{2}{*}{0.11} & \multirow{2}{*}{0.11} \\  & & (2.0) & (6.0) & & & \\ \multirow{2}{*}{Flexion} & \multirow{2}{*}{Active} & 112.0 & 114.0 & \multirow{2}{*}{\(-1.16\)} & \multirow{2}{*}{0.24} & \multirow{2}{*}{0.52} \\  & & (15.0) & (12.0) & & & \\ \multirow{2}{*}{Trans.} & \multirow{2}{*}{Passive} & 118.0 & 124.0 & \multirow{2}{*}{\(-1.64\)} & \multirow{2}{*}{0.10} & \multirow{2}{*}{0.77} \\  & & (18.0) & (15.0) & & & \\ \multirow{2}{*}{Dynamometry} & \multirow{2}{*}{Ipsilateral} & 208.2 & 221.5 & \multirow{2}{*}{\(-1.44\)} & \multirow{2}{*}{0.14} & \multirow{2}{*}{0.66} \\  & & (67.7) & (84.7) & & & \\ \multirow{2}{*}{Contralateral} & \multirow{2}{*}{Contralateral} & 221.1 & 243.3 & \multirow{2}{*}{\(-1.61\)} & \multirow{2}{*}{0.10} & \multirow{2}{*}{0.75} \\  & & (68.7) & (72.0) & & & \\ \multirow{2}{*}{2011 KSS} &  
As reported in Table 2, the gait presents the significant differences after TKA surgery in terms of linear kinematics in all parameters (\(p<0.001\)), with the exception of stance and swing time (\(p=0.49\)). After TKA surgery, the gait speed increased by 5.8%, which was promoted by a shorter cycle time (\(-4.8\%\)) and longer step (\(4.4\%\)) and stride (\(6.3\%\)) lengths. These changes enabled a higher gait cadence, with increases in step (\(5.1\%\)) and strides (\(5.0\%\)) per minute. Additionally, possibly due to a greater stability and confidence in gait, there were reductions in the double support time (\(-11.1\%\)) and the step time (\(-1.4\%\)). These alterations to gait linear kinematic parameters have a significant impact in the ability to ambulate, as summarized in Figure 1. In this figure, a comparison between the initial position during a randomly selected gait trial pre-TKA (red) and post-TKA (white) is presented, and compared to the position reached by the participant after the same period of time.