## 4 Major Bioactive Compounds of _A. leptopus_  
Pytochemical screenings of different parts of _A. leptopus_ revealed the plant to contain phenolic compounds, alkaloids, terpenoids, triterpenoids, terpenes, triterpenes, flavonoids, tannins, glycosyl, saponins, carbohydrates, and more, as listed in Table 2. Preliminary screenings of a methanol root extract revealed that it contains steroids, flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, and glycosides [23]. [PERSON] et al. [24] reported similar constituents from methanol root extracts. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [25] performed a GC-MS phytochemical analysis of the tubers and reported them to contain alkaloids, saponins, steroids, phenols, fatty acids, and flavonoids.. [PERSON] et al. [26] performed screenings of a water extract of the tubers, finding the presence of carbohydrates, tannins, saponins, and flavonoids. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{56.9 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt}} \hline \hline
**Part Used** & **Analytical Techniques** & **Pytochemicals** & **Bioactivities** & **Reference** \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Aerial parts} & HPLC; H-NMR; C-NMR; TLC; GC-MS & Anthraquinone derivatives; phenolics; flavonoids; phenolic acids; coumaris; organic acids & Antimicrobial; antioxidant; EPO inhibitory; COX anti-inflammatory; anticoagulant; analgesic; antidropness & [14,27, 28, 29] \\  & & Alkaloids; tannins; terpenoids; flavonoids; triterpenoids; volatile oils; carboxylic acids; glycosides; carbohydrates; phenolics; saponins; steroids; phytosterols; sapogenins & Antibacterial;  
In some studies, the aerial parts of _A. leptopus_ as a whole are utilized in the experiment, thus making it impossible to determine the specific plant parts of the phytochemicals located. [PERSON] et al. [14] studied a methanol extract of the aerial parts of _A. leptopus_ and identified specific phenols. Through H-NMR and C-NMR analysis, the purified extract yielded ferulic acid, 4-hydroxycinamic acid, quercetin-3-thamnoside, kaemberol-3-glucoside, \(\beta\)-sitosterol-glucose, and d-mannitol [14]. Isolation of a crude water extract from the aerial parts of _A. leptopus_ was performed by preparative TLC and gave a phenolic compound with a COX-2 enzyme inhibitory activity of 90% inhibition at 25 \(\mu\)g/mL and reported an IC\({}_{50}\) value of 9.7 \(\mu\)g/mL [28]. HPLC and NMR screenings of the aerial parts of _A. leptopus_ identified several anthraquinone derivatives, specifically 1,8-dihydroxy6-(hydroxymethyl)-3-methoxy-2-pyrrolidininium anthraquinone; 1,8-dihydroxy-6-(methyl)-3-methoxy-2-pyrrolidininium anthraquinone; 1,8-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-3-methoxy2-piperidinium anthraquinone; and 1,8-dihydroxy-6-(methyl)-3-methoxy-2-piperidinium anthraquinone; and 1,8-dihydroxy-6-(methyl)-3-methoxy-2-piperidinium anthraquinone [27]. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [30] studied the phyto-constituents of _A. leptopus_ leaf extracts and confirmed that alkaloids, terpenoids, and flavonoids were highly present; tannins and triterpenoids were moderately present; and steroids, phenols, and saponin were present. Phytochemical screening was performed by various qualitative assays. The authors also reported that the total phenol content of the different leaf extracts ranged from 0.094 to 2.565 mg GAE/100 g extract with the ethanol extract displaying the highest total phenol content. [PERSON] et al. [40] reported the presence of saponin, phenolic compounds, tannins, flavonoids, alkaloids, fixed oils, and amino acids from a leaf methanol extract. A study by [PERSON] et al. [37] found that an ethanolic leaf extract of _A. leptopus_ was rich in alkaloids, saponins, unsaturated sterols, and/or triterpenes, flavonoids, glycosides, and coumarins through phytochemical screenings of the extract.