esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# The Effect of Blue Noise on the Optimization Ability of Hopfield Neural Network
## 1 Introduction  
In today's ubiquitous artificial intelligence, various types of neural networks are being used more and more widely in various industries. If the interference of noise on a neural network is not considered, it is possible that no matter how perfect the performance of the network model is in training, when it is put into use, the model will always be disturbed by different levels of noise due to the difference in the usage environment and will thus face the \"failure\" situation caused by excessive noise influence in certain situations [1; 2].  
Hopfield is a feedback neural network model (HNN, Hopfield neural network), which is mainly used to solve various optimization problems [3; 4] and also has a wide range of uses in real-world applications, such as image processing [5; 6; 7], predictive classification [8; 9; 10], and communication [11; 12], and Hopfield neural networks are prone to generating random noise due to their physical properties. Based on this common phenomenon in real-world applications, the paper introduces blue noise into Hopfield neural networks to simulate the noise in real-world applications. Simulation experiments show that it is feasible to incorporate colored noise into a neural network, and by controlling the signal-to-noise ratio and noise spectrum, the researcher can use any real-world usage environment as a background to optimize the neural network and allow the neural network model to achieve more desirable results. Additionally, the construction of the colored noise generator tests how much interference immunity Hopfield neural networks can have in specific real-world applications without distortion, providing a theoretical basis for practical applications.  
Chaotic neural networks are regarded as intelligent information processing systems which are able to realize real-world computation because of their highly nonlinear dynamic systems and close relationship with chaos. Therefore, this paper takes chaotic neural networks as the entry point. On the one hand, the feasibility of noise fusion can be verified;on the other hand, disturbance can be generated by noise to enhance the chaos of the chaotic neural network and improve the optimization rate.  
The contributions of this study include demonstrating the technical feasibility of using noise fusion in conjunction with neural networks, as well as highlighting the potential applications of this approach in training neural networks and other models. This study also examines several specific neural network models that are subject to specific noise disturbances and used in optimization problems. The findings of this study may lead to the development of more effective and personalized neural network training plans, ultimately improving both the training set and algorithm accuracy.
## 4 The 5G Use Cases and Spectrum Requirements
### ITU-Defined Generic 5G Use Cases  
In order to ensure seamless and effective deployment of the 5G technology and ascertain the possibility of envisioned 5G services, it is essential to first consider various use cases (UCs) and deployment scenarios. In wireless technology deployments, UCs serve as a way to identify, characterize, produce, and document end users' requirements and expectations from emerging communication technology. The 5G UCs provide us with inputs to specify requirements necessary for defining the building blocks of the 5G architecture [2]. The framework, objectives, capabilities, and various use cases of the \"IMT-2020 and beyond\" have been defined in an ITU report [54]. In addition, a comprehensive list of approximately 70 5G use cases is contained in the report of the 3 GPP SMARTER project [55].  
The main objective of the SMARTER project was to develop high-level use cases and identify their corresponding requirements for future 5G deployments. Because these several UCs have some common requirements, those listed in the \"SMARTER project\" have been streamlined into three generic classes on the basis of performance attributes and service requirements of the individual UCs. Hence, the ITU vision 2020 [56] has defined the three generic UCs which serve as the foundation for 5G technology.  
* Enhanced mobile broadband
* Ultra-reliable, low-latency communication
* Massive machine-type communications or massive Internet of things
# A Coaxial Dielectric Barrier Discharge Reactor for Treatment of Winter Wheat Seeds
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Variation of Voltage Duty Cycle Affects the Discharge Temperature without Harming the Seeds  
The discharge power can be controlled by adjusting the voltage duty cycle. Figure 9a presents the discharge power raise by increasing the duty cycle for the argon discharge, keeping 11.5 kV p-p of  
Figure 8: Comparison of germination acceleration of wheat seeds treated with both discharges (argon in black and helium in red) for (**a**) 3 min, (**b**) 5 min, and (**c**) 10 min. Germination curves were fitted with the Hill function. * represents a statistically significant difference (\(p\leq\) 0.001–0.02).  
applied voltage. The total dissipated energy per volume unit for the 100% duty cycle (without voltage modulation) was 27.2 \(\upmu\)J/cm\({}^{3}\) (dissipated power of 25.3 \(\pm\) 0.3 W). The previous sections presented measurements with a 30% duty cycle, where the argon discharge was operated at around 6.5 W, and the gas temperature remained around 40 \({}^{\circ}\)C. Thus, by varying the voltage duty cycle, the power can be linearly adjusted from 2.5 to 25 W. However, with the increase of discharge power, the gas temperature tends to increase with the same trend. Figure 9b shows the temperature variation after 4 min of plasma on for different voltage duty cycle values where a linear increase of up to 80 \({}^{\circ}\)C was obtained for the 90% duty cycle.  
Regardless of the higher temperature values achieved, wheat seeds were treated for 4 min with different values of the voltage duty cycle, and the germination test results are presented in Figure 10. It can be clearly seen that even the 90% duty cycle condition that reaches up to 80 \({}^{\circ}\)C of gas temperature did not harm the seeds. Moreover, it accelerates the germination as observed for all other tested duty cycle parameters, where the faster germination occurred for the seeds treated with the 50% duty cycle. In this case (for D = 50%), there was a similar acceleration in germination, as the treatment for 30 min with a 30% duty cycle was obtained after only 4 min of plasma exposure. Thus, adjusting the discharge electrical parameters helps optimize the treatment, leading to better results within short time intervals.  
Figure 10: Germination acceleration of argon-treated wheat seeds with different voltage duty cycles for 4 min. Germination curves were fitted with the Hill function.  
Figure 9: (**a**) Discharge power increase and (**b**) linear rise of gas temperature with voltage duty cycle variation for the argon discharge after 4 min from starting the plasma.
# Topology Optimization of Multi-Materials Compliant Mechanisms
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Compliant Gripper  
The second benchmark problem is the compliant gripper which is illustrated in Figure 9. Again, the design parameters are presented in Table 3.  
Figure 8: Optimization results of case 4: (**a**) Identified topologies; (**b**) convergence plot.  
Figure 7: Optimization results of case 3: (**a**) Identified topologies; (**b**) convergence plot.  
Figure 9: The design domain of a compliant gripper.  
Under equal load conditions, the topology of compliant gripper of traditional SIMP method and degenerate solution of multi-material method was obtained, as showed in Figure 10a,b. The same as before, an inconsiderable difference can be seen between them (shown in Table 4).  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Numerical Simulation** & **Traditional SIMP Method** & **Error** \\ \hline
4.23 μm & 4.1 μm & 3.2\% \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 4: Maximum displacement at the output port of compliant gripper.  
Figure 10: Optimization results: (**a**) Traditional SIMP method topologies; (**b**) degenerate solution of multi-material method (case 1); (**c**) convergence plot.  
Figures 11a and 12a, keeping the volume ratio of high modulus and empty phase materials unchanged, increasing the medium modulus and reducing the ratio of low modulus materials, the topological distribution of each material in the compliant clamp is basically the same. However, the output displacement is reduced as showing in Figures 11b and 12b. The displacement of case 2 is 15.7 um, and that of case 3 is 12.9 um. The deformation capacity of the mechanism decreases by 17.7%, which reflects the essential influence of the elastic modulus of the material on the deformation capacity of the compliant mechanism. By observing Figures 12a and 13a, when the dominant material changes from high/medium modulus of case 3 to medium/low modulus of case 4, the topological distribution of the four-phase material of the compliant clamp changes obviously, and the distribution of the medium modulus material is more uniform, which is conducive to the overall deformation of the compliant mechanism. In Figure 13b, the output displacement of case 4 is 18.4 um, and the deformation capacity of the mechanism is increased by 42.3%.
###### Abstract  
A concept of atmospheric turbulence characterization using laser light backscattered off a moving unresolved target or a moving target with a glint is considered and analyzed through wave-optics numerical simulations. The technique is based on analysis of the autocorrelation function and variance of the power signal measured by the target-in-the-loop atmospheric sensing (TILAS) system composed of a single-mode-fiber-based optical transceiver and the moving target. It is shown that the TILAS received power signal autocorrelation function strongly depends on the turbulence distribution and is weakly sensitive to the turbulence strength, while the signal variance equally depends on these parameters. Assuming the atmospheric turbulence model can be represented by a single spatially localized turbulence layer and the target position and speed are known independently, consecutive analysis of the autocorrelation function and variance of the TILAS signal allows evaluation of both the turbulence layer strength and position along the optical propagation path. It is also demonstrated that the autocorrelation function can potentially be used for the atmospheric turbulence outer scale estimation.  
atmospheric turbulence; atmospheric characterization; target-in-the-loop propagation; remote sensing; wave-optics numerical simulation +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Physics Letters
# Method of Calculating Desynchronization of DVB-T Transmitters Working in SFN for PCL Applications
## 3 Single Frequency Network Description  
An SFN is a network in which all transmitters broadcast the same signal simultaneously. In this article, the DVB-T SFN is at the center of interest. When designing a DVB-T SFN, there are many variables to consider. One of which is the ineliminable problem of interference caused by multiple transmitters broadcasting at the same time in the same frequency. It can be experienced by a DVB-T network user at nearly every position. To prevent any signal loss or intersymbol interference, DVB-T uses Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing (OFDM) with Guard Interval (GI), preventing data loss in transmission. The values of GI vary between 7\(\upmu\)s and 224\(\upmu\)s for an 8 MHz channel. This method solves the problem of the multipath for the user, therefore no strict synchronization of transmitters in an SFN, nor precise knowledge of its value is needed [16]. However, for passive radars using DVB-T transmitters as illuminators of opportunity, the exact value of the time shift between transmitters' broadcasts is valuable information. A slight time difference, assuming the PCL radar system processing the broadcast is using a single transmitter as a reference, will change target localization ellipses. In some cases, this shift is significant enough for PCL processing algorithms not to consider the given ellipses as intersecting within an acceptable error margin, and the measurement will be discarded as non-conclusive.
## 5 Conclusions  
In this paper, we have designed a 360\({}^{\circ}\) VR video service system based on proactive caching and mobile edge computing technologies and proposed a multiuser access control algorithm for this system, considering the impact of both the multi-hop wired network from the cloud VR server to the MEC server and the wireless network from the MEC server-connected BS to the users. From an academic perspective, we have employed the diffusion model to characterize the performance of the designed 360\({}^{\circ}\) VR video service system in terms of the E2E delay violation probability of VR users. Furthermore, the proposed multiuser access control algorithm can be treated as a design example for maximizing the number of served users via exploiting real-time and dynamic network resources, while ensuring that the E2E delay violation probability for each accessed user remains within a controllable threshold. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed multiuser access control algorithm can effectively manage the delay violation probability for users while admitting as many users as possible. On the other hand, from a managerial perspective, for a real system where all requesting users should be admitted, the analysis and design methods proposed in this paper provide an approach to achieving this goal by shedding some light on the relationship between communication and computing resources and system performance. In this respect, the simulation results highlight the influence of various system parameters, such as the caching duration, BS transmission bandwidth, MEC server computational capability, and video compression ratio, on both the user access probability and the delay violation probability of the accessed users. For future work, we will study 360\({}^{\circ}\) VR video service system design considering more practical influencing factors, such as cache speed and error concealment.  
Conceptualization, H.S.; methodology, Q.W. and Y.T.; validation, Y.T. and H.S.; formal analysis, Q.W.; investigation, Q.W. and Y.T.; data curation, Q.W. and H.S.; writing, Q.W., Y.T. and H.S.; supervision, H.S.; project administration, H.S. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
Figure 8: The user access probability and the delay violation probability of the accessed users under different compression ratios.  
**Funding:** This research was funded by the Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant U21B2029 and Grant U21A20456, the Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant LR23F010006, the Science and Technology Development Fund under Grant SKLIOTSC(UM)-2024-2026, and the State Key Laboratory of Internet of Things for Smart City (University of Macau) under Grant SKL-IoTSC(UM)-2024-2026/ORP/GA01/2023.  
**Institutional Review Board Statement:** Not applicable.  
**Informed Consent Statement:** Not applicable.  
**Data Availability Statement:** The original contributions presented in this study are included in the article. Further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author.  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
###### Abstract  
Gas drainage radius is the most important parameter for determining reasonable well spacing. However, the drainage radius of both single-layer and multi-layer commingled gas production wells cannot be directly obtained through reservoir well tests. In order to address the above challenge, for single-layer gas production wells in a closed constant-volume gas reservoir, a calculation model for drainage radius is derived using the modified flowing material balance method. The results indicate that the calculated error of this model is only 0.73% and much smaller than that of the flowing material balance method (5.78%), implying its high accuracy. For multi-layer commingled gas production wells, another calculation model of drainage radius is established by coupling the pseudo-steady-state production capacity equation with the material balance principle. The research results demonstrate that the novel calculation model has a maximum relative error of only 2.33% and requires only two production profile tests to rapidly calculate the drainage radius of each layer within the gas reservoir, suggesting its satisfactory simplicity, significant efficiency and high precision. The proposed calculation models of drainage radius achieve a convenient and rapid calculation for both single-layer and multi-layer commingled gas production wells, and fill the theoretical gap in efficient calculation of drainage radius for a closed constant-volume gas reservoir.  
drainage radius; mathematical model; flowing material balance method; pseudo-steady flow +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences
###### Abstract  
Indoor visible light communication (VLC) systems have been extensively studied; however, they present some problems when the main propagation channel component, called Line-of-Sight (LoS), is partially or totally blocked. The effect of this blockage can cause degradation of the received optical signal and decrease the performance of the VLC system. Therefore, in recent years, research has focused on proposing solutions to mitigate this issue. Under this context, in this paper, we propose the use and implementation of intelligent reconfigurable surfaces (IRS) in the VLC indoor system to improve the propagation channel component produced by reflections, called non-line-of-sight (Non-LoS). Furthermore, we have analyzed and established the mathematical expressions of the channel components, including the effect of the IRS on the VLC system. These expressions have been evaluated in a simulated indoor VLC scenario in terms of the channel impulse response (CIR) and the bit error rate (BER). The findings achieved allow us to demonstrate that the use of IRS in the VLC system improves the performance of the system in terms of the parameters evaluated. These results also allow us to highlight the possible use of improvements in the VLC system for inclusion as a 6G enabling technology.  
channel model; intelligent reflective surfaces; intelligent reconfigurable surface; visible light communications 2023101117. [[https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics10101117](https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics10101117)]([https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics10101117](https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics10101117))
## 5 Experiments and Results
### Validation
#### 5.3.1 Pareto-Optimal Validation
However, using the proposed half-space and discrete validation criteria, it was found that approximately 81% of the evaluated solutions were Pareto-optimal. This result confirms that the MO-MPO framework effectively produces high-quality solutions under realistic process constraints, supporting its practical applicability in complex manufacturing optimization scenarios.
# From Brown-Field to Future Industrial Networks, a Case Study
## 1 Introduction
* A new measurement method for characterization and analyzing the network traffic is proposed that can potentially reduce the complexity of resource allocation and management of the scaled-up converged networks, and enables flexible technological integration into brown-fields. * Ensuing the findings and the proposed method, possible future research directions considering the existing challenges and open issues in evolution to the consolidated IT-OT networks are discussed. In what follows, the basis of network traffic analysis and modeling are briefly reviewed in Section 2. The brown-field of this case study, measurement environment, collected data and network characteristics are introduced in Section 3. The findings from the brown-field study, comparative analysis with respect to related works, and the proposed performance and dynamic mixture measurement for brown-field characterization are detailed in Section 4. Finally, the gaps and potential future research direction based on the findings of this study are discussed in Section 5.
# Research on a Partial Discharge Expert System for the Diagnosis of Damaged Transformation Equipment
## 2 Materials and Methods  
### Hardware Architecture  
The hardware architecture of the homemade partial discharge analyzer, as shown in Figure 1, is divided into two main components: the data-acquisition module and the embedded system.  
Figure 1: Original partial discharge waveform.  
We designed and improved the data-acquisition module based on the literature [20]. As Figure 2 shows, there are six analog synchronization input channels, the resolution of each channel is 12 bits, and the maximum sampling rate is up to 65 MS/s, with 256 MB DDR3 memory; each piece of data is calculated by using bits, and up to 67,108,864 datapoints can be stored. The adjustable input voltage range is: \(\pm\)5 V, \(\pm\)2 V, \(\pm\)1 V, \(\pm\)0.5 V. Design with FPGA includes a communication controller, memory controller, ADC controller, and frequency controller. We changed the transmission mode from an asynchronous nonmultiplexed device to a synchronous address/data-multiplexed device to increase the transmission speed. Asynchronous and synchronous devices have different ways of judging. The asynchronous device uses a WE or OE signal to judge. The synchronous device uses GPMC_CLK to judge. In the synchronous model, the address is only sent once before starting the transfer, and subsequently it is automatically increased by 1 each time according to the CLK, and thus address line errors can be avoided. The difference is whether the transmission position is continuous, and it is the continuous position in this case. Therefore, a synchronous address/data-multiplexed device is more suitable. At the same time, the address/data-multiplexed address line and data line can be multiplexed, and the hardware circuit is omitted.  
In the literature [2], the FPGA parallel-port design uses a GPMC with the asynchronous 16-bit address/data-non-multiplexed method without a DMA to transmit data with an ARM. The data line and the address line are independent, so there is no need for a CLK or a CS trigger to transmit data. A CS trigger can send 8 bytes in around 500 ns, which is equivalent to the transmission speed of 128 Mbps. As shown in the transmission interface synchronous 16-bit address/data-multiplexed GPMC with DMA in this study, the DMA can increase transmission continuity, and there is no need to switch jobs due to the multi-threading of the ARM system to achieve the increase in the transmission speed. In this transmission mode, the address is transmitted first, and then the address must be incremented--in burst mode, up to 32 bytes of data can be transmitted each time, the transmission time is 400 ns, and the transmission speed is equivalent to 640 Mbps. In actual transmission, it takes some time, due to the Linux execution program, system thread conversion, hardware settings, etc. The original transmission time is about 30 s and is reduced to less than 5 s to achieve the purpose of increasing the transmission speed.  
Figure 2: AM3358 board.