# A Review of Industry 4.0 Assessment Instruments for Digital Transformation
## 3 Results
### Definitions  
Most articles interchange concepts amid maturity models, roadmaps, frameworks, and readiness assessments, which may confuse practitioners and researchers. Since there is a need to have a clear construct of what these concepts imply, a proposed definition of them is presented below.  
* Maturity models are instruments that provide knowledge about the organization's current capabilities to execute a particular task and the level of progress toward an objective. These models offer comprehensive guidance that supports an improvement in certain tasks--in this case, the implementation of Industry 4.0. These usually  
Figure 1: SLR Flow diagram—study selection. * Described on Sections 2.1–2.3, ** Described on Section 2.4.  
include qualitative dimensions and levels of progress that allow assessing the company through a **set of guiding questions**[11; 12; 14; 22; 23].
* A roadmap is a comprehensive plan that includes dimensions and drivers for digital transformation in an organized approach. It provides a look into the future of a particular area; it is a **knowledge tool** for businesses [24]. It provides orientation for decision making and helps foresee future technologies and strategies for obtaining a competitive advantage. For Industry 4.0, organizations can develop a roadmap to improve the implementation process and increase their maturity level [24]. Also, **a roadmap includes a set of recommendations** for guiding companies, in this case, for digital transformation [10].
* A framework provides a **foundation for developing instruments and methodologies**; it is a holistic approach that can help adopt digitalization [25]. Also, a framework may provide structure to the research. Additionally, according to [PERSON] et al. [22], they enable benchmarking and performance improvement.
* A readiness assessment is a systemic analysis of an organization's ability to cope with and undertake a transformational process or change. Also, it is a **measure and evaluation process** to identify implementation facilitators and barriers, opportunities and potential challenges or risks. Thus, it provides an opportunity to address any gaps in the existing organization [26]. The main objective is to reduce the transformation process implementation failures effectively [27]. For that, it must effectively identify (a) the high-performance strategies for frontline responders [28]; (b) tools that are needed for the company's core engagement, technological transformation, or skills [27]; and (c) the relationship between the actors and variables in the system; for instance: customer resources, operation/service processes, quality, among others [29].
* For this study, the authors proposed the following construct for an **assessment instrument**: englobes any of the previously defined instruments maturity model, roadmap, framework, readiness assessment as well as other tools identified in the SLR such as questionnaires, checklists, surveys, diagnostic tools, or leveling instruments. Each one of the assessment instruments defined aims for the continuous improvement of a system from a holistic or micro-point of view. It considers the variables, actors, stakeholders, processes, and worldview of the system in the context to which it belongs and impacts.
* _Industry 4.0_ is based on merging the cyber and physical dimensions, combining the physical and digital realms, fostering the integration of advanced technologies, such as augmented reality, automated manufacturing, Internet of Things, cloud computing, artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML), (industrial) big data, big data analytics, fog and edge computing, robotics, cybersecurity, semantic web technologies, and additive manufacturing [30].  
Since the literature is ambiguous about the definitions of these concepts, it is relevant to provide a definition, identify the type of instruments and models that are available in the literature, and determine what kind of instrument is being developed in this research.