esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# TGA-GS: Thermal Geometrically Accurate Gaussian Splatting
## 3 Methods
### Multimodal Calibration  
To address the spatial pose deviations between thermal imaging sensors and RGB sensors, as well as inherent camera distortions, we propose a multimodal joint calibration strategy based on thermal radiation modulation. Specifically, this process can be divided into three steps: calibration plate preparation, thermal gradient induction, and multimodal calibration.  
Calibration Plate Preparation: We utilize a standard checkerboard calibration plate typically employed for RGB camera calibration, as shown in Figure 1. The black regions of the plate are uniformly coated with a pre-configured AgNWs/PVB ethanol solution, forming a composite coating characterized by high visible-light transmittance (\(\sim\)83.0%), high mid-infrared reflectivity (\(\sim\)69.8%), and low emissivity [98]. The thermal absorption capability of the composite structure primarily depends on the emissivity of the outermost layer [99]. Consequently, the AgNWs coating effectively suppresses thermal radiation emission in the black regions.  
Thermal Gradient Induction: After allowing the prepared calibration plate to reach thermal equilibrium in a room-temperature environment (25 \({}^{\circ}\)C), it is rapidly transferred to a low-temperature environment of \(-\)20 \({}^{\circ}\)C. The uncoated white regions, due to their high emissivity, rapidly radiate heat to the environment and cool down, while the coated regions exhibit slower temperature decline owing to the low emissivity of the AgNWs/PVB composite coating, which suppresses thermal radiation, thereby creating significant temperature differences between the two areas.  
Multimodal Calibration: Once substantial temperature differences are established between the black and white regions of the calibration plate, we simultaneously capture color and thermal images using thermal imaging equipment. Conventional camera calibration methods are then applied to achieve precise multimodal sensor alignment.  
This methodology ensures spatiotemporal synchronization between thermal and RGB modalities while addressing intrinsic sensor distortions, providing a robust foundation for subsequent cross-modal data fusion.
# Batch and Column Adsorption of Phosphorus by Modified Montmorillonite
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Batch Adsorption of Phosphorus by Al\({}_{13}\)-O-MMt  
#### 2.5.1 Experiment Regarding the Effect of pH on Phosphorus Adsorption  
In this batch adsorption experiment, both Al\({}_{13}\)-O-MMt and original montmorillonite (MMt) were used as adsorbents to adsorb phosphorus in solutions at different pH values to reveal the most suitable adsorbent as well as the best adsorption efficiency. Specifically, 0.3 g of Al\({}_{13}\)-O-MMt or MMt was weighed into a 50 mL centrifuge tube. According to the integrated wastewater discharge standard (GB8978, 1996), phosphorus solutions at pH 6, 7, 8 and 9 were adjusted using 0.1 M hydrochloric acid or 0.1 M sodium hydroxide to simulate wastewater at different pH values. Then, 30 mL of 2 mg/L phosphorus standard solution was added into each centrifuge tube. Finally, all samples were placed in a shaker (TY-80A/S, Ronghua Ltd., Changzhou, China) at room temperature. After being shaken at 150 rpm for 24 h, the supernatant of each sample was filtered through a 0.45 \(\upmu\)m syringe filter membrane (MCE, Jinteng, Tianjin, China) into a colorimetric tube. The concentration of phosphorus in the colorimetric tube was determined following the ammonium molybdate spectrophotometric method (GB 11893-89, 1989). The adsorption efficiency of phosphorus onto Al\({}_{13}\)-O-MMt was calculated by the following equation:  
\[R\%=\frac{C_{0}-C}{C_{0}}\times 100\%, \tag{1}\]  
where \(R\%\) is adsorption efficiency, \(\%\), and \(c_{0}\) and \(c\) are the initial and equilibrium concentrations of solute in solution, mg/L, respectively.  
5.2 Experiment Regarding the Effect of Concentration on Phosphorus Adsorption at Different Temperatures  
In this experiment, eight concentration gradients of phosphorus solutions (2, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 150, and 200 mg/L), at 30 mL each, were added to centrifuge tubes with 0.3 g Al\({}_{13}\)-O-MMt. The pH of each solution was adjusted to 8 to maximize the adsorption capacity as obtained from the experiment on the effect of pH. Then, the solution in the centrifuge tubes was shaken at 150 rpm on a shaker for 24 h at the three temperatures of 25, 35, and 45 \({}^{\circ}\)C. Triplicate samples were conducted in the experiment. The adsorption efficiency was determined with the method described in Section 2.5.1.
# A Novel Overcurrent Suppression Strategy during Reclosing Process of MMC-HVDC
## 2 Fault Current Calculation of a Loop MMC-HVDC Grid
### Short-Circuit Current Calculation Method  
The short-circuit current calculation of a loop MMC-HVDC is different from that of a two-terminal MMC-HVDC or a star join multi terminal DC grid as the fault current of the latter can be calculated separately. For a loop MMC-HVDC, as displayed in Figure 4, all the converters inject fault current through different lines to the fault spot, and the currents from different converters cause coupling problem.  
To handle the current coupling problem, the mesh current method (MCM) is first introduced to a short-circuit current calculation of MMC-HVDC grid before the converters are blocking. For example, when there is a pole-to-pole fault at the DC outlet of MMC1, the whole grid can be divided into four meshes. The equivalent circuit is illustrated in Figure 5. \(\mathrm{Li}\), \(\mathrm{C_{i}}\) and \(\mathrm{R_{i}}\) represent the equivalent circuit of the converter, \(r_{ij}\) and \(l_{ij}\) represent the DC overhead lines and \(\mathrm{L_{ij}}\) is CLI. According to the four meshes, a state equation can be established as Equations (1) and (2). Then the current in different lines can be calculated.  
\[\left[\begin{array}{cccc}1&0&0\\ 1&0&-1\\ 0&1&-1\\ 0&1&0\end{array}\right]\left[\begin{array}{cccc}u_{c1}\\ u_{c2}\\ u_{c3}\end{array}\right]=\left[\begin{array}{cccc}R_{1}&R_{1}&0&0\\ R_{1}&2r_{13}+R_{1}+R_{3}&R_{3}&0\\ 0&R_{3}&2r_{23}+R_{2}+R_{3}&R_{2}\\ 0&0&R_{2}&2r_{12}+R_{2}\end{array}\right]\left[\begin{array}{c}i_{14}\\ i_{13}\\ i_{23}\\ i_{24}\end{array}\right]+ \tag{1}\] \[\left[\begin{array}{cccc}2L_{12}+L_{1}&L_{1}&L_{1}\\ L_{1}&2(L_{13}+L_{31}+l_{13})+L_{1}+L_{3}&L_{3}&0\\ 0&L_{3}&2(L_{23}+L_{32}+l_{23})+L_{2}+L_{3}&L_{2}\\ 0&0&L_{2}&2(L_{21}+L_{13})+L_{2}\end{array}\right]\left[\begin{array}{c}i_{ 14}\\ i_{13}\\ i_{23}\\ i_{24}\end{array}\right]\]  
\[\left[\begin{array}{c}i_{c1}\\ i_{c2}\\ i_{c3}\end{array}\right]=\left[\begin{array}{cccc}1/C_{1}&0&0\\ 0&1/C_{2}&0\\ 0&0&1/C_{3}\end{array}\right]\left[\begin{array}{cccc}1&1&0&0\\ 0&0&1&1\\ 0&-1&-1&0\end{array}\right]\left[\begin{array}{c}i_{14}\\ i_{13}\\ i_{23}\\ i_{24}\end{array}\right] \tag{2}\]  
Figure 4: The diagram of the three-terminal loop modular multilevel converter based high-voltage DC (MMC-HVDC) grid.
# A Review of Hydrogen Sensors for ECLSS: Fundamentals, Recent Advances, and Challenges
## 5 Fiber-Optic Hydrogen Sensors
### Intensity Modulated Fiber-Optic Sensors
Since the diameter of the single-mode fiber core is smaller than that of the multi-mode fiber core, light can be introduced into the cladding of the single-mode fiber, and the light from the single-mode fiber cladding can be coupled to the sensing film layer. They experimented with Ar carrier gas, which was a sample gas with a concentration range of 0.8 to 4.6%. The results showed that the intensity of transmitted light increased with increasing H\({}_{2}\) concentration. In the same year, [PERSON] et al. [81] also developed a new sensor. They embedded a section of optical fiber into a quartz groove with a radius of curvature of 50 cm and then polished the exposed surface of the fiber embedded in the groove to a remaining thickness of 22 \(\upmu\)m. Next, the polished surface was coated with three Pd films with film thicknesses of 20 nm, 40 nm, and 100 nm, respectively, and an interaction length of 2.46 mm. To reduce the effect of polarization during fiber transmission, the fiber's test light wavelength was 1550 nm, and the response and recovery times of the sensor were measured to be 100 s and 150 s, respectively, using an Ar carrier gas with a concentration range between 1 and 2% of the sample gas. [PERSON] [82] reported a fiber laser with intracavity hydrogen sensing. He placed the sensing site of a wedge-shaped fiber sensor into the resonant cavity of an Er-doped fiber laser. Due to the Pd-interaction, the fiber absorption coefficient and the laser cavity loss both decrease, resulting in a lower threshold and a reduced pulse accumulation time. Therefore, the hydrogen concentration can be measured through measuring the pulse accumulation time width.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Data
#### 2.1.1 GK2A Fog Product
In addition, it performs a three-step procedure that identifies newly formed fog or removes clouds by applying more stringent thresholds. These thresholds were initially determined through histogram analysis of selected fog cases and subsequently optimized by maximizing the Hanssen-Kuiper Skill Score (KSS) [28]. In coastal regions, the algorithm ensures spatial continuity with inland areas by simultaneously applying both inland and ocean fog detection algorithms through a spatial blending approach. A pixel is classified as fog if both algorithms detect fog, or if one detects fog, at least five out of the 3 \(\times\) 3 neighboring pixels are also classified as fog. The final GK2A fog product classifies each pixel as fog, clear, cloud, snow, or unknown (Table 2) and provides a quality flag indicating data availability and reliability. The GK2A fog detection product, including pixel-level fog classification, \(\Delta\)FTs, and quality flags at a spatial resolution of 2 km, is provided every 10 min for both the East Asia and Korean Peninsula domains. Further details on the algorithm design and threshold settings are described in [20; 28]. The land-sea mask used in the GK2A fog detection product also has a 2 km resolution and classifies each pixel as inland, ocean, or coastal. Coastal pixels are defined as those adjacent to the coastline within a 3 \(\times\) 3 neighborhood.
## 6 Results
### SCHC Footprint  
Before evaluating the performance of the device for the different scenarios, it is important to understand the impact of introducing SCHC on a device. By measuring the time required to apply a SCHC rule (processing time) on several processors in the markets, we found that SCHC requires a few ms of processing time. Sending an uplink and receiving a downlink of 50 bytes using NIDD, which is the lowest measured exchange duration in our experiments, corresponds to 675 ms. Compared to this duration, the extra delay for the device to run SCHC is negligible. At the network level, SCHC is deployed as an application server with significantly more processing power for the device, thus having no real impact on the message exchange. Nevertheless, as we will see later, using SCHC reduces the transmission time, which will reduce the latency and the energy demand of the device.
## 2 Materials and Methods  
### Materials and Laminates Fabrication  
Commercial unidirectional basalt fiber fabric (purchased from Aerospace Tuoxin Basalt Industrial Co., Ltd., Chengdu, China) with an areal density of 300 g/m\({}^{2}\) and a nominal thickness of 0.16 mm was adopted in the current study. Epoxy main agent and curing agent (Model JGN-T, produced by Kaihua New Technology Engineering Co., Ltd., Dalian, China) with a weight ratio of 3:1 were used as the matrix of BFRP laminates. It is one kind of commercial epoxy resin commonly used in FRP strengthening engineering in China [38]. No other fillers were added in the matrix except those added by the manufacturer. The mechanical parameters of the basalt fiber fabric and epoxy resin were provided by the corresponding manufacturers as shown in Table 1.  
BFRP laminates used in the current study were fabricated using wet lay-up method. The fiber direction of basalt fabrics was properly stacked to ensure that the unidirectional BFRP laminates were fabricated. The laminates with specific number of fabric layers (i.e., 2, 4, and 8 layers) were fabricated. Specially designed holds with the thickness \(h=1\), \(h=2\), and \(h=4\) mm to fabricate the laminates need to be used to ensure the required thickness of the laminates. The fiber volume fraction of the BFRP  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Material** & **Tensile Strength (MPa)** & **Elastic Modulus (GPa)** & **Elongation at Break (\%)** \\ \hline Basalt fiber fabric & 2100 & 91 & 2.6 \\ Epoxy resin & \textgreater{}40 & \textgreater{}2.5 & \textgreater{}1.8 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Mechanical properties of materials.  
laminates was 0.32. In this paper, BFRP laminates with the thickness \(h=1\), \(h=2\), and \(h=4\) mm were represented with B\({}_{1}\), B\({}_{2}\), and B\({}_{4}\), respectively.
## 5 Conclusions
Additionally, as some scientific applications require a DEM outside the study area, the same approach was used to compute an extended version of the DTM, CRDTM2020 plus. It covers all Central American countries: Panama, Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Honduras, El Salvador, Guatem, and Belize, extending to Jamaica and the Cayman Islands. Validation of CRDTM2020 plus outside Costa Rica was outside the scope of this study. However, we would expect that it should give similar results and a better performance than other DEMs examined here, especially given the similarity in vegetation types and climate zones to Costa Rica. Due to this similarity, the results of the evaluation of the nine global DEMs and the insight into the vegetation bias that is present in most global DEMs are relevant for the researchers and DEM users in these regions, as well as the global community. CRDTM2020 and CRDTM202 plus are freely available to the public, and we encourage researchers from the above-mentioned countries to evaluate CRDTM2020 plus with their local datasets. The following Supporting Information can be downloaded at: [[https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/rs14102421/s1](https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/rs14102421/s1)]([https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/rs14102421/s1](https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/rs14102421/s1)), Table S1: Statistics of the differences between LVIS bare-ground ZG elevations and ellipsoidal heights of levelling stations; Figure S1: Histograms and statistics of differences in canopy heights between Global Forest Canopy Height 2019 model and Laser Vegetation Imaging Sensor (LVIS) canopy heights; Figure S2: Tile-wise percentage of growth and clearing cases for an area around Costa Rica between latitudes 3\"N and 17\"N and longitudes 91\"W and 7\"7\"W; Figure S3: Histograms of height differences between elevations of levelling points and ten DEMs; Figure S4: Vegetation Bias that was eliminated from NASADEM is computation of CRDTM2020 plus; Figure S5: CRDTM2020 plus elevations with respect to EGM2008 geoid model. Conceptualisation, all authors; methodology, all authors; software, O.P. ; validation, O.P. ; formal analysis, O.P. ; investigation, O.P. ; resources, O.P. ; writing--original draft preparation, O.P. ; writing--review and editing, all authors; visualisation, O.P. ; supervision, C.R. ([PERSON]) and C.R. ([PERSON]); project administration, O.P. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. This research received no external funding. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 1 Introduction
The acronym ICTs, Information and Communications Technologies once used to refer to the convergence of audiovisual and telephone networks, nowadays covers any product that will store, retrieve, manipulate, transmit, or receive information electronically in a digital form [15]. In relation to this, [PERSON] and [PERSON] [13] emphasize that sports organizations increasingly try to avoid media control of the messages they broadcast, generating their own communication media, such as television channels and/or internet or mobile marketing applications, which allow them to generate content directly for users. As we will discuss in the theoretical framework, the study of football communication in the digital environment is quite extended in different disciplines, mostly marketing and sports disciplines [16; 17; 18] communication research on this topic, specifically on corporate webpages, is scarce [19]  
The study of the corporate portals of the media has been extended to other types of projects and instances [20] of the business, cultural and economic sphere, among others. The works of [PERSON] [21], [PERSON] et al. [22] have influenced the need to analyze the uses of these web pages. Authors such as [PERSON] and [PERSON] [23] and [PERSON] and [PERSON] [24] have highlighted the importance of assessing a corporate brand, studying its website. In this sense, beyond the digital ecosystem generated by the networks and the set of social platforms, the challenge is to study the role played by the main page or corporate website, conceived as the main information space and as a primary and reference point in the communicative process of an institution, project or organization. Web pages are, thus, considered the embryonic core and the point of reference of the set of digital communication actions that, practically in all cases, lead to this website. The aim of this study is, therefore, to analyze what strategies main football clubs in Europe use to make themselves known in the cyberspace and interact with their users through their webpages. The article analyzes the characteristics of web pages--considered as the main showcase of a brand/team in the digital environment--of the fifteen best teams in the ranking of the Union of European Football Associations (UEFA). Based on the above, the article responds to the following research questions with a descriptive scope: \"What kind of structure and online communication resources are used by the main football clubs in Europe on their web pages?\". In relation to it,and considering the findings of [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON] and [PERSON] [25] about users' engagement, together with [PERSON]'s research [26] on Real Madrid, the following working hypotheses have been considered:  
**H1. **: _Soccer clubs in general, tend to choose a very simple web structure that mainly promotes corporate information._
**H2. **: _The websites design is set up in order to differentiate the club and to emphasize the idiosyncratic elements of each of the clubs._
**H3. **: _The websites do not fully exploit the possibilities that the digital environment offers them._
## 2 Research Significance  
A brief literature review showed that RAC decreased the mechanical performance and durability aspects of concrete due its porous nature. Therefore, it is necessary to add waste mineral admixture (such as silica fume) to RAC to offsets its porous nature by filling voids and improve inter transition zone due to pozzolanic reaction which enhances binding property of concrete. Although, mechanical performance and durability characteristics of RAC were considerably improved by addition of supplementary cementitious materials, but concrete still had less tensile capacity which can result in brittle failure without giving any warning, so concrete need reinforcement to improve its tensile strength. Therefore, concrete needed tensile reinforcements to enhance tensile capacity of concrete and offsets undesirable brittle failure. Fibers are one of the most prevalent method to increased tensile capacity of concrete. In addition, studies show that [7; 8] fiber enhances tensile capacity more effectively than compressive strength. Supplementary cementitious materials could be added to fibers reinforced concrete, to obtain high strength ductile durable concrete.  
The goal of the present research was to thoroughly research the combined influence of nylon fibers and silica fume on RAC and NAC mechanical characteristics and durability related permeability properties. Recycled aggregate was acquired by using recycled concrete aggregate. Silica fume was added by a volume of 20% as a substitute for cement in both RAC and NAC. Nylon fibers were utilized as 0.5% to strengthen concrete blends. Different characteristics of concrete-like flexural strength, compressive strength, split tensile strength, water absorption, chloride penetration, and concrete exposure to acid were assessed.
## 2 Aircraft Wing Load Tests
### Solution of Coefficient Matrix  
For each of the \(t\) different load parameter vectors L and corresponding strain vectors \(\varepsilon\) (or, for each case of \(t\) calibrated loads), after writing out the relation \(\text{L}=K_{D}\varepsilon\), they can be combined into the following matrix equation:  
\[\widetilde{\text{L}}=\text{\boldmath{$K$}}_{D}\widetilde{\varepsilon}, \tag{10}\]  
where  
\[\widetilde{\text{\boldmath{$L$}}}= \begin{bmatrix}L_{11}&L_{12}&\cdots&L_{1t}\\ \cdots&\cdots&\cdots&\cdots\\ \cdots&\cdots&\cdots&\cdots\\ L_{n1}&L_{n2}&\cdots&L_{nt}\end{bmatrix} ,\widetilde{\text{\boldmath{$ \varepsilon$}}}= \begin{bmatrix}\varepsilon_{11}&\varepsilon_{12}&\cdots& \varepsilon_{1t}\\ \cdots&\cdots&\cdots\\ \cdots&\cdots&\cdots\\ \varepsilon_{k1}&\varepsilon_{k2}&\cdots&\varepsilon_{kt}\end{bmatrix} .\]  
in which \(L_{ij}\) is the \(j\)th load parameter value for the \(i\)th calibration load, and \(\varepsilon_{ij}\) is the \(j\)th bridge strain signal value for the \(i\)th calibration load. When calibrating, the elements of the matrix \(\widetilde{L}\) and \(\widetilde{\varepsilon}\) are determined approximately, therefore resulting in the best estimate of the matrix, in some sense. Estimating the matrix \(K_{\text{D}}\) is a typical linear multiple regression analysis problem. The element values \(\varepsilon_{i}\) of vector \(\varepsilon\) are the regression variables, while the elements \(L_{i}\) of vector L are considered as response values. According to the least squares method, we have the following:  
\[\hat{K}_{\text{D}}=\widetilde{L}\widetilde{\varepsilon}^{\text{T}}\Big{(} \widetilde{\varepsilon}\widetilde{\varepsilon}^{\text{T}}\Big{)}^{-1}. \tag{11}\]  
The dimension of vector \(\varepsilon\) in the above case should be equal to the maximum number of linearly independent load vectors, and the location and orientation of the strain gauge's sticking should be chosen such that the linear independent bridge strain signal vector is adapted to the linear independent load parameter vector, at which point the inversion of \(\widetilde{\varepsilon}\widetilde{\varepsilon}^{\text{T}}\) is also guaranteed to exist. The calibration performed according to Equation (11) is called a direct calibration, as it converts the measurement vector (i.e., the bridge strain signal vector) into a load parameter vector, thus directly establishing the required load equation. The reverse calibration method may also be used in practical load calibration tests.