esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Results and Discussions
### Shape Memory Properties  
#### 3.3.1 Recovery Stress  
Figure 7(a,b) shows the stress and strain relationship of PEG-H1 up to 50% strain at different thermal cycles, and the corresponding recovery stresses measured from the deformed strips. As expected, the stress increases with strain, and the maximum stress at 50% strain decreases with thermal cycles. The residual strain increases with thermal cycles is mostly caused by internal molecular rearrangement and chain disentanglements, especially in the first round of extension, and is a typical characteristic of polymers. The recovery stress starts to build up at about 35 \({}^{\circ}\)C (Figure 7(b)), which is about 10 \({}^{\circ}\)C lower than the transition temperature of the polymer. Above 35 \({}^{\circ}\)C, the recovery stress rises rapidly with the temperature. The full recovery stress is developed at a temperature where the sample was pre-deformed, but is much smaller than the maximum stress developed during deformation as shown in Figure 7(a), mostly due to the relaxation of the stress. The recovery stress generated in the 1 st cycle test is 0.038 MPa, and becomes 0.025 and 0.020 MPa respectively for the 2 nd and the 3 rd cycle tests, showing a rapid deterioration of the recovery strength on cyclic test, a typical characteristic for SMPUs due to the accumulation of the broken chains, molecules or linking points and stress relaxation [30].  
Figure 7: **(a)** Stress strain up to an extension of 50% at 60 \({}^{\circ}\)C and **(b)** corresponding recovery stress for PEG-H1 sample.  
The same cyclic test at an extension of 50% was applied to the PCL-SMPUs, and the recovery stress for both sample series are summarized in Figure 8 (results from H5 and S5 samples were not shown as H5 could not be extended up to 50% as shown in Figure 5(a)). It is clear that the PEG-SMPUs produce lower recovery stresses which are attributed to lower cross-link density, longer soft segment chains (higher molecular weight) and weaker intermolecular interactions. The value of the recovery stress for each sample series increases as \(\gamma\) decreases, consistent with the results of the SMPUs with low molecular weight polyols [20]. This further indicates that increase of the IPDI content enhances the stiffness of the SMPUs, in agreement with the DSC and WAXD test results where the heat of fusion and crystallinity also increase with the IPDI concentration.
## 1 Introduction
They concluded that embedding steel I-sections with wider flanges or deeper webs in deep beams could compromise the quality of casting and compaction work, particularly in the beam-to-column joint zone, which has complicated detailing. [PERSON] et al. [12] found that specimens with interval holes in the web of concrete-encased steel sections could yield higher ultimate shear resistance and shear stiffness due to the composite action between the I-section and the concrete. Hence, these studies show that adequate bonding between embedded steel section in concrete beams is critical and bonding can be achieved by installing shear studs or by incorporating perforated holes into the webs of steel sections. In conventional reinforced concrete beams, shear reinforcement is provided by shear links to resist shear forces. Existing research has demonstrated various methods of providing shear reinforcement, with recent research exploring the introduction of materials such as fiber-reinforced polymer or steel plates to complement conventional shear links. However, the potential to use embedded thin steel plates with perforated holes to replace conventional shear links inside RC deep beams is yet to be addressed. Hence, this study aims to investigate the performance of an alternative shear reinforcing method by fully replacing conventional shear links with perforated thin mild steel (TMS) plates in RC deep beams. Thirteen deep beam specimens were prepared with two variables, namely (i) perforated hole configurations of zero, three, four, and five columns of holes in the TMS plates and (ii) TMS plate thicknesses of 1.5, 2.0, and 2.5 mm.
## 3 Metaverse Classroom: A Layered Architectural View
### Content and Interaction Layer  
#### 3.2.1 Three-Dimensional Virtual Environments  
Three-Dimensional virtual environments are central to delivering immersive and interactive learning experiences in a Metaverse classroom [92]. These environments provide realistic, subject-specific spaces that make learning more engaging and relevant [105]. For example, history students might explore an ancient civilization, walk through historic sites, interact with artifacts, and observe past events [106]. This multisensory experience deepens student engagement, fostering curiosity and retention. The breakout rooms enhance learning by creating spaces tailored to specific activities or subjects [107]. In a literature class, students might gather in a virtual library to discuss novels or use a stage setting to role-play scenes from a play [108]. These rooms promote focused collaboration and allow teachers to provide individualized support by moving between groups to monitor progress and offer guidance [87]. Virtual science labs offer hands-on experimentation without the limitations of physical lab spaces [109]. Students can conduct complex experiments, handle hazardous materials, or manipulate biological models safely and repeatedly [110]. For example, students might dissect a virtual frog to study anatomy without ethical concerns. Chemistry students could observe chemical reactions in real time without risk. These labs encourage trial-and-error learning, improving scientific understanding and confidence in experimentation [111]. In addition to academic settings, virtual creative studios allow students to explore artistic subjects in interactive 3D spaces [112]. These studios might include digital art rooms, virtual music instruments, or performance stages for theater or dance practice. Virtual creative spaces offer tools and environments that may not be available in physical classrooms, allowing students to experiment and express themselves freely [113]. Lastly, 3D virtual environments are highly adaptable, allowing teachers to modify settings based on lesson objectives or student needs [3]. For instance, an economics class might start in a lecture setting and transition to a virtual marketplace where students simulate managing resources. Teachers can save these settings for future use, enabling interactive, responsive, and engaging lesson plans [114].
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Efficacy Assessment: Anti-Inflammatory, Antioxidant and Mucoprotective Capacities
#### 2.3.5 ORAC Assay  
The ORAC assay was conducted following the procedure reported in the literature after being suitably modified [34]. An aliquot of 20 mL from each sample underwent centrifugation at 14,000 rpm for 15 min. The resulting supernatant was appropriately diluted in phosphate buffer and analyzed. All solutions utilized for the assay were prepared in phosphate buffer pH 7.4 (75 mM), with fluorescein and AAPH solutions at concentrations of 200 nM and 150 mM, respectively.  
Each well of a 96-well multi-well plate received 25 \(\upmu\)L of buffer solution (blank), the sample for analysis (multiple concentrations were used), or a standard solution of Trolox with a known concentration. Subsequently, 150 \(\upmu\)L of the fluorescein solution was added to each well, and the plate was incubated at 37 \({}^{\circ}\)C inside the spectrofluorometer employed for the assay (Synergy H1, Hybrid Reader, BioTek purchased from Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA, USA). After 15 min, 25 \(\upmu\)L of the previously prepared AAPH solution was introduced. Fluorescence was measured through excitation at 485 nm and emission at 535 nm every minute for 1 h and 30 min.  
The area under the curve (AUC) was calculated according to the following Equation (2):  
\[\text{AUC}=1+\text{f1}/\text{f0}+\text{f2}/\text{f0}+\text{f3}/\text{f0}+ \ldots\ldots\ldots+\text{fn}/\text{f0} \tag{2}\]  
where f0, f1, f2, f3 \(\ldots\ldots\) fn represent the fluorescence intensity values at different times.  
Standard solutions of Trolox were used to construct the calibration line where the values of net AUC were expressed as a function of Trolox concentration. The net AUC values for Trolox standard solutions and samples were calculated according to Equation (3):  
\[\text{net AUC}=\text{AUCsample}-\text{AUCblank} \tag{3}\]  
The antioxidant capacity of the samples analyzed was then expressed as micromole equivalents of Trolox per milliliter of sample (\(\upmu\)mol TE/mL).
## 2 EO Satellite and In Situ Observations for Earth Surface
### SMOS Soil Moisture Ocean Salinity Mission  
The Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity SMOS mission [29; 30; 31] was launched on 2 November 2009. This is an interferometric synthetic aperture radiometer mission that can measure the Earth's natural emission at a relatively low microwave frequency of 1.4 GHz in full-polarization and covering multiple incidence angles from 0 to 60 degrees with angles in the 40-45 range accessible all across the swath. SMOS has 69 small static antennae that, thanks to interferometry, are equivalent to a filled antenna of 8 m, achieving a spatial resolution on the ground ranging from 27 to 55 km. The satellite follows a sun-synchronous polar orbit with 6:00 a.m. (ascending half-orbit) and 6:00 p.m. (descending half-orbit) Equator overpass times. The mission provides global brightness temperature and retrieves soil moisture fields in near real time [32; 33]. The land products are also generated globally at 15 km resolution with a latency of 24 h. These products are surface soil moisture, vegetation opacity, and surface dielectric constant [30]. Level-3 and Level-4 are also produced [34] and cover a large range of products [35; 36], e.g., root zone soil moisture and drought index, L-Band Vegetation Optical Depth (VOD, [37; 38; 39]), thin sea ice [40], global rainfall estimates [41], to name a few.
## 5 Experimental Results and Discussions
### Feature Extraction Analysis  
The feature extraction process in this study is calibrated to achieve a feature match ratio of 0.70 across all datasets. This ratio ensures that the watermark embedding process preserves approximately 70% of the original image's features. This method strikes a balance between embedding strength and preserving image integrity. Table 3 shows the feature match in BOSSBase 256 and 512 and COCO2017 dataset.  
The feature match ratio \(F_{r}\) is defined as  
\[F_{r}=\frac{F_{\text{matched}}}{F_{\text{original}}}\]  
where \(F_{\text{matched}}\) denotes the number of matched features between the original and watermarked images and \(F_{\text{original}}\) is the number of features detected in the unwatermarked image. This normalised ratio provides an intuitive measure of how well local features are preserved after watermark embedding.  
Additionally, the transformation matrices derived from the feature matches remain close to identity matrices. This shows minimal geometric distortion. In addition, the method performs reliably across different image sizes, including larger datasets such as BOSSBase512 and COCO2017.  
Beyond feature preservation, the computational efficiency of the watermarking approach is critical for practical forensic applications. The following analysis demonstrates the algorithm's scalability to large evidence repositories.
# The Analysis of Experimental Deployment of IGLUNA 2019 Trans-Ice Longwave System
## 3 Antennas' Surroundings the Parameters of the Ice  
As the environment surrounding both inside-glacier- and surface antennas would not only play a key role of determining their physical state during exploitation, but also affecting their performance as radiating structures.  
For the LF region (30-300 kHz), the electrical permittivity of ice remains constant and is close to the value of 3 [17]. To calculate the tangent of loss angle \(tg\delta\) for 270 kHz, equal to the conductivity divided by the multiplication of pulsation and the electric permittivity, the in situ conductivity of the Klein Matterhorn ice had to be defined. A series of measurements were performed using two spike probes with their tips recessed in the clean wall of the Glacier Paradise, giving the resistance-in-distance and conductivity-in-distance graphs (Figures 8 and 9; the distance between the probes was the varied parameter).  
It can be clearly seen that the changes of both parameters are rapid below the distance of 40 mm. It can be explained as such due to the structure of the ice--despite being the so-called glacier ice, dense and with few intrusions of gases, it remained covered with very thin (atomic) layer of liquid water (which decreased the resistance when the spike probes were close to each other) and crystallized in a non-uniform way--the crystallization seeds' borders and non-zero amount of gas intrusions most likely played a key role in the increasing of the resistance between the probes above the 40-mm distance between them. Figure 10 presents the calculated \(tg\delta\) for 270 kHz.  
Figure 8: The resistance of the Glacier Paradise ice measured with increasing distance between the probes.  
For the closely-located probes, the tg\(\delta\) value is close to the one defined in [17]: \(\sim\)0.25; for larger distances it decreases below 0.01, showing that the Klein Matterhorn/Glacier Paradise ice did not pose a significant obstruction for the radiation of 270 kHz by the considered loop antennas.
## 4 Results
### General Applications of RIP
#### 4.3.2 Post-Operative Apnea in Infants  
Post-operative apnea (POA) is the term for the condition specified as apnea which is caused by anesthesia in infants during the post-operative recovery phase [70; 76; 80]. Preterm infants are most at risk of apnea, as 25% of surgical cases in infants with a post-birth age of <44 weeks suffer from POA [81]. Both central and obstructive apnea have been reported, along with mixed events [76; 81]. Because of the blockage in the pharyngeal airway, apneas create respiratory effort with diminished to ceased inspiratory airflow. Both central and obstructive apnea are potentially dangerous, as death may occur in severe cases. The majority of neonates require medical intervention to restart normal breathing [82]. In [11], the authors developed an Automated Unsupervised Respiratory Event Analysis (AUREA) to identify breathing patterns recorded using twin-belt RIP. The findings of this study suggest that AUREA can efficiently detect the respiratory rate in RIP signals on a sample-by-sample basis. The AUREA pattern classifications have been utilized to analyze the breathing patterns of premature newborns following the removal of endotracheal tubes (ETTs). A predictor of extrusion readiness in extremely premature infants is planned to be developed using both AUREA patterns and AUREA measurements. Evaluating the patterns and measures produced by AUREA can help identify respiratory patterns and indicate vulnerable children at risk of POA.
# Enforcing Optimal ACL Policies Using K-Partite Graph in Hybrid SDN
## 3 Problem Formulation
### The Formal Technique to Deploy ACL Policies  
In a traditional network, ACL policies are implemented manually. There is no formal algorithm/technique. For hybrid SDN, we have proposed a decision tree based mechanism to install ACL policies automatically. We had proposed to construct an individual decision tree for each policy ([PERSON] et al. [6]). For example, we construct a decision tree to implement P1 as shown in Figure 7. By using this tree traversing policy, P1 is installed at the interface of LE2 and verifies that other data centers are not accessed by subnet A. Suppose that we have two other ACL policies, say P2 and P3. P2 describe that data centers BD1 and BD2 are only accessed by subnet B nodes, i.e., B1 and B2. This policy is implemented by using tree traversing explained in Figure 8. Similarly, policy P3 defines that subnet C nodes, (i.e., C1 and C2) are only allowed to access data centers CD1 and CD2. P3 is implemented using the tree traversing method explained in Figure 9. To implement all three policies, we need to construct and traverse three trees. If we have N number of policies, we will have to construct and traverse N number of trees. This is a more delicate and sluggish way.  
Figure 7: Graph traversing for policy P1.  
Figure 8: Graph traversing for policy P2.  
Figure 9: Graph traversing for policy P3.  
We are concerned with the implementation of policies on network device interfaces. Related problems are the implementation of policy, change in policy (how easily we can make updates in previously implemented policies), adding new policies along with old policies.  
We need to minimize the number of ACL policies and unwanted traffic which is a combinatorial problem. In a combinatorial problem, such subsets of network interfaces are searched where a minimum number of ACL policies are required, and unwanted traffic is also minimal. We propose in this paper to construct a decision tree and traverse by using K-partite graphs for all ACL policies. Moreover, we add the optimization parameter discussed in Section A in the tree.
# Highly Compact Through-Wire Microstrip to Empty Substrate Integrated Coaxial Line Transition
## 1 Introduction
The benefits of this transition are its compactness, its simplicity, the possibility of having different layer heights for the feeding layer and the ESICL device and the possibility for the feeding line to adopt any angle of orientation within the plane of the top cover. All aforementioned advantages are important, but among them stands out the possibility of using an arbitrary angle between the feeding line and ESICL, and the use of different layers to implement planar lines and ESICL. The main application of a transition such as the one proposed in this paper is providing a means to develop hybrid planar/ESICL circuits, where the strengths of both technologies can be exploited. This main application is clearly reinforced by the main identified advantages. On the one hand, a transition showing a strong independence with the feeding angle provides flexibility to distribute the different circuits or elements in the available space. On the other hand, having ESICL and planar lines in different layers allows to overlap both technologies, achieving higher degrees of compactness and providing even more flexibility to the development of hybrid planar/ESICL circuits. This paper is organized as follows: Section 2 deals with the design of the transition, whereas the results of a back-to-back prototype are presented in Section 3; finally, main conclusions are discussed in Section 4.
## 3 Results and Discussion  
### Characterization of the Activated Carbon  
As displayed in Figure 3, the profile of thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) obtained with argon nutshells clearly shows weight loss occurring as function of temperature increase. This profile is likewise of interest regarding the carbonization temperature range needed for the activated carbon production. In concurrence with the writing [85], the first weight loss of 5.9% is credited to the released of moisture content and volatile matter at a temperature range between 20 \({}^{\circ}\)C and 100 \({}^{\circ}\)C. The second decomposition stage of the profile shows a weight loss of 61.9% at a temperature range of 240 \({}^{\circ}\)C to 370 \({}^{\circ}\)C and is due to the decomposition of hemicellulose and cellulose. The final stage of the profile exhibited weight loss of 12.6% and is credited to the decomposition of lignin at a temperature above 370 \({}^{\circ}\)C. Stabilization of the material was seen near 600 \({}^{\circ}\)C and explains the consideration of this temperature for carbonization.  
The FT-IR spectrum of AC, displayed in Figure 4, shows characteristic vibration bands of carbonaceous materials [86]. The figure of spectrum FTIR shows the presence of aromatic amines between 1500 to 1600 cm\({}^{-1}\), C-O bonds of Ester between 1210 to 1260 cm\({}^{-1}\), the isopropyl group (CH\({}_{3}\))\({}_{2}\)CH- bonds between 990 to 1050 cm\({}^{-1}\), and C-N bonds of the nitrile derivatives at 834 cm\({}^{-1}\).  
The textural properties of the AC were measured by nitrogen physisorption at 77K. It was evident that AC presented the type II physisorption isotherm (Figure 5) according to IUPAC classification [87], which is characteristic for the microporous materials. The results show that the phosphoric acid obtained the highest specific surface area, highest pore volume, and narrow pore size distribution (Table 3). These properties offer a good potential for the prepared activated carbons to be used as efficient adsorbents.  
Figure 3: TGA/DSC curve of the organ shells under nitrogen atmosphere.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Hyperspectral Image Acquisition and Data Preprocessing of Holy Basil  
A PlantScreenTM system was employed for hyperspectral data collection. Hyperspectral images (510 \(\times\) 550 pixels) of fresh holy basil were captured across two spectral ranges: visible-near infrared (VNIR, 355-900 nm) and shortwave infrared (SWIR, 900-1700 nm), yielding 1116 spectral bands within the 355-1700 nm range. Images were segmented to isolate holy basil parts, with backgrounds removed. PlantScreenTM software (version 3.1.7.21) converted images into spectral data, mitigating multicollinearity issues and calculating average spectra and standard deviations for each sample. Data were initially categorized into three groups based on plant age: first cut at 42 d, second cut 21 d after the initial leaf cutting, and third cut 21 d after the second cut. To reduce dimensionality, spectral data were sampled at 2 nm wavelength intervals. Based on analysis from the previous study [33], which showed that data from the first cut deviated significantly from the others, we selected only data from the second and third cuts for our current analysis.
# Stress and Fatigue Analysis of Picking Device Gears for a 2.6 kW Automatic Pepper Transplanter
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Determination of Suitable Face Width and Material
#### 2.2.3.  
Gear Contact Stress Analysis with AGMA Theory  
In order to validate the results from the FEA, the stress was calculated from the measured load data using the AGMA theory [16; 38]. While the gears and pinions transmit power, a high contact stress occurs at the tooth surface. Based on the AGMA stress theory, the gear contact stress was calculated for the contact between two cylinders [39]. The contact stress could be estimated using the face width of the gear, considering the allowable properties of the selected material. The contact stress at the tooth root between two mating gears was calculated based on the AGMA standard, using Equations (9) and (10).  
\[F_{m}=\frac{2000T}{d_{m}} \tag{9}\]  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Parameter**} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**Specification**} \\ \cline{2-5}  & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Crank Gear Set**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Cam Gear Set**} \\ \cline{2-5}  & **Gear** & **Pinion** & **Gear** & **Pinion** \\ \hline Number of teeth, integer & 45 & 45 & 30 & 60 \\ Pressure angle, degree (o) & 20 & 20 & 20 & 20 \\ Pitch circle diameter, mm & 47 & 47 & 32 & 64 \\ Base circle radius, mm & 22 & 22 & 15 & 30 \\ Addendum circle radius, mm & 24 & 24 & 17 & 33 \\ Radius of pitch circle, mm & 23.5 & 23.5 & 16 & 32 \\ Node, integer & 124,342 & 75,457 & 46,855 & 71,831 \\ Element, integer & 83,695 & 49,344 & 27,912 & 42,929 \\ Material & & Medium- or high-carbon steel & \\ Operating condition & & 2.95 Nm @ 6.284 rad/s & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: Picking device gear mechanism stress analysis to obtain the contract stress using FEA simulation.  
\[\sigma_{H}=Z_{E}\sqrt{F_{m}K_{o}K_{d}K_{s}\frac{K_{H}}{2r_{p2}FZ_{1}}} \tag{10}\]