## 3 Results and Discussion  
### Selected Plant Growth Attributes  
During the cultivation period, environmental conditions (temperature, relative humidity, and CO\({}_{2}\) concentration) were well maintained (Table 1). Significant differences were observed between cultivation periods for plant morphological properties, as shown in Figure 1, as well as plant heights and weights, as detailed in Table 2. The weights of AR and OBP were remarkably varied following the cultivation period. Flowering started from 70 DAS in AR (Figure 1) and 90 DAS in OBP (Figure S2), and these influenced their growth rate calculated based on the weight change. At a particular time (pre-flowering), the growth rate dramatically increased from 0.39 (30-60 DAS) to 2.12 (60-70 DAS) in AR and from 0.58 (60-70 DAS) to 0.85 (70-80 DAS) in OBP. Meanwhile, the other plants (MO and SO) that did not flower in this experiment showed a consistent increase in growth rate of 0.01 (0-30 DAS) to 1.94 (70-80 DAS) in MO and 0.05 (0-30 DAS) to 0.81 (70-80 DAS) in SO, respectively. These observations were consistent with the previous literature that explained that the plant's growth rate can be calculated by weight change. After the planting, small plant sizes start to increase dramatically and stabilize after the flower induction. Therefore, the transition from the vegetative phase to the reproductive phase can be recognized by the growth curve by finding the initial of the vegetative phase (flowering stage) [(43; 44)]. Based on their phenological properties, four classes (S1, seedling stage; S2, vegetative stage; S3, pre-flowering stage; S4, flowering stage) were divided, and for MO and SO, which did not appear to transition from the vegetative stage to reproductive stage, sub-classes for vegetative stages were used. Figure 1: (**A**) Morphological characters and (**B**) relative growth rate calculated based on the weight of plants (**a**: AR; **b**: MO; **c**: OBP; **d**: SO) collected on 30, 60, 70, and 80 DAS. Estimation of Total Phenolics Content, Rosmarinic Acid Content, and Their Influence on Antioxidant Activity  
Based on the HPLC-DAD analysis, there was one major compound detected commonly at 280 nm across all plant species. The main peak was identified as the RA by its specific MS and MS\({}^{2}\) spectrum derived from its fragmentation pattern (Figure 2) through UPLC-Tandem MS analysis. Based on the MS and MS\({}^{2}\) spectrum, the fragmentation pattern (Figure 2C) showed a peak at \(m/z\) 359 as the precursor ion and MS\({}^{2}\) spectrum exhibited the ions at \(m/z\) 197, 179, 161, and 135, corresponding to [caffeic acid (C\({}_{9}\)H\({}_{8}\)O\({}_{4}\)) \(-\) H \(-\) CO\({}_{2}\)]\({}^{-}\), [caffeic acid (C\({}_{9}\)H\({}_{8}\)O\({}_{4}\)) \(-\) H]\({}^{-}\), and [quinic acid (C\({}_{7}\)H\({}_{12}\)O\({}_{6}\)) \(-\) H]\({}^{-}\), respectively. Through qualitative analysis of selected _Lamiaceae_ plants, RA was observed as the main compound, as described in Figure 3. Previously, phenolics including RA have had a high association with antioxidant activity (AOA), and this can result in the presence of diverse pharmacological properties in plants [45]. Therefore, spectroscopic measurement was conducted for TPC and HPLC analysis detected at 280 nm was performed for quantification of RA (Figure 4). Additionally, DPPH radical scavenging activity (DPPH) and ABTS radical scavenging activity (ABTS) were evaluated to assess their influence on antioxidant activities (Figure 5). The distribution of TPC and RAC in _Lamiaceae_ plants varied significantly depending on plant species and their growth progression, as shown in Figure 4.  
In the case of AR, RAC increased during the vegetative phases (S1, 18.3 \(\pm\) 4.6 mg/g; S2, 35.0 \(\pm\) 6.8 mg/g; S3, 71.4 \(\pm\) 5.2 mg/g) and decreased during the flowering phase (S4, 65.1 \(\pm\) 10.1 mg/g). However, there were no significant differences in TPC observed from 60 DAS (Figure 4A,B).