esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# An Effective Simulation Scheme for Predicting the Aerodynamic Heat of a Scramjet-Propelled Vehicle
## 3 Validation Tests
### Transonic Stage
#### 3.1.1 Grid Strategy
As can be seen in Table 2, it is clear that the values of \(m\) at 480,000 were better; therefore, the mesh with 480,000 cells was selected. Figure 1:7 (**a**) computational domain; (**b**) close view of grids in and near the WALL region. Figure 1:8 Yplus of 1 with 20 inflation layers. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multicolumn{12}{c}{**Computational**} & \multicolumn{12}{c}{**x/c**} \\ \multicolumn{12}{c}{**Domains**} & \multicolumn{12}{c}{**(m, cp, Temperature and Error Ratio)**} \\ \cline{2-12} \multicolumn{12}{c}{**Domains**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**0**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**0.2**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**0.4**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**0.6**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**0.8**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**1**} \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{6} & 0.3745 & 0.6719 & 308.5 & 0.59013 & 0.4052 & 290.7 & 0.63756 & 0.3451 & 290.1 & 0.67321 & 0.2939 & 284.4 & 0.71826 & 0.2351 & 286.7 & 0.8773 & 0.00459 & 287.7 \\  & 15.49\% & 12.54 & / & 14.25\% & 13.09\% & / & 13.52\% & 11.68\% & / & 13.29\% & 11.95\% & / & 13.8\% & 12.13\% & / & 10.49\% & 10.4\% & / \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{8} & 0.3793 & 0.6819 & 321.5 & 0.59774 & 0.4112 & 302.7 & 0.64396 & 0.3497 & 302.8 & 0.68116 & 0.2971 & 300.7 & 0.72441 & 0.29 & 301.8 & 0.886 & 0.00465 & 302.1 \\  & 14.41 & 11.24\% & / & 13.15\% & 11.81\% & / & 12.65\% & 10.5\% & / & 12.26\% & 10.99\% & / & 13.06\% & 10.67\% & / & 9.58\% & 9.23\% & / \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{12} & 0.3779 & 0.6769 & 329.2 & 0.59644 & 0.4097 & 311.3 & 0.64085 & 0.3477 & 309.1 & 0.67843 & 0.2964 & 310.2 & 0.7211 & 0.2371 & 310.2 & 0.882 & 0.00463 & 311.2 \\  & 14.72 & 11.89 & / & 13.34\% & 12.13\% & / & 13.07\% & 11.01\% & / & 12.62\% & 11.2\% & / & 13.46\% & 11.38\% & / & 10.02\% & 9.62\% & / \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Computational domain independently study of three levels of sizes with error ratios. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multicolumn{12}{c}{**Mesh (Cells)**} & \multicolumn{12}{c}{**w/c**} \\ \multicolumn{12}{c}{**Mesh (Cells)**} & \multicolumn{12}{c}{**(m, cp, Temperature and Error Ratio)**} \\ \multicolumn{12}{c}{**(m, cp, Temperature and Error Ratio)**} \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{210,000} & 0.3703 & 0.6819 & 321.5 & 0.59774 & 0.4112 & 302.7 & 0.64396 & 0.3497 & 302.8 & 0.68116 & 0.2971 & 300.7 & 0.72441 & 0.29 & 301.8 & 0.886 & 0.00465 & 302.1 \\  & 14.41\% & 11.24\% & / & 13.15\% & 11.81\% & / & 12.65\% & 10.5\% & / & 12.26\% & 10.99\% & / & 13.
# Measurement of Dielectric Properties of Thin Materials for Radomes Using Waveguide Cavities
## 3 Results
### Measurement Setup
#### 3.2.3 Collecting Data  
Initially, the empty waveguide cavity was connected to the network analyzer, sandwiched between two shims. The resonant peak of the dominant mode was identified at about 1.6 GHz for the WR650 cavity and 5.575 GHz for the WR137 cavity. To be able to obtain the half-power bandwidth of this peak, data points 3 dB below the peak were needed. Therefore, we manually zoomed into the resonant peak on the network analyzer to ensure that there would be a high enough frequency resolution for this bandwidth calculation. This resonant peak was then saved in an s2p file for evaluation in a Jupyter Notebook [30].  
This process was repeated with the addition of only foam within the cavity and then foam and each material sample within the cavity (as outlined previously).  
It was observed that some materials immediately did not meet the requirements of a radome application. They either had loss tangents of greater than 0.05 or permittivity values of greater than 3. These values, especially at this low frequency as permittivity and loss tangent tend to increase with increased frequency, tell us that these materials would create too much loss within the system. This is especially important for our intended application of radio astronomy, as any loss, even 0.1 dB, can add unwanted noise [32]. Therefore, results were only collected for five materials, including the two reference materials. Once  
Figure 6: Various stages of setup for measuring dielectric properties of materials: (**a**) material under test within the foam blocks; (**b**) foam and sample within WR650 waveguide cavity; (**c**) shims on either side of the WR650 waveguide cavity before the final waveguide adapter is attached.  
Figure 7: Final WR650 waveguide cavity and network analyzer setup to measure the dielectric properties of possible radome materials. Multiple resonant peaks are displayed on the network analyzer in the background.  
the resonant peaks were obtained for each material under test, the data within the s2p files were able to be imported into the Jupyter Notebook for further analysis [30].  
Using the scikit-rf package for Python, the resonant peak data were extracted from each of the s2p files [33]. The data from the simulated cavities were also exported from CST Studio Suite in s2p files. Each of the resonant peaks was then replotted within the notebook to ensure that the peak was clean and to easily extract the bandwidth for each of the Q-factors [30; 31; 34]. Example resonant peaks for the WR650 cavity are shown in Figure 8. The simulated plots have different S21 values than the experimental plots, as our models were simulated in ideal conditions, with the material of the shims and cavity set as pure aluminum, while our actual materials were not. The frequency spans were also different as we zoomed into the experimental peak on the network analyzer to ensure that the clear peak was observed, with large amounts of data available for use.
## 1 Introduction
In such cases, one-time pad (OTP) encryption presents a viable solution, providing exceptional secrecy, low computational overhead, immunity to quantum attacks, independence from trusted centralized systems, and ease of implementation. These attributes fulfill the lightweight computational requirements essential for resource-constrained IoT devices. Our approach is to substitute the key agreement process with an approach that uses true random numbers, a dummy third party, and a modified classical three-party computation protocol. This modified protocol can be applied in real time to mask communications. True randomness ensures that the generated key is used only once, thus maintaining confidentiality. The details of the protocol are explained in Section 2, and we implement it in a distributed environment based on ZeroC-Ice v.3.7., and the Python language v.3.12, as described in Sections 3 and 4. Furthermore, an analysis of the security properties is presented in Section 5, and our findings are discussed in Section 6.
# Multi-Objective Optimization of Hybrid Renewable Tri-Generation System Performance for Buildings
## 6 Conclusions  
The annual performance of a hybrid trigeneration system installed in a residential building in Incheon (Republic of Korea) was investigated and optimized through the co-running of TRNSYS and GAMS platforms. A multi-objective optimization code was developed and solved in GAMS to optimize the trigeneration system performance, design parameters, cost and emissions. System optimal design parameters were established for GAHX length, PVT surface area, and AWHP heating and cooling capacities. Annual dynamic simulation using the TRNSYS platform defined the heat delivery by each system component under optimum conditions. The thermal energy contribution from GAHX and PVT systems to the air before entering the mixing chamber is 28.7% and 1.6%, respectively, of the AWHP thermal energy delivery in the winter season. In addition, the blower fan motor contributes about 4.6% of the AWHP thermal energy delivery in the winter. Whereas in the summer, the GAHX removes about 35.7% of the thermal energy delivery by the AWHP from the air before entering the mixing chamber. However, the heat released from the blower fan motor increases the thermal energy load in the summer by 4.6% of the AWHP thermal energy provided in the summer season. The breakdown of annual electrical energy consumption, generation and imports from the electrical grids of the hybrid trigeneration system showed that 70% of the electricity is imported from the electric grid. The AWHP provides an annual average COP of 3.5, whereas the PVT has 13.4 percent thermal and 9.5 percent electrical performance.  
It was found that government subsidies would play a substantial role in hybrid renewable system diffusion as they would accelerate their introduction in the residential/commercial sector with an immediate impact on greenhouse gas emissions.  
Conceptualization, M.G., L.Y., E.E. and E.-J.L.; methodology, M.G. L.Y., E.E. and E.-J.L.; software, M.G.; validation, M.G. L.Y., E.-C.K. and Y.-J.K.; formal analysis, M.G.; investigation, M.G.; resources, M.G., S.B., Y.N. and K.K.; data curation, M.G.; writing--original draft preparation, M.G.; writing--review and editing, M.G., E.E., E.-J.L. and Y.N.; visualization, M.G. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
Korea Institute of Energy Research (KIER), Korean Energy Technology Evaluation and Planning (KETEP) and the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy (MOTIE) of the Republic of Korea (No. 20188550000430), Natural Resources Canada through the Program of Energy Research and Development (PERD).  
Not applicable.  
This work is supported by the Korea Institute of Energy Research (KIER), Korean Energy Technology Evaluation and Planning (KETEP) and the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy (MOTIE) of the Republic of Korea (No. 20188550000430). Funding for this work is also provided by Natural Resources Canada through the Program of Energy Research and Development (PERD).  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# A Long-Distance WiFi Network as a Tool to Promote Social Inclusion in Southern Vercarruz, Mexico
## 3 Methodology
### Diagnosis of the Municipality of Mecayapan
#### 3.1.4 Cultural Identity  
In Mecayapan, since pre-Hispanic times, the predominant ethnic settlement until today are Nahuas, Zoque Popoluca, and a minimal part that corresponds to the north of the municipality that is populated by mestizo people (Perla del Golfo, Arrecifes, El Salado, Vicente Guerrero, etc.).  
A tradition of this area is a regional fair in honor of the saint [PERSON], patron of the town, which is celebrated on 12 May of each year, with popular dances, fireworks, religious acts, mechanical games, horse races, ribbon tournaments, and sports. On 31 May, the day of the Living Virgin is celebrated. Moreover, 15 December is the day of the Virgin  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline
**Type** & **Length (km)** \\ \hline Total in the municipality & 45 \\ Paved federal trunks & 7.8 \\ Paved State feeders & 21.5 \\ State jacketed feeders & 0 \\ Paved country roads & 0 \\ Coated rural roads & 8 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Road network in Mecayapan [49].  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline
**Indexator** & **Houstings** \\ \hline Inhabited private houses & 4704 \\ Availability of piped water & 4137 \\ Drainage availability & 3717 \\ Availability of electricity & 4587 \\ Availability of toilet & 3832 \\ With floor of Cement & 3812 \\ With floor of firm Land & 796 \\ Wood, mosaic and other coatings & 73 \\ Car or truck & 324 \\ TV & 2548 \\ Fridge & 2147 \\ Washing machine & 2147 \\ Computer & 143 \\ Radio & 1401 \\ Landline phone & 184 \\ Cell phone & 1710 \\ Internet access & 64 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: Infrastructure in Mecayapan [49].  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline
**Type** & **Public** & **Particular** & **Total** \\ \hline Cars & 44 & 377 & 421 \\ Passenger trucks & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ Trucks and vans cargo & 40 & 378 & 418 \\ Motorcycles & 0 & 16 & 16 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Motor vehicles (2016–2017) in Mecayapan [49].  
of Juquila, and 1 and 2 November are the days of the faithfully departed, in which they are offered what they liked the most in life and placed in a suitable place. As for music, Jaranas are typical of the municipality, together with Son Jarochos, the Danzon, and the Decimas. In terms of crafts, we find pottery and weaving for personal use as the main activities of the municipality. Furthermore, regarding its gastronomy, what stands out the most is mole and barbecue as traditional foods.  
Following the reflection, it must be taken into account that the internet is a space in which communities develop their identity and culture, and in turn, allows establishing links and collaborations with other cultures, strengthening personal feeling and sharing and getting to know other cultural realities. In this sense, the implementation of the antenna would allow increasing communication not only within the community, but with other communities.
# Sensorless Current Pulsation Compensation in a Hybrid Energy Storage
## 3 Implementation and Experimental Verification
### Pulsation Compensator Analysis
In this test, two cases were considered: a cold start of the compensator\(-\)a startup with stable DC link pulsation\(-\)and a reference change during stable operation of the compensator. The results are presented in Figures 11 and 12. Figure 9: Laboratory bench diagrams for frequency domain evaluation of the compensator system\(-\)(**A**) setup for open loop evaluation of the compensator, (**B**) setup for closed loop evaluation of the compensator. During the cold start test, the compensator was started in a state where the four-wire inverter was already operating in asymmetric mode and the pulsation was present in the DC link (Figure 10). At t = 0.04 s, the compensator starts generating the current, with a slight overshoot in the first two cycles, which stabilizes after five cycles. The peak energy storage current value is reduced from 8 to 1.5 A. In the pulsation step test (Figure 11), the inverter dynamically changes the pulsation by 31% (from 11 to 16 A\({}_{\rm{PP}}\)), at t = 0.04 s. The pulsation takes over instantly, without any overshoots. The change in the storage current is visible: the pulsation slightly increases and is more visible compared to the noise; however, the pulsation is not visible in the first two cycles. Figure 11: Cold start of the compensator. Figure 10: Frequency domain analysis of the dual active bridge converter in open loop **(a)**, the PR controller **(b)**, and the PR-driven dual active bridge converter in closed loop **(c)**. it is still effectively reduced when compared to the case with the compensator turned off (Figure 10, before t = 0.04 s).
###### Abstract  
Current requirements for ensuring data exchange over the internet to fight against security breaches have to consider new cryptographic attacks. The most recent advances in cryptanalysis are boosted by quantum computers, which are able to break common cryptographic primitives. This makes evident the need for developing further communication protocols to secure sensitive data. Zero-knowledge proof systems have been around for a while and have been considered for providing authentication and identification services, but it has only been in recent times that its popularity has risen due to novel applications in blockchain technology, Internet of Things, and cloud storage, among others. A new zero-knowledge proof system is presented, which bases its security in two main problems, known to be resistant, up to now, against quantum attacks: the graph isomorphism problem and the isomorphism of polynomials problem.  
graph isomorphism; isomorphism of polynomials; interactive proof system; multivariate cryptography; zero-knowledge proof
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Damaged Region Classification (R-Class)  
Damage identification is the first fundamental step that the UGW-based SHM must undertake. In this context, the ML was first used here to ascertain the presence of damage within a given plate and to discern the specific \"region\" of structural damage, if it exists. Subsequently, the system endeavors to estimate the extent and severity of the damage, along with its precise spatial localization within the structure.  
To experimentally reproduce several different damage configurations without necessarily increasing the samples number, the effect of a BVD can be simulated through an added mass (reversible damage) placed on the surface of the plate. To accomplish this, a wooden cube with in-plane dimensions of 20 mm \(\times\) 25 mm and a thickness of 10 mm was used for the experiments (Figure 7a). A mass of 0.3 kg was applied to the cube to ensure contact with the plate. The structure was thus partitioned into four equal-sized regions denoted as Ri, with i = 1,2,3,4, as illustrated in Figure 7b. The experiment was run 40 times in each region using a randomly chosen fault location on each occasion. Specifically, \"R-Class i\" refers to the damaged region Ri. The remaining 4 sensors (S-i, i = 2-5, located in the diagonal directions) captured the signals while the sensor S-C (located in the center) activated the plate. Only the signals related to the damaged conditions were examined for the feature extraction process. The entire length of the received signals was considered, and two sensor pairings--comprising sensors 2 and 3, and 4 and 5, respectively-- were investigated. The primary objective of the research was to determine whether or not damage localization could be demonstrated using only two sensors on the assumption that the number of observations is limited. The machine learning algorithm was used for this purpose.  
Figure 6: Flowchart of the stages proposed in this work.  
Figure 7: (**a**) Wooden cuboid (simulated damage); (**b**) schematic of the considered regions on the plate (R-Classes).
# Microwave Photonic Devices Based on Liquid Crystal on Silicon Technology
## 7 Conclusions  
Microwave photonics provides a solution to overcome the limitations in electronic devices. Devices implemented using microwave photonic techniques can process microwave and millimeter wave signals over a wide frequency range. They can be integrated with fiber optic communication systems and are immune to EMI. Microwave photonic devices based on LCOS technology offer additional advantages of high reconfigurability, parallel signal processing and robust performance. Recent works on using LCOS based optical processors to implement widely tunable high-resolution notch filters, continuously tunable 0\({}^{\circ}\)-360\({}^{\circ}\) phase shifters, and low amplitude and phase imbalance hybrid couplers have been described. Additionally, a new LCOS based microwave photonic device that can perform multiple RF signal time shifting, phase shifting and amplitude controlling operations at the same time has been presented. It is capable to generate multiple output RF signals with arbitrary amplitude and phase shifts. Experimental results have demonstrated simultaneous time and phase shifting operations over an extremely wide bandwidth of 10 to 40 GHz. Around 6 dB improvement in the output RF signal power across the operating frequency range in comparison to the previously reported LCOS based time shifter using SSB modulation has also been demonstrated. The LCOS based microwave photonic devices presented in this paper should find applications in radar, electronic warfare, and communication.  
Writing--original draft preparation, formal analysis and investigation, R.Z.; writing--review and editing, E.H.W.C. and X.W.; project administration and supervision: X.W., X.F., and B.-O.G.  
This research was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC, Beijing, China), (No. 61501205, 61771221).  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Effect of Axial Modification on the Meshing Performance of Involute Developid Gear Pair
## 4 Meshing Performance Analysis of the Beveloid Gear Pair with Axial Modification  
In combination with the method mentioned in the literature [25], the equivalent stress data of the beveloid gear are extracted from the results of the finite element analysis results. The aforementioned data are employed in the formation of a cloud map of the equivalent stress distribution of the tooth flank of the beveloid gear. Figure 8 depicts the equivalent stress distribution cloud map across the tooth flank without modification.  
Figure 6: Grid model of the beveloid gear pair.  
Figure 7: Meshing model of the beveloid gear pair.  
It can be observed that the discrepancy in tooth width between the pinion and the gear results in edge load on both sides of the tooth flank in the axial direction, which negatively affects the load-carrying capacity and stability of the transmission of the paralleled beveloid gear pair.  
In order to address the issue of edge load on the tooth flank of the beveloid gear pair, a modification is made to the beveloid gear pair using a segmented parabolic axial modification. By modifying the two modification parameters, namely, the maximum modification amount and the modification length, a new modification scheme can be formed under a specific combination of modification parameters. The new scheme can then be used to analyse the meshing performance under the corresponding modification scheme, thus allowing the influence of different modification schemes on the meshing performance to be studied. The following section will examine the impact of varying modification amounts and lengths on the meshing performance separately.
## Appendix A.2.1 Architecture
### 4G Long-Term Evolution (LTE)  
Long-term evolution (LTE) represents the fourth generation (4G) of mobile networks, and it is the successor of UMTS, which it aims to improve on. The standardization of LTEby 3 GPP ended on 2008. While GSM and UMTS are based on the circuit-switched model, LTE supports only packet-switched services. It provides seamless Internet Protocol (IP) connectivity between a mobile device and the packet data network (PDN), without any disruption to the end users' applications during movement.
## 2 Channel Model and Signal-to-Noise Ratio
### Effective Signal-Collection Area Model for Non-Imaging Angle-diversity Receivers
#### 2.2.1 Conventional Angle-Diversity Receiver
The receiver structure resulted from a study focused on designing the conventional angle-diversity receiver that offers the best performance with respect to the path loss and the rms delay spread [13].