## 7 Conclusions  
The Internet of Things (IoT) is a developing network with a global infrastructure that sustains numerous communication protocols and standards, reflecting its broad spectrum of services. Furthermore, its attributes and functionalities create avenues for a wide variety of services, ranging from healthcare to smart city solutions, home automation, and industrial  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Protocols** & **Computational Cost (ms)** & **Energy Consumption (mJ)** \\ \hline
[45] & 8.9408 & 97.27 \\
[46] & 13.4043 & 145.83 \\
[47] & 99.2127 & 1079.43 \\
[48] & 8.9201 & 97.05 \\
[49] & 11.1599 & 121.41 \\
[50] & 13.4292 & 146.1 \\
[51] & 37.8604 & 411.91 \\
[52] & 24.5182 & 266.75 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 6: Energy consumption comparison of the related protocols.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Protocol** & **No. of Messages** & **Total Cost in Bit** \\ \hline
[43] & 3 & 3584 \\
[44] & 4 & 2624 \\
[45] & 2 & 2240 \\
[46] & 2 & 1472 \\
[48] & - & 3900 \\
[49] & 4 & 1600 \\
[50] & 3 & 1664 \\
[51] & 3 & 2288 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 5: Comparison of communication costs.  
applications. This assortment of services has made the network an attractive target for potential adversaries.  
On the flip side, restrictions in resources and computational capabilities have brought about vulnerabilities in certain aspects of this network, especially in smart home devices, wireless sensor networks (WSNs), and the Routing Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Networks (RPL). The objective of this article is to investigate the obstacles and vulnerabilities within the Internet of Things landscape, while also addressing its security vulnerabilities.  
In conclusion, we recommend a framework to mitigate vulnerabilities in IoT systems, especially when faced with constraints on node resources. Both formal assessments and informal appraisals regarding the security of our recommended method indicate that our schema effectively safeguards against a multitude of network attacks while addressing vulnerabilities within IoT systems. In addition, due to the importance of energy consumption and the need for a mechanism compatible with energy consumption efficiency, our protocol boasts the shortest computational time when compared to other proposed solutions.  
In the end, due to the extensive developments that are happening in infrastructure and communication technologies, every day we are facing new and serious challenges in the implementation of security. Among the developments that can be mentioned is the emergence of powerful quantum systems that have created very serious challenges in encryption algorithms. Our team is trying to improve security by providing effective research for improving security mechanisms in the field of quantum-resistant cryptography.  
All authors have participated in (a) conception and design, or analysis and interpretation of the data; (b) drafting the article or revising it critically for important intellectual content. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
The research leading to these results has received funding from the Ministry of Higher Education, Research & Innovation (MoHERI) of the Sultanate of Oman under the Block Funding Program (Block Funding Agreement No.: MoHERI/BFP/GULF/2022, Project Code: BFP/RGP/ICT/22/474). We certify that all financial and material support for the conduct of this study and/or preparation of this manuscript is clearly described in the Compliance with Ethical Standards section of the manuscript.  
The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.