## 1 Introduction  
Carbonaceous materials possessing hierarchical porosity are desirable owing to a number of advantageous properties, one such example being the coupling of effective mass transfer through macropores and large surface areas derived from both meso- and micropores. High surface areas allow for a large degree of solid-liquid interactions, while effective mass transfer permits rapid access to this surface area throughout the material. More generally, carbonaceous materials are studied prolifically due to their relative chemical inertness and high thermal stability, which has resulted in their consideration as adsorbents [1] or catalyst supports [2], in gas sorption [3], and as electrodes in both Li-ion batteries [4] and double-layer capacitors [5]. The requirement for well-defined porosity within carbon structures has led to the utilization of a range of different precursor materials including carbides [6; 7], synthetic organic polymers [8; 9], and templated materials [10; 11]. One attractive route to hierarchically porous carbon foams is via the carbonization of macroporous polymers templated from high internal phase emulsions (HIPEs). A HIPE is defined as an emulsion containing an internal phase that comprises >74.05% of the total volume of the system, the maximum volume that uniform spheres can close pack without deformation [12]. Polymers are produced from these templates by the polymerization of the continuous, but minority, phase of a HIPE to produce a polyHIPE. Aside from the influence of phase volume ratio and the emulsification method, a great degree of control over the structural properties of a polyHIPE's macropores is possible simply by varying the choice of emulsion stabilizer in the initial HIPE template. HIPEs are commonly stabilized using standard molecular surfactants, which upon polymerization produce open-cell polyHIPEs, meaning that the polymers contain pore throats which connect the emulsion-templated macropores, producing a more permeable structure. On the other hand, particle-stabilized emulsions, also known as Pickering emulsions, are stabilized by larger particles irreversibly adsorbing at the interface of emulsion [13; 14]. Upon polymerization of Pickering HIPEs, closed-cell polyHIPEs containing no pore throats and macropores with larger diameters than those of the surfactant systems are produced [15; 16]. However, it was demonstrated by [PERSON] et al. that open-cell polyHIPEs could be produced from Pickering HIPEs via the addition of a small amount of a standard molecular surfactant prior to polymerization, introducing pore throats into Pickering-HIPE derived polyHIPEs [17]. When a charable polyHIPE is produced, it can be used as a precursor to porous carbon foams, or carboHIPEs, which retain the emulsion-templated macroporosity of the polyHIPE while developing micro- and mesopores upon carbonization, creating hierarchical porosity. The production of carboHIPEs has been described in the literature from a wide variety of starting materials, some of which include sulfonated poly(styrene-\(co\)-divinylbenzene) [18; 19], Kraft black liquor [20], lignin [21], tannins [22], and polyacrylonitrile [23]. Recently, we described the production of carboHIPEs from poly(divinylbenzene)HIPEs synthesized from simple Pickering water-in-divinylbenzene (DVB) HIPE templates [24]. Carbonization of these templates gave carboHIPEs in good yields, retaining the emulsion-templated porosity of the poly(DVB)HIPE precursor and producing surface areas of up to 500 m\({}^{2}\)/g. Pickering HIPEs have also been used to create carboHIPEs by producing sacrificial molds in the form of mesoporous macrocellular silica foams [25]. These Si(HIPEs) were infiltrated with a carbon precursor, carbonized, and washed in HF to produce carboHIPEs with surface areas of up to 900 m\({}^{2}\)/g. In order to try to improve the surface area of carbonaceous materials in general, varying methods of activation have been employed.