the complex biomarker responses, provide a holistic approach, and help optimize the monitoring campaigns [13; 14; 24; 25; 26]. The endpoints of ecotoxicological tests have evolved in parallel with biotechnological progress [27]. Morphological and biochemical-based approaches are now supported using transcriptomic analysis and metabolomic studies, allowing us to identify the exact genetic or metabolic function altered by the pollutants. The appearance of genetic damages prolongs the negative impact of pollutants even after their removal [28; 29; 30; 31; 22; 22]. An analysis of eDNA and eRNA is applied to elucidate the changes in biodiversity and communities' structure. The environmental DNA and RNA metabarcoding technologies represent non-invasive sampling methods since only environmental genetic material is collected and offer more precise and complete population fingerprinting concerning the classic morphological assessment [33; 34; 35; 36; 37; 38]. To meet the growing water-pollution-based issues, traditional and innovative technologies for organic and heavy metal remediation are continuously being improved. Recmediation procedures must consider the presence of microbial contamination, not in wastewater only, and then these methods must be applied according to the reclaimed water application [39]. Bioremediation procedures proved to be among the most sustainable for environmental remediation. The addition of suitable microorganisms can be effective in the presence of organic contaminants; they can metabolize, absorb, or modify [40; 41; 42; 43]. Biosorption phenomena are exploited in constructed wetlands or with the addition of macrophytes or algal species to contaminated water [44; 45]. Various natural origin materials are used alone or in combination in bio-physical adsorption treatments [46; 47; 48; 49]. Absorption can be a simple and effective solution, but the regeneration of the adsorbent materials and/or their safe disposal are problems still not completely solved. Forced aeration, floating aquatic plants, and submerged macrophytes increase the oxygen content and inhibit algal growth, reversing eutrophication in lakes and ponds [50]. The in situ phytoremediation is not widely used because it requires longer treatment times for physicochemical methods, but the low cost and the environmentally friendly characteristics deserve greater attention [51]. The physical removal of contaminants from the water now exploits the most innovative tools, such as nanomaterials. Nanotechnologies represent a deeply studied and applied solution for removing heavy metals, organic pollutants, and microorganisms with the enhanced adsorption and degradation capacity of pollutants via redox reactions [52; 53; 54; 55]. These techniques can also employ different solutions, such as metal-organic framework materials [56] or magnetic nanoparticles [57; 58]. The zero-valent iron nanoparticles, simple or modified, demonstrate very high efficiency in removing both organic and inorganic pollutants [59]. A different kind of adsorbent is the polyelectrolyte-incorporated material, of which practical application needs further improvements [60]. On the other hand, continuous research efforts are made to obtain optimized filtration membranes for efficient and rapid water remediation [61]. The degradation of pollutant molecules to less harmful derivatives is the main remediation strategy of chemical methods. Photoreactions and catalyst-based photoreactions are successfully employed to treat contaminated water, where the catalysts are nanomaterials, usually metal oxides or carbon dots [62; 63]. The potential of these and similar Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) is extensively investigated, especially in tertiary wastewater treatment. Most compounds of emerging concerns are particularly recalcitrant [64; 65; 66].