## 4 Results
### Vermiponics Testbed Productivity Comparison  
Further statistical analysis was performed on the results to determine whether the improvement in the productivity after water replenishment in both testbeds were statistically significant, using \(t\)-test and \(p\)-values. Paired-sample \(t\)-test is generally applied to compare the means of the sample collected from the main group or population, but with different intervals such as pre- and post-tests or before and after a treatment [19]. Mean productivity scores were calculated first using the column values of 'Avg_Plant_Length', 'Avg_Breadth', 'Avg_leaf_Length', 'Avg_Stem_Fish_weight_avg' and 'Fish_length_avg' column values of the input data. Then, paired \(t\)-tests were performed with mean productivity scores determined with before and after replenishment data for both testbeds. The stats.ttest_rel() function was used to perform the test using Python code in Google Colab. libraries. The minimum \(p\)-value set for comparison was 0.05. Lower \(p\)-values typically suggest that the corresponding t-statistic is associated with highly significant results. Analysis revealed that the \(p\)-values are far below 0.05, indicating a significant difference between data before and replenishment. Table 3 shows the attributes and corresponding \(p\)-values for standard aquaponics and vermiponics testbeds. Figures 8 and 9 show the progressions of the daily growth comparison over 91 days on the X-axis and the plant or fish attribute productivity scores attained on the Y-axis for vermiponics and standard testbeds in order, before and after water replenishment. In Figure 8a, the daily growth of plant length is plotted before and after replenishment and a clear difference is shown between the lines plotted. Similarly, all plots show clear differences between the daily growth of all chosen attributes before and after replenishment. These gaps in the plots visually prove the replenishment to be effective for fish and plant productivity. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Attributes** & \(p\)**-Value (Aquaponics)** & \(p\)**-Value (Vermiponics)** \\ \hline Avg Plant Length & \(8.31\times 10^{-61}\) & \(1.77\times 10^{-54}\) \\ Avg Breadth & \(2.15\times 10^{-66}\) & \(1.31\times 10^{-57}\) \\ Avg leaf Length & \(6.81\times 10^{-71}\) & \(1.10\times 10^{-39}\) \\ Avg Stem size & \(7.59\times 10^{-29}\) & \(1.60\times 10^{-25}\) \\ Fish weight avg & \(2.91\times 10^{-63}\) & \(3.08\times 10^{-50}\) \\ Fish length avg & \(7.80\times 10^{-12}\) & \(1.78\times 10^{-43}\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Attributes with \(p\)-values for standard aquaponics and vermiponics. Figure 7: **(a)** Comparison chart between mean productivity before and after replenishment in vermiponics testbed with percentage of productivity difference on top of every bar. The X-axis shows plant and fish attributes, and the Y-axis contains sum of mean productivity. **(b)** A pie chart showing the percentage productivity difference. Figure 8: Daily growth of plant and fish attributes of vermiponics testbed before and after replenishment. (**a**) Daily growth of plant length; (**b**) leaf breadth comparison; (**c**) leaf length. (**d**) The stem size growth. (**e,f**) The fish weights and fish length daily growth, in order. Figure 9: Daily growth of plant and fish attributes of the standard testbed before and after replenishment. (**a**) Daily growth of plant length; (**b**) leaf breadth comparison; and (**c**) leaf length. (**d**) shows the stem size growth. (**e,f**) The fish weights and fish length daily growth in order. Key water quality parameters such as dissolved oxygen and pH values seemed to be in the healthy range [20]. pH values were maintained in between 6 and 8, whereas dissolved oxygen values were between 5 and 10 during replenishment. Total Ammonia and Nitrogen values were shown to be less than 1 after replenishment was applied. Figure 10 shows the pH and DO values before and after replenishment was applied.