# Trust Management for Artificial Intelligence: A Standardization Perspective
## 3 Trust Management in AI Technologies
### Trends Related to ICT Trust Management Technology  
Trust in software and hardware and data and information constituting the ICT system must be a prerequisite to provide stable and sustainable ICT services [11].  
A trusted ICT service environment can promote the emergence of innovative AI application services and the revitalization of the ICT convergence industry by reducing the transaction costs incurred when using ICT services and transacting data and information.  
Trust evaluation is a technical approach for expressing trust relationships and consists of measuring and calculating various properties of the entities, and research and development are in progress in the direction of defining trust metrics and corresponding properties [12].  
A method for measuring, quantifying, and evaluating trust is needed to recognize the level of trust of any ICT system and compare the level of trust with other systems. ITU-T recommendation Y3052 describes an \"overview of trust provisioning in ICT infrastructures and services\" and a trust attribute, a trust indicator, and a trust index were defined as follows [11]:  
* Trust attribute: This indicates the characteristics of an entity and is of qualitative and quantitative types including direct and indirect trust. They represent the attributes and capabilities of trusted entities. Qualitative attributes require a quantification process to accumulate quantitative attributes.
* Trust indicator: This is used to calculate the confidence index by combining the qualitative and quantitative attributes of trust. The objective trust indicator represents the ability to quantitatively represent the trustworthiness of an entity. The subjective trust indicator reflects either the subjective or personal attributes of the trusting entity. A confidence indicator is calculated as a measurement instance of confidence because its value changes over time.
* Trust index: This is a composite and relative value that combines several trust indicators into one benchmark measure of the trustworthiness of an entity similar to an ICT development index or stock market index. It is a comprehensive accumulation ofobjective and subjective trust indicators for calculation. The trust index evaluates and quantifies the trustworthiness of the trustee.  
For trust evaluation, trust-related data must be collected from various sources. The trust attribute is used to calculate a trust indicator based on the collected data. Trust indicators also have self-accumulating properties in subjective or objective properties. The trust index is calculated in a self-accumulating method by combining the objective trust index and the subjective trust index [13].  
Norway's University of Agder analyzed various trust factors such as recursiveness, psychological risk, and reputation of data from the software, hardware, device, and service perspective, and a trust framework is also being researched [14].  
In terms of security management, for terminal/sensor security, a trusted technology that enables terminal/sensor device authentication to identify and authenticate whether data are transmitted from the correct device when communicating with other devices is being studied. FP7's uTRUSTit project published \"Privacy visualization requirements in the Internet of Things\" and conducted research on privacy and trust regarding IoT [15].  
Identity trust and privacy are fundamental prerequisites for providing trust-based services, and many global companies are developing trust-based solutions for various fields, including cloud Business-to-Business (B2B) platforms. TRUSTe's cloud-based privacy authentication and management system manages privacy authentication during data collection and provides privacy data collaboration with third-party operators. In addition, studies on techniques for adding privacy properties to data and controlling the flow of information based on trusted computing are being actively conducted [16].