esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 1 Introduction
Scanning electron microscope images showed a smooth and uniform surface of as-deposited thin films. The authors showed that atomic layer deposition allowed the production of vanadium oxides with good thermochromic properties [27]. According to the literature [28], the control of technological parameters e.g., gas partial pressure, supply power, or substrate temperature affects morphology, stoichiometry and electrical properties. Changes in microstructure due to various substrate temperatures or pressures in the chamber during magnetron sputtering are widely described by the Thornton Model where the properties of Ti-doped Cu3N were described [29]. The authors showed that maintaining the substrate at room temperature during magnetron sputtering results in deposition of columnar oriented grain growth or amorphous thin films, and an increase in the substrate temperature results in a crystalline structure. This behaviour is related to the surface mobility of ad-atoms [28; 29]. In this paper, seven sets of vanadium oxides were deposited by gas impulse magnetron sputtering using different Ar:O\({}_{2}\) ratios ranging from 2:1 to 8:1. The gas impulse magnetron sputtering, based on the sequential injection of gas directly at the target surface, has recently gained attention. In this process, the pressure during sputtering is reduced, decreasing the number of collisions of ions, the energy loss of the sputtered particles reaching the substrate and simultaneously causing the elongation of the mean free path of the sputtered ions. Furthermore, the repeatable ignition of the glow discharge results in a thermal disequilibrium of the plasma leading to the deposition of thin films with different properties compared with those sputtered in a standard process. The research conducted here clearly shows that the control of the working gas ratio during magnetron sputtering makes it possible to obtain amorphous vanadium oxide thin films with various optical, electrical, gas sensing, and mechanical properties, which may be optimized in this way due to their potential application. In particular, it was shown that with suitable changes in the sputtering atmosphere, it was possible to deposit vanadium oxide thin films with hole or electron type of conduction that influenced its gas-sensing properties at low operating temperatures.
## 6 Establishing the Simulation Environment
### Simulation Concept Overview  
This section presents a simulation focused on vehicular communication in the Peak District, a National Park in central England, as shown in Figure 8, aiming to measure the impact of our scheme in a rural scenario with limited RSUs density. The simulation, spanning a 24 h period, mimics real-world driving conditions to evaluate connectivity challenges due to sparse RSUs availability. By concentrating on the Peak District, we aim to explore situations where vehicles frequently find themselves outside the range of RSUs, necessitating reliance on direct communication with other vehicles. The simulation is intended to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed Pre-Signature scheme, particularly in rural settings where RSU support is limited. This scheme enables vehicles to authenticate and verify reputation independently, a crucial feature in environments where RSU-based communication is not consistently available.  
We ran multiple 24 h simulations under various conditions to assess how the scarcity of RSU infrastructure impacts communication reliability. These scenarios were evaluated with different RSU location availabilities. Additionally, we considered various hypotheses for overnight connectivity, accounting for the likelihood of vehicles connecting to the internet at night or in parking lots. This approach helped us to gauge the risk of being out of RSU range and its effect on communication reliability. Our objective is to measure the effectiveness of our proposed solution in addressing these challenges in areas with sporadic connectivity.
# A Multiple Access Protocol Based on Gray Forecast for Satellite Network
## 3 Grey Forecast Model for Network Access Reservation
Additional time slot currently required by the \(i\)-th user: \(req_{slots\_i}\). 4. The \(i\)-th user calculated the number of burst packets at the next moment by using the gray forecast: \(for_{slots\_i}\). If a user has data packets that should be sent in the burst packet state, the number of the reserved slots of the current user can be known as \(req_{slots\_i}\). \(req_{slots\_i}\) is stored in a global array. All of the data in this global array constitute the above-mentioned initial request so that the array stores the number of each reservation request in the first \(n\) cycles. Lastly, the gray forecast method predicts the next time for the number of packet as \(req_{slots\_i}\).
# A Study on Technology Competition of Graphene Biomedical Technology Based on Patent Analysis
## 3 Methodology
### Patent Retrieval  
Investigating the TC of graphene biomedical technology through patent analysis and patent roadmap is the principle purpose of this paper. The collection process of patent data is the essential basis for patent analysis, as well as patent roadmaps. Patent data were retrieved from two professional intellectual property databases, namely INNOGRAPHY [55], and the Derwent Innovation Index (DII) [56]. In order to better improve the accuracy and relevancy of our patent data, the first effort is to construct a systematic patent retrieval query. The concept of \"graphene\" was based on the definition given by The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) who regarded \"graphene\" as \"a single carbon layer of the graphite structure\" [57]. According to previous research, \"graphene\" can be used as a patent search string in patent queries [15; 58]. By looking through relevant literature and consulting technical experts' advice, we employed a broader criterion for retrieving patents in a given technological field. Patent data seems to be valid if the term \"graphene\" appears simultaneously in the \"title or abstract or claims\" of patent data. In addition, we followed advice from technical experts in graphene biomedical technology, and adopted technological fields represented by the international patent classification (IPC) to refine the retrieval query and retrieve graphene patents in the  
Figure 1: The outline of the research process. IPC: International Patent Classification.  
biomedical field. Finally, our patent retrieval query for graphene biomedical technology was composed by combining the keywords with patent classifications, using the \"AND\" operator. For the graphene biomedical technology case, the following patent retrieval query in INNOGRAOHY is displayed below. @(abstract, claims, title)(\"graphene\")@* and ((ipc_A61K OR ipc_A61L27 OR ipc_B01J13 OR ipc_B01J20 OR ipc_C07H OR ipc_C07K OR ipc_C08J3 OR ipc_C09K11 OR ipc_C12M OR ipc_C12N OR ipc_C12P OR ipc_C12Q OR ipc_H01B1 OR ipc_G01N21 OR ipc_G01N27 OR ipc_G01N33)). In addition, we downloaded patent data in the field of graphene biomedical technology from DII based on the same retrieval strategy and query as that in INNOGRAPHY. Due to a relatively small number of patents before 2004, we retrieved patents filed from the year of 2004 to 2018 for analysis. We completed the data extraction on March 21, 2019. However, due to the 18-month lag period of patents, the number of patents in both 2017 and 2018 are incomplete, but without impacting the analysis of TC.
# Learning-Free Text Line Segmentation for Historical Handwritten Documents
## 2 Related Work
### Bottom-Up Approaches  
Top-down approaches process the document images at global level, which is problematic when the document does not have a Manhattan layout. Therefore, bottom-up approaches process document images at local level and do not assume straight lines. They group the elements into text lines. Elements can be pixels, super-pixels, or connected components. The counterpart of this is isolation of local elements, which is complicated for touching components across consecutive lines. Bottom-up approaches are mainly based on clustering or classification.  
Clustering algorithms group elements according to their features in an unsupervised manner [28]. They can be applied both to the binarized document images [13; 29] as well as to the gray scale document images [30; 31]. The above mentioned works clustered super pixels into words and locally join them to form the text lines. Recently, [PERSON] et al. [6] clustered super pixels into text lines in a greedy manner. As a result, this approach is applicable to different datasets without parameter tuning. Clustering algorithms are suitable for heterogeneous document collections; however, the number of clusters has to be selected sensitively.  
Classification algorithms classify the elements according to their features in a supervised manner. They are robust to noisy and transformed images but require a large amount of annotated data for training. Early methods used nonconvolutional classifiers with hand crafted features [12; 32; 33]. Recent methods are inspired by convolutional neural networks, which have proven to be efficient. [PERSON] et al. [34] used recurrent neural network to segment isolated paragraphs. [PERSON] et al. [35] used convolutional neural network, first to classify page pixels as paragraph, and then to classify paragraph pixels as text line or non text line. Text line extraction from full page is studied as a problem of predicting the bounding box around the text lines [36; 37]. Sequential nature of these methods limit them to being used by sliding windows on horizontal text lines. Pixel classification in a sliding window fashion is not desirable due to redundant and expensive computation of overlapping areas in the sliding windows. As a remedy, dense prediction has been successfully used for text line segmentation of handwritten documents [5; 8].
# Utilization of Phosphogypsum and Sediment in Subgrade Material for Pavement Construction
## 3 Results
### Physical-Mechanical Characterization
#### 3.2.1 Granulometric Composition Analysis  
Figure 7 illustrates the granulometric composition of the aggregate, revealing a complex interplay of particle sizes within the mixture. The analysis indicates that over 20% of the particles are clay, while approximately 45% consist of fine dust-like materials. The sandy component constitutes around 30%, with gravel particles measuring less than 3.5%, as determined by a 4 mm sieve. This particle size distribution suggests that the material is predominantly plastic and clayey-dusty in nature. The higher proportion of finer particles, particularly in the 0.063-0.02 mm and 0.02-0.006 mm ranges, enhances the mixture's cohesiveness and may significantly improve its mechanical properties, such as compressive strength [50; 51].  
Furthermore, the increased clay content (particles < 0.002 mm) is likely to contribute to enhanced plasticity, improved water retention, and stronger binding properties. These characteristics may render the material more stable and suitable for various applications, particularly in construction and environmental remediation contexts. The findings underscore the importance of understanding granulometric composition in predicting the performance and applicability of sediment mixtures in engineering projects.
# Resilience and Resilient Systems of Artificial Intelligence: Taxonomy, Models and Methods
## 7 Conclusions
### Summary
#### 7.1.1 RQ1: What Are the Known and Prospective Threats to AIS?  
The main AIS threats include drift, adversarial attacks and faults. There are three main types of drift, namely real concept drift, covariate shift, and prior-probability shift. Faults are divided into physical faults, design faults, and interaction faults. Adversarial Attack according to the strategy is divided into Poisoning, Evasion and Oracle. The corresponding disturbances may differ in time characteristics of their occurrence, and different variants of their mixing are possible. Additionally, the cost and success of adversarial attacks including fault injection attacks depends on the knowledge about target AIS.  
1.2 RQ2: Can All Components of AIS Resilience for Each Type of Threat Be Achieved by Configuring the AIS Architecture and Training Scenario?  
Methods for ensuring disturbance absorption, graceful degradation, recovery, adaptation and evolution for AIS exist and continue to advance, so it is potentially possible to implement AIS resilience in the full sense for comprehensive defense against all disturbances. However, each method has drawbacks, and their combination is not always compatible. The issue of the efficiency of combining methods to ensure all components of resilience to the complex impact of disturbances is still poorly studied.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Fatty-Acid Profile, Oxidative Changes, and Volatile Compound Content
The examples of compounds of spices, as well as of pyrolysis origin, that differentiated Pul and ZS products were 2-furanmethanol, 2-furanmethanol, 5-methyl, eugenol, o-xylene, cyanophyllene, cresol, diallyl disulfide, camphor, linalool, guaiacol, \(\gamma\)-terpinene, limonene, and 3-carene. The presence of hexanal (11.3 and 42.5 mg/g), phenylacetaldehyde (20.5 and 8.8 ng/g), 2-cyclopenten-1-one (7.2 and 5.9 ng/g), 1-hydroxyprom-2-one (5.9 and 4.9 ng/g), and 2-methylcyclopentanone (11.7 and 11.1 ng/g) could indicate an increased activity of secondary fat oxidation products despite the small values of the TBA index (0.3 and 0.5 mg/kg) in Pul and ZS products, respectively. The amounts of products of saccharide fermentation such as acetic acid, 3-methylbutan-1-ol, ethanol, acetone, and 3-hydroxybutan-2-one confirmed a high enzymatic activity of microorganisms [47; 48]. These volatile compounds are mostly in line with those reported by different authors for dry-cured loin [47; 49] and dry-cured ham [30; 50; 51]. Summarizing, the water, fat, ash, and salt content, as well as pH and water activity, of Pul and ZS dry-cured meat products changed depending on the breed and time of maturing. The count of lactic acid bacteria, as well as the contents of fatty acids, and basic amino acids (arginine, histidine, lysine), shaped the final pH. The high content of aliphatic and catechol amines in ZS products indicated more advanced proteolysis and decarboxylation of ornithine, lysine, and tyrosine, as well as a twofold greater share of heterocyclic amines via catabolism of histidine and tryptophan. The Pul and ZS products differed in the proportion of decanoic, lauric, stearic, and arachidonic fatty acids. There were no significant differences in the sum of \(\omega\)-6 acids, and the only acid slightly differing Pul and ZS products in the \(\omega\)-3 group was CLA. The compounds that differentiated Pul and ZS products were obtained as a result of microbial activity and lipid oxidation. Volatile compounds shaped a buttery-fruity aroma with caramellic nuances and with the intensity characteristic for native pork meat.
## 4 Discussion  
It is observed that the sample block shows the novel grain morphology. All the columnar grains are short columnar grains, and the position of the short columnar grains coincides with the edge of the molten pool from one side to the other in the T direction. The distance between the regions where short columnar grains occur is the same as the track spacing. According to our knowledge, this phenomenon has never been found in LAM or other AM process. The explanation is as follows.  
There are two dominant solidification mechanisms in the local molten pool during the LAM process, namely the heterogeneous nucleation on partially melted wire for equiaxed grains and the epitaxial growth from the pool bottom for columnar grains. The competition between them determines the component grain morphology [25]. The growth direction of the columnar grains is in the same direction as the temperature gradient in the molten pool. The high temperature gradients promote the growth of coarse columnar grains and make them grow throughout the sample [26].  
Figure 9: Ultimate tensile strength and strain of the block sample fabricated by vertical wire feeding with an axisymmetric multi-laser source.  
In the vertical wire feeding process, the width of the molten pool was about 5 mm, and the diameter of the wire was 1.2 mm, which is nearly a quarter of the width of the molten pool. Therefore the wire can take away part of the heat flow, and the temperature gradient of the molten pool was disturbed in this way. When the wire was inserted into the molten pool during the deposition process, the wire could conduct a portion of the heat flow, as shown in Figure 10. The temperature guidance was disturbed, thus preventing the epitaxial growth of the columnar grains at the bottom. Hence, the heterogeneous nucleation on partially melted wire for equiaxed grains can be the main solidification mechanism in the molten pool, and it grows at the interface between the wire and the molten pool, resulting in the formation of Figure 10a.  
However, for the edge of the molten pool where the impact of the wire was small, a high temperature gradient still existed, leading to the formation of short columnar grains. Thereby, when the molten pool solidifies, short columnar grains will be formed on both sides of the molten pool and equiaxed grains will be formed in the middle. When the molten pool moves to the next track, remelting will occur, which makes the short columnar grains of the original molten pool remelt, contributing to the formation of equiaxed grains. New, short columnar grains will be formed at both sides of the molten pool, as shown in Figure 10b.  
When the Ti-6 Al-4V block is deposited layer by layer, the morphology (see Figure 11) appears at last. So the block sample shows the grain morphology (Figure 7), where short columnar grains are parallel to the building direction. That is the reason why the distance between the two parallel columnar grains is the same as the deposit spacing.  
Figure 10: (**a**) The schematic of the grain solidification in molten pool; (**b**) the schematic of the formation of grain morphology.
## 2 Background  
### Blended Synchronized Classroom  
With the improvement of synchronous communication tools, the boundary between traditional face-to-face education mode and online education mode becomes blurred, while new education mode and mixed education mode begin to appear [5].  
Blended synchronous classroom (BSC) is defined as students participating in face-to-face courses through remote media synchronization technology, such as video conferences, online conferences, or virtual worlds [6]. Blended learning can provide more educational opportunities for students and, in many ways, provide a more inclusive and fair learning experience for those who are geographically isolated or unable to be in class [7].  
[PERSON]'s research results [8] put forward that, when teachers promote mixed and synchronous curriculum, the main problem teachers face is cognitive overload caused by communication and distraction. The survey shows that students in the distance class still feel excluded from the main class because they are physically separated from the main class, especially when the distance class encounters technical difficulties and is not immediately solved. Therefore, it is very important to find an automatic way to identify and analyze the students' behaviors in the blended synchronous classroom.
## 3 Simulation Model
### Comparison of System Operating Characteristics and Necessary Components by Case Types  
The converter operation of HB- and FB-MMCs, after the fault detection, is shown in Figure 3. In the case of the HB-MMC, even if the IGBT is blocked, the converter continues to feed fault due to the presence of the freewheeling diode, so a DCCB is required to break the fault current. Due to the large fault current magnitude and its steep slope, a reactor is added in series with the DC line to limit the maximum stress on DCCB and assist its fault interruption operation. In the absence of a large reactor, DCCB is unable to perform fault interruption.  
In the case of the FB-MMC, all IGBTs are blocked in the same way as the HB-MMC, but a reverse voltage is generated in the fault current path, so it is possible to cut off the current of the AC source by the converter itself. Therefore, when the natural zero point is generated through the converter blocking process, the DC fault is completely isolated through the RCB. Therefore, the FB-MMC system does not require a DCCB. As a result, a large limiting reactor is not necessarily required. The benefit of a limiting reactor, considering to its cost and size, is minimal. However, if the reactor is considered, the peak value of fault current will be reduced and time to reach the peak will increase. Due to its limited advantage, the limiting reactor can be left off in FB-MMC-based DC grids [21].  
The operation characteristics of the two types of systems and the need for a current-limiting reactor are reflected in the simulation.
## 6 Results Analysis
### RQ2: Digital Inequalities Evolution  
The hint to understanding the interpretation of the model developed for studying the evolution of inequalities is that its meaning presents some similarities with the Gini coefficient, and its function follows the rules of the Lorenz Curves [72]. For the Horizontal Inequality (HI), apart from one's own  
Figure 4: Evolution of the concentration curves of Internet access and computer property: (**a**) cumulative share of 1 st-year students ranked by capacity; (**b**) cumulative share of 2 nd-year students ranked by capacity; (**c**) cumulative share of 3 rd-year students ranked by capacity; and (**d**) cumulative share of 4 th-year students ranked by capacity.  
characteristics (internal factors) that might restrain the students' technology usage, the HI includes the indicators of inequalities relating to external factors. In Table 4, the Horizontal Inequality (HI) and the Concentration Indexes (CIs) show that the inequality decreased both on computer property and Internet access from the 1 st year to the 4 th year. In seniors, computer ownership attained a significantly lower value of inequality (4 th year CI = 7%) as compared with Internet access (4 th year CI = 16%).  
As shown by the differences between HI and CI, there was evidence of the convergence of inequality coefficients for computer ownership between senior (4 th year) students and other students; which indicates that computer property among EA undergraduate students was more limited by external factors than internal factors as Table 9 illustrates.  
In Table 9, from the comparison of the inequality index levels of computer property and Internet access, the Internet access has higher concentration indexes because its determinants possess higher likelihoods than computer ownership as found in Figure 4. This result is evidence of the potentiality of promoting mass Internet access policy, that is, providing free wireless and broadband access on campus, which has been being implemented by certain universities in EA, based on examples from universities of developed countries.  
The identified patterns of ICT convergence, in some cases identical to other countries [73], constitute the evidence of a decrease in the digital divide among the EA students during the four years of undergraduate studies, especially when referring to Internet access.