## 4 Discussion  
This study is to investigate the effectiveness of SE-NPs in protection against CCl\({}_{4}\)-induced hepatotoxicity. CCl\({}_{4}\), an established hepatotoxicant, is converted to various metabolites, including radicals like CCl\({}_{3}\). They are involved in liver disease, cirrhosis, and hepatic carcinoma [25]. Its exposure to rats causes hepatic injuries due to the generated free radicals. It also significantly enhances the release of ALT (alanine transaminase) and AST (aspartate transaminase) to plasma and prominent alteration in lipid profiles [26]. Selenium, as an antioxidant, is a necessary trace element in humans and is suggested as a dietary supplement for its health benefits [27]. Nanotechnology is developed as an amalgamation of chemistry, engineering, biology, and medicine. Nanoparticles have proven useful for the early detection of tumors and the development of novel treatments [28]. We have previously found that Se-NPs have strong anti-diabetic and anti-oxidant properties in gestational diabetic mothers in rat models [29]. The Se-NPs regulated inflammation-mediated complications in diabetic mothers and pups. Ag-NPs showed a potential role in preventing the deleterious effects on DNA in nephrotoxicity [30]. Our findings show that administration of SE-NPs significantly counters hepatotoxicity caused by CCl\({}_{4}\), which might be due to antioxidant activity. SE-NPs might scavenge free radicals as reported in other investigations, which in turn lowers serum cholesterol, triglycerides and lipid peroxide [31]. The CCl\({}_{4}\) rats exhibited a profound elevation in total cholesterol and triglycerides levels. Hyperlipidemia was detected due to the hepatotoxic effects of CCl\({}_{4}\). Hyperlipidemia is a common feature in patients with liver disease. Thus, the cardiovascular risk indices may also be increased. It has been observed that hypercholesterolemia is associated with disturbed angiogenesis, which delayed the tissue healing process [32]. SE-NPs treatment of CCl\({}_{4}\) rats produced marked amelioration of the tested  
Figure 7: Representative photos (**A**) and data analysis (**B**) of the Comet tail length from different rat groups. * (_p_-value \(<\) 0.05) indicates significant differences in different rat groups in comparison to control (CN) group animals. # (_p_-value \(<\) 0.05) indicates significant differences in different rat groups in comparison to the CCl\({}_{4}\) group animals. lipids. Thus, it can be suggested that the alleviation of lipids may be involved, at least in part, in the enhanced tissue healing observed in CCL4 rats treated with SE-NPs. Hyperlipidemia interferes with liver functions. Oxidative stress damages the stability and integrity of biological membranes and increases permeability, resulting in the outflow of cytoplasm enzymes such as ALT, ALP, and AST into the blood [33]. Thus, the ALT, ALP and AST activities in the serum are essential indices for evaluating liver injury. In the current experiment, serum ALT activity, ALP, and AST in the CCL4 group were significantly higher than that in the normal rats, suggesting that CCL4 exerted a toxic effect on CCl4-injected rats. Recent results indicated that oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation elevated inflammation and enzyme and GGT activity [34]. On the other hand, breaking down extracellular glutathione and making GGT component amino acids available to the cells has an essential physiological role in counteracting oxidative stress [35]. Indeed, conditions that increase serum GGT lead to increased free radical production and the threat of glutathione depletion [35]. It is more likely that CCL4 increased GGT in a similar mechanism in the CCl4-injected rats. The antioxidant treatment may inhibit disease progression. Therefore, treatment of CCl4-injected rats with SE-NPs restored the liver function-enzyme concentration with the GGT level. The hepatotoxicityicity of CCl4 is attributed to the generation of free radicals.