## 3 Biosurfactants
### Examples of Other Ingredients of Cosmetic Products Obtaining by Fermentation Process  
Ingredients obtained through fermentation are becoming increasingly popular in the cosmetics industry due to their numerous benefits for the skin and the environment. Fermentation products can be found in the group of emollients, hygroscopic substances and NMF (natural moisturizing factor) ingredients, rheology modifiers preservatives, and odor compounds. The most important examples of fermentation compounds products and their descriptions are presented in the Table 7. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Industry** & **Biosurfactant** & **Applications** & **Ref.** \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Petroleum/ Oil Industry} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{Rhamnolipids} & \multirow{4}{*}{emulsifiers, demulsifiers, transportation assistant, \multirow{4}{*}{microbial enhanced oil recovery (MEOR)} [135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140]} \\  & Lipopeptide & & \\  & (Surfactin, Lichenysin) & & \\  & Polymeric BS & & \\  & (Emulsan, Alasan) & & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Foods} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{emulsifiers (also in low fat products), foaming,} & \multirow{4}{*}{wetting, solubilizers} & \multirow{4}{*}{[103, 141, 142, 143]} \\  & \multicolumn{2}{c}{Rhamnolipids} & \multirow{4}{*}{antimicrobial agents, improvement of texture and} & \multirow{4}{*}{[103, 141, 142, 143]} \\  & Polymeric BS & & \\  & & & \\  & & & \\  & & & \\  & & & \\  & & & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Pharmaceuticals} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{Lipopeptides} & \multirow{4}{*}{antimicrobial agent, antifungal agent,} & \multirow{4}{*}{[104, 144]} \\  & (gramicidins and polymyrins) & & \\  & Rhamnolipids & & \\  & & & \\  & & & \\  & & & \\  & & & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Environmental sanitation Agriculture Bioprocessing} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{Rhamnolipids} & \multirow{4}{*}{degradation and dispersion of different classes of hydrocarbons, emulsification of hydrocarbons and vegetable oils, removal of metals from soil} \\  & & & \\  & & & \\ \cline{2-5}  & \multicolumn{2}{c}{Trehalolipids} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{bioavailability of hydrocarbons} \\ \cline{2-5}  & \multicolumn{2}{c}{Sophorolipids} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{recovery of hydrocarbons from dregs and muds,} & \multirow{4}{*}{[103, 145, 146, 147, 148]} \\  & \multicolumn{2}{c}{Polymeric BS} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{stabilization of hydrocarbon-in-water emulsions} & \\ \cline{2-5}  & \multicolumn{2}{c}{Lipopeptides (surfactin)} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{biodegradation of hydrocarbons and chlorinated pesticides; removal of heavy metals from a contaminated soil, sediment, and water; increasing the effectiveness of phytoextraction} \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Textile} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{Trehalicn, scouring and leveling agent, bleaching assistant, removing the impurities from raw material such as cotton} & \multirow{2}{*}{[149]} \\  & \multicolumn{2}{c}{Trehalicn, scouring and leveling agent, bleaching assistant, removing the impurities from raw material such as cotton} & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 6: Other application of biosurfactants in industries. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Group of Cosmetic** & **Cosmetic Ingredient** & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Bacterial/Fungi/ Yeast Strain**} & **Description** & **Ref.** \\ \hline \multirow{8}{*}{Cosmeticulous} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{A naturally occurring isoprenoid} & \multirow{8}{*}{[150]} \\  & \multicolumn{2}{c}{Squalane} & \multirow{8}{*}{_Saccharomyces cerevisiae_} & \multirow{8}{*}{
\begin{tabular}{c} Segmentation of sugar cane with \\ _Saccharomyces cerevisiae_ \\ production of the squalene precursor \\ \(\beta\)-farnesene. \\ \end{tabular} } & \multirow{8}{*}{[151]} \\  & \multicolumn{2}{c}{Cetyl alcohol/ 1-hexadecanol} & \multirow{8}{*}{_Saccharomyces cerevisiae_} & \multirow{8}{*}{[151]} \\  & \multicolumn{2}{c}{Trehalicn, scouring and leveling agent, bleaching assistant, removing the impurities from raw material such as cotton} & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 7: Other fermentation compounds products used by the cosmetics industry.