# The New Paradigm of Deepfake Detection at the Text Level
## 2 Related Works
### AI Tools Employed by Deepfake Text  
ChatGPT, Gemini, and Copilot are the most well-known natural language processing (NLP) tools. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [30] analyzed five themes: voice, text, structure, fluency, and tasks. The test results showed that differentiating based on the perception of humanity is quite complex, and thus required a reevaluation of AI usage policies. The article by [PERSON] et al. [31] examines whether using AI like ChatGPT-3.5 Turbo can be beneficial in generating personalized messages in the political context. The analysis revealed that the number of convinced people ranged from 2490 to 11,405 out of 100,000 people tested. The texts generated by ChatGPT can be used in various fields, such as research. Detailed prompts contribute to a qualitatively stronger generation of texts by ChatGPT [32]. The analysis presented in this study found that only 8% of reference lists contain valid sources. [PERSON] et al. [33] conducted a test, consisting of six experiments, similar to the [PERSON] test. After the test, over 4600 people were asked to examine 7600 deepfake texts. The results showed an accuracy of 50-52%. The study [33] showed that people identified 65.7% of deepfake texts as being human-generated. In comparison, only 51.7% of human-written texts were categorized as AI, resulting in an evident limitation in the human ability to detect deepfakes. [PERSON] et al. [34] aimed to determine if AI can help create scientific articles, academic papers, and student assignments. After tests, it was concluded that neither humans alone nor humans with the help of AI detectors could accurately identify deepfaketexts. It was also noted that students and researchers improved their work with AI, provided the texts were validated scientifically. [PERSON] et al. [35] analyzed the performance of AI detectors like GPRZERO and OpenAI Classifier, testing paragraphs generated by ChatGPT 3.5, ChatGPT 4.0, and humans. The results showed that detectors performed well on texts generated with ChatGPT 3.5 but were quite ineffective on paragraphs from ChatGPT 4.0. Statistically, GPTZERO had a sensitivity of 93% with a specificity of 80%, while OpenAI Classifier had 100% sensitivity but zero specificity. The study by [PERSON] et al. [36] highlights the need for editors to be responsible and warn and guide writers regarding the use of AI tools in writing. [PERSON] [37] explores the ethical considerations of using ChatGPT as a plagiarism tool. Integrating research capabilities into ChatGPT enhances response coherence but raises concerns about privacy, consent, and unintended consequences. It emphasizes the balance of innovation and responsible usage, and strong ethical frameworks and continuous oversight. The study by [PERSON] et al. [38] analyzed texts of varying lengths and using five different prompts. The results of the analyses showed that the average deepfake rate in the generated texts was 45%. Texts with fewer paragraphs had lower deepfake rates. Integrating AI tools into an academic environment requires a standard protocol with precise rules [39]. [PERSON] [40] analyzed two literature courses that integrated deepfake content. End-of-semester surveys showed mixed feelings about their usefulness. The study highlights the importance of academic integrity in using AI. A survey on students' use of ChatGPT in their studies showed that 86% had experience using the tool [41]. Of the 58 respondents, 80% used ChatGPT for information searching, 38% for text editing, and 33% for completing assignments. Regarding satisfaction, 57% were satisfied with the information search results. Students were only 33% satisfied regarding assignment completion. [PERSON] et al. [42] found that texts generated by ChatGPT require revisions. The use of AI in text generation must consider legal and ethical implications, such as those encountered in Islamic law [43]. Another approach to the identification of deepfakes is the use of AI tools as AI detectors, meaning AI tools that can detect whether a bot has generated the text.