## 4 Dealcohized Grape Pomace Applications in Bio-Based Materials  
### Bio-Based Materials Used in Our Daily Life  
Bio-based materials are increasingly used in daily life as sustainable alternatives to petroleum-based products. These materials are derived from renewable biological resources and are found in a wide range of everyday applications, helping to reduce our environmental impact and support a circular economy.  
Made from natural resources such as corn starch, cellulose, sugarcane, and agri-food by-products, bioplastics are used in packaging, cutlery, bowls, straws, and other applications. They are biodegradable or partially biodegradable, making them less harmful to the environment compared to conventional plastics [44; 45; 46; 47; 48], as shown in Table 3.  
Materials such as cellulose, starch, and chitosan are processed into fibers, films, and composites for use in construction, textiles, and engineering, offering renewable and sustainable alternatives to synthetic materials [50; 51]. Fungal mycelia are utilized to produce biomaterials for packaging, textiles, leather alternatives, automotive components, insulation, and fire protection. These materials are renewable, degradable, and have significant innovation potential [49].  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt}} \hline \hline
**Bio-Based Material** & **Daily Life Application(s)** & **Source/Composition** & **Reference(s)** \\ \hline Fungal-based biomaterials & Packaging, textiles, leather alternatives, automotive, insulation, fire protection & Fungal mycelium, lignin/cellulose waste & [49] \\ \hline Bio-polyethylene (Bio-PE), Bio-polypropylene (Bio-PP), Bio-PET & Packaging, durable goods, and electronics & Biomass-derived monomers & [44] \\ \hline Biofibers, biopolymers, biocomposites & Construction, engineering, biomedical, and commercial products & Cellulose, starch, chitosan, natural fibers & [50; 51] \\ \hline Bioplastics from fruit waste & Packaging, cutlery, bowls, straws & Orange peel (cellulose), corn starch, sugarcane bagasse & [45] \\ \hline Polylactic acid (PLA), Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA), cellulose, starch, proteins, lipids, waxes & Packaging, textiles & Plant-based polymers, natural resources & [46] \\ \hline Biodegradable nanofiber materials & Energy, environmental, biomedical applications & Starch, cellulose, chitosan, PLA, PCL & [51] \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: Summary of some bio-based materials used in our daily life, including their source and composition.  
Bio-polyethylene (Bio-PE), bio-polypropylene (Bio-PP), and bio-poly(ethylene terephthalate) (Bio-PET) are developed for packaging, durable goods, and electronics, mimicking the properties of petroleum-based plastics while reducing their carbon footprint [44].  
Bio-based materials are widely used in food packaging, shopping bags, and containers, offering improved sustainability and options for recycling or composting [44; 45; 46; 47; 48].  
Bio-based fibers and polymers are utilized in clothing and textiles, offering biodegradable, renewable alternatives to synthetic fabrics [46; 48; 49; 50]. Items such as disposable cutlery, bowls, and straws, as well as insulation and automotive components, are increasingly made from biobased materials [45; 46; 49].  
Bio-based materials can also significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions compared to their fossil-based counterparts, particularly in targeted applications such as packaging and textiles [47; 48; 52]. These materials are suitable for recycling, composting, and energy recovery, which supports a circular economy and reduces landfill waste [46; 47; 52].