## 3 Results  
The representative EEG signals in healthy, interictal, and ictal states are shown in Figure 3. The amplitude and fluctuation characteristics of the representative EEG in each state are described below. Z and O--Healthy State: In this state, the EEG signals have a root mean square (RMS) amplitude that is typically in the range of 40 to 43 \(\mu\)V. This low amplitude, with amplitude fluctuations averaging 28 to 29 \(\mu\)V, indicates a consistent and stable level of neural activity. These patterns are indicative of a baseline of neuronal excitability. This means that neuronal activities in the healthy brain remain within a steady and balanced range, typically hovering around 40-43 \(\mu\)V.  
F and N--Interictal State: RMS amplitude values are significantly higher, ranging from 49 to 50.5 \(\mu\)V, in this state. This increased RMS amplitude may indicate increased neuronal excitability compared to healthy states. Examining fluctuations, interictal states show more pronounced and erratic fluctuations, reaching 49 to 50.5 \(\mu\)V. These increased fluctuations are indicative of neuronal instability, often associated with epilepsy or pre-seizure conditions. The increased variability reflects a transition to an altered neural state that may be predisposing the brain to seizure activity. S--Ictal State: This state has an intermediate range of RMS amplitude values, around 36.5 \(\mu\)V. This is significantly lower than the interictal states. This suggests a neural state in transition, as these values fall between the amplitudes of the healthy and interictal states. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Metric** & **Description** & **Expression** \\ \hline Acc & Measures the proportion of predictions that are correct. & \(\frac{T_{p}+T_{N}}{T_{p}+T_{N}+T_{P}+T_{N}}\) \\ \hline Pre & Quantifies the accuracy of positive predictions. & \(\frac{T_{p}}{T_{p}+T_{P}}\) \\ \hline Rec & Evaluates the model’s ability to identify all actual positives. & \(\frac{T_{p}}{T_{P}+T_{N}}\) \\ \hline F1 & Harmonic means of precision and recall. It provides a balance & \\  & between precision and recall, considering both false positives & \(\frac{2\times\text{Prox}\times\text{Rec}}{\text{Pre}+\text{Rec}}\) \\  & and false negatives. & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Description of metrics used to evaluate CNN. Figure 2: Illustration of the CNN structure used in this study. However, the most characteristic feature of ictal states is the presence of intense amplitude fluctuations. These can reach up to 478.5 \(\upmu\)V. These fluctuations are significantly more pronounced than those observed in healthy or interictal states and indicate an ongoing epileptic event. These EEG signal characteristics and differences provide valuable insights into the state of the brain. Healthy states are characterized by stable and low-amplitude signals, interictal states show heightened fluctuations, and ictal states demonstrate rapid and synchronous neuronal activity. These distinctions are crucial for diagnosing and monitoring epilepsy and understanding the underlying neural dynamics. The TFS of the representative EEG signals in healthy, interictal, and ictal states are shown in Figure 4. To find the variations across these states, we conducted a comprehensive analysis of several key features within each TFS. Specifically, we examined the mean, maximum, standard deviation, spectral energy, dominant frequency, and % of significant  
Figure 3: EEG signal characteristics in different brain states. Representative EEG signals depicting neural activity in healthy, interictal, and ictal states. The figure illustrates distinctive amplitude and fluctuation patterns: Healthy state (Z and O): low and stable RMS amplitude (40–43 \(\upmu\)V) with consistent fluctuations (28–29 \(\upmu\)V). Interictal state (F and N): higher RMS amplitude (49–50.5 \(\upmu\)V) with pronounced and erratic fluctuations. Ictal state (S): intermediate RMS amplitude (36.5 \(\upmu\)V) with intense, synchronous neuronal activity. frequency transitions.