## 3 Related Works and Previous Contributions  
Cybersecurity in smart grids will be crucial to maintaining power grid stability and delivering dependable, sustainable services. Researchers can use or enhance existing solutions more successfully if they are aware of the various attack types and countermeasures. In an attempt to address the cybersecurity issues related to smart grids and smart energy systems, various studies have been conducted in recent years. Table 1 presents the most recent studies in the smart grid cybersecurity field. In this table, we summarize the outcomes from the most significant studies as well as the attack vectors they cover. However, the current studies still have the following limitations, which are to be covered during this review:  
* We gather, research, and offer the most up-to-date studies, which would help identify various cyberattacks in SG systems. This article goes into great detail about the most prevalent cyber threats that attack smart grids. * We study, summarize, and investigate major worldwide cyberattacks against smart grids and smart energy systems in the last forty years, which helps researchers and the community understand attackers' techniques and mentality. This helps new attacks to be eliminated in the future. * The most recent rising future research trends and present difficulties are also compiled in this study in Section 6. Rehabilitating existing smart grids or even creating a new, smarter, and more secure one can benefit from addressing these problems throughout this work. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline
**Ref. ** & & & & \\
**Year** & **Main Contents** & **Attacks Studied/Threat** & **Methodology/Defense** & **Results/Research Outcomes** & **Targeted Infrastructure** \\ \hline \multirow{9}{*}{2021} & Discusses past, current, and future & Sensor and actuator & Follows systematic & \multirow{9}{*}{The use of intelligent methods, based} & \multirow{9}{*}{Smart Grid} \\  & threats and defense methods in a & attacks, data integrity & methodology to review & on machine learning, will enhance \\  & smart grid, Blockchain and & attacks, DoS, zero & corresponding solution & smart grids efficiency and failure \\  & quantum computing in SGs are & dynamics (EDA), & approaches in SG & prevention. Knowing the different \\  & also introduced. It summarizes & resonance (ResA), & cybersecurity. The & methods of cyberattacks in the power \\  & different methods and techniques & time-delay switch & decisive problem-solving & systems and how to deal with them \\  & to review corresponding solution & (TDSA), FDIA, & approaches and defense & will make the network more resilient. \\  & approaches in cybersecurity in SGs. & MitM attacks & mechanisms are investigated. & \\ \hline \multirow{9}{*}{2022} & Discusses approaches to defend a & \multirow{9}{*}{The novel cybersecurity survey: objectives,} & \multirow{9}{*}{The authors of the paper determine} & \multirow{9}{*}{ \begin{tabular}{c} that a heavily IoT-equipped power \\ grid depends on the examination of \\ network vulnerabilities, attack \\ requirements and future \\ research directions. \\ \end{tabular}  } \\  & & & & \\ \cline{  
In addition, Table 2 covers the recent studies of new technologies that may help in addressing and improving or even negatively affect the cybersecurity of smart grids. These edge-cutting technologies may include digital twin, artificial intelligence, blockchain, renewable energy (RE), and electric vehicle (EV) systems. Smart grid cybersecurity is being quickly shaped by these new technologies, which present both possible advantages and challenges. Real-time monitoring and predictive analysis are made possible by digital twin technology, which builds a virtual version of the actual grid. It aids in vulnerability identification and grid performance optimization. However, there are serious cybersecurity dangers if the digital twin paradigm is compromised since attackers might alter the virtual grid to influence physical operations. The effect of AI is also crucial.