## 4 Results and Discussion  
Understanding the physical features and characteristics of the Wadi Haly catchment is fundamental to assessing the potential for soil erosion and developing effective strategies to mitigate its impact, as these attributes significantly influence both the rate and severity of erosion processes. Several factors including the vegetation cover, soil composition, and morphology of the different landforms, interact to interpret how erosion occurs in the area. Furthermore, when integrated with the influence of climatic change and human activity, these various physical characteristics are essential for accurately understanding patterns of the soil erosion process. Workers can use targeted ways to stop soil degradation and provide significant insights into the regions' unique vulnerabilities by carefully investigating the catchment's geology, topography, and hydrology characteristics. Four very effective essential morphometric elements, namely primary, linear, areal, and relief, were examined and analyzed in order to efficiently assign and rank catchments or sub-catchments vulnerable to soil erosion risk. Examining each of these parameters is very important for enhancing our knowledge and increasing the accuracy of soil erosion forecasts, which could allow us to build detailed mitigation plans for high-risk regions. By regulating the flow and speed of water over the landscape, linear and relief aspects have a direct relation to soil erosion process, while areal morphometric parameters have typically an indirect relation to soil erosion process. In the present study, we could assign a great deal about the dynamics of erosion process and create more potent solutions to stop or at least minimize soil degradation in areas that are susceptible by thoroughly examining these parameters. In the proposed sub-catchments, this all-encompassing plan promotes long-term vulnerability and ecological health in addition to aiding with immediate mitigation efforts. The authors in Refs. [3,47] observed that sub-catchments with high values of the areal parameter are shorter in perimeters, circular in form, and exhibit lower levels of soil erosion process. Sub-catchments that reflect elevated values for the parameters of linear and relief aspects, including stream frequency, drainage density, total overland flow length, relief ratio, basin relief, and roughness number index, are more prone to soil erosion due to more surface runoff and high steeper slopes [21,35]. In this study, we explored the relationships between selected parameters and soil erosion across various catchments, including the Kalvari catchment in Iran, the Gidabo catchment in Ethiopia's Rift Valley, the landscape of Neom City in Saudi Arabia, and the Oued Amter catchment in Northwest Morocco. This investigation indicates that the specific morphometric characteristics affecting soil erosion are unlikely to be identical across different catchments. However, the circulation ratio remains relatively constant, the outcomes of other metrics differ among the catchments, highlighting variations in their impact. Several factors, such as rainfall patterns, intensity, slope features, drainage systems tied to the topography, geology, soil composition, and land use and cover, contribute to this variability. Furthermore, in contrast to relief and linear features, areal parameters such as the elongation ratio, circularity ratio, compactness coefficient,and form factor index tend to show a weaker association with soil erosion. As depicted in Figures 4 and 5a,b, the Wadi Haly catchment is segmented into 15 sub-catchments based on flow direction and stream flow. To evaluate the risk of soil erosion in each sub-catchment, we ranked them according to various morphometric parameters and assessed the previously identified factors.