## 3 Results
### Color Changes Caused by 10% and 40% CA  
There were statistically significant differences between spectrophotometric color measurement results before immersion and after immersion for 15 min, 1 h, and 24 h for all CSCs. Statistical differences between different wetting times are shown in Figure 3 (\(p<0.05\)).  
Figure 2: Images of calcium silicate–based cements (CSCs) taken at different time points after setting and immersion in different irrigation solutions.  
Figure 4: Mean \(\Delta\)L values of CSCs materials after contact with irrigation solutions for different durations.  
Figure 3: Mean \(\Delta\)E values of CSCs materials after contact with irrigation solutions for different durations. (**A**) 10% CA; (**B**) 40% CA; (**C**) 15% EDTA; (**D**) 2% NaOCI; (**E**) 2% CHX; (**F**) 0.9% NaCl (The same letters indicate statistically significant differences between different time points within the material group (_p_ < 0.05)).  
Upon immersion of the materials in both 10% and 40% CA, the type of staining was the least predictable (Table 2). Naked-eye observation revealed that the CSCs either did not change color (scale 0) or became whiter, such as with MTA Repair HP (scale 2). In no case did the CSCs become darker. After storage in CA (both 10% and 40%) for 24 h, Biodentine, Retro MTA, and MTA Repair HP appeared corroded on the surface (scale b) for both 10% and 40% solutions (Figure 2).  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Material**} & \multicolumn{8}{c}{**Irrigant**} \\ \cline{2-9}  & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Scale**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**10\% CA**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**40\% CA**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**15\% EDTA**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**2\% CHX**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**2\% NaOCl**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**0.9\% NaCl**} \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{ProRoot MTA} & \multirow{2}{*}{color} & 0 & 6 & 6 & 6 & 6 & 0 & 6 \\  & & 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 6 & 0 \\  & & 2 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\  & & & a & 6 & 6 & 6 & 6 & 6 \\  & & b & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Biodentine} & \multirow{2}{*}{color} & 0 & 6 & 6 & 6 & 4 & 6 & 6 \\  & & 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 2 & 0 & 0 \\  & & 2 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\  & & a & 0 & 1 & 6 & 6 & 6 & 6 \\  & & b & 6 & 5 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{MTA Plus} & \multirow{2}{*}{color} & 0 & 6 & 6 & 6 & 6 & 4 & 6 \\  & & 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 2 & 0 \\ \cline{1-1}  & & 2 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ \cline{1-1}  & & \multicolumn{1}{c}{} & a & 6 & 6 & 6 & 6 & 6 \\ \cline{1-1}  & & \multicolumn{1}{c}{} & b & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{MTA Repair HP} & \multirow{2}{*}{color} & 0 & 1 & 0 & 6 & 6 & 6 & 6 \\  & & 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ \cline{1-1}  & & \multicolumn{1}{c}{} & a & 0 & 0 & 6 & 6 & 6 \\ \cline{1-1}  & & \multicolumn{1}{c}{} & b & 6 & 6 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Ortho MTA} & \multirow{2}{*}{color} & 0 & 6 & 6 & 6 & 6 & 6 & 6 \\  & & 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ \cline{1-1}  & & \multicolumn{1}{c}{} & 2 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ \cline{1-1}  & & \multicolumn{1}{c}{} & a & 6 & 6 & 6 & 6 & 6 \\ \cline{1-1}  & & \multicolumn{1}{c}{} & b & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Retro MTA} & \multirow{2}{*}{color} & 0 & 6 & 6 & 6 & 6 & 6 & 6 \\  & & 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ \cline{1-1}  & & \multicolumn{1}{c}{} & 2 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ \cline{1-1}  & & \multicolumn{1}{c}{} & a & 0 & 0 & 6 & 6 & 6 \\ \cline{1-1}  & & \multicolumn{1}{c}{} & b & 6 & 6 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} (scale of color assessment in naked eye observation: 0 = no change, 1 = darkening, 2 = brightening; scale of structure assessment: a = stable structure, b = disintegration).  
\end{table}
Table 2: Evaluation of the changes in the color and structure of CSC materials upon contact with different irrigation solutions.  
Figure 5: Average color variation \(\Delta\)E over time. (**A**) independent of the irrigant used; (**B**) independent of the material used.