# Computational Accountability in MAS Organizations with ADOPT
## 5 Case Study: Accountability in the JaCaMo Framework  
JaCaMo [11] is a conceptual model and programming platform that integrates agents, environments and organizations. It is built on the top of three platforms, namely Jason [8] for programming agents, CArtAgO [9] for programming environments, and Moise [58] for programming organizations. More specifically, Jason is a platform for agent development based on the language AgentSpeak [59]. Here, an agent is specified by a set of beliefs, representing both the agent's current state and knowledge about the environment, a set of goals, and a set of plans which are courses of actions, triggered by events. CArtAgO, based on the Agents & Artifacts meta-model [60], is a framework for environment programming which conceives the environment as a layer encapsulating functionalities and services that agents can explore and use at runtime [61]. An environment is programmed as a dynamic set of artifacts, whose observable states can be perceived by the agents. Agents can act upon artifacts by executing the operations that are provided by the artifact's usage interface. Finally, Moise implements a programming model for the organizational dimension. It includes an organization modeling language, an organization management infrastructure [62] and a support for organization-based reasoning at the agent level. A JaCaMo multiagent system is, then, given by an agent organization, programmed in Moise, organizing autonomous agents, programmed in Jason, working in a shared, artifact-based environment, programmed in CArtAgO. According to [62], the Moise organizational model, adopted in JaCaMo, decomposes the specification of an organization into three dimensions. The structural dimension specifies roles, groups and links between roles in the organization. The functional dimension is composed of one or more schemes that elicit how the global organizational goals are decomposed into subgoals and how these subgoals are grouped in coherent sets, called missions, to be distributed to the agents. Finally, the normative dimension binds the two previous dimensions by specifying the roles' permissions and obligations for missions. One important feature of Moise is to avoid a direct link between roles and goals. Roles are linked to missions by means of permissions and obligations, thereby keeping the structural and functional specifications independent. This independence, however, is source of problems from the viewpoint of accountability determination. The reason is that schemes, in principle, can be dynamically created during the execution (thus modifying the organizational specification), and assigned to groups within an organization when agents are already playing the associated roles. This means that agents, when entering into an organization by adopting an organizational role, in principle have no information about what they could be asked to do in the future. At the same time, the organizational infrastructure implemented in JaCaMo does not provide any mechanism for agents to explicitly accept a given organizational goal or to negotiate any provision for it. This is, indeed, in contrast with what was discussed in Section 3. JaCaMo provides various kinds of organizational artifacts that altogether allow encoding the state and behavior of an organization, in terms of groups, schemes and normative states. These organizational artifacts provide both the actions the agents will use (to take part in an organization and act upon it) and the observable properties that allow the state of the organization (and its evolution) to be perceived by the agents. Artifacts' observable properties are automatically mapped to agents' beliefs.