# The Use of Augmented Reality for the Management of Equipment Ageing with a Virtual Sensor  
[PERSON]  
1 Dipartimento di Ingegneria, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (M.F.M.) [PERSON]  
1 Dipartimento di Ingegneria, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (M.F.M.) [PERSON]  
2 Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Universita Campus Biomedico, 00128 Roma, Italy 2  
[PERSON]  
3 Dipartimento di Scienze Matematiche e Informatiche, Scienze Fische e Scienze della Terra, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy 3  
[PERSON]  
1 Dipartimento di Ingegneria, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (M.F.M.) Footnote 1: email: {[EMAIL_ADDRESS]}  
Footnote 2: email: {[EMAIL_ADDRESS]}  
Footnote 3: email: {marco.g.milazzo@unime  
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Footnote 4: email: {[EMAIL_ADDRESS]}  
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interactions represent fundamental aspects of this digitalisation process [2], but these are not free from having disadvantages. Emerging and experimental technologies cause a deep change in society, which needs time to adapt and normalise itself through new paradigms, procedures, and labour laws. This requires companies to continuously update, but it often becomes unsustainable for most of them, especially for small and medium ones. Another aspect to be considered is that these systems create absolute dependence on the technology since within these interactions, the machines no longer only represent the arm that carries out the heavy, repetitive, and/or dangerous work, but increasingly play a decision-making role [11]. Particular attention must be given to these technologies, especially when they are involved in safety. In many cases, technology improves safety, but it can also add new industrial and occupational risks to the traditional ones, in which the human factor can be considered the main link between both types of risk [12]. [PERSON] et al. [13] also highlight that safety management, in the context of Industry 4.0, requires more research efforts on human factors and ergonomics. In this context, particular attention must be given to the establishments under the Seveso Directive [14], in which the release of hazardous materials could be the cause of severe accidents, the so-called major accident hazards (e.g., fires, explosions, and toxic dispersions) impacting people and the environment. Seveso establishments include refineries, petrochemical plants, and oil-derived depots. All these sites feature several large aboveground storage tanks, which are always critical for the control of major accident hazards. Some scholars have discussed the potential of smart systems for improving the control of major accident hazards due to the use of hazardous materials in different industries (energy, chemical and manufacturing sectors, oil and gas, transportation, etc.) [15]. Some innovative solutions have been presented in the literature: [PERSON] et al. [16] defined RFID technology supporting effective risk management in chemical warehouses; [PERSON] et al. [17] developed a real-time visual guidance system for cranes to manage risks due to collisions during the lifting of loads in working places; [PERSON] et al. [18] defined an IOT-based system to prevent injuries in assembling line production systems; [PERSON] et al. [19] used wireless sensor networks based on acoustic emissions to monitor some damages in various structures. As regards the use of innovative technologies, evidence justifies a particular interest towards augmented reality (AR) in the industrial context. These works highlight the increasing request to make industrial activities more efficient, safe, and economic. In this context, coupled with other technologies, AR contributes to the achievement of this goal. The literature outlines the main applications of AR, referring to various industrial sectors. However, there are some limitations that are mainly related to human-machine interactions [20].