esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Analysis and Evaluation of Readout Information  
### Optical Data Information Readout Based on ANN  
In this study, machine learning was used to decode the data and read the dataset. The convolutional neural network (CNN) used in this study is a type of ANN (as shown in Figure 7), which can effectively solve the pattern recognition problem and facilitate matching network connections. The CNN with a \"leaky ReLU\" function is categorized into three levels. The number of filters in CNNs' three channels with kernel sizes of 7, 5, and 3 was 32, 32, and 1, respectively. Each layer of the CNN was also equally normalized. It also connected the maximum ensemble layer with a kernel size of two. There were two layers of a fully connected network, with 64 and 32 neurons in each layer that were activated using \"tanh.\" A spectrum consisting of _TE_ or _TM_ polarization was introduced as a parallel channel in the input layer of the ANN with a kernel size of seven for each channel.  
In this study, we introduced _TE_- or _TM_-polarized spectra generated from different sloppy structures as parallel channels into the input level of the ANN during its training process and fed their corresponding encoded data into the output level. A total of 300 wavelength-based spectra were generated using the simulator R-soft, which was used to train the ANN. The number of training and testing spectrums is set in a ratio of 7:3. In the readout program, we sent the spectra to the trained ANN and chose appropriate networks to propagate forward so as to obtain the encoded data on the retrieval structure. In the subsequent steps, the training quality was evaluated using cross-entropy loss and validation accuracy.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Analysis of Influencing Factors
The profiles reveal the \(L_{0}\) drops steeply near the ground, then gradually increases with altitudes from the boundary layer to the upper troposphere, subsequently decreases with altitudes to the lower stratosphere, and, finally, increases in the free atmosphere. The value peaks of \(L_{0}\) correspond to the tropopause with altitudes around 13 km. However, the outer scale of the offshore area is smaller than that of the open ocean overall, and this could be the result of the difference in the location and the release time of the balloons between two experiments. Figure 5: The profiles of temperature gradient, wind shear (**left**), outer scale and potential refractive index gradient (**middle**) as well as \(C_{n}^{2}\) profiles of estimated and measured (**right**) in open ocean. Figure 6: The profiles of temperature gradient, wind shear (**left**), outer scale, and potential refractive index gradient (**middle**), as well as \(C_{n}^{2}\) profiles of estimated and measured (**right**) in offshore area.
## 3 Results of the Experimental Validation  
This section contains five topics validating the operation of WSA in real environment conditions. To provide a clear insight into the communication traffic between the IMU units and the master unit, and to demonstrate aspects of power consumption, the diagram of power consumption from the battery supply for the IMU units is provided first. Another issue that has arisen during the development is the reliability of the communications between each IMU unit and the master unit. The positioning of the IMU units is fixed according to the measurement requirements, while multiple placements are possible for the master unit. The communication error rate results for a range of master-unit placements are also shown. Third, data transmission errors can occur when you move from the pristine lab environment to the RF-crowded environment where a number of Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and other protocols occupy the same or nearby radio spectrum and also interfere. For this reason, we tested our WSA system in the RF-crowded environment; the results can be found below. The WSA was tested for packet loss in the lab, while user running on a treadmill, in a public hall, and on the street. The exemplary measurement results for the IMU accelerometers, gyroscopes and magnetometers are presented at the end of the results section.
## 6 Conclusions  
This paper investigated the **F-M** synchronization with index \(d\) of fractional-order systems differential systems with non-identical dimensions. The main novelty of this piece of work is the combination of two distinct types of synchronization, namely generalized synchronization based on a functional relationship **F** and inverse matrix projective synchronization based on a matrix **M**. The developed approach exploits nonlinear controllers and the stability theory of integer-order systems in order to synchronize an \(m\)-dimensional slave with an \(n\)-dimensional master system. The approach has proved to be effective in achieving synchronized dynamics not only when the synchronization index \(d\) is equal to the slave's dimension \(m\), but even when \(d<m\). To the best of the authors' knowledge, this finding is both novel and forms a considerable contribution to the field of study.  
In order to confirm the findings of this study and highlight the capabilities of the developed scheme, a numerical example was considered where the master is a 3D chaotic fractional system and the slave is a 4D hyperchaotic fractional system. In addition, a MIMO communications system employing **F-M** synchronization was proposed and verified through computer simulations. In the proposed system, matrix **M** is used to condition the master chaotic states used to mask our messages and function **F** is used to condition the slave states. When synchronization is achieved, the two become identical and the masked messages are recovered.  
Conceptualization, A.O. and V.-T.P.; Formal Analysis, X.W.; Investigation, X.W.; Methodology, V.-T.P.; Software, N.D.; Supervision, O.Z.; Validation, A.O.; Writing--Original Draft, N.D.; Writing--Review and Editing, O.Z.  
The author [PERSON] was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 61601306) and the Shenzhen Overseas High Level Talent Peacock Project Fund (No. 20150215145C).  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.  
Figure 9: The recovered messages \(\widehat{s}_{i}\left(t\right)\) from the \(n\) receive antennas after a 50–tap low–pass filter.
## 3 Results
With respect to the case of a standard FCR provision (Base case), 87% of nonreliability is avoided for the DB case. Furthermore, nonreliability avoided via DB is 57% with respect to a case in which no DoF are in place (case NoDoF) where the only possibility is interrupting the service provision for restoring SoC. On the other hand, the BSP is interested in the economic return on the investment. The IRR computed on a five-year business case ranged from 0.3 to 6.9%. Hypothesizing a real-world discount rate around 4% for the investment in energy systems [43], the economically positive cases are AE (4.1%) and DT (6.9%). In any case, these feature an IRR slightly lower than hurdle rates adopted in generation companies [44]. Dead-band strategy, given the large amount of SoC restoration energy involved, is much less economically attractive for BSPs, with IRR equal to 1.2%. Figure 10 shows the SoC probability distribution for active strategies. Distribution of SoC has proven important for guaranteeing reliability and the effective use of BESS [45]. The comparison is useful to understand how effective a strategy for restoring SoC. An effective control strategy would prevent the battery from SoC saturation (at 0% or 100%) and keep SoC close to SoC\({}_{\text{target}}\). Therefore, the histogram of an effective strategy should feature higher probabilities for SoC around 50-55%, and much lower probabilities for SoC largely diverging from 50%. This is achieved by all but Base and O/U cases (in black and brown). On the other hand, a too stressful SoC restoration strategy would prevent the battery from being effectively exploited, by keeping SoC always close to SoC\({}_{\text{target}}\). This is the case of the dead-band strategy (in red), featuring more than half of the year between 50% and 60% of SoC.
# Matched Filtering for MIMO Coherent Optical Communications with Mode-Dependent Loss Channels
## 6 Conclusions  
This work explored long-haul fiber-optic SDM coherent systems with PAM raised-cosine pulses. We investigated the overall system performance under different configurations of the optical channel. For that purpose, we modeled this channel with a MIMO multi-span structure that included the several dispersion terms and modal losses factors.  
It was demonstrated that the linear MMSE MIMO receiver completely eliminated ISI and crosstalk when the number of taps was sufficiently high and the optical channel was free of MDL. Moreover, the generic structure of the linear MMSE MIMO receiver could be simplified to a continuous-time matched filter and still retained the same properties. This observation paves the way for analog receivers that simply implement the matched filter of the optical channel, eliminating all channel impairments when MDL is negligible.  
Figure 7: Probability distribution for \(AL\) as defined in (43) (up) and \(L(i)\) as defined in (42) (down) for \(\overline{SNR}_{in}=5\), \(6.2\), and \(10\) dB (**a**) and \(\overline{SNR}_{in}=15\), \(30\), and \(60\) dB (**b**). \(\alpha=0.9\) for all graphs. Note that \(\sigma_{g}=0\) corresponds to a channel without MDL.  
We also defined performance metrics to assess the losses of a linear MIMO receiver implemented using a MIMO FSE with an oversampling factor of two for an optical channel that exhibited significant MDL. We have shown that such loss depends on the transmitter PAM pulses roll-off factor and the SNR level at the receiver input. We also determined that the performance degradation could be limited by processing the \(D\) output modes together by averaging the \(D\) output SNDR values at the receiver.  
This fact opens a way to exploit this loss compensation between modes at the receiver output. The design of specific forward error correction codes taking into account this aspect could improve the final performance of the system in terms of bit error rate. Constructing the message to be encoded, including bits or signals belonging to all modes, could improve system performance w.r.t. constructing messages with bits or signals from only one mode.  
Conceptualization, methodology, validation, formal analysis, resources, investigation, data curation, writing--review and editing, writing--original draft preparation, and visualization, L.M.T., F.J.C. and L.D.; software, L.M.T. and L.D.; supervision, project administration, and funding acquisition F.J.C. and L.D. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was supported in part by Junta de Andalucia, under PAIDI program, TIC-102 research group, and by the Spanish Ministry of Ciencia e Innovacion, under Project PID2019-109842 RB-I00.  
Not applicable.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Virtual Network Function Embedding under Nodal Outage Using Deep Q-Learning
## 3 VNF-FG Problem Formulation
### Constraints
#### 3.1.3 VL Mapping  
Not only it is essential to verify the availability of the substrate nodes during the placement of the VNFs, but it is also vital to assess the availability of the links. Thus, the SFC can provide promised QoS support to the users. This is why improper VL mapping can trigger poor network performance. The third constraint, therefore, focuses on the links and their resources. A successful deployment of the VL is achieved when the substrate link satisfies the demanded link requirements like bandwidth and latency. Therefore, for bandwidth resources,  
\[\sum_{m}Y_{n}^{m}p_{m,b}\leq a_{n,b},\forall n,b \tag{3}\]  
where \(p_{m,b}\) indicates the requested bandwidth \(b\) by the VL \(m\), and \(a_{n,b}\) represents the availability of bandwidth \(b\) on substrate link \(n\). \(Y_{n}^{m}\) indicates the placement of VL \(m\) onto the substrate link \(n\).
# Nanotechnology, Nanomedicine, and the Kidney
## 4 Nanotechnologies for Renal Imaging
### X-ray  
X-ray imaging is often preferred to bypass the limitation of the penetration depth caused by light scattering and absorption that limits the use of optical imaging to visualize deep organs. NPs have been designed to improve the resolution and safety of X-ray-excited biomedical imaging. For example, [PERSON] et al., used QDs as probes to visualize deep organs, including kidneys ([PERSON] et al., 2019). They excited Cadmium telluride (CdTe) QDs with a clinical X-ray system, and a sensitive Electron Multiplying Charge Coupled Device (EM-CCD) detector was used to generate an image of the emission in the near-infrared (NIR) of 715 nm. Moreover, a fainter image was also observed with X-ray-excited endogenous radio-luminescence in biological tissue than in NIR QDs emission. Therefore, compared to the use of UV/optical/NIR as the excitation sources, X-ray excitation allowed a greater spatial image resolution of the QDs distribution in vivo while using a shorter and, therefore, safer exposure time ([PERSON] et al., 2019). NPs with dynamic X-ray imaging can help understand the nano-bio interactions in kidneys and detect local injury more precisely and safely at the anatomical level. [PERSON] et al., synthesized the renal-clearable near-infrared-emitting glutathione-coated gold NPs (GS-AuNPs) and used dynamic X-ray imaging to detect the transport kinetics of GS-AuNPs in the cortex, the medulla, and the pelvis of normal and UUO kidney models ([PERSON] et al., 2019). Compared to conventionally used iodine agent diatrizoate meglumine (DM),AuNPs enhance kidney contrast due to the intense x-ray mass attenuation coefficients of gold and the longer retention of AuNPs in kidneys [42].
## 3 Results and Discussion
process, consolidating the results of our previous theoretical analysis [43]. [PERSON] et al. also reported that ions can be physically and chemically adsorbed in the diffusion layer of the double layer [44]. For this reason, after removing the electric field, the electrosorbed Cl\({}^{-}\) in the EDL was released into the solution but the chemically adsorbed Cl\({}^{-}\) was not desorbed; consequently, 17% of the Cl\({}^{-}\) remained. [PERSON] similarly found that humics adsorbed by chemical adsorption on carbon electrodes were often inefficiently desorbed in the regeneration process [45]. However, as shown in Figure 2c, residual Cl\({}^{-}\) was completely desorbed under a \(-\)1.7 V cathode potential applied for 1 h, indicating that cathodic polarization can effectively desorb chemically adsorbed Cl\({}^{-}\). Thereafter, successive electrosorption and regeneration were achieved by circulating the solution. The duration of each electrosorption and regeneration phase was 5 h. Figure 2c plots the Cl\({}^{-}\) concentration at the inlet and outlet over five consecutive electrosorption/regeneration cycles. The Cl\({}^{-}\) adsorption capacity was maintained with no sharp declines throughout the five cycles, and the electrosorption performance was maintained at 100% during consecutive cycles. According to these results, cathodic polarization can effectively enhance the desorption ability for sustainable operation, thereby improving the practicability of CDI.
# An Overview of Privacy Dimensions on the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT)
## 8 Suggestions  
To address privacy threats in the IIoT, it is important to establish clear privacy requirements and implement appropriate measures to ensure compliance with applicable data protection laws and regulations. Some privacy requirements and suggestions for IoT implementations include:  
1. Data Protection Impact Assessments (DPIAs): Conducting DPIAs can help identify potential privacy risks and ensure that appropriate measures are in place to mitigate these risks.
2. Privacy by Design: Implementing privacy by design principles can help ensure that privacy is integrated into developing IIoT systems and devices from the outset.
3. Encryption and Access Controls: Encryption and access controls can help protect sensitive information and personal data from unauthorized access or disclosure.
4. Regular Vulnerability Assessments: Regular assessments can help identify and address security and privacy vulnerabilities in IoT systems and devices.
5. Employee Training: Ensuring that employees are trained in privacy requirements and best practices can help minimize the risk of insider threats and improve the overall privacy posture of the organization.
6. Compliance with Applicable Data Protection Laws and Regulations: Compliance with applicable data protection laws and regulations, such as the GDPR [134] in the European Union, is essential for protecting the privacy rights of individuals and organizations involved in IIoT operations.
7. Regular Review of Privacy Policies and Procedures: Regularly reviewing and updating privacy policies and procedures can help ensure that they are up-to-date and effective in addressing emerging threats and risks.  
By implementing these privacy requirements and suggestions, IIoT implementations can better protect against privacy threats and ensure the safe and responsible use of technology and data in industrial settings. In addition, the industrial partners will enable disruptive business models for personalization and full automation of secure and private processes.
# Audio Time Stretching Using Fuzzy Classification of Spectral Bins
## 3 Novel Time-Scale Modification Technique
### Transient Detection and Preservation
#### 3.2.1 Detection  
To detect transients, the overall transientness of each analysis frame is estimated, and denoted as frame transientness:  
\[r_{t}[m]=\frac{1}{N-1}\sum_{k=1}^{N-1}R_{t}[m,k]. \tag{14}\]  
The analysis frames which are centered on a transient component appear as local maxima in the frame transientness. Transients need to be detected as soon as the analysis window slides over them in order to prevent the smearing of transient onsets. To this end, the time derivative of frame transientness is used:  
\[\frac{d}{dm}r_{t}[m]\approx\frac{1}{H_{a}}(r_{t}[m]-r_{t}[m-1]), \tag{15}\]  
where the time derivative is approximated with the backward difference method. As the analysis window slides over a transient, there is an abrupt increase in the frame transientness. These instants appear as local maxima in the time derivative of the frame transientness. Local maxima in the time derivative of the frame transientness that exceed a given threshold are used for transient detection.  
Figure 6 illustrates the proposed transient detection method using the same audio excerpt as above, containing piano, percussion, and double bass. The transients appear as local maxima in the frame transientness signal in Figure 6a. Transient onsets are detected from the time derivative of the frame transientness, from the local maxima, which exceed the given threshold (the red dashed line in Figure 6b). The detected transient onsets are marked with orange crosses. After an onset is detected,  
Figure 5: A contour plot of the phase randomization factor \(A_{n}\), with \(b_{n}=b_{n}=4\). TSM: time-scale modification.  
the analysis frame which is centered on the transient is detected from the subsequent local maxima in the frame transientness. The detected analysis frames centered on a transient are marked with purple circles in Figure 6a.
## 5 Performance Evaluation and Analysis
### Key Performance Indicators (KPIs)
#### 5.1.2 Packet Reception Ratio (PRR)  
The reliability of the communication system used in Cellular Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) networks, specifically in sidelink broadcast communication, is assessed by looking at how often messages are successfully received. This is evaluated in terms of the PRR. Figure 6 illustrates the PRR as a function of the number of vehicles per mile per lane, comparing the SEAC approach, including its 10-step variant, with traditional methods such as DS and SB-SPS. The key difference between SEAC and SEAC with 10 steps lies in how rewards are accumulated: SEAC generally optimizes actions based on immediate feedback, while SEAC with 10 steps accumulates rewards over a fixed 10-step window, allowing for more informed long-term decision making.  
As the vehicular density increases, all methods show a decline in the PRR. However, SEAC, particularly with the 10-step configuration, consistently achieves a higher PRR compared with DS and SB-SPS. SEAC's superior performance is evident from its ability  
Figure 5: Probability of resource collision (PRC) relative to the channel busy ratio (CBR).  
to maintain near-perfect reception at low densities and a slower decline in the PRR as the density increases. In contrast, DS and SB-SPS experience more significant reductions in the PRR, indicating less effective resource management.
# An Overview of Distributed Firewalls and Controllers Intended for Mobile Cloud Computing
## 3 SDN, NFV, and CASB Technologies  
### Software-Defined Network (SDN)  
SDN is a networking paradigm that leverages software controllers and Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) to interface with and manage the underlying hardware infrastructure, such as switches and routers, for controlling network traffic [34]. This approach marks a major shift from traditional networking practices designed to address the constraints of conventional black-box network setups. The foundational principles of SDN include decoupling the control plane from the data plane, centralised control, a programmable architecture, and streamlined data plane operations [34,35].
# Underwater Excavation Records Using Underwater Acoustic Survey: A Case Study in South Korea
## 3 Dangampo Site: Equipment Testing  
### Experimental Setup  
Generally, sediment removal is involved in UEs, which can alter the seafloor profile. Therefore, the application of acoustic MGS systems to UEs of cultural properties is expected to provide useful images of excavation sites in turbid underwater environments, similar to the use of aerial photography for documenting land excavations. During the UE at the Dangampo site in 2017, three different types of MGS devices using sound waves were employed for identifying the device best suited for imaging the UE sites.  
The underwater relics at the Dangampo site are distributed on the seafloor in Cheon-suman Bay, between the Taean and Annyeondo Islands, where the Annyeon Canal starts. The site covers an area of 500 m (latitudinal) \(\times\) 200 m (longitudinal) and has been provisionally designated as a historical site. Two UE missions were carried out at this site during the periods of October 10-31, 2017, and April 4-22, 2018.  
During the first excavation mission in 2017, a sediment removal survey was conducted in the area where many relics had been found in a time-constrained exploration in 2016. The site-surface was characterized by a thick layer of stones larger than fist-size, with a sandy silt soil layer underneath. Relics were buried between the stones or within the soil layer, and underwater visibility was fairly good. For the sediment removal survey, an area of 20 m \(\times\) 20 m along the latitudinal and longitudinal axes was selected. This area was then quartered into four 10 m \(\times\) 10 m squares, and each square was quartered again, resulting in a 16-square grid of 5 m \(\times\) 5 m. Sediment removal lines were set at 1 m spacings along the latitudinal axis, and the sediment removal depth was set to 20-30 cm. The stones and soil removed from a sediment removal line were moved to the previously emptied line, thereby leaving the entire sediment removal area (SRA) with a ridge-furrow surface profile after sediment removal completion.  
During the Dangampo site UE, an SiSS, multibeam echo sounder (MBES), and SS were used to record the seafloor of the survey area and the SRA. Since these survey systems mapped the seafloor using sound waves, we expected the obtained recordings of the seafloor to be changed by the excavation.