## 3 Results for the Research Questions
### RQ2: What Are the Expertise Sources Used for Experts Finding Systems?
#### 3.3.1 RQ3a: What Are the Differences between Expertise Retrieval and Expertise Seeking?
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Antecedents** & **Findings** & **Moderators** & **Study** \\ \hline Information quality source accessibility & + information quality & - & [92] \\  & + source accessibility & & [96] \\ \hline Cognitive accessibility, physical accessibility, rational accessibility, relevance & + quality & & [96] \\ \hline social accessibility of expertise providers, technological accessibility and awareness & + social accessibility & - & [92] \\  & + technological accessibility & - & [92] \\  & + awareness & & \\ \hline  & Without time pressure: & & \\  & + Physical accessibility & & \\  & + Cognitive accessibility & & \\  & + Rational accessibility & & \\ Quality and accessibility (Physical accessibility, cognitive accessibility, relational accessibility, relevance technical quality(reliability)) & + Technical quality(reliability) & time pressure & [98] \\  & + Physical accessibility & & \\  & + Cognitive accessibility & & \\  & + Relational accessibility & & \\  & + Relational quality(reliability) & & \\ \hline Relationships and awareness & & + Positive relationships & - & [97] \\  & (No effect) Negative Relationship & - & [97] \\ \hline Quality, accessibility & Both quality and accessibility are important. Information need can function as a contingency & Information & \\  & factor such that the relative importance of quality over accessibility shifts with information need & & \\ \hline  & & & \\ \hline Willlings to help, network ties self-identified expertise, awareness of other resources, communication skills & & & \\  & & & \\  & & & \\  & & & \\  & & & \\  & & & \\  & & & \\  & & & \\  & & & \\ \hline  & & + source quality & task factors & \\  & + access difficulty & + communication difficulty & importance, \\  & & + importance & urgency, \\  & & + urgency & complexity & \\  & & - complexity & \\ \hline Environment factors Accessibility factors Communication & & & [94] \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 6: Contextual factors in expertise seeking. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Dimension** & **Factors** & & & **Contests** & & & **Reference** \\  & & & Academia & & & & \\
**Expert-related factors** & Topic of knowledge, familiarity, reliability, availability, perspective up-to-dateness, approachability, cognitive effort, contacts, physical proximity, saves time & & & & & \\ \hline connectivity & ✓ & ✓ & & ✓ & ✓ & [20, 21, 22, 39] \\ \hline quality & ✓ & ✓ & ✓ & ✓ & ✓ & [20, 21, 25, 35, 39] \\ \hline Relevance & & & ✓ & ✓ & ✓ & [17, 22, 25] \\ \hline user reputation & & & & & ✓ & [17] \\ \hline authority & & & & ✓ & [17] \\ \hline accessibility & & & & ✓ & [35] \\ \hline productivity & & & ✓ & & [22] \\ \hline time to contact an expert and the knowledge value & & & ✓ & [43] \\ \hline Trust & & ✓ & & & [25] \\ \hline \begin{tabular}{c} Community \\ factors \\ \end{tabular} & Number of documents Number of authors for each community & & & & [54] \\ \hline \begin{tabular}{c} Temporal factors \\ \end{tabular} & Location and Time & & & & \\ \hline \begin{tabular}{c} Organizational \\ factors \\ \end{tabular} & Organizational structure and Media experience & ✓ & & & [27] \\ \hline \
\begin{tabular}{c} Social factors \\ \end{tabular} & Experience, background knowledge level and personal preferences & & & & [56, 67] \\ \hline
\begin{tabular}{c} User motivation \\ factors: \\ \end{tabular} & Most qualified Friend of friend Birds of a feather Social exchange & ✓ & & & [55] \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 7: Contextual factors in expertise retrieval systems. In academia, various factors were combined for developing expert finding systems. The authors in reference [68] combined the community factors, namely the number of documents and the authors for every community in their system. Furthermore, for a research collaborative activity, the authors in reference [55] incorporated user motivation factors with their expert finding system.