# Cyber-Physical Systems for Water Supply Network Management: Basics, Challenges, and Roadmap
## 3 CPS Architecture and Applications
### CPS Applications
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**S/N** & **Application Domain** & **Key Areas of Applications** & **Requirements** \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{1} & \multirow{3}{*}{Transportation [13]} & Autonomous vehicle, smart transportation, railroad systems, vehicular networks and smart highways, accident signaling, collision avoidance, traffic jam information, optimal traffic management. & CPSs for the automotive industry demand high computing power due to complex traffic control algorithms. Also, robustness, mobility, and self-adaptation are some other requirements. \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{2} & \multirow{3}{*}{Water sector [12, 15, 16]} & Leakage detection and monitoring, leak control, pressure management, water quality monitoring, water flow and pressure control, water resource management, & Robustness, self-adaptation, flexibility, and time synchronization. \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{3} & \multirow{3}{*}{Healthcare sector [83, 84]} & Smart healthcare, patient’s drug administration, robotic microsurgery, health management networks, and epilepsy seizure detection. & Robustness, self-adaptation and flexibility, high precision sensing, data confidentiality, mobility, and quality of service. \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{4} & \multirow{3}{*}{Environment [14, 85]} & Wastewater monitoring, industrial waste control and monitoring, weather monitoring, pollution monitoring, air quality monitoring. & Robustness and self-adaptation, long operation without intervention with little energy consumption. \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{5} & \multirow{3}{*}{Infrastructure [21, 52, 86]} & Smart building, green building, asset management, structural health monitoring. & CPSs for infrastructure application demand a precise and reliable control mechanism, robustness, and flexibility. \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{6} & \multirow{3}{*}{Energy [10, 87, 98]} & Smart grid, smart energy metering, real-time cooperative control of protection devices, power generation and distribution, energy conservation. & Robustness, self-adaptation, and flexibility. \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{7} & \multirow{3}{*}{Industry [11, 17, 19, 22, 82]} & Smart manufacturing, smart production, robotics, process control. & High flexibility, robustness and security, good control mechanism, and self-adaptation. \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{8} & \multirow{3}{*}{Aeronautics/Aviation [99, 90]} & Flight test instrumentation, pilot-crew communications, in-flight tests, flight landing monitoring, wireless cabin, aviation and airspace management. & CPSs for aviation require high precision sensing, robustness, flexibility, precise and good control mechanism, self-adaptation, and airspace management. & \multirow{3}{*}{The main requirements of CPSs in the agriculture domain are flexibility, robustness, and scalability.} \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{9} & \multirow{3}{*}{Defense/military systems [21, 91, 92]} & Firefighter monitoring, soldier supervision, emergency navigation, target tracking, defense jets, etc. & Robustness, flexibility, self-adaptation (adaptability), military data integrity provision, precise control, high precision sensing, time synchronization, and good coverage. \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{10} & \multirow{3}{*}{Enabling environment or [93]} & \multirow{3}{*}{Assistive living, robotics, rehabilitation supervision.} & Requires high precision sensing, robustness, mobility, scalability, and flexibility. \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{3-3}  & & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{3-3}  & & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{3-3}  & & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{3-3}  & & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{3-3}  & & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{3-3}  & & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{3-3}  & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Some common CPS application domains and requirements. Figure 5: Some applications of cyber-physical systems (CPSs). and uncertainties of water demand that occur in the system. Besides the demand uncertainties from the consumer side, climate change influences the source water, which then affects the operation of the system.