## 3 Results
### Antimicrobial Study  
The antimicrobial effect resulting from the _C. bruguieriana_ extract and fractions (CB. Crude, CB.CHCl\({}_{3}\), CB.EtoAC, and CB.But) in terms of MIC and MBC/MFC are displayed in Table 3. The chloroform fraction exhibited stronger antimicrobial activity than the other plant extract and fractions, the most sensitive strains being the Gram-positive _Staphylococcus aureus_ and _Enterococcus faecalis_ (MIC: 78.13 \(\mathrm{\SIUnitSymbolMicro g}\)/mL). Moreover, both Gram-positive bacteria were also sensitive to the ethyl acetate fraction of _C. bruguieriana_-positive bacteria (MIC: 156.25 \(\mathrm{\SIUnitSymbolMicro g}\)/mL). The MBC or MFC values were approximately two times higher than the MICs (Table 3).  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Compound Name** & **Chemical** & **Molecular Weight** & **RT (min)** & **Area\%** \\ \hline _Trans_-caryophyllene & C\({}_{15}\)H\({}_{24}\) & 204.35 & 10.70 & 0.600 \\ Alpha-humulene & C\({}_{15}\)H\({}_{24}\) & 204.35 & 11.09 & 1.430 \\ Delta-cadinene & C\({}_{15}\)H\({}_{24}\) & 204.35 & 11.65 & 2.530 \\ (1s)-cis-calamenene & C\({}_{15}\)H\({}_{22}\) & 202.33 & 11.71 & 3.640 \\ Beta-cedrene & C\({}_{15}\)H\({}_{24}\) & 204.35 & 11.82 & 0.700 \\ Nerolidol & C\({}_{15}\)H\({}_{26}\)O & 222.37 & 11.99 & 0.640 \\ Caryophyllene oxide & C\({}_{15}\)H\({}_{24}\)O & 220.35 & 12.36 & 1.13 \\ Humuladienone & C\({}_{15}\)H\({}_{24}\)O & 220.35 & 12.62 & 0.330 \\
1,10-di-epi-Cubenol & C\({}_{15}\)H\({}_{26}\)O & 222.37 & 12.74 & 13.480 \\ Tau-muurolol & C\({}_{15}\)H\({}_{26}\)O & 222.37 & 12.89 & 5.32 \\ Shyuboul & C\({}_{15}\)H\({}_{26}\)O & 222.37 & 13.22 & 1.210 \\
7-acetyl-2-hydroxy-2-methyl-5-isopropylbicyclo & C\({}_{15}\)H\({}_{26}\)O\({}_{2}\) & 238.37 & 13.68 & 2.150 \\
[4.3.0] nonane & C\({}_{12}\)H\({}_{22}\)O\({}_{2}\) & 198.3 & 14.19 & 0.600 \\ Citronelly acetate & C\({}_{15}\)H\({}_{28}\)O\({}_{2}\) & 240.38 & 14.38 & 0.700 \\ Ethyl heptadecanoate & C\({}_{19}\)H\({}_{38}\)O\({}_{2}\) & 298.5 & 14.53 & 4.140 \\
3-methyl-5-(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-enyl) & C\({}_{15}\)H\({}_{24}\)O & 220.35 & 15.18 & 11.500 \\ pent-1-yn-3-ol & C\({}_{15}\)H\({}_{26}\)O\({}_{2}\) & 284.5 & 15.28 & 5.01 \\ Ethyl palmitate & C\({}_{20}\)H\({}_{40}\)O & 296.5 & 16.08 & 1.360 \\
7-oxabicyclo [2.2.1] heptane & C\(6\)H\({}_{10}\)O & 98.14 & 16.84 & 12.140 \\ Methyl 8-oxocatanoate & C\({}_{9}\)H\({}_{16}\)O\({}_{3}\) & 172.22 & 17.26 & 17.610 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: GC-MS analysis of _Centaurea bruguieriana_ chloroform extract.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Activity** & _S. aureus_ & _E. faecalis_ & _E. coli_ & _P. vulgaris_ & _C. albicans_ \\ \hline \multicolumn{8}{c}{(\(\mathrm{\SIUnitSymbolMicro g}\)/mL)} \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{CB. Crude} & MIC & 312.5 & 312.5 & 625 & 625 & 156.25 \\ \cline{2-6}  & MBC & 625 & 625 & 1250 & 1250 & - \\ \cline{2-6}  & MFC & NT & NT & NT & NT & 312.5 \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{CB. CHCl\({}_{3}\)} & MIC & 78.13 & 78.13 & 312.5 & 312.5 & 39.1 \\ \cline{2-6}  & MBC & 156.25 & 156.25 & 625 & 625 & - \\ \cline{2-6}  & MFC & NT & NT & NT & NT & 78.13 \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{CB. EtoAC} & MIC & 156.25 & 156.25 & 312.5 & 312.5 & 78.13 \\ \cline{2-6}  & MBC & 312.5 & 312.5 & 625 & 625 & - \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-6}  & MFC & NT & NT & NT & NT & 156.25 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: Minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC), minimal bactericidal concentrations (MBC), and minimal fungicidal concentrations (MFC) of the crude extracts of _Centaurea bruguieriana_.