esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# COVID-19 Diagnosis in Chest X-rays Using Deep Learning and Majority Voting
## 2 Materials & Methods
### Training of the Selected Algorithms  
Among the state of the art algorithms in image classification, we selected 16 classifiers which are: MobileNetV2 [34], Xception [35], InceptionV3 [19], DenseNet-201 [36], VGG16 [37], ResNet (ResNet50V1, ResNet50V2, ResNet11) [38], and EfficientNet (B0, B1, B2, B3, B4, B5, B6, and B7) [28]. These classifiers are considered among the most popular CNN architectures used in literature based on the recent survey made by [PERSON] et al. [39]. We wanted to consider this large number of classifiers to be able to reach the maximum  
Figure 1: Sample images from the chest X-ray dataset.  
possible accuracy on COVID-19 diagnosis task independently from the chosen CNN architecture. For every selected model, we used the pre-trained weights on the ImageNet dataset as a start point for the training. In fact, the constructed dataset is so small to be sufficient to learn discriminative features for general visual patterns. Big datasets, like ImageNet, help the model to learn better general visual patterns that exist in image data. Using pre-trained weights on ImageNet for training small datasets helps the model to converge faster and easier. Although, in our case, the type of chest X-ray Images is different from the type of images existing in ImageNet. But, in literature, there are no big datasets of chest X-ray images that we may use to pre-train our model on. ImageNet was the most adequate dataset in our case. During the training of our model, all the layers were set to be trainable. We did not freeze any part of the model. In fact, our dataset's domain is notably different from the domain of ImageNet, and all the parameters of the model should be tuned to fit our dataset.  
In every model, we changed the last layers of the classification part by a proposed head model composed of 7 layers. The first layer is an average pooling layer with a size of 4 \(\times\) 4 to reduce the number of parameters, followed by a ReLU activation layer (Rectified Linear Unit) that increases the non-linearity in the images. The third layer is a batch normalization layer that improves the speed, performance, and stability of our model, followed by a ReLU activation layer. We placed the dropout 0.5 after the activation function that sets a number of hidden units to 0 with a probability of 0.5. The sixth and last layer before the classification layer is a batch normalization layer aiming to improve the whole model. Finally, the last layer is a Softmax layer with three outputs corresponding to 3 different classes ( COVID-19, Normal, and Viral Pneumonia). Figure 2 presents our proposed model combined with the feature extractor of the selected model concatenated to the designed head model.
# High-Speed VCSEL-Based Transceiver for 200 GbE Short-Reach Intra-Datacenter Optical Interconnects
## 4 Conclusions  
We have presented a high-speed VCSEL-based optical transceiver tailored for intra-datacenter connectivity. Architectures, assemblies, and experimental results from different modules that comprise the transceiver were demonstrated. The single-mode VCSEL was evaluated and exhibited a high-speed functionality of up to 80 Gb/s based on PAM-4 signaling over a 500 m link, whereas the optical transceiver demonstrated up to 64 Gb/s per lane capacity in a back-to-back configuration and 56 Gb/s per lane capacity in a full-link data transmission experiment over a 2 km link. The results prove that the device is suitable for 200 GbE intra-datacenter applications.  
Conceptualization, G.K., D.K., P.B., and H.A.; Investigation, G.K. and N.I.; Methodology, W.S., B.M., and S.S.; Project administration, H.A.; Software, N.A.; Supervision, H.A.; Validation, P.B.; Writing--original draft, G.K.  
Figure 9: BER curves at 25, 28, and 32 Gbaud for back-to-back configuration and propagation in 500 m and 2 km of a standard single-mode fiber.  
**Funding:** This research and the APC were funded by the H2020 project ICT-QAMeleon (Contract No. 780354).  
**Acknowledgments:** This work was partially supported by the European Commission through the FP7 project MIRAGE and through the H2020 projects ICT-QAMeleon (Contract No. 780354), an initiative of the Photonics Public Private Partnership (PPP) and 5 GPP Phase II 5G-PHOS (Contract No. 761989).  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 4 Conclusions  
To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study investigating the effect of short-term CO\({}_{2}\) treatment on the volatile composition of 'Seolhyang' strawberries. A total of thirty volatiles were identified using HS-SPME with GC-MS in 'Seolhyang' strawberries stored at 10 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 9 d. The volatile composition of the strawberries changed depending on the ripening stages, storage time, and short-term CO\({}_{2}\) treatment. Ripening and storage increased the total volatile concentrations and CO\({}_{2}\) treatment inhibited the production of volatiles. The production of some characteristic strawberry volatiles, such as methyl hexanoate and 4-methoxy-2,5-dimethyl-3(2\(H\))-furanone, was inhibited in CO\({}_{2}\)-treated strawberries, especially in half-red strawberries, during cold storage. However, CO\({}_{2}\) treatment helped maintain the hexanal and 2-hexenal concentrations, which are responsible for the fresh odor in strawberries. Interestingly, CO\({}_{2}\) treatment decreased the formation of rancid off-odor volatiles, such as acetaldehyde, 2,3-butanedione, and hexanoic acid during storage, regardless of the ripening state. Thus, short-term CO\({}_{2}\) treatment may help maintain a fresh odor and reduce the off-odor, improving strawberry aroma characteristics during storage. Short-term CO\({}_{2}\) treatment may be applied to 'Seolhyang' strawberries for long-distance shipping to improve the strawberry aroma characteristics during shipping. In future research, the role of short-term CO\({}_{2}\) treatment in improving the aroma quality of 'Seolhyang' strawberries can be confirmed using descriptive sensory analysis.  
The following supporting information can be downloaded at: [[https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/molecules27196599/s1](https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/molecules27196599/s1)]([https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/molecules27196599/s1](https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/molecules27196599/s1)), Table S1: Multivariate analysis of variance F-values and p-values for the volatile contents of all strawberries.  
Conceptualization, J.H.C., J.-H.L., K.-J.P. and J.L.; investigation, I.K. and D.A.; writing--original draft preparation, I.K.; writing--review and editing, J.H.C., J.-H.L., G.O. and J.L.; visualization, I.K. and D.A.; project administration, J.L.; funding acquisition, K.-J.P. and J.L. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded by the Korea Food Research Institute, grant number E0211000-01. This research was supported by a grant (21153 MFDS605) from the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety in 2022. This research was supported by the Chung-Ang University Graduate Research Scholarship awarded in 2019.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 2 The Application Principle of Hyperspectral Imaging in Geoscience
### The Spectral Absorption Features of Chlorite  
The crystal structure of the chlorite has a 2:1 ratio of tetrahedral (T) to octahedral (O) layers (talc-like) with edge-sharing M\({}^{2+}\)(OH)\({}_{6}\) octahedra (brucite-like layer) in the interlayer between each set of 2:1 sheets [20] (Figure 1). Chlorite has three octahedral cation sites in octahedral layers, one slightly larger \(M_{1}\) site and two slightly smaller \(M_{2}\) sites [21]. Cation substitution of chlorite is common in \(M\) sites, and mineral chemistry can vary significantly from endmember composition. The substitution of Si by Al occurs in the tetrahedral sheet of 2:1 layer, whereas the mutual substitution of Mg and Fe usually occurs in the brucite-like layer and the 2:1 layer of octahedral sheet [22].  
The spectral absorption features of chlorite in the VNIR are mainly caused by the crystal field effect of iron, which is the most common transition element in minerals. When the Fe is in octahedral coordination with six identical ligands, electrons in all five unfilled 3d orbitals are split into e\({}_{\text{g}}\) and t\({}_{\text{2g}}\) energy levels [23] (Figure 2). For example, the broad absorption band of 1.0-1.1 \(\upmu\)m in chlorite is caused by the Fe\({}^{2+}\) spin-allowed transition between e\({}_{\text{g}}\) and t\({}_{\text{2g}}\)[18]. This absorption band is also commonly found in phyllosilicate minerals such as sericite. Other spectral features of chlorite are listed in Figure 3.  
Figure 1: The structure of chlorite.  
Figure 2: (**a**) Six-coordinated octahedron around Fe and (**b**) crystal field splitting of Fe\({}^{2+}\) 3d orbitals in the regular octahedron. The octahedral distortion will cause further splitting.  
The spectral absorption features of chlorite in the SWIR are assigned to combinations or overtones of the OH bound to octahedral cations (Figure 4). Chlorite is characterized by the Fe-OH absorption band near 2250 nm (combinations of O-H stretching and Fe-OH bending vibration), whose wavelength position varies as a function of the relative amount of cations in the octahedral sheet [24]. Other spectral features of chlorite are listed in Figure 3.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Vertical Biodegradation Kinetics of TPH in a Soil Column  
The biodegradation of TPH in contaminated soil is assumed to follow the first-order degradation kinetics. The first-order degradation rates for the treatments in this study are shown in Figure 5. Note that the biodegradation rates were calculated from the TPH removal results to reflect only biodegradation after the oxidation pretreatment was completed.  
In the soil column without holes, the biodegradation rate constant was found to be 0.0670 d\({}^{-1}\) at 5 cm soil depth, whereas the rate constants at 15 and 25 cm depths were 0.0359 and 0.0350 d\({}^{-1}\), respectively. The vertical TPH biodegradation rates were distinct in that the rates at the two lowest depths were almost half the rate of the 5 cm depth. In contrast, similar TPH decay rates of 0.0573, 0.0561, and 0.0540 d\({}^{-1}\) at 5, 15, and 25 cm, respectively, were achieved in the column with vertical holes. The biodegradation rates for deeper soils (column with holes) were significantly higher than for the column without holes. These results showed that the TPH biodegradation rate was improved for deeper soil areas by using vertical holes with surfactant foam spray application. The TPH decay rate constants in control treatment (for 3-30 days) were found to be negligible with rate constants ranging from 0.0009 to 0.0030 d\({}^{-1}\).  
The higher biodegradation rates are attributed to the enhancement of bioavailability and biodegradability [28; 41; 42; 43; 44]. Thus, a one-time foam-sprayed oxidation pretreatment in conjunction with vertical holes may enhance bioavailability and biodegradability, accelerating the bioremediation of TPH contaminated soil at various depths in unsaturated conditions.  
Figure 5: Comparison of the first order biodegradation rates (k, d\({}^{-1}\)) as a function of soil depth.
# Evolutionary Game for Content Cache in a mm-Wave-Based Vehicular Fog
## 3 mm-Wave-Based Vehicular Communication Model  
In this section, we establish a mm-Wave communication model for a vehicular fog with three folds. First, we adopt a well-known mm-Wave channel propagation model on 60 GHz frequency spectrum. Second, beam sectorization achieved by a directional antenna is considered with different beamforming gains. Third, we apply a multi-lane model to derive theoretical vehicle density of the vehicular fog and blockage probability.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Seismic Resilience Assessment  
#### 3.3.1 Tunnel Functionality Assessment  
According to Equation (3), the tunnel functionality \(Q(t)\) at time \(t\) is calculated by the developed fragility functions and functionality restoration functions [27]. Figure 12a,b  
Figure 11: Direct seismic loss of the examined tunnel in terms of (**a**) \(PGA\) and (**b**) \(PGV\) at the free-field ground surface.  
Figure 10: Developed fragility functions by (**a**) \(PGA\) and (**b**) \(PGV\) at the ground surface.  
present the influences of five different values of \(PGA\) (0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, and 1.0 g) and five different values of \(PGV\) (0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, and 1.0 m/s) on the development of tunnel functionality, \(Q(t)\). As expected, the damage induced by a lower seismic intensity (\(PGA\) or \(PGV\)) seems to be more easily recovered from, indicating a higher resilience index (\(Re\)) with lower \(PGA\) and \(PGV\) for the studied tunnel.
## 1 Introduction
Based on the analyses of field measurements, researchers such as [PERSON] et al. [22] and [PERSON] et al. [23] have suggested that controlling differential settlement should be prioritized during the construction of the top-down structure. The Technical Specification for Foundation Pit Engineering [24], issued by Shanghai Engineering Construction, states that the differential settlement between the intermediate columns and the diaphragm wall of the foundation pit must not exceed 20 mm and 1/400 of the spacing between the intermediate columns. [PERSON] et al. [25] simulated the most unfavorable conditions for differential settlement and identified that the maximum differential settlement occurs prior to the formation of the bottom slab. Based on measured data from a project in Tianjin and numerical simulations, [PERSON] et al. [26] proposed a phased control method and a differential settlement control standard for the top-down construction of a subway station. [PERSON] et al. [27] investigated the differential heaving and settlement between the vertical support structures in a foundation pit constructed using the top-down method in soft soil areas and analyzed the mechanisms and influencing factors. They also provided recommendations for mitigating differential heaving and settlement in design. In summary, research on the differential settlement in foundation pits constructed using the top-down method remains relatively limited. However, such differential settlement directly impacts the feasibility of employing this construction technique. Subway stations, which are often located in bustling areas with limited construction sites and surrounded by dense structures and complex traffic patterns, benefit from the top-down construction method due to its advantages in minimizing noise, dust, and disruptions to traffic, thus reducing the impact on local residents. Consequently, the top-down construction method is increasingly favored for subway station projects in urban environments. This study established a numerical analysis model using Plaxis3D to examine the horizontal displacement of the diaphragm wall, ground surface settlement, and differential settlement between the diaphragm wall and the lattice columns across various construction stages. Furthermore, a comparison was made with the cut-and-cover method. Finally, optimized analysis of the original construction scheme was conducted by implementing a construction scheme involving the multiply segmented pouring of the main structure and the erection of internal supports. The innovation of this scheme lies in the combination of internal supports and the cover-cut method, which can effectively control the differential settlement of piles and walls and the deformation of the surrounding environment.
# Breath Analysis: A Promising Tool for Disease Diagnosis--The Role of Sensors
## 3 Types of Nanomaterial-Based Sensors in Breath Analysis
### Chemiresistors
#### 3.1.2 Cross-Reactive Applications
** \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{**WO\({}_{3}\)NTs**} & Asthma & NO & 50 ppb & & & & 330 °C & \\
**Pt NP\(-\)WO\({}_{3}\)NTs** & Lung cancer & Toluene & 100 ppb & NA & NA & NA & 400 °C  \\ \cline{2-7}
**Posting, O\({}_{1}\):s” wt & Diabetes & Acetone & & & & & \\
**CO** **- and 0.1 wt & & & & & & & \\
**thin layered** & Halilosis & H\({}_{3}\)S & 1 ppm & NA & NA & NA & 350 °C  \\ \cline{2-7}
**graphic WO\({}_{3}\)** & Hemi & Halilosis & H\({}_{3}\)S & & & & & \\
**tubas** & & & & & & & \\ \hline \multicolumn{7}{c}{**Electrochemical sensor**} \\ \cline{2-7}
**MWCN/RA-Aq-3** & Gastric cancer & & 3-Octanone & 0.3 ppb & MCC-a03 CC & NA & Easy cell line discrimination, high sensitivity, good VOCs & RT [137] \\ \cline{2-7}
**NP/GCE** & Gastric cancer & & & & & & & \\ \cline{2-7}
**SiNN\({}_{*}\)-GO** & Infectious diseases & Cyclohexane, Formaldehyde in presence of Methanol, Ethanol, Actinide, Aerthaldehyde and humidity & 1 ppm & NA & Novel electrode platform with increased sensitivity, selectivity and repeatability & [104] \\ \cline{2-7}  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l l l l l l l l} \hline
**Sensing Element** & **Disease** & **Targeted VOCs** & **LOD** & **Subjects** & **Classifier** & **Results** & **T** & **Ref. ** \\ \hline \multicolumn{8}{c}{**Pirezoelectric (QCM) sensor arrays**} \\ \hline
**TiO\_MVENTS** & **Dabetes** & **Acetore** & \(4.33
## 3 Results  
### Variability of PRI with Multiple View Angles  
Within 15 min of spectral observation, PRI dramatically varied with view angles (Figure 1). As solar radiation was nearly constant during this period, this variation of PRI was mostly induced by viewing different portions of the canopy at different angles. Figure 1a,b used spectral data obtained from 10:45 a.m. to 11 a.m. on day 218 under clear sky conditions (\(n\) = 218), when the solar azimuth angle was about 105\({}^{\circ}\) (here defined from geodetic north) and the solar zenith angle was about 28\({}^{\circ}\). Figure 1a showed PRI varied with different view azimuth angles (VAA, here defined from geodetic south to conveniently calculate the angle between sun and viewer) and view zenith angles (VZA). The PRI values in the backward scattering direction were generally lower than those in the forward scattering direction. Figure 1b illustrated PRI variations in relation to the angle between the sun and viewer (\(\theta_{r}\)) as the value of PRI was the lowest near the hotspot (\(\theta_{r}\approx 0\)) and was high when the sun and viewer were far apart. Figure 1c and d used spectral data obtained from 14:45 to 15:00 on day 218 (\(n\) = 175), when the solar azimuth angle was about 258\({}^{\circ}\) and the solar zenith angle was about 31\({}^{\circ}\). The variation patterns of PRI with view angle and \(\theta_{r}\) were quite similar to those shown in Figure 1a,b. For half-hourly comparison with LUE, the top-canopy PRI was calculated as the mean value of the multi-angle PRI, which could reduce the angular effects to some extent with hundreds of samples evenly distributed at different angles.
# Earthquake Hazard Mitigation for Uncertain Building Systems Based on Adaptive Synergetic Control
## 3 Adaptive Synergetic Control Design  
In this section, adaptive control design is developed on the basis of a synergetic methodology for suppressing the vibration of structures due to earthquake. Firstly, the classical synergetic control is developed. Then, adaptive synergetic control design is conducted to yield the control and adaptive laws to address the variation in the coefficients of the structural system as a consequence of an earthquake.
# NFT Technology for Enhanced Global Digital Registers: A Novel Approach to Tokenization
## 9 Practical Applications and Use Cases
### Existing Registries  
ISBN, ISSN, DOI, and other similar registries: Our system could be applied to these registries to provide enhanced security, censorship resistance, and decentralization. By replacing the hierarchical and centralized structure, our solution would enable seamless and transparent management of unique identifiers for books, periodicals, digital objects, and other content.  
ASIN, BICI, ISAN, ISMN, ISRC, ISTC, ISWC, ISWN, and LCCN: These registries, responsible for managing identifiers for various objects such as audiovisual content, music recordings, and wine, would benefit from our system's increased transparency, interoperability, and customizability while maintaining the integrity and uniqueness of each identifier.
# A Noncontact Method for Calibrating the Angle and Position of the Composite Module Array
## 3 Calibration Method  
Ideally, the relative angle of each composite module in the array is 0\({}^{\prime\prime}\). The center position of the adjacent composite module is 50 mm in the X direction and 0 mm in the Y direction. In fact, due to the installation error and other factors, the actual value deviates from the theoretical value, and there will be deviations in relative angle and position. In order to ensure that the deviation does not affect the accuracy of the composite module array in the measurement, it is necessary to calibrate the angle and position of the composite module accurately.
# A Deep-Learning-Based Secure Routing Protocol to Avoid Blackhole Attacks in VANETs +
## 5 Performance Evaluation
### Numerical Results
Figure 18c shows the control overhead as a function of node speed with various numbers of nodes in the proposed DLSR with DLC protocol. It demonstrates that an increase in both node speed and the number of nodes leads to higher control overhead but not significantly. This observation can be explained by two possible reasons. First, with a higher number of nodes, the network density increases, causing a higher frequency of packet transmissions, thus, contributing to the increased control overhead. Second, the increase in node speed results in more frequent node mobility, which can lead to more frequent link breakages and route rediscoveries, further contributing to the increase in control overhead. Moreover, to address the control overhead issue, we consider a clustering protocol. The DLC protocol creates clusters with similar mobility patterns using cosine similarity and cosine distance metrics, effectively reducing the occurrence of frequent cluster head changes, especially at higher speeds. Despite these challenges, it is evident that the proposed DLSR+DLC protocol, paired with the RPGM mobility model, exhibits impressive scalability. It effectively enhances the PDR, reduces routing delay, and mitigates control overhead as the number of nodes increases. Figure 10:3 The network performance metric vs. node speed with various numbers of nodes. From these results, the combination of the proposed methods (DLSR + DLC) can establish a secure route under various mobility models against the blackhole attack. In detail, the DL framework is properly utilized to solve these problems that maximize the fitness function value for clustering and blackhole node detecting and minimize the fitness function value for routing, respectively. The proposed clustering algorithm can enhance the route connectivity, and the proposed DLSR routing protocol can avoid the blackhole attack without additional detecting steps, as well as support network scalability.