## 2 Materials and Methods
Lenses were calculated using an advanced lens calculation software (FreeForm Designer, IOT, Madrid, Spain) considering the fitting parameters of the PPLs attached to the ET glasses to reduce oblique aberrations and maintain a stable field of view regardless of the prescription and the additional power of each participant. **Eye tracking recording:** Binocular pupil position was recorded using a wearable eye-tracker system (Tobii Pro Glasses 3, Tobii AB, Stockholm, Sweden) with a sampling rate of 50 Hz. Recordings were made while participants were performing VA tests at a distance and near vision using eye charts with logMAR (logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution) unit notation and a scoring criterion that assigns to the subject the VA corresponding to a given line when at least three letters are correctly recognized [31; 32]. The eye charts were composed of black optotypes over a white background with a luminance of 160 cd/m\({}^{2}\). Measurements were performed under photopic conditions (70 lux) in a uniformly illuminated room. Each eye chart was made up of a single row of five randomized optotypes (Sloan letters). The VA increments between eye charts were 0.10 logMAR. Subjects were asked to read the entire row of letters from left to right, beginning with an eye chart with a letter size two steps greater than their best-correction VA until the maximum VA was reached. VA measurements were done for each of the three PPLs at three different gaze directions in the following sequence: centered, 12.5\({}^{\circ}\) off-axis dominant eye side, and 12.5\({}^{\circ}\) off-axis non-dominant eye side. The order of measurements for each PPL was randomized. Far-distance VA was recorded using three eye charts shown on a screen monitor (Asus LCD Monitor VP228 HE 21.5\({}^{\circ}\)) located at 5.25 m. Each of the letters on each eye chart was separated from the other by an angle of 1\({}^{\circ}\). To evaluate off-axis positions, participants were seated on top of a big rotating platform with a chin rest to prevent head motion and  
Figure 1: Mean power, cylinder power maps distribution, and visual areas according to [PERSON]’s criteria [6] for a Plano prescription, addition 2D with default parameters. (**A**) PPL-Balance. (**B**) PPL-Distance. (**C**) PPL-Near. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [30]. 2023, [PERSON] et al. ensure that all participants were looking through the same area of the lens. Near-distance VA was assessed at 0.37 m using three eye charts for each gaze direction displayed on a screen (Microsoft Surface PRO 4, 12.3\({}^{\prime\prime}\)). The angular separation between letters in the same eye chart was 6.4\({}^{\circ}\). Off-axis gaze directions were evaluated by moving the screen to three different positions. To prevent head motion and ensure participants used the central and lateral regions of the PPL, a table with a chin rest was used. Recordings were processed to calculate fixations using Tobii Pro Lab software (Tobii AB, Stockholm, Sweden) and the Tobii I-VT fixation filter [33; 34]. The velocity threshold was set according to a pilot study on 10 emmetropic non-presbyopic participants with the same experimental set-up as in the present work. Participants were asked to look at 5 optotypes of 0.4 logMAR size at 5.25 m and 0.37 m. A velocity threshold of 40\({}^{\circ}\)/s was set for the near-distance VA task, and 6\({}^{\circ}\)/s was set for the far-distance VA task (Figure 2). To ensure the quality of the recordings, a data quality analysis was performed. The data quality of each recording was calculated as the number of time points in each recording for which valid gaze data was collected, divided by the number of time points in the recording. The data quality of each recording was computed as the percentage of valid gaze data points relative to the total number of points recorded. As in other studies requiring very good quality in data recording [21; 35], we set a threshold for data loss of 10%. Those participants with all recordings and valid data of 90% or more were included in the study.