# Blockchain for Future Wireless Networks: A Decade Survey
## 3 The Proposed Taxonomy for Security Attacks and Countermeasures  
Since the beginning, wireless communication systems have been susceptible to security vulnerabilities in every generation. Therefore, this section highlights the various security attacks on WNs and their countermeasures [75]. Figure 7 shows the proposed taxonomy for blockchain-based WNs from a security and privacy perspective. The section comprises various security attacks, such as wormhole attacks, session hijack, jamming, etc., and is classified into two main categories, i.e., active and passive attacks as per the available literature. Then, the countermeasures for each attack are discussed in detail from the perspective of WNs. In addition, Table 2 presents a detailed analysis of different countermeasures that are considered by researchers to handle security attacks in different layers of WNs. A detailed explanation of each attack is described as follows.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{14.2 pt} p{142.3 pt} p{142.3 pt} p{142.3 pt} p{142.3 pt}} \hline \hline
**Year** & **Author** & **Contribution** & **Observations** & **Remarks** \\ \hline
2021 & [PERSON] et al. [67] and & Examined the existing research in the field of 5G-enabled IoT communication environment and provided system model, security protocol, and attacks & Did not cover the detail about layer-wise security in WNs & Layer-wise security in WNs should be considered \\ \hline
2021 & [PERSON] et al. [68] & Explored the applications for the blockchain-based smart contracts & Application of smart contract in security and privacy perspective is lacking & Should cover existing method and compare with smart contract-based with application \\ \hline
2022 & [PERSON] et al. [69] & Presented blockchain enabled federated learning in UAVs for trusted exchange of information & Discussed UAV security with blockchain and proposed case study & Security attacks for blockchain enabled UAV need to be highlighted \\ \hline
2022 & [PERSON] et al. [70] & Studied blockchain and ML techniques for the security in UAVs & Analyzed the hybrid blockchain model for security and reliability and presented further direction & Real-time applicability needs to be discussed with case study \\ \hline
2022 & [PERSON] et al. [71] & Studied security of ITS in VANET & Discussed existing solution based on blockchain for VANET security & Did not consider layer-wise security attacks \\ \hline
2022 & [PERSON] et al. [72] & Analyzed existing solution for IoT security using blockchain & Discussed consensus algorithms for security and privacy in various use case & Did not specify the security vulnerability and attacks \\ \hline
2022 & [PERSON] et al. [73] & Studied security and privacy issues in meta-verse & Analyzed security threat and blockchain based security solutions & Did not consider possibility of the security attacks \\ \hline
2022 & The proposed approach & Analyzed security requirements and issues based on different layer, proposed taxonomy for existing security and privacy approaches envisioned security attacks and their countermeasures & Proposed a blockchain-based WNs architecture for security and privacy perspective with the scalability and latency comparison \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: _Cont._  
Figure 7: The proposed taxonomy for blockchain-enabled wireless networks.