This special issue was introduced to collect the latest research on the processing and modeling of Earth Sciences data, and to address challenging problems with all topics related to volcanoes and seismic areas. Various subjects have been addressed in this collection, mainly on data processing for volcanic studies (three papers), tectonics (two papers) and one paper on data analysis of a new instrument to measure gases. The first contribution to this collection [6] reports the results of the processing and combination of high-rate and low-rate geodetic data for revealing the dynamics underlying violent volcanic eruptions at Mount Etna. This study evidences the wide spectrum of ground deformation produced by these phenomena, to be investigated, processed and modeled in order to generate a picture of the feeding system of the volcano and better understand its dynamics and rates of magma transfer in the upper crust. Another contribution focuses on volcanoes [7]: the authors exploit 20 years of high temporal resolution satellite Thermal Infra-Red (TIR) data collected over three active volcanoes (Etna, Shishaldin and Shinnoodake). They present the results of an analysis of this dataset performed through a preliminary RST (Robust Satellite Techniques) algorithm implementation to TIR data from the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER). This approach ensures efficient identification and mapping of volcanic thermal features even of a low intensity level, which is also useful in the perspective of an operational multi-satellite observing system. The contribution by [PERSON] et al. [8] proposes specific depth-domain data processing of migration velocity analysis (MVA) of seismic data collected during a survey on a saline aquifer sediment in the Southern Continental Shelf of Korea. This analysis allowed the authors to identify and determine the precise depth of a basalt flow that could act as a cap rock for CO2 storage beneath the aquifer. The investigation, through the geological model obtained from both time- and depth-domain processing, provides suitable information for locating the best drilling sites for CO2 injection, maximizing the storage volume. In volcanic areas, gases represent important physical evidence of volcanic processes that need to be measured. [PERSON] et al. [9] have shown how novel range-resolved DIAL-Lidar (Differential Absorption Light Detection and Ranging) could herald a new era in the observation of long-term volcanic CO2 gases. An accurate and integrated analysis of different types of data such as GNSS, seismic and MT-InSAR, has led, in the work by [PERSON] et al. [10], to a first account of deformation processes and their temporal evolution over recent years for Methana (Greece), thus providing initial information to feed into a volcano baseline hazard assessment and monitoring system. Seismic data are among the most important data to understand the dynamics of the Earth's interior. A consistent analysis of a seismic swarm allowed [PERSON] et al. [11] to shed more light on the regional geodynamics of the Kefalonia Transform Fault Zone (Greece), and to follow the temporal evolution of the b-value to distinguish between foreshock and aftershock behaviors. [PERSON] and F.C. contributed to the design and implementation of the special issue and to the writing of the manuscript. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. This research received no external funding. **Institutional Review Board Statement:** Not applicable. **Informed Consent Statement:** Not applicable. **Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.