esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Economic and Resilience Analysis of Microgrid Systems
#### 3.7.2 Operational Cost Reduction and Efficiency Improvement  
Lowering operational costs and improving the efficiency of microgrid systems are essential to support their long-term viability [68; 70]. Recent studies emphasize the importance of advanced energy management platforms in reducing energy losses, optimizing generation dispatch, and decreasing dependence on fossil fuel-based backup systems [71; 75].  
The adoption of predictive maintenance strategies and real-time monitoring platforms also helps prevent equipment failures and extend the service life of critical infrastructure [13; 24]. Demand response programs contribute by reducing peak load demands, which lowers operational costs related to capacity constraints and external grid support [19; 55]. Advanced optimization algorithms, including multi-objective approaches, are applied to balance economic performance and technical reliability, ensuring that microgrids operate efficiently under varying load and generation conditions [17; 37].
## 6 Therapeutic Approaches of Dentin Hypersensitivity
### At-Home Therapeutic Treatments of Dentin Hypersensitivity
#### 6.1.8 Strontium Chloride  
Strontium chloride (SrCl\({}_{2}\)), usually at a concentration of 10%, operates in a manner reminiscent of calcium within the human body [93]. It has the potential to act as a substitute for apatite biomineralization, as has been described in previous reports [94]. Within the oral environment, Sr\({}^{+2}\), along with Ca\({}^{+2}\) and other divalent cations sharing a similar charge/size ratio as calcium, can seamlessly integrate into the hydroxyapatite structure [95]. The scientific literature also highlights that this active element stimulates dentinogenesis in human dental pulp stem cells. This stimulation, as it has been demonstrated in previous in vitro studies, may foster their proliferation, differentiation, and mineralization, leading to the formation of tertiary dentin [96].  
One of the key attributes of SrCl\({}_{2}\) is its capacity to create intricate strontium phosphate compounds, thus exerting a chemical influence on dentin [93]. A previous report [97] affirmed the formation of a Ca and Sr apatite denoted as Ca\({}_{6}\)Sr\({}_{4}\)(PO\({}_{4}\))\({}_{6}\)(OH)\({}_{2}\), which emerges through the replacement of intracrystalline Ca in apatite with Sr. Furthermore, the affinity of strontium salts toward dentin remains significant due to the increased permeability of dentin and the likelihood of absorption in organic connective tissues as well as odontoblast processes [98]. This propensity leads to protein precipitation and the formation of a sealing film [99], potentially capable of restricting the transmission of external stimuli within the structure through a tubular occlusive mechanism.
# Elevation Angle Characterization for LEO Satellites: First and Second Order Statistics
###### Abstract
The reasoning behind that is that \(\theta\) depends on the distance from the satellite to the ES, \(r_{S,E}\). Then, at greater link distances, it can be expected to have a lower received power, \(P_{R}\), (of the transmitted signal from the satellite) than at shorter distances. The distance between a LEO satellite and an ES, \(r_{S,E}\), can vary several thousands of kilometers from a low value of \(\theta\) to a high value of \(\theta\). Figure 1a shows the extreme cases for the elevation angle in a LEO satellite link. Those extreme cases are not necessarily met at every contact, but represent the best and worst length-scenarios in a long period. Path lengths between the ES and satellite, \(r_{S,E}\), are described in this figure using the variable \(r_{i},\ i\in\{1,2,3\}\). The figure also shows that at low values of \(\theta\) the path length is larger and the received power, \(P_{R}\) is at its minimum value. This last implication between the elevation angle, \(\theta\), the received power, \(P_{R}\), and the link length, \(r_{S,E}\), assumes some constraints explained in detail in [9]. Figure 1b shows the typical-case for the elevation angle, where the value of \(\theta\) is not necessarily at its minimum nor at its maximum, but it can be at any value within the range \(\theta\in[\theta_{min},\theta_{max}]\). Since the elevation angle of a LEO satellite appears as always-varying from an ES's, it is convenient to determine statistical indicators of its behavior, such as its expected value, \(E[\cdot]\), median, \(MED[\cdot]\), standard deviation, \(SD[\cdot]\); and how often does the elevation angle will be above or below a threshold, or within a region of interest, for example, using its quantiles \(nQ\). In addition, since the elevation angle variations are directly related to the link length, the elevation angle for LEO satellites is also directly related to the variations of the received power \(P_{R}\) at an ES, as described in [9].
# Research on a Support System for Automatic Ship Navigation in Fairway
## 6 Conclusions  
In this investigation, the support system for automatic ship navigation in a fairway environment was proposed. Conclusions can be summarized as follows:  
* This system is employed after the ship enters the fairway area and before the berthing process. This system is responsible for three tasks. The first task is automatically controlling the rudder to follow pre-planned tracks. The second is to decrease the ship's speed to adapt to the automatic ship berthing system. Third, the ship's heading is adjusted appropriately before the process.
* The proposed system includes two fuzzy controllers and one PID controller. The first fuzzy controller is applied to maintain ship track by changing the rudder angle while the second one is to stabilize the heading error. The PID controller is responsible for decreasing the ship's speed by reducing propeller RPM. By this proposed system, the automatic control systems of the ship can be combined to obtain a fully automatic system for ship motion control.
* Numerical simulations were performed with the training ship from Mokpo Maritime University to validate the effectiveness of this system. The results showed the system yields acceptable performance for automatic ship navigation in a fairway area.  
Figure 13: The track of ship controlled by an automatic navigation system without the heading stabilizing controller.  
In the future, automatic functions for ship collision avoidance will be investigated and combined for this system.  
This research received no external funding.  
The author thanks the editors and three anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments, which helped us to improve the manuscript.  
The author declares no conflict of interest.
## 4 Simulation and Lake Experiment Results
### Results of Lake Experiment  
To further verify the effectiveness of the proposed IPNLMS-MA-MuD method, we conducted a single-input single-output (SISO) UAC experiment in real underwater acoustic communication scenarios. This field experiment was part of the main objective to drive the UWA channel equalizer's channel estimation. The UAC experiment was conducted in July 2022 at the Danjiangkou Reservoir in Hubei Province; the experiment scene is shown in Figure 7. The experimental site had an average depth of 50 m. The transmitter transducer was located at about 23 m underwater in a static state and at a depth of about 3 to 7 m when moving. The receiver used an eight-element array with a 1-meter spacing between elements, and the top hydrophone was 5 m below the surface. The communication distance between the transmitting and receiving boats ranged from 300 to 1500 m, with the receiving boat remaining stationary and the transmitting boat moving at a speed of 2 to 4 knots. The receiving hydrophone had a sampling frequency of 48 kHz. Each set of data obtained from the experiment contained 16 groups of OTFS symbols.  
In this section, we used a channel-estimator-based equalizer to recover the transmitted signal. As the physical underwater acoustic channel impulse responses (UWA CIRs) were still unknown in the field experiment, this method allowed for a quantitative assessment of communication quality, i.e., the accuracy of the estimated UWA CIRs was reflected through the quality of communication.  
Given experimental field data, Table 4 describes the communication quality of several different adaptive channel estimation methods. In Table 4, the \(BER=e/n\), namely the ratio of the number of received erroneous bits \(e\) to the total number of transmitted bits \(n\), was chosen as the metric for communication quality. It is clear that lower BER indicates better communication performance. It was found that the proposed IPNLMS-MA-MuD  
Figure 6: The performance comparison of different single-direction adaptive algorithms with all kinds of denoising methods mentioned above.  
Figure 7: The experimental scene in July, Danjiangkou Lake.  
method achieves the best performance in all cases. In addition, the average bit error rate of the proposed IPNLMS-MA-MuD method is 0.46%, while the average bit error rate of the IPNLMS method is 1.34%. It is clear that the average bit error rate of the proposed IPNLMS-MA-MuD method reduces by about 0.88% compared with the IPNLMS methods. Using the IPNLMS-MA-MuD algorithm, the time-delay and delay-Doppler underwater acoustic channel estimation obtained by processing field data are in Figure 8.
# Analysis and Modelling of Shrinkage and Creep of Reactive Powder Concrete
## 4 Results and Discussion
### Comparison of Shrinkage and Creep of RPC with Existing Models  
Shrinkage and creep have complex mechanisms involving many interrelated factors, and there is no single theory which can fully explain these mechanisms. Thus, experimental studies are essential as a basis for shrinkage and creep models. The ACI 209-82 model [46] is the current standard code model recommended by the American Concrete Institute, and is accepted by building codes in the United States. The CEB-FIP 90 model [47] is recommended by the CEB-FIP model code 1990 (Euro-International Committee for Concrete and the International Federation for Prestressing). The B3 model [20] is based on consolidation, has a clear physical background, and considers most of the internal and external factors that affect shrinkage and creep, and thus has a greater accuracy. The GL 2000 model [48] is a modified Atlanta 97 model, influenced by the CEB-FIP 90 model, and was developed to correct the negative relaxation at early loading ages. These four models are the most commonly used shrinkage and creep models for normal strength concrete.  
The experimental shrinkage and creep results for RPC in this study were compared with the predicted values from the four models, as shown in Figures 8 and 9. The CEB-FIP 90 model [48] underestimates the shrinkage strain of RPC. However, the ACI 209-82 model [47], B3 model [20], and GL 2000 model [48] overestimate the shrinkage strain of RPC. Moreover, all four models overestimate the creep strain of RPC. From Figures 8 and 9, it can be seen that the shrinkage and creep strain predicted by all four models are inconsistent with the experimental results. The application scopes of the four models are listed in Table 4, from which it can be seen that the four models are mainly focused on compressive strengths at 28 days from 16-90 MPa, water-binder ratios greater than 0.35, and cement contents of less than 719 kg/m\({}^{3}\). They also ignore the influence of the silica fume. However, RPC has an ultra-high strength and dense microstructure due to its low water-binder ratio (often less than 0.2), high cementitious material content compared to normal strength concrete, replacement of aggregate with quartz sand and quartz powder, addition of steel fibre to improve the strength and ductility, and replacement of a portion of the cement with silica fume, which can act as a filler material and participate in the pozzolanic reaction, leading to the production of additional C-S-H gel. Therefore, the four models have errors when predicting the shrinkage and creep of RPC.  
Figure 7: Effect of the steel fibre content on the stress-dependent strain, specific creep, and creep coefficient of RPC: (**a**) Stress-dependent strain; (**b**) Specific creep; (**c**) Creep coefficient.
## 2 Numerical Modeling
### Analysis Procedure  
To investigate the tunnel response under the combined effects of fault dislocation and seismic excitation, the numerical analysis is divided into three main steps.  
Step 1: Initial stress equilibrium, tunnel excavation, and support  
In this step, gravity is first applied to the entire model, and geostress equilibrium is achieved. Since the primary focus of this study is the tunnel response under the combined effects of fault dislocation and seismic excitation, the tunnel excavation process is simplified, assuming that the tunnel is excavated in a single pass. To address stress release during tunnel excavation, the softening modulus method is employed. This method simulates stress release by reducing the elastic modulus of the excavated rock mass. The process involves sequentially reducing the elastic modulus of the rock mass within the tunnel, adding the tunnel support structure to the model, and finally removing the rock mass to simulate tunnel excavation and support effectively.  
Step 2: Fault dislocation  
Fault movement is simulated by altering the boundary conditions of the fault block. Specifically, displacement is applied along the fault direction on both sides of the fault block while maintaining normal constraints at the block's base. Fault creep displacement is treated as a quasi-static process. To minimize the influence of dynamic effects during fault movement, the displacement allowed per time increment is controlled to within 0.01 mm.  
Step 3: Seismic excitation  
The damaged state of the tunnel following fault displacement serves as the initial condition for this step. Normal constraints are maintained at the model's base boundary, and artificial seismic loads are applied laterally at the bottom of the model.  
The flow chart is illustrated in Figure 6.
## 3 Problem Formulation
### Definition of Cost Functions, Energy Loss Function  
In order to form the optimal route selection strategy, weights for each connection line should be defined at first. See Figure 3 as a simple example of an EI which consists of multiple ERCs.  
As can be seen in Figure 3, different ERCs are attached to each other by power connection lines and pipelines for a heat network. Since both electric energy and thermal energy are transmitted through the connection lines, operating cost, power transmission loss, and carbon emission are taken into consideration during the weights' definition. In order to illustrate each connection line conveniently and clearly, we number the connection line between the \(ith\) ERC and the \(jth\) ERC as \(l_{i-j}\).  
Figure 3: An example structure of an energy internet containing multiple energy routing centers.
# A New Method for Haptic Shape Discriminability Detection
## 2 Angle Sorting  
### Procedure of Haptic Angle Sorting  
Sorting is an efficient method that can be used for psychophysical measurements [20], such as the 100-hue test for measuring hue discrimination. Referring to this visual test paradigm, we propose a new method of angle sorting for haptic shape discrimination. In the angle sorting paradigm, there are a series of seven angle stimuli, for instance, with an angle difference of 2\({}^{\circ}\) in the present study, including the smallest and the largest reference angles, and five angles between these two reference angles.  
During the experiment, the participant wore an eye mask, and the heights of the chair and table were adjusted to ensure that the participant's arms were comfortable. The experimenter placed the angle stimulus at a minimum angle in the first position of the device and a maximum angle in the seventh position, as shown in Figure 1. Then, the remaining five angle stimuli to be sorted were randomly presented to the participant one by one. The participant was asked to discriminate and compare each angle stimulus with the index finger of their right hand and sort it with his/her left hand. The participant placed the angle stimulus in one of the positions from the second to the sixth position and ensured that the angle stimuli were placed from the first to the seventh position in sequence from small to large. All angle stimuli are horizontally placed with the vertex to the right and two rays to the left. Fixing the minimum and maximum angle stimuli at the first and seventh positions provides a very clear reference for the participant and reduces the difficulty of the angle sorting experiment. In addition, the angle stimuli placed by the participant in the second to sixth positions can be adjusted an unlimited number of times, although the direction of the angle stimulus remains the same.  
The participant was allowed to touch the angle stimuli of the first and seventh positions in the experiment but could not move their positions. After each adjustment of the stimulus, the participant was asked to confirm the sort of the haptic angles from left to right. From the evaluation experiment, it was found that all the participants submitted results after approximately three to five sorting confirmations. After angle sorting was confirmed and submitted, one trial was completed. A trial of the angle sorting paradigm is shown in Figure 1. With this paradigm, it only takes 3-5 min to get the threshold.
## 1 Introduction  
All cells, in particular unicellular organisms, are permanently challenged by rapid environmental changes and therefore depend on sophisticated mechanisms for adjusting their metabolic activity to external cues. In bacteria, a major hallmark of these adjustments are transcriptional regulators, such as two-component systems [1; 2] or various sigma factors [3] that rapidly adapt gene expression in response to, e.g., temperature shifts, pH shifts or nutrient limitation. In addition to these well-studied transcriptional responses, bacteria also adjust their metabolism by modifying the translational activity of the ribosome [4; 5; 6]. Examples are the ribosome modulation factor (RMF) and the hibernation-promoting factor (HPF), which are produced during the stationary phase in _Escherichia coli_[7; 8; 9]. Both proteins sequentially interact with 705 ribosomes and convert them into translationally inactive dimeric 100S ribosomes. This rapidly reversible inactivation of ribosomes is considered to prevent ribosomal damage while simultaneously reducing the production of damage-prone translation products. Another example for translational regulation is the so-called stringent response, which is initiated during nutrient limitation, e.g., shortage of amino acids [10; 11]. The presence of an uncharged tRNA in the A-site of the ribosome serves as a signal for recruiting the GTP-pyrophosphokinase ReIA to the ribosome. Subsequently, ReIA phosphorylates GTP to the hyper-phosphorylated guanine-nucleotides pppGpp or ppGpp, collectively called alarmones [12; 13]. The gradual increase in these alarmones allostericallyregulates the specificity of RNA-polymerase, leading to reduced synthesis of ribosomal RNA and ribosomal proteins. In addition, alarmones competitively inhibit GTPases, such as initiation factor 2 (IF2), which further attenuates translation during substrate limitation.  
Ribosome inactivation by dimer formation as well as (p)ppGpp production are typical stress responses in bacteria and not found in eukaryotes, with the exception of bacteria-derived organelles, such as chloroplasts [14; 15]. However, there are also universally conserved stress response proteins acting on the ribosome, such as the P-loop ATPase YchF (Ola1 in eukaryotes) [16; 17]. Although YchF belongs to the translation-factor-related (TRAFAC) class of GTPases, it preferentially hydrolys ATP rather than GTP [18; 19]. Deletion or depletion of \(ychF/ola1\) in _E. coli_, _Oryza sativa_ or _Homo sapiens_ is associated with increased stress resistance, suggesting a role of YchF/Ola1 as a negative regulator of stress response pathways [16; 20; 21; 22]. YchF is furthermore considered as a constituent of the minimal translation machinery in bacteria [23]. In this review, we summarize recent developments that shed light on the molecular functions of YchF/Ola1 in regulating the response to unfavourable cellular and environmental conditions.
## 2 AMR Signals  
AMR is considered to be an intermediate step between signal detection and demodulation and has huge importance and applications in civil and military communication systems. In a heterogeneous network, a signal may be modulated by various modulation schemes, and a receiver might not be aware of the modulation scheme. Thus, AMR at the receiver not only recognizes the modulation scheme, but also successfully demodulates the signal. To accomplish these tasks, few features from the received signal are extracted and further processed to identify the type of modulation scheme. However, systems usually receive a modulated signal that is affected by noise and attenuated because of channel losses. Interference may also appear due to cross channel effect, making the task challenging and cumbersome.
# Fabrication of a Simultaneous Highly Transparent and Highly Hydrophobic Fibrous Films
###### Abstract  
This paper discusses the fabrication and characterization of electrospun nanofiber scaffolds made of polystyrene (PS). The scaffolds were characterized in terms of their basis material molecular weight, fiber diameter distribution, contact angles, contact angle hysteresis, and transmittance. We propose an aligned electrospun fiber scaffold using an alignment tool (alignment jig) for the fabrication of highly hydrophobic (\(\theta_{\mathrm{W}}\) > 125 deg) and highly transparent (T > 80.0%) films. We fabricated the alignment jig to align the electrospun fibers parallel to each other. The correlation between the water contact angles and surface roughness of the aligned electrospun fibers was investigated. We found that the water contact angle increased as the surface roughness was increased. Therefore, the hydrophobic properties of the aligned electrospun fibers were enhanced by increasing the surface roughness. With the change in the electrospinninging mode to produce aligned fibers rather than randomly distributed fibers, the transmittance of the aligned electrospun fibers increased. The increase in the porous area, leading to better light transmittance in comparison to randomly distributed light scattering through the aligned electrospun fibers increased with the fibers. Through the above investigation of electrospinninging parameters, we obtained the simultaneous transparent (>80%) and hydrophobic (\(\theta_{\mathrm{W}}\) > 140 deg) electrospun fiber scaffold. The aligned electrospun fibers of PS had a maximum transmittance of 91.8% at the electrospinninging time of 10 s. The water contact angle (WCA) of the aligned electrospun fibers increased from 77 deg to 141 deg as the deposition time increased from 10 s to 40 s. The aligned fibers deposited at 40 s showed highly hydrophobic characteristics (\(\theta_{\mathrm{W}}\) > 140 deg).  
electrospinning; fiber alignment; hydrophobicity; transparency; solar cell +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences