## 3 Results (Study 1)
### Phase 1: Performance Differences Across the Four FOD--Advanced Combinations  
Using the four FOD-A combinations as the independent variables and the 11 measures of driving performance as the dependent variables, the MANOVA revealed statistically significant differences, Pillai's Trace = 1.92, _F_(33,267) = 14.32, \(p\) < 0.001, \(\eta^{2}\) = 0.99. The \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Performance Variables**} & \multicolumn{5}{c}{**FOD–Advanced Combinations**} \\ \cline{3-6} \multicolumn{1}{c}{} & & **1** & **2** & **3** & **4** \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Percent of target Es detected} & Mean & 96.6 & 94.3 & 93.9 & 87.2 \\ \cline{2-6}  & SD & 4.5 & 6.9 & 7.7 & 16.8 \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Average target E reaction time (s)} & Mean & 0.8 & 0.9 & 1.7 & 1.9 \\ \cline{2-6}  & SD & 0.1 & 0.1 & 0.3 & 0.4 \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Number of target E extra presses} & Mean & 0.9 & 1.7 & 1.0 & 1.6 \\ \cline{2-6}  & SD & 0.9 & 1.6 & 0.8 & 1.5 \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Number of distractor E presses} & Mean & 0.0 & 0.0 & 1.3 & 0.7 \\ \cline{2-6}  & SD & 0.0 & 0.0 & 1.5 & 1.2 \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Percent of brake lights detected} & Mean & 94.7 & 94.4 & 92.0 & 92.0 \\ \cline{2-6}  & SD & 9.6 & 8.0 & 9.2 & 10.4 \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Average brake reaction time (s)} & Mean & 1.0 & 1.3 & 1.4 & 1.4 \\ \cline{2-6}  & SD & 0.2 & 0.2 & 0.2 & 0.2 \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Number of brake extra presses} & Mean & 1.6 & 0.6 & 1.6 & 1.3 \\ \cline{2-6}  & SD & 2.6 & 0.9 & 1.7 & 1.7 \\ \cline{2-6}  & Mean & 100.0 & 99.9 & 99.8 & 100.0 \\ \cline{2-6}  & SD & 0.0 & 0.5 & 1.0 & 0.2 \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Number of lane excursions} & Mean & 0.0 & 0.0 & 0.1 & 0.0 \\ \cline{2-6}  & SD & 0.0 & 0.2 & 0.4 & 0.2 \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Average speed (mph)} & Mean & 35.0 & 25.3 & 27.7 & 28.1 \\ \cline{2-6}  & SD & 0.0 & 7.1 & 8.6 & 8.8 \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-6}  & Mean & 0.0 & 4.4 & 4.4 & 4.3 \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-6}  & SD & 0.0 & 1.9 & 1.7 & 1.5 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Mean and standard deviation for the FOD—Advanced combinations. FOD-A combinations accounted for approximately 99% of the variance of the performance measures. Because the MANOVA results were significant, post hoc comparisons were conducted to identify which options had significant differences. A repeated measures, one-way ANOVA was conducted for each of the 11 dependent variables (i.e., driving performance measures) using FOD-A combinations as the independent variable [53]. Of the 11 ANOVAs, the results that were statistically significant include percent of target Es detected (\(p<0.001\)), average target E reaction time (\(p<0.001\)), number of target E extra presses (\(p<0.05\)), number of distractor E presses (\(p<0.001\)), average brake reaction time (\(p<0.001\)), average speed (\(p<0.001\)), and variability of speed (\(p<0.001\)). Because there were significant ANOVAs, to identify each individual driving performance variable's influence on the four different FOD-A combinations, [PERSON]'s HSD was performed. Table 3 summarizes the univariate repeated measures with post hoc analyses of variables with significant ANOVAs.