# Smart Lighting Systems: State-of-the-Art in the Adoption of the EdgeML Computing Paradigm
## 2 Background
### Smart Lighting Systems
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Sensor Type** & **Detection Method** & **Advantages** & **Disadvantages** & **Applications** \\ \hline Photosensitive & Light Level & \begin{tabular}{c} Automatic on/off \\ based on ambient light, \\ energy saving \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} Limited functionality, \\ affected by sudden \\ light changes \\ \end{tabular} & Outdoor lighting \\ \hline Passive Infrared (PIR) & Motion (body heat) & \begin{tabular}{c} Energy saving, motion \\ detection for security \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} Can be triggered by \\ pets or heat sources, \\ limited field of view \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} Indoor lighting, \\ hallways, entrances \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline Ultrasonic & Motion & \begin{tabular}{c} Wide detection range, \\ good for small object \\ movement \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} Affected by air \\ movement, requires \\ precise installation \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} Warehouses, \\ large spaces \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline Microwave & Motion & \begin{tabular}{c} Long range, penetrates \\ walls (limited) \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} Expensive, potential \\ health concerns \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} Security lighting, \\ large spaces \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline Temperature & Temperature & \begin{tabular}{c} Over-temperature \\ protection for LED \\ lamps \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} No motion detection or \\ direct lighting control \\ \end{tabular} & LED luminaires \\ \hline Voice & Sound & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Hands-free lighting \\ control \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} Requires specific voice \\ commands, privacy \\ concerns \\ \end{tabular} & Specific applications \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Comparison of sensors embedded in commercially available luminaires. The Philips Hue line of bulbs was the first smart bulb on the market. Now, several alternative products are available. Each product consists of wireless RGB LED bulbs and supports connectivity. The latter may change with the product. For instance, the Philips Hue smart LED bulb released before 2019 communicates through the Zigbee Light link protocol, a compatible subset of Zigbee 3.0, while Hue released later supports both Zigbee 3.0 and Bluetooth. Adding the Hue Bridge component to the LS based on Hue smart LED bulbs and using the official Philips Hue Bluetooth app on either a phone or tab opens the door to a long list of smart functions ([[https://www.currys.co.uk/products/philips-hue-white-and-colour-ambiance-smart-led-bulb-b22-800-lumens-triple-pack-10246932.html](https://www.currys.co.uk/products/philips-hue-white-and-colour-ambiance-smart-led-bulb-b22-800-lumens-triple-pack-10246932.html)]([https://www.currys.co.uk/products/philips-hue-white-and-colour-ambiance-smart-led-bulb-b22-800-lumens-triple-pack-10246932.html](https://www.currys.co.uk/products/philips-hue-white-and-colour-ambiance-smart-led-bulb-b22-800-lumens-triple-pack-10246932.html)) (accessed on 10 November 2024)). LED and smart street LSs reduce energy usage on two levels: first from more efficient LED luminaires and second from a dimming capability with smart controllers. A benchmark study carried out by Northeast Group in partnership with CityLab Insights on 16 US cities, with population ranging from 8000 to over 4 million states that the cities using LED and smart street LSs see a 60% to 80% reduction in energy usage [37]. The transition to smart LSs is still ongoing. Table 2 lists recent research projects on the topic, addressing three well-known application domains. All these projects do not adopt ML methods, but the adoption of ML in the smart LS domain is a research opportunity to further improve the user experience with this category of service.