esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Results and Discussion  
### Devices Characteristics  
Before conducting the reliability analysis, we assessed the characteristics of the fabricated devices. Figure 2a displays the \(I_{\text{D}}\) and \(I_{\text{G}}\) performance of devices with a gate length (\(L_{g}\)) of 50 nm at \(V_{DS}\) values of 0.05 V and 0.5 V. Due to a substantial gate leakage current, MHEMT on GaAs substrates exhibited elevated off-state currents, resulting in a higher sub-threshold swing (SS) of 143 mV/decade, while for LM-HEMTs, it was only 66 mV/decade. And the drain-induced barrier lowering (DIBL) values were 79 mV/V for LM-HEMTs and 298 mV/V for MHEMT. In Figure 2b, at a \(V_{DS}\) of 0.5 V, the MHEMT had a maximum \(g_{m}\) value of 1.35 mS/\(\upmu\)m, while LM-HEMTs had a 1.19 mS/\(\upmu\)m. The contact resistance (R\({}_{\text{C}}\)) and sheet resistance (R\({}_{\text{sh}}\)) of the two devices were measured through the Transmission Line Method (TLM) pattern. This R\({}_{\text{sh}}\) is related to the In\({}_{0.7}\)Ga\({}_{0.3}\)As, In\({}_{0.55}\)Ga\({}_{0.47}\)As, and In\({}_{0.52}\)Al\({}_{0.48}\)As multi-capping layer. The R\({}_{\text{sh}}\) of LM-HEMTs is 42.40 \(\Omega\)/\(\square\), and the R\({}_{\text{C}}\) is 12.80 \(\Omega\)\(\upmu\)m. MHEMT showed R\({}_{\text{sh}}\) and R\({}_{\text{C}}\) of 41.63 \(\Omega\)/\(\square\) and 14.16 \(\Omega\)\(\upmu\)m. In addition, LM-HEMTs and MHEMT recorded resistances (R\({}_{\text{ON}}\)) of 476 \(\Omega\)\(\upmu\)m and 418 \(\Omega\)\(\upmu\)m, respectively. Figure 2c presents the obtained short-circuit current gain (1h\({}_{21}\)1), featuring a gate length (\(L_{g}\)) of 50 nm at a \(V_{DS}\) of 0.8 V and in close proximity to the conditions where the \(g_{m}\) reaches its maximum value. The entire RF characterization spanned from 1 to 45 GHz and was executed using a network analyzer, with the calibration being performed off the wafer. The de-embedding process of the S-parameters' data was carried out using wafers' open and short patterns, which helped to remove the parasitic pad components. Through extrapolation,\(f_{T}\) was obtained to be 383 GHz and 444 GHz for LM-HEMTs and MHEMT, respectively. And \(f_{max}\) values recorded in similar bias conditions were 450 GHz and 427 GHz for LM-HEMTs and MHEMT. As such, high off-state current and high DIBL and swing values are the main concerns of MHEMT. But despite the lattice mismatch between the graded metamorphic buffer and GaAs, as well as the high off-state current, their DC and RF performance were comparable with those of LM-HEMTs. Higher \(g_{m}\) and \(f_{T}\) values were recorded for MHEMT, which implied that phosphoric-acid-based wet etching of the gate recess resulted in different etch depths for LM-HEMTs and MHEMT. Although the buffer leakage current at 1 V was 23 and 80 nA for LM-HEMTs and an MHEMT, respectively, the difference in gate leakage current was greater by three orders of magnitude. This implied that the buffer structure strongly influenced the overall structure and properties.
# A Stave-Aware Optical Music Recognition on Monophonic Scores for Camera-Based Scenarios
## 6 Conclusions  
In this paper, we present a stave-aware OMR method based on object detection that aims to recognize sheet music photos captured by mobile phone cameras in real-world scenarios. Our method allows us to split curved stave into multiple segments by predicting the positions of staves and determine the pitch of notes by combining stave positions and note head positions, effectively improving the pitch accuracy on sheet music photos. Our method consists of two parts: symbol detection and notation assembly. Symbol detection is applied to locate note heads and classify note head duration, whereas notation assembly is used to determine note pitch and note type. Our method achieves higher accuracy and better robustness than the CRNN-CTC model in recognizing sheet music photos in real-world scenarios, particularly in handling the common issue of curved staves. Additionally, our method demonstrates less data dependence on training sets composed of sheet music photos.  
Polyphonic music score recognition is an essential part of the OMR field. Currently, our work is limited to monophonic scores. In our future work, we intend to extend the application of our method to recognize more complex sheet music, including polyphonic scores and even piano scores. We are also going to expand our dataset with more photos of monophonic scores and polyphonic scores in various scenarios.  
Conceptualization, L.L.; methodology, Y.W.; software, Y.L.; validation, R.W. and Y.L.; investigation, Y.L.; data curation, R.W.; writing--original draft preparation, Y.L.; writing--review and editing, Y.L. and R.W.; visualization, Y.W.; supervision, W.X.; funding acquisition, W.X. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China, grant number 62277019 and 61877060.  
Not applicable.  
The CPMS dataset is available at [[https://github.com/itec-hust/CPMS](https://github.com/itec-hust/CPMS)]([https://github.com/itec-hust/CPMS](https://github.com/itec-hust/CPMS)) (accessed on 15 August 2023) for further research purposes.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Mechanism and Equivalence of Single Event Effects Induced by 14 MeV Neutrons in High-Speed QDR SRAM
## 2 Experimental Setup  
The parameters of the device under test (DUT) have been exhibited in Table 1. The maximum speed of the DUT can reach 550 MHz, with a capacity of 128 Mb. It is widely used in high-speed network communication, high-performance computing, imaging, and other fields. The DUT was not de-capped before the irradiation since that 14 MeV neutron can penetrate the package.  
Figures 1 and 2 show the irradiation experiment setup. The SEE testing system is designed using the motherboard--high-speed connecting line--daughterboard framework, to reduce the probability of a radiation induced abnormal motherboard. Prior to the irradiation, the checkerboard pattern had been inputted into the DUT. During the period of neutron bombardment, the contents in the DUT had been compared with the golden data at regular intervals. Detailed information on SEU, such as the error time, address and data, could be obtained in the irradiation experiment. Furthermore, the experimental temperature was maintained at 25 \(\pm\) 5 \({}^{\circ}\)C, the SEL phenomenon did not appear and the currents were monitored during the whole test.  
The 14 MeV neutron irradiation test was carried out at the Key Laboratory of Nuclear Data, Chinese Institute of Atomic Energy. During the experiment, 14 MeV fast neutrons were generated by the T(d, n)\({}^{4}\) He reaction. The deuterium beam was accelerated by the high voltage multiplier and bombarded the tritium target. The neutron yield was about 3 \(\times\) 10\({}^{10}\) n/s, and the flux range at the sample position was 10\({}^{4}\)-10\({}^{5}\) n/(cm\({}^{2}\cdot\)s).  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline
**DUT** & **Technology** & **Capacity** & **Core Voltage** & **Package** \\ \hline SRAM & 65 nm MOS & 144 Mb (8 Mb \(\times\) 18) & 1.8 V & BGA \\ SRAM & 14 nm FinFET & 128 Mb (8 Mb \(\times\) 16) & 0.8 V & BGA \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Parameters of the DUT.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Evaluation of Transglycosylation Capacity with Raffinose or LBG and Methanol using HPLC  
After the HPLC screening described in the previous paragraph, the transglycosylation capacity of _Bo_Gal36A and Aga27A was evaluated using three types of reactions. In the first, each enzyme was incubated with raffinose and methanol under the same reaction conditions as described in Section 2.7. The second reaction consisted of 0.4 _w/w_% LBG with 10 _v/w_% methanol added in the appropriate buffer and incubated with 33 nkat/mL _Bo_Gal36A or 12 nkat/mL Aga27A for 24 h at 37 \({}^{\circ}\)C. The third reaction was with 40 mM raffinose and 10 _v/w_% methanol in the appropriate buffer, using 33 nkat/mL _Bo_Gal36A or 12 nkat/mL Aga27A with incubation up to 3 h at 37 \({}^{\circ}\)C (sampling at zero, half an hour, one two and three hours). All reactions were terminated and analyzed as above with the exception that samples were diluted at 1:2 (sample:ACN) instead of 1:3. Standards of methyl-\(\alpha\)-galactopyranoside (0.5 to 5 mM) and galactose (1 to 5 mM) were used to quantify the products.  
To compare the transglycosylation capacity between the two enzymes, the rate of transglycosylation over the rate of hydrolysis, \(\rm{r_{S}/r_{H}}\)[10], was calculated for _Bo_Gal36A and Aga27A, respectively, according to Equation (1), with methyl galactoside being the transglycosylation product and galactose the hydrolysis product (molar concentrations are used).  
\[\rm{\frac{r_{S}}{r_{H}}}=\frac{[Methyl\;galactoside]}{[Galactose]} \tag{1}\]  
The yield in the reactions was calculated based on how much of the consumed glycosyl substrate was turned into methyl galactoside, hereafter referred to as product yield, Equation (2). The amount of consumed substrate was calculated as the sum of the released methyl galactoside and galactose (molar concentrations are used).  
\[\rm{Product\;yield}=\frac{[Methyl\;galactoside]}{[Methyl\;galactoside]+[ Galactose]} \tag{2}\]
# Fatigue Performance of Different Rib-To-Deck Connections Using Traction Structural Stress Method
## 1 Introduction  
The orthotropic steel bridge deck (OSBD) consists of a bridge deck, longitudinal ribs, and transverse crossbeams connected with groove weld seams and has been widely applied globally in long-span steel bridges owing to its advantages of light weight and large bearing capacity [1; 2; 3]. However, fatigue cracks are observed at the connection of the rib-to-deck and rib-to-crossbeam of the OSBD in service under vehicle-induced fatigue loading [4; 5]. Various types of fatigue cracks indicate that there are various types of fatigue failure modes [6]. At present, single-sided weld seam based on Eurocke3 are the main types of connection of the rib-to-deck in the OSBD [7]. However, there are some disadvantages of this type of weld seam, such as the asymmetrical force distribution and lower structural stiffness [8; 9; 10; 11].  
As an improvement, some scholars have recently proposed double-sided weld seam [12; 13] that became possible with the development of the advanced weld technology. The inner weld seam is welded and added to the closed U-rib. For instance, the new type of double-sided weld seam has been applied in the newly constructed long-span bridge in China with advanced weld technology [14].  
Despite the wide application of the OSBD, the type of connection of the rib-to-deck and the transverse crossbeam is complex. The orthotropic steel bridge specification as per Eurocode3 prescribes certain values for various design parameters of the OSBD [7]. However, the fatigue performance of the connection of the OSBD is not presented clearly, particularly considering the parameters including the groove angle, radius, bridge deck thickness and U-rib thickness. The reference [7] cannot guide engineers about the fatigue design of the orthotropic steel bridge.  
This study investigates the fatigue performance of various types of rib-to-deck connections considering the effect of the crossbeams using traction structural stress method [15; 16; 17; 18; 19]. Fatigue behavior of the bridge deck is compared for three types of rib-to-deck connections, namely, traditional single-sided weld seam, weld seam of large root and double-sided weld seam. The weld seam with the best fatigue performance is determined based on the comparative results of various weld seams. Furthermore, this study identifies design parameters that shall be considered to estimate the fatigue behavior and equivalent structural stress of the bridge decks in the OSBD. The relationship of the design parameters with the equivalent structural stress and fatigue failure modes are determined. This study is expected to provide a useful reference for practicing engineers in the design of the OSBD.
## 3 Results and Discussion  
### Electrochemical Characterization of the PLA Electrodes  
The 3D-printed electrodes were electrochemically characterized in abiotic conditions by means of cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) techniques. Different depths of the triangular surface pattern (see Section 2.1) were tested to investigate the impact of electrode surface microtopography on the electrochemical performance of the electrode. CV results showed that the depth of the pattern influences the anodic and cathodic peak currents, obtaining the largest peak currents at depths of the pattern between 0.6 and 1.4 mm. Peak separation (\(\Delta\)E\({}_{\text{P}}\)) indicates the reversibility of the electrochemical reaction, with smaller peak separation signifying a more reversible reaction. Although there is a slight dependence of \(\Delta\)E\({}_{\text{P}}\) with the depth of the pattern (Figure 2B), the results seem to indicate that the best performance (i.e., smaller \(\Delta\)E\({}_{\text{P}}\)) occurs, again, at depths of the pattern between 0.6 and 1.4 mm. In any case, the mean value of \(\Delta\)E\({}_{\text{P}}\) is approximately 1.3 V, which is similar to the values reported for traditional carbon felt electrodes [28].  
The CV results were complemented with EIS analyses (Figure 3), and the resulting data were fitted to a modified [PERSON]'s equivalent electrical circuit (EEC) model (Figure 3B) consisting of an ohmic resistance (R\({}_{\text{s}}\)) that comprises the sum of the ohmic resistances of the electrolyte, electrode and the contact resistance between the electrode and the current collector; the charge transfer resistance (R\({}_{\text{ct}}\)) that mainly covers the resistance of the electron transfer between phases; a capacitor (C) that models the biofilm and double-layer capacitance; and a generic impedance (M) representative of linear restricted diffusion [29]. This generic impedance becomes more apparent at low frequencies and is characterized by two parameters: the diffusion time constant (t\({}_{\text{d1}}\) in Table 1) and the resistance (R\({}_{\text{d1}}\) in Table 1) associated with the restricted linear diffusion mechanism. The corresponding model parameters are given in Table 1. Overall, the lowest R\({}_{\text{ct}}\) and R\({}_{\text{d1}}\) values were found for the electrodes with depths of the pattern between 0.6 and 1.4 mm which is consistent with the CV results. It seems then that these depths are favoring both charge and mass transfer. Interestingly, when increasing the depth pattern to TH, both R\({}_{\text{ct}}\) and R\({}_{\text{d}}\) sharply increased, which indicates that the passing-through holes are limiting the electrochemical performance.  
Figure 2: PLA/carbon black electrode results. (**A**) Anodic and cathodic peak currents and (**B**) peaks separation.
# Adaptive Control of the Aerodynamic Flaps of the Savonius
## 4 Results and Discussion
### Practical Implementation Challenges  
The successful deployment of the proposed adaptive control strategy in a real wind turbine system involves several practical considerations that extend beyond simulation. First and foremost, the estimation of wind torque, which drives the gain adaptation logic, relies on real-time wind speed measurements. In practice, anemometers are susceptible to environmental noise, alignment errors, and mechanical wear, which may lead to signal distortion or drift. To ensure robust performance, the raw sensor data must be filtered or processed using observer-based estimation techniques, which introduces computational and algorithmic complexity.  
Second, the assumption of linear actuator dynamics in simulation does not capture effects such as saturation, backlash hysteresis, and temperature-induced variations in motor efficiency. These factors can delay or distort the actuation response, especially under high load or prolonged operation conditions. Practical systems must therefore implement protection logic, gain limiting, and possibly feedforward corrections to maintain system stability and responsiveness.  
Third, the implementation of adaptive gain computation requires precise and deterministic timing. While modern embedded platforms such as STM32, ESP32, or ARM Cortex-M series are capable of real-time control, resource constraints such as limited ADC resolution, PWM update rate, or task scheduling conflicts may introduce quantization effects or jitter. The control algorithm must be carefully profiled and scheduled to avoid instability, particularly in the high-frequency adaptation loop.  
Fourth, mechanical components such as flap hinges, shafts, and gears are subject to degradation over time. Backlash magnitude and friction torque may evolve during operation due to wear or contamination, potentially invalidating initial calibration. Adaptive thresholds or periodic auto-tuning routines may be required to preserve performance.  
Finally, power management is a critical concern in wind-powered systems. The control system must operate reliably under fluctuating voltage levels, low wind conditions, or intermittent power supply. Energy-aware strategies, including duty cycling, low-power modes, or distributed control architectures, may need to be considered.  
Addressing these challenges is essential to ensure that the simulated advantages of the adaptive PID controller translate into stable and efficient performance in real-world deployments.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Measurement of pH  
Measurement of pH was carried out in triplicate at each time point of analysis, i.e., at weeks 1, 7, and 13 (only 1 and 7 for CF) using a glass electrode (910600, Thermo Orion, Beverly, MA, USA) attached to a pH meter (Accumer AR50, Fisher Scientific, Pittsburgh, PA, USA).  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Treatment**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Antioxidant**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Level (mg/kg)**} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**Hexanal (mg/kg meat)**} \\ \cline{3-10}  & & & & **Estimate** & **SE** & **Estimate** & **SE** & **Estimate** & **SE** \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{**P**} & T1 & Control & 0 & 0.19 fg & 0.04 & 0.47 hi & 0.06 & 0.27 gh & 0.06 \\  & T2 & Guardian 20S & 300 & 0.22 fg & 0.04 & 0.27 jk & 0.06 & 0.20 h & 0.06 \\  & T3 & Guardian 20S & 400 & 0.19 fg & 0.04 & 0.27 jk & 0.06 & 0.23 h & 0.06 \\  & T4 & Guardian 20S & 500 & 0.23 fg & 0.04 & 0.26 k & 0.06 & 0.23 h & 0.06 \\  & T5 & Guardian 09 & 400 & 0.24 fg & 0.04 & 0.44 hij & 0.06 & 0.09 h & 0.06 \\  & T6 & Guardian 09 & 600 & 0.18 g & 0.04 & 0.30 ijk & 0.06 & 0.18 h & 0.06 \\  & T7 & Guardian 09 & 800 & 0.28 f & 0.04 & 0.60 h & 0.06 & 0.46 f & 0.06 \\  & T8 & StabilEnhance OSR 4 & 400 & 0.25 fg & 0.04 & 0.33 ijk & 0.06 & 0.41 fg & 0.06 \\  & T9 & StabilEnhance OSR 4 & 600 & 0.21 fg & 0.04 & 0.38 ijk & 0.06 & 0.27 gh & 0.06 \\  & T10 & StabilEnhance OSR 4 & 800 & 0.17 g & 0.04 & 0.30 ijk & 0.06 & 0.25 gh & 0.06 \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{**nP**} & T1 & Control & 0 & 0.75 a & 0.04 & 1.55 b & 0.06 & 1.26 ab & 0.06 \\  & T2 & Guardian 20S & 300 & 0.51 d & 0.04 & 1.20 de & 0.06 & 0.94 cd & 0.06 \\  & T3 & Guardian 20S & 400 & 0.50 de & 0.04 & 1.02 fg & 0.06 & 1.10 bc & 0.06 \\  & T4 & Guardian 20S & 500 & 0.41 e & 0.04 & 0.89 g & 0.06 & 1.23 ab & 0.06 \\  & T5 & Guardian 09 & 400 & 0.58 cd & 0.04 & 1.15 ef & 0.06 & 1.00 c & 0.06 \\  & T6 & Guardian 09 & 600 & 0.59 cd & 0.04 & 1.50 bc & 0.06 & 1.25 ab & 0.06 \\  & T7 & Guardian 09 & 800 & 0.56 cd & 0.04 & 1.31 dc & 0.06 & 0.77 de & 0.06 \\  & T8 & StabilEnhance OSR 4 & 400 & 0.62 bc & 0.04 & 1.54 b & 0.06 & 0.67 e & 0.06 \\  & T9 & StabilEnhance OSR 4 & 600 & 0.75 a & 0.04 & 1.35 cd & 0.06 & 1.30 a & 0.06 \\  & T10 & StabilEnhance OSR 4 & 800 & 0.72 ab & 0.04 & 1.74 a & 0.06 & 0.93 cd & 0.06 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: Hexanal content (mg/kg meat) (mean of three samples) in pulled pork with or without phosphate. Estimate indicates the mean hexanal content for triplicate determinations. Means with different letters within each week indicate significant difference (\(p\leq 0.05\)) between treatments. P = samples with phosphate, nP = samples without phosphate.
# An Application of Manifold Learning in Global Shape Descriptors
###### Abstract  
With the rapid expansion of applied 3D computational vision, shape descriptors have become increasingly important for a wide variety of applications and objects from molecules to planets. Appropriate shape descriptors are critical for accurate (and efficient) shape retrieval and 3D model classification. Several spectral-based shape descriptors have been introduced by solving various physical equations over a 3D surface model. In this paper, for the first time, we incorporate a specific _manifold learning_ technique, introduced in statistics and machine learning, to develop a global, spectral-based shape descriptor in the computer graphics domain. The proposed descriptor utilizes the _Laplacian Eigenmap_ technique in which the Laplacian eigenvalue problem is discretized using an exponential weighting scheme. As a result, our descriptor eliminates the limitations tied to the existing spectral descriptors, namely dependency on triangular mesh representation and high intra-class quality of 3D models. We also present a straightforward normalization method to obtain a scale-invariant and noise-resistant descriptor. The extensive experiments performed in this study using two standard 3D shape benchmarks--high-resolution TOSCA and McGill datasets--demonstrate that the present contribution provides a highly discriminative and robust shape descriptor under the presence of a high level of noise, random scale variations, and low sampling rate, in addition to the known isometric-invariance property of the Laplace-Beltrami operator. The proposed method significantly outperforms state-of-the-art spectral descriptors in shape retrieval and classification. The proposed descriptor is limited to closed manifolds due to its inherited inability to accurately handle manifolds with boundaries.  
Keywords:manifold learning; Laplacian Eigenmap; scale-invariant shape descriptor; shape retrieval +
Footnote †: journal:
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Statistical Analysis  
For both field measurements and remote sensing estimations, General Linear Models (GLM, using treatment as fixed factor and plot as random factor) was applied to evaluate the statistical significance of the differences in the vegetation cover or VARI among the treatments and the control areas. This statistical approach allows us to deal with pseudo-replication [51]. The homogeneity of the variance and the normality of the samples were checked using the Levene and Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests, respectively. All plots were considered spatially independent. The independent Fisher's least significant difference (LSD) test was used for post hoc comparisons. An \(\alpha\)-level <0.05 was adopted. Finally, linear correlations were calculated between VARI and vegetation cover measured in field surveys on one side, as well as land slope and terrain roughness on the other side.
# Hollow-Core Optical Fibers for Telecommunications and Data Transmission
## 5 Fibers with Anti-Resonant Guidance  
Such fibers share a common light guidance mechanism: anti-resonance in thin glass walls (\"membranes\") and slabs in Kagome fibers, or curved walls of tubes. This kind of hollow waveguide is known as anti-resonant reflecting optical waveguide (ARROW).
# Fault-Resilient Manufacturing Scheduling with Deep Learning and Constraint Solvers
## 7 Case Study and Results  
This section presents a case study to evaluate the integration of deep learning-based fault prediction with SMT-based scheduling optimization using synthetically generated data. The case study outlines the system setup, experimental design, and performance metrics, demonstrating the proposed system's effectiveness in minimizing fault risks and optimizing production schedules.