## 2 Materials And Methods
### Simulations Design And Analyses
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c} \hline \hline
**Level 1: Rr (RMSE, \(ACD\))** & Default & Range & Calibrated \\ \hline Parameters & & & \\ \(rhavg_{VIS1}\): leaf/stem reflectance (VIS) for lower canopy & 0.062 & 0.01–0.25 & 0.136 \\ \(turavg_{VIS1}\): leaf/stem transmittance (VIS) for lower canopy & 0.07 & 0.01–0.25 & 0.230 \\ \(rhavg_{NIR1}\): leaf/stem reflectance (NIR) for lower canopy & 0.60 & 0.2–0.5 & 0.273 \\ \(turavg_{NIR1}\): leaf/stem transmittance (NIR) for lower canopy & 0.25 & 0.01–0.4 & 0.314 \\ \(turavg_{VIS1}\): leaf/stem reflectance (VIS) for upper canopy & 0.062 & 0.01–0.25 & 0.091 \\ \(turavg_{VIS1}\): leaf/stem transmittance (VIS) for upper canopy & 0.05 & 0.01–0.25 & 0.026 \\ \(hravg_{NIR1}\): leaf/stem reflectance (NIR) for upper canopy & 0.4 & 0.2–0.5 & 0.373 \\ \(turavg_{NIR1}\): leaf/stem transmittance (NIR) for upper canopy & 0.2 & 0.01–0.4 & 0.112 \\ \(cthir_{1}\): upper canopy leaf orientation factor & 0.0 & \(-\)0.2–0.2 & 0.018 \\ \(cthir_{12}\): lower canopy leaf orientation factor & \(-\)0.05 & \(-\)0.2–0.2 & 0.076 \\ \(avmuri\): coefficient to calculate canopy emissivity & 1.0 & 1.0–20 & 7.965 \\ \hline
**Level 2: LE, NEE, H (RMSE)** & & & \\ \hline Parameters & & & \\ \(disphf\): coefficient of the zero-plane displacement height & 0.7 & 0.1–0.9 & 0.644 \\ \(V_{max}\): maximum rate of carboxylation at 15 \({}^{\circ}\)C & 25\(\times\)10\({}^{-6}\) & 15\(\times\)10\({}^{-7}\)–15\({}^{\circ}\)\(\times\)10\({}^{-5}\) & 9.474\(\times\)10\({}^{-6}\) \\ \(m\): coefficient of stomatal conductance & 8.0 & 6.0–9.0 & 6.607 \\ \(chs\): upper canopy stems per unit area & 2.63\(\times\)10\({}^{3}\) & 1.0\(\times\)10\({}^{3}\)-3\(\times\)10\({}^{3}\) & 1.928\(\times\)10\({}^{3}\) \\ \(\beta_{1}\): root profile parameter (lower canopy) & 0.950 & 0.98–0.999 & 0.993 \\ \(\beta_{2}\): root profile parameter (upper canopy) & 0.997 & 0.98–0.999 & 0.990 \\ \(stame\): temperature stress coefficient for \(V_{m}\) (above-ground biomass) & 3500 & 2000–5000 & 2726.360 \\ \(toro\): temperature stress coefficient for \(V_{m}\) (soil biomass) & 3500 & 2000–5000 & 4131.414 \\ \(rototyp\): coefficient of roots respiration & 1.25 & 0.5–3.0 & 2.766 \\ \(rwoodpy\): coefficient of stems respiration & 0.0125 & 0.01–0.05 & 0.049 \\ \(Trumc\): temperature stress coefficient for \(V_{m}\) & 3500 & 1000–7000 & 63349.915 \\ \(S_{factor}\): coefficient for soil water stress & \(-\)5.0 & \(-\)6.0—1.0 & -3.663 \\ \(cliffs\): carbon in the litter stored in the leaves (structural) & 0.027 & 0.01–0.1 & 0.036 \\ \(cliffs\): carbon in the litter stored in the thin roots (structural) & 0.0411 & 0.02–0.1 & 0.088 \\ \(cliffs\): carbon in the litter stored in the stems (structural) & 0.001 & 0.001–0.2 & 0.125 \\ \(cossoil\): soil carbon (protected humus) & 0.1198 & 0.1–2.0 & 1.871 \\ \(cossoil\): soil carbon (unprotected humus) & 5.3879 & 1.0–6.0 & 1.697 \\ \(k_{factor}\): decay factor of the carbon reservoirs & 1.0 & 0.8–1.5 & 1.296 \\ \(rgrowth\): fraction of carbon lost due to plant development & 0.3 & 0.1–0.9 & 0.663 \\ \(faultef\): foliar biomass turnover time constant & 1.25 & 0.5–1.5 & 0.884 \\ \(speak\): specific leaf area & 20.0 & 1.0–30.0 & 24.525 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Structure of the multi-objective calibration: hierarchical levels, variables, metrics, parameters, default values, ranges, and calibrated values used in the INLAND model. \(VIS\) and \(NIR\) represent the visible and near infrared bands, respectively.