## 5 Conclusions  
In this work, the performances of SAR images acquired by different satellite missions with different geometric resolutions when mapping post-earthquake damage were analyzed. We focused on the earthquake that affected Norcia and Castelluccio (Italy) on 30-31 October 2016 by applying ACD and CCD methodologies to COSMO-SkyMed and Sentinel \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline  & **COSMO-SkyMed Spotlight** & \
\begin{tabular}{c} **COSMO-SkyMed** \\ **StripMap HIMAGE** \\ **(3-m \(\times\) 3-m res.)** \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} **Sentinel-1** \\ **(20-m \(\times\) 5-m res.)** \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline Availability of \(\mathfrak{t}_{0}\) acquisition (Italian territory) & No & Yes & Yes \\ Standard Revisit time & n.a. & 16 days & 6 days \\ Post-earthquake acquisition (from the & up to 1 day (for civil & up to 1 day (for civil & from 6 to 1 day \\ occurrence of the event) and delivery to & protection request) & & \\ service provider & & & \\ Pre-processing, processing, interpretation, & & 6 h/10 km\({}^{2}\) & \\ and validation (hours/10 km\({}^{2}\)) & & & \\ Damage map provision from event (days) & up to 1.25 days & up to 1.25 days & 6.25 to 1.25 days \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 5: Estimated times required for damage map provisioning for each dataset used to study post-earthquake emergencies. 1 images. The COSMO-SkyMed Spotlight images allowed very detailed single-building damage mapping, while the COSMO-SkyMed StripMap HIMAGE images returned good delimitations of buildings; hence, both image types can be effectively used for emergency purposes. On the other hand, Sentinel-1 did not allow single-building damage mapping to be achieved but instead provided approximate identifications of the most severely damaged sectors. Additionally, COSMO-SkyMed Spotlight was also proven to be effective in mapping and detecting small EQH. that can cause street interruptions and slow emergency actions. The double-acquisition geometry was proven to be fundamental for obtaining information on villages, structures, and infrastructures located in complex topographic environments. Thanks to its all-day and all-weather acquisition capabilities, spaceborne SAR images are the best option for damage mapping during emergency conditions caused by earthquakes, when rescue units need rapid answers to address their support. However, other factors are fundamental for emergency operations in addition to the right geometric resolution, such as the temporal resolution and the availability of background historical acquisitions in double-orbital geometry at the global scale. At present, few satellite SAR missions have the potential to provide images with adequate geometries and temporal resolutions, as shown in the present paper. Therefore, similar applications are performed using competitive technologies like UAV or aerial/satellite flights equipped with optical sensors, able to provide similar or, in some cases, even better results. However, rescue operations during emergency condition have strict requirements in terms of results delivery time, accessibility, and extension of sites (not compatible in case of unfavorable light/weather conditions or economically sustainable for large areas). In this perspective, the exponentially growing number of satellite SAR missions that we are experiencing in recent years is expected to provide in the near future very high-resolution SAR images (\(<\)1 m) with very high temporal resolutions (up to multiple revisits per day) in any weather/light conditions immediately before and after event. Our research and the unusual chance to have high-resolution images immediately before and after event, can guide the choices of future satellite missions, and it can make operators aware of the potential of these types of data for their applications.