## 4 Data Management
### Building Information Modelling in Heritage Structures  
Intelligent models created by building information modelling (BIM) or historical/heritage BIM (HBIM [199,200]) technologies are rapidly evolving, aiming to make the SHM information accessible, practical, and understandable in order for end users to facilitate management or monitoring procedures [201]. BIM and HBIM can represent a fundamental tool to collect all the as-built information of buildings, including all the structural/architectural changes and deteriorations experienced over time, in order to monitor the evolution of the conservation state, to design interventions, and to appropriately schedule the maintenance process [166,202,203]. Moreover, an evolution of the HBIM has occurred by adding the concept of th emanagement of data, leading to the heritage/historic building information modelling and management (HBIMM) [204], or built heritage information modelling/management (BHIMM), approach [205]. A critical review of HBIM for the diagnosis, monitoring, and management of existing buildings is given in [204]. Several researchers discussed the integration of SHM information in HBIM, which also allows for real-time updates of the model [206; 207; 208].  
[PERSON] et al. [206] investigated an integrated approach based on a 3D survey, advanced modelling techniques, BIMs, the WebShare Cloud, and related technologies for the SHM of complex structures. The methodology was applied to a medieval bridge (Azzone Visconti Bridge in Lecco, Italy), allowing for the creation of an interoperable BIM for different specialists (engineers, architects, etc.). The authors demonstrated that it is possible to collect and manage data, favouring the future dissemination of values of CHS.  
[PERSON] et al. [207] presented a multidisciplinary documentation process including the acquisition, classification, and management of various multisensory data with the development of GIS thematic maps and an HBIM (Figure 13). The methodology was applied to a historical building in Athens. It was demonstrated that incorporating multidisciplinary data of a cultural heritage asset within GIS and HBIM systems supports the diagnosis of actual causes of degradation, thus leading to the optimum restoration work and assuring its health monitoring over time.  
[PERSON] et al. [208] applied a methodology based on HBIM, FEM, and operational modal testing for the structural health assessment of a heritage palace in Italy. They concluded that the combined use of information collected by historic/architectural research, the HBIM model, and the dynamic tests allowed for solving the main uncertainties in establishing the numerical model, as well as the assessment of the structural condition of the building in a fully non-destructive way.  
[PERSON] et al. [209] presented the initial stages of their research project, \"CHARMING PISTOIA,\" which aims to implement an HBIM system to preserve and maintain heritage structures. The project focuses on a case study of the pulp of [PERSON] in the Church of Sant'Andrea in Pistoia. The proposed three-step process includes designing an HBIM to gather and export structural information, integrating an SHM system for constant updates on structural parameters, and establishing reliable computational models to assess the structure and works of art vulnerability.  
Figure 13: Workflow towards HBIM creation and integration proposed by [207].