## 4 Description of the Testbed  
Figure 1 shows the high-level design of the testbed topology. The IoT testbed used in this paper integrates different wireless interfaces, such as Z-Wave, ZigBee, Wi-Fi, 4G-LTE, and IR and various sensor capabilities, including motion, temperature, luminance, humidity, vibration, UV, energy, and switch sensors, in an open architecture using the openHAB platform. The testbed is designed to provide a platform for evaluating the performance and compatibility of different wireless interfaces and sensors in a real-world setting. Table 1 summarizes the different sensors and actuators used in the testbed. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Sensor/Actuator** & **Qty** & **Manufacturer/Technology** & **Units** & **Range** & **Accuracy** \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Motion} & \multirow{3}{*}{7} & Aeotec & Z-Wave & - & 5 m & - \\ \cline{3-6}  & & Bitron & ZigBee & - & -5 m & - \\ \cline{3-6}  & & Tuya & ZigBee & - & 12 m & - \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Temperature} & \multirow{3}{*}{8} & Aeotec & Z-Wave & & \(-10\)\({}^{\circ}\)C to \(50\)\({}^{\circ}\)C & \(\pm 1.6\)\({}^{\circ}\)C \\  & & Aeotec & Z-Wave & & \(14\)\({}^{\circ}\)F to \(122\)\({}^{\circ}\)F & \(\pm 3\)\({}^{\circ}\)F \\ \cline{3-6}  & & Lupus & ZigBee & \(-10\)\({}^{\circ}\)C to \(50\)\({}^{\circ}\)C & \(\pm 0.3\)\({}^{\circ}\)C \\ \cline{3-6}  & & Tuya & ZigBee & & \(-10\)\({}^{\circ}\)C to \(60\)\({}^{\circ}\)C & N/A \\ \cline{3-6}  & & Govee & Wi-Fi & & \(-20\)\({}^{\circ}\)C to \(60\)\({}^{\circ}\)C & \(\pm 0.3\)\({}^{\circ}\)C \\  & & Govelé & Wi-Fi & & \(-4\)\({}^{\circ}\)F to \(140\)\({}^{\circ}\)F & \(\pm 0.54\)\({}^{\circ}\)F \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Luminance} & \multirow{3}{*}{4} & Aeotec & Z-Wave & LUX & 0 LUX to 30,000 LUX & N/A \\ \cline{3-6}  & & Tuya & ZigBee & LUX & 0 LUX to 1000 LUX & N/A \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Humidity} & \multirow{3}{*}{5} & Aeotec & Z-Wave & & \(20\%\) RH to \(80\%\) RH & \(\pm 6\%\) RH & \(\pm 25\)\({}^{\circ}\)C/\(77\)\({}^{\circ}\)F) \\ \cline{3-6}  & & Aeotec & Z-Wave & & \(20\%\) RH to \(80\%\) RH & \(\pm 6\%\) RH & \(\pm 25\)\({}^{\circ}\)C/\(77\)\({}^{\circ}\)F) \\ \cline{3-6}  & & Tuya & ZigBee & & \(10\%\) RH to \(100\%\) RH & N/A \\ \cline{3-6}  & & Govee & Wi-Fi & & \(10\%\) RH to \(100\%\) RH & \(\pm 3\%\) RH \\ \hline Vibration & 2 & Aeotec & Z-Wave & - & - & - \\ \hline UV & 2 & Aeotec & Z-Wave & LUX & 0 LUX to 30,000 LUX & N/A \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Energy Consumption} & \multirow{3}{*}{4} & Aeotec & Z-Wave & & 0 W to 2300 W & \(\pm 3\) W (\(<\)300 W) \\ \cline{3-6}  & & Aeotec & Z-Wave & & \(\pm 1\%\) (\(>\)300 W) & \(\pm 1\%\) (\(>\)300 W) \\ \cline{3-6}  & & Qubino & Z-Wave & & 0 W to 12,800 W & \(\pm 2\) W \\ \cline{3-6}  & & Fibaro & Z-Wave & & 0 W to 2500 W & N/A \\ \cline{3-6}  & & Xiaomi & Wi-Fi & & 0 W to 1800 W & N/A \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: List of sensors and actuators used in the testbed. Figure 1: High-level design of the testbed topology. The Z-Wave interface is implemented using an off-the-shelf Aeotec Z-Stick Gen5+ controller. This controller ensures reliable communication with Z-Wave devices and enables seamless integration in the test environment. Similarly, the ZigBee interface is implemented using the POPP ZB-Stick controller, which offers robust ZigBee communication capabilities. The Z-Wave, ZigBee, Wi-Fi, and 4G-LTE interfaces are implemented using compatible devices, such as controllers, routers, smart switches, and smart sensors. It is important to note that the 4G-LTE interface is being utilized as an alternative internet connection in case the Wi-Fi or Ethernet connection is disrupted. This provides a backup option for maintaining connectivity to the IoT testbed and ensures that data can continue to be collected and analyzed even in the event of a network outage. The IR interface is implemented using IR emitters and receivers and is being utilized mainly to control A/C (air conditioning) units in order to maintain the desired temperature and humidity levels.