# Technological Aspects and Potential Cutaneous Application of Wine Industry By-Products
## 3. Valorization of Winemaking Residues--Use of Technologies
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Cultivar** & **By-Product** & **Technique** & **Compound** & **References** \\ \hline Red Tempranillo grape & Red grape pomace, seeds, and seed flour & GD, CCD, HT, SLE & Total protein, lipid, fiber, ash, polyphenols & [7] \\ \hline Red Prokupac grape & Skin, seed, stem, and whole pomace & GD, SLE, ST, FT, & Polyphenols & [15] \\ \hline White Albarino grape & Seeds & MSPD & Polyphenols & [16] \\ \hline Red Alicante & Skins & MR-XAD-7 HP & Polyphenols & [58] \\ Bouschet grape & Skins, seeds, & MHG & Polyphenols & [51] \\ and N. d’Avola grapes & residual pulp, and stems & & \\ \hline Red Merlot grape & Grape pomace & EAE & Polyphenols & [5] \\ \hline Red wine grape & Grape pomace (whole and seedless) and seeds separated & EAE & Polyphenols & [59] \\ \hline White Trebbiano and Verdicchio grapes & Grape pomace & EAE & Polyphenols & [11] \\ \hline Red Sangiovese and Montepulciano grapes & Skins, seeds, petioles, and stalks & EAE & Polyphenols & [39] \\ \hline Red Sagrantino grape & Skins and seeds & GD, MacE & Polyphenols & [3] \\ \hline Red Tempranillo grape & Grape pomace & GD, SE, SoxE, CT, DNF & Polyphenols & [9] \\ \hline Red grape & Grape pomace powder & GD & Polyphenols & [18] \\ \hline Red Syrah, Merlot, and C. Sauvignon grapes & Grape pomace (seedless) and seeds & SLE & Polyphenols & [53] \\ \hline White Auxerois and P. Blanc grapes & Skins, seeds, and residual stalks & GD, SLE, UAE & Polyphenols & [54] \\ \hline Red Tampranillo grapes & Grape pomace & GD, SLE, ST, HT, CT, FT & Polyphenols & [60] \\ \hline Red C. Sauvignon grape & Grape pomace (stemless) & GD, HVACP & Polyphenols & [55] \\ \hline Red Merlot grape & Grape pomace & GD, SLE, RA, & Carbohydrates and polyphenols & [61] \\ \hline Red Tempranillo grape & Grape pomace & GD, PHWE- NADES & Polyphenols & [62] \\ \hline Red Tannat grape & Skin powder & GD, SLE, MacE, UAE, FT & Carbohydrates, protein, monomeric anthocyanins, polyphenols & [63] \\ \hline Red Merlot and Syrah grapes & Grape pomace & GD, SLE, UAE, SFE CO\({}_{2}\) + CS & Polyphenols & [64] \\ \hline Red Muscat of Hamburg grapes & Grape pomace & HT, ST, US-NADES & Polyphenols & [65] \\ \hline Red Graciano grapes & Grape pomace & GD, SLE, ST, CT & Polyphenols & [66] \\ \hline Red P. Noir grape & Grape pomace seedless & GD, SLE, HT, ST, FT & Cellulose & [67] \\ \hline Red grape & Seeds and stalks & GD, SLE, ST, CT & Polyphenols & [23] \\ \hline Red Cannonau & Grape pomace & SLE, ST, CT, pellets re-dispersed in olive oil, ST, CT & Polyphenols & [68] \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: _Cont._The critical points of bioactive extraction from agro-industrial residues for use in food include the choice of biodegradability and non-toxicity of solvents and the physical-chemical conditions. Combined extractive methods can improve the separation and purification of phenolic compounds from grape pomace. Solid-liquid extraction with hydroethanolic solution and fractionation through membrane filtration according to their molecular weight, with less energy consumption and at low temperatures, increasing the recovery of phenolics. However, due to the similarity of molecular weight of the phenols and carbohydrates, it was not possible to separate them by such a process, but they were successfully separated through a process of adsorption on resin and vacuum evaporation. This technique separates the phenols according to the dipole-induced dipole interaction [61]. MSPD is an emerging technique used for the extraction of phytochemical or organic contaminants from food, employing low amounts of samples, sorbents, and solvents [71]. Also, it is considered an efficient method to extract antioxidants with neuroprotective activity from viticultural residues [16]. To attain an increased yield of anthocyanins from grape pomace after vinification applying sustainable strategies, the implementation of pressurized hot water extraction (PHWE) combined with NADES satisfactorily met the extraction efficiency of the reddish pigments [62].