## 4 Test and Evaluation Methods
### Laboratory Concrete Performance Test  
The rutting test was carried out using an HYCZ-5 automatic rutting tester manufactured by Hebei Kebiao Testing Instruments Co., Ltd. (Cangzhou, China). The rutting test specimens with a size of 300 \(\times\) 300 \(\times\) 50 mm were prepared, in which ESAC was cured at 60 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 4 d; the specimens were placed on the test bench together with the test mold, and the tester was started so that the test wheel traveled back and forth at 70 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 60 min; the high-temperature stability of the concrete was evaluated using the dynamic stability (_DS_) calculated according to Equation (1). The beam bending test was carried out using a UTM-25 multifunctional material testing machine that IPC Global (Melbourne, Australia) manufactured. The slab-shaped specimens were cut into prismatic specimens of 250 \(\times\) 30 \(\times\) 35 mm and placed in a constant temperature chamber at \(-\)10 \({}^{\circ}\)C for not less than 45 min; the specimens were then removed and placed on the instrument bracket, and the temperature and loading rate of the test were \(-\)10 \({}^{\circ}\)C and 50 mm/min, respectively; the maximum bending tensile strain (\(\epsilon_{\text{B}}\)) at the bottom of the specimens was calculated using Equation (2). The specimens were formed using a SMDJ-1 Marshall compaction instrument manufactured by Shanghai Shenrui Testing Equipment Manufacturing Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China) with dimensions of \(\Phi\)101.6 \(\times\) 63.5 mm, of which ESAC needs to be cured at 60 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 4 d. For the water immersion Marshall test, the identical specimens were divided into two groups and placed in a constant temperature water bath, with one group holding a condition of 60 \({}^{\circ}\)C/48 h, while the other group was 60 \({}^{\circ}\)C/45 min; the specimens were tested using an LWD-6 Marshall Stability Instrument (Cangzhou, China) produced by Cangzhou Yixuan Testing Instruments Co., Ltd. and the residual stability (_RS_) was calculated according to Equation (3). The specimens were separated into two groups for the freeze-thaw splitting test, and one group was stored at room temperature. The other group was kept under a vacuum of 97.3-98.7 kPa (730-740 mmHg) for 15 min and then placed in water for 30 min after restoring normal pressure; subsequently, the specimens were taken out and put into plastic bags, and about 10 mL of water was added and placed into a constant temperature \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline
**Evaluation Index** & **Calculation Equation** & **Symbol Explanation** & **Equation Number** \\ \hline \multirow{8}{*}{\(DS\)} & & \(d_{1}\): the deformation corresponding to t1 (45 min), mm; & \\  & & \(d_{2}\): the deformation corresponding to t2 (60 min), mm; & \\  & & \(C_{1}\): the correction factor for the type of & \\  & & & testing machine; & \\  & & & C\({}_{2}\): the coefficient of the specimen; & \\  & & & \(N\): the round-trip speed of the test wheel, & \\  & & & 42 times/min. & \\ \multirow{2}{*}{\(\epsilon_{\text{B}}\)} & \multirow{2}{*}{\(\epsilon_{\text{B}}=\frac{6\times h\times d}{L^{2}}\)} & \(h\): the height of the specimen, mm; & \\  & & \(L\): the span of the specimen, mm; & \\  & & \(d\): the specimen deflection at the time of damage, mm. & \\  & & \(MS_{2}\): Marshall stability of specimens after 48 h & \\ \multirow{2}{*}{\(RS\)} & \multirow{2}{*}{\(RS=\frac{MS_{2}}{MS_{1}}\times 100\)} & \multirow{2}{*}{of soaking;} & \multirow{2}{*}{(3)} \\  & & & of soaking. & \\  & & & \(MS_{1}\): Marshall stability of specimens after 45 min & \\ \multirow{2}{*}{\(TSR\)} & \multirow{2}{*}{\(TSR=\frac{RT_{2}}{RT_{1}}\times 100\)} & \multirow{2}{*}{\(RT_{2}\): the splitting strength of specimens after freezing} & \multirow{2}{*}{(4)} \\  & & & and thawing, MPa; & \\ \multirow{2}{*}{\(TSR\)} & \multirow{2}{*}{\(TSR=\frac{RT_{2}}{RT_{1}}\times 100\)} & \multirow{2}{*}{\(RT_{1}\): the splitting strength of specimens without freezing and thawing, MPa.} & \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}