## 1 Introduction  
In recent years, advances in wireless communication and internet service technologies have tremendously heightened the prospect of wireless mobile computing applications [1]. Nowadays, several wireless communication technologies such as MANETs [2], Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANETs) [3], Cognitive Radio (CR) [4], Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) [5], Device to Device Communication (D2D) [6], Coordinated Multipoint (CoMP) [7], Internet of things (IoT) [8], Carrier Aggregation (CA) [9], Passive Optical Network (PON) [10], Massive Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) [11], Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) [12; 13], and Fog Computing [14] are now becoming increasingly popular due to their compelling performances and application in the vast area of wireless communications. MANETs and VANETs are prominent among other wireless applications related to D2D networked systems. Smart devices in fifth generation (5G) wireless systems can be loaded not only with a variety of sensors, but also by different means of communication that enable access to the Internet. Technologies such as Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, NFC, and more recently Wi-Fi P2P (Wi-Fi Direct), can be used to enrich the smart side of these devices by enabling D2D communication and providing more functionality to enhance the user experience [15; 16] and facilitate interactivity with the surrounding environment [17; 18; 19; 20; 21; 22]. However, such level of user experience and interactivity may become seriously reduced in remote areas with intermittent cellular services and/or lack of Wi-Fi coverage. In times of calamitous events, such as an earthquake, communication infrastructures may become dysfunctional or degraded due to failure or damage, in such a situation, the MANET paradigm becomes the most convenient way to provide rapid deployment and self-manage wireless link with the end users. These functionalities and features of MANET have offered a broader possibility for extensive research in building the future 5G wireless network community [23; 24; 25]. MANET is a self-generated and self-structured wireless network which does not rely on a centralized infrastructure for its operation. In other words, all mobile nodes/devices in a MANET network collaborate with each other and act as a router for one another, thereby providing a robust and effective operation throughout the whole network. Mobile nodes are incorporated with routing functionality, and each node can join and/or leave the network at will depending on the capacity of its energy resources and nature of its network topology [26]. MANET is characterized by event such as constant change in network topology, which often leads to frequent link failure, degraded transmission quality, and reduced network throughput [27]. To overcome these issues, it is imperative to design, develop and implement a new generation of routing protocols that support robust and efficient routing in MANETs. Routing protocols in MANETs are classified into three categories, namely; proactive, reactive, and hybrid routing protocols, depending on the nature of underlying routing information and update mechanism they employ. The proactive routing protocols are also known as table-driven routing protocols because of their tendency to store updated routing information in the form of tables. Notable examples of proactive routing protocols include destination-sequenced distance-vector (DSDV) [28] and optimized link state routing protocol (OLSR) [29]. Each node maintains and stores the network topology information in a tabler form in order to maintain a consistent network view as the network topology constantly updates periodically due to the very nature of ad-hoc wireless network. From time to time, nodes that run the proactive routing protocol need to exchange up-to-date routing information table among themselves. Whenever a node needs to transmit packets, it firstly extracts routing information from the maintained table with which it routs the packets.