## 3 EV Battery Chargers and Their Architectures
### Based on the Level of Charging  
EV chargers can be classified into three distinct categories based on the power they provide. These categories are referred to as Level 1, Level 2, and Level 3. EV charging is typically performed in a garage during overnight hours by connecting the vehicle to a standard household outlet and utilizing a Level 1 charger, which operates at a slower charging rate. Level 2 charging, which necessitates a 240-volt outlet, is frequently regarded as the prevailing approach for both private and public facilities. The various charging stations are based on charging power level listed in Table 4. In public and commercial applications, such as gas stations that utilize Level 3 and DC rapid charging, it is customary to develop three-phase solutions. Public Level 2 and Level 3 chargers are available in various establishments, including gas stations, parking garages, malls, hotels, rest stops, movie theatres, and restaurants. One potential solution to mitigate the issue of decreased range is the establishment of public charging stations. Table 8 presents a comprehensive analysis of the different charging levels, highlighting their specific characteristics and features. This breakdown simplifies the process for users to determine the optimal charging intensity based on specific conditions [64].  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline \multicolumn{2}{c}{**On-Board Charger**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Off-Board Charger**} \\ \hline Installation & Easier to install. & More complicated to install. \\ \hline Cost & Less expensive. & More expensive. \\ \hline Space & Less. & More. \\ \hline Efficiency & Lower. & Higher. \\ \hline Maintenance & Less. & More. \\ \hline Pros. & \(\bullet\) & It is easy to install and maintain. \\  & \(\bullet\) & It is more secure, since it is embedded within \\  & \(\bullet\) & It is more secure, since it is embedded within \\  & \(\bullet\) & It is convenient and does not require any \\  & & external cords or cables. \\  & \(\bullet\) & It is typically more cost-effective than an \\  & \(\bullet\) & off-board charger. \\ \hline Cons. & \(\bullet\) & It may be difficult to access or replace if any \\  & \(\bullet\) & It is more expensive than an on-board charger. \\  & \(\bullet\) & It is less secure, as it is not embedded within the \\  & \(\bullet\) & It is not as versatile as an off-board charger, \\  & & as it can only charge one battery at a time. \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 7: Comparative analysis of on-board chargers and off-board chargers.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Category** & **Charger** & **Charging Power Level** & \begin{tabular}{c} **Charging** \\ **Station Type** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} **Charging** \\ **Speed** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} **Charging** \\ **Duration** \\ \end{tabular} & **Capacity** & **Features** & **Price** \\ \hline Level 1 & \begin{tabular}{c} Single port \\ charger \\ \end{tabular} & 120 V (AC)—15 Amps & 120 V & 2–5 Miles & 8–10 Hours & Low & Standard & Low \\ \hline Level 2 & \begin{tabular}{c} Multi-port \\ charger \\ \end{tabular} & 208–240 V (AC)—30 Amps & 240 V & 10–20 Miles & 3–4 Hours & Medium & \begin{tabular}{c} Enhanced \\ features \\ \end{tabular} & Medium \\ \hline Level 3 & \begin{tabular}{c} Fast \\ charger \\ \end{tabular} & 480 V (DC)—90 Amps & \
\begin{tabular}{c} DC Fast \\ Charger \\ \end{tabular} & 40–60 Miles & 30 Mins & High &
\begin{tabular}{c} Automation \\ features \\ \end{tabular} & High \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 8: Charging station classification based on charging power level.