## 4 Results and Discussions
### Implementation Challenges
#### 4.4.3 Organizational and Human-Centric Resistance
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt}} \hline \hline
**Barrier** & **Sub-barrier** & **Description** & **Reference** \\ \hline \multirow{8}{*}{Organizational and Technical Resistance} & & - & Digital transformation is hindered by a shortage of skilled workers, low digital literacy, and the rapid pace of technological change. & [4, 5, 16, 36, 37, 53, 61, 85] \\  & Skill gaps and workforce readiness & - & New technologies demand continuous upskilling, which can be time-consuming and lead to occupational exhaustion. & [4, 5, 16, 85] \\  & & & Advanced digital systems (CPS, DTs) require deep understanding, complex modeling, integration, and robust infrastructure. & \\  & & - & Challenges include data quality, computational demands, cybersecurity, human factors, and the need for new work environments. & [6, 9, 16, 18, 35, 85] \\ \hline \multirow{8}{*}{Health and Safety Risks from Digitalization} & & - & Digital transformation introduces new OHS risks by altering work organization and execution. This includes physical and mental health risks requiring updated assessments beyond traditional frameworks. & [3, 85] \\  & & - & VR/AR devices can cause health issues (motion/cyber sickness, nausea, headaches, dizziness, fatigue) and physical discomfort, limiting long-term use. & [8, 12, 42, 43, 45, 54, 57, 66, 68] \\  & & - & Heavy, uncomfortable hardware negatively impacts user experience & \\  & & - & Advanced systems and immersive technologies (VR/XR, DTs) demand high cognitive effort, leading to memory retention issues, cognitive overload, and increased stress. & [6, 9, 12, 16, 18, 50, 54, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68] \\  & & - & New knowledge demands, revised work methods, and unclear human-machine interfaces contribute to mental and emotional strain. & [6, 9, 12, 16, 18, 50, 54, 51, 52, 54, 53, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 68] \\  & & - & Employees fear job loss, diminished autonomy, and increased monitoring & \\  & & - & Automation may lead to unemployment in the short/medium term & [5, 6, 7, 8, 12, 16, 43, 85] \\  & & - & DTS/ ethical and socioeconomic impacts (workforce displacement, job role changes) are underexplored & \\  & & - & Technological progress can lead to worker alienation and exploitation through machine-paced labor and continuous monitoring. & [11, 16, 22] \\  & & - & Reduced human interaction due to technology prioritization can cause feelings of devaluation, impacting mental health and inclusion. & \\  & & - & Negative experiences with immersive systems (simulator sickness, confusion between virtual/real) hinder adoption. & \\  & & - & Older workers may resist VR due to unfaniliarity and discomfort & [8, 18, 42, 43, 45, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68] \\  & & - & Employees may resist cooperation due to stress and fear of job loss & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 13: Key organizational, cultural, and human-centric barriers. and potential occupational exhaustion. This issue is further compounded by the technical complexity and infrastructure demands of advanced systems like CPS and DTs, which necessitate a deep understanding, complex modeling, and robust infrastructure, presenting considerable challenges for data quality, computational demands, and overall secure and efficient implementation [6; 9]. Additionally, the limited grasp of these complexities by top management and their narrow focus on basic ICT and automation further impede enterprise-level transformation [37]. However, the integration of digital technologies introduces new OHS risks by altering traditional work organization and execution, thereby impacting employee health and safety. For example, VR and AR technologies, despite their training benefits, can induce physical discomfort and user experience limitations such as motion and cyber sickness, headaches, and physical strain from wearable devices, making them unsuitable and uncomfortable for prolonged use [43; 45; 54; 57; 68].