# A Review of Air Pollution Monitoring Technology for Ports
## 3 Air Pollutant Monitoring Systems for Ports
### Port Air Pollutant Monitoring  
#### 3.1.1 Continuous Monitoring  
For the port, most of the ports are relatively large, and a port contains many terminals. The need to monitor a wide range of air pollutants and the concept of the intelligent port are now prevalent, and automatic online monitoring will be the future development trend. If automatic monitoring is used, the monitoring equipment needs to have the function of monitoring multiple air pollutants simultaneously. Many companies in the market have launched continuous automatic monitoring systems with qualified tests, such as TE's 6002 system, Beijing (China) SDL's AQMS-900 and Wuhan (China) Tianhong's TH-2000, and other automatic ambient air quality monitoring systems. These instruments can \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Monitoring Object** & **Monitoring Method** & **Monitoring Equipment** & **Advantages** & **Disadvantages** \\ \hline \multirow{8}{*}{Ports and Terminals} & \multirow{4}{*}{Manual monitoring} & Sampler combined with laboratory & Wide sampling range, Accurate detection data & Has a certain hysteresis, low time resolution, and poor efficiency \\ \cline{3-4}  & & Manual portable detector & Easy detection and high spatial resolution & It cannot be detected for a long time, and the data accuracy is low \\ \cline{2-4}  & & & & \\ \cline{2-4}  & & & & \\ \cline{2-4}  & \multirow{4}{*}{Automatic monitoring} & Traditional monitoring station & Able to monitor data for a long time with high accuracy & Expensive and space-constrained with poor spatial resolution \\ \cline{3-4}  & & Sensor based monitoring system & High spatio-temporal resolution with inexpensive sensors & Shorter lifetime and immunity to interference \\ \hline \multirow{8}{*}{Ships} & \multirow{4}{*}{Manual monitoring} & Oil sample collection combined with laboratory & The collected data are more accurate & Has a certain blindness and hysteresis, and the efficiency is not good \\ \cline{3-4}  & & Manual portable detector & Higher efficiency & On-site judgment is required, and the time resolution is low \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-4}  & & Inspection equipment loaded in a fixed position & Capable of long-term continuous monitoring with high data accuracy & Expensive, low spatial resolution, a large number of laying requires a lot of money \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-4}  & \multirow{4}{*}{Automatic monitoring} & Sensor based monitoring system & High spatio-temporal resolution and low cost & The life of the sensor is not high due to the long-term smoke environment \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-4}  & & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-4}  & & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-4}  & & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-4}  & & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-4}  & & & \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 6: Commonly used monitoring methods for ports and ships. simultaneously carry out continuous online monitoring of SO\({}_{2}\), NO\({}_{\chi}\), CO, PM, and other pollutants through different automatic analysis methods and have real-time data acquisition and transmission functions, thus achieving real-time online monitoring of port air pollution. In the face of the need to monitor multiple terminals, the TH-2000, for example, as shown in Figure 1, can also be assigned many sub-stations; the data collected by the sub-stations are gathered through the communication network to the central station; the data processing at the central station can also directly generate statistical reports, making environmental monitoring more convenient. Although there is a certain error between the data measured by these devices and the manual analysis method in the complex environment of the port, with the development of technology, this error has been reduced to a certain range to a usable standard. However, although the accuracy and precision of the monitoring of these devices are higher and more convenient to use, their size is huge; in terms of price they are generally more expensive; and the full coverage of the port area requires a certain cost.