# Galileo Single Point Positioning Assessment Including FOC Satellites in Eccentric Orbits
## 3 Results
Detailed results are reported in Table 3. Looking at the data shown in the table, the results are consistent with the results of the previous studies. Figure 11: E1, E5a, E5b, and E5 single-point position vertical error time series reported in (**a–d**). Blue and red markers represent errors when the solution was obtained by excluding or including the measurements coming from the Milena (E14) and Doresa (E18) satellites, respectively. The solution was achieved by using broadcast ephemeris. Figure 12: Density histograms of the E1, E5a, E5b, and E5 single-point position coordinates’ error. Each line refers to a specific frequency: the first from above refers to the frequency E1, the second to E5a, the third to E5b, and the fourth to E5. Blue and red histograms were obtained excluding and including the measurements coming from the Milena (E14) and Doresa (E18) satellites, respectively. Solutions were achieved by using broadcast ephemeris. we can say that, substantially, both the horizontal and the vertical accuracies remained stable; indeed, in some situations, they improved, as in the case of the E5b frequency for which the DRMS improved by almost 0.5 m.  
Figure 14: E1, E5a, E5b, and E5 single-point position time series of the vertical error reported in (**a–d**). Blue and red markers represent errors when the solution was obtained by excluding or including the measurements coming from the Milena (E14) and Doresa (E18) satellites, respectively. The solution was achieved by using precise ephemeris. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Freq.** & **DRMS Excl.** & **Vert. RMS Excl.** & **DRMS Incl.** & **Vert. RMS Incl.** \\ \hline E1 & 0.97 & 2.23 & 0.94 & 2.06 \\ E5a & 2.08 & 5.56 & 1.60 & 5.45 \\ E5b & 1.55 & 4.06 & 1.53 & 4.12 \\ E5 & 1.59 & 4.39 & 1.53 & 4.28 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: RMS comparison between two scenarios (including or excluding the Milena (E14) and Doresa (E18) satellites) analyzed. Precise ephemeris used. Figure 13: Scatter plot of the E1, E5a, E5b, and E5 single-point position error reported in (**a–d**). Blue and red markers represent errors when the solution was obtained by using excluding and including the measurements coming from the Milena (E14) and Doresa (E18) satellites, respectively. Solutions were achieved by using precise SP3 ephemeris. The results obtained indicated that the issue to overcame for the inclusion of the two satellites was related to the quality of their broadcast ephemerides. This drawback did not occur if sp3 precise orbits were used, whose goodness was verified by [PERSON] et al. [14] and by [PERSON] and [PERSON] [21]. Figures 16 and 17 show the differences between the satellites' coordinates calculated by using the precise ephemerides and those calculated by using broadcast ones for the Milena (E14) and Doresa (E18) satellite. As can be seen from the figures, for the three coordinates of both satellites, there were deviations that exceeded 50 m between those obtained using precise orbits and those obtained using the parameters transmitted in broadcast ephemerides. Figure 16: Orbital error of the Milena (E14) satellite plotted versus time. The ticks on the x-axis are spaced 86,400 s (equal to one day); in this way, each tick corresponds to a day. Figure 15: Density histograms of the E1, E5a, E5b, and E5 single-point position coordinates’ error. Each line refers to a specific frequency: the first from above refers to the frequency E1, the second to E5a, the third to E5b, and the fourth to E5. Blue and red histograms were obtained excluding and including the measurements coming from the Milena (E14) and Doresa (E18) satellites, respectively. The solution was achieved by using precise ephemeris. Figure 18 allows one to analyze the causes of the largest position errors by comparing the time series of errors with the HDOP and VDOP parameters, the number of visible satellites, and the orbital errors of the analyzed satellites. The analysis was performed in the three time intervals when the largest errors occurred.