## 1 Introduction
### Background Study of This Research  
Real-time detection of only DoS JSA using IEEE 802.11 signal in VANET was proposed and investigated based upon previous studies [9; 10]. In these studies, the MAC layer misbehavior of some vehicles and nodes violates IEEE 802.11 rules. Small back-off counters were chosen to access the channel more frequently than other nodes. However, their performance were degraded. In these investigations, however, restriction in detection of all forms of attacks, including HDSA, was an issue. Moreover, the investigation was based on only a DoS JSA attack. In detecting DoS JSA only in VANET, the method in a previous study [11] that utilized a unicast traffic method based upon the regression model was proposed. However, the proposed method did not consider any trustworthiness investigation of the nodes in the network. Real-time detection of DoS attacks in the IEEE 802.11p vehicular network method was also proposed in a previous study [12]. This considered beacons transmission regularly in IEEE 802.11p in broadcast mode only, without retransmission. This method also included an alternative jamming detector for considering detection of only DoS JSA attacks in a VANET platoon. However, the investigation revealed gaps in trustworthiness in the protocol. Based upon the investigation of these two or more methods, we can verify that the DoS attacks considered for investigation in VANET were based only on DoS JSA. There are other forms of attacks eminent in VANET, which include HDSA. The detection of all other attacks and HDSA still presents the greatest challenge in VANET safety application deployment. In addition, there are other forms of DoS attacks, such as PD, RCRCO overutilization, and DoS resilience attacker (DRA). These attacks altogether also form HDSA [13], which mostly cause overutilization of the RSU. However, none of the above defined proposed schemes in VANET considered investigation for detecting HDSA, which also includes DRA. Moreover, the authors' investigations concerning utilizing the above proposed schemes demonstrate only limited recommendation and provision for trusting methods, secure efficient storage mechanisms, proper OAs, and authentication and KDE methods based upon the investigations of the proposed schemes. The authors detected only DoS JSA based upon the investigations of their proposed schemes. DoS attacks encompass DRA for the sake of this research. Therefore, it is important to investigate HDSA using a sophisticated approach. This new approach will be capable of detecting all forms of DoS attacks, including HDSA attacks, which should be supported in this research. Vehicular Cloud and Fog Computing (VFC) is a standard that comprehends FC and vehicular cloud (VCC) [14]. VFC is also a solution that satisfies the requirements of VANET, such as secure and efficient computing, storage, and in-network resource provision [13]. In addition, optimization algorithms (OAs), such as Cuckoo/CSA (ABC) [15], Firefly algorithm (GA) [16], and firefly neural algorithm [17] are capable of providing swarm intelligence. The OAs are either heuristic or metaheuristic in nature and have problem-solving skills. They also have the capability to adjust DoS JSA and HDSAs (i.e., congestion and collusion), which include all other forms of attacks, such as DoS JSA, PD, and RCRCO, for optimum user experience [18]. The OAs have also been used to evaluate a real-time data transmission in VANET [19], which utilized IEEE 802.11p for dedicated short-range communication (DSRC) technology. VFC integration with OAs and trust detection of the nodes in VANET, which also utilize authentication/KDE in VANET, can appropriately secure the VANET through the RSU. This secure method for VANET protection provide a real-time detection of DoS attacks in IEEE 802.11p, which utilizes the DSRC technology. It also provides the safety of roads and highways based upon intelligent transportation system (ITS) opportunities.