## 2 Study Area
### Public Space Selection  
The rural public space in this study mainly refers to a public space in the narrow sense, which is an open space [53]. In order to better reflect the landscape characteristics of the public space in Huangshandian Village and the representative elements of the landscape theme, we adopted the comprehensive opinions of villagers, experts and the government for the experimental site selection and conducted several field studies. Firstly, we visited Huangshandian Village and talked with local residents to find out 62 public spaces where they often gather, and selected 15 spaces with a large number of people and high frequency of use, and divided them into four categories according to the shape, scale, and location of the public spaces, combined with the characteristics of interaction behaviors and functional needs and roles: the linear street space, surface-shaped square space, waterfront space, and point-shaped public green space [54]. We then invited several experts and teachers who have at least 10 years of experience in landscape design, environmental psychology, rural  
Figure 1: Maps of geographic areas and village pattern: (a) China-Beijing; (b) Huangshandian Village layout. planning, and other related fields to visit the 15 sites after the initial screening. Finally, through discussions with the government, the most representative site in each of the four categories was selected and considered by the government to have the potential for subsequent practice. These four types of spaces are highly recognizable, have distinctive landscape features, and are important landscape space types in Huangshandian Village that are closely related to the villagers' daily lives and have various functions, such as leisure, communication, access, etc. The villagers and tourists can move freely and exchange information in these specific public spaces:  
1. Square space landscape (Figure 2a): The cultural plaza is the recreational activity center of Huangshandian Village, where villagers and tourists concentrate to participate in recreational activities and information exchange, and where most of the village's important activities take place, such as festival and wedding celebrations, creating an important space for the rich and colorful cultural activities and intimate neighborhood relationship in Huangshandian Village [7]. The plaza space is located in the center of the village, at an important position at the intersection of streets and alleys, the paving of which consists of the characteristic local stones, and it has simple and ancient vignettes. 2. Street space landscape (Figure 2b): The street space landscape is a typical landscape of Huangshandian Village. During the field research, we often observed the local residents walking in the street space and talking and communicating with each other, as well as general village activities [55]. The street space of Huangshandian Village is mostly north-south in depth, connecting small public spaces and organizing traffic, and the buildings on both sides have the obvious characteristics of the mountain dwellings in western Beijing, with many stone walls and tile and slate roofs. 3. Waterfront space landscape (Figure 2c): The waterfront space landscape is an important characteristic of the landscape of Huangshandian Village. The main river in the jurisdiction is the Xiekuo River and the landscape is smooth in the peak season, but weak in the dry season, which is an important space for recreation, distribution, and sightseeing in Huangshandian Village. Both sides of the water area are hard revetments. People carry out spontaneous activities of interaction and communication in the open space beside the river. As an obvious and important linear node space in the village, it is one of the most natural living spaces in the village. The selected sites for the experiment include stone bridges across the river and open green spaces beside the river.