## 4 Results
### Knowledge Framework for Data-Driven Business Model Innovation  
To address a wide range of DDBMI challenges, we present a knowledge framework (see Table 2) that integrates the nine identified topics across five aspects: (1) Infrastructure and technology, (2) capabilities, (3) theories and frameworks, (4) strategies and solutions, and (5) evaluation. The five aspects represent the technological or strategic requirements of the DDBMI process, and their implementation can serve as preparatory steps for DDBMI. The knowledge framework is built upon existing research literature, merging the nine topics (see Section 4.1) with five aspects, whose derivation is clarified in the subsequent section. Table 2 offers an overview of the combination of topics and aspects. The referenceshave been integrated under the corresponding aspect headings to enhance presentation clarity, as including references for each bullet point in every cell would be overly extensive. Before delving into the specifics of the five aspects, we briefly acknowledge studies examining these aspects within specific topics, such as infrastructure and technology [150; 151; 152], infrastructure and capabilities [119; 153; 154], theories [155; 156], strategies and solutions [157; 158; 159], and evaluation [159; 160]. Furthermore, we consulted other literature to investigate and comprehend the significance of these aspects for the knowledge framework. Based on the consensus expressed in these sources, five aspects are selected to support the development of a robust, evidence-based knowledge framework for DDBMI: Infrastructure and technology (first aspect) play a crucial role in innovation, as the simultaneous execution of digital innovation strategies and IT infrastructure is required. Capabilities (second aspect) serve as the foundation for the value proposition. Theory and framework (third aspect), strategies and solutions (fourth aspect), and evaluation (fifth aspect) are adopted from the cyclical framework for evidence-based healthcare implementation planning [147]. These five aspects require interactions and overlap with strategy, business processes, and information systems to transform BMs into DDBMs [161]. The subcategories of each topic under each aspect are derived from the current literature on incumbent manufacturers' DDBMI and may be incomplete, given the limitations of the conducted literature search. The five aspects are recognized as foundational features of DDBMI and incorporated into a knowledge framework comprising relevant DDBMI topics across the levels of enablers, value makers, and outcomes (see Figure 2). The aspects divide each topic into manageable levels, enabling incumbent manufacturers to understand the connections between topics, address complexities and challenges, and gain strategic insights essential for the preparatory steps of DDBMI using an evidence-based approach. Infrastructure and technology (first aspect) are essential for DDBMI, as it relies on robust infrastructures such as technology, sensors, software, hardware, and communication networks. Incumbent manufacturers must develop or retrofit infrastructure that supports DDBMI, aligns with strategic goals, and provides value to customers and partners [150]. Infrastructure and digital technology are important for collaboration, scaling up implementation plans, facilitating innovation management, enabling new product ideas, and complementing the external knowledge search for process innovation [162]. Incumbent manufacturers need to possess certain capabilities (second aspect) to implement the nine topics, such as being agile and adaptable to market changes, managing internal and external operations, data, and customers, investing in infrastructure and talent, focusing on developing strategies and methods, and possessing technical and business expertise [154; 163]. Business and technical expertise includes comprehending competitiveness, market dynamics, and the ability to evaluate potential avenues of innovation.