# Moving towards Personalized Medicine--The Broad Use of Aptamers for Targeted Theranostic
## 2 Cancer Therapeutics

Table 1: _Cont._EGFR: epidermal growth factor receptor; APT5B: beta subunit of F1 Fo ATP synthase; PSMA: Prostate-specific membrane antigen; PCA3: Prostate cancer antigen 3; TFs: transcription factors; ErbBB: epidermal growth factor related protein; MLL-1: Mixed lineage leukemia protein 1; MMP-9: Matrix metalloproteinase-9; C/EBP: CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein \(\alpha\); saRNA: small activating RNA; hTfR: human transferrin receptor; PDAC: pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma; ALPP: alkaline phosphatase placental; EpCAM: epithelial cell adhesion molecule; CCl2: C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 2; PAUF: Pancreatic adenocarcinoma upregulated factor; TNFSF: tumor necrosis factor superfamily; MAGE-A3: Melanoma antigen family A, 3. For breast cancer, some aptamers have been studied. HeA2-3 is an aptamer used to target HER2, one of the most relevant receptors against this cancer, which inhibits the growth and survival of breast cancer cells [14]. PNDA-3 aptamer targets periostin and effectively inhibits breast cancer cell invasion and metastasis in vivo, despite limited in vitro growth effects [15] Two aptamers target the MNK1, an essential component for cancer growth, apMNK2F, which has proven to be effective in decreasing both tumor size and the incidence of metastases in murine breast cancer models [16], and apMNK3R [17] The aptamer ex-50.T is used to target the exosomes released by cancer tissue, reducing the molecular pathways that promote cancer proliferation such as AKT/Pi3K pathway [18]. In addition, 2\({}^{\prime}\)-Fluoropyrinidines-RNA aptamer is used conjugated with nanoparticles and allows treatment with photothermal therapy in triple-negative breast cancer cells [19]. The AS1411 aptamer targets nucleolin, which leads to the reduction in angiogenesis capacity, i.e., the capacity of producing new vessels to create a better microenvironment for tumoral development [20]. In colorectal cancer, four aptamers with the highest potential were identified. These were aptamer YJ-1, which binds to Carcinomaembryonic antigen (CEA) and death receptor 5 and leads to the inhibition of tumor growth and migration potential [21]; apPDGF-BB, which is an aptamer for PDGF-BB and is important in reducing proliferation capacity [22]; another aptamer studied is apPD-1, which targets the PD-1 receptor, which leads to the activation of immune system [23]; and the last aptamer is NOX-A12, which inactivates CXCL12, showing promising results in the following studies [24]. Lung cancer is another cancer with high concern for new therapeutics due to its aggressiveness and lack of early detection strategies. However, several candidates have been identified as promising recognition elements. For example, aptPD-L1 targets the PD-L1 receptor and regulates the tumor microenvironment, stimulating the immune system cells [25] and AP-74 M-545 aptamer is used against galectin-1, also stimulating the immune system. In LL/2 tumors in vivo, it effectively inhibits tumor growth by reducing T cell apoptosis [26]. Two aptamers known as TBA353 and TBA535 target TBA, leading to reduced proliferation and invasive potential in lung cancer cell lines [27] and a PEGylated aptamer called RA16 is used specifically to bind to non-small-cell lung cancer cells, leading to tumor growth suppression [28]. Cancer of the liver also has some potential aptamers. For example, aptamer AS1411 [29] and AS1411-modified [30] target nucleolin and galectin-14, respectively, leading to a reduction in the tumoral features, in both in vitro and in vivo models, and the CL-4 RNNV616 aptamer targets EGFr, reduces proliferation, and promotes cell apoptosis [31]. Considering renal cancer, some aptamers are described. SW-4 and SW-4b are two aptamers used to modulate the endocytosis process of renal cancer cells, inducing their apoptosis and cell cycle [32]. The aptamer AS1411, currently in phase II clinical trials which have shown high potentiality in other cancers, can also induce a reduction in aggression [33].