## 2 Effect of Plasma on Seed Germination
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Plant Species** & **Plasma Source** & **Feeder Gas** & \begin{tabular}{c} **Treated** \\ **Stage** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} **Enhanced** \\ **Effects** \\ \end{tabular} & **Reference** \\ \hline _Glycine max_ [PERSON]. [PERSON] & DBD plasma & Oxygen (O\({}_{2}\)) and & Seed and & Germination & [49] \\ \hline _Cucurthia pepp_ L. cv. & & & & & \\ Cinderella & & & & & \\ _Cucurthia maxima_ L. cv. & Cold atmospheric & Helium (He) and argon & Seed & Germination & [50] \\ _Jarahdale_ & pressure plasma & (Ar) & Seed & Germination & [50] \\ _Cucurthia maxima_ L. cv. & & & & & \\ _Warty Goblin_ & & & & & \\ _Cichorium intrbus_ & DBD plasma (Model & & & & \\ _Cichorium intrbus_ & PS200) & Argon (Ar) & Seed and & Germination, & \\ _Cichorium lusticum_ & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Volume barrier \\ discharge plasma \\ \end{tabular} & Humid Air (40\% RH) & Seed & Germination & [52] \\ \hline _Catharanthus roseus_ & DBD plasma & Argon (Ar) & Seed &
\begin{tabular}{c} Growth and \\ physiology \\ \end{tabular} & [53] \\ \hline _Vitis vinifera_ & DBD Ar plasma & Argon (Ar) & Seed and & Germination & [54] \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: _Cont._  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Plant Species** & **Plasma Source** & **Feeder Gas** & \begin{tabular}{c} **Treated** \\ **Stage** \\ \end{tabular}  & \begin{tabular}{c} **Enhanced** \\ **Effects** \\ \end{tabular}  & **Reference** \\ \hline _Cirullus lantus_ & & & & & \\ _Zimaria pervuzana_ & Plasma-treated water & Air & \begin{tabular}{c} Vegetative \\ stage \\ \end{tabular}  & Growth & [55] \\ _Melioso sativa_ & & & & & \\ _Phaselous coconus_ & & & & & \\ \hline Janie marigold & & & & & \\ Better Boy tomato & Plasma-treated water & Air & Seed and & Growth & [56] \\ Early Scarlet radish & & & & & \\ \hline _Raphanus sativus_ & & & & & \\ _Solanum locyersicum_ & & & & & \\ _Capsicum ammun_ & & & & & \\ \hline _Arabidopsis thaliana_ & & \begin{tabular}{c} DBD air and He \\ (helium) plasma \\ Plasma-treated water \\ \end{tabular}  & Air and Helium (He) & \begin{tabular}{c} Seed and \\ seedling \\ \end{tabular}  & \ \begin{tabular}{c} Germination \\ and growth \\ \end{tabular}  & [58] \\ \hline Coral lentils (_Lens culinaris_) & \begin{tabular}{c} Plasma-treated tap \\ water \\ \end{tabular}  & Air & Seed & Growth & [59] \\ \hline _Glycine max_ [PERSON]. [PERSON] & & & & & \\ _Solanum locyersicum_ & & & & & \\ _Pisum sativtium_ L. & & & & & \\ _Water_ & Air & Seed & & & \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Radish growth} & \multirow{2}{*}{Plasma-treated organic solutions} & \multirow{2}{*}{Ari and oxygen (O\({}_{2}\)) mixture} & \multirow{2}{*}{Seed} & \multirow{2}{*}{Growth} & [63] \\ \cline{1-1  
The first reported case of plasma application to seeds was in a US patent by [PERSON] et al. [67], where cold atmospheric pressure plasma generated from a mixture of inorganic gases (atmospheric air, oxygen, and nitrogen) was applied to soybean seeds for 5 to 300 s and the germination and growth were enhanced [67]. In the past 20 years, various plasma sources (dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) jet plasma, microwave discharge, radio-frequency (RF) discharge, gliding discharge) have been developed and used for treating vegetables (tomato, radish, coriander, green peas, and sunflower) and crops (rapeseed, cotton, maize, oat, wheat, mustard, soybean, legumes, and honey clover) (Table 1). Plasma treatment (direct or indirect) has enhanced seed germination in most studies, although no changes in the germination percentage were observed in several studies [15; 19; 41; 44; 56; 59; 64]. Plasma promoted the germination speed, overall germination percentage, or both. Studies have also demonstrated variable effects on seed germination depending on the plasma sources, plant species, treatment time, feeding gases, and moisture content. [PERSON] et al.