# IoT Based Smart City Bus Stops
## 2 Literature Review  
A smart community architecture platform utilizing the IoT concept was proposed to provide neighborhood watch and pervasive healthcare as well as some additional added values such as smart metering management and social network applications [5]. Recently, IoT applications have been extended to smart city services. Smart transportation is a pillar in smart city applications. In the literature, an IoT-based school bus tracking with arrival time prediction was reported in [6]. The bus was equipped with a microcontroller, Radio Frequency Identification (RFID), and Global Positioning System (GPS) locators, Global System for Mobile (GSM) and General Packet Radio Services (GPRS) for communications. Another IoT-based school bus monitoring system was reported in [7], where the system integrated speed sensors, GSM/GPRS/GPS/RFID technologies, and a single chip microcontroller. The system had a lightweight machine-to-machine communication protocol that utilized the publish-subscribe message queuing telemetry transport (MQTT) connectivity protocol. Messages were used to allow parents, schools, and other authorized entities to track and locate the bus location and obtain an estimated arrival time to school or home. Another RFID smart application is a parking management system [8]. This system was designed to improve energy consumption and operational efficiency. A recent vehicle wireless monitoring and tracking system based on Bluetooth was deployed in fixed road stations along the road for the collection of data [9]. Vehicle start and end stations, real-time location, and delays were transmitted via the on-vehicle Bluetooth to the stations along the road. A traffic analysis was then performed in urban areas to predict the arrival time based on the real-time traffic flow. In addition to monitoring and tracking, some transportation vehicles are utilized to monitor air pollution. In [10], a system that integrates a single-chip microcontroller, several air pollution sensors (CO, NO\({}_{2}\), SO\({}_{2}\)), GPRS-Modem, and a GPSmodule was proposed. The system utilizes the wireless mobile public networks and integrates a mobile and wireless data acquisition unit that can be placed on top of any public transportation vehicle. The NO\({}_{2}\) and CO detection sensors provide good relative readings to determine air quality. In [11], a wireless sensor system was developed for real-time monitoring of toxic environmental volatile organic compounds. Another wireless sensor network system was developed in [12] to monitor indoor air quality, while in [13], an outdoor air pollution monitoring system was developed using ZigBee networks for ubiquitous-cities. This outdoor air pollution monitoring system assimilated a wireless sensor board that consisted of temperature, humidity, CO\({}_{2}\), and dust sensors. In [14] and [15], IoT-Bluetooth based vehicle tracking, road monitoring, and air pollution systems were proposed. The system's on-board controller collected and stored the vehicle speed and location, exhaust pipe emission gas, and wind velocity. At a traffic light, the stored data are downloaded to a fixed computing platform via Bluetooth for further processing. Vision-based systems have also been used in smart traffic applications, for instance [16; 17] described camera-based vehicle collisions avoidance systems based on cameras and signal processing algorithms. Most of the above systems are used to monitor and track buses and mobile air pollution using a sensing unit installed on top of the bus or along the road side to measure air pollutants. However, none of the above systems considered monitoring and enhancing the condition of the bus stops by using the recent advances in technologies. Recent attempts in smart cities, as evident in Dubai, U.A.E., have resulted in constructing smart bus stops equipped with air-conditioned shelters with comfortable seating arrangements and time schedules showing the approximate bus arrival time. This proposed work presents an enhanced bus stop monitoring and operation system.