## 3 Results and Discussion
### Nutritional Analysis  
Figures 1 and 2 show the results of the chemical composition of the leaves of _Acacia_ species based on dry matter (%DM). These figures illustrate that the protein content ranged from 14.04 to 18.96% for AMy and AC, respectively. The results demonstrated statistically significant differences (\(p\) < 0.05) among the studied species, which is consistent with values reported in previous studies involving different species, such as 17.6% for _A. nilotica_, 18.9% for _A. tortilis_, and 14.5% for _A. senegal_[24]. Several studies have observed high levels of protein, minerals, and fatty acids in acacia leaves, making them suitable animal protein supplements [30; 31]. The protein content in acacia leaves is efficiently utilized by ruminant animals during dry seasons [32] and has been reported to meet the protein requirements \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Species** & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Cell Viability (\%)**} \\  & **125 \(\upmu\)g/mL** & **250 \(\upmu\)g/mL** & **500 \(\upmu\)g/mL** \\ \hline AR & 87.38 \(\pm\) 16.81 b  & 89.66 \(\pm\) 13.57 a  & 113.19 \(\pm\) 12.65 b  \\ AC & 79.51 \(\pm\) 11.23 ab  & 100.51 \(\pm\) 15.98 a  & 101.28 \(\pm\) 9.67 abc  \\ AD & 80.24 \(\pm\) 20.12 ab  & 87.83 \(\pm\) 19.30 a  & 93.44 \(\pm\) 4.58 ab  \\ AL & 52.65 \(\pm\) 17.04 a  & 95.52 \(\pm\) 16.77 a  & 122.73 \(\pm\) 12.73 c  \\ AMs & 73.76 \(\pm\) 10.49 ab  & 88.18 \(\pm\) 19.33 a  & 101.33 \(\pm\) 14.82 abc  \\ AP & 73.33 \(\pm\) 8.50 ab  & 90.20 \(\pm\) 13.86 a  & 99.08 \(\pm\) 2.86 ab  \\ AS & 77.19 \(\pm\) 5.64 ab  & 101.77 \(\pm\) 20.98 a  & 99.58 \(\pm\) 6.34 ab  \\ AMy & 78.03 \(\pm\) 4.98 ab  & 78.26 \(\pm\) 10.39 a  & 87.87 \(\pm\) 0.06 a  \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Cell viability after exposure to extracts. The values are expressed as (mean \(\pm\) standard deviation). of broiler chickens [30; 32]. Furthermore, it has been reported that ruminant animals can effectively utilize the protein content of acacia leaves during dry seasons. Research has also shown that tree species are rich in natural polyphenolic compounds, such as tannins, and generally have higher protein levels [33]. Research has indicated that tree species have abundant natural polyphenolic compounds (like tannins) and typically have higher protein levels. The ash content in leaves ranged from 4.59 (for AP) to 9.38% (for AR), with significant differences observed among the various species. [PERSON] et al. [21] reported values ranging from 2.34 to 9.81% for different species, with _A. saligna_ demonstrating higher values (9.81%) in our study. Additionally, [PERSON] et al. [20] reported ash content values of 9.1% and 7.7%. Figure 2 illustrates the variations in fat content among different _Acacia_ species, ranging from 1.65% to 4.99%. AP exhibited the lowest ash content, while AR demonstrated the highest. Notably, there is a lack of reported fat values for acacia leaves, although comparatively higher values have been observed in contrast to pods [25]. Significant differences were observed among the analyzed samples regarding fiber composition. AMy exhibited the highest fiber content, at 35.52%, whereas AC exhibited the lowest, at 16.43%. To the best of our knowledge, there are no scientific studies providing specific fiber values for the species studied in our manuscript, so it is not possible for us to make comparisons. The only existing study is that by [PERSON] et al. [21], which reported the fiber content of _A. hockii_, _A. karoo_, and _A. saligna_, with values ranging from 5.71 to 25.9%, respectively, for _A. hockii_ and _A. karoo_. Despite involving different species from those studied in our article, the values found in our work are similar to those published by these authors. The moisture content values ranged from 41.66 to 70.87%. The leaves of the AC species exhibited the most significant variation compared to other species and possessed  
Figure 1: Nutritional value of acacia leaf species, on a dry matter basis (% in DM) (mean \(\pm\) standard). AMy—_A. melanoxylon_, AD—_A.