# Authenticity, and Approval Framework for Bus Transportation Based on Blockchain 2.0 Technology
## 4 Review of the Literature
It resolves the cross-organization cooperation and settlement process, streamlining intelligent traffic planning and route scheduling. An enhanced authentication mechanism known as decentralized authentication or Web 3.0 authentication is proposed, which provides a solution to existing third-party security providers dependent on authentication schemes [29]. [PERSON] et al. [1] and [PERSON] et al. [30] compared and identified the strengths and limitations of the blockchain-based system's implementation, and they summarized future directions. A solution was modeled in work [31] to overcome the limitations of existing data management practices using a centralized approach. The work presented in [32] proposed an efficient and lightweight system that utilizes the characteristics of authorization encryption schemes and hash functions. It establishes a secure channel by encrypting a session key and verifying the authenticity of the user. [PERSON] et al. [33] proposed a trustworthy and reliable distributed blockchain network, in which vehicle users can validate incoming messages from nearby vehicles. The work in [34] explored distributed ledger technologies and compared data on different consensus algorithms; it also introduced an intelligent transport system, FlexiChain 3.0, which has higher transaction speed. A deep reinforcement learning blockchain system [35] to accelerate the block verification process, achieving better security and privacy, was proposed. [PERSON] et al. [36] proposed a data sharing and storage system, for more secure and reliable system evaluation than existing systems. The authors in [37] proposed a context-aware offloading approach in mobile edge computing (MEC), utilizing Bayesian learning automata (BLA) to enhance the offloading algorithm's performance. It analyzes the states and actions of the system, to determine the offloading algorithm, and it diverts the processes to edge computing. Table 1 provides a comparative analysis between existing solutions and a proposed solution, in the context of authentication, authorization, confidentiality, and DEMATEL analysis. Among the existing solutions, there is variability in their strengths and weaknesses. Blockchain implementation is built on four key concepts: distributed ledger, cryptography, consensus protocol, and smart contracts [49]. A. Distributed Ledger  
Distributed ledgers, Ref. [22], are databases that are shared among all nodes in a peer-to-peer (P2P) network. Each network node maintains a backup copy of the database. Whenever any node modifies its copy version of the database, the other nodes in the network coordinate and integrate with the updated version. Distributed ledgers serve as repositories for various types of data, including land records, cryptocurrency transactions, degree verification, patient health records, and related datasets. B. Cryptographic Functions  
User trust in the blockchain network is ensured through the use of cryptographic functions, which encrypt transactions within the network [50]. These functions use mathematical calculations to protect network transactions from fraudulent users. To complete the transactions, the end user employs a public and private key pair. Public keys are used to identify end users, whereas private keys are used to validate transactions. C. Consensus Mechanism  
It is the process in which all or majority of network validators approve and agree on the ledger's state. It encompasses a set of predefined rules, protocols, and procedures that enable multiple active nodes to maintain a coherent set of states. Consequently, transactions are not immediately recorded in the ledger but rather undergo a consensus mechanism where they are included in a block for a specific duration [23]. When selecting a consensus algorithm, developers consider the requirements of the application. For instance, bitcoin [22] employs proof of work (PoW), to safeguard against double-spending attacks. By contrast, Ethereum, founded by [PERSON], utilizes proof of stake (PoS), to prevent the centralization of mining centers.