# Human Factors and Ergonomics in Industry 5.0--A Systematic Literature Review
## 3 Results
### Wearables and Hardware
Amazon Alexa is another example of a digital assistant used in smart home devices to control home electronics and provide information on demand [47]. A value-sensitive design (VSD) approach illustrates how technologies enabling human-machine symbiosis in the smart factory can be designed to embody elicited human values [48]. Internet of Things, combined with specialized software, enables self-learning in real time and tracking of the work results. This can improve workers' mobility and support the implementation of new technologies, but at the same time, it raises some safety data concerns. Most common in the literature are large displays, touch and touchless interaction, and virtual reality (VR) [49]. There are various data-collecting possibilities. One of the topics currently being researched is the provision of stable body positions over extended periods of time. In this area, smart soles have been developed that serve as wearable devices for collecting data on postural characteristics [50]. Posture monitoring sensors such as Lumo Lift and Upright Go are designed to monitor and provide real-time feedback on posture quality. These devices help users maintain proper ergonomic postures, contributing to the prevention of back pain and improved overall health [39]. In addition, an innovative method that uses gyroscopes to measure the angular velocities of upper limb movement in all planes has been proposed to minimize the risk of musculoskeletal disorders associated with high movement speeds [51]. Furthermore, an AI-based system has been developed that uses 2D LiDAR and smartwatches to track a worker's position according to ISO 11226 [52] during standardized tasks. The research involved collecting data from 30 participants during six typical assembly tasks, and the results showed that the system achieved an average position tracking accuracy of almost 98% [53]. There is also the monitoring system wherein eye tracking can be equipped with a wearable biosensor. Virtual prototypes conveniently simulate human-machine interactions to avoid bottlenecks and provide optimized workflows. The monitoring of human physiological responses enables the objectification of user experience, UX--heart rate, heart rate variability (a physical and mental stress condition), breathing rate (for physical stress and fatigue detection), pupil dilatation, eye gaze, eye blinks (operators' visual interaction with devices, interfaces, machines, or people), and postular acceleration (for body monitoring movements) [54]. Studies have shown that among the tracking and assistance gadgets (smartphones, tablets, smartwatches, and data glasses), workers prefer smartwatches and smartphones. A smartwatch is most preferred, but it raises concerns when multiple messages are being displayed due to clarity. A tablet was labeled as \"cumbersome to carry around all the time\" and that it \"should fit into the pockets\" [55]. Worker suits can be also used to collect data for the ergonomic analysis [38]. A wearable mapping suit can be used to combine prototyping and body storming techniques and human-centered development to enable ideation for wearable technology directly on potential user [56]. The motion capture method can be provided by the complement of the optical and inertial sensors. This is real-time and portable motion capturing that avoids traditional outside-in systems due to occlusions and incorrect installation. It can be run on consumer mobile devices, which provides a convenient and low-cost way of ergonomic analysis. A self-contained motion capture system can be applied to perceive workers' activity on the shop floor [57]. The use of motion capture systems and virtual reality is a promising potential but should be developed in such a way that both productivity increase and occupational safety and health principles are included [58]. Virtual reality (VR) can affect users' health, which can be both positive and negative depending on the duration and intensity of use, as well as the user's individual health conditions.