# LoRa Technology Propagation Models for IoT Network Planning in the Amazon Regions
); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (M.C.A.N. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (M.E.L.T. );  
2 School of Electrical Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Valparaiso (PUCV), Valparaiso 2362804, Chile; andrea.rodrigues.l@mail.pucv1 (A.V.R.L. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (M.R.) [PERSON]  
1 Computer and Telecommunications Laboratory (LCT), Institute of Technology (ITEC), Federal University of Pard (UFPA), Bellem 66075-110, Brazil; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (C.M.M.C. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (J.P.L.A. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (M.C.A.N. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (M.E.L.T. );  
2 School of Electrical Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Valparaiso (PUCV), Valparaiso 2362804, Chile; andrea.rodrigues.l@mail.pucv1 (A.V.R.L. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (M.R.) [PERSON]. [PERSON]  
1 Computer and Telecommunications Laboratory (LCT), Institute of Technology (ITEC), Federal University of Pard (UFPA), Bellem 66075-110, Brazil; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (C.M.M.C. ); [PERSON]S] (J.P.  
industrial, and food sectors [2]. Small- and medium-sized boats move along the river banks and serve the riverside communities in these regions. Telecommunications systems do not exist or are highly precarious because they are challenging mobile communication and broadcasting environments [3]. These regions need to catch up with the connectivity demands and enjoy the benefits of the new era of the IoT, which is expected to move about USD 19 trillion worldwide. Of this amount, USD 860 billion will specifically impact Latin American economies, and 40% (USD 352 billion) will be in the Brazilian IoT market alone [4]. The big challenge is determining the best IoT connectivity solution, and LoRa technology appears to be an alternative in several sectors for its long range, low power, and low cost. It is suitable for IoT applications that require secure and long-range communication, such as agriculture, smart cities, industry, and logistics [5]. Since it is wireless communication, such communication is given by links between the first and second layers, either between end nodes or between end node and gateway [6]. The data exchange from the gateway to the end node is downlink, and the data exchange from the end node to the gateway is uplink. Considering the communication of a boat on a coastal river in the Amazon region, there is always a densely wooded area close to it. When downlink communication is possible, uplink communication is not necessarily possible, disrespecting the principle of reciprocity in LoRa applications [7]. Therefore, this work considers the uplink situation, representing the worst communication scenario among IoT devices. LoRa-based wireless information exchange is an application for many purposes [8]. Monitoring, tracking, and locating objects are applications of LoRaWAN technology in maritime environments. Whether monitoring natural disasters, water quality, or vessels, the technology delivers significant results in cost-effectiveness and real-time collection [9; 10; 11; 12; 13; 14; 15; 16; 17; 18; 19; 20; 21; 22; 23; 24]. Regarding water environments, measurements and channel modeling through LoRa technology are most commonly performed in maritime environments [9; 22]. Few studies present channel modeling, coverage, or packet reception efficiency results in riverine environments [23; 24]. However, the rivers in those studies have different characteristics from Amazonian rivers, which do not feature dense vegetation on their banks. Considering the significance of rivers for the Amazon region, it is essential to include the communities living on their banks, while also considering the dense vegetation in these environments. Seeking an application of LoRa sensor networks that collect data present in a boat that travels on the banks of these rivers, we carried out extensive measurement campaigns on the edge of Universidade Federal do Para (UFPA), bathed by the Guama River.