## 3 Application Characteristics  
Various applications have varying characteristics. Coverage, capacity, cost, and low power operation are of course the primary drivers for all LPWAN applications. However, some LPWAN solution may entail significant tradeoffs between different characteristics, for example, coverage versus cost. In addition, some applications are comparatively homogeneous, for example, meters, whereas others have a plethora of heterogeneous devices with varying expectations. In addition, selected \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{142.3 pt} p{142.3 pt}} \hline
**Field** & **Major Applications** \\ \hline Smart Cities & Smart parking, structural health of the buildings, bridges and historical movements, air quality measurement, sound noise level measurement, traffic congestion and traffic light control, road toll control, smart lighting, mesh collection optimization, was management, utility meters, fire detection, elevator monitoring and control, manhole cover monitoring, construction equipment and labor health monitoring, environment management, and public safety \\ Smart Environment & Water quality, air pollution reduction, climate temperature rise reduction, forest fire, landslide, animal tracking, snow level monitoring, and earthquake early detection \\ Smart Water quality, water leakage, river flood monitoring, swimming pool management, and chemical leakage \\ Smart Metering & Smart electricity meters, gas meters, water flow meters, gas pipeline monitoring, and warehouse monitoring \\ Network control, load balancing, remote monitoring and measurement, transformer health monitoring, windmills/solar power installation monitoring \\ Perimeter access control, liquid presence detection, radiation levels, and explosive and hazardous gases \\ \hline Supply chain control, intelligent shopping applications, smart shelves, and smart product management \\ \hline Insurance, security and tracking, lcase, rental, share car management, quality of shipment conditions, item location, storage incompatibility detection, fleet tracking, smart trains, and mobility as a service \\ M2M applications, robotics, indoor air quality, temperature monitoring, production line monitoring, ozone presence, indoor localization of assets, vehicle auto-diagnosis, machine health monitoring, preventive maintenance, energy management, machine/equipment as a service, and factory as a service \\ Smart Agriculture and Farming & Temperature, humidity, and all salinity measurement, wine quality enhancement, smart greenhouses, agricultural automation and robotics, meteorological station network, compost, hydroponics, offspring care, livestock monitoring and tracking, and toxic gas levels \\ Smart Homes/Buildings and Real Estate & Energy and water use, temperature, humidity, fire/smoke detection, remote control of appliances, intrusion detection systems, art, goods preservation, and space as a service \\ Patient health and parameters, connected medical environments, healthcare wearable, patients surveillance, ultraviolet radiation monitoring, telemedicine, fall detection, assisted living, medical ridgors, sportsmen care, tracking chronic diseases, and tracking mosquito and other such insects’ population and growth \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Applications of low power wide area networks (LPWANs). applications require other capabilities, for example, interworking with other technologies and voice support. Hence, a specific LPWAN solution may be customized to a narrow set of applications, whereas another solution may be designed to cover a wide range of applications and attributes. For example, smart city applications require wide radio coverage to encompass all the parts of a city.