## 5 Discussion  
### Flood Hazard Mapping and Climatic and Hydrological Factors  
The results of the flood hazard mapping in this study are also in line with those of [PERSON] et al. [29], who revealed that runoff is the most significant factor affecting flood risk in communities near the World Heritage Site in Phranakhon Si Ayutthaya District, Ayutthaya, Thailand. In Slovakia, [PERSON] and [PERSON] [50] report that surface runoff is an influential factor in the occurrence and distribution of hydrological hazards, especially flooding and soil erosion. In a study by [PERSON] et al. [14], the AHP method is also applied for flood zoning, with runoff and flow accumulation considered as important factors in identifying areas susceptible to flood hazards. It should be noted that these factors vary between locations (i.e., different geographical areas) and times. In fact, the interplay among runoff, rainfall, and land surface is very complex. Runoff, land use, and rainfall are repeatedly the most important factors affecting flood hazards. These findings are in agreement with previous studies and supported by [PERSON] et al. [51], who integrated GIS and remote sensing at the sub-district level by considering the complex interactions among runoff, rainfall, land use, soil, and slope by using a hydrological model to estimate the runoff of the catchments based mainly on rainfall intensity, land use, and land cover. It seems evident that the size of the sub-catchment and watershed largely affects the runoff volume (i.e., the larger the catchment size, the greater the potential amount of  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt}} \hline \hline \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Flood Resilience Aspects**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Flood Resilience Indicators**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Indicative Measurement**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**AHP Weights**} & \multicolumn{1}{p{113.8 pt}}{**Ranking**} \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{
\begin{tabular}{} \end{tabular} } & \(\bullet\) & Existence and effectiveness of early warning systems & \(\bullet\) & Reliability of flood disaster warnings that enable practical actions to be taken. & \multirow{2}{*}{0.064} & \multirow{2}{*}{8} \\  & \(\bullet\) & Existence of emergency response plans that integrate professional responders and community organizations & \(\bullet\) & Existence of emergency flood response plans by all relevant actors. & \multirow{2}{*}{0.125} & \multirow{2}{*}{2} \\ \hline Expedite flood recovery and building back better (0.080) & \(\bullet\) & Planning for post-event recovery and lessons learned & \(\bullet\) & Existence of comprehensive post-flood event recovery. & \multirow{2}{*}{0.080} & \multirow{2}{*}{6} \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 4: _Cont._precipitation that can be captured and discharged to the catchment outlet). Some studies also apply the Rational Model to calculate the peak surface runoff rate by considering rainfall intensity in the catchment [52; 53]. The hydrological response of the catchment depends on the interaction of precipitation associated with topological variables, land use patterns, soil properties, and slope. As such, the probability of flood occurrence increases with a steeper slope since it has a higher runoff coefficient than a gradual slope. Regarding the relationship between land use change and runoff, the consequences of anthropogenic land use change are directly reflected in surface runoff pathways, accelerated soil erosion, and variations in the hydrologic regimes of a floodplain [54; 51]. Despite the importance of the hydrological and hydraulic model, a study by [PERSON] et al. [14] highlights that these methods are recommended only for small areas. In contrast, the AHP-GIS method can be built up for a large river basin, which is more appropriate for estimating flood hazards.