## 1 Introduction
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Time** & **Region Name** & **Volume/(m\({}^{3}\))** & **Velocity/(m/s)** & **Travel Distances/(km)** & **Disaster Situation** \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{3 July 1902} & The & & & & \\  & Kolka-Karmadon & & & & \\  & Glacier in the & 75–110 \(\times\) 10\({}^{6}\) & 50 & 12 & It resulted in \\  & Russian Caucas & & & & 36 deaths [11]. \\  & region & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{10 January 1962} & The Andes & & & & It destroyed \\  & Mountains in Peru & 50–100 \(\times\) 10\({}^{6}\) & 47 & 15 & \begin{tabular}{c} It destroyed \\ villages, roads, \\ and bridges, \\ causing 4000 \\ fatalities [2,12]. \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{31 May 1970} & The Andes & & & & It caused over \\  & Mountains in Peru & 13 \(\times\) 10\({}^{6}\) & 78 & - & \begin{tabular}{c} It caused over \\ 18,000 fatalities \\ among \\ villagers [2,12]. \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{20 September 2002} & The & & & & It affected an area \\  & Kolka-Karmadon & & & & of 12.5 km\({}^{2}\), \\  & Glacier in the & 100–140 \(\times\) 10\({}^{6}\) & - & 19 & \
\begin{tabular}{c} It affected an area \\ of 12.5 km\({}^{2}\), \\ resulting in \\ 140 \\ fatalities [11,13]. \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{7 February 2021} & Chamoli region, & about 26.9 \(\times\) 10\({}^{6}\) & 60 & 11 &
\begin{tabular}{c} The event resulted \\ in at least \\ 200 deaths or \\ missing persons, \\ along with the \\ destruction of two \\ hydroelectric \\ stations [14,15]. \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{9 April 2000} & Zhamu Nonggou & & & & It blocked the \\  & in Yigong & & & Yigong Zangbu \\  & Township, Bomé & & & River, forming a \\  & County, Nyingchi & 300 \(\times\) 10\({}^{6}\) & 37–39 & 8 & dam that posed a \\  & Prefecture, Tibet, & & & & severe threat to \\  & China. & & & & downstream \\  & China. & & & & safety [16,17]. \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{October 2018} & \multirow{4}{*}{Sedongpu Gully of \(\,\,\)} & & & It affected \\  & & & & & 16,600 people. The \\  & & & & & downstream \\  & & & & & Medrog Varang \\  & Sedongpu Gully of \(\,\) & & & & hydropower \\  & & & & & station \\  & River in China & & & & \\  & & & & & turbine flooding, \\  & & & & & resulting in a \\  & & & & & power \\  & & & & & outage [18, 19, 20]. \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Typical ice-rock avalanche events. et al. examined how substrate materials, thickness, and track shape influence the shoveling effect by studying the sliding behavior of coal ash particles of various sizes on different substrates [21]. Subsequent research involved a series of indoor physical model experiments that investigated the effects of substrate thickness, sliding material properties, and particle mass on the scraping effect. These experiments, conducted using flumes and chutes, revealed that reducing substrate thickness, increasing debris flow mass, and enlarging particle sizes significantly enhance the scraping effect [22; 23; 24]. Additionally, studies on the scraping mechanisms of rockfalls and avalanches have shown that these mechanisms involve impact erosion, abrasion, liquefaction, and plowing. Analysis from the perspective of particle interactions indicates that liquefaction and plowing effects are most pronounced at the front of the avalanche [25]. Studies on rock-ice avalanches, a typical geological hazard in cold regions, have predominantly focused on the fundamental study of the mobility and impact forces of ice debris. However, investigations into the effect of ice debris on the scraping process during avalanche motion remain in the early stages. To address this gap, the present study aims to investigate the impact and characteristics of the scraping effect in rock-ice avalanches through controlled chute experiments utilizing high-speed cameras. Specifically, the study analyzes how variations in ice content and initial deposition morphology influence the scraping effect while also assessing the applicability of scraping depth calculation models using experimental data.