## 7 Conclusions  
1. Based on the loosening zone theory, the quantitative analysis of the support requirements of the surrounding rock of the roadway was conducted, and an optimized scheme of combined support with grouting, anchor rods and mesh was proposed. Through theoretical calculations, key parameters such as the length of anchor rods (2.5-3.0 m), spacing (0.8 \(\times\) 0.8 m) and thickness of the sprayed layer (120-150 mm) were determined. A quantitative design system for supporting parameters of high-stress roadways was established.
2. The support system reduces the maximum principal stress to 14.23 MPa, a decrease of 15.8%, and the vertical stress to 7.74 MPa, a decrease of 24.5%, while weakening the stress concentration and promoting uniform distribution. The increase in minimum principal stress and reduction in the tensile zone indicate the effective suppression of tensile stress, particularly at wall bases.
3. After applying the anchor net shotcrete support, roof and gang displacements are reduced by 17.1% and 17.7%, respectively, with consistent 16.9% reductions at 0.6 m and 1.0 m depths. The support system effectively controls both surface and deep deformation, enhancing the overall stability and safety of the roadway.
4. After applying anchor net shotcrete support, the plastic zone was significantly reduced: the roof decreased from 2.74 m to 1.20 m, a reduction of 56%; the base plate from 3.00 m to 2.80 m, a reduction of 6.7%; and the gang section from 1.60 m to 1.30 m, a reduction of 19%. These results indicate that the support system effectively enhances the bearing capacity and suppresses plastic deformation, particularly in the roof, thereby improving the tunnel's long-term stability.
5. Displacement monitoring shows that support-rock coupling improves significantly after 10-15 days, leading to stabilized deformation. The relative convergence rates of roof-floor and sidewalls are 1.66% and 1.82%, confirming the support effectiveness and roadway stability. In Makeng Mine, local cracking near blasting points was controlled through timely backfilling, which reduced deformation and prevented spalling. This strategy enhances long-term structural stability and ensures safe mining operations.
6. After applying anchor net shotcrete support in Makeng Iron Mine, blasting-induced vibrations caused local cracking of the concrete layer near the blasting point, but no spalling occurred. To address this, the mine adopted a \"rapid mining, rapid exit, rapid filling\" approach, backfilling hollow areas to reduce surrounding rock deformation, prevent crack propagation, and avoid spalling. Localized shotcrete repairs were applied after filling, restoring structural integrity and ensuring long-term stability. This method significantly improves roadway stability and ensures safe mining operations.  
Validation, L.Z. and G.L.; Formal analysis, Z.D.; Writing--original draft, Z.D.; Visualization, Z.D.; Funding acquisition, G.L. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
National Natural Science Foundation of China: 52174077.  
Not applicable.  
Data Availability Statement: The original contributions presented in this study are included in the article. Further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author(s).  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.