## 4 Experimentation on the Case Study
### Photogrammetric and Scanning 3D Reconstruction
Additionally, scans from different positions should have a consistent overlap (typically, 20-30%) between adjacent scans, to ensure that enough common features are captured. To georeference the point clouds and enable their positioning into a unitary system, all fixed targets were surveyed using the total station. It is worth mentioning that, to ensure good alignment on all three dimensions X, Y, Z and the possibility of additional checks, at least three targets were surveyed for each scanning station. Following this setup, the actual scanning process started. A clear image of the scanning process results using the TLS with the additional thermal camera is given by the following images. Figure 15 shows the scanning results for C8 (north and east facades) and Figure 16 shows the integrated thermal information with TLS point cloud. Figure 14: Scanning stations for C8 student dormitory building. Figure 16. Results for TLS thermal scan for C8 (north and east facade). Table 1 presents the average value and the standard deviation for main building elements (i.e., walls, foundation, windows--open and closed). The analysis of the data distinctly illustrates the significant influence of window status on thermal performance, specifically comparing scenarios with open and closed windows. Consistent with theoretical expectations, the findings indicate that the open windows on the east facade exhibit a considerably higher average temperature in comparison to their closed counterparts. This disparity underscores the pronounced thermal exchange that takes place when the windows are open, facilitating greater heat transfer between the interior and exterior environments. The observed increase in temperature with open windows can be attributed to direct solar gain, increased airflow, and the consequent convective heat transfer, which collectively amplify the thermal load within the space. These results emphasise the critical role of building envelope control in regulating indoor thermal conditions and the necessity of strategic window management to optimise energy efficiency and occupant comfort. Figure 15. View of C8 dormitory building. This difference underscores the importance of thermally efficient windows and the role of windows in overall thermal performance. Properly sealed and insulated windows can markedly reduce energy loss, maintain more consistent internal temperatures, and contribute to the energy efficiency of a building. Figure 17a presents the thermal results for the C6 building south facade, while Figure 17b presents the TLS thermal results of TLS for the C6 building east facade. Table 2 presents the average temperature value and the standard deviation for the main building elements (i.e., walls, foundation, windows--closed and inter-storey slab) for the west and north facades of the C6 building. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Facade**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Scanned Object**} & **Average** & **Standard** \\  & & **Value** [\({}^{\circ}\)**C] & **Deviation** [\({}^{\circ}\)**C] \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{North} & Walls & 8.5 & 0.79 \\ \cline{2-4}  & Windows (closed) & - & - \\ \cline{2-4}  & Windows (open) & - & - \\ \cline{2-4}  & Foundation & 9.20 & 0.26 \\ \cline{2-4}  & Walls & 9.67 & 0.42 \\ \cline{2-4}  & Windows (closed) & 12.43 & 0.67 \\ \cline{2-4}  & Windows (open) & 21.27 & 1.10 \\ \cline{2-4}  & Foundation & 11.27 & 0.45 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Temperature values for C8 scanning. Figure 17: Integrating thermal information with TLS point cloud: C6 (**a**) south facade) and C6 (**b**) east facade). The results of the TLS thermal scan for the west facade of the C22 building clearly show the thermal losses occurring in an uninsulated wall, specifically focusing on critical areas at the foundation level and the inter-storey slab.