## 2 Literature Review
### Cases of Saports with Offshore Wind Energy Activities in Europe
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline
**Port Type** & **Activity** \\ \hline Port of imports/exports & Reception of components from manufacturers on the ground, which are handled and stored for later loading on ships, which will transport them to ports intended for manufacture and assembly. \\ Port of manufacture & Manufacture of equipment such as turbines, foundations, and offshore wind cables. \\ Mounting port & Pre-assembly of the components (turbines and foundation units) received from the factories. \\ Port of mobilization & Loading of turbines components and foundation units already pre-assembled, in vessels, to the offshore wind farm where they will later be installed. \\ Offshore port & Multipurpose offshore terminals that enable a reduction in installation and transportation costs, as well as a decrease in response time for the maintenance of wind farms. \\  & Provide the offshore wind farm with support services for operation and maintenance. \\ Operation and maintenance port & These ports must be located at a relatively short distance from the park to reduce travel time for employees, minimize the use of parts, and optimize working times on site. \\ Research ports & Areas for offshore prototypes, test turbines, training, and instruction facilities. \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Types of ports. Figure 2: Map with the main seaports related to offshore wind energy in Europe. **Legend**: 1—Port of Rostock; 2—Port of Cukhaven; 3—Port of Ostend; 4—Port of Zeebruge; 5—Port of Antwerp; 6—Port of Esbjerg; 7—Port of Grenaa; 8—Port of R  
company Nordex, which has been in this port since 1994, supplying all types of wind turbine components [44]. The Port of Cuxhaven, Germany, is located in a favorable transport location, at the maritime crossroads between the North Sea and the Baltic Sea. In this port, an offshore base was built to produce and ship all the necessary components for offshore wind turbine generators. In recent years, more than 80 million euros have been invested in this offshore infrastructure and, in addition, private investors from the offshore industry have invested more than 100 million euros during 2007 and 2008. This port, since mid-2017, also has a platform heavy cargo offshore in the vicinity of the offshore base and, recently, Offshore Terminal 2 was built, intended for offshore wind energy installations, previously produced in the vicinity of the port [45]. In Belgium, the Port of Ostend, has been involved, since 2008, in the development of offshore wind farms in the North Sea. In order to solve the sector's demands, the investment company REBO NV was founded in this port, at the REBO Terminal, and since then, several projects have been carried out and an offshore wind network has been developed. Currently, this port is dedicated to the exploration of a 15-hectare offshore terminal, where vessels from offshore installations and warehouses with direct access to the open sea are carried out [46]. The Port of Zeebruge, Belgium, extended its external port and chose wind energy to produce green electricity, as did the Port of Antwerp, which has already been involved in various projects associated with this sector [47]. The Port of Esbjerg located in Denmark, on the North Sea, is considered the leader in Europe in terms of handling and transporting offshore wind energy. It is referred to as the main European port in the development of this activity, since 4/5 th of the offshore wind capacity installed in Europe has been shipped from this port, in particular Horns Rev I and Horns Rev II, as well as wind farms foreign offshore, Butendiek, Northwind, Sandbank, Dantysk, Humber Gateway, and Westermost Rough. This port has specialized facilities and flexible areas for transport, pre-assembly, shipping, and maintenance of offshore wind turbines. In addition, the companies that make up the Port of Esbjerg represent the entire supply chain of the wind industry, including several of the world's leading companies specializing in handling and maintaining wind installations [48].