## 3 Results and Discussion
### Wetting and Drying  
In this test, the samples also had to be submerged in water, so all combinations that lost their integrity in the soaked UCS test also failed to maintain their integrity in this test. Figure 5 illustrates the mass loss experienced by combinations M2C2.5, M2C5, M3C2.5 and M3C5 over the 12 cycles of wetting and drying at 28 days. As shown in Figure 5, M2C2.5 and M2C5 experienced significant mass loss during the initial cycles. In fact, by cycle 6, the mass loss of M2C2.5 had already exceeded 10%, leading to the decision to stop further cycles, as the degradation was excessive. Combinations M2C5, M3C2.5 and M3C5 experienced mass losses of 4.6%, 7.1% and 2%, respectively. For this test, EM 1110-2-1913 [44] suggests a maximum allowable mass loss of 6%. Therefore, combination M3C2.5 did not meet this requirement, whereas combinations M2C5 and M3C5 did. These results align with the findings of [PERSON] et al. [42], who observed that at low cement contents, the maximum mass loss requirements were not met, but with higher cement dosages, compliance was achieved. Similar conclusions were drawn by [PERSON] et al. [12], who observed a reduction in weight loss as the cement content increased. Figure 6 presents the condition of specimens from combinations M2C2.5, M2C5, M3C2.5 and M3C5 after six cycles for M2C2.5 and twelve cycles for M2C5, M3C2.5 and M3C5. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline  & **Soaked UCS (MPa)** & **Dev. (s)** & **Soaked UCS/Dry UCS Ratio** & **Dev. (s)** \\ \hline M2C2.5 & 0.9 & 0.2 & 0.21 & 0.06 \\ M2C5 & 1.8 & 0.1 & 0.20 & 0.01 \\ \hline M3C2.5 & 1.6 & 0.1 & 0.26 & 0.01 \\ M3C5 & 4.7 & 0.2 & 0.40 & 0.02 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 6: Soaked UCS and soaked UCS/dry UCS ratio results obtained for M2C2.5, M2C5, M3C2.5 and M3C5 combinations in the soaked UCS test. As observed in Figure 6, M2C2.5 suffered a huge loss of mass after the 6 th cycle, which is further evidenced by the mass loss shown in Figure 5. However, specimens M2C5, M3C2.5 and M3C5 maintained their structural integrity. The final condition of the samples also revealed that sample M3C2.5 experienced greater mass loss than M2C5 and M3C5, as a higher presence of coarser particles was observed on the surface of M3C2.5 compared to M2C5 and M3C5. This suggests that M3C2.5 experienced a substantial loss of fines  
Figure 5: Mass loss experienced by combinations M2C2.5, M2C5, M3C2.5 and M3C5 over the 12 cycles of wetting and drying at 28 days. Figure 6: Condition of specimens after wetting and drying cycles. (**a**) M2C2.5 after 6 cycles, (**b**) M2C5 after 12 cycles, (**c**) M3C2.5 after 12 cycles and (**d**) M3C5 after 6 cycles. due to the wetting and drying cycles, which exposed the coarser particles. In contrast, the cementitious gels formed in M2C5 and M3C5 successfully preserved the integrity of the fines within the sample, enhancing their resistance to mass loss during the cycles and offering better protection to the coarser particles from the test's effects. Table 7 shows the unit price and carbon footprint of each material used in this work, as well as those of transportation. The carbon footprint data were obtained from [45]. Taking into account the unit price and carbon footprint of each material, the cost per ton was calculated for each of the construction materials manufactured in this study, as well as their carbon footprint. Figure 7 shows the price per ton of construction material and the carbon footprint of the materials. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline  & **Unit Price (\&)** & **CO\({}_{2}\)e (kg)/Material (kg)** \\ \hline Gravel & 3.54 & 2.10 \\ Sandy Gravel & 3.54 & 2.28 \\ Sand & 0.00 & 2.66 \\ Sludge & 0.00 & 3.90 \\ Clay & 3.14 & 2.81 \\ CEM & 98.49 & 256.30 \\ Water & 0.01 & 0.02 \\ Transport & 0.08 & 0.11 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 7: Unit price and carbon footprint of the materials. Figure 7: Price per ton of construction material and the carbon footprint of the materials: (**a**) Price per ton and (**b**) carbon footprint.