## 3 Nanomaterials in Anti-Aging Formulations
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Nanomaterial** & **Active Ingredients and Applications** & **Brand/Producer** \\ \hline NanosomesTM & Plant extracts (e.g., _Gingko biloba_), oils (e.g., almond and & \\  & laverader) and natural compounds (caffeine, amino acids and & \\  & polyphenols). With high cationic charge density, enhances & \\  & the deposition of functional active ingredients and & \\  & fragrances at target site and reduces wash-off during rinse. & \\  & e.g., Viterol. A (Cream for Wrinkles and Expression Lines), & \\  & Revita® shampoo (Anti-hair loss, hair follicle stimulation) & \\ \hline Coenzyme Q10, vitamins (A, C and E) and green tea extract. & Rovi Cosmetics \\  & Encapsulation using RovisomeTM, with enhanced sun & \\  & protection and antioxidant effect of the active ingredients. & \\  & e.g., Rovisome ACE Plus, Rovisome Defence, Rovisome Q10 & \\ \hline Coenzyme Q10. Enhances antioxidant, anti-wrinkle and & \\  & penetration properties, as well as collagen and elastin & \\  & production of connective tissue. e.g., Ageless Face Firming & \\  & Serum, Ageless Anti-Wrinkle Serum & \\ \hline \multicolumn{3}{c}{Natural extracts and oils (_Chondrus crispus, Prunus armeniaca,_} \\  & _Aloe barbadensis, Symphytum officinal, Rosa damascena_). & \\  & Liposome encapsulation improves natural products delivery & \\  & to target site, with higher antioxidant activity and skin & \\  & hydration. e.g., Liposome Concentrate & \\ \hline Vitamin E, hyaluronic acid, super oxide dismutase (SOD) & \\  & and sunflower oil. The use of encapsulated vitamin E, SOD & \\  & and hyaluronic acid increases skin protection to sun damage & \\  & and oxidative stress. Skin rejuvenation in enhanced. e.g., & \\  & Liposome Face and Neck Lotion & \\ \hline \multicolumn{3}{c}{Liposomes formulation containing ginseng to mitigate skin} \\  & aging signs. E.g., Anti-Age Response Cream Simply Man & \\  & Match & \\ \hline SLN and NLC & Includes plant extracts and oils, that promote skin & \\  & regeneration and provide anti-inflammatory and anti-scaling & \\  & activities. E.g., Phyto NLC Active Cell Repair & \\ \cline{2-3}  & Q10, hemp and macadamia nut oils, oil, Edelweiss extract. & \\  & The encapsulation improved skin’s elasticity and & [PERSON] \\  & regeneration. E.g., Xcleent Uplift Q10 & \\ \hline Nanoemulsion & Vitamin E and B3, provitamin B5. Enhanced penetration of & \\  & the active ingredients, that provide anti-pollution and & \\  & enhance skin’s hydration and regeneration. E.g., & \\  & Bepanthol-Protect Facial Cream Ultra & \\ \cline{2-3}  & UVA and UVB filters, loaded in transparent cationic & \\  & Nanoemulsions, for hair protection. E.g., Nano-lipobelleTM & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Example of cosmetic products containing nanomaterials currently available on the market. The environmental effects on the skin and the genetic programming cause the first signals of aging [124]. The aging processes occur intrinsically at different rates and differ among individuals. It depends on genetic regulation, metabolism, lifestyle, and the formation of toxic products as part of metabolism processes [125]. The major factors that influence the aging process are basically split into: (i) the biological factors, that are intrinsically determined by the genetic and are unchangeable and by metabolism; (ii) the environmental factors, that depend on lifestyle (e.g., time of exposure to the sunlight; nicotine habits, etc. ); the environment pollution; (iii) the mechanical aging, which is the response to the muscle movements; (iv) miscellaneous factors, such as diet, sleeping habits, mental health, and so on [126]. Aging is a process that starts with a decrease of cell renewal together with alterations in external matrix protein integrity [126]. Therefore, as intrinsic aging progresses, a decrease in subdermal fat tissues is promoted together with elastolysis and modest changes in collagen organization, which leads to the loss of support, causing sagging of the skin.