# The Future of the Human-Machine Interface (HMI) in Society 5.0
## 3 Human-Computer Interaction (HCI)  
### Key Milestones  
Human-computer interaction (HCI) is the field of study that focuses on optimizing how users and computers interact by designing interactive computer interfaces that satisfy users' needs. It is a multidisciplinary subject covering computer science, behavioral sciences, cognitive science, ergonomics, psychology, and design principles. The evolution of HCI can be traced back to the early days of computing when computers were large, complex machines that required specialized knowledge to operate. As computing technology became more advanced and accessible, HCI evolved to become more intuitive and user-friendly. A timeline of human-computer interaction (HCI) is illustrated in Figure 5, along with some of the key milestones in the evolution of HCI, which are listed below [29]:  
* Command-line interface (CLI): The earliest HCI was based on the command-line interface (CLI), which required users to enter text commands to interact with the  
Figure 4: Results of bibliometric analysis.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l} \hline \hline
**Cluster 1 (7 Items)** & **Cluster 2 (7 Items)** & **Cluster 3 (3 Items)** \\ \hline Artificial Intelligence & Human–robot interaction & \\ Embedded systems & Human–robot collaboration & \\ Human–machine interface & Human–robot interaction & Human-centric \\ Industry 4.0 & Human–robot interactions & Human-centric interaction \\ Industry 5.0 & Industrial research & Smart manufacturing \\ Internet of Things & Man–machine systems & \\ Machine Learning & Manufacture & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: Clusters as constructed using VOSviewer Software.  
computer. This type of interface was difficult to use for non-experts and required extensive knowledge of computer commands.
* Graphical user interface (GUI): In the 1980s, the graphical user interface (GUI) was developed, which used icons, menus, and windows to make computing more intuitive and user-friendly. The GUI made it easier for users to navigate and interact with the computer and is still used widely today.
* Touchscreens: The introduction of touchscreen technology in the 1990s and early 2000s revolutionized HCI by allowing users to interact directly with graphical elements on the screen. This technology made computing even more intuitive and accessible and paved the way for the development of mobile devices.
* Natural language processing (NLP): In recent years, natural language processing (NLP) has become a major area of research in HCI. NLP allows users to interact with computers using spoken or written language rather than commands or mouse clicks. This technology is still in its early stages but has the potential to make computing even more natural and intuitive.
* Virtual Reality (VR) and Augmented Reality (AR): With the advent of VR and AR technologies, HCI is moving beyond the traditional screen-based interface. These technologies allow users to interact with digital content in a more immersive and natural way and have the potential to revolutionize HCI in areas such as gaming, education, and healthcare.
* Metaverse: The metaverse is a virtual world where users can interact in a 3D space using avatars. Human-computer interaction in the metaverse involves natural language processing, haptic feedback, and Virtual Reality to create a more immersive and natural experience. It has the potential to revolutionize the way we interact with digital content and with each other.