## 3 Scan for Heritage BIM Processing for Ad Deir Tomb
### HBIM Implantation Using TLS and Imagery Data  
HBIM implementation using TLS and imagery data presents both advantages and challenges. While the laser scanner captures surface geometry directly, resulting in a high-density and consistent 3D point cloud representation, it encounters limitations in capturing cloud colors effectively. Particularly outdoors, the positioning of the scanner relative  
Figure 5: The 3D point cloud data for [PERSON] tomb. (**a**) shows the right side of the tomb; (**b**) shows the left side of the tomb. Figure 6: The 3D mesh model of the monument. (**a**) shows the left side of the tomb; (**b**) shows the right side of the tomb. to the attached camera may be suboptimal, leading to variations in lighting conditions between scans and resulting images, as illustrated in Figure 7a. These inconsistencies can compromise the accuracy and reliability of the scan-to-BIM technique, especially in representing surface features of complex structures like the Ad Deir tomb. However, strategically captured images, taken at ideal positions and moments, offer a more precise representation of color and facade features, as demonstrated in Figure 7b. To address these challenges in our methodology, both datasets were imported into the BIM platform. The TLS-registered point cloud serves as the basis for modeling uniform and regular components such as walls and columns. Meanwhile, the irregular Nabatean elements are traced and modeled using independent imagery sources, ensuring a comprehensive representation of the monument's intricate features, as depicted in Figure 8. This hybrid approach leverages the strengths of both TLS and imagery data to overcome the limitations inherent in each, ultimately enhancing the accuracy and fidelity of the HBIM model for the Ad Deir tomb. In the HBIM process, additional steps are taken to integrate historical context and archaeological evidence. This involves extensive research to understand the cultural significance of the structure and its components. Historical data, including photographs, drawings, and written records, are incorporated into the model to enrich its informational value. By contextualizing the architectural elements within their historical and cultural framework, the HBIM model becomes more than just a digital representation; it becomes a tool for preserving and interpreting heritage assets for future generations. Figure 8: Import scanning data and imagery for BIM tracing and modeling of Ad Deir architectural elements. Figure 7: (**a**) Imagery from laser scanner. (**b**) One of the independent images used for accurate BIM tracing. When moved into Autodesk Revit, the HBIM model of the Ad Deir tomb is further refined and detailed. Utilizing Revit's robust capabilities, a family library specific to the architectural elements of the tomb is created, as depicted in Figure 9a. This library includes a wide range of parametric families tailored to accurately represent the unique features of the structure, such as intricate carvings, ornamental motifs, and structural components, depicted in Figure 9b. Each family is meticulously crafted to ensure accuracy and consistency throughout the model. Within Revit, the TLS-registered point cloud data serves as a reference for modeling the overall structure, providing precise dimensions and spatial relationships. The Revit families from the created library are then strategically placed and aligned within the model, adhering to the layout and composition observed in the point cloud data. This iterative process involves careful adjustment and validation to ensure that the HBIM model faithfully reflects the architectural intricacies of the Ad Deir tomb, as depicted in Figure 10. Moreover, Revit's parametric modeling capabilities enable dynamic adjustments to the HBIM model, facilitating scenario analysis and adaptive reuse planning. By creating parametric families with adjustable parameters, stakeholders can explore different design alternatives and preservation strategies within the context of the historical structure.