## 9 Application of the TFME Technique in the Analysis of Organic Compounds
For the determination of plant protection agents in food samples, sorption phases were used in TF-SPME devices such as HLB/PTFE AF [129], POM@UIO-66-NH2/GO [130], POM@UIO-66-NH2/GO [131], UiO-66/PS [132], and PU/ PMMA [133] (Tables 13 and 14). Phenol and its derivatives, chlorophenols, alkylphenols, and bisphenol A, are another group of organic compounds, along with PAHs and pesticides, that pollute surface waters and pose a threat to aquatic organisms and human health. They come from a variety of sources, such as oil extraction and processing, wood and coal pyrolysis, industrial organic synthesis, and plastic production [134]. Chlorophenols are persistent toxic substances that cause histopathological changes and mutations in aquatic organisms, and some are probable human carcinogens, such as pentachlorophenol (PCP). Alkylphenols are endocrine disruptors and have widespread effects on the health and function of a range of aquatic organisms, as well as humans [135]. bisphenol A, as a polymer additive, is used to manufacture polycarbonate plastic bottles used to store beverages and infant milk. BPA is released from the polycarbonate bottle into the liquid it contains. As a result, an infant's consumption of liquids from polycarbonate bottles contributes to an increase in the concentration of BPA in urine. BPA exhibits xenobiotic activity, estrogenic activity, and endocrine-disrupting properties. In addition, bisphenol A has been linked to decreased fertility and cancer. The adverse effects of bisphenol A on human health imply the need for its determination in drinking water and food matrices [136]. The authors of the referenced TF-SPME studies used sorptive phases to determine phenolic compounds in aqueous matrices: MIP [61; 63], MWCNTs-COOH/PDMS [97], MWCNTs-COOH-Ch/PP [99], PVA/PVP/PES [136], and polyamide-coated paper [137]. In the determination of chlorophenols in the food matrix, AC/GO [138] was used as the sorption phase (Tables 13 and 14). Parabens are a family of synthetic p-hydroxybenzoic acid esters that includes methylparaben (MP), ethylparaben (EP), propylparaben (PP), butylparaben (BP), isobutylparaben (IBP), isopropylparaben (IPP), benzylparaben (BeP), and heptylparaben (HP) and their respective sodium salts. They are used as preservatives in everyday products such as cosmetics, food, toiletries, etc. [139]. European Union legislation has restricted the use of parabens in cosmetics because they can cause allergic reactions and disrupt human hormonal metabolism [140]. However, limits have yet to be set for the concentrations of parabens in environmental samples [121]. The researchers used TF-SPME to determine parabens in aqueous matrices using the following sorption phases: DES [119], PDMS/DES [121], and CA-MIL-101(Cr)@CNFs [141] (Table 13). Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are among the most widely used pharmaceuticals, often applied to suppress inflammation, treat allergies, and reduce pain. Due to their hydrophilicity and stability in water, NSAIDs can persist in the aqueous phase for long periods and thus adversely affect aquatic organisms and human health [142]. Side effects of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs include cardiovascular disorders, gastrointestinal disorders, increased blood pressure, and kidney damage. Thus, monitoring the level of a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug in a patient's body can significantly contribute to better diagnosis and treatment of effects caused by, among other things, its overdose [143]. In the determination of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in aqueous matrices, the authors of the publications used TF-SPME, in which the following sorption phases were applied: MWCNT/Agr-Ch [94], while in biological matrices: CY-GO-LDH [82], p-PIL-AcO [115], MOF-5 [143], and LDH/GO/PVDF [84] (Tables 13 and 15). Glucocorticoids are among the drugs used to treat allergies, asthma, and estrogen and autoimmune disorders [144].