## 5 Conclusions  
From the foregoing, this study has demonstrated the high value of the TPC and the isolation and identification of three pure phenolic compounds in the TME of broccoli leaf extract, namely, caffeic acid, gallic acid, and methyl gallate. The results showed that the broccoli leaf extract treatment abolished GTN-mediated lipid peroxidation by reducing MDA formation, as well as restoring GSH and SOD levels in both renal and liver tissues. Moreover, in both tissues, serum creatinine and urea levels were returned to normal with reduced liver enzyme levels elevated by GTN administration. The histological examinations also revealed ameliorated renal and liver tissues following treatment with different concentrations of broccoli leaf extract in a dose-dependent manner. The inflammatory and apoptotic processes induced by GTN were mitigated, as evidenced by the reduction in the mRNA expression levels of TNF-\(\alpha\), IL-1\(\beta\), and NF\({}_{\text{k}}\)B, indicating that the broccoli extract has high potential for restoring normal cell function in the presence of GTN-induced  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline
**Primer Name** & **Forward Sequence** & **Reverse Sequence** & **Product Size** \\ \hline TNF-\(\alpha\) & CTCTCTCTCTCTCTGCCTCTCTG & ATGGGCTACAGCTTGTCACTC & 188 \\ IL-1\(\beta\) & GAAATTCCTGATCCAAGCAAAAC & ATCACTTCAATGGCCCTCTGTAG & 194 \\ NF\({}_{\text{k}}\)B & TGGACCTTCCAGGATGAGCAA & GTTACTCCGAGCCTGTAGTG & 201 \\ GAPDH & GCAAGGATACTGGAGCAAAGAG & GATTGGAGG  
oxidative stress and is able to prevent both inflammatory and apoptotic cellular damage. Based on these findings, we recommend that future clinical studies utilize broccoli agro-waste leaf for human consumption and as a source of phenolics for nutraceutical and pharmaceutical purposes.  
The following are available online at [[https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/app12146903/s1](https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/app12146903/s1)]([https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/app12146903/s1](https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/app12146903/s1)): Supplementary S. The 1D- and 2D-NMR spectroscopic data for caffeic acid **(1)**, gallic acid **(2)**, and methyl gallate **(3)**.  
H.E.K., conceptualization, funding acquisition, methodology, resources, writing--review and editing, writing--original draft preparation, supervision; M.F.A., methodology, writing--review and editing, writing--original draft preparation; P.M.E., methodology, writing--review and editing, writing--original draft preparation; L.I.B.-E., methodology, writing--review and editing, writing--original draft preparation; S.M.N.A.H., methodology, writing--original draft preparation; K.A.A., methodology, writing--review and editing; N.M.A.-W., methodology; A.-S.F.A., methodology; A.F.A., methodology; K.M., conceptualization, writing--review and editing; A.H.I.S., methodology, writing--review and editing, writing--original draft preparation. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded by the Deanship of Scientific Research (DSR), King Faisal University, Saudi Arabia (grant number 1811002).  
The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki, and approved by the Commission on the Ethics of Scientific Research, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, registration number ES17/2020.  
Not applicable.  
The data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author.  
The authors thank the Deanship of Scientific Research (DSR), King Faisal University, Saudi Arabia, for funding this research group project (grant number 1811002) and the College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.