esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Undifferentiated Cells (Stem Cells)
### Adult Stem Cells
#### 3.4.3 Endothelial Progenitor Cells (EPCs)  
General Information  
In 1997, [PERSON] et al. published a paper in which they described the origin of endothelial progenitor cells from CD34+ mononuclear cells (MNCs) [252] Subsequently, [PERSON] and co-workers demonstrated that umbilical cord blood is a rich source of endothelial progenitor cells. Apart from peripheral blood, these cells can be isolated from bone marrow aspirates [253]. The isolation processes include the use of adherence culture of total mononuclear cells (for non-adherent cells) or the use of magnetic microbeads coated with antibodies (e.g., anti-CD133, CD34, or CD31) for mononuclear cell sorting. After being isolated, the cells are cultured on fibronectin-coated dishes in the defined media containing specific growth factors (e.g., VEGF, bFGF, and EGF) [254].  
There is evidence regarding the effectiveness of the UCB-derived EPC transplantation for treating acute and chronic disease [255; 256]. Existing research identifies the critical role of signaling molecules produced by EPCs, which are responsible for their therapeutic effects in human patients [257]. These cells have a spindle-shaped morphology and express both endothelial and monocyte markers [258]. [PERSON] et al. claim that a subtype of EPCs such as endothelial colony-forming cells (ECFCs) have an outgrowth ability in blood vessels [259]. ECFCs are identified by high proliferative capacity and vessel forming ability, which is positive for endothelial markers and negative for hematopoietic cell markers [258]. Furthermore, high numbers of ECFCs are found in UCB compared to adult blood [103]. Therefore, UCB-derived ECFCs may play an important role in vascular and tissue regeneration. Since the tissue healing process strongly depends on neovascularization, the use of this type of cell is suggested for bone repair and regeneration.  
Applications in BTE  
EPCs are considered the link between angiogenesis and the development of native bone. It has been shown that CD34+ cells/EPCs are able to differentiate into osteoblasts in vitro and in vivo [260; 261]. The healing potential of these cells is contributed by two mechanisms: (1) their osteogenic and endothelial differentiation potential and (2) their paracrine effect (i.e., secreting VEGF) (Figure 8) [262].  
Due to improved angiogenesis, co-culturing EPCs with MSCs has been proposed for promoting bone repair process. On this matter, [PERSON] et al. prepared an in vitro pre-vascularized 3D construct made of polyurethane (PU) seeded by human EPCs (CD34+ and CD133+) and MSCs [263]. The authors showed the formation of luminal tubular structures in the cell-containing scaffolds during the first seven days of the seeding. In addition, they observed the earlier osteogenic differentiation of MSCs in the co-cultured group in comparison to MSC monocultures, which suggests the close cooperation between the two cell populations.
# Cooperative SWIPT MIMO-NOMA for Reliable THz 6G Communications
## 5 Implementation  
The first implementation is to show that our simulation is valid when compared to the mathematical analysis. The simulation described below compares the recent similar system equipped with the SISO scheme as a baseline to this paper's scenario of cooperative SWIPT THz MIMO-NOMA, utilizing moderated parameter settings for transmit frequency, allocated BW, transmit power, and transmit distance.  
1. Transmit power, frequency, distance, and BW can be adjusted.
2. Targeted rates are 1 Gbps for the FU and 3 Gbps for the NU.
3. A power of \(-30\) to 30 dBm is dedicated to cover a wider area if the FU goes farther. Hence, transmit power can be reduced.
4. We set a relatively high path-loss exponent \(\eta\) = 4; hence, it can be reduced. The absorption coefficient can be found in [27]. The simulations were implemented using MATLAB(r).
# Medium Transmission Map Matters for Learning to Restore Real-World Underwater Images
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Ablation Study  
We performed ablation experiments on test-R90 to verify the effectiveness of each part of the network. The results are shown in Table 4. First, the second line's basic network architecture removed the entire Medium Transmission Map module. So, the network sustained the enhanced image directly based on the feature map generated from the dilated residual block (DRB) in the underwater image enhancement subnet. The second  
Figure 5: Test-C60 visual image comparison. Here, we can see the difference between our image and the UGAN image. We do not have any clear pixel cubes, and the contrast and color difference of the objects are better. (**a**) Ours, (**b**) UGAN [11].  
Figure 6: The generated image equality evaluation results of different methods on Test-C60.  
line removed the skip connection between the two subnetworks. Then, we performed a comparative test to remove the concatenation and only retain the skip connection. From the experimental results, we see that without the final concatenation operation, the effect was greatly reduced. These three experiments show that the MT prediction subnetwork has a profound impact on image enhancement. Then, we reduced the convolution operation after concatenation, and we found that the effect also had an impact. In the last two ablation experiments, we concatenated or added all DRB blocks together through the skip connection to enhance the connection between the shallow layer and deep layer network, and the results showed that the effect did not perform well.
# Adsorption of Hexavalent Chromium Ions Using Pine Sawdust Cellulose Fibres
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Reusability Test  
To determine the number of times the adsorbent can be recycled, a reusability test was conducted on the cellulose fibres (CF). Figure 18 presents the results of the first three cycles of the adsorbent's reusability study. The results in Figure 18 reveal that cycles two and  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**adsorbent** & **Cr (VI) qe (Max) (mg/g)** & **References** \\ \hline Egg shell powder & 15.5 & [1] \\ Cellulose fibres extracted from pine sawdust & 9.78 & This study \\ KMnP\({}_{4}\)-treated black seeds & 3.66 & [73] \\ Sawdust (S. Dust) & 4.32 & [73] \\ Peanut shell (P. Shell) & 1.76 & [74] \\ Sugarcane bagasse & 3.46 & [74] \\ Activated carbon (AC) prepared from & 15.5 & [1] \\ coconut tree sawdust & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 10: Cellulose fibres and other biosorbents’ comparative study of hexavalent chromium sorption.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Temperature (K)** & \(\Delta\)G\({}^{\circ}\) **(kJ mol\({}^{-1}\))** & \(\Delta\)S\({}^{\circ}\) **(kJ mol\({}^{-1}\))** & \(\Delta\)H\({}^{\circ}\) **(kJ mol\({}^{-1}\))** & **R\({}^{2}\)** \\ \hline
299 & \(-\)3.4527 & 5.599479 & \(-\)1778.48 & 0.9866 \\
303 & \(-\)3.4751 & & & \\
308 & \(-\)3.5031 & & & \\
313 & \(-\)3.5311 & & & \\
318 & \(-\)3.5591 & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 9: Thermodynamic parameters for removing hexavalent chromium ions by cellulose fibres (CF) (adsorbent dose of 2 g/L and adsorbate concentration of 100 mg/L).  
three demonstrated lower adsorption of Cr (VI) ions than cycle one on the cellulose fibres (CF)'s adsorbent. Furthermore, the results show that HCl was the best eluent for Cr (VI) ions to determine adsorbent reusability. The highest removal efficiency for Cr (VI) ions was 79% with HCl, while it was 76%, 30%, and 29% for the other solvents (NaOH, CH\({}_{3}\)COOH, and H\({}_{2}\)O, respectively). The results also indicated that during the regeneration process, cellulose fibres (CF) could not completely desorb the Cr (VI) ions that had been adsorbed onto the surface and pores during cycle one.  
Consequently, the removal percentage decreased for cycles two and three. However, the decline in removal percentage in cycles two and three was much more pronounced for the CH\({}_{3}\)COOH and H\({}_{2}\)O solvents than for HCl and NaOH. The results demonstrated that the adsorbents could be recycled at least three times, indicating the adsorbents' economic advantage.
###### Abstract  
Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (FRP) bars/strands are the most promising alternative to their steel counterparts for reinforcing concrete elements due to their resistance to corrosion, lighter weight, higher strength and better durability. However, very limited research has been conducted in relation to non-destructive testing (NDT) methods that are applicable to damage detection in FRP bars or the detection of FRP reinforcements embedded in concrete. The ability to assess the condition of the relatively new and unique FRP reinforcements will increase the confidence of the construction industry in their use as a reliable substitute for steel reinforcements. This paper investigates the ability of two of the most commonly used NDT methods, Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) and Phased Array Ultrasonic (PAU), in detecting FRP bars/strands embedded in concrete elements. GPR and PAU tests were performed on two slab specimens reinforced with GFRP (Glass-FRP) bars, the most commonly used FRP bar, with variations in their depth, size and configuration, and a slab specimen with different types of available FRP reinforcements. The results show that GPR devices can detect GFRP bars/strands and CFRP (Carbon-FRP) strands to some extent, and their detectability increases with the increase in their antenna center frequency. On the contrary, PAU is only capable of detecting GFRP and CFRP strands. The results of this paper also emphasize the need for further research and developments related to NDT applications to embedded FRP bars.  
fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP); ground penetrating radar (GPR); ultrasonic testing (UT); phased array ultrasonic (PAU); non-destructive testing (NDT); reinforced concrete +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences
## 1 Introduction
Therefore, it can be expected that chelating agents modified LDH have higher adsorption capacity and better selectivity compared with other adsorbents for metallic ions. In our previous work [21], we synthesized and characterized LDH intercalated with the chelating agent ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) or \(N\),\(N^{\prime}\)-1,2-ethanedylbis-1-aspartic acid (EDDS) and studied the uptake of Cd(II), Cu(II), and Pb(II) by these hybrid compounds. It turned out that the LDHs synthesized in that work were very effective for removing heavy metal ions from aqueous solutions. In fact, in our another previous work [22], to theoretically clarify the adsorption mechanism and adsorption structures of LDH, we have performed quantum chemistry calculations of reactants, locally stable states, transition states, and products among phosphorous anion, water and hydrdalcite in a variety of pH ranges. As mentioned above, a number of works have been devoted to researches on the adsorption phenomena of lanthanide [4; 5; 6; 23; 24; 25; 26]. These works were mainly focused on the potential application of materials for removal of lanthanides from wastewater. On the other hand, the objectives of our present work are to experimentally investigate the efficiency of LDHs for adsorbing REEs from aqueous solution, as well as to unveil the adsorption mechanism and adsorption structures of lanthanide adsorbed onto LDH using quantum chemistry calculations. We carried out the uptake experiments for the adsorption of REEs (lanthanum, europium) from aqueous solutions by LDH modified with EDTA. In addition, we performed quantum chemistry calculations, including locally stable states of LDH-EDTA and optimized structures of the chemical systems. Particular emphasis is put on the elucidation of the effect of EDTA on structural stability. In the calculations, we used molecular cluster models for hydrotalcite lamellae, whose chemical structure is described by Mg\({}_{12}\)Al\({}_{7}\)(OH)\({}_{36}\)[22; 27]. Finally, to get a deeper insight into the uptake mechanism, we calculated the desorption rates of the adsorbates.
# 6G Visible Providing Advanced Weather Services for Autonomous Driving
## 7 Results
### Predictive Modelling of Weather-Related Crashes  
So far, the model in its basic form has corroborated the well-established results from the existing literature [20]. Namely, the model establishes that precipitation falling as snow or sleet amplifies the risk of a car crash. Driving during the morning and late afternoon hours, as well as following the commuting flows into the urban areas of Helsinki and Turku, all increase the probability of an accident. In Figure 11, panel (b) precisely depicts this spatial pattern, since the highest fitted crash probability happens in the spatial cell containing the city of Helsinki. There is a clear distance decay effect, whereby the risk of an accident gradually decreases as one moves away from the city. The same is true for the zones around Turku. Additionally, panel (b) supports the information presented in panel (a), establishing that the fitted probabilities generated by the model have direct correspondence with the spatial crash concentration.  
The proposed spatiotemporal GAM also acknowledges that crashes cannot be viewed as independent events, and the likelihood of a crash increases if another crash happened within the vicinity in the previous two hours. To aid in future predictions, temporal trends such as particular holiday periods will continue to be important in the model's development. Right now, the model indicates that the period spanning the Christmas holidays results in a decreased crash risk. Finally, it is essential to consider that driver unpreparedness in terms of unexpected weather conditions also adds an important safety risk.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Connection Points** & **Mean Throughput** & **Mean** & **Min 95\%** & **Max 95\%** \\
**Points** & **(Mbits/s)** & **Latency (ms)** & **Confidence Interval** & **Confidence Interval** \\ \hline
928 & 26.858 & - & 23.377 & 30.338 \\
928 & - & 14.388 & 12.791 & 15.984 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 4: Throughput and latency in 5G communication tests measured in separate events, with all drive laps collected into a single measurement session.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Connection Points** & **Mean Latency (ms)** & \
\begin{tabular}{c} **Min 95\% Confidence** \\ **Interval** \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} **Max 95\% Confidence** \\ **Interval** \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline
323.0 & 28.604 & 27.963 & 29.246 \\
262.0 & 29.206 & 28.508 & 29.904 \\
262.0 & 28.8543 & 28.321 & 29.388 \\
223.0 & 28.840 & 28.112 & 29.568 \\
233.0 & 28.990 & 28.258 & 29.722 \\
213.0 & 29.013 & 28.255 & 29.771 \\
407.0 & 29.896 &Figure 11: Understanding spatial crash trends in the study area. **(a)** Aggregated crash concentration in Uusimaa and Varsinais-Suomi for 2017–2021. **(b)** Cumulative effect of the fitted crash probabilities across all hours.
## 3 Experimental Results  
To evaluate the performance of the proposed method, we generated RGB images, images with various filters applied to the LiDAR depth map, and simulated images considering the presence of noise in LiDAR. Based on this, we aimed to verify the superiority of the proposed object detection model through comparisons with existing models that utilize RGB images or LiDAR depth maps for object detection, as well as models that fuse preprocessed depth maps.
## 2 Related Works
### Sensor Modalities  
IMUs comprise a gyroscope; an accelerometer; and, in some cases, a magnetometer. The accelerometer measures acceleration along the x, y, and z axes, facilitating the detection of both gravitational forces and linear movement. Conversely, the gyroscope [15] quantifies the rotation rate, while the magnetometer detects and measures the Earth's magnetic fields [16]. IMU sensors are commonly integrated into smart devices, wearables, and smartphones. The widespread use of mobile phones and similar smart gadgets has made IMU data readily accessible and widely available for motion sensing and HAR purposes [17].  
EMG sensors have the ability to quantify the electrical waveforms generated by muscular movements [18]. This technique is employed in medical assessments to diagnose and investigate the functionality of nerves and muscles. Consequently, it has considerable importance in the field of rehabilitation and the identification of neuromuscular diseases. Furthermore, these biosignals are used in other domains, such as mechanical actuators employed in human-machine interfaces and for the regulation of robot devices and gaming, among others applications. There are two distinct kinds of EMG sensors, namely intramuscular EMG (iEMG) and surface EMG (sEMG) sensors. The use of sEMG in wearable non-invasive HAR systems has been reported [19]. The authors of [20] devised a method using sEMG to accurately identify ten distinct hand motions.
## 1 Introduction
Finally, the sensed image is resampled by the coefficients of the mapping functions. The paper outlines the approach and reports on results from applying it to multitemporal imagery (AVHRR/3) and multisensorial imagery (AVHRR/3, SeaWiFS, MODIS, ATSR). The paper is organized as follows. Section 2 discusses aspects related with the systematic procedure to obtain the satellite sensor data and describes the hierarchy data processing steps for AVHRR/3, SeaWiFS, MODIS and ATSR. The feature-based approach for automatic satellite image registration is analysed in Section 3. In Section 4 some experimental results are presented and analyzed. Finally, the conclusions are included in Section 5.
# Bi-Directional Point Flow Estimation with Multi-Scale Attention for Deformable Lung CT Registration
## 2 Related Work
### Point-Based Registration  
Recent approaches have explored representing anatomical structures--such as airway centerlines or vascular trees--as sparse 3D point clouds [36; 37], enabling alternative formulations of deformable registration beyond traditional voxel grids. This shift has made it possible to leverage advances in 3D scene flow estimation. Models like FlowNet3D [18] and PointPWC-Net [17] have demonstrated effective ways to estimate dense motion fields between point sets through hierarchical features and cost volume aggregation. However, prior point-based approaches have primarily focused on generic scene flow or rigid alignment tasks, with limited investigation into deformable registration in lung CT.  
The Lung250M-4B benchmark [16] addresses this gap by providing paired inspiratory-expiratory CT scans with vessel point clouds and high-quality anatomical correspondence, enabling systematic evaluation of point-based registration under realistic respiratory deformation. Both optimization- and learning-based methods [17; 20] demonstrate a competitive performance with reduced inference costs; however, the inherent sparsity of point clouds poses challenges for deformation regularization, particularly in anatomically homogeneous or low-feature regions. Our work addresses these limitations through a hierarchical architecture with attention-guided refinements and bi-directional consistency tailored to lung CT registration.
###### Abstract  
The tropical forests in the Amazon store large amounts of carbon and are still considered a carbon sink. There is evidence that deforestation can turn a forest landscape into a carbon source due to land use and forest degradation. Deforestation causes fragmented forest landscapes. It is known from field experiments that forest dynamics at the edge of forest fragments are altered by changes in the microclimate and increased tree mortality (\"edge effects\"). However, it is unclear how this will affect large fragmented forest landscapes, and thus the entire Amazon region. The aim of this study is to investigate different forest attributes in edge and core forest areas at high resolution, and thus to identify the large-scale impacts of small-scale edge effects. Therefore, a well-established framework combining forest modelling and lidar-generated forest structure information was combined with radar-based forest cover data. Furthermore, forests were also analyzed at the landscape level to investigate changes between highly fragmented and less-fragmented landscapes. This study found that the aboveground biomass in forest edge areas is 27% lower than in forest core areas. In contrast, the net primary productivity is 13% higher in forest edge areas than in forest core areas. In the second step, whole fragmented landscapes were analyzed. Nearly 30% of all forest landscapes are highly fragmented, particularly in the regions of the Arc of Deforestation, on the edge of the Andes and on the Amazon river banks. Less-fragmented landscapes are mainly located in the central Amazon rainforest. The aboveground biomass is 28% lower in highly fragmented forest landscapes than in less-fragmented landscapes. The net primary productivity is 13% higher in highly fragmented forest landscapes than in less-fragmented forest landscapes. In summary, fragmentation of the Amazon rainforest has an impact on forest attributes such as biomass and productivity, with mostly negative effects on forest dynamics. If deforestation continues and the proportion of highly fragmented forest landscapes increase, the effect may be even more intense. By combining lidar, radar and forest modelling, this study shows that it is possible to map forest structure, and thus the degree of forest degradation, over a large area and derive more detailed information about the carbon dynamics of the Amazon region.  
GEDI; lidar; fragmentation; radar; forest model; tropical forest 2024  
165010.11390/rs16030501
# Evaluation of Optimal Visible Wavelengths for Free-Space Optical Communications
## 3 Methodology  
This section details the experimental procedure used to evaluate the optical and electrical performance of visible-wavelength laser diodes in a short-range free-space optical (FSO) system. A custom laboratory testbed was developed using off-the-shelf components and a programmable microcontroller to regulate both current and modulation frequency for each laser diode under test.