## 4 Major Bioactive Compounds of _A. leptopus_
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{56.9 pt} p{56.9 pt} p{56.9 pt} p{56.9 pt} p{56.9 pt}} \hline \hline
**Part Used** & **Analytical Techniques** & **Phytochemicals** & **Bioactivities** & **Reference** \\ \hline Leaves & Qualitative assays & Phenolics; alkaloids; tannins; glycosides; coumarins; trifluorids; triterpenes & Antioxidant & [37; 38; 39] \\ \hline Leaves & GC-MS; qualitative assays & Saponins; fixed oils; phenolics; tannins; flavonoids; alkaloids; phthalolatannins & Antibacterial & [40; 41] \\ \hline Leaves & Qualitative assays & Phenolics; flavonoids; tannins; carbohydrates; steroids & Antioxidant; hepatoprotective & [42] \\ \hline Leaves & GC–MS & Phenolics; terpenes; hydrocarbons; quinazines; cocumarins; steroids & Anthelminic & [43] \\ \hline Leaves & HPLC; C-NMR; H-NMR; qualitative assays & Alkaloids; carbohydrates; glycosides; phenolics; tannins; saponins; flavonoids & Antioxidant; antidepressant; MMP-9 & [16; 17; 44; 45] \\ \hline Leaves & GC–MS & Saponins; phenolics; tannins; flavonoids; alkaloids; fixed oils; amino acids & & [25; 46] \\ \hline Tubers, roots and rhizomes & GC–MS & Carbohydrates; saponins; phenolics; fatty acid; volatile oils; steroids; Flavonoids; tannins; alkaloids; glycerosides; triterpenoids & Analgesic; anti-inflammatory; hepatoprotective; antimicrobial antifungal & [23; 24; 25; 26; 47; 48] \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: _Cont._A GC-MS analysis study revealed that the leaves of _A. leptopus_ contained 1-tetradece; 2-tert-butyl-4-isopropyl-5-methylphenol; Spiro(3.6)deca-5,7-diene-1-one; e-Cadinene; Juniper camphor; 1-nonadecene; 10-azarticyclo[4.3.1.0(1,6)]deca-2,4-diene; 6-Hydroxy-4,7-dimethylcouarnin; Cholester-2-eno[2,3-b]napphthalene; Cholestera-5,7,9(11)-trien-3-ol, 4,4 dimethyl-,3(a)-; 6-Chloro-2-[2-(4-methylphenyl)-1,1-diphenylethyl]-4H-3,1-benzoxazine-4-one; 4,5-Bis(p-bromophenyloxy)-1,2-Dicyanobenzene; 4,4'-Isopropylidene-Bis(2-Cyclohexylphenol); 2-Thioxo-2,3-dihydro-3,5-dimethyl-1,3,4-oxadiazol; 9,19-Cyclola notane-3,7-diol; and 2-Chloro-1,4-bis(dibromomethyl) benzene [43]. In addition, a separate GC-MS analysis on _A. leptopus_ leaf and tuber samples identified compounds such as glycerin, propane,1,1,3-triethoxy, 4H-pyran-4-one,2,3-dihydro-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl, methyl salicylate, 2-furancarboxoxaldehyde,5-(hydroxymethyl) dodecanoic acid, 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid, bis(2-methylpropyl)ester, n-hexadianoic acid, oleic acid, 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid, and disooctyl ester [25]. Ethanolic extracts of _A. leptopus_ flowers were confirmed to contain a rich composition of phenolic acids and flavonoids after performing qualitative assays [8]. RP-HPLC analysis also identified polyphenols, including protocatechic acid, _p_-hydroxybenzoic acid, chlorogenic acid, and syringic acid, which are known to be efficient antioxidants, while the flavonoids identified were kaempfer, myricetin, apigenin, and rutin, which had the highest level in mg/g dry weight. [PERSON] and [PERSON] et al. [31] confirmed the presence of volatile oils, carboxylic acids, glycosides, carbohydrates, and terpenes from _A. leptopus_ flower extracts through various qualitative assays. Another phytochemical investigation on flower extracts confirmed the presence of flavonoids, phenols, phytosterols, carbohydrates, terpenoids, and proteins by qualitative analysis [34].