# The Design and Investigation of Hybrid a Microfluidic Micromizer
## 1 Introduction
Most researchers have explored numerous geometrical modifications to enhance the interfacial area in order to increase and improve mixing performance [36]. Generally, two kinds of microchannels (T-shape and Y-shape) are widely used for mixing purposes in microfluidics systems. [PERSON] et al. [37] proposed a new type of micromiker based on flexible artificial cilium that is actuated by a magnetic field. They used the cilium structure in a circular microchamber, which was then compared with pure diffusion, and observed that up to 80% of a 60 microlitre fluid in the chamber was fully mixed after 2 min under a magnetic flux of 22 mT for 20 min. A more comprehensive literature review of the active and passive actuation approach is listed in Table 1. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Year**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Goal**} & **Microchannel** & **Microfluidic** & **Microchannel Design** & **References** \\  & & **Type** & **Type** & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{2024} & Development of a & & & & \\  & Tesla structure for & Tesla shape & & & \\  & efficient fluid mixing. & Tesla shape & & & \\  & Development and & & & & \\  & characterisation of a & 3D zig-zag & & & \\  & 3D zig-zag & microchannel & & & \\  & microchannel. & & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Summary of various micromixer designs. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Year** & **Goal** & **Microchannel Type** & **Microfluidic Type** & **Microchannel Design** & **References** \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{2023} & Investigate the impact & & & & \\  & of geometrical & & & & \\  & parameters and & & & & \\  & applied voltage on & & & & \\  & fluid mixing and fluid & & & & \\  & flow behaviour & & & & \\  & experimentally and & & & & \\  & numerically. & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{2023} & Acoustic fluid & & & & \\  & approach to control & & & & \\  & the chemical & & & & \\  & concentration within & & & & \\  & picolitre droplets on a & & & & \\  & disposable & & & & \\  & microfluidic chip. & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{2023} & Investigation of fluid & & & & \\  & flow mixing in the & & & & \\  & fractal tree. & & & & \\  & & fractal tree & & & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{2023} & Micromizer topology & & & & \\  & optimisation based on & & & & \\  & a Tesla principle valve. & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{2022} & Development of a & & & & \\  & Tesla valve-based & & & & \\  & microfluidics & & & & \\  & micromizer. & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{2022} & Development of a & & & & \\  & Tesla-based & & & & \\  & micromizer with tip & & & & \\  & clearance. & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{2022} & Development and & & & & \\  & analysis of a & & & & \\  & microfluidics system & & & & \\  & with a thermal control & & & & \\  & unit to reduce thermal & & & & \\  & effects due to acoustic & & & & \\  & actuation. & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{2022} & Introduced a & & & & \\  & novel-type & & & & \\  & microfluidic & & & & \\  & microchannel design & & zig-zag shape & & \\  & for sequential RBC & & & & \\  & separation and lysis. & & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: _Cont._According to the current literature, it has been concluded that the actuation of fluid particles in microfluidic systems, especially for mixing applications, is necessary to improve the performance of the system. In addition, most of the authors used passive approaches, such as different geometrical configurations and parameters, to reduce the energy consumption and miniaturised microfluidics system. The authors have worked on different design configurations such as a Y-shape, a T-shape, a zig-zag, a circular chamber with micropillars, Tesla-based microchannels, cross-shape channels, cantor fractal baffle shape micromixers, a fractal tree shape with asymmetric microchannels, etc. On the other hand, some authors used active actuation approaches such as electromagnetic, acoustic, and photothermal to manipulate the fluid particles, especially for mixing applications.