esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Survey and Perspectives of Vehicular Wi-Fi versus Sidelink Cellular-V2X in the 5G Era
## 3 Simulation Tool and Settings
### LTEV2 Vsim  
LTEV2 Vsim is a discrete-event simulation tool, developed in MATLAB (version R2016b or later, by MathWorks, Natick, MA, USA), aiming at modelling vehicular networks, with a focus on the cooperative awareness service. Regarding the position and movements of vehicles, they can be either produced following mobility models or reading the information from external traffic traces. Designed to simulate LTE-V2X, it also includes IEEE 802.11p.  
The block diagram of LTEV2 Vsim is shown in Figure 1 and consists of the following parts:  
* **Initialization.** At the beginning, configuration parameters contained in configuration files or in the command line are read. If the position of vehicles is obtained from a traffic trace, an interpolation is possibly performed to have position granularity not larger than the beacon period.
* **C-V2X resource assignment and 802.11p management of the next event.** If LTE-V2X is simulated, the simulation step is the beacon period. At the beginning of each step, the allocation of radio resources is performed with the adopted algorithm. In case of IEEE 802.11p, there is no time step; the instants of the next events are continuously sorted and elaborated one after the other. The possible events are: (1) a new packet generation, triggering the sensing and backoff  
Figure 1: LTEV2 Vsim block diagram.  
procedures; (2) the end of a transmission; and (3) the conclusion of a backoff procedure and the start of a transmission.
* **Position update.** Every beacon period, the position of all vehicles is updated, adopting the model or traffic traces. In case of LTE-V2X, an estimated position can also be derived with some inaccuracy to reproduce the effective knowledge at the eNodeB (e.g., assuming the use of methods like uplink time difference of arrival (UTDOA)).
* **Quality assessment.** At the end of each time step in LTE-V2X and of each transmission in IEEE 802.11p, the output metrics are updated. In particular, the correctness of each transmission is assessed based on the average signal to noise and interference ratio (SINR) and a comparison with a given threshold that depends on the technology and MCS. In addition to the error rate, possibly other statistics are collected, including those related to the delay.
* **End of simulation and output generation.** The simulation is cyclically repeated until the simulated time exceeds the set duration. At that point, the various metrics are elaborated into final outputs and the simulation ends.
# Sub-Milliwatt Transceiver IC for Transcutaneous Communication of an Intracortical Visual Prosthesis
## 3 Implanted Transceiver
### Non-Coherent BPSK Receiver
We determine the frequency of the clock, which is essentially the frequency of the oscillator, as follows. Let \(N\) be the count-up value \((0,1,\ldots,N)\). The following inequalities must be satisfied. To reset after the transition point between carrier symbols, we have  
\[(N-1)T_{OSC}>0.5T_{PSK}. \tag{1}\]  
To ensure that there is no reset after the next edge, we set  
\[NT_{OSC}<T_{PSK}. \tag{2}\]  
Combining (1) and (2), we arrive at  
\[\frac{1}{2(N-1)}T_{PSK}<T_{OSC}<\frac{1}{N}T_{PSK}. \tag{3}\]  
Taking reciprocals, the range of the frequency of the oscillator to avoid transition between symbols then results:  
\[Nf_{PSK}<f_{OSC}<2(N-1)f_{PSK}. \tag{4}\]  
A low count-up value of \(N\), for example \(N=3\), yields an oscillator frequency range of \(3f_{PSK}<f_{OSC}<4f_{PSK}\). This already strongly relaxes the jitter or quality factor requirement of the oscillator. Thus, a low-power current-controlled oscillator can be used. Similar to the IR-UWB transmitter, the oscillator used for clock is in the receiver is another five-stage current-starved single-ended ring oscillator as in Figure 3. Figure 8 shows the layout of the receiver on IC. A count-up number of \(N=16\) was used to improve flexibility of adjusting the timing range, which corresponds to the most-significant bit of the 5-bit counter in the reset generator. More details on the components and principle of operation can be found in our previous works in [21; 34]. Figure 3:0 IC layout of the BPSK receiver.
## 3 Results of Literature Review and Economic Assessment
### Novel Use of Existing LRC Cavern for UIPHES
#### 3.1.1 History and Characteristics of LRC Caverns
During 2010's, a pilot LRC CAES has been built in South Korea, 100 m deep in a limestone ground. The pilot is composed of two tunnel-shaped LRC cavers of internal diameter 5 m. One cavern is using butyl sheets as liner, while the second cavern is using steel plates [16].
## 1 Introduction
In this paper, we propose a method with a GSFM waveform in UWA communication using four different types of waveforms: forward type, reverse-time type, forward-time/flipped-frequency type and reverse-time/flipped-frequency type. For waveforms that have near orthogonality relative to each other, the waveform minimizes the ISI by sharing public bandwidth, which means maximizing the time-bandwidth product. There is a difference from the conventional CSS method in symbols representing using multiple GSFM waveforms. Its characteristics are demonstrated using the AF and correlation in this paper. Using this orthogonality of each waveform and distinct mainlobe regions in the AF and ACF, we expect robustness in the ISI-generated multipath channel. We design the receiver, which consists of the bank of the matched filter (MF). To demonstrate the performance of the CSS method by a GSFM waveform, we evaluate the performance through an experimental comparison with the conventional CSS via a simulation, lake trial and sea trial. In this paper, the conventional CSS method is divided into two bands to match the data rate and time bandwidth product with the GSFM method. In the simulation, we consider multipath and additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channels, and the multipath is programmed by VirTEX (Virtual Time series Experiment), which is modeled by the Bellhop ray tracing code [19]. VirTEX was designed to model the propagation through the underwater sound channel of a known time series transmitted from a hypothetical source. The lake trial was conducted with a distance of 300-400 m between the transmitter and receiver. The sea trial was conducted at a distance of approximately 20 km between the transmitter and receiver and at a depth of 1500 m. According to [20], the conducted range of communication can be regarded as long-range communication. From the results of various experiments, this paper demonstrates the performance of the proposed method in UWA communication. The rest of this research article proceeds as follows. Section 2 introduces the GSFM waveform and the proposed method. Section 3 simulates the proposed method and conventional method and demonstrates the comparison according to the SNRs. Section 4 demonstrates the performance of the proposed method using a lake trial and sea trial, and the results are given. Section 5 concludes the paper.
# A UAV-Assisted Stackelberg Game Model for Securing IoMT Healthcare Networks
## 3 System Model
### Algorithm Pseudo Code  
The proposed Algorithm 1 begins by initializing a network of N number of IoMT devices. The attacker selects a target resource to steal data from a victim IoMT device, as described in line 3. If the defender detects the attack, it responds by using a Stackelberg game strategy to protect its data, as seen in line 6. Both the attacker and defender use their best strategies. If the defender's utility value is higher than the attacker's expected utility value, the attacker cannot successfully hack the data, and the defender's data remains  
Figure 4: Working principle of medical healthcare networking assisted UAV in emergency scenarios. Figure(**a**) UAV assisted IoMT network, Figure(**b**) black hole attack and game theoretic strategies of defender and attacker and Figure (**c**) UAV defends its resources and block the black hole attacker.  
protected. However, if the attacker's expected utility is higher, as described in lines 7 to 15 of the pseudocode, the attacker successfully hacks the data. However, the defender can recover it using the Stackelberg game theory. The game continues until either the attacker succeeds in hacking all available data or the defender successfully protects its data. The algorithm repeats these steps until all data are recovered. The algorithm's time complexity is O(N), where N is the network's total number of IoMT devices.  
```
Input: N: The total number of IoMT devices in the network. Output: The data on the victim node remains protected.
```
1. Initialize network with N devices
2. Do
3. {
4. Attacker_node = select_attacker_node()
5. Victim_node = select_victim_node(attacker_node)
6. Defender_node = select_defender_node(victim_node)
7. Utility_defender = calculate_defender_utility(defender_node)
8. Utility_attacker = calculate_attacker_utility(attacker_node, victim_node)
9. if (utility_defender > utility_attacker)
10. {
11. Protected_data = data_on_victim_node
12. }
13. Else
14. {
15. Hacked_data = data_on_victim_node
16. Defender_node.update_strategy()
17. Defender_node.recover_data()
18. } ```  
**Algorithm 1**Pseudo code of secure ST game  
Our proposed scheme leverages the power of game theory to detect and prevent attacks in real time, enabling timely responses to security threats. In contrast, existing techniques rely on traditional routing protocols that do not provide sufficient protection against black hole attacks in IoMT networks using UAVs. In the following Section 4, we provide a more detailed comparison of our proposed method with other related techniques and discuss the effectiveness of our work in securing communication in IoMT UAV networks.
## 4 Results and Discussion
In addition, comparing Figures 6 and 7, it can be found that the variation of displacements lags behind the pressure measured at (i). Figure 8 shows the variation of the relative pulse amplitude of the pressure drop with the supply flow rate. Numerically predicted results of the relative pulse amplitude of the pressure drop are in good agreement with those calculated from experimental data. It indicates that when the supply flow rate \(Q_{V}\) is no greater than 16 L/s, the relative pulse amplitude of the pressure drop of ZFT is higher than that of LFT, and \(Q_{V}\) = 14 L/s seems to be the optimum operating condition for ZFT as \(A_{p}{{}^{\prime}}\) reaches its maximum value under this circumstance. It can also be concluded from the CFD simulation results that when the supply flow rate \(Q_{V}\) is greater than a certain value, the relative pulse amplitude of the pressure drop of LFT will be higher than that of ZFT. In a similar manner, the pulse amplitude of displacement can also be nondimensionalized and defined as the relative pulse amplitude of displacement:  
\[A_{D}{{}^{\prime}}=A_{D}/D_{max} \tag{3}\]  
where \(A_{D}\) represents the difference between the minimum and maximum values of the measured displacement \(D\) and \(D_{max}\) denotes the mean value of displacement (mean value of the measured  
Figure 7: Variation of the measured displacement \(D\) with time \(T\) for different supply volume flow rates \(Q_{V}\). displacement in a working cycle). The trend of the relative pulse amplitude of displacement \(A_{D^{\prime}}\) with respect to the supply flow rate \(Q_{V}\) is provided in Figure 9. When \(Q_{V}\) = 10 L/s, the value of \(A_{D^{\prime}}\) for ZFT is near to zero. This is because the pressure at (i) is not strong enough to prevail over the pre-tightening force of the disc springs, which have been discussed previously, and the amplitude of the oscillation is thus very weak. A similar result is obtained for the \(A_{D^{\prime}}\) value of ZFT, which reaches its maximum at \(Q_{V}\) = 14 L/s. In addition, as shown in Figure 9, the \(A_{D^{\prime}}\) differences between LFT and ZFT reduce remarkably after \(Q_{V}\) = 14 L/s. According to the CFD results of \(A_{P}\)\({}^{\prime}\) displayed in Figure 8, it can be inferred that when the value of \(Q_{V}\) continually increases, the \(A_{D^{\prime}}\) value of LFT will be higher than that of ZFT. If the pressure pulses generated are considered as important as the pressure drop, higher values of \(A_{P}\)\({}^{\prime}\) and \(A_{D^{\prime}}\) can be regarded as demonstrating a better FAOT performance. It seems reasonable to draw the conclusion that when the supply flow rate \(Q_{V}\) is relatively low or higher than a certain value, the LFT poses a better performance; otherwise, the ZFT seems to be a preferred alternative.
# Effect of Local Cyclic Loading on Direct Shear Strength Characteristics of Shear-Zone Soil
## 5 Discussion
### Effect of Cyclic Loading on Volume change  
The vertical displacement-shear displacement curves of shear-zone soil under monotonic and cyclic loading, plotted in Figure 16, show a contraction characteristic that increased with increasing normal stress from 100 to 400 kPa. However, for lower vertical stress (100 kPa) under monotonic loading, the shear-zone soil initially presented a contractile behavior at 0.84 mm, such as that examined at the higher stress (200 kPa and 400 kPa), and then reversed to show a dilation until the end of the test. During shearing of the shear-zone soil, the macroscopic shear surface is horizontal, but sliding between single particles happens on multiple microscopic surfaces inclined at different angles near the horizontal, showing dilation or contraction. These observations were consistent with those of the sand interface under a direct shear test [31], which also reveals that the specimen exhibited a contraction phase followed by a dilation phase.  
The volume change induced by a cyclic shear test increased with increasing shear displacement [32]. For the cyclic loading curves with 100 cycles at a cyclic period of 90 s under  
Figure 16: Vertical displacement versus shear displacement under monotonic and cyclic loading (\(N=100\), \(T=90\) s).  
Figure 15: Shear stress versus shear displacement curves with (**a**) different normal stress and (**b**) different cyclic periods.  
different normal stress, the volume change initially increased slightly at near 1 mm horizontal displacement but increased sharply under local cyclic loading from 0.05 mm to 0.116 mm (circle A), 0.121 mm (circle B), and 0.141 mm (circle C). However, at the second monotonic direct shear stage (III stage), the variation of the volume change was almost insignificant. Thus, for slow-moving reservoir landslides in the TGR, the horizontal displacements are more sensitive than the vertical ones after suffering local cyclic loading [33].
## 3 Results
### Application Domains
#### 3.2.1 Requirements and Development Platforms  
Three articles were focused on the mobility requirements of older adults and IT platforms to help the development of new applications [68; 76; 89].  
[PERSON] [89] discussed the older adults' mobility practice in smart city environments as a phenomenon at the intersection of age, IT, and data, and aimed to study transport mobilities of older adults and mobility practices interactions with smart cities' IT services. The analysis highlighted age-bias in inherited transport systems, gaps in available data about older adults' mobility practices and IT use, and opportunities for more inclusive (and sustainable) smart transport. Moreover, based on the discussion of the older adults' mobility practices, the author presented the features of a journey planning application [89].  
In turn, [PERSON] et al. [68] proposed a proof-of-concept platform for ambient assisted cities able to sense the city to promote the creation of an ecosystem of user-centric applications to help older adults in their daily activities, considering their disabilities. This platform was developed within a research project, and the authors reported a work-in-progress and explained how they brought together the achievements of earlier works.  
Finally, [PERSON] and [PERSON] [76] presented a platform to provide a universal and accessible solution to manage wayfinding applications that focuses on individuals with disabilities in outdoor and indoor environments. The platform is composed by different subsystems to perform user profiles management, accessibility data management, routes management and accessible application generation. The Assisted Multimodal Wayfinding Application was presented a case study: it can be installed on older adults' smartphones or wearable devices and combines text, maps, auditory, augmented reality, and tactile feedback to provide indoor and outdoor guidance considering personal factors (e.g., disabilities, impairments, or languages) [76].  
The authors reported an accessibility guidelines validation and a prototype evaluation [76]. In terms of accessibility guidelines, the authors followed the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG), version 2.0, and obtained the maximum level. In turn, the prototype was evaluated by a group of 20 participants (11 males and nine females, aged from 20 to 75), which were divided into the following categories: users without a disability (eight), blind users (three), limited vision users (four), deaf users (three) and wheelchair users (two). This evaluation was composed by three experiments: one for testing the application using Android devices, another for testing the application using iOS devices and the third one for testing the web interface. The evaluation methods include direct observation and questionnaires [76]. According to the results, the application could be used for supporting daily living activities [76].
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Groups NR-III and NR-IV
#### 3.3.3 Fungal PKSs Producing Reduced Polyketides
This group contains several sequences from [PERSON] et al. [14] interspersed with sequences from various lichen-forming fungi. Sequences in group R-V have similar domain composition like sequences from Orthogroup 7: KS-AT-DH-ER-KR-[KR]-ACP. However, a second KR domain is only present in _Dibaeis bacomyces_ (dibbaepred_000831). We recovered genes from several lichen-forming fungi in this group. Again, experimentally characterized genes from _Gibberella moniliformis_ (Gm_PKS13) and _Botryotinia fuckeliana_ (Bf_PKS10) also recovered here indicate a possible role in toxin biosynthesis (Figure 3) [14]. Group R-VII  
This group contains several previously characterized sequences as well as sequences from _R. intermedia_, _P. furfuracea_, _G. furfuracea_, and _C. macilenta_ where we could assign PKS5 annotations. Additional sequences from lichen-forming fungi also recovered here had no functional annotations; as such the role of these genes remains unclear. The characterized sequences of _Aspergillus_ (_Aspergillus_terreus_lovF_) and _Penicillium_ (_Penicillium_citrium_mlcB_) indicate a role in the production of the dikeletio portion of lovastatin and citrinin, but they were assigned to group R-I by [PERSON] et al. [14]. Novel group R-IX  
A new group of reducing PKSs can be delineated based on a specific domain composition and our orthogroup assignment. We tentatively call this group R-IX following the naming scheme of [PERSON] et al. [14] and [PERSON] et al. [72]. R-IX is sister to group R-VII and differs from all other groups by having a facultative Choline/Carnitine O-acyltransferase domain (Carn) following the ACP domain: KS-AT-DH-[CMeT]-ER-KR-[ACP]-[Carn] (Figure 3). The Carn domain can be found in several eukaryotic acetyltransferaseases and also at the C terminus of a highly reducing polyketide synthase (SdnO), where it is part of a gene cluster mediating the biosynthesis of glycoside antibiotics sordarin and hypoxysordarin [101]. Novel group R-X  
Similar to R-IX, a second group of reducing PKSs can be identified based on a specific domain composition and orthogroup assignment. This group R-X, recovered as Orthogroup 9, contains only genes from lichen-forming fungi. Together with Group R-II, they share a sister-group relationship to all other R-PKSs in our phylogeny (Figure 3). Genes from this group may not have DH, ER and ACP domains, resulting in the following domain content: KS-AT-[DH]-[ER]-KR-[ACP]. Most fungal genes recovered here are missing the DH and ER domain. However, the genes from _Lasallia hispanica_ (lashispred_001760) and _Evernia prtuastri_ (eveprupred_001763) contain a complete domain configuration: KS-AT-DH-ER-KR-ACP.
# An Efficient Parallelization of Microscopic Traffic Simulation
###### Abstract  
Large-scale traffic simulations at a microscopic level can mimic the physical reality in great detail so that innovative transport services can be evaluated. However, the simulation times of such scenarios is currently too long to be practical. (1) Background: With the availability of Graphical Processing Units (GPUs), is it possible to exploit parallel computing to reduce the simulation times of large microscopic simulations, such that they can run on normal PCs at reasonable runtimes?; (2) Methods: ParSim, a microsimulator with a monolithic microsimulation kernel, has been developed for CUDA-compatible GPUs, with the aim to efficiently parallelize the simulation processes; particular care has been taken regarding the memory usage and thread synchronization, and visualization software has been optionally added; (3) Results: The parallelized simulations have been performed by a GPU with an average performance, a 24 h microsimulation scenario for Bologna with 1 million trips was completed in 40 s. The average speeds and waiting times are similar to the results from an established microsimulator (SUMO), but the execution time is up to 5000 times faster with respect to SUMO; the 28 million trips of the 24 h San Francisco Bay Area scenario was completed in 26 min. With cutting-edge GPUs, the simulation speed can possibly be further reduced by a factor of seven; (4) Conclusions: The parallelized simulator presented in this paper can perform large-scale microsimulations in a reasonable time on readily available and inexpensive computer hardware. This means microsimulations could now be used in new application fields such as activity-based demand generation, reinforced AI learning, traffic forecasting, or crisis response management.  
microsimulation; parallelization; GPU; traffic assignment; user equilibrium 2020
# Data-Driven Prediction Method for Power Grid State Subjected to Heavy-Rain Hazards
## 4 Characterizing Heavy Rain Event
### Skewness Distribution of Outage Data  
The scarcity of available data on the power grid remains one of the predominant challenges of studying grid resilience. The occurrence of heavy-rain events is relatively rare and does not always cause grid damage. Most points on the scatter plot shown in Figure 1 lie on the \(x\)-axis, i.e., no outage cases. The figure indicates that the grid outage data is not normally distributed, which represents the skewness of the data distribution. Therefore, the grid outage data has an unbalanced label ratio and may lead to a deterioration in the performance of the machine learning model.  
Due to these issues, a new method is required to capture the inherently complex characteristics of the imbalanced data and derive knowledge from the data. Innovative research regarding imbalanced learning issues includes oversampling, undersampling, and cost-sensitive learning methods [32]. Although the application of these techniques can help improve the classification results, various empirical studies have been introduced asserting that cost-sensitive learning is superior to sampling methods in certain datasets [33]. To achieve an accurate grid state prediction method, this study considered the SVM model based on a cost-sensitive method for evaluating the grid state under heavy-rain conditions.  
Figure 1: Number of outage customers for heavy rain events.