## 3 \({}^{13}\)C Solid-State NMR Applications to Composing
\({}^{\star}\)** & **Feohistac.b\({}^{\star}\)** & **Sample\({}^{\star}\)** & **Absy.C** & **O-Absy.C** & **Arandi.C** & **Carboxyl/Carbonyi C** \\  & & & & **Cli.O/CliN** & **O-/Di-O-Absy.C** & **Aryl C** & **O-Aryl C** & **O-Aryl C** \\ \hline \multirow{8}{*}{[6]} & & PS & 149 & 54.9 & 20.3 & 10.0 \\  & & [EMAIL_ADDRESS] & 17.4 & 57.4 & 20.9 & 10.6 \\  & & [EMAIL_ADDRESS] & 17.4 & 48.6 & 18.6 & 9.9 \\  & & [EMAIL_ADDRESS] & 15.2 & 34.1 & 16.1 & 9.2 \\  & & [EMAIL_ADDRESS] & 13.9 & 25.7 & 12.4 & 6.5 \\  & & [EMAIL_ADDRESS] & 12.8 & 22.8 & 11.3 & 6.6 \\  & & PS & 13.5 & 56.7 & 20.1 & 9.7 \\  & & [EMAIL_ADDRESS] & 15.2 & 36.4 & 18.8 & 10.0 \\  & & [EMAIL_ADDRESS] & 13.4 & 47.5 & 16.5 & 8.4 \\  & & [EMAIL_ADDRESS] & 12.6 & 42.0 & 17.5 & 8.5 \\  & & [EMAIL_ADDRESS] & 12.6 & 35.6 & 15.3 & 7.7 \\ \hline \multirow{8}{*}{[6]} & & PS & 27.2 & 55.6 & 9.2 & 8.0 \\  & & [EMAIL_ADDRESS] & 18.6 & 66.1 & 9.8 & 5.5 \\  & & [EMAIL_ADDRESS] & 15.2 & 65.3 & 12.2 & 7.3 \\  & & [EMAIL_ADDRESS] & 16.8 & 65.2 & 11.5 & 6.5 \\  & & [EMAIL_ADDRESS] & 14.7 & 63.3 & 13.6 & 8.3 \\ \hline \multirow{8}{*}{[7]} & & PS & 15.8 & 99.8 & 14.9 & 7.9 \\  & & [EMAIL_ADDRESS] & 17.7 & 59.2 & 13.6 & 7.4 \\  & & [EMAIL_ADDRESS] & 17.5 & 55.5 & 16.2 & 7.2 \\  & & [EMAIL_ADDRESS] & 17.3 & 55.5 & 17.7 & 5.4 \\  & & MSW (composed in summer) & PS & 16.2 & 60.4 & 12.1 & 7.8 \\  & & [EMAIL_ADDRESS] & 16.8 & 60.2 & 13.9 & 6.9 \\  & & [EMAIL_ADDRESS] & 18.0 & 56.1 & 15.3 & 6.8 \\  & & [EMAIL_ADDRESS] & 18.2 & 56.9 & 7.4 & 4.6 \\ \hline \multirow{8}{*}{[45]} & & CI & 28.4 & 45.6 & 7.4 & 46.6 & 14.0 \\  & & CI & 28.4 & 48.6 & 9.8 & 4.8 & 11.4 \\  & & CI & 30.3 & 33.2 & 17.1 & 6.3 & 19.8 \\  & & CI & 19.2 & 53.0 & 17.8 & 8.2 & 6.8 \\  & & CI & 25.5 & 40.8 & 12.6 & 6.6 & 14.5 \\  & & CI & 27.4 & 42.8 & 11.3 & \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Ref. \({}^{*}\)** & **Feedstock\({}^{b}\)** & **Sample\({}^{*}\)** & **Alky1 C** & **O-Alky1 C** & **Aromatic C** & **Carbosyl\({}^{b}\)** \\  & & & & & **CH\({}_{0}\)OCHIN** & **O-/D-O-alkyl1 C** & **An1 C** & **O-A-yl1 C** & **Carbony1 C** \\ \hline  & PS & 26.9 & 47.9 & 11.6 & 4.3 & 8.3 \\  & C 34.4 & 25.3 & 52.1 & 10.5 & 3.6 & 8.2 \\  & MSW & C 27.6 & 24.7 & 46.5 & 13.6 & 4.9 & 10.3 \\  & & C 90.4 & 23.6 & 42.4 & 19.0 & 6.6 & 11.4 \\  & & C 132.4 & 23.6 & 40.4 & 16.9 & 7.6 & 11.4 \\ \hline  & PS & 8.7 & 51.4 & 17.5 & 18.7 \\  & Grape skin & C 164.0 & 10.9 & 51.8 & 18.9 & 17.0 \\  & Grape vessels & PS & 25.0 & 41.3 & 13.1 & 18.7 \\  & Grape skin and seeds & PS & 16.2 & 49.7 & 13.2 & 18.8 \\  & & C 164.0 & 18.6 & 43.7 & 15.9 & 20.3 \\ \hline \end{tabular}  
* References are reported in reverse chronological order. \({}^{b}\)SEM \(b\) beneficial effective microorganisms; RM \(b\) = buffalo number; CM \(b\) = chicken manner; CM \(b\) = entire manner; CO \(b\) = coffee; grounds DOW = domestic organic waste; MSW = municipal solid waste; PM = poultry mature; PT = popular trimming R \(b\) = headway; SM = swine nature; AM = airborne maturation; AT = advanced thermophilic phase; BT = beginning of thermophilic phase; C = compost; CC = commercial concept; d = days; EB = end of bioavailability phase; PS = feedstock.  
\end{table} 
Table 2: Cont. In most of the papers reported so far in the literature, \({}^{13}\)C SSNMR spectroscopy has been used either for monitoring and investigating the composting process up to maturation or for relating the composition of mature compost to its functional properties for specific applications. As far as the investigation of the composting process is concerned, the analysis of simple \({}^{13}\)C CP-MAS NMR spectra recorded on samples taken at different times has allowed the evolution of the characteristic spectral regions and of the corresponding functional groups to be highlighted.