# A Literature Review of Parameter-Based Models for Walkability Evaluation
## 3 Results and Discussion
### GIS-Based Research and Theoretical Approach
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l c c c} \hline \hline
**Abbreviation** & **Full Name of the Methodology/Instrument** & **Original** & **Country** & **Year** &
\begin{tabular}{c} **No.** \\ **Indices** \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline PHOA & Pedestrian Health-Oriented Audit & [27] & USA & 2003 & 116 \\ SEID & Study of Env. \& Individual Det. of Physical Activity & [28] & AUS & 2006 & 59 \\ NEWS & Neighborhood Environment Walkability Scale & [31] & USA & 2004 & 71 \\ MAPS & Microscale Audit of Pedestrian Streetscapes & [36] & USA & 2013 & 84 \\ NBOT & Neighborhood Brief Observation Tool & [39] & USA & 2009 & 42 \\ IMI & Irvine-Minesota Inventory & [44] & USA & 2007 & 88 \\ S-VAT & Spotlight Virtual Audit Tool & [45] & HOL & 2014 & 18 \\ COURAGE & Collaborative Research of AGEing i EU & [46] & EU & 2011 & 77 \\ ANC & Active Neighborhood Checklist & [47] & USA & 2013 & 72 \\ SPACES & Systematic Pedestrian and Cycling Environment Scan & [51] & AUS & 2002 & 55 \\ EPOCH & Environmental Profile of a Community Health & [54] & WW & 2014 & 77 \\ PWA & Path Walkability Assessment & [25] & MAL & 2018 & 66 \\ WAC & Walkability Assessment Checklist & [55] & USA & 2010 & 78 \\ SWEAT & Senior Walking Environment Audit Tool & [56] & CAN & 2011 & 51 \\ IPAQ & International Physical activity Questionnaire & [63] & AUS & 2007 & 3 \\ PWI & Path Walkability Indicators & [67] & MAL & 2013 & 92 \\ IPEN & International Physical Activity \& Env. Network & [69] & WW & 2013 & 85 \\ RSA & Road Safety Audit & [70] & USA & 2018 & 56 \\ PLOS & Pedestrian Level of Service & [71] & USA & 2001 & 38 \\ GSWI & Gross Sidewalk Walkability Index & [73] & IND & 2013 & 56 \\ PEDS & Pedestrian Environment Data Scan & [74] & USA & 2007 & 57 \\ PEAT & Path Environment Audit Tool & [76] & USA & 2006 & 85 \\ AA & Active Accessibility & [77] & POR & 2016 & 72 \\ FSI & Field Survey Instrument & [78] & USA & 2006 & 60 \\ PARA & Physical Activity Resource Assessment & [79] & USA & 2005 & 18 \\ AHP & Analytic Hierarchy Process & [80] & EU & 2010 & 73 \\ UHTS & Utah Household Travel Survey & [81] & USA & 2016 & 16 \\ PEQI & Pedestrian Environment Quality Index & [82] & ITA & 2012 & 105 \\ PARK & Parks, Activity and Recreations among Kids & [84] & CAN & 2015 & 35 \\ CUDEST & China Urban Built Environment Data Scan Tool & [85] & CHN & 2014 & 28 \\ PERS & Pedestrian Environment Review System & [86] & UK & 2013 & 40 \\ V-STEPS & Virtual Systematic Tool for Evaluating Ped. Street. & [87] & CAN & 2019 & 43 \\ APARS & Audit of Physical Activity Resources for Seniors & [88] & USA & 2011 & 21 \\ PANES & Physical Activity Neighborhood Environment Scale & [89] & USA & 2010 & 17 \\ GRAD & Graduate Ready for Activity Daily & [96] & USA & 1999 & 10 \\ EAPRS & Environmental Assessment of Public Recreation Spaces & [98] & USA & 2006 & 19 \\ WSI & Walk Score Index & [104] & USA & 2007 & 6 \\ SAT & School Audit Tool & [105] & UAE & 2019 & 30 \\ PSQI & Public Space Quality Index & [107] & SG & 2020 & 26 \\ T-WSI & Walking Suitability Index for Territory & [110] & ITA & 2020 & 12 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} Abbreviations of the methodology names are derived from the initial letters of the full name of the methodology itself. Abbreviations of country names are given according to the international codes for the names of countries.  
\end{table} 
Table 1: List of the relevant methodologies/instruments selected for the analysis—in general. From 115 relevant studies, by analyzing the basic characteristics of the tools or procedures designed for the evaluation of such an environment, such tools that deal with evaluation in their full form are emphasized. In general, there are seven groups or domains of the items, distributed according to the type of the parameter. The identified groups of items are Functionality, Safety, Comfort, Mobility, Environment, Connectivity, and Aesthetics. These domains are distributed over 31 subgroups. Over these subgroups, we identified 193 items that are used in the observed instruments for the evaluation of the pedestrian environment.