## 3 Results
### Classification of Generative AI Models
#### 3.2.5 Language Models  
Language models (LMs) have undergone a significant transformation in recent years, evolving from their traditional role of generating or evaluating fluent natural text to becoming powerful tools for text understanding. This shift has been achieved through the utilization of language modeling as a pre-training task for feature extractors, where the hidden vectors learned during language modeling are leveraged in downstream language understanding systems [75]. LMs have proven instrumental in a wide range of applications, enabling tasks such as answering factoid questions, addressing commonsense queries, and extracting factual knowledge about entity relations. At its core, a language model is a computational framework that aims to understand and generate human-like text. It operates based on the fundamental principle of probabilistic prediction, where it learns patterns and dependencies in sequences of words to estimate the likelihood of a particular word given the preceding context. By capturing statistical regularities in language, LMs can generate coherent and contextually relevant text. This is achieved by training the model on vast amounts of text data, allowing it to learn the distribution of words, phrases, and syntactic structures in each language [107].  
The components of a language model consist of the training data, the architecture of the model itself, and the inference mechanism used for generating text. The training data serve as the foundation for learning the underlying patterns and probabilities in language.  
The architecture of the model encompasses various neural network architectures, such as recurrent neural networks (RNNs), transformers, or a combination of both, which enable the model to capture long-range dependencies and contextual information. The inference mechanism involves utilizing the trained model to generate text based on input prompts or predicting missing words in each context. In Figure 9, the RNN architecture, the input sequence \(X\) is processed step by step, where \(X(t)\) represents the input at each time step. The goal is to predict an output sequence \(y\). At each time step, the RNN takes the current input \(X(t)\) and the previous hidden state \(h(t-1)\) as inputs. The hidden state \(h(t)\) represents the network's memory and is computed using a set of learnable parameters and activation functions. In some cases, cell state is used alongside the hidden state, as seen in long short-term memory (LSTM) and gated recurrent unit (GRU) variants. The cell state acts as a long-term memory component. The hidden state \(h(t)\) is then used to generate the output sequence \(y(t)\)[19], which can be used for tasks like sequence-to-sequence [108] predictions.  
Language models are used for a variety of tasks, which are supported by different types of language models such as the visual language model (VLM) [109], which combines textual and visual information to understand and generate language in the context of visual data. By leveraging visual input, such as images or videos, VLMs can accurately interpret the content and generate captions, answer questions, and perform other language-related tasks. A collaborative language model (CLM) [34] is developed through the collective effort of multiple individuals or organizations. The collaborative nature of CLMs incorporates diverse perspectives and insights to enhance the quality and reliability of their language generation capabilities. By leveraging the collective wisdom of contributors and subject matter experts.The large language model (LLM) [107] represents language models that have been trained on extensive textual data and possess many parameters. With billions of parameters, LLMs, like GPT-3, demonstrate the ability to generate sophisticated and human-like text across a wide range of topics and writing styles. These language model variants play crucial roles in natural language processing and have the potential to enhance various applications and systems reliant on human-like text generation.