esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 2 Related Work
These statistics also indicate that the performance of Tor is in general volatile over time, but the measurement of latency overhead compared to a direct connection is not provided. Furthermore, the number of servers used for these measurements is very small. In an earlier pre-study, we conducted three-day experiments from Germany to 50 websites [22]. There is also a report on Tor usage, including performance measurements [23] and the software TorFlow, a toolset for onion router performance analysis and measurements [24]. Another study [25] experimentally reveals a principal reason of Tor's weak performance, namely frequent delays (as high as a few seconds) contributed by single, overloaded onion routers with low bandwidths. An interesting twist of our problem at hand is discussed in [26], where the impact of different latency values on de-anonymizing communication partners is investigated. In contrast to these studies, our current paper focuses on an extensive quantitative assessment of the latency overhead of Tor, comparing the latency of Internet access from several countries with and without the application of Tor, using a list of 500 popular websites. Furthermore, we provide an analysis and mapping of these measurements to latency acceptance studies. For this, we define measures in order to estimate when users cancel their Web page request, or in other words, how much waiting time users tolerate for a request. These measures are based on related work and previous user studies conducted by the authors [27]. In the area of e-commerce research, there is a common understanding that waiting time impedes online commerce [28, 29, 30, 31], although the authors do not agree on a single, exact classification and threshold for latency acceptance. Table 1 summarizes the existing literature about critical latency thresholds for Internet users, showing the different classifications. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c c} \hline \hline
**Author** & \
\begin{tabular}{c} **Critical Latency** \\ **Thresholds (s)** \\ \end{tabular} & **Description** & **Year** &
\begin{tabular}{c} **Source** \\ **Classification** \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline Tolia [32] & \(1\) & Thin client response time—annoying & 2006 & Journal \\ Nah [33] & \(2\) & For simple information retrieval tasks & 2004 & Journal \\ Tolia [32] & \(2\) & Thin client response time—unacceptable & 2006 & Journal \\ Tolia [32] & \(5\) & Thin client response time—unusable & 2006 & Journal \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Classification of Critical Latency Thresholds.
## 4 Conclusions  
This paper presents an omnidirectional lower UHF band antenna for the 1U nanosatellite communication system, which is highly reliable, with a simplified structure of 0.133 \(\times\) 0.133 \(\times\) 0.006\(\lambda\). The antenna is free of deployment complexity and facilitates sufficient space for solar panel placement. An omnidirectional radiation pattern, 0.672 dB realized gain and verified measured results are the features of this antenna. Therefore, the proposed antenna is a potential solution for deployment free nanosatellite communication and allows satellite engineers to focus on other design criteria.  
Conceptualization, T.A. and M.T.I.; formal analysis, T.A., M.S.J.S., M.M.S., M.S.I. and K.H.A.; funding acquisition, M.T.I, M.S.I. and R.W.A.; investigation, T.A., M.M.S. and M.C.; methodology, T.A. and M.S.J.S.; supervision, M.T.I; writing--original draft, T.A.; writing--review and editing, T.A., M.S.I., R.W.A., K.H.A., M.C. and M.T.I. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded by King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, grant number RG-48-135-42.  
The data presented in this study are presented in this article.  
The authors are grateful to Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia and Laboratory of Spacecraft Environment Interaction Engineering (LaSEINE), Kyushu Institute of Technology (Kyutech), Kitakyushu-shi, Fukuoka, Japan.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Evaluation of Five Reanalysis Products over France: Implications for Agro-Climatic Studies
###### Abstract
The aim of this study is to evaluate five climate RPs with respect to observations, and to assess their reliability for constructing specific Agcls to French crops. For this, five RPs (ERA5, ERA5-Land, SCOPE Climate, FYRE Climate, and the gridded dataset RFHR) are compared to multiple synoptic meteorological stations over the 1996-2012 period. The evaluation is made for six Agcls, which encompasses both precipitation- and temperature-related indicators for three leading crops grown in France (apple, maize, and vine). Some implications for the agro-climatic studies are brought regarding the reliability of climate RPs at providing robust local Agcls, which is a critical aspect that needs to be considered in the agriculture sector. This paper is organized as follows. Section 2, presents the experimental design, including the study crops, the datasets, the Agcls and the method used for the evaluation. Section 3 presents the relevant results of the evaluation of different climate RPs-Agcls. The reliability of the climate RPs in constructing the Agcls and the implications for agro-climatic studies are discussed in Section 4. Section 5 provides the concluding remarks.
## 5 Discussions  
Precise knowledge of the phase center location of the GNSS antenna is a prerequisite for high precision LEO orbit determination. PCO and PCV values of the LEO antenna obtained from ground calibration cannot reflect the influence of error sources, which are additionally encountered in the actual spacecraft environment. An in-flight calibration of the LEO antenna is thus mandatory. In this analysis, antenna PCV is represented as a piecewise linear function with respect to zenith and azimuth angles in the antenna fixed coordinate system. A residual approach is employed to estimate the PCV correction. Different ambiguity resolution strategies, including SD AR and DD AR, are investigated to fully exploit the precision of GPS observations for POD. The single receiver integer ambiguity resolution concept employed here makes use of the carrier phase biases and clock products provided by CODE. One year of GRACE-FO data in 2019 are used to demonstrate the effect of integer ambiguity resolution and PCV correction on POD.  
PCV maps derived from SD AR and DD AR solutions have very similar patterns. With PCV corrections, carrier phase residuals are reduced from about 10 to 1-2 mm, which implies better consistency between the observations and applied models. The average improvements of the SD AR solution in the along-track, cross-track, and radial directions are 12.2%, 1.6%, and 1.0%, and for the DD AR solution, the improvements are 10.3%, 1.5%, and 3.5%. The great enhancement in the along-track orbit accuracy validates the necessity to calibrate the PCV errors in the relative POD.  
The mean values of both SD and DD ambiguity residuals are less than 0.01 cycles and confirm the symmetry of distribution. The fixing rates of SD WL and NL ambiguities are more than 98% and 95%. Compared with the FA solution, DD AR orbit accuracy has an average improvement of 6.3% while the SD AR result gains an increase of 18.3%. For high-grade SLR stations, range residuals with RMS less than 10 mm are achieved for SD AR orbit, which marks a 17% improvement compared to the FA result. Independent KBR measurements are also used as external validations. KBR residuals STD of the SD AR solution is 1.8 mm while STD of the DD AR orbit is 0.9 mm and reaches the sub-millimeter level. The better baseline accuracy for the DD AR solution is explained by the errors in phase bias products.
# Short-Form Videos for Public Library Marketing: Performance Analytics of Douyin in China
###### Abstract  
Short-form video platforms have become an important marketing channel for library resources and services. However, such promotions' actual performance is not as good as expected. This research examined the performance of library marketing on the dominant short-form video platform in China, Douyin (aka TikTok worldwide), with social media analytics, including topic and correlation analysis. Results indicated that the number of fans of an account is positively correlated with the number of likes (\(p<0.001\)) and independent of the number of videos (\(p>0.05\)). Libraries post videos most often on the topic of \"Reading Promotion\"(31%), but the marketing performance on this topic is average (Mean DMI = 90.27). The most popular topics for patrons are \"Hot Topics\" and \"Knowledge Quiz\" (Mean DMI = 207.00). Using short-form videos for library marketing is a new practice, and scant studies have evaluated such performance, especially in Asia. Our results strengthen library practitioners' awareness and reflections on conducting new media services and short-form video promotion, especially for the newer generation.  
short-form videos; public libraries; social media; Douyin; marketing; outreach +
Footnote †: journal: _Sci._  
0000-0002-4000-0000-0000-0000-0000-0000-0000-0000-0000-0000-0000-0000-0000-00000-0000-00000-0000-00000-00000-0000-00000-00000-00000  
media. Douyin's content recommendation mechanism allows the content of the library to reach potential users who are interested in it.  
However, as an emerging social media platform, many libraries cannot use Douyin accounts effectively to promote resources and services information to users. There is a distinct lack of available public library channels on Douyin. As of 1 April 2022, only 91 of the 3196 public libraries had created official Douyin accounts [6]. Except for the Jiangxi Provincial Library, which has 420,000 followers, few libraries have exceeded 100,000 followers. Unfortunately, these videos' likes, comments, and shares are fewer than other public cultural accounts, such as museums [7].  
Thus, this research analyzes the success of popular short-form videos and high-fan channels of public libraries in Mainland China on Douyin. The following research questions (RQs) guide this study:  
**RQ1.**: _What are the characteristics of Douyin usage in public libraries in Mainland China?_
**RQ2.**: _What is the marketing performance of Mainland public libraries' Douyin channels and their short-form videos?_
**RQ3.**: _What topic categories of short-form videos lead to high marketing efficiency?_
# Generating Image Descriptions of Rice Diseases and Pests Based on DeiT Feature Encoder
###### Abstract
[33] encodes image regions in a multi-level manner and uses the learned prior knowledge by persistent memory vector modeling, allowing the Transformer architecture to perform better on image description generation. However, all the above approaches require an additional CNN to extract image features. The ViT (Vision Transformer) [34] divides the image into image patches for input into the model, and it does not use any convolution operations but only the architectural model of Transformer for the image classification task. It demonstrates the remarkable ability of the Transformer in visual tasks without the need for a CNN encoder. [PERSON] et al. [35] designed the first completely convolution-free architecture for image captioning using pre-trained ViT as an encoder and a standard Transformer decoder for caption generation. The DeiT [36] architecture proposed and used a teacher-student distillation training strategy for ViT, which solves the problem of poor results of ViT models due to insufficient data volume and enables Transformer to obtain superior results than the traditional convolutional methods in the vision domain. Overall, the training cost of these image captioning models for the Transformer architecture is higher than the CNN models. Most of image captioning tasks use large public datasets and benchmarks such as Flickr8k [37], Flickr30k [38], and Microsoft COCO [39] to evaluate model performance. However, all of these datasets describe daily life scenarios. Therefore, there is a lack of mature datasets oriented to the image descriptions of rice pests and diseases. Although the accuracy of image description models trained on public datasets has been high, they cannot be directly applied to the image captioning task of rice pests and diseases. In summary, we propose an image description generation method for rice pests and diseases based on the DeiT feature encoder, focusing on the image captioning task of 10 common rice pests and diseases. First, the traditional CNN + Attention + LSTM architecture is replaced by the architecture of a completely convolution-free Transformer. Second, the images are encoded using a distillation pre-trained DeiT feature encoder with stronger global information extraction ability than a traditional CNN. Then, a decoder of Transformer, with better parallelism and the ability to capture inter-sentence features, is used to generate descriptions. Finally, Rice2k, an image description dataset for rice diseases and pests, is constructed. The performance of the model is evaluated by comparative experiments.
# Rapidly Deployable IoT Architecture with Data Security: Implementation and Experimental Evaluation
## 3 Lab-in-a-Box (LiB) Architecture
### Modular System Architecture
#### 3.1.4 Wireless Technologies  
As IoT pervades every aspect of modern life, more devices are getting connected and it is a challenge to design and support an infrastructure that can handle such dense traffic and be versatile to accommodate heterogeneous devices. Many of such edge node devices are battery powered, and restricted in terms of computational resources, memory, and transmission power. Zigbee [48; 49] is a low power, low latency communication protocol conforming to IEEE 802.15.4 specifications, standardized in 2003 and is used to establish communication between battery-powered nodes in wireless sensor networks such as environmental monitoring, home automation [50], traffic monitoring, etc. Zigbee standard imposes restrictions on power usage resulting in a low data rate up to 250 kbit/s and restricts the range to 10-100 m line-of-sight. It operates in a 2.4 GHz frequency range and is ideal for low power and low bandwidth applications.  
Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) is a wireless personal area network developed by the Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG) and is used for short-range monitoring and control applications such as wearable electronics, medical informatics, consumer electronics, security, and entertainment systems [51]. This technology is considerably low power compared to Bluetooth Classic and BLE devices, and can run on very limited energy for extended periods of time [52]. Additionally, with majority of consumer devices having a built-in BLE transceiver, it is an ideal candidate in portable IoT applications.  
LoRa (Long Range) is a wireless communication technology conforming to the IEEE 802.15.4 g protocol, developed by Semtech specifically designed for long range (up to 10 km), low power communication [53; 54]. It operates in the sub-gigahertz ISM bands such as 868 MHz and 915 MHz. LoRa is the physical layer protocol and LoRaWAN is the network on which LoRa operates. Low power wide area networks (LPWANs) are cellular networks which consist of end devices and base stations forming a star-topology network. The end devices typically communicate to base stations, and one base station can facilitate thousands of end nodes.
# Slow Pyrolysis as a Method of Treating Household Biowaste for Biochar Production
## 1 Introduction
[32] studied the co-pyrolysis of MSW organics and coal from Kazakhstan, showing that higher temperatures increased gas yield, while lower temperatures favored biochar from organic MSW. [PERSON] et al. [33] emphasized the versatility of pyrolysis for organic waste, noting that while individual food wastes (e.g., fruit peels, nut shells) have been well-studied, data on mixed household and garden waste is limited due to a preference for composting. [PERSON] et al. [34] showed that biochar yield decreased with more intense pyrolysis conditions when using pine wood, wheat straw, algae, and green waste. [PERSON] et al. [35] found banana peels to be suitable for slow pyrolysis, with peak decomposition between 450 and 550 \({}^{\circ}\)C. [PERSON] et al. [23] improved yields of biochar and bio-oil from walnut shells by pretreating them with phosphoric acid (0.2-0.8 M), demonstrating the potential uses of biochar for fuel or wastewater treatment, bio-oil as a mixed fuel or chemical source, and pyrolysis gas (rich in CH\({}_{4}\), H\({}_{2}\), and CO) for combustion. [PERSON] et al. [36] also investigated walnut shell pyrolysis at 600 \({}^{\circ}\)C in N\({}_{2}\) and CO\({}_{2}\) atmospheres, focusing on reaction kinetics. This report focuses on the treatment of kitchen (food) and garden biowaste, collected during the spring and autumn seasons from Polish households, and explores the feasibility of producing biochar from this material through slow pyrolysis technology. The primary objectives of this study are as follows:  
* To characterize the biowaste materials used in the investigation;
* To evaluate the influence of the slow pyrolysis temperature on the yield and physico-chemical properties of the resulting biochar;
* To analyze the properties of the produced biochar.
## 3 Results
### Microstructure
A simultaneous measurement of the wave velocity to estimate the temperature (according to Figure 12) may be used for such temperature correction. A grain size increase of 1 \(\upmu\)m leads to an increased attenuation \(b^{\prime}\) of 0.03 (pure austenite, 15 \(\upmu\)m at 300 \({}^{\circ}\)C, Figure 14a). A temperature change of 10 \({}^{\circ}\)C causes an attenuation change in the order of 0.004 (pure austenite, 15 \(\upmu\)m at 300 \({}^{\circ}\)C, Figure 15a), which is one order of a magnitude lower. This shows that an effect of temperature is present, but much less prominent than in the velocity measurements. For ferrite, the slopes are not as large as for austenite, indicating that grain size estimation from attenuation will be less accurate. Here, the attenuation value is 0.011 per \(\upmu\)m (pure ferrite, 10 \(\upmu\)m at 300 \({}^{\circ}\)C, Figure 14b), which is also some ten times larger than the attenuation change caused by a temperature increase of 10 \({}^{\circ}\)C: 0.0013 (pure ferrite, 10 \(\upmu\)m at 300 \({}^{\circ}\)C, Figure 15b). Hence, estimation of grain size in the order of 1 \(\upmu\)m based on the attenuation requires measurement of the attenuation in the order of a few hundredths, and measurement of the temperature in the order of 10 \({}^{\circ}\)C, which is feasible. The velocity computation is very sensitive to sample thickness, as can be seen in Equation (3). The attenuation is expected to be less sensitive to sample thickness variation, since it is based on the comparison of two signal spectra. The spectra themselves depend on the travelled distance (which in turn directly relates to the sample thickness), but they vary only slightly with thickness variations. Simulations with slightly varying thicknesses have not been performed, rendering it impossible to quantify the effect of thickness variation on attenuation and to present constraints. Simulations of other microstructure realizations or randomizations (pure austenite, grain size 15 \(\upmu\)m, at 300 \({}^{\circ}\)C) lead to attenuation variations less than \(\pm\)0.009. That variation corresponds with a grain size variation of less than 0.3 \(\upmu\)m. This indicates that variation in morphologies and Euler angle distributions does not have a significant impact on grain sizing.
## 5 Proposal Architecture and Its Deployment
### Objectives and Design Considerations  
The primary objectives of our proposed architecture are:  
* To enhance privacy and anonymity in IoT communications using Dark Net technologies.
* To maintain efficient and reliable data transmission despite the additional security layers.  
Figure 2: Overview of the Proposed MQTT over TOR Architecture for IoT.  
* To ensure compatibility with existing IoT infrastructures and protocols.
* To provide a scalable solution that can be applied in various IoT scenarios.  
The idea aims to extend the results of a worst-case scenario for wide practical applicability by combining a hardware limitation solution with a security-focused VLAN technique.  
The research assesses how well various OpenSSL encryption protocols integrate with the Mosquito server, focusing on key performance indicators across different quality of service tiers. These metrics include overall efficiency ratio, cumulative processing time, mean execution duration, message transmission interval, average data throughput, and aggregate bandwidth consumption for each cryptographic algorithm set.  
The study aims to pinpoint encryption methods that optimize both information protection and efficient data transfer, particularly for MQTT systems operating in areas with limited resources, such as suburban or rural environments. This approach seeks to enhance adaptability across diverse MQTT network configurations.  
To improve IoT device interoperability and contribute to a secure communication architecture, the project also investigates the implementation of open firmware on restricted devices. Together, these goals, which are examined in a TOR environment, seek to improve safe and effective IoT communication protocols while tackling hardware limitations and various network settings, taking into account the effect of the normal TOR network performance loss.
# Effects of Diagonal Friction Dampers on Behavior of a Building
## 4 Results and Discussion
### Comparison of Peak Roof Displacements  
In order to determine the effect of dampers on building behavior  
The highest displacements occured in Kobe, followed by Imperial Valley, and the lowest displacements occurred in the Kocaeli earthquake. The acceleration record with the highest acceleration response in the building period was for Kobe, followed by Imperial Valley, and then, Kocaeli. The roof displacement results confirm this information (Figure 8b).  
Displacement reduction ratios represent the change in displacement relative to the Reference model. The displacement at the top of the Reference building under the influence of the Kobe earthquake was 23.30 mm. The highest reduction in displacement obtained relative to the Reference was 83.56% for the Full-FD configurations, 62.23% and 53.86% for 1-2 FD and 1-3 FD, respectively, and 50.64% for 1-3-5 FD. In addition, a 2% higher peak displacement than the Reference was obtained in the 5-FD configuration. Similar behavior sequences occurred for the other earthquake effects, even if the percentages changed (Table 6 and Figure 10).  
When all the earthquake results were examined, in the case where dampers were used on the first two floors of the building (1-2 FD), the reduction rate observed in displacement compared to the Reference building was at least 52%. In the 1-3 FD models, the rate obtained was at least 49%. In the 2-4 FD model, the displacement reduction ratio was at least 33%. In the 1-3-5 FD model, on the other hand, there was at least a 50% reduction in displacement at the apex, and at least a 62% reduction in the apex in the Full-FD model. In the 5-FD model, the peak displacement increased in all earthquake effects. This result shows that improper damper placement may have a negative effect on the earthquake behavior of a building.