## 4 Results  
As depicted in Figure 4, the prototype of the measuring apparatus appears relatively straightforward in design. The basic dimensions of the proposed and testing device are 200 \(\times\) 300 \(\times\) 160 mm, with a maximum vertical (z-axis) travel of 50 mm. As previously mentioned, it comprises a compact frame housing all requisite components [17]. The device features a supporting section (1), wherein all the necessary measuring elements are positioned. At its uppermost part resides the stepper motor, specifically a Nema 23 (2) delivering a torque of 1.23 Nm, as discernible from the illustration. The rotational motion of the motor is transmitted via gears (3) onto trapezoidal threaded rods (4), whose rotational movement induces the displacement of guide nuts and consequently propels the EMS 20-5 kN sensor (6) along the \(Z\)-axis. This motion facilitates the detachment of the test model perpendicular to the pressure plate [18]. All specified components are situated on the device frame of the apparatus (5). The entire process is methodically recorded in time and visualized through EMS Center v1.0 software, which subsequently generates data from individual measurements showcased in Tables 3 and 4. Figure 4: The construction of the prototype designed for adhesive testing. This section delves into the empirical outcomes derived from conducted adhesion test measurements, encompassing an extensive array of tables and graphs. These analyses are instrumental in elucidating the adhesion properties of 3D-printed objects on a spectrum of materials, namely pure aluminum plate, spring steel coated with Polyetherimide (PEI), a magnetic plate coated with Polyimide (PI), and borosilicate tempered glass. Through systematic experimentation and data collection, this chapter offers profound insights into the complex interplay between material composition, surface texture, and 3D printing adherence [19]. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Max. Tear-Off Force from the Build Plate [N]**} \\ \cline{2-3}  & **Pure Aluminium Sheet** & **Spring Steel with PEI Coating** \\ \hline Trial No. 1 & 30.97 & 47.30 \\ \hline Trial No. 2 & 34.51 & 46.98 \\ \hline Trial No. 3 & 32.52 & 41.36 \\ \hline Trial No. 4 & 28.32 & 43.69 \\ \hline Trial No. 5 & 27.67 & 51.72 \\ \hline Trial No. 6 & 29.13 & 55.79 \\ \hline Trial No. 7 & 31.15 & 61.07 \\ \hline Trial No. 8 & 29.45 & 66.56 \\ \hline Trial No. 9 & 48.09 & 62.61 \\ \hline Trial No. 10 & 34.51 & 56.15 \\ \hline Trial No. 11 & 37.09 & 49.70 \\ \hline Trial No. 12 & 33.63 & 58.88 \\ \hline Mean deviation & 33.09 & 53.48 \\ \hline Standard deviation & 5.52 & 7.95 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: Comparison of maximum shear forces between uncoated aluminum bed and bed with PEI coating. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Max. Tear-Off Force from the Build Plate [N]**} \\ \cline{2-3}  & **Tempered Glass with PI Layer** & **Borosilicate Glass Plate** \\ \hline Trial No. 1 & 51.24 & 51.69 \\ \hline Trial No. 2 & 54.06 & 63.69 \\ \hline Trial No. 3 & 57.89 & 55.52 \\ \hline Trial No. 4 & 63.31 & 44.76 \\ \hline Trial No. 5 & 63.13 & 42.33 \\ \hline Trial No. 6 & 51.12 & 67.55 \\ \hline Trial No. 7 & 54.31 & 41.27 \\ \hline Trial No. 8 & 60.07 & 52.03 \\ \hline Trial No. 9 & 51.41 & 62.77 \\ \hline Trial No. 10 & 67.19 & 75.25 \\ \hline Trial No. 11 & 64.85 & 63.12 \\ \hline Trial No. 12 & 56.86 & 35.83 \\ \hline Mean deviation & 57.95 & 54.65 \\ \hline Standard deviation & 5.70 & 12.10 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Comparison of maximum shear forces between surfaces with PI and borosilicate coatings. To better interpret the results of measurements of the maximum force upon detachment of the model from the print bed, the measured values were supplemented with the average and standard deviation values in the measurement context. \[\overline{x}=\frac{\sum_{i-1}^{n}x_{i}}{n} \tag{1}\]  
where:  
\(\overline{x}\)--is the mean (average). \(n\)--is the number of values in the dataset.