## 1 Introduction
### Literature Review
[25] generate a residential model of a district in Jaen (Spain), creating archetypes based on the Spanish typologies. [PERSON] et al. [26] generate a neighborhood-scale UBEM based on archetypes combined with rooftop photovoltaic potential. [PERSON] et al. [27] create a bottom-up UBEM with archetypes based on TABULA to determine hourly heat load profiles in residential buildings at the neighborhood scale and compare simulation results with real measurements from two district heating systems. [PERSON] et al. [28] establish a protocol to study the energy performance of specific building typologies in Mediterranean countries, using Cordoba (Spain) as a case study. [PERSON] et al. [29] combine geographic information system (GIS) and life cycle assessment (LCA) analysis to calculate different renovation strategies in Barcelona using cadastral and statistical data. [PERSON] et al. [30] developed a UBEM at regional level in Portugal. [PERSON] et al. [31] generate UBEMs based on Bayesian statistics in the Sicily region. Archetype-based UBEMs face challenges in generating accurate and representative archetypes, mainly due to the lack of data needed to generate accurate and representative models for all buildings. This limitation affects the precision and reliability of the resulting models. As highlighted by [PERSON] et al. [32], there are different spatiotemporal upscaling errors that occur when clustering buildings. [PERSON] et al. [33] study the effectiveness of building clustering and its importance for generating reliable models at district scale, as well as the main variables used in the literature, highlighting that analyzing building characteristics, such as building geometry, construction year, or number of floors, to generate archetypes is a viable alternative for urban energy simulations. Currently, many archetypes are experience-based archetypes [33,34], archetypes developed based on researchers' experience or prior results, rather than on detailed, territory-specific information, as generally there are not enough detailed data at the district, city or bigger scales to generate buildings. These models allow for modeling with less information and computational requirements but risk containing errors or making incorrect generalizations that do not represent the buildings in the case study. As [PERSON] et al. [35] point out, the use of archetypes based on statistics is complex in Spain, as projects like the Typology Approach for Building Stock Energy Assessment (TABULA) Project do not provide sufficient information to generate an adequate energy panorama for Spain. A significant point, as emphasized by [PERSON] et al. [36], is that energy performance depends not only on the construction period but also on the architectural, morphological, and technological solutions that characterize each building. This is a critical point of archetypes, and creating them poses challenges that require a detailed understanding of each building, which archetype grouping often cannot achieve. The other approach for large scale simulations is generating a detailed physical bottom-up UBEM based on EPCs. The EPC is a rating system created in Europe to summarize the energy efficiency of buildings, aiming to provide consumers with insights into properties they plan to buy or rent in European countries. This scheme is governed by Directive 2010/31/EU, and it implies the generation of an energy model for every building, office, or housing unit that is sold or rented in Europe [37]. EPCs have been utilized as a data source in various scientific studies at different scales [38, 39, 40]. EPC-based UBEMs offer a viable alternative to the problem of the precision of archetype-based UBEMs, as the use of EPCs created specifically for each building allows us to obtain more precise data on a building-by-building basis. However, the problem of the use of EPCs for large-scalesimulations is that only a reduced percentage of buildings have such certificates. For example, as previously mentioned, in Spain, only 10% of existing buildings have EPCs.