# Methodology for Verification of Geometrically Complex Components Through Reverse Engineering
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Factors Influencing Geometric Accuracy and Quality
If the fixture does not provide adequate clamping of the components, they may experience undesired movement during welding. This can lead to displacement, rotation, or oscillation of the parts, increasing the probability of defects such as misalignment, deformations, or incorrect weld geometry. A key aspect of fixture design is the proper placement of clamping points. Incorrect positioning can cause uneven material stress during welding, leading to distortions. For  
Figure 5: Heat-affected zones near the weld can alter material properties, impacting the structural integrity of the cabin weldment. Figure 6: Detail of the correct bending and positioning of sheet metal components on the cabin. example, if the clamping points are placed too close together, excessive stress may be concentrated in certain areas, potentially causing positional shifts, which are critical for complex structures. Worn-out or damaged clamping mechanisms can result in improper component fixation, allowing movement during welding. If the contact surfaces of the fixture are worn or contaminated, stability and positioning may be compromised. Dirt and wear can reduce positioning accuracy and lead to instability during welding. Over prolonged use, geometric deviations or reduced stiffness may develop in the fixture. If a welding fixture consists of multiple components, ensuring proper assembly is crucial to keeping parts in the correct position throughout the welding process. To facilitate accurate component placement, the use of locks or engraved markings is essential, aiding in the proper alignment of individual fixture elements [25; 26]. Minimizing welding processes and utilizing cold joints is an effective strategy to reduce deformations and enhance part accuracy, particularly for thinner materials. In thin sheet metal components, welding is more prone to thermal deformations, which can affect shape and geometric accuracy. On the other hand, welding thicker plates is generally easier, as the material withstands high temperatures better and results in stronger welds. However, thicker plates increase the overall weight of the fixture and make handling more challenging [27]. One effective approach to minimizing welding-induced deformations is to divide larger welded assemblies into smaller sections. This process offers several advantages. Smaller parts welded separately are less prone to deformation, as thermal effects act on a smaller volume of material. By gradually joining these parts into larger assemblies, geometric accuracy can be better controlled, preventing major shape alterations. This approach also simplifies fixture design, reducing both costs and setup time. Additionally, each subassembly can be individually inspected for quality and accuracy, allowing for the early detection and correction of potential issues [28]. An overview of the design factors of the welding fixture is presented in Table 2, which highlights the key categories and their respective elements. These factors are critical for ensuring the proper functioning, accuracy, and safety of the welding fixture, including aspects such as geometric and dimensional requirements, material selection, type of welding, fixture adjustability, and safety measures. Proper consideration of these factors during the design phase ensures the fixture meets the necessary technical specifications and performs reliably across different applications [29; 30]. The prototype of the rotary welding fixture, shown in Figure 7, was designed based on the digital model of the front panel of the cabin (yellow model) and is engineered to ensure precise and stable fixation of components during the welding process. The parts are