## 2 Results
### Volatile Profiles

Table 4: _Cont._The analysis of the volatile chemical composition of the honey samples revealed the presence of four compounds in common among the investigated species: hotriend 42% in MIH and 3% in MSH; linalool in MIH and MSH (2.6% and 1.6% in MIH and MSH, respectively); decanal (0.6% and 0.02% in MIH and MSH, respectively); and nonanoic acid (0.6% in MIH, and 2.4% in MSH). In addition to these shared constituents, it was observed that the samples derived from _M. seminigma_ exhibited a chemical profile with more evenly distributed classes among carboxylic acids, esters, aldehydes, alcohols, and terpen when compared to _M. internupta_, which presented a composition predominantly rich in terpen. Terpenes represented the predominant class of secondary metabolites in all floral samples analyzed. Quantitatively, a significant variation was observed in the number of identified compounds: the _Anacardium occidentale_ (AO, 31 compounds) and _Semna occidentalis_ (SO, 24 compounds) showed greater diversity compared to _Mangifera indica_ (MI, 11 compounds), _Averrhoa carambola_ (AC, 15 compounds), and _Bongainville_ sp. (BO, 18 compounds). Furthermore, the monoterpene linalool was common in almost all analyzed samples: in MIH (2.6%), MSH (1.6%), AO (0.1%), MI (3.8%), AC (1.2%), and BO (1.6%). Another terpene that was also common in several samples was \(\beta\)-ocimene, which was present in MIH (0.4%), AC (50.9%), BO (8.8%), and SO (40.7%). In addition, terpinolene, found in MSH (1.1%), was also present in AO (1%) and MI (11.5%). Phenethyl alcohol was one of the major constituents in MSH (12.3%) and SO (13.5%) and was also detected in AO (1.3%) and AC (1.6%). The compound 1-nonanol, found in MIH (8.1%), was also present in AO (0.1%) and AC (1.8%). Decanal was detected in both honey samples, MIH (0.6%) and MSH (0.02%), as well as in BO (0.3%). Also, 3-hexen-1-ol was present in similar proportions in AC (7.4%) and BO (7.1%). These samples also shared the presence of (_E_)-linal oxide, found at 0.41% in AC and 14.3% in BO. The compound cosmene was common to the AC, BO, and SO samples. Cosmene was found at 1.8% in AC, 4.8% in BO, and 5.2% in SO. In AO, the analysis revealed \(\beta\)-caryophyllene (26.2%) as the major compound, followed by \(\alpha\)-copaene (6.7%), 3-carene (6.1%), \(\alpha\)-caryophyllene (5.1%), \(\delta\)-cadinene (5%), \(\gamma\)-cadinene (4.7%), \(\gamma\)-gurjunene (4.7%), and \(\gamma\)-muurolene (4%). Compounds such as carophyllene,  
Figure 1: Classes of chemical compounds found in the analyzed samples. **MIH**: honey of _M. internupta_; **MSH**: honey of _M. seminigma_; **AO**: flowers of _Anacardium occidentale_; **MI**: flowers of _Mangifera indica_; **AC**: flowers of _Averrho carambola_; **BO**: flowers of _Bongainville_ sp. ; **SO**: flowers of _Semna occidentalis_. cadinene, and muurolene are frequently found in _Melipona_ honey, indicating a direct transfer of floral volatiles to the final product [34]. In MI, the main compounds identified were 3-carene (20.9%), \(\alpha\)-pinene (19%), \(\beta\)-myrcene (10.4%), terpionlene (11.4%), \(\beta\)-pinene (8.6%), D-limonene (6.9%), 4,8-dimethylnone-1,3,7-triene (5.7%), linalool (3.8%), and sabinene (2.9%). The presence of these monoterenes and sesquiterpenes, commonly associated with tropical floral profiles, is also observed in stingless bee honey [35]. In AC, the most prominent compounds were (\(E\))-\(\beta\)-ocimene (50.9%), \(\alpha\)-farnesene (16.6%), 3-hexen-1-ol (\(Z\)) (7.4%), nonanal (5.4%), (\(Z\))-\(\beta\)-Ocimene (3.1%), Javandul (2.4%), cosmene (1.8%), 1-nonanol (1.8%), and phenethyl alcohol (1.6%). Compounds such as (\(E\))-\(\beta\)-ocimene and phenethyl alcohol are widely reported in stingless bee honey and are associated with floral attraction and the antioxidant bioactivity of these products [27].