esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Approaches to the Functionalization of Organosilicon Dendrones Based on Limonene
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Functionalization of the Periphery of Limonene-Based Carbosilane Dendrons  
As discussed in the previous section, CDs with a functional focal point are of great interest for further use in JDs, dendronized polymers, etc. To this end, many research teams, including ours, are actively developing the application of azide-alkyne cycloaddition as a convenient and versatile method for synthesizing complex macromolecules with various topologies. Therefore, the next stage of this work was to functionalize the peripheral groups of CDs with azide groups aimed at subsequent addition of hydrophilic or hydrophobic chains by azide-alkyne cycloaddition.  
To obtain azide functional peripheral groups, we chose diallysilyl limonene, which we obtained previously, as the model compound. For functionalization, the corresponding hydrosilane was first obtained from commercially available (3-chloropropyl)dimethyl chlorosilane by the standard procedure, then hydrosilylation with diallysilyl limonene was performed (Scheme 4). Hydrosilylation occurred with complete conversion in nearly quantitative yield. At the final stage, nucleophilic replacement of the chlorine atom by the azide group was performed. The yield of the final product at this stage reached 92%.  
Based on the allyl-functional dendrons obtained previously, a library of CDs with peripheral azide groups of various generations and with various numbers of chains--two, three, or four--were obtained in a similar way (Scheme 5).  
Azide-functional dendrons Lim-G\({}_{1}\)(PrN\({}_{3}\))\({}^{2}\) and Lim-G\({}_{1}\)(PrN\({}_{3}\))\({}^{2}\) were obtained from diallysilyl- and triallysilyllimonene, respectively; formally, from a nomenclature point of view, they can be considered as generation-1 dendrons. The Lim-G\({}_{2}\)(PrN\({}_{3}\))\({}^{4}\) dendron was obtained from the generation-1 dendron with four allyl functions. Thus, this approach makes it possible to obtain dendrons with a successively increasing number of azidopropyl chains and increase the generation of initial dendrons by one. It should be noted that dendrons are synthesized in high yields using simple methods of organic and organoelement chemistry. The structure and purity of the dendrons were estimated by NMR spectroscopy and GPC (Supporting Information, SI1 and SI2).
# Grasp Analysis for the Robot-Based Manipulation of Pre-Assembled Cables with Electrical Connectors
## 2 State of the Art
### Contact Modeling for Two-Jaw Grippers and Rigid Objects  
One key aspect of grasp analysis is the description of the contact relation between a gripper and a workpiece. For general background knowledge, please refer to [6] for contact modeling and [7] for grasp analysis. There are widely used generic possibilities to analyze grasps, such as _Grasplt!_[8] or the _Q metric_ introduced by [PERSON] and [PERSON] [9] to describe the quality of a grasp. In addition, there are approaches that extend these generic studies focusing on the integration of tasks. One example is the work of [10], which deals with the statistical distribution of disturbances during manipulation tasks and, thus, derives task-oriented quality metrics. In general, grasps can be distinguished into point, line, and surface contacts [4]. Since, for ECs, force-closure grasping using a two-jaw gripper is useful, we subsequently focus on surface contacts.  
Most recently, a novel contact model was presented by [11], whose core part is the modeling of non-planar surface contacts (NSCs) for grasping. The novel contribution is that all six wrench components consisting of the three force components \(F_{x}\), \(F_{y}\), \(F_{z}\) and the three torque components \(T_{x}\), \(T_{y}\), \(T_{z}\), are considered. The motivation is that calculating the frictional components of a NSC using only three wrench components is overly conservative. For this work, Coulomb friction is assumed with a constant friction coefficient. Moreover, the contact profile consisting of the contact surface and its pressure distribution is assumed to be known. In addition, the model is built for one contact profile and changes during the task are neglected. Furthermore, inertial terms are disregarded. However, they could be considered as external disturbances. Furthermore, the grasp wrench space (GWS) is calculated for a grasp with multiple NSCs. The GWs can then be used to check whether the grasp can withstand an external disturbance [11].  
Moreover, [PERSON] et al. [12] present an approach for contact force modeling with the objective of compliant grasping, using apple harvesting as a use case. Based on this, an impedance control strategy is developed to monitor occurring forces. The approach builds on previous work [13] in which different grasping modes for apples were investigated.  
In addition to contact modeling, the constraints of grasping and mating are also significant for the grasp analysis of ECs. Subsequently, studies that have already examined the grasping and mating of ECs are presented.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Optical Characterization  
The fabricated MoS\({}_{2}\)/WSe\({}_{2}\) heterojunction on the SiO\({}_{2}\)/Si substrate was characterized using Raman and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy (Witec Alpha 300 Access, Ulm, Germany) with a 532 nm laser. In the Raman measurements, the laser power was set to 0.2 mW to avoid doping effect on WSe\({}_{2}\), the integration time was 5 s and the number of integrations was 2. For the PL measurements, the laser power was set to 0.5 mW, the integration time was 8 s and the number of integrations was 3. Optical microscopy (Keyence VHX-600, Osaka, Japan) and atomic force microscopy (AFM, Dimension 3100, Veeco, Plainview, NY, USA) were used to identify the device's surface topography and step height, respectively.
# ERCP: Energy-Efficient and Reliable-Aware Clustering Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks
## 6 Conclusions  
In this paper, an efficient ERCP protocol for maximizing the network's lifetime and throughput has been developed. The ERCP protocol includes both the selection of the cluster head and the algorithms for inter-cluster data routing. The cluster head selection algorithm ensures the network's most efficient selection of cluster heads. The clustering algorithm is based on four criteria: The distance to the sink node, distance to neighbors, quality metric, and residual energy. After clustering, an inter-cluster routing algorithm takes place for data transmission between the sensor nodes and the sink node. It finds the most efficient paths to the sink node so that it can receive the data. The decision regarding the routing is determined via a cost function that depends on three parameters: The node's energy metric, the connection quality, and the distance to the sink node. Extensive simulation experiments were carried out to verify that the ERCP method is effective. The comparison results in terms of the network's lifetime, PDR, average end-to-end latency, and EIF proved that the ERCP protocol outperformed earlier works such as HUMBCR, ECRP, and EPSO-CEO algorithms. The proposed protocol could be developed in the future considering the WSN with a mobile sink node.  
Conceptualization, F.H.E.-F. and R.A.R.; methodology, F.H.E.-F., A.Y.K. and R.A.R.; software, F.H.E.-F. and R.A.R.; validation, A.Y.K., M.H.S. and H.K.; formal analysis, F.H.E.-F., R.A.R. and E.J.A.; investigation, F.H.E.-F., R.A.R., K.Y., H.K. and R.A.R.; resources, F.H.E.-F., E.J.A. and R.A.R.; data curation, F.H.E.-F., A.Y.K., M.H.S., E.J.A., K.Y., H.K., and R.A.R.; writing--original draft preparation, F.H.E.-F. and R.A.R.; writing--review and editing, F.H.E.-F., A.Y.K., M.H, E.J.A., K.Y., H.K. and R.A; visualization, F.H.E.-F. and R.A.R.; supervision, F.H.E.-F., R.A.R.; project administration, R.A.R.; funding acquisition, A.Y.K., M.H.S., E.J.A., K.Y., H.K. and R.A.R. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded by the Scientific Research Deanship at the University of Ha'il, Saudi Arabia, through project number RG-20 147.  
Not applicable.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.  
Figure 9: Overall complexity in terms of the required processing time.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Methodology
#### 2.1.5 Gershgorin Circle Theorem  
The Gershgorin circle theorem has been widely applied in various fields, including feature extraction of signal and images [22, 23] and grid stability analysis [24]. The Gershgorin circle theorem estimates the eigenvalue inclusion of any \(\mathrm{m}\times\mathrm{m}\) square matrix \(\mathrm{L}\). It generates the sets of GCs with a radius \(\mathrm{r}\) and center \(\mathrm{c}\) from a given matrix \(\mathrm{L}\). Hence, the union of all GCs includes the estimate location of eigenvalues of matrix \(\mathrm{L}\). The GC theorem states that each eigenvalue of matrix \(\mathrm{L}\) is contained within at least one GC. Given  
Figure 2: Illustration of geodesic path and logarithm mapping from Riemannian manifold to tangent space. The projection of SPD matrices \(\mathrm{C}_{1}\) and \(\mathrm{C}_{2}\) from the curved manifold \(\mathrm{C}_{\mathrm{P}}\) to the tangent space \(\mathrm{T}_{\mathrm{M}}\mathrm{C}_{\mathrm{P}}\). The geodesic distance \(\delta_{\mathrm{r}}(\mathrm{C}_{1},\mathrm{C}_{2})\) between \(\mathrm{C}_{1}\) and \(\mathrm{C}_{2}\) on the manifold is depicted by the solid black line. The Log-Euclidean mapping of \(\mathrm{C}_{1}\) and \(\mathrm{C}_{2}\) to points \(\mathrm{S}_{1}\) and \(\mathrm{S}_{2}\) in the tangent space is shown with red dashed arrows. \(\mathrm{M}\) represents the mean point on the manifold, while \(\varnothing_{\mathrm{s}}\) is the origin in the tangent space.  
an \(m\times m\) square matrix \(L\) with elements \(l_{ij}\), the GC radius \(r_{i}\left(l_{ij}\right)\) and center \(c_{i}\left(l_{ij}\right)\) for each row element are defined by Equations (3) and (4), respectively.  
\[r_{i}\left(l_{ij}\right)=\sum_{j\in m\backslash\{ij\}}\left|l_{ij}\right|\ \left(i\in m\right), \tag{3}\]  
\[c_{i}\left(l_{ij}\right)=l_{ij,}\text{ where }i=j\left(i\in m\right) \tag{4}\]  
The \(r_{i}\left(l_{ij}\right)\) is the absolute sum of the off-diagonal elements of row \(i\), and \(c_{i}\left(l_{ij}\right)\) is the diagonal element of row \(i\). Figure 1 visualizes the implementation of the GC theorem on the vertically flipped matrix \(T\), by extracting the first row GC radius \(r_{i}\left(T_{i_{12}}\right)\), which is equal to \(\text{Cov}\left(e_{i},e_{j}\right)\), and center \(c_{i}\left(T_{i_{11}}\right)\), which is equal to \(\text{Var}\left(e_{i}\right)\) elements. The primary reason for focusing solely on the first row of GC for clustering is that it encompasses the variance and covariance of all epochs \(e_{j}\) in relation to a chosen epoch \(e_{i}\). This approach effectively captures the relationship between the epochs, making the first row pivotal datapoints for clustering analysis. Figure 3 demonstrates the benefits of vertical matrix transformation. For instance, implementation of the GC theorem on matrix \(S\) (shown in Figure 3a) fails to identify two distinct spikes (GCs), whereas on matrix \(T\) (shown in Figure 3b), the two spikes (GCs) are effectively segregated.
###### Abstract  
Long tunnels with significant overburden, changeable geological conditions, a steep gradient, water infiltration, and heavy traffic flow are susceptible to environmental concerns during both construction and operation. The availability of fresh air and visibility is the most important necessity in excavation for tunnel workers inside the tunnel during the construction phase, as well as those crossing the tunnel during operation. Lowari Tunnel's tunnel air pollutants were researched. Carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO\({}_{2}\)), oxygen (O\({}_{2}\)), hydrogen sulfide (H\({}_{2}\)S), sulfur dioxide (SO\({}_{2}\)), nitrogen oxide (NO), ammonia (NH\({}_{3}\)), nitrogen dioxide (NO\({}_{2}\)), PM\({}_{1}\), PM\({}_{2.5}\), PM\({}_{10}\), air velocity, dust morphological and particle size distribution analysis are among the parameters under consideration. The findings provide evidence for the development of tunnel air quality.  
Keywords:road tunnel; construction stage; operational stage; gases concentration; particulate matter; environmental monitoring and engineering +
Footnote †: journal: Applied sciences
# Leveraging Hybrid RF-VLP for High-Accuracy Indoor Localization with Sparse Anchors
## 4 Results and Discussions  
### Comparison Among Different Positioning Systems  
To highlight the advantages of the hybrid system, comparisons are made with the widely used BLE-only positioning systems. In this configuration, all LED anchors are disabled, and four receivers are randomly selected as anchors. The remaining receivers estimate their distances to the anchors using Equation (3) and compute their coordinates with the least squares method. The receiver setup and the positioning result are shown in Figure 5(a). And, as shown in Figure 5(c), the traditional BLE-only system achieves an overall root mean square error (RMSE) of 36.5 cm. In contrast, the proposed hybrid system demonstrates a notable improvement. The receiver setup and positioning result are shown in Figure 5(b), and dots of different colors represent the positioning results of receivers within the coverage areas of different LEDs. The positioning result achieves an overall RMSE of 26.1 cm, corresponding to an accuracy enhancement of approximately 28.5% over the BLE-only localization approach.  
Another widely used localization method is LED-only positioning. However, due to the non-overlapping coverage areas of LED anchors, location estimation is limited to proximity-based techniques. Consequently, the localization error is approximately equal to the LED coverage radius, around 1 m, which is significantly worse than the proposed method.  
Figure 4: BLE mesh vendor message structure.  
Figure 5: Comparison of BLE RSS metrics pre- and post-filtering.  
Figure 6: Comparison with BLE-only positioning systems. (**a**) BLE only localization. (**b**) Hybrid localization. (**c**) RMSE of positioning for all receivers.
# Energy Consumption Characteristics for Design Parameters of Permanent Magnet-Based Al Billet Heater
## 4 Heating Characteristic Effects on Design Parameters
### Analysis of Effects of Change in the Clearance between Billet and Permanent Magnet  
For the analysis of the model based on the clearance between the billet and the permanent magnet, the tangential model with 12 permanent magnets, which showed the highest heating value, was selected. The design parameters were defined such that the permanent magnets maintained a constant volume by changing their outer radius with the change in the clearance between the billet and permanent magnets. In view of processing  
Figure 11: Analysis result according to the number of permanent magnets: (**a**) result of normal model; (**b**) result of tangential model.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Number of Magnets** & **4** & **8** & **10** & **12** & **14** \\ \hline Energy consumption & & & & & \\ (Tangential, kWh/ton) & & & & & \\ (Normal, kWh/ton) & & & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: Energy consumption according to the number of magnets.  
and assembly, the minimum clearance was defined as 0.5 mm. To analyze the heating performance according to the changes in the inner and outer radii, the inner radius was set to 30.5-33 mm, as shown in Table 4, and the outer radius was set to 46.60-48.27 mm by Equation (7), as follows:  
\[R_{i}=\sqrt{R_{o}^{2}+\frac{2C}{\theta}} \tag{7}\]  
where \(C\) is the cross-sectional area of the permanent magnet, \(R_{i}\) is the inner radius, \(R_{o}\) is the outer radius, and \(\theta\) is the arc angle of the permanent magnet.  
On this basis, the analysis model with an inner radius of 30.5 mm was defined as Case01, and the heating characteristics were analyzed using six models in total with 0.5 mm increments.  
The results of the electromagnetic-thermal analysis with different clearances of the induction heating system are shown in Figure 12 and Table 5. As the clearance of the permanent magnet and billet increased, the magnetic flux density, current density, and power loss decreased. When the power loss was checked in Figure 12, the Case01 model with the smallest clearance with the billet had the maximum heating efficiency. This indicates that it is advantageous to design the clearance between the magnet and billet as small as possible within the allowable range. Moreover, it shows nonlinear characteristics for the clearance.
## 2 Study Area and Data
### Photogrammetric Analyses  
The preprocessing steps were carried out on the raw data from aerial photographs of the project area, which were ordered from the Federal Office for Metrology and Surveying (BEV) and the map service of Tyrol (TIRIS). The photogrammetric processing of image pairs was carried out in ERDAS Imagine 2014 to produce digital surface/elevation models (DSM/DEM) and orthophotos for different years. Airborne laser-scanning (ALS) digital elevation model and orthophotos are available for the years 1965, 1973, 1974, 1992, 1997, and 2004/2007.  
The volume of total material loss removed from the landslide area by debris flow activity was estimated by the difference between the prefailure topography and the postfailure topography. There was no available DEM information for the prefailure topography. Therefore, a DEM of the prefailure topography was established by reshaping the contour lines which were obtained by the ALS DEM of 2007. The cut/fill function (spatial analyst) in ArcGIS 10 was used to obtain the comparison between the obtained DEM for the prefailure topography and the 2007 DEM for the postfailure topography. The reshaping process was conducted in a conservative way to avoid an overestimation of the landslide volume. Only the clearly recognizable material loss was equilibrated. Figures 4 and 5 show the analyses of material loss for different zones in the landslide area.  
Figure 4: Analysis of material loss by DEM models including postfailure topography (2007 DEM) and established prefailure topography (modified from Krenn [51]).  
Figure 3: Different outcrops of glacial deposits at the Ludoialm landslide area (from Krenn [51]).
# An Aspect-Oriented Approach to Time-Constrained Strategies in Smart City IoT Applications
## 3 Proposed Aspect-Oriented Approach to Time-Constrained Strategies
### Applying the Aspect-Oriented Approach to Time-Constrained Strategies  
In developing the software architecture to support time-constrained strategies, we add an additional dimension to the ITM model, integrating it with the aspect-oriented approach we took in [16] for time-constrained data. Thus, in our proposed model, additional out-of  
Figure 3: Example functional decomposition of a strategy showing the WoV status of different components (A–F) in the algorithm at some time \(t\).  
band metadata are maintained by the aspect weaver on the WoV status of each functional component of the strategy.  
There are various approaches which may be used to achieve this, the most general being a simple mapping table, with more complex potential solutions including modifying the in-memory representation of the Strategy object to include a WoV field according to the particular constructs of the programming language in use.  
Code in the Strategy object may call functions which may or may not yet exist locally, or be within a valid WoV, on the local agent. The aspect-oriented mechanism in the device's infrastructure supervises the execution of the device's main program, intervening to update and acquire, on demand, those executable components of the strategy which are not within a valid WoV. Where calls are made to components of the strategy whose WoVs are invalidated, the aspect weaver may acquire up-to-date versions of the functionality from other agents in the MAS and inject them directly into the object model of the executing program.  
Figure 4 shows the architecture of a strategy-based IoT system implementing a WoV resolution component. The Strategy object contains the functional code for implementing the strategy on the IoT device. When a call is made to a functional component, the aspect weaver suspends the normal flow of execution and runs the code in the resolver. The resolver handles the invalidation of the WoV, acquiring the necessary code from other fog nodes or from the cloud. On completion of this process, the control flow is returned to the Strategy object, with the necessary updates injected into the codebase.  
We propose that the ITM's loosely coupled architecture for transferring intelligent activities is ideal for time-constrained strategy applications because it enables a complex strategy to be broken down into its constituent functional components, each of which may be shared and updated between agents in the MAS.  
The resulting efficiencies achieved by sharing only those functional components of an algorithm that are time-sensitive, when scaled up across an entire smart city, have positive implications for such metrics as energy consumption, communications overhead, and latency. In the next section, we discuss some of these potential benefits in the context of a smart city.  
Figure 4: Proposed aspect-oriented mechanism for managing the resolution of time-constrained strategies.