## 5 Conclusions  
We investigated the consequences of using hybrid nanoparticles in the blood flow through a diseased artery. The main objective of this study was to describe the CFD results for the velocity, temperature and pressure through the narrow area of the artery. From the results, it can be observed that the addition of gold and silver nanoparticles prevented overheating and disfavored the maximum velocity. Our simulations could be used to obtain a finer image of hemodynamics. Some of the main results were:  
* The laminar flow study showed that the velocity of the blood flow varies throughout the model due to arterial plaque. The maximum velocity of the blood flow was 1.59 m/s at \(t\) = 0.1 s;
* The streamlines showed abnormal behavior near the stenosis area and that recirculation occurred as the intensity of the stenosis increased; however, the flow was normal when nanoparticles were added;
* The isothermal contours displayed the results clearly on colored surfaces at \(t\) = 0.1, 0.7 and 1 s;
* The temperature and Nusselt number curves varied for slight variations of time;
* The pressure profiles also manifested clear patterns near the stenosed region;
* We can further study the physical qualities, such as skin friction coefficient, and also analyze the problem using radiation and magnetohydrodynamic effects to understand the reasons for stenosis, which may help in the treatment of arterial stenosis.  
A.H.: conceptualization, supervision, L.S.: data curation, writing--original draft; A.R.: formal analysis, investigation, writing--original draft; S.A.: methodology, software; F.G.: visualization, validation, funding acquisition, writing--review & editing; H.H.C.: validation, resources, writing--review & editing; A.H.A.: investigation, formal analysis, funding acquisition, writing--review & editing; M.S.A.: visualization, validation, writing--review & editing. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This project was funded by the Taif University Researchers Supporting Project (TURSP-2020/252), Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia.  
Not applicable.  
Data Availability Statement: Data available from corresponding author.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Property** & **Variable** & **Blood** & **Gold** & **Silver** & **Unit** \\ \hline Dynamic viscosity & \(\mu\) & 0.003 & 0.00464 & 0.005 & Pa. s \\ \hline Heat capacity & \(C_{p}\) & 3746 & 129 & 235 & J/(kg. K) \\ \hline Thermal conductivity & K & 0.52 & 310 & 429 & W/(m. K) \\ \hline Density & \(\rho\) & 1063 & 19,300 & 10,500 & Kg/m\({}^{2}\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 4: The thermophysical properties of the blood base fluid and the silver and gold nanoparticles [16].  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Property** & **Value** \\ \hline Maximum element growth rate & 1.13 \\ \hline Maximum element size & 0.028 \\ \hline Minimum element size & \(8\times 10^{-4}\) \\ \hline Curvature factor & 0.3 \\ \hline Resolution of narrow region & \(1\) \\ \hline Geometric entity level & Entire geometry \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: A description of the mesh sizes.  
**Acknowledgments:** The authors would like to extend their appreciation to the Deanship of Scientific Research at King Khalid University, Saudi Arabia, for funding this work through the Research Group Program under grant no. RGP.1/11/43. Additionally, the authors would like to acknowledge financial support from the Taif University Researchers Supporting Project (TURSP-2020/252), Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia.  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.