## 3 Proposed Methodology
### Network Model  
The network scenario consists of N dynamic nodes that are deployed in a three-dimensional scenario \(L\_L\_L\) at random and sparsely. The data source, on the other hand, is the data sensed in the water medium and extracted by the underwater sensor nodes. The sink nodes are placed in the center of the surface in this case. Because water currents with velocities of around 1-3 m/s move the underwater sensor nodes, the topology changes quickly. The following is a list of the network's assumptions:  
* nNodes should become the cluster head, cluster relay, or cluster member after the first deployment because they know their own location and the location of the sink node. * To save energy, the cluster head is rotated between the sensor nodes. The depth of deployment is split into layers, with each layer identified by the node or sink's transmission range. It can be calculated using the following formula:  
\[n_{\text{de }pth}=\frac{L}{Tx} \tag{12}\]  
where \(L\) denotes the network deployment depth and \(Tx\) denotes the node or sink's transmission range. The network's depth has been grouped into four categories:  
* The sink node is designated by D0. * The nodes close to the surface are denoted by D1. * D2 represents nodes that remain in the water at a depth of level 2. * Nodes near the seabed are designated as D3. where D3 > D2 > D1 > D0  
* Each layer contains several clusters, each with a cluster head and a cluster member. For example, the cluster head at depth D1 is node S3, and the cluster head at depth D2 is node S9. * Nodes at the intersection of two layers will act as cluster relays, forwarding data from the deeper layer to the sink. Node S5, for example, becomes a cluster relay, forwarding data from cluster S9 to cluster S3 and then transmitting to the sink node. * The multi-hop routing route to the sink is taken by node S13, which is situated on the seabed, through clusters of S12-S9-S5-S3-S1-sink. This paper proposes a Managed Transmission Power-based Sparsity-Aware Energy-Efficient Clustering (CTP-SEEC) routing protocol for UWSNs in a spherical and square areas that is energy efficient and uses minimal transmission power. According to the identified upper and lower threshold values, it adjusts transmission power to a suitable Transmission Power Level (TPL). A sender node, for example, uses its modified Transmission Power Level (TPL) stored in the routing table to transmit data to its neighboring node. Receiving acknowledgment with the Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) value would cause the sender node to change its TPL adaptively. The condition between higher and lower threshold values is used by the sender. It contrasts the RSSI value received with the lower and upper RSSI threshold values. The sender node tunes its TPL accordingly if it crosses one of these values, converting to a suitable power level. This is often done to reduce energy consumption by overcoming time-varying acoustic channel quality. It may, however, minimize network connectivity, increase the number of hops, and increase the end-to-end delay. Each node is given the appropriate transmitting power. The suggested routing scheme employs adaptive power control, which converts to a suitable Transmission Power Level (TPL) based on specified upper and lower threshold values, which is better than previous ones by using maximum energy in different sensor scenarios, the minimum transmission power used to increase overall network lifetime, packet delivery ratio, and interference. Using an adaptive communication power control mechanism, the proposed routing protocol is used to eliminate channel interference while also reducing energy consumption in sparse areas. Furthermore, the dense regions are divided into clusters to decrease repetitive transmissions as shown in Figure 1. By gathering data packets at a nearby header node, this will help to mitigate interference. A composite data packet is sent to the endpoint by this node. Based on the maximum residual power, Cluster Heads are chosen.