## 1 Introduction  
Seasonal variation in crop production is the main cause of insufficient feed supply in the livestock industry [1]. To address this issue, ensiling has been widely adopted to preserve crops for use when quality feed sources are scarce [2]. As the silo becomes anaerobic, epiphylytic lactic acid bacteria (LAB) can ferment water-soluble carbohydrates (WSC) into organic acids, which can lower the silage pH and therefore inhibit undesirable microbial growth [3]. After silo opening, however, aerobic spoilage may occur as aerobic microorganisms can grow using the fermentation products and carbohydrates of the silage, especially in corn silage [4]. This problem can be severe in silos opened in warm weather or with a slow feed-out rate [5]. Aerobic deterioration not only lowers the palatability and digestibility of silage but also poses a great threat to animal health [6, 7].  
LAB inoculants have been incorporated into silage-making as an effective practice for decades [8]. Based on the fermentation pathway involved, inoculants can be classified as either homolactic or heterolactic acid bacteria [9]. Homolactic acid bacteria such as _Lactobacillus plantarum_ produce mainly lactic acid, which causes a rapid decrease in pH [10]. However, lactic acid can be utilized by lactate-assimilating microorganisms upon aerobic exposure [10], making heterolactic acid bacteria such as _Lactobacillus buchneri_ attractive in silage production because they are able to convert lactate to organic acids with strong antifungal characteristics. However, heterolactic fermentation and a longer fermentation period may result in dry matter (DM) loss [11]. Recently, the development of dual-purposeinoculants (DPIs) that contain homo- and heterolactic acid bacterial strains has overcome the limitations of using either strain alone [12; 13].  
Currently, most studies have assessed inoculum efficacy with small-scale silos prepared in the laboratory where the conditions are relatively stable [14; 15; 16]. [PERSON] et al. [17] indicated that the fluctuating temperature during silo conservation had additive impacts on silage fermentation, which in turn accelerated aerobic deterioration during the feed-out phase [17]. Considering the challenging field conditions for proper fermentation, it is essential to validate the results obtained from laboratory-scale trials in farm-scale silos [18]. Silage quality analysis at feed-out would require a plethora of labor inputs and time-consuming laboratory testing. For this reason, many authors have suggested using an infrared thermography camera to measure the silo working face temperature as a simple way to detect the microbial status of silage [19; 20]. Moreover, the idea of the aerobic stability index (ASI) proposed by [PERSON] et al. [21] was also adopted in this study, offering insightful information into heat accumulation in silage over time upon aerobic exposure [21].  
The effectiveness of inoculants may be dependent upon their origins. Most inoculants were isolated from fermented foods rather than silage [22; 23; 24]. In this case, the inoculants may be less adaptable to the ensiling environment than the inoculants isolated from silage [24; 25]. The primary outcome of this study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of a DPI containing two silage isolates, _Lactobacillus plantarum_ and _Lactobacillus buchneri_, on fermentation profile, nutritive value, and aerobic stability with minisilos, and verify the laboratory results on a farm scale for field application. Furthermore, silo face temperature was recorded with an infrared thermography camera to examine silage quality at feed-out under field conditions.