## 5 Conclusions  
This study applied an analytical framework combining empirical and desktop research to explore international case studies of Emergency DES uptake and inform innovations in energy supply in wild-fire prone regional Victoria/Australia. The case study investigations were based on several criteria and included the historical background, technology/business model approaches, target markets (i.e., beneficiaries of DES up-take), enablers, e.g., policy measures and regional 'identity', legal issues and stakeholders involvement. In addition, a PESTEL analysis was conducted.  
The PESTEL analysis findings indicate that the adoption of the East Gippsland Emergency DES concept covers five areas of interest.  
From a technical perspective, the adoption of DES can lead to a permanent transformation of the electricity grid. The uptake of DES technologies in consultations with utilities and distribution companies support the implementation process. The increasing frequency of extreme weather events requires adequate technical solutions. Distributed energy infrastructure can better survive extreme weather events and therefore is more climate resilient. Federal agencies such as the Bureau of Meteorology and climate experts from academia and government can provide information on regional climate projections and data of extreme weather events to support technology choices.  
Although energy supply is primarily informed by technical options, the main beneficiaries of Emergency DES are communities, which subjects technology choices to political processes. There is a high potential for a multi-beneficiary stakeholder effect. The diversity of stakeholders, in particular local communities and councils, will highlight the local impacts of climate change and assist in the proposal and planning of technical solutions which will have social and economic benefits for the directly affected stakeholders, i.e., remote communities and network providers. Planning and thorough consideration of stakeholder engagement processes will support technology choice and implementation.  
The study also exemplifies the value of multi-level governance approaches integrating local, regional, state and in particular federal government organisations, and other economically relevant stakeholders, such as utilities, to amplify overall efforts to build resilient outcomes (consistency of risk understanding, secure long-term funding). Stakeholder engagement must be embedded in a framework that recognises government hierarchies,distinctive priorities at various levels and should suggest respective adjustments of approaches when engaging various representatives.  
Economically, DES adoption is likely to have economic benefits for all stakeholders involved. On the prosumer side energy security, lower bills, etc., and supply side benefits include low generation costs, no transmission or distribution costs. Although challenges are concerning the governance of maintenance and operation. The upfront costs of DES might be higher than existing structures, but most likely equivalent to or lower than rebuilding/recovering conventional energy infrastructure which depends on the scale of damage. The long-term benefits outweigh future financial losses as DES infrastructure shows higher resilience to extreme events and thus reduces the time off-line.  
DES uptake underlies deep social implications. The evolution of DES projects exemplifies a just transition, which describes a shift towards renewable energy that places communities and their needs (and changing needs) at the centre of the conversation, most importantly it includes all residents regardless of household income. The focus on and pathway towards a just transition must be reflected in the political agenda and explicitly in the engagement process.