# Eco-Efficient Mobility in Smart City Scenarios
## 5 Conclusions  
Urban mobility is experiencing a great change nowadays. City inhabitants are becoming more conscious about their carbon footprint so they are adopting more sustainable mobility options. Personal vehicles such as electric scooters, shared bikes, segways, etc. are massively populating our streets. However, these elements do not yet form part of the C-ITS and smart city ecosystems. Thus, in this paper, we have discussed the potential benefits and challenges to be tackled regarding the integration of these elements in future hyper-connected spaces. In addition, a novel OBU prototype for providing personal vehicles with connectivity has been presented. The attained results prove the validity of the proposal for the desired digitalization of this new wave of eco-efficient personal vehicles,  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Metric** & **LoRaWAN** & **NB-IoT** \\ \hline
**SNR (dB)** & \(-8.86\pm 1.37\) & \(-10.45\pm 0.15\) \\ \hline
**PDR (\%)** & 78.01 \(\pm\) 3.11 & 99.3 \(\pm\) 0.38 \\ \hline
**RTT (ms)** & 460.21 \(\pm\) 5.31 & 294.17 \(\pm\) 14.49 \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{**Consumption**} & TX: 106 mA & TX: 250 mA \\  & RX: 22 mA & RX: 50 mA \\ \cline{1-1}  & Sleep: 1.65 \(\mu\)A & Sleep: 2 mA \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Network performance results.  
given the communication capabilities provided by the developed OBU, which also presents a notably reduced power consumption. Communication performances are evaluated attending to the LPWAN technology used, obtaining interesting results that indicate that the communication solution should be carefully selected attending to the characteristics of the application to be implemented.  
Within our own research lines, it is planned to widen the scope of the work by evaluating network performances using additional communication technologies, e.g., 5G, integrating big data analytics, and developing new services such as fall detection or advanced vehicle diagnosis, to improve urban mobility and safety as well as environmental preservation. In general, connectivity of personal mobility vehicles and mobile urban sensing open a research niche to be further explored in the upcoming years--from communication technologies to network protocols and from the integration of electronics considering power constraints to services exploiting data gathered. What is clear is the potential benefit expected from the proliferation of these connected electric vehicles for reducing carbon emissions and improving citizens' quality of life.  
Conceptualization, R.S.-I. and J.S.; Data curation, R.S.-I. and L.B.-E.; Funding acquisition, J.S.; Investigation, R.S.-I., L.B.-E., and J.S.; Methodology, R.S.-I. and J.S.; Project administration, R.S.-I. and J.S.; Validation, L.B.-E. and J.S.; Writing--original draft, R.S.-I., L.B.-E., and J.S.; Writing--review and editing, R.S.-I., L.B.-E., and J.S. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This work has been supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities, under the Ramon y Cajal Program (Grant No. RYC-2017-23823) and the projects PERSEIDES (Grant No. TIN2017-86885-R with ERDF funds) and Go2 Edge (RECD2018-102585-T); by the European Commission, under the 5G-MOBIX (Grant No. 825496), IoTcrawler (Grant No. 779852) and the INSPIRE-5 Gplus (Grant No. 871808) projects; and by the BBVA Foundation, under the 2018 Leonardo Grant for Researchers and Cultural Creators.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.