# Comparative Study on Physicochemical and Nutritional Qualities of Kiwifruit Varieties
## 3 Results
### Energy, Carbohydrates, Protein, Lipid and Dietary Fiber  
The results show that there were significant differences in the energy content, protein content, lipid content, carbohydrates content and dietary fiber content in the 14 kiwifruit varieties. Energy is needed to support daily tasks, and the right amount of energy can help people stay healthy. The highest energy content was found in 'Hongyang', with 304.67 KJ/100 g, and which was 30% higher than that of 'Jinmei', with the lowest energy content. Kiwifruit samples were classified on the basis of flesh color and species. For color of the flesh, as seen in Figure 2A, the energy content of yellow-fleshed kiwifruits was significantly lower than that of other kiwifruits, and the highest energy was detected in red-fleshed kiwifruits. On the other hand, depending on the species classification, that of _A. chinensis_ var. _delicious_ was significantly higher than _A. eriantha_\(\times\)_A. chinensis_, as seen in Figure 2B. The energy content of _A. eriantha_\(\times\)_A. chinensis_ was the lowest compared to the other kiwifruit species. In a previous study, the mean values of the energy content in _A. chinensis_ and _A. chinensis_ var. _delicious_ were 251.00 KJ/100 g and 255.00 KJ/100 g [20], respectively. In this study, the energy content was higher than in the previous study. It might be that this study had rich samples, which involved six samples of _A. chinensis_ and three samples of _A. chinensis_ var. _delicious_. In addition, the average energy content was 419.14 KJ/100 g in citrus [23], which was far higher than that of kiwifruit. Carbohydrates are the primary component and source of power for an individual's existence, and they are included in the composition of energy. The carbohydrate content ranged from 9.07 g/100 g (G6, 'Huate') to 14.27 g/100 g (R1, 'Hongyang'). Interestingly, the highest contents of energy and carbohydrates were both found in 'Hongyang'. As shown in Figure 2C, the carbohydrates in red-fleshed kiwifruits were statistically higher than those in yellow-fleshed kiwifruits. Depending on the species category, there was no significant difference among the four species in carbohydrates content, as shown in Figure 2D. In the  
Figure 2: The contents of energy, carbohydrates, protein, lipid and dietary fiber. (**A**) The contents of energy in different flesh color. (**B**) The contents of energy in species. (**C**) The contents of carbohydrates in different flesh color. (**D**) The contents of carbohydrates in species. (**E**) The contents of protein in different flesh color. (**F**) The contents of protein in species. (**G**) The contents of lipid in different flesh color. (**H**) The contents of lipid in species. (**I**) The contents of dietary fiber in different flesh color. (**J**) The contents of dietary fiber in species. 'R’—red-fleshed kiwifruit. ‘G’—green-fleshed kiwifruit. ‘Y’—yellow-fleshed kiwifruit. ‘_A’—A. chinensis_. ‘B’—_A. chinensis_ var. _delicious_. ‘C’—_A. eriantha_. ‘D’—_A. eriantha_\(\times\)_A. chinensis_. Values are means \(\pm\) SD of three individual biological reproductions. Values are means \(\pm\) SD of three individual biological reproductions. Different lowercase letters indicated statistically significant differences ([PERSON]’s multiple range test, \(p\) < 0.05) among different kiwifruit cultivars. previous study, the average carbohydrate contents of 'Hort16A' (_A. chinensis_) and 'Hayward' (_A. chinensis_ var. _deliciosa_) were 14.23 g/100 g and 14.66 g/100 g [20], respectively. However, in this study, the carbohydrate contents were about 1.4 times lower than those in the previous study. The reason for this might be due to different growing sites and climates in New Zealand and China. Moreover, the average carbohydrate contents were 94.07 g/100 g in apples [22] and 57.55 g/100 g in citrus [23], which was far higher than in this study. Proteins are vital for human life activities, also helping tissues to build and expand. The highest protein content was 0.87 g/100 g in green-fleshed 'MHYX'.