## 5 Conclusions  
On the whole, the average PET of the current thermal environment within the study area is 47.09 \({}^{\circ}\)C. The average PET of the eight proposed planting configuration schemes in the simulation ranges from 44.84 \({}^{\circ}\)C to 46.27 \({}^{\circ}\)C. The most effective in reducing temperature is the seventh scheme, which features a staggered double row of trees without any shrubs. Compared to the current situation, the planting configuration of scheme seven reduces the temperature by 2.25 \({}^{\circ}\)C, effectively enhancing thermal comfort.  
The analysis also reveals that the campus features a large number of impermeable pavements and suboptimal planting configurations, leading to a continuous rise in outdoor temperatures. For the surface temperature, the lowest within the study area is observed in the grassland on both sides of the sidewalk, with a minimum surface temperature of 32.08 \({}^{\circ}\)C recorded at noon. Conversely, the highest surface temperature is predominantly found on asphalt roads, reaching up to 54.68 \({}^{\circ}\)C. Additionally, numerical simulation results indicate that impermeable pavement temperatures in the study area gradually escalate under solar radiation exposure. Concrete pavement, being a material with substantial heat capacity and high heat absorption properties, exerts a considerable influence on the thermal environment. Consequently, impermeable pavement emerges as a key contributor to the campus' poor thermal comfort. To address this issue, this study recommends the installation of more permeable pavements in campus planning, prioritizing pavement materials with lighter colors to reduce surface temperatures. This approach aims to mitigate the impact of impermeable paving on campus thermal comfort.  
The effectiveness of planting configurations in improving thermal comfort is influenced by prevailing wind direction and speed, as well as solar radiation. Therefore, the selection of planting configurations should comprehensively consider the campus microclimate environment. It is advisable to avoid planting shrub species too close to sidewalks, allowing smooth airflow to carry away hot air and preventing airflow obstruction by trees, which could impede pedestrian-level wind speed. The current urban greening regulations focus solely on the amount of green space, without considering the cooling benefits brought by different planting configurations. On the other hand, the regulations only encourage the planting of multi-layered vegetation without considering that poor plant configuration might actually block airflow, leading to an increase in temperature. Consequently, the new contribution of this paper is the exploration of the interplay between planting strategies and microclimate changes in the campus environment, and the research results translate scientific empirical research data into design recommendations, ultimately creating comfortable campus spaces for users. For future studies, as the tools and software evolve, additional environmental factor settings can be integrated to more comprehensively analyze changes in the thermal environment within microclimates. The methods used in this study can also be widely applied to other engineering or physical problems, such as issues related to buildings, materials, ecological engineering, and their relationships with the environment.  
Conceptualization, P.-L.W.; Software, S.-J.W.; Formal analysis, P.-L.W.; Investigation, S.-J.W.; Writing--original draft, P.-L.W.; Writing--review & editing, P.-L.W.; Visualization, S.-J.W. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research received no external funding.