## 1 Introduction  
The progress of compact and cost-effective laser sources has accelerated the development of optical limiters that reduce the intensity of harmful laser beams, which can cause permanent damage to optical sensors or dazzling by high-intensity lighting. Dazzling refers here to visual conditions that can reduce the visibility of objects owing to an inappropriate brightness distribution or extreme brightness contrast in space or time. Various approaches have been proposed in the literature for laser protection and shielding [1; 2]. Concepts that can be broadly classified into three categories: static, active, and self-activating protection systems. Static protection systems, such as fixed line filters, provide high attenuation levels against incident lasers but have limitations, including a restricted working wavelength range and applicability only to lasers with known wavelengths. On the other hand, active systems [3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 8], including optical shutters, have disadvantages like slow response times, increased device complexity, and requiring an external trigger signal to activate the protection, which typically necessitates a laser warning device. Self-activating systems are emerging as a promising yet challenging technology for smart laser protection, automatically activating when the incident laser intensity exceeds a certain threshold, leading to a decrease in optical transmittance [8; 9]. The self-activating laser protection systems can activate above a certain threshold and can be defined as generally limiting the output power to a fixed and low-power output value (Figure 1a) or limiting the output power to a higher level but still safe level--below the damage threshold value (Figure 1b). Nonlinear laser radiation limiters offer a more advantageous solution compared to, e.g., wavelength-selective interference filters, as they demonstrate a decrease in transmission with an increase in the power of incident irradiation, thereby ensuring superior performance. These systems automatically activate when the incident laser intensity exceeds a certain threshold, decreasing optical transmittance. Self-activating devices integrate sensing, processing, and actuating functions, allowing for simple and efficient operation without the need for cross-communication between modules. Self-activating devices can modulate incident laser intensity using all-optical switches or power limiters. All-optical switches become opaque above a certain threshold, while power limiters maintain constant output intensity above the threshold. Research efforts have been focused on developing self-activating protection systems utilizing materials exhibiting nonlinear phenomena like absorption, refraction, scattering, phase transitions induced by light, two-photon absorbtion, or optically induced space charge fields that significantly increase nonlinearity in dye-doped nematic liquid crystals [8; 10; 11; 12]. The specific mechanisms of these nonlinearities vary depending on the materials and techniques employed. It should be noted that multiple nonlinear processes are frequently implicated in a particular device. Various materials and methods have been investigated for the development of efficient optical power limiters, including semiconductors, liquids, and solid-state materials [13; 14; 15; 16; 17; 18; 19; 20; 21; 22; 23; 24; 25; 26; 27; 28]. However, a significant challenge for practical application is the diverse time scales of laser sources, as materials that are effective at one time scale may prove ineffective at others. For example, phthalocyanines (PCs) or porphyrins carbon-based nanomaterials are mainly operational in the nanosecond timeframe [18; 19; 20; 29; 30; 31].