# Synergies and Potential of Industry 4.0 and Automated Vehicles in Smart City Infrastructure
## 3 Results
### Analysis of Industry 4.0 Elements and Their Use in Smart Cities
#### 3.8.2 Internet of Things  
The Internet of Things in Industry 4.0 is the concept of connecting physical devices, machines, and other objects to the Internet to collect data, monitor, control, and automate manufacturing processes and other industrial operations. In this context, IoT enables the creation of an intelligent and connected industrial environment that increases the efficiency, flexibility, and safety of production. The principle of IoT is that physical devices are equipped with sensors, chips, and internet connectivity, allowing them to collect data and communicate with the network and other devices. These devices can share data about their status, environment, and activities through wireless communication and cloud platforms [65].  
In the industrial environment, IoT will find applications in various fields, such as the following.  
1. Monitoring and diagnostics--sensors connected to production equipment can collect data on their operation and status, allowing their performance to be monitored and potential faults to be predicted.
2. Control and automation--IoT enables remote control and automation of manufacturing processes based on real data and analytics. This increases flexibility and efficiency in production and enables rapid response to changes in the environment.
3. Logistics and supply chain--IoT can be used to track and manage the movement of materials and products in the supply chain, improving its efficiency and transparency.
4. Energy Efficiency--IoT sensors and analytics tools can help monitor and optimize energy consumption in industrial facilities and infrastructure, helping to reduce costs and environmental impact.
5. Service and Maintenance--IoT enables the creation of predictive maintenance models based on the collection of equipment performance data. This means that service work can be performed in a timely manner and downtime is minimized [66].  
In essence, IoT in Industry 4.0 introduces a new way of managing, monitoring, and optimizing production and industrial operations by connecting physical devices to the Internet and creating intelligent and connected industrial ecosystems.  
In the context of smart cities, the Internet of Things is a key element that enables the intelligent management and optimization of various aspects of urban life. An example is smart transport. IoT devices can be integrated into transport networks and vehicles, allowing traffic to be monitored, road data to be shared, and traffic lights and traffic systems to be managed. This contributes to optimizing traffic, minimizing congestion, and improving the mobility of citizens. Sensors attached to parking spaces can monitor their availability and inform drivers about available parking spaces using mobile apps. These sensors reduce traffic in search of parking and improve the use of public spaces. LED lights (Light Emitting Diode) with integrated sensors can be used to monitor light intensity, temperature, and other factors in the urban environment. This data can be used to automatically adjust the lighting according to needs and increase energy efficiency. Sensors located in different parts of the city can monitor pollutant levels and other environmental factors. This data can be analyzed to manage emissions and support measures to improve air quality. Containers equipped with sensors can inform city authorities of their fill levels, allowing for the planning of more efficient collection routes and minimizing environmental pollution. IoT devices can be integrated into buildings and infrastructure to monitor energy consumption, air quality, and other parameters. This enables more efficient building management and reduces environmental impact [67].  
All these IoT applications in the context of smart cities contribute to improving the efficiency of public services, enhancing the quality of life of citizens, and promoting the sustainable development of urban areas. Their effectiveness lies in connecting physical objects to the internet and using data for intelligent decision making and management.