# Trends in LPWAN Technologies for LEO Satellite Constellations in the NewSpace Context
## 6 Use Cases  
The emergence of IoT satellite communications has led to a wide array of use cases, especially in remote areas or regions without cellular coverage. Satellite connectivity remains the only viable option for transmitting data in such scenarios. These use cases involve IoT devices that monitor physical parameters and transmit information through IoT satellite communications. The primary use cases, as documented in [54; 75], encompasss:  
* Smart agriculture: IoT sensors monitor the water level, temperature, fertilizer concentration, humidity, and several other parameters [72], allowing farmers to optimize resources and increase production. Furthermore, it enables the monitoring of the health status of livestock [76].
* Health and telemedicine: Satellite IoT communication is also utilized for follow-up telemedicine, enabling the remote monitoring and treatment of patients in remote areas [77; 78]. IoT devices monitor health, such as physical activity trackers, heart rate monitors, and diabetes tracking devices. They can be used in telemedicine to send data to doctors, facilitating diagnoses and treatments.
* Smart cities: IoT satellite communication can provide ubiquitous IoT connectivity, ensuring that smart city applications can access reliable and consistent connectivity regardless of the location [79]. This ensures that critical services and applications, like disaster warnings, fire detection, and backup communications, remain operational, even during disruptions and can ensure continuous service within designated coverage areas, providing uninterrupted connectivity for Smart City applications. Satellite communication systems exhibit strong resistance to destruction, making them reliable in scenarios where traditional communication infrastructures can be vulnerable [80].
* Private security and public defense: IoT-based security systems employing sensors for monitoring play a pivotal role in both private and public defense systems. Thesesystems are adept at safeguarding homes, buildings, and even border areas [81] by alerting property owners or law enforcement agencies in the event of criminal activities. Furthermore, they significantly enhance regional surveillance and public safety [31].
* Transportation and logistics: IoT satellite communication is used in fleet management [82], vehicle [72] and container tracking, ship tracking, and traffic control [83]. This improves road safety and optimizes transport logistics.
* Environment and conservation: IoT is utilized for monitoring the environment in remote or protected areas, detecting fires [84], and monitoring water and atmospheric quality [51; 85]. Furthermore, it allows for tracking wild animals, which can aid in wildlife protection and habitat restoration efforts [86].
* Energy and control of natural resources: This application utilizes IoT to generate, distribute, and monitor renewable energy plants [87] or critical infrastructures (e.g., bridges, dams, and power stations) [88]. Devices include energy meters, wind turbine sensors, and gas pipeline monitors [89].
* Infrastructure and construction: This involves monitoring maritime infrastructure, construction machinery and personnel, railway operations, and linear construction. These applications involve monitoring corrosion, flood and humidity, structural integrity, vital signs, localization, performance, staff activity, mass properties, and environmental factors, such as oxygen levels, toxic gases, soil quality, and pollution [90].