# Phenotypic, Genetic, and Metabolite Variability among Genotypes of _Vicia sativa_ L.
## 3 Results
### Genetic Diversity Estimated by SCoT Markers
According to the AMOVA analysis, 81% of the total genetic variation was attributed to differences within genotypes, and the rest (19%) was attributed to differences among them (Table 6) with Fst = 0.195, \(p\)! 0.001. The UPGMA dendrogram, based on the genetic distances among the studied genetic materials, depicted two main clusters (Figure 4). BK45 and BK27 formed one distinct cluster, while the second one included three sub-clusters. The first one included BK29, the second included BK23, and the third included the cultivars BI-65 and M-6900. According to the PCoA, PC1 and PC2 accounted for 41.08% and 60.77% of the total variation, respectively. The studied populations formed distinct clusters (Figure 5) which were in accordance with the UPGMA dendrogram. The genetic differentiation ([PERSON]'s genetic distance) [53] ranged from 0.126 (BK45 to BK23) to 0.300 (BK29 to BK27) (Table 7). Based on [PERSON]'s \(\Delta K\)[54], the optimal number of clusters was determined as K = 3. After K = 3, the results are not consistent between different runs. Thus, we conclude that K = 3, which is also what the [PERSON] analysis provides. Most samples from population BK45 and all samples from BK27 formed the first cluster. The second cluster included the majority of individuals from populations BK23, M-6900, and BI-65, while a further group consisted primarily of BK29 individuals (Figure 6). \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l l l l l l} \hline \hline
**Source** & **df 1** & **SS 2** & **MS 3** & **Est. Var.** & **\%** \\ \hline Among Pops & 5 & 280,733 & 56,147 & 6146 & 19\% \\ Within Pops & 24 & 610,000 & 25,417 & 25,417 & 81\% \\ Total & 29 & 890,733 & & 31,563 & 100\% \\ Stat & Value & \(p\) (rand \(\geq\) data) & & & \\ PhiPT & 0.195 & 0.001 & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} 1  
\end{table} 
Table 6: Analysis of molecular variance results for the studied genetic material of _V. sativa_ based on SCoT markers. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline _V. sativa_ & **N** & **Na** & **Ne** & **NPB** & **No. Private** & **P (\%)** & **Shannon** & **Index (I)** & **GD** & **H** \\ \hline BK45 & 5 & 1.449 & 1.425 & 155 & 3 & 62.03 & 0.361 & 0.307 & 0.246 \\ BK29 & 5 & 1.316 & 1.380 & 144 & 0 & 54.55 & 0.320 & 0.273 & 0.273 \\ BK23 & 5 & 1.342 & 1.383 & 146 & 1 & 56.15 & 0.326 & 0.277 & 0.222 \\ BK27 & 5 & 1.321 & 1.326 & 152 & 4 & 50.80 & 0.287 & 0.242 & 0.193 \\ M-6900 & 5 & 1.251 & 1.355 & 137 & 0 & 51.87 & 0.302 & 0.257 & 0.205 \\ BI-65 & 5 & 1.326 & 1.380 & 143 & 2 & 56.15 & 0.325 & 0.276 & 0.221 \\ Mean & 5 & 1.334 & 1.375 & & & 55.26 & 0.320 & 0.272 \\ Species level & 30 & & & & & & & \\ \hline N = number of individuals, Na = number of different alleles, Ne = number of effective alleles = 1/(p2 + q2), NBP = number of polymorphic bands, P (\%) = percentage of polymorphic bands, I = [PERSON]’s information index = \(-1\times\) (p \(\times\) Ln (p) + q \(\times\) Ln(q)), GD = gene diversity, H = diversity = 1 – (p2 + q2), uh = unbiased diversity = (N/(N - 1)) \(\times\) h. & & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 5: Genetic diversity of _V. sativ_ genotypes. Figure 4: UPGMA dendrogram based on [PERSON]’s genetic distance [53] of _V. sativa_ populations of advanced lines (BK45, BK29, BK23, BK27) and commercial cultivars (M-6900, BI-65). Figure 5: Principal coordinates analysis of the molecular genetic diversity observed among 6 _V. sativa_ where the first two coordinates explain 60.77% of the total variability. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**BK45** & **BK29** & **BK23** & **BK27** & **M-6900** & **BI-65** & \\ \hline
0.000 & & & & & & BK45 \\
0.187 & 0.000 & & & & & BK29 \\
0.126 & 0.167 & 0.000 & & & & BK23 \\
0.166 & 0.300 & 0.256 & 0.000 & & & BK27 \\
0.195 & 0.172 & 0.149 & 0.271 & 0.000 & & M-6900 \\
0.182 & 0.182 & 0.125 & 0.266 & 0.149 & 0.000 & BI-65 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 7: Estimates of pairwise Nei’s genetic distance (below the diagonal) and FST values (above the diagonal) within overall groups of _V. sativa_ genotypes.