esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 4 Discussion
Training programs that focus on improving joint mobility and strength, especially resistance training and mobility exercises, can help reduce this risk by strengthening the body's response to unexpected perturbations. The musculoskeletal responses observed in this study, including increased hip extensor torque and changes in joint kinematics, emphasize the crucial role of strength training in preserving balance and stability. For example, targeted resistance exercises to strengthen the hip and knee extensors could improve an elderly individual's capacity to recover from trip-like perturbations, thereby reducing their fall risk. Moreover, incorporating flexibility exercises for the hips, knees, and ankles could further support the elderly in adapting to sudden changes in gait, similar to the adaptations observed in this study. These findings highlight the potential of mobility and resistance training as key components of fall-prevention strategies for older adults. The present study has several limitations. Firstly, it exclusively focused on a female population, which may restrict the generalizability of the findings. Additionally, as noted in the methodology, participants were exposed to different perturbations on the same day. Although breaks were provided between protocols, this repeated exposure could have influenced the results in some way. However, it is important to note that participants did not report any fatigue or discomfort during the study. Next, the study did not record EMG signal activity for the major muscle groups or assess trunk and arm function, which could have provided valuable insights for interpretation of the results. Future research efforts should aim to diversify the study population, incorporate EMG measurements, evaluate trunk function, and explore the effects of variations in the gait speed and perturbation intensity. These enhancements will contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of gait dynamics in response to perturbations, with potential applications in diverse fields, including rehabilitation and fall prevention. Furthermore, a key issue in interpreting the results of this study is the perturbation protocol used, specifically the sudden deceleration of the treadmill belt during the pre-swing phase. Different perturbation protocols can result in different biomechanical responses, as the type, intensity, and timing of perturbations can affect how the body adapts to and recovers from perturbations [46]. While this study focused on a specific perturbation protocol, it is important to acknowledge that other protocols could result in different adaptations or responses, depending on the perturbation characteristics. Therefore, future research should examine how variations in perturbation types (e.g., tripping or slipping) and their intensities impact biomechanical outcomes across different populations.
# Advances in Toughening Modification Methods for Epoxy Resins: A Comprehensive Review
## 4 Hyperbranched Polymer Toughening
### Current Research
#### 4.2.1 Hyperbranched Polyesters (HBPEs)  
Currently, there are intensive studies on hyperbranched polyesters, with HBPE being a highly branched polymer known for its unique branching morphology and increased free volume. These characteristics make HBPE widely applicable in enhancing material flexibility and toughness, as well as in nanotechnology and material modification [79]. HBPE primarily includes hydroxyl-terminated hyperbranched polyesters and epoxy-terminatedhyperbranched polyesters, with hydroxyl-terminated variants being more thoroughly studied [80].  
In 1999, [PERSON] et al. [81] were the first to use hyperbranched polymers to toughen epoxy resins. Their research showed that adding just 5% HBPE to the epoxy system increased the critical strain energy release rate to 720 J/m\({}^{2}\), which is approximately six times higher than that of the unmodified resin. Additionally, the KIC improved by about 2.5 times. Importantly, the glass transition temperature (T\({}_{\mathrm{g}}\)), elastic modulus, and processing performance of the modified epoxy resin were comparable to those of the unmodified epoxy resin, a feat not achieved by previous toughening agents.  
[PERSON] et al. [82] used hydroxyl-functionalized hyperbranched polymer (H30) to improve the mechanical properties of DGEBA epoxy resin at liquid nitrogen temperatures (77 K). The terminal hydroxyl groups in H30 can react with an anhydride, covalently bonding with the epoxy matrix, while unreacted hydroxyl groups form numerous hydrogen bonds. When the H30 content was 10%, the modified epoxy resin system achieved a tensile strength of 115.6 MPa, a 17.7% increase over pure epoxy resin, and the impact strength improved by 26.3%.  
[PERSON] et al. [83] synthesized a series of end-carboxyl hyperbranched polyesters (HBPE-COOHs) with various main chain structures using a simple A2 + B3 one-step method. These HBPE-COOH polymers were introduced into an epoxy/anhydride curing system. The study demonstrated that the terminal carboxyl groups of HBPE-COOH facilitate the curing process of the epoxy/anhydride system, leading to simultaneous improvements in elongation at break and tensile strength. The epoxy resin with 5% HBPE-COOH2 exhibited a maximum impact strength of 36.4 kJ/m\({}^{2}\), which is a 178% increase compared to pure epoxy resin. Additionally, the epoxy resin with 3% HBPE-COOH3 achieved a fracture elongation of 5.25%, significantly enhancing toughness.
# Historic Built Environment Assessment and Management by Deep Learning Techniques: A Scoping Review
## 3 Results
### Building Damage Classification
#### 3.1.4 Object Segmentation  
Taking advantage of image segmentation, [PERSON] et al. [48] introduced a novel method for the quantitative damage assessment of large historic buildings in remote areas using drone imagery. The approach first involved reconstructing a 3D mesh model from high-resolution oblique images acquired by a drone. The second step involved 2D object segmentation, with the results then reprojected onto the 3D mesh models. For more accurate object segmentation, the authors proposed the Mask R-CNN algorithm, enhanced with an advanced edge-enhanced method, which exploits a region-based CNN and a gradient enhancement strategy. Based on the reprojected segmentation results on the 3D model and the symmetry characteristics of the objects, the damage condition of 3D objects was estimated by evaluating volume reduction, defining three levels of damage: no damage or mild damage (less than 30% reduction), moderate damage (30-60%), and severe damage (more than 60%). Regarding 2D segmentation accuracy, the experimental results showed a mAP value of 93.23%; however, the limitations include volume dependence as an indicator of damage and applicability only to symmetrical structures.
## 4 Data Fusion Algorithm  
Combining the \"virtual measurement\" with the \"dynamical model\", a predictor-corrector fashion estimation algorithm is established. Considering the \"dynamical model\" is linear, a Kalman filter is utilized, and the ICOC can be estimated in an optimal way in the Bayesian sense. Thus, the measurement equation (Equation (15)) turns to be,  
\[\mathbf{Y}(k)=\underbrace{\begin{bmatrix}1&0&0\\ 0&1&0\\ 0&0&1\end{bmatrix}}_{\bar{\mathbf{H}}}\begin{bmatrix}\Phi_{int}(k)\\ \Phi_{ext}(k)\\ \Phi_{cyt}(k)\end{bmatrix} \tag{18}\]  
where, \(\bar{\mathbf{H}}\) is the measurement matrix, and \(\Phi_{cyt}\) is the virtual measurement calculated by inversing Equation (17).
# An Integrated Approach to Biomedical Term Identification Systems
## 3 Knowledge Base Resources
### Umls  
The Unified Medical Language System (UMLS) is a compendium of various vocabularies and standards, both health and biomedical, which enables interoperability between computer systems and services. Among other uses, the UMLS allows users to link health information, medical terms, drug names and standard codes through different computer systems. The UMLS integrates over 14 million names in different languages to identify over 3 million concepts from more than 150 sources of biomedical vocabularies. The main languages are English (with 70% of names) and Spanish (with 10% of names). In the UMLS, knowledge is organized by concept; synonymous terms are clustered together to form a concept and concepts are linked to other concepts by means of various types of relationships. Furthermore, each concept is categorized into different semantic types.
## 4 Results and Discussion
### Validation of Inversion GPP
#### 4.5.2 Validation of GPP Frequency Distribution  
Although the spatial resolution and the magnitude of pixel number were variable in the four maps illustrated in Figure 10a-d, these differences did not influence the statistical histogram comparisons. The GPP frequency distribution of our inversion had double peaks, with a high peak at 7.5 gC\(\cdot\)m\({}^{-2}\)day\({}^{-1}\) and a relative low peak at 2.5 gC\(\cdot\)m\({}^{-2}\)day\({}^{-1}\) (Figure 11). There were also double peak features in the VPM and MOD17A2 outputs. No obvious double peaks were found in the BEPS output. The double peaks of the VPM result were located at 8 and 2 gC\(\cdot\)m\({}^{-2}\)day\({}^{-1}\), which agreed with our inversion. We  
Figure 10: Comparison of GPP spatial patterns inversed from different models in the same time period. (**a–d**) illustrate the inversed results of our model, vegetation photosynthesis model (VPM), boreal ecosystems productivity simulator (BEPS), and MOD17A2, respectively. The no vegetation or cloud-covered regions are masked by white pixels in Figure 10a.  
conclude that our model can describe the GPP spatial distribution more accurately than the other three models evaluated in our study.  
Within the range of regional inversed GPP, there were differences in the outputs of the four models. The GPP of VPM was distributed in the range of 0 to 15 gC\(\cdot\)m\({}^{-2}\cdot\)day\({}^{-1}\), the BEPS model value was distributed in the range of 2 to 17 gC\(\cdot\)m\({}^{-2}\cdot\)day\({}^{-1}\), and the MOD17A2 had GPP values ranged from 2 to 8 gC\(\cdot\)m\({}^{-2}\cdot\)day\({}^{-1}\). The GPP variation range in our inversed results ranged from 2 to 10 gC\(\cdot\)m\({}^{-2}\cdot\)day\({}^{-1}\). The analysis of our model's spatial patterns combined with the pixel value frequency distribution showed promise for inversing regional GPP features.
# Additive Manufacturing for Automotive Radar Sensors Using Copper Inks and Pastes
###### Abstract  
Radar sensors are critical for obstacle detection and navigation, especially for automated driving. Using the use-case \"printing of heating coils on the inside of the front housing (primary radome)\" needed for de-icing in winter, it is demonstrated that additive manufacturing (AM) can provide economic and functional benefits for manufacturing of the sensors. AM will allow significant cost reduction by eliminating parts and simplifying the manufacturing process. Different AM technologies for the coils were investigated, first, by applying the conductive traces by fused deposition modeling (FDM), and, second, by printing copper particle-free inks and pastes. The metal layers were electrically and mechanically characterized using a profilometer to measure the trace dimension and a four-point probe to measure the resistance. It was revealed that low-cost conductive filaments with low resistivity and current carrying capacity are commercially still not available. The best option sourced was a copper-polyester-based filament with 6000 \(\mu\)\(\Omega\)cm after printing. Therefore, low-cost particle-free copper inks and commercial copper flake paste were selected to print the heating coil. The Cu particle-free inks were amine-based Cu (II) formate complexes, where the Cu exists in an ionic form. Using contactless printing processes such as ink-jet printing or pneumatic dispensing, the traces could be deposited onto the low-melting temperature (225 \({}^{\circ}\)C) polymeric radome structure. After printing, the material needed to be sintered to form the conductive copper traces. To avoid damaging the polymer radome during sintering, two different processes were investigated: low-temperature (<150 \({}^{\circ}\)C) sintering in an oven for 30 min or fast laser sintering. The sintered Cu layers achieved the following specific electric resistivities when slowly sintered in the oven: paste 4 \(\mu\)\(\Omega\)cm and ink 8.8 \(\mu\)\(\Omega\)cm. Using laser sintering, the ink achieved 3.2 \(\mu\)\(\Omega\)cm because the locally high temperature provides better sintering. Also, the adhesion was significantly increased to (5 B). Therefore, laser sintering is the preferred technology. In addition, it allows fast processing directly after printing. Commercial equipment is available where printing and laser sintering is integrated. The potential of low-cost copper material and the integration in additive manufacturing of electronic systems using radar sensors as an example are demonstrated in this paper.  
Cu particle-free inks; additive manufacturing; sintering; radar sensor; characterization 2025152676
## 2 System and Channel Model
### One-Hop RF Sub-Link  
In the one-hop RF sub-link with Nakagami-m fading channel, the PDF of the SNR \(\gamma^{\text{RF}}\) is [20]:  
\[f_{\gamma^{\text{RF}}}(\gamma^{\text{RF}})=\bigg{(}\frac{m}{\overline{\gamma}^ {\text{RF}}}\bigg{)}^{m}\frac{\gamma^{m-1}}{\overline{\gamma}^{\text{RF}}} \bigg{(}-\frac{m\gamma^{\text{RF}}}{\overline{\gamma}^{\text{RF}}}\bigg{)}= \bigg{(}\frac{m}{\overline{\gamma}^{\text{RF}}}\bigg{)}^{m}\frac{\gamma^{m-1}} {\Gamma(m)}G_{0,1}^{1,0}\bigg{[}\frac{m\gamma^{\text{RF}}}{\overline{\gamma}^ {\text{RF}}}\bigg{|}\begin{array}{c}-\\ \overline{\gamma}^{\text{RF}}\end{array}\bigg{]}, \tag{6}\]where \(\overline{7}^{\text{RF}}\) is the average SNR of the one-hop RF sub-link, and \(m\) (\(m\geq 0.5\)) is the fading parameter of the one-hop RF sub-link. The CDF of the SNR \(\gamma^{\text{RF}}\) can be obtained by integration,  
\[F_{\gamma^{\text{RF}}}(\gamma^{\text{RF}})=\frac{1}{\Gamma(m)}G_{1,2}^{1,1}\left( \frac{m\gamma^{\text{RF}}}{\overline{\gamma}^{\text{RF}}}\middle|\begin{array} []{c}1\\ m,0\end{array}\right). \tag{7}\]
## 6 Security Solutions
### Communication Security
#### 6.2.1 Cryptosystems
Previous studies [154; 155; 156] analyzed the feasibility of using ECC-based solutions by resource constrained devices without compromising the security requirements that we identified in Section 5. These studies demonstrated the applicability of ECC-based cryptosystems to IoT devices through experimental evaluations. On the other hand, security protocols described in [157] advocate the use of symmetric encryption algorithms, such as AES for IoT systems. However, the adoption of ECC and AES has been slowed because there still exist significant differences between the requirements of security processing and the capabilities of IoT devices [158]. A performance comparison of the above-mentioned cryptographic algorithms is presented in [159]. The authors evaluate the performance in terms of memory requirements, energy cost for cryptographic computations, and communication overheads for establishing a session key. The analysis shows that the energy cost of public-key cryptography is minimal, if not negligible, for applications that require infrequent authentication and key exchanges. However, which cryptographic algorithm to be used depends upon the security requirements of the respective IoT applications since applicability of the cryptographic algorithms varies according to the capabilities, configurations, and operations of IoT devices. We present a list of cryptographic algorithms that can be suitable for various IoT components in Table 8. As shown in Figure 17, smart devices and sensors are the most resource-constrained entities in an IoT system. As such, these devices should avoid usingthe cryptographic schemes that include modular exponentiation operations and require to have longer keys, such as IF and DL, and adopt ECC-based cryptologic schemes.
## Materials and Methods
### The RNA Extraction, Reverse Transcription and Real-Time Quantitative PCR Analysis  
Total RNA was isolated from the testes using the ExtractRNA Reagent (TRIzol analogue) (\"Evrogen\", Moscow, Russia) according to the manufacturer's protocol. Before use, the RNA samples were examined by agarose gel electrophoresis to demonstrate clear bands corresponding to the ribosomal 5S/5.8S, 18S and 28S RNA and no degradation. The quality and yield of the RNA were estimated by measuring the A260/A280 ratio (Nanophotometer C40, \"Implen\", Munchen, Germany). The samples containing 1 \(\upmu\)g of RNA were reverse-transcribed to cDNA using the random oligodeoxynucleotide primers and the MMLV RT kit (\"Evrogen\", Moscow, Russia) according to the manufacturer's protocol. The amplification was performed using the mixture (final volume of 25 \(\upmu\)L) containing 10 ng of the reverse transcription product, 0.4 \(\upmu\)M each of the forward and reverse primers, and the qPCRmix-HS SYBR+LowROX kit (\"Evrogen\", Moscow, Russia), as described by us earlier [92]. The amplified signals were detected with the Applied Biosystems(r) 7500 Real-Time PCR System (\"Life Technologies, Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc.\", Waltham, MA, USA). The real-time quantitative PCR amplification protocol was used: (i) initial denaturation at 95 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 5 min; (ii) three-stage amplification and quantification program consisting of 38 cycles of 95 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 30 s, 55-58 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 10 s, and 72 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 30 s; and (iii) use of the ABI Melt Curve program to verify the presence of a single peak and the absence of primer-dimer formation in each template-containing reaction. The annealing temperatures were optimized using the Primer-Blast program ([[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/tools/primer-blast/](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/tools/primer-blast/)]([http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/tools/primer-blast/](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/tools/primer-blast/))). In the preliminary studies, the SYBR Green-labeled PCR products were evaluated by agarose gel electrophoresis, and the authenticity of each amplicon was verified by nucleic acid sequencing. The primers for the investigated and reference genes listed in Table S5. The expression of the genes encoding \(\upbeta\)-actin (_Actb_) was used as a house skipping gene. The data were calculated using the delta-delta C\({}_{\text{t}}\) method and expressed as fold expression relative to the control [93]. In all the studied series, young adult rats were used as a control group. Since there were no differences in gene expression in the groups Young+saline and Young+dmso, the group Young+saline was used as a control to assess the expression of testicular genes.
## 2 KITSUNE Satellite
### Software
#### Ground Station Software  
The KITSUNE GS software is created and tested before the satellite is launched. The input of the uplink command to the CubeSat, particularly for taking pictures and DL execution commands are included in the GUI. The operator can use manual (default) or scheduled modes. Both modes are required to send three uplink commands: take a picture, execute DL, and downlink image data. The scheduled mode has the advantage of sending the commands within one satellite pass, while the manual mode has two options: to directly downlink the image data or go through the DL algorithm in the next pass. The reasons  
Figure 4: Camera mission with deep-learning execution flowchart.  
are to create flexibility for the operator and to avoid any undesired impact on the primary mission of KITSUNE.  
In addition, the picture-taking command is executed at random (default) or targeting wildfire images. Capturing a random image is a more straightforward option to apply (nadir pointing), while the coordinates and time are strictly required in the uplink command for taking a wildfire image (target pointing). A complete image will be downloaded and analyzed thoroughly at the GS if the image is correctly classified as a wildfire from the downlink data result. In the end, the number of those images that are positively predicted is recorded and evaluated to show the effectiveness of applying an onboard DL algorithm while counting how much of the downlink communication load it can reduce.
# Hybrid Cooperative Cache Based on Temporal Convolutional Networks in Vehicular Edge Network
## 5 Experimental Results and Analysis
### Analysis of Results and Comparison of Performance  
To investigate the relationship between content popularity and cache performance, we changed the content heat distribution by adjusting parameter \(\beta\) of the Zipf distribution. As shown in Figure 3, the cache performance improves as the parameters increase. This is because as the parameters \(\beta\) become higher, more cache space is allocated to the more popular content. Compared to the ECC strategy, the THCS strategy improved HR by 1-12% and reduced ADL by 5-12.5%.  
To investigate the effect of cache size on cache performance, we scaled the cache size of each RSU server from 100 to 600. As can be seen in Figure 4, cache performance improves as the cache size increases. The reason is that as the cache capacity increases, more content can be cached on the RSU servers and user requests are more likely to be available in the cooperation area rather than from remote servers. The THCS solution shows optimal performance in terms of both HR and ADL.  
Figure 4: The relationship between cache capacity and cache performance: (**a**) HR for different cache capacity, (**b**) ADL for different cache capacity.  
Figure 3: The relationship between cache performance and Zipf parameters: (**a**) HR for different Zipf parameters, (**b**) ADL for different Zipf parameters.  
To investigate the relationship between content count and cache performance, we limit the content count to the interval 500-3000. From Figure 5, we can see that content count is negatively correlated with cache performance, which is because more content items cause the RSU not to cache all content, so that more content cannot be fetched directly from the cooperation region. This paper proposes that the THCS policy continues to outperform other policies because the THCS policy considers the selection of cached content more comprehensively.  
Figure 6 compares the traditional content popularity-based caching strategy with the caching strategy proposed in this paper that integrates HCV (denoted as Popularity-THCS and HCV-THCS). As shown in Figure, the trends of HR and ADL of the two approaches as the cache capacity increases, it can be seen that the HCV-THCS proposed in this paper exhibits superior performance, with an 8.6-16% increase in HR and a 7.3-14.3% decrease in ADL compared with the traditional scheme HCV-THCS.