# Accelerometer-Based Pavement Classification for Vehicle Dynamics Analysis Using Neural Networks
## 3 Results
In contrast to smoother surfaces, such as concrete tiles or standard stone pavement, Belgian pavement produces significant and irregular acceleration spikes. The abrupt spike shown in the graph at the 0.75 s interval signifies that such a surface might produce hazardous forces while the vehicle is moving at elevated speeds. Belgian stone pavers generate more powerful and robust vibrations than standard stone pavers owing to their bigger stones and deeper interstices. This produces significant and pronounced spikes in acceleration, as seen in the graph, and these data may be crucial for surface classification algorithms to identify this kind of pavement from accelerometer readings. Basalt paving (Figure 8), similar to other stone pavements, produces an irregular surface owing to the configuration of the stones, their placement, and the interstices between them. Basalt is a natural, resilient stone often used in urban roadways due to its durability and resilience; yet, it produces a coarse and rigid surface that induces significant vibrations in vehicles. Figure 8: The vertical acceleration of the vehicle on a basalt cube pavement: (**a**) the acceleration graph; (**b**) an example of the surface. Between 0 and 0.25 s, the acceleration curve exhibits minor oscillations with an amplitude of up to \(\pm\)50 m/s\({}^{2}\). This illustrates the car's first, relatively smooth traversal over the basalt pavement prior to the wheels encountering more pronounced imperfections. Despite the diminutive size of the gaps in the basalt pavement, these fundamental oscillations demonstrate that even little contact with the stones induces vibrations detectable via the accelerometer data. Between 0.3 and 0.7 s, there are notable acceleration spikes ranging from +150 m/s\({}^{2}\) to \(-\)100 m/s\({}^{2}\). This signifies that the vehicle has traversed a more severe area characterized by bigger stones or more pronounced gaps between them. basalt pavement is often coarse, resulting in increased vertical stresses on the vehicle as the wheels continuously adapt to the surface imperfections. Each stone, or the interstitial gap, generates immediate but substantial shocks detected by the accelerometer. Near the conclusion of the graph, between 0.8 and 1.2 s, the acceleration spikes further, with some values above +150 m/s\({}^{2}\). These abrupt jolts may signify that the vehicle has encountered a notably irregular segment of basalt pavement or a more substantial void between the stones. These oscillations indicate abrupt and significant changes in the vehicle's sprung mass, which particularly impact driving comfort and the suspension system. Basalt pavement generates consistent but irregular vibrations owing to the configuration and morphology of the natural stone. The stone's rigid roughness results in surface imperfections that enhance vertical acceleration and significantly impact the vehicle's suspension and unsprung mass. The accelerometer detects significant shocks when the wheels traverse bigger gaps or notably uneven stones, and these signals are prevalent, owing to the irregular pavement construction. The hardness and irregular surface of basalt pavement provide considerable vibrations for the car. The graph clearly illustrates that the acceleration spikes produced by this pavement are irregular and pronounced, particularly when the wheels contact bigger stones or spaces between them. This pavement type generates frequent and intense vibrations that may be unique in the accelerometer signal dataset, which is crucial for surface classification methods to identify this pavement type from accelerometer data.