# From Bottom of Sea to Space: Quo Vadis IoT? So What About Security?
## 3 Security Challenges and Mechanisms
### IoT on the Ground
#### 3.2.2 Extensions with Applications in Transportation
The use of deep reinforcement learning is optimized through the use of two different processes. The Markov decision process is used in reducing latency and allowing for a greater amount of throughput. Then, an asynchronous advantage actor-critic algorithm improves the resource allocation of the model. Through testing, the authors were able to show that the scheme was effective at moving data quickly. Internet of Connected Vehicles (IoCV) has been used in urban services [161] and related areas. Among security challenges and mechanisms related to the Internet of Connected Things, one may refer to the following:  
* Security Challenges
* Edge computing is a growing technology in the IoCV that takes much of the burden of communication off of the vehicles that tend to have a low amount of resources. Many of these edge computing systems have issues with privacy, including untrusted edge nodes, which can leave location data vulnerable to attackers. Most proposed systems offer security with trusted nodes but do not discuss the unavoidable untrusted nodes that are important to the system. The authors of [162] argued that the need for security and privacy provisions in the Internet of Connected Vehicles increases with mobility. They focused on the privacy considerations of communications between IoT layer vehicles and potentially untrusted edge controllers as these communications contain private information such as location and speed. They reviewed related privacy preservation approaches and observed that existing approaches assume both parties (vehicles and edge controllers) to be trusted, which is not the case in some real-world scenarios. To bridge this gap, they developed a differentially private data streaming system that injects noise into the IoT layer instead of the transportation infrastructure. Their method scales the noise on the basis of the data correlation. They evaluated their method and demonstrated that it outperforms state-of-the-art approaches. One of the biggest risks that the IoV faces is the lack of security in the intelligent terminals that are in all smart vehicles. These terminals can be taken attacked by malicious groups and threaten the safety of the vehicle. In [163] the authors propose two authentication protocols to protect the intelligent terminal. The first authentication protocol used is to examine the behavior of the user when using and entering the network. The second layer of authentication is a password. For this authentication method to be effective, the behavior must be kept private. No part of the authentication protocol reveals this information. In analyzing the protocol, it is shown to be effective in terms of computation and communication costs. * Attack Resilience Trust management is an important system in the IoCV but tends to be quite inefficient as they tend to assume that the number of road-side units are limited. The authors of [164] create a scheme and assume that RSUs are able to provide efficient communication to any vehicle. They propose a system in which all vehicles contact RSUs directly to obtain all traffic communications. This allows for a more reliable and controlled spread of traffic information that can be checked more easily for malicious activity. The method uses market trading in order to reduce the spread of malicious activity and reward the sharing of information by weighing communications based on trustworthiness. Simulations prove the scheme to be effective at blocking malicious information from spreading. Internet of Electric VehiclesInternet of Electric Vehicles (IoEV) has been studied in many recent research reports [165]. A lot of articles focus on the safe transfer of energy from one vehicle to another or from vehicle to infrastructure. The authors of [166] propose a system of energy transfer that takes advantage of blockchain. All transactions are performed using smart contracts and are recorded through the blockchain. The smart contracts allow for optimal pricing and optimal energy allocation.