## 4 Results and Discussions
### Emerging Digital Technologies
#### 4.1.8 Integration of Digital Technologies for Creating Advanced Digital Ecosystem  
This section integrates emerging digital technologies into a cohesive framework designed to support immersive and intelligent OHS management. While each enabling technology offers standalone benefits, their true value emerges through integration. Figure 13 shows the advanced digital ecosystem (conceptual diagram) that can be visualized as a layered system with the DT at its core, surrounded by the broader IM and other interconnected enabling technologiesto enhance OHS in manufacturing. In a modern Industry 4.0/5.0 OHS ecosystem, DT is central, enabling real-time replication and risk simulation. It is surrounded by IM, which uses DT to build immersive hybrid workspaces. The integration of DT and IM technologies in manufacturing signifies a paradigm shift from reactive to proactive safety and operational strategies. DTs enable real-time monitoring and dynamic simulation, thereby supporting data-driven decision-making for OHS. In parallel, IM bridges the gap between physical and virtual environments through immersive technologies, enhancing worker training and hazard visualization. These tools not only mitigate \begin{table}
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**Aspect** & **Description** \\ \hline Core Function & Advanced robots (COBOTS) designed for direct, safe collaboration with humans, pivotal for Industry 5.0 \\ \hline Primary Use Cases & Assembly operations, packaging, quality control, and ergonomic support \\ \hline Safety Paramount & Emphasizes real-time risk prediction, mitigation, and safety-by-design, heavily leveraging DT simulations and human state monitoring \\ \hline DT Integration & DTs model, simulate, and optimize HRC processes in real-time, enhancing decision-making, safety, and operational efficiency through virtual environments \\ \hline Enabling Technologies & AI, XR, advanced sensors, machine vision, and real-time data analytics for intelligent perception, control, and interaction \\ \hline Key Benefits & Increased efficiency, productivity, product quality, improved ergonomics, and prevention of OHS issues, while offering a cost-effective solution for complex industrial tasks \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 5: Overview of COBOTS in smart, advanced manufacturing environments. risks but also contribute to ergonomic and psychological well-being, aligning with the human-centric vision of Industry 5.0. DT is powered by inputs from the IoT, sensors, MoCap, AI, big data analytics, and CPS, with a reciprocal relationship with CPS. These technologies enable real-time data into the DT, allowing for accurate simulations and predictive modeling. For example, wearables, MoCap, and sensors send physiological, biomechanical, and environmental data to the DT, enriching its fidelity and responsiveness. The DT serves as a foundational element of the IM, contributing to its virtual representation and operational intelligence. A key finding is the synergistic effect of combining technologies. For instance, DTs enhanced by AI and IoT provide predictive analytics, while immersive tools offer practical training environments without real-world consequences. CPS and COBOTS ensure safe human-machine collaboration using real-time physiological data. For instance, COBOTS receive real-time input to adjust the grip, speed, and proximity, and simultaneously feed performance data to the DT and AI layers for continuous adaptation. These integrations culminate in a responsive and adaptive digital ecosystem capable of continuous improvement. IM integrates immersive technologies such as XR, including VR, AR, and MR, for interaction, as well as AI and big data for processing, and COBOTS for physical-digital synergy. Immersive technologies interact with both DT and IM, supporting 3D safety training and ergonomic evaluation. They serve as a key interface layer, enhancing the data flow across all nodes and powering advanced safety training, monitoring, and decision-making.