## 1 Introduction  
In the last decade, the use of smartphones, computers and devices has progressively increased. In Europe, findings from the Eurostat Report [1] showed that 91% of young people made daily use of the internet. The most common activities were to send and receive e-mails (86%), to participate in social networking activities (83%), to call and video chat (50%) and to upload content such as photos, videos and text (47%). These findings are in accordance with those of [PERSON] and colleagues [2], which affirmed that young adults are more prone than others to use internet and social networks mainly to increase social contact, play games and stay in touch with parents and friends. According to [PERSON] [3], prolonged use of technology and the internet has also generated new arenas (and tools) for victimization. Findings on online harassment from the Pew Research Center. [4] have shown that the phenomenon is more prevalent in social networking sites or apps (66%), website comment sections (22%), gaming (16%), email (16%), discussion sites and forums (10%) and dating apps or websites (6%). Among victims, young adults experience more cyberstalking than other forms of cyber violence, while young men are more prone than others to experience violence in online gaming. An interesting issue is cyberstalking, which is a form of stalking (one of the most common forms of interpersonal violence [5]) found throughout technologies. Cyberstalking has been defined as \"the repeated pursuit (2 or more times), by the same person, of an individual using communication technologies that causes the individual to experience a substantial emotional response or feel fear for their safety or the safety of someone close to them\" [6]. This definition gives the boundaries of the phenomenon: the repetition of the pursuit, the intention to cause an emotional response, and the fear for the victim's or others' safety. Moreover, this definition introduces the novelty aspect of the technologies, which distinguishes it from the offline repetition of repetitive unwanted behaviors such as face to face intrusive communication, direct forms of surveillance and visual or physical proximity. Regarding the prevalence of the phenomenon, the investigation conducted by [PERSON] and [PERSON] [7] showed that 47.5% of 1051 self-defined stalking victims reported harassment via the internet. Findings from the investigation by [PERSON] and colleagues [8] showed that 40.8% of the participants in their survey had experienced cyberstalking victimization. [PERSON] and colleagues [9] found that among 6379 participants, the prevalence of cyberstalking was 6.3%. Data from the European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights (FRA) survey. Reference [10] showed that female victims of cyberstalking (stalking by means of email, text messages or the internet) made up 4% of all 18- to 29-year-old women in the EU. [PERSON] and colleagues [11] analyzed data from 353 self-defined victims of stalking and found that the majority of the victims were female (240) between the ages of 20 and 39 (58.6%). In a previous study conducted by two of the authors of this work [12; 13] that involved 107 young adult self-declared victims of cyberstalking, the findings showed that the victims were mainly females (61%). Similar findings were found by [PERSON] [14]; among the sample of 1500 participants in her survey, 31.8% were identified as victims of cyberstalking victimization, and women comprised the majority of the sample (69%). This investigation demonstrated that the victimization experience caused emotional, psychological (e.g., anxiety and depression [15]), physical (e.g., sleep disturbance, panic attack, tiredness), social (e.g., damaged reputation) and economic (e.g., purchasing control systems) consequences. The results indicated that the victims experienced a higher level of depression and anxiety than those who had never experienced cyberstalking. In particular, anxiety and depression were expressed by victims that experienced both cyberstalking and offline violence.