esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# The Role of Surface Texture on the Photocatalytic H\({}_{2}\) Production on TiO\({}_{2}\)
## 3 Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production from Anatase TiO\({}_{2}\)
### Effect of Crystal Shape and Structure
In 2015 [PERSON] and [PERSON] [88] studied the hydrogen evolution rate from TiO\({}_{2}\) inverse opals (TIOs) and macroporous disordered (MP) structures that they synthesized using different polymeric sacrificial templates [88; 90]. They used polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) and polystyrene (PS) to obtain TiO\({}_{2}\) architectures with different pores size. The authors then compared the photocatalytic activity of the synthesized materials using Pt as cocatalyst and formate buffer (0.1 M) as hole scavenger. To study the effect of the photonic crystal slow photons, the hydrogen photoproduction tests were carried at two different irradiation wavelengths: at 365 nm, where the inverse opals studied were able to take advantage of the slow light, and 254 nm, where the contribution of the slow light was negligible. They concluded that under 254-nm irradiation, MP TiO\({}_{2}\) materials presented similar photoactivity compared to inverse opals, given the same polymer template. Conversely, at 365 nm, the slow photons effect induced a larger H\({}_{2}\) evolution for the inverse opals. Thanks to this approach they were able to prove that the rate increase stems from improved light absorption when photonic band gap edges and incident light emission maximum are matched and slow photons can be exploited. Without slow photons, inverse opals behave as disordered macroporous materials, confirming that charge transfer dynamics are not modified. The activities were also influenced by the chemical characteristics of the sacrificial polymer that controlled the crystalline phase of the TiO\({}_{2}\) materials. While PMMA induced the formation of anatase only, conversely, with PS a mixture of anatase and rutile was obtained. The photonic crystal properties of TiO\({}_{2}\) nanotube arrays were exploited by [PERSON] and coworkers [91] to enhance the photocatalytic hydrogen production under a polychromatic UV irradiation. Thin films of TiO\({}_{2}\) nanotube arrays on a Ti support were synthesized by electrochemical anodization. Figure 6 shows the vertically self-assembled nanotube arrays. The authors were able to linearly increase the inner diameter of the nanotubes and their growth rate increased with increasing applied voltage. From theoretical calculations, they demonstrated that the position and the width of the photonic band gap could be affected by three morphological characteristics of the nanotubes: (1) inner diameter, (2) wall thickness and (3) distance between pores. The possibility to change these characteristics by simply modifying the synthesis conditions, allowed tuning the photonic band gap and fitting it within the TiO\({}_{2}\) absorption band, red shifting the photoactivity threshold. This led to a \(>\) 50% increase of the H\({}_{2}\) evolution rate under polychromatic irradiation.
## 4 Experiments
### Experimental Results
#### 4.4.4 Model Performance Result  
In this experiment, we employed the RPM-ETC model to predict elevator malfunctions during the period from March to May 2023. As illustrated in Table 10, the results underscore the exceptional performance of the elevator temporal information fault detection model throughout these three months. Specifically, the model achieved high accuracy rates of 86.3%, 84.3%, and 86.3%, respectively, and demonstrated outstanding processing speeds, with FPS values of 386.3, 384.9, and 388.7. These outcomes not only affirm the model's high applicability in real-time or near-real-time fault detection applications but also highlight its effective discriminative capability in differentiating nonfault conditions, with specificity (TNR) values of 76.3%, 74.5%, and 74.6%, respectively. Despite the precision and recall results indicating room for further optimization in reducing false positives and enhancing fault identification accuracy, these findings provide clear guidance for future research  
Figure 5: Accuracy in different input sequence length.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Input Sequence Length** & **Accuracy (\%)** \\ \hline
30 & 60.9 \\
60 & 75.0 \\
90 & 79.5 \\
120 & 84.0 \\
150 & 86.3 \\
180 & 86.2 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 9: Experimental results for different input sequence lengths.  
directions and model improvements. Moreover, the control of the model's parameter size at 20.18 M reflects a thoughtful balance between model complexity and computational resource utilization. Overall, the model's high accuracy and rapid processing capability reinforce its potential and practical value as an effective solution for elevator fault prediction, contributing a powerful tool to the domain of elevator maintenance and safety monitoring.
# Interference Aware Resource Control for 6G-Enabled Expanded IoT Networks
###### Abstract  
Emerging consumer devices rely on the next generation IoT for connected support to undergo the much-needed digital transformation. The main challenge for next-generation IoT is to fulfil the requirements of robust connectivity, uniform coverage and scalability to reap the benefits of automation, integration and personalization. Next generation mobile networks, including beyond 5G and 6G technology, play an important role in delivering intelligent coordination and functionality among the consumer nodes. This paper presents a 6G-enabled scalable cell-free IoT network that guarantees uniform quality-of-service (QoS) to the proliferating wireless nodes or consumer devices. By enabling the optimal association of nodes with the APs, it offers efficient resource management. A scheduling algorithm is proposed for the cell-free model such that the interference caused by the neighbouring nodes and neighbouring APs is minimised. The mathematical formulations are obtained to carry out the performance analysis with different precoding schemes. Further, the allocation of pilots for obtaining the association with minimum interference is managed using different pilot lengths. It is observed that the proposed algorithm offers an improvement of 18.9% in achieved spectral efficiency using partial regularized zero-forcing (PRZF) precoding scheme at pilot length \(\tau_{p}=10\). In the end, the performance comparison with two other models incorporating random scheduling and no scheduling at all is carried out. As compared to random scheduling, the proposed scheduling shows improvement of 10.9% in obtained spectral efficiency by 95% of the user nodes.  
6G; next-generation IoT; interference; scheduling; resource control 2023  
23235649103390/s23125649
# LEO Precise Orbit Determination with Inter-satellite Links
## 4 Results and Analyses  
In this section, we mainly focus on the demonstration of POD results with ISLs and relevant analysis is conducted. The whole section is divided into three parts. In the first part, experimental results based on two link topologies are demonstrated. Then, POD results with center of gravity reference are shown and we concentrate on analyzing the impact of link ranging accuracy and the numbers of links on the performance of POD. Finally, POD results with reference provided by navigation satellites are shown to demonstrate that the high precision can be achieved by ISL POD.
# A Fast and Accurate Method for Computing the Microwave Heating of Moving Objects
###### Abstract  
In this paper, we show a fast and accurate numerical method for simulating the microwave heating of moving objects, which is still a challenge because of its complicated mathematical model simultaneously coupling electromagnetic field, thermal field, and temperature-dependent moving objects. By contrast with most discrete methods whose dielectric parameters of the heated samples are updated only when they move to a new position or even turn a circle, in our simulations a real-time procedure is added to renew the parameters during the whole heating process. Furthermore, to avoid the mesh-mismatch induced by remeshing the moving objects, we move the cavity instead of samples. To verify the efficiency and accuracy, we compared our method with the arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian method, one of the most accurate methods for computing this process until now. For the same computation model, our method helps in decreasing the computing time by about 90% with almost the same accuracy. Moreover, the influence of the rotational speed on the microwave heating is systematically investigated by using this method. The results show the widely used speed in domestic microwave ovens, 5 rpm, is indeed a good choice for improving the temperature uniformity with high energy efficiency.  
moving objects; microwave oven; numerical simulation; updating dielectric properties +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Physics Letters
## 4 Example Verification and Engineering Application
### Example Verification and Analysis
It gradually transmits towards the far end of the anchoring section, highlighting the following specific characteristics:  
1. At a pull-out load of \(P\) = 160 kN, which is below the elastic limit load (\(P_{ik}\)), the interface around the anchoring section is in an elastic state. Consequently, the axial force gradually decreases to 0 towards the far end. There is no axial force distribution beyond the anchoring depth of 1.045 m, representing the limit length (\(L_{t}\)) of the elastic state. The axial force curve exhibits a concave form under these conditions. 2. As the pull-out load increases, reaching \(P\) = \(P_{ik}\), the shear stress at the top of the anchoring section hits the ultimate shear strength \(\tau_{1}\). At this juncture, the anchoring section begins to soften, and the portion near the top of the anchoring section enters the plastic state. When the pull-out load reaches \(P\) = 250 kN, a section of the anchor undergoes plastic softening. This specific segment, known as the plastic part, is characterized by a length (\(L_{1}\)) equal to 0.168 m, forming a slightly convex curve on the axial force distribution curve. This curvature arises because the shear stress in the plastic softening part is less than the ultimate shear strength \(\tau_{1}\), resulting in a reduced transmission rate of axial force to the distant part of the anchoring section. The segment with an anchorage length greater than 0.168 m remains in the elastic state, and the axial force is transmitted to an anchorage depth of 1.213 m.
3. As the pull-out load continues to rise, reaching \(P\) = \(P_{ik}\), the shear stress at the top of the anchoring section decreases to the residual shear strength \(\tau_{2}\). At this critical point, the anchoring section is on the brink of cracking and sliding, and the region near the top of the anchoring section enters a debonding state. At a pull-out load of \(P\) = 300 kN, the length of the anchor undergoes debonding, with the length of the debonding part (\(L_{2}\)) measuring 0.225 m. This debonding part is represented as a straight line on the axial force curve since the shear stress in the slipping section remains constant. Within the segment with an anchoring length between 0.225 m and 0.432 m, the material still remains in a plastic state, and the length of the plastic part (\(L_{1}\)) is 0.207 m. The portion  
Figure 8: Comparison of the predictions of pull-out load–displacement responses between the published mathematical models [13; 14; 15; 18] and the model in this work. with an anchoring length greater than 0.432 m remains elastic, and the axial force is transmitted to an anchoring depth of 1.477 m.
## 7 Numerical Results
### Numerical Test 3  
This section uses snapshots from the solutions of miscible flow, which changes continuously with no particular pattern for each time instance, as shown in Figure 7. Each snapshot has \(n=\)15,000 pixels. The POD basis is constructed from \(n_{s}=200\) complete snapshots and used to reconstruct the missing pixels of 50 incomplete snapshots. Each incomplete snapshot has 30% missing pixels, as demonstrated in Figure 8. The average relative error for the reconstruction and the corresponding CPU time are displayed in Figure 9 for different cases of POD dimensions \(k=10,30,50,100\). For each of these cases, different values of DEIM dimensions \(m=10,30,\ldots,190\) are used in the accelerated POD-LS approach. Figure 9 demonstrates the convergence of the reconstruction error and the speed up of the CPU time of the accelerated POD-LS and the standard POD-LS approaches as in the previous numerical tests. In this numerical test, the accelerated POD-LS can be used to speed up the CPU time by roughly \(\mathcal{O}(10)\) to \(\mathcal{O}(100)\) times. Note that the dimension of \(m\) that is suitable in each case of \(k\) is generally selected from the _corner_ of the error plot before the error becomes constant. Therefore, from Figure 9, the error plot from the accelerated least-squares approach using case (i)  
To clearly illustrate the effect of dimension \(k\) on the POD basis, Figure 10 compares the average relative error and the corresponding CPU time used in the reconstruction from the accelerated POD-LS approach using \(m=k\) with the ones from the standard POD-LS approach for each \(k\) ranging from 10 to 190. Figure 10 shows that the accelerated POD-LS approach can provide almost the same accurate reconstruction as the standard POD-LS roughly 100 times faster. This numerical test, therefore, demonstrates the potential of the proposed approach for other large-scale problems.  
Figure 9: (Numerical Test 3) Average relative error of the reconstructed missing components using the standard LS method and the accelerated least-squares with basis from rSVD, denoted by LS-DEIM for case (i) and LS-DEIM-b for case (ii) defined in Algorithm 4 for POD dimensions \(k=10,30,50\) with DEIM dimensions \(m=10,30,50,70,90,110,130,150,170,190\).
# Analysis of the Dynamic Behavior of Multi-Layered Soil Grounds
## 2 Materials and Methods
### The 1 g Shaking-Table Test  
#### 2.2.1 Experimental Equipment  
In the study of multi-layered soil behavior, a 1 g shaking table offers a controlled setting for simulating seismic events and examining the dynamic response of layered soils. This study employed various experimental components to explore soil dynamics. Figure 1 depicts a schematic diagram of the 1 g shaking-table test system, serving as the central component for conducting experiments and grasping the dynamic properties of the multi-layered soils. The key equipment included the 1 g shaking-table test equipment system, a laminar shear box, a data logger, and an accelerometer. These specialized tools facilitated the replication of ground motions, while the use of the 1 g shaking table enabled analysis with the aim of comprehending the behavior and stability of multi-layered soil under diverse dynamic conditions. The experimental system utilized in this study aligns with that used by [PERSON] et al., 2020 [21].  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Parameter** & **Value** & **Parameter** & **Value** \\ \hline Gs & 2.69 & e\({}_{\text{max}}\) & 1.12 \\ Plasticity index (\%) & 3.7 & e\({}_{\text{min}}\) & 0.44 \\ Cc & 3.57 & Cu & 9.28 \\ USCS & SW-SM & D\({}_{50}\) (mm) & 1.09 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Geotechnical index properties of the weathered soil used in this study.  
Figure 1: The experimental system used in this study [21].  
The laminar shear box comprised 12 independently movable aluminum frames, simulating infinitely expanding ground boundary conditions for horizontal shear motion, as depicted in Figure 2a. The dimensions of the aluminum frames were 2000 mm (W) \(\times\) 600 mm (L) \(\times\) 600 mm (H), with each frame having a thickness of 4.5 cm and an approximate frame spacing of 0.5 cm. Data logging involved measuring and recording physical or electrical parameters over time. In this study, seismic acceleration was captured using ARF-20A acceleration transducers, capable of measuring up to 20 m/s\({}^{2}\). The data logger we employed was the 24-channel SDL-350R model, compatible with ARF-20A, offering a data storage interval of up to 0.005 s. Visuals of the data logger and accelerometer used are shown in Figure 2b,c.
# Modeling User Acceptance of In-Vehicle Applications for Safer Road Environment
## 1 Introduction
There is limited research on understanding the acceptance process of in-vehicle applications from the driver's viewpoint [4]. Most empirical investigations are limited to populations in the United States, Europe, Korea, China and Taiwan, with a different culture than Malaysia [5]. The user perspective on new and unfamiliar technology will vary and will normally be driven by personal characteristics and locality. A technology developed based on European culture may not directly fit to users residing in Asian countries [6]. As a result, it is critical to assess the responses of people from a certain background as part of the global market user acceptance studies of the technology [7; 8] to acquire the full potential of innovations that cannot be optimally reached until they are well-received by society. Asian communities, particularly in Southeast Asia, which make for a large proportion of global car users, are underrepresented. Even though most modern vehicles nowadays are equipped with in-vehicle applications (see Table 2), these applications are considered new among local drivers. Furthermore, Malaysians generally prefer vehicle-resident features that help them avoid accidents [9], such as collision warnings with auto-braking systems and blind-spot information systems. These vehicle safety features could influence the vehicle buying behavior of urban buyers in Malaysia [10]. However, not all drivers have a propensity or desire to implement the technology. Hence, we intend to explore their acceptance and intention to use the applications should they be made available. Using the results of this study, along with other available information, the decision-makers may decide how to proceed with additional activities involving in-vehicle technologies. To our best knowledge, we have not found any further study investigating drivers' acceptance, specifically addressing Malaysian drivers. The output of this study may also provide input to the implementation of the Malaysia Intelligent Transport System (ITS) Blueprint, which aims to help drivers make informed decisions by outlining three Focus Areas, namely Automated Enforcement, Weigh-in-Motion and Emergency Management [11]. The remainder of this paper is organized as follows. Section 2 describes road safety and advanced driver systems applications focused on Malaysia. The works directly related to this study are discussed in Section 3. Section 4 discusses the methodology approach used for this study. The findings and discussions for this study are provided in Section 5. Finally, Section 6 presents the conclusions.
## 9 Conclusions  
In this paper, an efficient communication network for civil aviation aircraft has been proposed where a stratospheric platform basestation (SB) located at 20 km high in the stratosphere is used to provide a high-speed Internet connection for aircraft during flights. The system architecture and geometrical aspects have been demonstrated and analyzed where the communication range between aircraft and SB has been deduced with its coverage area. To provide efficient 5G and beyond services at mm-waves from SB to aircrafts, the system performance has been analyzed and investigated at frequencies ranging from 3.5 to 66 GHz in terms of the most influential parameters which are the losses caused by such factors as atmospheric gaseous absorption, rain, and fog/cloud. In this investigation, a flight model has been proposed which demonstrated the performance in three distinct flight stages which are take-off/landing, climbing/descending, and cruise stages. A feasibility study based on the three atmospheric loss performances has shown that an efficient and improved signal levels at mm-wave frequencies above 40 GHz can be achieved during cruise stage only, which presents a flight time especially for long flights of several hours duration while lower frequencies could be used during the other flight stages especially at those frequencies below 10 GHz. On the other hand, the proposed aircraft-SB network has been compared with the current and future mobile-satellite systems such as Starlink satellites where the proposed SB-based network provides lower latency and atmospheric attenuation, longer aircraft-SB link duration, and relatively low handover rate. In future work, the communication link between aircraft and SB will be improved by using adaptive beamforming techniques onboard both aircraft and SB to mitigate atmospheric losses and enhance the system capacity.  
Tail University Researchers Supporting Project number (TURSP-2020/161), Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Edge Server Deployment Strategy Based on Queueing Search Meta-Heuristic Algorithm
## 6 Discussion
### Limitations and Future Work  
Despite its advantages, QSA has some limitations.  
High computational cost: The prolonged execution time may be a bottleneck in real-time decision-making scenarios. Future work could explore acceleration techniques, such as parallel computing or distributed optimization.  
Scalability in ultra-large networks: While QSA performs well up to 6000 users and 180 base stations, its scalability in larger-scale deployments remains an open question. Future studies could investigate adaptive mechanisms to balance efficiency and accuracy.  
Dynamic environments: This study considers static user and infrastructure conditions. Future research could extend QSA to dynamic edge computing environments, where user mobility and network load fluctuate over time.
# An Electroglottograph Auxiliary Neural Network for Target Speaker Extraction
## 5 Discussion  
In Section 4, we detailed the series of speech extraction experiments that we conducted to compare speech extraction performance and identify the best method. To explore the effects of information extraction using different signals, we compared the SpeakerBeam network and our EGG_Aux and Pre_EGG_Aux networks. The results showed that on the CDESD, the SDRi increased by 1.12 dB while the SISDRi increased by 0.86 dB with the EGG_Aux network. When using the Pre_EGG_Aux network, the SDRi increased by 1.15 dB while the SISDRi increased by 0.89 dB. From these results, we could infer that the EGG signals provide more information than speech signals and could extract more information from time-domain features. In addition, we tested our networks on the EMO-DB. These results showed that using the Pre_EGG_Aux network increased SDRi by 1.41 dB and the SISDRi by 1.72 dB, meaning that our proposed method had a better speech extraction performance for different languages.  
As for different speech extraction circumstances, we conducted experiments involving different genders. The EGG method achieved a better performance in most situations, especially when the target speaker and interference speaker were of the same gender. In the female-female situation, the network using EGGs achieved a 2 dB increase, while a 1 dB increase was achieved in the male-male situation. In terms of speech extraction performance involving speakers of the same gender, the Pre_EGG_Aux network achieved a similar level to that involving different genders. As shown above, when dealing with female speech extraction, the network using EGG signals achieved better results, which meant that the EGG signals from female speaker were easier to recognize than those of male speakers.  
To verify the performance of our model under different SNRs, we mixed samples from the datasets using different amplitude spectrograms and compared the results for SNRs ranging from \(-5\) dB to \(5\) dB. As shown in the Results Section, the SISDRi was 8.70 dB when the SNR was set as \(-5\) dB, while the SISDRi was 4.97 dB when the SNR was set as 5 dB. These results suggested that our model had a better speech extraction performance in noisier environments.