esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Precision Agriculture: A Remote Sensing Monitoring System Architecture +
## 7 Energy-Saving Techniques and Security Mechanisms
### Security Mechanisms
Most importantly, access control prevents illegitimate users from gaining access to resources. The Attribute-Based Access Control (ABAC) model is a technique that assigns attributes to each entity in the system. The attributes may refer to either a user or a resource and are defined as properties of every entity to enable authentication. Another paradigm able to provide solid communication in the application layer is the Role-Based Access Control model (RBAC) where a user is assigned as administrator or ordinary user that predetermines access rights policies. In the Application layer, each user can be authenticated by the use of passwords or a smart key card [51].
## 5 Case Study: Problem Formulation
### Requirements Formulation  
The functionalities, desired by the stakeholders and future users, consist of the localization of the monitored person in his or her apartment with up to four room-zone level accuracy, but also within a multi-story building, where the apartment is located, with a floor level accuracy. Furthermore, the person's positioning in the building's outdoor neighborhood with an accuracy of at least 10 m isdesired. Moreover, the system, in all of these surroundings, should be able to monitor the target's vital signs and even detect the person's fall.  
To recognize the required behavioral changes of the monitored person, in addition to the localization and fall detection, there is a need to distinguish the person's postures, like sitting, standing, walking or lying. It is even requested that the system should classify if a current behavior is normal, suspicious or dangerous for the monitored person and, in the case of unusual occurrences, notify the people responsible for care. In the instance of conduct that is classified as suspicious or dangerous, a subsidiary part should provide supplementary information about some vital signs.  
According to a division of constraints into the two categories of general and particular, the reliability, size and comfort of device-wearing and even a maximum price of 200 EUR for the complete system are classified as the general constraints of the system. Moreover, the demands that the system should be easy to install, operate and maintain and even assure the subject's privacy are also the general constraints of the system. The operational time of at least one week, necessary for many reasons, can be categorized as particular. The localization accuracy in the considered environments along with the reliabilities of activities and fall recognition are particular constraints. Furthermore, real-time secure non-invasive measurements are crucial particular constraints of the vital signs' monitoring. The high validity of the behavior classification is also considered as a particular constraint. Both general and itemized functionalities, along with the particular requirements, are summarized in Table 1. The table consists of possible technologies and algorithms, and these, which fulfill the stated requirements, are bolded.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Antioxidant Capacity of the Hydrophilic and lipophilic Fractions Determined Against DPPH*Radicals  
The total antioxidant capacity of the processed lupin seeds, calculated as a sum of the antioxidant capacity of water-soluble and lipid-soluble compounds able to scavenge DPPH*radicals, is provided in Table 4.  
The antioxidant capacity of the hydrophilic (H) fractions of sweet lupin seeds of cv. Lord (LLL) and bitter seeds of cv. Mirela (LAM) did not differ significantly but was four and five times higher than the antioxidant capacity of the lipophilic fractions, respectively. The TAC of the seeds of both cultivars was comparable without any statistically significant differences (2.75-2.80 umol TE/g DM). The fermentation of the LLL and LAM lupin seeds had no impact on the antioxidant capacity of the H fractions, while it increased by 56 and 25% in the respective L fractions. As an outcome, the TAC was only increased within the range of 3-10%. After germination of the lupin seeds, the hydrophilic fractions of LLL and LAM showed higher antioxidant capacity by 28% and 12%, whereas no changes were noted in the antioxidant capacity of the L fractions. The TAC of the sprouts was higher within the range of 11-18% when compared to the seeds. The fermented LLL sprouts showed an increase in the antioxidant capacity of their H fraction by only 13%, whereas no changes were observed in the antioxidant capacity of the H and L fractions from LAM. Finally, the TAC of fermented sprouts of both lupin cultivars was on the same comparable level as it was noted for the fermented seeds and sprouts (2.53-3.31 umol TE/g DM). In accordance with the results provided by the CV and PCL assays, it was confirmed that the compounds able to scavenge the DPPH radicals were mainly present in the hydrophilic fractions of the seeds, fermented seeds, sprouts, and fermented sprouts (80.4-87%). The results provided by CV measurements were from twofold to fivefold higher compared to those provided by the DPPH assay; however, the latter were comparable to those provided by PCL. The total antioxidant capacity provided by the cyclic voltammetry technique was highly correlated with results achieved via the PCL assay (r = 0.86); however, no correlation was found for antioxidant capacity values provided by the DPPH assay vs. results from CV and PCL measurements. In contrast, a higher correlation was observed between the antioxidant capacity of the hydrophilic fraction measured by CV and PCL (r = 0.81) than between the antioxidant capacity of the lipophilic fractions determined with
## 2 Related Work
### Development and Application of Feature Fusion Strategies  
Feature fusion significantly improves object detection performance, particularly in detecting objects at multiple scales. Conventional feature fusion methods, like the Feature Pyramid Network (FPN) [19], combine high-level semantic features with low-level detailed information through top-down feature propagation, enhancing the detection network's ability to handle multi-scale objects. Despite its advantages, the FPN still faces challenges with inadequate feature fusion, particularly when dealing with small objects.  
Adaptively Spatial Feature Fusion (ASFF) [20] is an adaptive feature fusion strategy; its core concept is to adaptively select different levels of features to be fused according to the current input, avoiding redundancy and interference between features. ASF effectively leverages information across different scales by adaptively weighting features at multiple resolutions, thereby improving the accuracy of small object detection. This flexible feature fusion approach performs well in complex environments, particularly when dealing with multi-scale objects, significantly enhancing the detection capability for small objects.  
The Asymptotic Feature Pyramid Network (AFPN) [21] draws on adaptive spatial feature fusion to fuse features of different resolutions in stages during bottom-up feature extraction. By fusing the information from low-level features to high-level features one by one, the AFPN realizes the dual fusion of semantic and detailed information while avoiding the information gap between non-adjacent feature layers. This design can proficiently prevent the loss of feature information during multi-layer transfer, improving the model's efficacy in the multi-scale detection of objects. The structure of the AFPN is shown in Figure 2.  
Research on comprehensive attention mechanisms and feature fusion indicates that effective feature selection and fusion strategies can significantly enhance the performance of object detection networks, particularly for small object detection tasks. Building upon YOLOv7, this study proposes a novel attention mechanism and feature fusion strategy to  
Figure 1: ECANet structure.  
Figure 2: AFPN structure.  
address the limitations of the original approach in small object detection, thereby improving detection accuracy and robustness.
# Damping of Beam Vibrations Using Tuned Particles Impact Damper
## 4 Experiments
### The Influence of the Grains Material  
In this section, the authors focus on the influence of the grains material on the response of investigated system. In Figure 6a-c various displacement waveforms in the resonant range of the beam vibrations are depicted. At this stage four different volumes of the TPID compartment and three compositions of grains (steel, plastic and particles mixture) were taken into account. In the experiments  
Figure 6: Displacement waveforms for various composition of the grains. (a) Beam displacements—steel grains; (b) Beam displacements—plastic grains; (c) Beam displacements—mixed grains.  
the constant mass of the grains equal 10% of the dampened system was assumed. Such an approach resulted in slightly different volume of the loose material applied in TPID and in consequences the changeable number of particles involved in the collisions.  
Analyzing the data presented in Figure 6a it can be stated, that for the steel particles the energy dissipation process is effective (more than 50% efficiency) even for small volumes of the damper compartments. The main disadvantage of this type of material is significantly reduced controlling process of the system dynamics. Changing the volume from the \(V_{min}\) to \(V_{max}\) causes a reduction of the displacement amplitudes by approximately 20%. A different phenomenon was observed for plastic grains (Figure 6b). In this case even the slightly changed volume of the damper compartment resulted in changing the damping properties of the system. Increasing the volume value from \(V_{min}=0.2\) [dm\({}^{3}\)] to \(V=0.35\) [dm\({}^{3}\)] causes decreasing of the displacement amplitude by app. 30%. Additionally, inflating the balloon to \(V=0.50\) [dm\({}^{3}\)] is connected to further decreasing of the amplitudes up to 50%. Applying the \(V_{max}\) volume of the compartment reduces the value of recorded amplitudes by up to 70%. Plastic grains seem to be a much more interesting material for the purpose of controlling the dynamics of the investigated beam. Pumping the balloon, resulting in a gradual change in the volume of the operating space of the damper allows for a smooth change of its damping properties and allows for the application of this type of material in an effective strategy of semi-active vibration attenuation. For the steel-plastic composition of the grains (Figure 6c) experimental results are quite similar to the previously mentioned case illustrated in Figure 6b. Recorded amplitudes for the \(V=0.35\) [dm\({}^{3}\)] volume are slightly lower for grains mixture than for the pure plastic particles. In the contrary the amplitudes observed for \(V=0.50\) [dm\({}^{3}\)] are to some extent higher for the granular material combination. Although the dissipative properties of the TPID device in the case of fully inflated balloon (\(V_{max}\) of the compartment) seem to be independent on the type of used granular material (Figure 7), the plastic particles appear to be the optimal solution from the controlling point of view.
## 4 System Architecture  
### Scope and Context  
One of the techniques suggested by the iterative process of architectural design by [PERSON] and [PERSON] [27] is the use of scenarios, which was used for the establishment of requirements, the definition, and validation of the scope of the system. These requirements were used for the development of the architecture description, the construction of a prototype, and the proofs of concept. In order to show the possibility of building multiple applications and services, and restricted by time, only two scenarios are presented that were used for the realization of the architecture description. However, additional applications and services in the health field could be conceived and built through our approach.  
1.1 Scenario 1: Basic Services for the Management of the System, Monitoring Services, and Services for Alerts and Emergency Management  
The first scenario tries to establish a series of fundamental concerns related to the monitoring of vital signs. An elderly person lives in a house of predetermined dimensions, and the spaces of the house can be expressed in a two-dimensional plane. Elderly people can move freely in their homes, and at the same time, their vital signs are collected through a series of wearable devices and sent to a smartphone (gateway). Additionally, the room temperature is collected by a sensor on a smartphone. The smartphone acts as the final transmitting element of all sensed data.  
On the other hand, medical staff or family members can know the status of vital signs or the room temperature in near real time through remote devices, for instance, computers, smartphones, and tablets. Permanent control of changes in vital signs by the system is carried out to activate medical alerts. These medical alerts are vital to initiate emergency medical protocols if necessary. Authorized users can access the system to: consult patient data, consult the characteristics of the house, check the temperature status in the house, and monitor the vital signs of elderly people in real time.
## 3 Results and Discussion  
### Characteristics of 20 MnCr5 Steel Powder  
Figure 2 shows the SEM morphology of the analysed samples; the images were taken in BSE mode at magnifications from \(\times\)100 to \(\times\)500. The average diameter of globular particles calculated using ImageJ GPL v3+ 2.15.1 (FIJI) was 3.67 \(\upmu\)m. Figure 3 shows the elemental distribution maps of 20 MnCr5 steel powder. Figure 4 shows the morphology of 20 MnCr5 powder with marked points of the chemical composition measurement on different particles.  
In these points, analysis of the chemical composition was performed by SEM/EDS. The average content of the main elements is as follows: C = 0.192 wt.%, Si = 0.365 wt.%, Cr = 1.24 wt.%, and Mo = 0.015 wt.% (Table 2). The values of the mass content of individual elements in all analysed points are quite similar. The standard deviations of the element contents range from 0.009 wt.% to 0.062 wt.%, depending on the chemical element type. Finally, the diffraction pattern of the 20 MnCr5 sample is shown in Figure 5. Based on the reflection position and its intensity in the diffraction pattern, the results were compared with the diffraction patterns of the corresponding reference materials in the ICDD PDF-4+ database. In this way, two allotropic forms of pure iron were identified: \(\alpha\)-Fe (ferrite) with a body-centred cubic lattice and \(\gamma\)-Fe (austenite) with a face-centred cubic lattice. The chemical composition studies did not reveal any undesirable inclusions in the analysed steel. All results were within the ranges of the appropriate standards for tool steels.  
Figure 2: Morphology of the 20 MnCr5 powder (BSE mode) at magnifications of (**a**) \(\times\)100 and (**b**) \(\times\)500.  
Figure 4: Morphology of the 20 MnCr5 powder with marked chemical composition measurement points.  
Figure 3: X-ray elemental maps of the 20 MnCr5 steel powder.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline
**Measuring Point** & **Si-K** & **Cr-K** & **Mn-K** & **Fe-K** & **Mo-L** \\ \hline
1 & 0.36 & 1.26 & 1.28 & 96.90 & 0.00 \\
2 & 0.39 & 1.25 & 1.25 & 96.89 & 0.03 \\
3 & 0.39 & 1.21 & 1.20 & 96.99 & 0.03 \\
4 & 0.31 & 1.24 & 1.35 & 96.90 & 0.00 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Results of the point analysis of chemical composition carried out at points 1–4 marked in Figure 5 (wt.%).
## 5 Conclusions  
In this paper, a steering performance experiment according to steering angle level was conducted with the aim of obtaining steering performance data for the purpose of deriving practical design specifications for a steering system prior to the commercialization of an active steering bogie to be developed.  
The test was carried out in a curved section with a radius of curvature of R300, and steering performance such as bogie angle, wheel lateral force, and derailment coefficient were analyzed according to the steering angle level of the active steering bogie. Here, the steering angle level was assumed to be 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% of the target steering angle.  
As a result of the test, as the steering angle was increased to match the target steering angle, the bogie angle difference between the front and rear bogies was gradually decreased. When steering control was conducted at 100% level, the bogie angles of the front and rear bogie were almost the same, and the difference was only 0.014 degrees. This means that the bogie is aligned in the radial steering position of the curved section by steering control. Wheel lateral force also tended to decrease significantly with increasing steering angle.  
When steering control was performed at 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% of the target steering angle, respectively, 49.8%, 68.8%, 78.6%, and 83.6% decreased compared to passive conditions. This means that the steering control at 100% level of the target steering angle can achieve the highest performance of 83.6% reduction in wheel lateral force, but it can be reduced to about one-half of the conventional bogie at 25% level control and about one-third at 50% level.  
Considering cost rise by adopting the active steering system, this result can be used as a very important design indicator to compromise steering performance and cost rise issues in the design stage of the steering system from a viewpoint of commercialization. Therefore, it is expected that the results of the steering performance experiment according to the steering angle level in this paper will be used as very useful data for commercialization.  
Conceptualization, H.H., D.A.; Methodology, H.H., Y.S. and D.A.; Formal analysis, Y.S., D.A.; Writing--original draft preparation, H.H.; Supervision, H.H., Y.S. and D.A.; Project administration, H.H.; Writing--review and editing, H.H., Y.S. and D.A. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This work was supported by a grant from the R&D Program of the Korea Railroad Research Institute (PK2002D1), Republic of Korea.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest
## 4 Experimental Results
### Basic Property Analysis
#### 4.4.2 Revocability Analysis  
The revocability denotes a new bio-key can be regenerated when the original bio-key is leaked. Meanwhile, it should ensure that the new bio-key has no relation with the leaked bio-key, which can prevent the attacker from successfully accessing other authentication systems through the leaked bio-key or biometric data. Therefore, we will analyze the revocability of our proposed approach. As is illustrated in Section 3.3.1, we adopt the  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Method** & **Length** & **GAR@1\%FAR** & **EER** \\ \hline Genetic-ECOC [64] & 72 & 93.42\% & - \\ Our method & 128 & 99.40\% & 0.83\% \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Accuracy comparison on Extended YaleB dataset.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Method** & **Length** & **GAR@1\%FAR** & **EER** \\ \hline Hybrid [65] & 210 & 90.61\% & 6.81\% \\ BDA [66] & 76 & 96.38\% & – \\ MEB coding [15] & 1024 & 97.59\% & 1.14\% \\ Genetic-ECOC [64] & 88 & 97.01\% & – \\ Our method & 1024 & 98.47\% & 1.09\% \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: Accuracy comparison on CMU-PIE dataset.  
random permutation module to generate different PV by modifying a random permutation seed for each user, which can shuffle the assigned binary code to generate the new bio-key. Therefore, an old bio-key can be replaced by a new bio-key by setting a different random permutation seed. In addition, there is no relationship between the new bio-key and the old bio-key because the generated bio-key is only determined by random PV.  
To further demonstrate the effectiveness of the revocability in our scheme, we conduct some experiments on ORL, Extended YaleB, and CMU-PIE datasets. The mated distances are computed by Hamming Distance (HD), which are from two generated bio-keys of intra-user with different random permutation seeds. On the contrary, the genuine distances are calculated by HD matching from intra-user with the same permutation seed. If the mated HDs are both close to \(l/2\), where \(l\) denotes the key length, it indicates that the new bio-key is fully dissimilar to the old bio-key. Therefore, we can collect genuine and mated HDs from ORL, Extended YaleB, and CMU-PIE datasets, respectively. As shown in Figure 7, it can be observed that the distributions of mated and genuine HD are distinguishable on three datasets at \(l\) = 1024, 2048. In addition, the mated HDs are mainly distributed around half of the key length. Specifically, HD between the new bio-key and the old bio-key from the same user is larger than the error-correcting range of the BCH decoder. Through the above phenomenon, we can conclude two points. The first point is that the new key and the old bio-key of intra-user are fully independent and dissimilar from each other. The second point is that our scheme can approximatively produce 100% revocability of the bio-key. For example, if \(l\) = 2048, there are \(2^{2048-1}\) different revocations of the bio-key. Hence, our proposed scheme satisfies the revocability property.  
Figure 7: Cont.
# Quality-of-Service-Linked Privileged Content-Caching Mechanism for Named Data Networks
## 2 NDN and QoS
### Resource Management for Prioritized Content  
(Prompt, reliable), prompt, reliable, and regular are the four flow priorities recognized for the implementation in QoS [16]. Two forwarding queues, one for prompt forwarding and another for regular forwarding, are utilized. In this light, three situations of decision making in the context of content forwarding and caching are realized:  
* Local cocooned decisions, which are not inter-related with any other resources;
* Decisions based on locally related network resources;
* Decisions based on globally distributed resources.  
Local cocooned decisions do not refer to the status of other resources or mechanisms while making caching or forwarding decisions. Content is allotted to the respective queues according to their priorities. Reliable-priority content is provided prominence over regularity content for caching purposes. In PIT management, prompt-priority entries will replace regular-priority entries if the PIT of the NDN node is saturated. In situations where decisions are based on locally related network resources, caching and PIT management operations are based on the validity of a PIT entry and the status of the prompt forwarding queue of a given NDN node. Here, the word \"local\" refers to intra-device resources. If the arriving content complements a PIT entry, the said content is forwarded with reference to its priority. In case the prompt queue is full, the prompt-priority content will be assigned to regular queue and provided priority over regular content. Caching decisions follow the order of (prompt, reliable), reliable, prompt, and regular, respectively, while recognizing priority levels for adjusting the weights for content-caching algorithms. From the view point of globally distributed resources, the focus is on maintaining uniformity across PIT and CS management schemes in terms of QoS policies.