# Photovoltaics on Landmark Buildings with Distinctive Geometries
## 2 Methodology and Sampling Process  
This study examines ten landmark buildings based on their distinctive geometry and architectural feature. All buildings are in operation and have PV systems applied on (BAPV) or integrated into (BIPV) their building envelopes. Each case study has been analysed in terms of PV application impact on the building architectural value, by considering the following criteria:  
1. PV system as an architectural and environmental value;
2. PV contribution in defining the fifth facade (i.e., the roof);
3. PV emphasizing the geometry of architectural building;
4. PV contribution to specific geometry of the architectural building;
5. PV as architectural accent;
6. PV integration in architectural visibility, sensitivity and quality;
7. PV as a peculiar element. The aim of such a process is to examine diverse examples that could yield general conclusions to a wide range of landmark buildings with BAPV or BIPV systems. The sampling process started from the buildings designed by the architects awarded the Pritzker prize [20]. The sampling was extended to five other landmark buildings representative of the countries taking part in the work group 4 \"Photovoltaic in built environment\" within the COST Action PEARL PV, CA16235 that frames this study. These aspects highlighted five buildings, two headquarters, one concert hall, one courthouse and one stadium. They are, namely, the Apple Headquarters, designed by UK architect Sir [PERSON], the Novartis Campus Basel, designed by American architect [PERSON], the concert hall La Seine Musicale, by Japanese architect [PERSON] and French architect [PERSON], the Paris Courthouse in Paris, designed by Italian architect [PERSON], and the Solar Powered Stadium in Taiwan, designed by Japanese architect [PERSON]. Sport stadiums and arenas are architectural objects with high potential to PV installation systems and many experts consider them as the power plants of tomorrow because of their extensive building surface [21]. Numerous are the examples of BAPV on existing stadiums. One of them is the Maracana stadium in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, the iconic football arena, where a PV system was implemented as a part of the roof reconstruction for the FIFA World Cup 2014 [22]. Among the exhibition centres, which are characterized by large extended roofs surface suitable for PV installations, the Theme Pavilion, built for the international Shanghai Expo in 2010, represents one of the largest exhibition spaces in the world equipped with a PV system. Powerhouse Brattorkaia in Trondheim, Norway, is an office building designed by the renowned Snohetta architectural and design firm. It is considered the northernmost BIPV building in the world. Educational buildings (e.g., schools, libraries), are often equipped with PVs and are buildings landmark due to their considerable volume and geometry and their pedagogic role in the society. In that regard, The Copenhagen International School has the largest BIPV facades in the world [23]. The selected landmark buildings are the following (Figure 1):  
1. Maracana Stadium, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil (BR)
2. Apple Headquarters, Cupertino, CA, United States (USA)
3. Shanghai Expo 2010 Theme pavilion, China (CN)
4. Powerhouse Brattorkaia, Trondheim, Norway (NO)
5. Paris Courthouse, Paris, France (FR)
6. La Seine Musicale, Paris, France (FR)
7. Umwelt Arena, Switzerland (CH)
8. Kaohsiung National Stadium, Taiwan (TW)
9. Novartis Campus, Basel, Switzerland (CH)
10. International School Copenhagen, Denmark (DK)  
The assessment of architectural visibility, sensitivity and quality has been conducted through LESO-QSV (Laboratoire d'Energie SOlaire-Qualit  
Figure 1: Geographical distribution of the examined case studies. the EPFL-LES (Ecole polytechnique federale de Lausanne (EPFL), Le Laboratoire d'Energie Solaire). The LESO-QSV method evaluates:  
* Architectural integration quality allows assessing the quality of solar systems integration.