esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Research on the Positioning Method of Steel Belt Anchor Holes Applied in Coal Mine Underground
## 2 Overall System Design
### System Control Core  
To meet the requirements of the externally connected function modules of the system, the high-performance and low-power STM32F407 is used as the main control chip [23], which is based on the ARM Cortex-M4 core. The chip has a 32-bit floating point unit (FPU) and an adaptive real-time accelerator, capable of executing from flash memory with zero wait states, and equipped with a memory protection unit and digital signal processing (DSP) capabilities. With a clock frequency of 168 MHz, the STM32F407 boasts a computing power of up to 210 DMIPS. In addition, it integrates interfaces such as Ethernet, USART, FSMC, and CAN, fulfilling the requirements of various embedded system designs. The analog-to-digital converter (ADC) within the control chip is used to convert the voltage collected from the inductive sensor.
## 4 SMART DShot: ML-Enhanced Architecture  
This section presents the comprehensive architecture of SMART DShot, detailing the ML algorithm framework and hardware implementation that enable secure real-time motor control.  
SMART DShot augments the conventional DShot protocol through the seamless integration of ML-driven timing correction and anomaly detection mechanisms. The architecture employs parallel processing pathways to maintain real-time performance while providing comprehensive security enhancement through four complementary ML algorithms and real-time anomaly detection. Figure 4 presents the detailed system architecture showing the internal components and data flow paths within the SMART DShot implementation.
## 3 Basic Theory
### Leading Transitions  
In reachability graph analysis, all reachable states are needed to be identified and connected by enabled transitions. Therefore, all enabled transitions play one important role in a Petri nets model. One marking changes to another marking by firing any enabled transition.  
For example, there are two different markings belonging to the same reachability graph of a Petri nets model of FMS, which is shown in Figure 1. These two markings are connected by one arc labelling transition \(t_{x}\). Under one marking \(M_{i}\), this model may have one or more enabled transitions including \(t_{x}\). Note that the transition \(t_{x}\) must be enabled in \(M_{i}\), or the arc labeled with transition \(t_{x}\), which is shown in Figure 1, could not be generated within the reachability graph. When transition \(t_{x}\) is activated in \(M_{i}\), the state will be fired to another marking \(M_{j}\), which is presented as the terminal of the arc \(t_{x}\) in Figure 1. Therefore, in the reachability graph, \(M_{i}\) and \(M_{j}\) are connected with a single-direction arrow leading from \(M_{i}\) to \(M_{j}\). Figure 2 is a PN model of FMS and its reachable graph is shown in Figure 3.  
Figure 1: One enabled transition \(t_{x}\) between two markings (\(M_{i}\) and \(M_{j}\)) in a reachability graph.  
Figure 2: A Petri net model of flexible manufacturing systems (FMS).  
For easy tracking, the detailed information of all markings are shown in Table 1. Each marking in reachability graph is connected with existing transition, and each of its deadlock marking has no reachable marking. For example, in Figure 3, there are two markings, the legal marking \(M_{7}\) and the dead marking \(M_{14}\), which are linked by transition \(t_{5}\). In other words, the legal marking \(M_{7}\) through the transition \(t_{5}\) is fired to the dead marking \(M_{14}\). In this case, \(i=7\), \(j=14\) and \(t_{x}=t_{5}\) is shown in Equation (1) as below:  
\[M_{7}+t_{5}=M_{14} \tag{1}\]  
Equation (1) can be present in Equation (2):  
\[t_{5}=M_{14}-M_{7} \tag{2}\]  
Similarly, some transition \(t_{c}\) can also change the dead marking \(M_{14}\) to the legal marking \(M_{7}\) shown in Equation (3) as below:  
\[t_{c}=M_{7}-M_{14} \tag{3}\]  
Therefore, a generated control transition \(t_{c}\) can lead \(M_{D}\) to \(M_{L}\) and the computation can be simply presented shown in Equation (4) as below:  
\[t_{c}=M_{L}-M_{D} \tag{4}\]  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Marking No.** & **Information of Marking** & **Marking No.** & **Information of Marking** \\ \hline \(M_{1}\) & \(3p_{1}+3p_{8}+p_{9}+p_{10}+p_{11}\) & \(M_{11}\) & \(3p_{1}+p_{5}+p_{6}+p_{8}+p_{9}\) \\ \(M_{2}\) & \(2p_{1}+p_{2}+3p_  
**Definition 9**.: _One added transition \(t_{c}\) between one legal marking \(M_{L}\) and one deadlock marking \(M_{D}\) is called the leading transition if \(t_{c}=M_{L}-M_{D}\)._
## 5 Conclusions  
In view of the problems that the underground gravel stratum of a foundation pit on the Yangtze River floodplain is deeply buried and has high water pressure and strong permeability, a new trenching-and-replacing-style TRD technology was proposed, and the construction process was introduced. After the waterproof curtain was built using this technology, the strength, integrity, uniformity, and waterproof properties of the waterproof curtain wall were tested and evaluated using comprehensive methods of coring, borehole television imaging, resistivity CT, and group well pumping tests. The following conclusions have been obtained:  
(1) The deep and thick large-particle gravel stratum below the foundation pit determines that the depth of the waterproof curtain should be 40-63 m to cut off the hydraulic connection inside and outside the pit. The traditional deep mixing column and high-pressure jet grouting column cannot meet the depth and quality requirements, and the traditional TRD technology has the problem of serious cutter wear.  
(2) The construction process of the proposed trenching-and-replacing-style TRD technology mainly includes three steps: excavating the trench, replacing large-particle pebble gravel, and building the waterproof curtain wall.  
Figure 12: Plan layout of pumping well and observation well.  
Figure 13: Water level in the dewatering well and observation well.  
(3) The unconfined compressive strength of the waterproof curtain built by the proposed trenching-and-replacing-style TRD technology was more than 1.0 MPa, the particle size of gravel in the core sample was obviously reduced, and the uniformity, integrity, and joint lap quality of the wall were good.  
(4) The waterproof curtain effectively cuts off the hydraulic connection inside and outside the pit, and it can ensure that the ground water in the pit is lowered below the base slab without affecting the water level outside the pit.  
Conceptualization, B.L.; methodology, B.L. validation, B.L.; formal analysis, W.X.; investigation, W.X.; resources, B.L.; data curation, B.L.; writing--original draft preparation, W.X.; writing--review and editing, B.L.; visualization, B.L.; supervision, J.W.; project administration, B.L.; funding acquisition, B.L. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (52208334), the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province (BK20220856), and the Jiangsu Urban Underground Space Development and Utilization and Safety Protection Engineering Research Center (2023-CSDXJJ-02).  
Not applicable.  
The data presented in this study are available from the corresponding author upon request. The data are not publicly available due to privacy.  
The authors thank all reviewers for their great help in this article.  
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
# Airport pavement Maintenance Decision-Making System with Condition Cases Optimization
## 2 Airport Pavement Management System Architecture  
### System Architecture  
The architecture of the airport pavement maintenance decision-making system proposed in this paper is as follows (Figure 1). To overcome the limitations mentioned earlier, a key feature of this system is the integration of structural and functional evaluation factors into a single system, incorporating specific segment procedures with a clear sequence.  
In cases where phenomena that are difficult to explain using conventional general serviceability prediction models are observed after indoor and field evaluations, special sections are separated. This includes scenarios where there is a risk to safety, such as abrupt climate changes, traffic variations, excessive occurrence of specific defects due to construction management issues, or sudden decreases in skid resistance. Additionally, structural elements, represented by remaining life, are placed before comprehensive performance evaluations. In this phase, the remaining life at the evaluation point is estimated to determine the need for urgent maintenance, and the pavement classification rating (PCR) is calculated for determining allowable take-off weight of aircraft. Budget considerations are primarily conducted for sections that do not fall into these two categories.  
After separating the first and second special sections, \"Serviceability Level\" (SL) is calculated to quantitatively assess pavement conditions comprehensively. Based on maintenance history, serviceability prediction curves for runways, aprons, and taxiways are developed, and they are applied as input variables for decision-making, along with cost and effectiveness for different maintenance methods. The condition cases optimization method, tailored to reflect the rationality of the system and the characteristics of domestic airports, is introduced to ensure practical applicability.  
Through the decision-making process, a budget sensitivity report is generated, and after actual maintenance methods are implemented, and the maintenance history is stored in the maintenance database.
# Applications of Satellite Radar Imagery for Hazard Monitoring: Insights from Australia
## 7 Geomorphological Changes  
Changes in the morphology (i.e., landforms and topography) of the Earth's surface impact existing and future infrastructure. Sudden events (landslides, sinkholes, and cliff collapse) and progressive processes (erosion) pose hazards in both coastal and inland Australia (e.g., [71]) and may arise as the secondary effect of other hazards, such as flooding or fires (e.g., [72]). There is scope to use InSAR to measure changes in the height of Earth's surface arising from these processes as a tool for monitoring geomorphological changes. The application of InSAR data to landslides and sink holes is well-documented by case studies in the literature (e.g., [17]), but for erosion and sediment transport, examples are more limited [73; 74].
# Advances, Progress, and Future Directions of Renewable Wind Energy in Brazil (2000-2025-2050)
## 2 Potential of Wind Energy Resources in Brazil
### Onshore Wind Energy Potential
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**State** & \begin{tabular}{c} **State Potential** \\ **(GW)** \\ \end{tabular} & **Region** & \
\begin{tabular}{c} **Region** \\ **Potential (GW)** \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} **Energy** \\ **Production** \\ **(TWh/Year)** \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline Bahía & 20.0 & & & & \\ \hline Rio Grande Do & 19.3 & & & \\ Norte & 15.2 & & & \\ \hline Piaui & 8.6 & Northeast & 75.3 & 144.3 \\ \hline Pernambuco & 4.5 & & & \\ \hline Paraiba & 3.2 & & & \\ \hline Maranhao & 2.7 & & & \\ \hline Sergipe & 1.7 & & & \\ Rio Grande Do Sul & 15.2 & & & \\ \hline Santa Catarina & 5.7 & South & 22.8 & 41.1 \\ \hline Paraná & 1.9 & & & \\ \hline Minas Gerais & 12.0 & & & \\ \hline Sao Paulo & 8.5 & & & \\ \hline Rio de Janeiro & 8.0 & & & \\ \hline Espiritu Santo & 1.2 & & & \\ \hline Mato Grosso Do Sul & 2.2 & & & \\ \hline Goas & 0.9 & CentralWest & 3.1 & 5.4 \\ \hline Roraima & 12.8 & North & 12.8 & 26.4 \\ \hline
**Total** & 143.7 & **Total** & 143.7 & 272.1 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: State and regional onshore wind energy potential in Brazil. Figure 6: Average monthly wind speed profile at different heights registered in the northeast region of Brazil. Bahaia with 20 GW, Rio Grande do Norte with 19.3 GW, Ceara with 15.2 GW, and Rio Grande do Sul with 15.2 GW.
## 4 Tested Seal Materials and Tested Fluids
### Tested Seal Materials
EPDM is suitable for use in an extremely wide temperature range of operating temperatures. Methyl vinyl silicone rubber MVQ is commonly known as silicone. It has otherwise poor mechanical properties and is therefore used mainly in static applications. It is basically a silicone rubber-based elastomer and is a popular choice of material for seals, gaskets and O-rings for applications in the food and beverage, pharmaceutical and chemical industries. It is highly resistant to weathering and ageing, and is used for applications in contact with foodstuff, hot air and mineral oils. Polytetrafluoroethylene PTFE is an elastomer with excellent chemical and thermal properties, along with good wear resistance and excellent sliding properties. It is commonly known by the brand name Teflon(r). It is practically resistant to all types of hydraulic fluids and is suitable for dynamic applications and high operating pressures (approx. 400 bar). The basic description of the listed materials for seals in the hydraulics of the tested ones is given clearly in Table 2.  
The test specimens were also made from these materials. The specimens had a ring-like form with a square cross-section with the dimensions OD \(\times\) ID \(\times\) H: 25 \(\times\) 20 \(\times\) 5 mm, as shown in Figure 1.  
The tested seal form refers to the shape and dimensions specified in the Standard, but it is the sectional square shape (and not the circular one) which is closer to the forms of dynamic seals used today within the field of Higher Operating Pressures. A basic description of the tested seal materials is summarised in Table 2, with the material number used as the first digit of the two-digit code system (the second digit refers to the tested fluid). The testing procedure used was based on ASTM Standard D1414, which otherwise refers to classic rubber O-rings, and describes procedures for determining the physical properties of O-rings and changes in these properties due to ageing [7].
## 5 Conclusions  
In this paper, a direction-finding method based on a DNN with only one antenna structure with multi beams without additional multi antennas to increase the amount of training data is proposed. To reduce the size and complexity of the system, the antenna for direction finding used a single-patch multi-beam antenna. Metal vias were employed to divide the field distribution of the patch to generate multiple beams of a single patch by using coupled mode. A single-patch multi-beam antenna generates eight beams with a combination of four excitation ports assigned to four-divided sectors of the patch. In addition, the direction-finding performance is verified based on the DNN algorithm using the power values received with eight patterns generated from this antenna. The proposed direction-finding system has lower complexity and higher estimation probability, even in a small size, compared to similar references, as summarized in Table 4. The estimation probability of the proposed antenna is at least 0.9% to 3.5% higher than that of the refer  
Figure 15: Matrix of estimation probabilities by sector: (**a**) before improvement of estimation ambiguity and (**b**) after improvement of estimation ambiguity.  
ences [22; 23] and our previous work [27] without adding antennas or increasing the size, using only a single antenna. The proposed system is expected to be used for the IoT or sensors that require low complexity and simple structure direction finding. Future works aim to increase the number of sectors to be estimated and to make the number of excitation combinations of antennas more diverse for higher resolution or additional direction finding in the elevation plane.  
Data curation and writing--original draft preparation, S.G.C.; writing--review and editing, S.G.C. and Y.J.Y.; formal analysis, S.G.C. and D.K.; supervision, Y.J.Y. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research received no external funding.  
Not applicable.  
This paper was supported by the Samsung Electronics' Future Technology Development Center (SRFC-IT1801-06) and a National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korean government (MSIT) (No. NRF-2022R1 FIA1069725).  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 1 Introduction
The representative challenges related to the analysis of the data generated by the sensors, which monitor the DLAs are: (1) the determination of the best positions of the monitoring sensors that return the best classification results, (2) the determination of the features of the data generated by each monitoring sensor, which have the most significant influence on the final classification results, and (3) the determination of the combinations of features that correspond to each monitoring sensor, which return the best classification results for each monitored activity. Compared to the classical algorithms from the literature for feature selection that do not consider the particularities of the DLAs data, the approach presented in this article considers the fact that groups of features belong to different monitoring sensors, which are placed on different parts of the bodies of the monitored subjects. The main contributions of this research article are:  
1. The development of a modified version of the standard binary particle swarm optimization (BPSO) algorithm, which introduces sensors particles characterized by weights proportional to the importance of the monitoring sensors and used further in the equations for the updating of the velocities of the standard particles;
2. The adaptation of the proposed algorithm for DLAs data reflecting these adaptations in the way in which the objective function is defined and in the ranking of the features returned by the proposed algorithm;
3. The evaluation and the validation of the adapted version of the BPSO algorithm using a machine learning methodology developed in-house, which compares the proposed algorithm with other feature selection approaches, and which uses as experimental support Daily Life Activities (DaLiAc) dataset [16]. The primary reasons to adapt BPSO for DLAs data are: (1) the flexibility to modify the classical BPSO, either by altering the mathematical equations or by introducing novel concepts in the original version, (2) the fact that the standard classical algorithms, in particular the standard versions of BPSO,do not exploit the nature of the DLAs datasets at maximum, and (3) the fact that in the case of the DLAs the data is generated by several monitoring sensors described by groups of features--information that might lead to better results if it is integrated in the feature selection algorithms used in the processing of this type of data. The remaining sections of the article are organized as follows: Section 2 illustrates the research background, Section 3 presents the materials and methods used in this article, Section 4 describes the most representative results obtained in the experiments, Section 5 presents a discussion of those results, and Section 6 concludes the article.
## 3 System Model
### Lightpath Establishment in Dynamic RCSA Scenario  
In the dynamic RCSA scenario, according to the lightpath-setup requests generated by the senders, lightpaths to the receivers are established by selecting routes, cores, and FSs, as  
Figure 1: System model.  
shown in Figure 1. The blocking probability of lightpath establishment is generally used as the performance metric in the dynamic scenario. Lightpath establishment is blocked when there are no candidate FSs satisfying the spectrum continuity and contiguity constraints in any core along any route. Spectrum fragmentation is one of the major factors that increase the blocking probability.  
Figure 1(a) shows an example of spectrum fragmentation where the available FSs are divided into many small segments. When spectrum fragmentation occurs, it is difficult to establish lightpaths requiring a large number of FSs. This is because there tends not to be sufficient available FSs along the routing path. On the other hand, in the case shown in Figure 1(b), where spectrum fragmentation does not occur, we can easily establish lightpaths requiring a large number of FSs. As a result, the blocking probability can be reduced. Therefore, it is very important to prevent spectrum fragmentation in the dynamic RCSA scenario.
## 1 Introduction
[13] have proposed a process called \"video magnification\", but the results obtained remain relatively noisy and inaccurate. It is clear from this preliminary overview that, despite several disadvantages, which are mainly the limited frame rate for high resolutions and the lower measurement accuracy with respect to strain gauges, DIC has several advantages in the field of vibratory analysis. Based on the above survey of the literature, this study investigates the transverse vibratory response of a beam excited by a shock with a focus on the analysis of the measurement quality (dispersion of the results, noise disturbance, random and systematic errors, uncertainty, etc.). The first part of this paper describes the set-up used for the experimental study of the vibrating beam and briefly recalls the main principles of the DIC method. Particular attention is paid to the determination of the error and the uncertainty of the measured displacements [14] induced by the speckle characteristics (size of the spots and size of the patterns). Then, a fairly common modal identification based on the continuous wavelet transform method is presented; however, a signal processing procedure is proposed to deal with the numerous and noisy signals obtained from the DIC measurements. The standard deviation of the experimental results is also discussed and a process to remove the noise disturbance is presented. Next, the main experimental results are shown for two boundary conditions of the beam (clamped-clamped and clamped-free) and compared with results of a theoretical calculation and with data sets from accelerometers. Finally, concluding remarks are discussed.