esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Daily Energy Loss
#### 3.4.2 Beam Component  
As analysed above, the duration time of the operation static mode is the period to be studied. Figure 10 shows the beam component in the current scenario (the red line), in the  
Figure 9: Tracker operating tilt angles.  
scenario \(\beta_{\rm max}=\pm 55\) (\({}^{\circ}\)) (the blue line), and in the scenario \(\beta_{\rm max}=\pm 50\) (\({}^{\circ}\)) (the green line). For this, Equation (1) was used.  
The following conclusions can be drawn from Figure 10:  
1. If the beam component is predominant, the longer the duration of operation in static mode, the better the performance of the current scenario. Since the current scenario first starts the normal tracking mode that favours the beam component, the rest of the scenarios follow in the horizontal position.
2. During the operation static mode, on day \(n=80\), the Miraflores \(PV\) power plant has the highest beam component. This fact favours the current scenario. In contrast, the Canredondo \(PV\) power plant has the lowest beam component. This fact favours the current scenario, but the diffuse component has to be analysed.
3. During the static operation mode, on day \(n=172\), the Miraflores \(PV\) power plant has the highest beam component. This fact favours the current scenario, but the diffuse component has to be analysed.  
Figure 10: Beam component in static operation mode.
## 1 Introduction
For example, Taiwan's largest high school baseball tournament--the CTBC Black Panther Cup National High School Baseball Tournament (hereafter referred to as the Black Panther Cup)--draws nearly 200 teams annually. Due to its scale and logistical constraints, the tournament adopts a single-elimination format. While efficient, this structure introduces substantial difficulties in evaluating team performance and constructing representative rankings. Matchups are highly unbalanced, and strong teams may be prematurely eliminated due to unfavorable draws. Traditional ranking criteria based on win totals or win percentage fail to account for the relative difficulty of opponents, treating all victories as equivalent regardless of competitive context. This study evaluates the applicability of the PageRank algorithm in modeling team strength within such constrained environments. While PageRank has been applied in various sports contexts [12; 13; 14], prior research has primarily focused on predictive performance in professional settings, with limited attention to its capacity to generate representative rankings under structurally imbalanced school-level competitions. To address this gap, we analyze data from Taiwan's Black Panther Cup (2013-2023), applying the PageRank algorithm to model team strength under incomplete, single-elimination schedules. This study aims to evaluate the following: (1) the validity of PageRank in reflecting relative performance; (2) its consistency with official rankings and predictive stability over time; (3) its feasibility as a low-data, system-level tool for grassroots sports evaluation. The findings aim to inform tournament design and policy development through a performance evaluation framework that does not depend on individual statistics. To address this gap, this study analyzes data from Taiwan's Black Panther Cup (2013-2023), applying the PageRank algorithm to estimate team strength under incomplete, single-elimination schedules. The objectives of this research are threefold: (1) to assess the validity of PageRank in capturing relative team performance; (2) to examine its consistency with official rankings across seasons; and (3) to evaluate its feasibility as a low-data tool for predicting match outcomes by leveraging historical data in grassroots sports contexts. The findings aim to inform tournament design and policy development by providing an alternative evaluation framework that does not rely on individual-level statistics.
# Research Progress in the Flight Characteristics of Flyers Driven by Different Technologies
### Laser-Driven Flyer  
The laser launch process is depicted in Figure 6. Flyer material is a metal sheet coated over a transparent substrate. A short laser pulse is used to irradiate the interface between the substrate and the flyer. A thin layer of the flyer surface facing the laser beam is vaporized to form plasma. Since the substrate is immobile and massive in comparison to the flyer, the plasma expands preferentially away from the substrate and then propels the remainder of the flyer material.  
Flyer plates are typically disk-shaped with micron-level thicknesses, sub-millimeter-level diameters, and milligram-level masses. The laser-driven flyer provides a compact and convenient technique for imparting shocks to materials in excess of TPa with sub-nanosecond durations.  
[PERSON] et al. developed a laser-driven flyer system based on a high-power glass laser system. The system was demonstrated to be capable of accelerating the flyer to approximately 23 km/s while maintaining a very flat shape [12]. [PERSON] et al. carried out three approaches for launching hyper-velocity flyer experiments at the SG-III prototype laser facility, which provides a reference for further experimental studies on shock waves generated by flyer loading [13].  
The fundamental performance and features of different flyer launch techniques are listed in Table 1.  
Figure 5: Schematic diagram of magnetically driven flyer.  
Figure 6: Schematic layout of laser-driven flyer.  
Each of the aforementioned flyer launch technologies can accelerate flyer plates of various materials, sizes, and weights to precise velocities that are used in specialized applications. However, the pulse energy limits the velocity of the given flyer with fine morphology. Therefore, increasing flyer velocity is a critical issue that must be addressed. A feasible path is the combination of multiple driving principles. For example, the exploding foil initiator combines an exploding foil and an explosive, and the flyer is driven to a velocity to initiate the explosive, which propels the secondary flyer to a higher velocity [14]. A two-stage light gas gun combines gunpowder and compressed gas to propel a high-velocity projectile. Nevertheless, these coupling techniques are series coupling, which results in input energy loss for the flyer velocity. Parallel coupling may be a more efficient method. For example, [PERSON] et al. used the laser to re-energize the metallic foil's electrically exploding products, which improves the pressure and temperature of the plasma, allowing for the flyer's hyper-velocity launch [15]. It is clear that several challenges remain for parallel coupling, such as the coupling method, device integration, the flyer's velocity, and morphology regulation.
# Performance Evaluation of NoSQL Document Databases: Couchbase, CouchDB, and MongoDB
## 3 NoSQL Document Databases
### MongoDB  
MongoDB is an open-source document-oriented database developed in C++ by MongoDB Inc. in 2009. MongoDB is designed for web and mobile applications and IoT. MongoDB uses documents in JSON format but stores them in BSON format and has its own query language, the MongoDB query language. MongoDB is compatible with the well-established operating systems Linux, macOS, Windows, and Solaris, and it supports 17 programming languages [14; 17].  
MongoDB offers three software versions: Atlas, Enterprise Advanced, and Community Edition. MongoDB includes the GUI (graphical user interface), the MongoDB Compass, a web application called Mongo Express, and a shell called mango. MongoDB can be downloaded from [[https://www-mongodb.com](https://www-mongodb.com)]([https://www-mongodb.com](https://www-mongodb.com)) (accessed on 9 March 2022).  
Figure 3 illustrates the MongoDB Compass interface. It is possible to change and delete collections and documents. In addition, we can explore and manipulate data, create queries, make pipeline aggregations, visualize documents, create indexes, and build schema validation rules. It has a dashboard that provides a graphical summary of the server's current state [18].  
In MongoDB, when we have a document in BSON format that exceeds 16 MB, it uses the GridFS, a distributed storage engine, to store large binary documents. As we can see in Figure 4, these documents are divided into several pieces or parts of 255 KB, except for the last piece that takes up the necessary space. The GridFS engine uses two collections. The first collection stores the document fragments, and the second stores the document metadata. GridFS is also used when we only want to obtain a part or a piece of the document without having to load the whole document into memory [19; 20].  
The main characteristics and advantages of MongoDB are:  
* It provides indexing, ad hoc queries, CRUD operations, and MapReduce;
* It is ACID-compliant;
* It provides native drivers for programming languages and frameworks;
* It supports master-slave replication;
* It supports horizontal, vertical, and tiered scaling;
* It uses MVCC.  
Some of the limitations of MongoDB are as follows:  
Figure 3: MongoDB web interface: MongoDB Compass.  
Data can easily be eliminated by mistake dues to the lack of relations;
* Indexing takes up too much RAM;
* It just supports triggers on MongoDB Atlas.
## 4 Discussion of the Simplified FDM  
Clearly, the method provides identical results to other methods such as the LEM or the GRM. Compared to these, a very important feature of the FDM (either simplified or in its original formulation) is that it obtains the final anti-funcular form from a set of known external loads acting upon the arch. It cannot be applied to refine a given geometry such as with a known bending moment diagram because the input data for the algorithms are the external loads and not the internal forces. By contrast, both the LEM and the GRM, which correct the position of each point depending on the value of its internal forces, as shown in References [1; 20], are very effective in refining the geometry of an arch with known but undesired bending moments. An example of its use is the refining of the polygonal geometry of the twin leaning arches of the Urnieta bridge [32] in Spain. Thus, the method to be used depends on the data known.  
Another very important aspect is that, regardless of the method used, it is clearly necessary to know the input data needed in every iteration. In the case of the FDM, the input data will be the loads acting upon the arch, \(F_{i}\). As it has been previously shown, these loads are easily evaluated when the load case for which the anti-funcular geometry is obtained coincides with the permanent loads since the vertical components \(T_{zi}\) of the hangers axial forces, \(T_{i}\), coincide with the vertical reactions, \(R_{zi}\), of a simply supported deck and do not change between iterations. In this case, the FDM is recommended since the FEM auxiliary model only needs to reproduce the simply supported deck and the method is significantly faster than the LEM or GRM. However, when the anti-funcular geometry is obtained for a load case that does not coincide with the permanent loads or when non-linearity is to be considered, \(T_{i}\) depends on the whole structure and it obtains a new model at each iteration. In these cases, using any of the three mentioned methods leads to a similar computational cost.  
Figure 10: Iterative form-finding (m) by application of the Simplified FDM.  
An additional advantage is that different methods can be combined throughout the design process. If the FDM is used as a fast way to obtain a funicular form, either the LEM or the GRM can be applied at a later step. They can be suitable not only for refining the geometry but also for obtaining the magnitude of the forces to be introduced by jacks acting at the springings or at the crown, as a final stage of the erection of the arch. The effect of the jacks is shown in Section 5. Detailed flowcharts for LEM and GRM can be found in Reference [20].
## 3 Results  
### Study Selection  
A total of 2509 records were identified from the electronic search, specifically 64 from Web of Science (Core collection), 216 from Scopus, 2053 from MEDLINE/PubMed, 174 from the Cochrane library databases, and 2 from the PROSPERO register. In total, 281 duplicates were eliminated, 2228 title abstracts were screened, and 2217 were excluded. Of the 11 abstracts relevant to and compliant with the eligibility criteria of the present systematic review, full texts were screened, and seven articles were furtherly excluded, specifically because: (n = 2) not relevant; (n = 1) narrative and (n = 1) scoping reviews; (n = 1) cross-sectional study; (n = 2) not describing orofacial lesions. A total of four systematic reviews were finally included in the present umbrella review; no relevant records were retrieved from the subsequent screening of the reference lists.  
Figure 1 illustrates the study selection flowchart for electronically retrieved records.
# A Study of Cavitation Erosion in Artificial Submerged Water Jets
## 4 Conclusions  
This paper investigates and analyzes the effect of dimensionless standoff distance on the periodic distribution of cavitation clouds within the flow field of artificially submerged cavitation water jet and on the workpiece surface using numerical simulation methods. The results of numerical simulations are corroborated by erosion experiments, and the impacts of the nozzle structural parameters and the high-pressure inner nozzle on the erosion characteristics of the artificially submerged cavitation water jet are examined. The findings indicate that an appropriate dimensionless standoff distance \(S_{D}=30\) can generate more cavitation clouds on the workpiece surface in the numerical simulation results, and the erosion characteristics of the artificially submerged cavitation water jet are most pronounced at \(S_{D}=30\) in the erosion experiments. The shear effect formed between the two jets plays a crucial role in generating primary cavitation bubbles within the flow field of the artificially submerged cavitation jets. Moreover, increasing the convergent angle between the two jets can significantly enhance the cavitation effect between them, resulting in a more intense cavitation effect. The erosion effect of the artificially submerged cavitation water jet is strongest when \(\delta=30^{\circ}\) and \(\beta=30^{\circ}\), as more cavitation bubbles are generated inside the flow field due to the increase in the convergent angle that strengthens the shear effect between the two jets. Additionally, increasing the pressure of the high-pressure internal nozzle contributes to enhancing the cavitation effect of the artificially submerged cavitation water jet. This paper aims to expand the applications of artificially submerged cavitation water jets, encompassing cutting, blasting, and cleaning.  
Conceptualization, H.L. and J.C.; methodology, H.L. and J.C.; software, J.G. and H.L.; validation, H.Z., H.G. and Y.L.; writing--original draft preparation, H.L.; writing--review and editing, Y.L. and H.G. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This work was funded by the Pipe China Eastern Crude Oil Storage and Transportation Co., Ltd. (No. GWHT20220003812), and the Eysa Program Incubation Project of Zhejiang Provincial Administration for Market Regulation (No. CY2023107).  
Not applicable.  
The data presented in this study are available upon request from the corresponding author.  
The authors declare that this study received funding from Pipe China Eastern Crude Oil Storage and Transportation Co., Ltd. The funder was not involved in the study design, collection, analysis, interpretation of data, the writing of this article or the decision to submit it for publication.
## 1 Introduction  
It has been confirmed that manholes may protrude from the road surface, as shown in Figure 1, due to the liquefaction of the ground during a large earthquake. As a result, the sewerage pipeline that connects to the manhole underground can become damaged. The Great East Japan Earthquake of 2011 caused enormous damage to reclaimed coastal areas of Tokyo Bay and, according to the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, Japan, the total number of damaged manholes reached 6699 [1; 2; 3].  
When the uplifting of a manhole occurs, it may bring about not only dysfunction, such as the loss of the ability of sewage to flow, which is the original function of sewage, but also displacements, such as that of the pipeline connecting the manhole, which makes drainage difficult [4]. This also means that water cannot be used, which hinders people's lives and affects environmental hygiene. Therefore, it is necessary to improve the stability of manholes during earthquakes, because their instability could also cause traffic dysfunctions, such as the obstruction of important emergency transportation routes immediately after a disaster, which would take time to restore.  
As measures against the liquefaction of sewerage pipeline facilities currently in use, the compaction of backfill soil, backfilling with crushed stones, improvement of the solidification of the backfill soil, and methods of releasing pore water pressure into manholes have been devised. However, effective and economic measures against the uplifting of existing manholes are still in their developmental stages.  
Therefore, this study proposes a weighting method that increases the self-weight of the manhole as a countermeasure against the uplifting of manholes during earthquakes.  
The applicability of this weighting method will be clarified by conducting case studies from the viewpoint of the safety factor \(F_{S}\) for manhole uplifting and the quantity (\(\Delta f\)) of the manhole uplifting.
## 2 Principle  
The system setup of the WSS--based AO-OFDM system discussed in this article is shown in Figure 1. A mode-locked laser (MLL) is used as the laser source of the system, which shares a clock with the arbitrary waveform generator (AWG) to ensure that the time domain period of the supercontinuum generated by the high nonlinear fiber (HNLF) after spectral expansion is the same as the symbol period generated by the AWG. The supercontinuum signal modulated by the Mach-Zehnder modulator (MZM) first entered the LCoS--based WSS for filtering and was then divided into multiple sub-carriers at the output. We also adjusted the filter transfer function of this filter to improve the system'santi-dispersion ability. After transmission through an optical fiber, the signal carried by each sub-carrier was demodulated by a photodetector (PD) after filtering through a Sinc-shaped filter at the receiving end. Our analysis of CP and Gauss-shaped filters that can improve the anti-nonlinear ability of the system was focused on the transmitting end. The right side of Figure 1 shows the frequency domain waveforms of the two filters and the corresponding eye diagrams after the CP with a size of 0.33 inserted in the ideal state. The number of subcarriers is 8, the blue one is the waveform based on the Sinc-shaped filter, and the red one is based on the Gauss-shaped filter. When the CP was not inserted, the AO-OFDM system based on the Sinc-shaped filter was better than that based on the Gauss-shaped filter because of the orthogonal transmission performance between the subcarriers. However, an AO-OFDM system that used a Gauss-shaped filter after the CP was inserted could also have good transmission performance and achieve error-free transmission when ignoring interference from other noises.
# Development of Parameters towards Voice Bifurcations
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Tonal Frequency Selection Algorithm for Glottal Source Signals
#### 2.1.1 Signal Preparation  
For each full input signals, the temporal locations of the voiced segments are marked. In preparation, the input signal is first decimated (resampled) to form a narrowband signal, capturing at least two harmonics (e.g., \(f_{s}=2000\) samples/second is sufficient for normal pitch around 100 to 250 Hz). This focuses the analysis on the low frequency contents and reduces the necessary computational effort. The marked voiced segments in the resampled signal are then broken into (possibly overlapped) short analysis windows, each containing \(N\) voiced samples. In each window, these samples are linearly detrended to remove the dc component as well as a gradual drift. Let \(\mathcal{X}=\{x_{0},\ x_{1},\ \ldots,x_{N-1}\}\) denote the set of the \(N\) contiguous detrended samples \(x_{n}\) in an analysis window.
# Measurement Model of Full-Width Roughness Considering Longitudinal Profile Weighting
## 1 Introduction
Based on the frequency distribution recorded in BS 5400-10, this study establishes a lateral distribution model of wheel trajectories in arbitrary lanes under different track configurations. Recommended model parameters are provided for passing lanes, driving lanes, slow lanes, and mixed lanes. Furthermore, utilizing this model, the study proposes and develops a longitudinal profile weighting model for lanes. By integrating this model with elevation point cloud data, the equivalent elevation and corresponding IRI of the lane are calculated. To distinguish it from traditional methods based on single longitudinal profile elevations, this study named the result obtained based on all elevation point cloud data as the full-width roughness, which will be characterized by IRI in the following text. The structure of the rest of this paper is organized as follows. In Section 2, based on the distribution frequency values of vehicle centerlines recorded in BS 5400-10, we construct a lateral distribution model and a longitudinal profile weighting model for vehicle wheel trajectories. Section 3 introduces the concept of equivalent longitudinal profiles and elaborates on the calculation method for the equivalent elevation. Section 4 provides a detailed explanation of the calculation steps for the newly proposed road performance indicator, namely IRI, along with relevant precautions. Section 5 demonstrates the superiority of the new evaluation method and indicator through practical case studies. Finally, the conclusion of the paper is presented in Section 6.
## 5 Discussions  
This study provides a general scheme for the TC measurement of a PCLG vortex beam, which includes cases of coherence from extremely low to extremely high. It is suggested that when the coherence and TC are unknown, one can study both the CSD amplitude and phase. If the CSD amplitude exhibits stripes rather than singularities, it indicates a low degree of coherence, and the TC can be determined based on the number of bright stripes. If the CSD amplitude exhibits singularities rather than stripes, it indicates a medium or high degree of coherence. At this time, the number of visible singularities has no evident relationship with TC, while the number of \"dumbbell\" structure in CSD phase at \(30^{\circ}\) obeys \(\mathrm{N}=2\,l\,l\,\mathrm{l}\,+1\).  
In addition, this scheme works well for low TC. After propagation, the singularities were concealed in the CSD function. However, as the coherence decreased, the singularities exited from of the envelope of the CSD amplitude and could not be measured (Figures 2l and 3l). For a larger TC, the TC measurements can be realized by measuring the CSD phase on the source plane, where the phase singularities will present a perfect distribution resembling a \"pizza\". If the full four-dimensional CSD is measured and the propagation matrix is known, then the source CSD can also be inversely calculated from the CSD of any propagation plane.  
Furthermore, we performed the TC measurements without atmospheric perturbations. For turbulent atmospheric cases, measuring the TC accurately for a partially coherent vortex beam is challenging. In addition to the distortion of the OAM mode, one of the main problems with the measurement technique is the introduction of three phase perturbations, which makes the scheme unsuitable for rapidly changing turbulence. This problem can be solved by designing a hologram (loaded onto SLM2) that contains three phase perturbations, thus allowing the CSD phase to be measured in real time.