esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 2 Mathematical Formulation and Governing Equations  
### Problem Statement and Physical Constraints  
The study involves the three-dimensional flow of nanocoolants through a 5 mm diameter duplex nozzle and, subsequently, the heat transfer between the nanocoolant and drill bit. Figure 1 depicts the computational domain modelled for this study. The following assumptions have been considered:  
1. The flow is considered unsteady, three-dimensional incompressible turbulent flow;
2. Hybrid nanofluid possesses the characteristics of a Newtonian fluid;
3. Viscous dissipation has been neglected for this particular study;
4. The solid nanoparticles of Cu/Al2O3/TiO2/SWCNT/MWCNT are coupled in equal volume concentrations, and the base fluid, which is mineral oil, is in thermal equilibrium;
5. The nanoparticles are considered monodispersed spherical particles of uniform size, and particle volume fraction is varied between 2% to 4%;
6. The effects of van der Waals force and electrostatic repulsion with the metal walls are neglected;
7. The effect of Joules heating and thermal radiations are neglected;
8. There is negligible potential for phase change.  
Figure 1: Computational domain comprising drill bit, workpiece, and duplex nozzles.
Then, the network is modeled with a hidden Markov multi-linear tensor model (HMTM), and its parameters are estimated by a Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) algorithm. Finally, a multivariate exponentially weighted moving average (MEWMA) control chart is utilized to monitor the estimated latent parameters. Therefore, if any abnormal behavior in the blockchain cryptocurrency transactions occurs, the control chart can signal an out-of-control condition. The proposed procedure can also be used to monitor other network applications, as Industry 4.0 has made network transactions an essential part of manufacturing, financial, social, etc. systems. Despite the importance of monitoring cryptocurrency transactions for a more trustful Industry 4.0 economy, this line of research has not gained much attention. Therefore, statistical modeling and monitoring of blockchain cryptocurrency transaction networks are investigated in this research. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first research study that attempts to statistically monitor the network of cryptocurrency transactions. The remainder of this paper is organized as follows. In Section 2, we review related papers, and in Section 3, we briefly discuss the multi-linear tensor model (MTRM) and its Bayesian parameter estimation method using a MCMC algorithm. Section 4 describes the monitoring scheme of the proposed network model. In Section 5, the performance of the proposed approach is evaluated using a simulation. In Section 6, Mt. Gox blockchain Bitcoin dataset is used to reveal a real-world example. Finally, concluding remarks and future research are stated in Section 7.
# DOSS Protocol for Data Caching and Sharing Security in a 5G Network
## 6 Verifying of DCSS Protocol
### Formal Method Approach  
Formal method approach with automated protocol verifier have been used in the verification of mobile network authorization protocols to for security properties guarantees [4; 51]. However, most verification techniques and tools find these properties very challenging and hard to deal with, due to the cryptographic primitive's algebraic properties used, some tools and manual proof checks are not suitable for symbolic reasoning. For protocol formal analysis, there are a variety of automated verification methods available, such as Automated Validation of Internet Security Protocols and Applications (AVISPA) [52], Tamarin [53] and ProVerif [54].  
ProVerif [54] is an automatic tool for analyzing security protocols, with Dolev-Yao [55] as the adversary, and it supports equational theories which are defined by users and as well as enabling the verification of security properties. It supports the underlying theory of abstraction, but it may also lead to false attacks. Applied pi-calculus [56] is used as a formal language to describe and model security protocols. The syntax is paired with formal semantics to enable reasoning about protocols. With a variety of cryptographic primitives modelled by equations and rewrite rules. In addition, the security properties with observational equivalence properties are proved as inputs in form of secrecy and authentication. The information is translated into an internal representation of the protocol which makes some abstraction crucial to an unbounded number of sessions. Functions are used to model cryptographic primitives, while terms built over an infinite set of names such as (a, b, c,...) with an infinite set of variables such as (x, y, z,...) and a finite set of function symbols such as \(f1,\ldots,fn\) represent the messages. A set of reduction rules describes how the application of function symbols to terms is affected. Table 3 shows the syntax and grammar of ProVerif process language and more details can be found in [54]. As a result, we believe ProVerif an appropriate tool for this analysis. This tool has been used in the formal verification of security properties of 5G authentication [3], authorization [4] and federated [57] protocols for security guarantees.
## 2 Background and Key Features  
### UAV-Assisted SAGINs  
With the development of global communication technology, the demand for seamless coverage and efficient connectivity is increasing, and SAGINs have emerged as one of the key technologies to achieve this goal.
# Study on Penetration Sensing Method Based on Pool Oscillation and Arc Voltage during Pulsed GMAW
###### Abstract  
The internal relations among the oscillation characteristics of the weld pool, the voltage signal curve and the penetration status of the weld joint in pulsed gas metal arc welding were investigated by using high-speed camera and image analysis system to extract characteristics of weld pool oscillation. The results show that the amplitude of weld pool oscillation decreased with decreasing weld penetration. An abrupt change occurred in the frequency components and amplitude of weld pool oscillation, accompanying the transition from partial to full penetration. The voltage signal curve lost the oscillation frequency characteristic of the pool, due to the curvature of the weld pool surface. While similar to the oscillation amplitude, the fluctuation of the voltage signal caused by the weld pool oscillation reflected the penetration of the weld pool. The abrupt transition in the fluctuation amplitude of the voltage signal in the base duration from partial penetration to full penetration may be used to sense the penetration of the weld pool in real time.  
Keywords:pulse gas metal arc welding (P-GMAW); penetration sensing; weld pool oscillation amplitude and frequency; high-speed photograph; image processing; continuous wavelet transform +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences
# Relating Sentinel-1 Interferometric Coherence to Moving Events on Grasslands
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Coherence Estimation
#### 2.5.2 Estimation Bias  
Estimation of coherence is biased towards higher values, decreasing the contrast between areas of varying low coherence [36]. The bias can be decreased by using larger averaging windows in Equation (1). The choice of window sizes, however, has to be balanced with image resolution and, in this case, size of the grasslands. In this study, we used averaging windows with the following sizes (azimuth (az) \(\times\) range (rg)): 5 \(\times\) 21 for R58, 5 \(\times\) 19 for R80, and 5 \(\times\) 19 for R160, producing a footprint on the ground of \(\approx\) 71 m \(\times\) 69 m for all geometries. This resulted in the equivalent number of looks (ENL) of 50 for R58, and 46 for R80 and R160. The number of ENLs ensured that coherence estimated using the aforementioned window sizes was not heavily biased, with the bias value of 0.14-0.15 given true coherence of 0.
## 3 Results and Analysis  
### Mass Spectrum of Acaricide Solution before and after Plasma Treatment  
The liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) chromatograms of five acaricide residues on the surface of kumquats before and after plasma treatment are shown in Figure 2. Panel a represents the LC-MS chromatogram of acaricide residues on the surface of kumquats before plasma treatment, and panel b represents the LC-MS chromatogram of acaricide residues on the surface of kumquats after plasma treatment. It can be seen from  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Time** & **Flow Rate (mL/min)** & **Mobile Phase A (\%)** & **Mobile Phase B (\%)** \\ \hline
0 & 0.3 & 80 & 20 \\
2 & 0.3 & 20 & 80 \\
6 & 0.3 & 5 & 95 \\
7.5 & 0.3 & 5 & 95 \\
7.6 & 0.3 & 80 & 20 \\
10 & 0.3 & 80 & 20 \\ \hline \end{tabular} (3) Mass Spectrometry Conditions:  
Scan mode: MRM positive ion; ion source: ESI; nebulizer: nitrogen (N2, PEAK NM32 LA nitrogen generator); collision gas: nitrogen (purity 99.999%); capillary voltage: 5.0 kV; cone voltage: 700 V; ion source temperature: 105 \({}^{\circ}\)C; desolvation gas temperature: 495 \({}^{\circ}\)C; cone gas flow rate: 72 L/h; desolvation gas flow rate: 300 L/h. Other conditions are shown in the Table 2 below.  
\end{table}
Table 1: Gradient elution program for chromatographic separation.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Acaricide** & **Parent Ion** & **Product Ion** & **Residence** & **Cone Voltage** & **Collision** & **Quantitative** \\  & **(_m/z_)** & **(_m/z_)** & **Time (S)** & **(V)** & **Energy (eV)** & **Ion Pair *** \\ \hline Avermectin & 895.5 & 751.5 & 0.05 & 50 & 53 & * \\ Avermectin & 895.5 & 449 & 0.05 & 50 & 59 & * \\ Bifernazate & 301.1 & 198.05 & 0.05 & 50 & 9 & * \\ Bifernazate & 301.1 & 170.1 & 0.05 & 50 & 21 & \\ Bjormeseifen & 411.2 & 71.1 & 0.05 & 50 & 30 & * \\ Bjormeseifen & 411.2 & 313.1 & 0.05 & 50 & 15 & \\ Etoxazole & 360.2 & 141 & 0.05 & 50 & 42 & * \\ Etoxazole & 360.2 & 304 & 0.05 & 50 & 25 & \\ Lufenuron & 511 & 158 & 0.05 & 50 & 24 & * \\ Lufenuron & 511 & 141 & 0.05 & 50 & 67 & \\ \hline \end{tabular} (4) Pesticide degradation rate:  
The pesticide degradation rate is calculated using Formula (1):  
\[\text{Pesticide degradation rate (\%) = (C0 - Ct)/C0 \times 100} \tag{1}\]  
where C0 is the pesticide residue before sample treatment and Ct is the pesticide residue after sample treatment.
## 3 Results
### Quality of the Reports of the Included Studies  
The evaluation of \"specific preferred reporting items for cross-sectional studies on root and root canal anatomy using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT)\" [18] demonstrated that 50% of the items were reported in all of the published studies. The items that were most frequently disregarded by the researchers were \"future research\" (not indicated in 78.9% of the studies), \"strengths and limitations\" (68.4% of the studies failed to assess limitations) and \"reliability\" (52.6% did not perform the intra and interrater reliability test). Furthermore, it was interesting to note how all the studies used the word \"Cone-beam computed tomography or CBCT\" in the title, but none of them mentioned the type of study (Table 3). Figure 3: Flowchart of the study selection process. PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses) [17]. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Study/Year**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**\(n\)**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Country**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**2 nd Root Canal**} & \multicolumn{6}{c}{**Vertucci**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Other Outcomes**} \\ \cline{5-12}  & & & & **I** & **II** & **III** & **IV** & **V** & **VI** & **VII** & **Others** & **Other Outcomes** \\ \hline
**[PERSON] et al./2014** [31] & 1582 CI & Turkey & 15.3\% & 84.4\% & 0.4\% & 0.8\% & 4.3\% & 10.1\% & - & - & - & 2 nd root canal: men \textgreater{} women \\
**[PERSON] et al./2014** [31] & 1603 LI & Turkey & 19.2\% & 80.2\% & 1.3\% & 1.0\% & 5.4\% & 12.1\% & - & - & - & 2 nd root canal: men \textgreater{} women \\ \hline
**[PERSON] et al./2014** [32] & 1286 CI & China & 15.7\% & 84.3\% & 3.4\% & 6.5\% & 1.2\% & 3.9\% & - & 0.3\% & 0.4\% & IL \textgreater{} IC. Distance apex-root \\
**[PERSON] et al./2014** [32] & 1294 LI & China & 27.4\% & 72.6\% & 4.0\% & 15.5\% & 2.3\% & 5.1\% & 0.2\% & 0.2\% & 0.1\% & canal bifurcation: 6-12 mm. \\ \hline
**[PERSON] et al./2014** [33] & 706 CI & China & 10.9\% & 89.1\% & 2.4\% & 6.2\% & 1.7\% & 0.6\% & - & - & - & (D)-2 nd root canal: IL \textgreater{} CI \\
**[PERSON] et al./2014** [34] & 706 LI & China & 25.5\% & 74.5\% & 3.9\% & 19.3\% & 2.1\% & 0.4\% & - & - & - & (L)-2 nd root canal: IL \textgreater{} CI \\ \hline
**[PERSON] et al./2014** [34] & 786 CI & China & 8.9\% & 91.1\% & 2.0\% & 5.3\% & 1.3\% & 0.3\% & - & - & - & - \\
**J.785 LI** & China & 17.5\% & 82.5\% & 3.9\% & 10.4\% & 2.8\% & 0.3\% & - & - & - & - \\ \hline
**[PERSON] et al./2013** [35] & 632 CI & Iran & 27.3\% & 72.7\% & 11.3\% & 4.7\% & 7.7\% & 3.6\% & - & - & - & (L)-3.0 \\
64 LI & Iran & 29.4\% & 70.6\% & 7.1\% & 3.7\% & 15.4\% & 3.2\% & - & - & - & (L)-3.0 \\ \hline \multicolumn{10}{c}{\(n\) (number of incisors); CI (central incisor); LI (lateral incisor); DL (distoingual root); PMPM (perman mandibular first molar); I (incos); AV (average length).} \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: _Cont_.
# Spatial Data-Based Automatic and Quantitative Approach in Analyzing Maintenance Reachability
## 3 Materials and Methods
### Intersection Detection-Based Spatial Relationship Judgment between Arm and Product
#### 3.3.2 Solving the Maintenance Reachability Feasible Region  
The maintenance reachability feasible region is represented by a solution set, which can be solved from the initial solution set of the arm pose under the constraint of non-intersecting with the product models.  
Different intersection detection methods are used for different types of products. Therefore, the product detection sequence should be determined by the efficiency of the corresponding intersection detection method. According to the efficiency from high to low, each product detected the intersection with the arm one by one. The intersection detection method efficiency will be studied in the next section.  
All forearms in the initial solution set of the arm pose would detect the intersection with the product in the sequence. The forearms that intersect with the product would be  
Figure 8: Diagram of the Intersection Detection of a Line Segment and a Cylinder.  
Figure 9: Diagram of the Intersection Detection of a Line Segment and a Capsule.  
taken out at each step of the process. Similarly, the upper arms corresponding with the forearms that do not intersect with any product would be filtered. After the process, all arm poses that do not intersect with any product in the scene would constitute the reachable solution set of the arm pose.  
The dimensionless value that the ratio of the quantity of the reachable solution set of the arm pose to the quantity of the initial solution set of the arm pose can derive can be called the degree of reachability (DOR). Its connotation is how much of all gestures the arm can make without obstacles, based on the hand being fixed, can reach the designated maintenance spot. The DOR can be used for the quantitative evaluation of the reachability of the maintenance spot.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Cell Culture and Cell Viability  
Caco-2 and RAW264.7 were purchased from the Korean Cell Line Bank (Seoul, Republic of Korea) and incubated at 37 \({}^{\circ}\)C with 5% CO\({}_{2}\). Caco-2 was cultured in modified Eagle's medium containing 25 mM HEPES, 0.1 mM non-essential amino acids, 1.0 mM sodium pyruvate, 20% fetal bovine serum (FBS), and 100 U/mL penicillin/streptomycin(P/S), while RAW264.7 was cultured in RPMI1640 containing 10% FBS, 100 U/mL P/S (all purchased from Hyclone, Logan, UT, USA). The medium was changed every 2-3 days until 80-90% confluency. The CellTiter 96\({}^{\text{\text{\textregistered}}}\) Aqueous One-Solution Cell Proliferation Assay (MTS; Promega, Madison, WI, USA) was used to examine the viability of Caco-2 and RAW264.7 cells. The cells (1 \(\times\) 10\({}^{4}\) cells/well) were seeded in 96-well plates and treated with _S. horneri_ ethanol extract (SHE) at concentrations ranging from 0 to 50 mg/L after 24 h. After 48 h, the cell proliferation (MTS) solution was added and incubated at 37 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 2 h, after which viable cells were detected using a microplate reader (Spectrophotometer, Thermo Fisher, Waltham, MA, USA) at 490 nm [38]. To evaluate the anti-inflammatory effects of SHE, RAW264.7 macrophages were seeded for 24 h at a density of 1 \(\times\) 10\({}^{4}\) cells/well in a 96-well plate. The following day, SHE was added at concentrations ranging from 0 to 40 mg/L for 1 h, followed by LPS (50 ng/mL, Escherichia coli O55:B5; Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) with SHE. The conditioned medium was collected at 4 h for the TNF-\(\alpha\) measurement and at 20 h for the IL-6 measurement. To investigate the underlying mechanisms of SHE, Caco-2 cells were seeded at a density of 5 \(\times\) 10\({}^{4}\) cells/well for 24 h in 6-well plates. The next day, SHE (25 and 50 mg/L) was added for 1 h, followed by 2 mg/mL of LPS with SHE for 3 h for RNA extraction. The LPS dosage that causes considerable inflammation in RAW264.7 and Caco-2 cells was selected by consulting previous studies (50 ng/mL and 2 ug/mL for RAW264.7 and Caco-2 cells, respectively) [39; 40].
## 2 Materials and Methods
### GNSS Signal Processing  
Integrity determination techniques that allow providing a QoS indicator to the user have been studied for decades. The quality indicator can be defined as a PL provided together with the position. State of the art techniques that cover algorithms able to detect and identify faulty measurements are documented in several papers [21; 22; 23; 24]. Standard RAIM [25] has been initially designed for civil aviation. Its use for ground applications has been widely studied these last few years, with always a strong limitation found in the definition of nominal and threat models, as well as the setup of the probability of occurrence of the threats [26]. As a consequence, RAIM application to ground users often results in large PLs or high MIs due to the inadequate over bounding of local effects in the nominal model. Focusing on the land application use case, ref. [27] proposed a new methodology to provide with PVT QoS characterization better than what can be currently achieved with the aforementioned techniques. To this end, the multiple GNSS constellations, the multiple frequencies, as well as the Key Performance Indicator (KPI) elaborated along the signal processing chain of a GNSS receiver were considered. In particular, in order to detect multipath and mitigate the induced pseudorange error, MC maximum likelihood discriminator [28] is used. In addition to the induced error mitigation, as soon as a multipath is detected, the corresponding measurements are overweighted in the Position, Velocity, Time + Integrity (PVT + I) computation. Figure 4 illustrates the PVT horizontal error using the EKF algorithm in [27] and several code tracking discriminators. White dots represent a simple Early-Minus-Late Power (EMLP) discriminator, blue dots represent the MC when the multipath detection is not activated and, finally, green dots represent the MC when the multipath detection is activated.  
The improvement in the positioning accuracy is clearly visible in this example. However, short NLoS are still an issue and might cause biased positioning and missed integrities. In this case, the camera is expected to allow the identification of NLoS situations. The final steps of the camera-aided algorithm proposed in the Introduction permit the evaluation of its performance. First is computed the HPL using the output of the Kalman filter; next is computed the HPE and, finally, MI is computed using data from the output of the Kalman filter and the reference trajectory.  
Figure 4: Comparison of PVT horizontal error given by different discriminators.
## 2 Recent Evolution in Actor-Critic Frameworks
### Transformer-Based Encoder-Decoder Frameworks  
This type of framework utilizes a transformer-based encoder-decoder structure in both actor and critic networks to learn from long observation-action spaces in UAVSNs. It can avoid vanishing gradient problems, remember long sequences, and train adaptivity to different sizes of networks via fixed-size embedding. However, it has a higher computational complexity. In [32], transformer-based encoder-decoder actor-critic frameworks are proposed to jointly minimize the long-term average weighted sum of task execution delay and energy consumption for multi-UAV and multi-edge server networks. Here, the action space consists of a binary task offloading policy and continuous resource allocation that includes transmit power, bandwidth, and computing resources. The model employed a DDPG-based policy gradient during training and adopted a transformer-based encoder-decoder structure to accelerate algorithm convergence due to the capabilities of handling large state-action decision space and avoidance of vanishing gradient problems. Furthermore, owing to the encoder-decoder-based key feature extractions, it is adaptive to different sizes of UAVs and task attributes.  
In [8], an area coverage problem for multi-UAVs is investigated by utilizing transformer-based state encoder-based actor-critic frameworks. The model can make long-term trajectory decisions for UAVs to maximize fairness-aware area coverage toward points of interest. The transformer-based encoder network considers the observation of the neighbor UAV's state as key and value, each UAV's state as the query to generate a state embedding feature vector. This extracted feature vector from the dynamic environment is fed into an MLP-based actor-critic framework for training the model. Through feature extraction, the model is adaptive to different state features and different numbers of UAVs. Additionally, instead of random initialization of learnable weights in actor-critic networks, the designed model adopted a baseline-assisted pre-training mechanism, which can accelerate algorithm convergence.
# Analysis of Traffic Organisation in the Kiss-and-Fly Zone of Krakow Airport: Eye-Tracking Study
###### Abstract  
When choosing the way to come to airports, quite a large number of passengers prefer when they are dropped off/picked up at airports using kiss-and-fly (K&F) zones. Such a travel option is associated with a special traffic organisation on the airport ground access. As there are no common regulations or standards when creating such a complex infrastructure object, it could be a challenge for drivers when searching and moving through it. Therefore, the main aim of the presented study was to assess and verify the eye-tracking technique as an objective tool, which can allow one to identify and estimate confusion points met by road users when using such an object. The field tests with 23 drivers were conducted in the K&F zone of Krakow Airport, and the data analysis focused on the traffic organisation and road signage as its key and integral parts. The eye-tracking approach allowed us to clearly find confusing situations for drivers as well as explain their reasons confirming its suitability and usefulness for the declared aim. Also, the perception of standardised and unstandardised signage of the K&F zone as well as the influence of route familiarity for drivers were discussed.  
perception; road signs; horizontal road marking Article