## 4 Feasibility of Agro-Waste Utilization in Reinforced Concrete (RC) Elements
### Effects of Agro-Wastes on RC Elements
#### 4.3.1 Mechanical Properties and Structural Performance
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Ref. No.** & **Beam Specimens** & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Compressive Strength**} & **Rupure Modulus** & **Splitting Tensile Modulus** & **Elasticity Modulus** & **Elevant Strength** & **Bond Strength** \\  & & (MPa) & (MPa) & (MPa) & (MPa) & (MPa) & (MPa) \\ \hline Palm Oil-Based Concrete & & & & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{[69]} & Convolutional Concrete & 72 & & 475 & 34.77 & 5.09 & \\  & Palm Oil Concrete & 79 & & 4.97 & 35.86 & 5.33 & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{[69]} & Palm Kernel Shell Concrete 1 & 31.83 & & & 30.71 & 4.21 & \\  & Palm Kernel Shell Concrete 2 & 33.04 & & & 31.08 & 4.42 & \\  & Reference Concrete 1 & 37.41 & & & 10.71 & 3.58 & \\  & Reference Concrete 2 & 36.70 & & & 10.02 & 3.50 & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{[70]} & Palm Oil Shell Concrete & 28.12 & & 5.31 & & 7.18-9.36 \\ \cline{2-7}  & Layer Bentley-Layer Bentley-Pal Oil Shell Concrete & 25.30 & 4.93 & 1.82 & 5.28 & \\  & Double-Layer Bentley-Pal Oil Shell Concrete & 25.30 & 4.89 & 1.67 & 5.05 & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{[75]} & Palm Oil Clutter Concrete 1 & 39.8 & & 2.7 & 26.8 & \\  & Palm Oil Clutter Concrete 2 & 31.5 & & 2.8 & 16.9 & \\  & Palm Oil Clutter Concrete 3 & 20.3 & & 1.8 & 9.7 & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{[76]} & Palm Flex Reinforced-The Bordered Plain Oil & 8.7 & 106 & 6.0 & 109 & \\  & 4+Layer Flatness Technology Independent Palm Oil & 9.5 & 134 & 8.7 & 144 & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{[77]} & Palm Shell Shell Concrete with Stripneys 1 & 35.0 & 4.1 & 2.5 & 11.4 & \\  & Farm Shell Shell Concrete with Stripneys 2 & 34.4 & 3.9 & 2.4 & 10.9 & \\  & Reference Concrete with Stripneys 1 & 29.3 & 5.1 & 2.9 & 26.2 & \\  & Reference Concrete with Stripneys 2 & 30.8 & 4.9 & 3.0 & 28.1 & \\  & Palm Shell Shell Concrete without Stripneys 1 & 37.9 & 4.2 & 2.6 & 13.8 & \\  & Farm Shell Shell Concrete without Stripneys 2 & 33.7 & 4.0 & 24 & 11.7 & \\  & Reference Concrete without Stripneys 2 & 32.5 & 5.0 & 3.1 & 26.3 & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{[78]} & Palm Kernel Shell Concrete 1 & 37.41 & & & 10.71 & 3.83 \\  & Palm Shell Shell Concrete 2 & 36.70 & & & 10.02 & 3.50 \\  & Control Concrete 2 & 31.83 & & & 30.78 & 4.21 \\  & Control Concrete 2 & 30.84 & & & 31.08 & 4.42 \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{[82]} & Palm Oil Clutter Concrete & 27.15 & 4.01 & 2.26 & 16.87 & \\  & Steel Free Plan Oil Shell Concrete 1 & 33.9 & & 2.99 & 13.87 & 3.26 \\  & Steel Free Plan Oil Shell Concrete 2 & 39.3 & & 3.73 & 15.67 & 4.28 \\  & Steel Free Plan Oil Shell Concrete 3 & 41.2 & & 4.17 & 16.11 & 5.38 \\  & Steel Free Plan Oil Shell Concrete 4 & 45.9 & & 495 & 16.29 & 6.70 \\  & Steel Free Plan Oil Shell Concrete 5 & 47.3 & & 5.47 & 15.50 & 8.16 \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{[86]} & Palm Shell Aggregate Concrete 1 & 19.9 & 2.6 & 2.5 & 17.1 & \\  & Palm Shell Aggregate Concrete 2 & 12.7 & 2.5 & 2.3 & 16.3 & \\  & Palm Shell Aggregate Concrete 3 & 15.4 & 2.4 & 2.1 & 13.4 & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 5: Mechanical properties and test results of agro-waste blended concrete (own research). \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline