esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# NMR in Metabolomics: From Conventional Statistics to Machine Learning and Neural Network Approaches
## 2 Conventional Approaches
### Pathway Analysis Methods
#### 2.3.3 Metabolic Pathway Reconstruction and Simulation  
The identification of metabolomic biomarkers and their mapping into a neural network is fundamental to further study the cellular mechanisms and its physiology. The goal is to identify the effects of the metabolites (as a function of their concentration) on the cellular changes, providing a relationship with the most likely biologically meaningful sub-networks. Thus, basing on genome annotation and protein homology, reference pathways could be mapped into a specific organism. However, this mapping method often produces incomplete pathways that need the employment of ab initio metabolomic network construction approaches (such as Bayesian networks), where differential equations describe the changes in a metabolomic network in terms of chemical amounts [98,99]. [PERSON] et al. [100] further improved this approach allowing to optimize accuracy in defining metabolomics features or better the correlation between the substrates whose nature is well known as well as the species of each individual reactions, so defining the classification of the mapped metabolic products in a pathway and their modifications under selected perturbations. Recently, [PERSON] et al. [23] performed a pathway analysis on serum spectra recorded by \({}^{1}\)H NMR with the aim to identify eventual biomarkers characterizing the treatment of human lung cancer. After a first statistical analysis in terms of PLS-DA, they were able to identify four metabolic pathways associated with the metabolic perturbation induced by non-small-cell lung cancer (Figure 13) by means of the MetaboAnalyst package [101]. In detail, the highest pathway impact was shown by the metabolisms of (i) taurine and hypotaurine, (ii) d-glutamine and d-glutamate, (iii) glycine, serine and threonine, and (iv) alanine, aspartate and glutamate, thus shedding light on the responsible processes in this kind of cancer.  
Figure 12: Schematic representation of the three main steps adopted in FCS methods.
## 2 Methodology  
The methodology starts with the processing of simple and accessible data, as presented in Figure 1. This first level uses the general information necessary for the preparation of project budgets, such as public or private construction cost databases. In a second level, data from construction cost databases and environmental product information such as eco-labels and/or generic LCA databases are combined. In the third level, assessments are applied to the elements in the project budget, thereby obtaining the incorporated WF, CF, and EE, which together provide an \"environmental budget\" [29]. These three environmental impacts have also been assessed in urbanization projects [30], and by employing Building Information Modelling [31].  
Finally, the results obtained by the calculation methodology allow, based on the technical information reflected in the project budget, the quantification of the environmental impact of the materials that cause the greatest impact. In this way, those materials can be targeted in public tendering processes in order to demand specific requirements. The theoretical framework is divided into two parts: the cost analysis of a project and its adaptation to the environmental analysis, which determines the items of the project where the most significant environmental impacts are exerted.  
Figure 1: Methodology for the inclusion of the water footprint (m\({}^{3}\) of water), embodied energy (M), and carbon footprint (tCO\({}_{2}\)eq.) in the green assessment of urbanization projects.  
The project budget is the basis of the exposed methodology, and its standardized classification of construction units is employed by cost databases in the sector. The hierarchy of costs is employed to group together similar families of construction materials that can be found in LCA databases. As an intermediate step, it is necessary to transform traditional working units (m, m\({}^{2}\), tonne, etc.) into kg. For this, open free catalogs of construction products are employed in the calculations. The LCA information can be inserted into the construction cost database using the same structure and hierarchy. Once all elements that form the project are analyzed, this information serves as a base to benchmark the most environmental impacting elements that are representative of the project. The benchmark allows future, simpler evaluation tables to be implemented in the bidding, encouraging the use of construction material with EPDs that show their lower impact. This can help project developers or promoters in the public sector in the bid process to easily target the controlling elements.
# Analysing the Performance of a Trust-Based AODV in the Presence of a Flooding Attack
###### Abstract  
Mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) are wireless multi-hop networks that do not rely on any fixed infrastructure, unlike traditional networks. Nodes in MANETs are formed dynamically and are free to move in any direction at variable speeds. The special characteristics of MANETs make them vulnerable to flooding attacks, which can have a negative impact on their performance. Moreover, due to their nature, employing solutions designed for traditional networks is not feasible. One potential solution to enhance the performance of MANETs in the face of network attacks is to implement trust management. This paper evaluates the performance of Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) Routing in the presence of a flooding attack. We propose a direct trust management scheme to detect and isolate malicious nodes and implement this scheme on AODV. We name the modified protocol Trusted AODV (TAODV) and, finally, compare the performance of AODV and TAODV when both are under a flooding attack to measure the improvement achieved by our suggested scheme.  
MANET; AODV; trust management; performance +
Footnote †: journal: Applied  
1
###### Abstract  
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent adult stem cells with great potential in regenerative medicine. One method for stimulating proliferation and differentiation of MSCs is via electrical stimulation (ES). A valuable approach for evaluating the response of MSCs to ES is to assess changes in gene expression, relative to one or more reference genes. In a survey of 25 publications that used ES on cells, 70% selected GAPDH as the reference gene. We conducted a study to assess the suitability of six potential reference genes on an immortalized human MSC line following direct current ES at seeding densities of 5000 and 10,000 cells/cm\({}^{2}\). We employed three methods to validate the most stable reference genes from qRT-PCR data. Our findings show that GAPDH and ACTB exhibit reduced stability when seeded at 5000 cell/cm\({}^{2}\). In contrast, we found that the most stable genes across both plating densities and stimulation regimes were PPIA and YWHAZ. Thus, in ES gene expression studies in MSCs, we support the use of PPIA and YWHAZ as an optimal reference gene pair, and discourage the use of ACTB and GAPDH at lower seeding densities. However, it is strongly recommended that similar verification studies are carried out based on cell type and different ES conditions.  
reference genes; housekeeping genes; electrical stimulation; mesenchymal stem cells; reverse transcription-PCR; gene expression +
Footnote †: journal: Applied sciences  
These benefits could help solve the issues faced in the translation of stem cell therapies. In addition, the relative low cost of using an electric signal for differentiation as opposed to expensive growth factors could pave the way for a more rapid, reproducible, and cost-effective method for rendering cell therapies available to all.  
An accurate, rapid and convenient method for assessing the effect of ES on MSCs is to investigate changes in gene expression, including differentiation marker genes, through qRT-PCR [1]. However, such analyses require the identification and use of one or more reference genes that do not change following ES. Some studies have been published on the ideal reference genes for equine and porcine MSCs in growth conditions and multilineage differentiation [2; 18], bone marrow and umbilical cord-derived human MSCs in long-term culture [19], adipose-derived MSCs [20], and in MSCs undergoing osteogenic differentiation [21], and tenogenic differentiation [22]. However, there has been no reference gene study published explicitly for MSCs following ES. Thus, our aim was to identify one or more reference genes that can be confidently used for gene expression studies on electrically stimulated human MSCs.
# Investigation of Microseismic Characteristics of Rock Burst Based on Fractal Theory
###### Abstract
Elastoplastic mechanics and damage mechanics are the general theories for modeling and are used as the basis for establishing an elastic-plastic brittle abrupt rock burst model for structural surface coal rocks and to analyze the microseismic (MS) and electromagnetic radiation (EMR) characteristics of coal rocks during the evolution of impact ground pressure [43]. These methods have limited the analytical treatment of the temporal distribution of microseismicity and field utility for the spatial distribution pattern, and no real-time monitoring and analysis of the spatial distribution pattern of microseismicity has been performed. In addition, the spatiotemporal energy evolution characteristics of strong acoustic emission events on the crack surface during the complete fracture of tuffs reveal the processes of microcrack generation, extension, and interpenetration in rock specimens [44]. While some methods have discussed the spatial evolution of microseismic events from a mechanistic perspective, they have limitations for field guidance due to the insufficient analysis of microseismic characteristics. To address this issue, an MS multi-parameter indicator system was developed, with critical values estimated for each indicator. This system, along with the r-value scoring method, provides a comprehensive analysis of the weights of each indicator [45; 46]. These studies focused on the analysis of the results and lacked an analysis of the microseismic spatial and temporal patterns of the actual working conditions. From the present point of view, both the analysis of spatiotemporal characteristics of microseismic events and the processing of analysis results lack convenient and intuitive analysis methods and site-appropriate model construction. In this study, fractal theory was used to analyze the temporal characteristics of microseismic events in the Maoping mine and validate them according to their actual site, establish an observation model through the spatial distribution characteristics of detected microseismic events, refine the study of microseismic event points, and analyze the characteristic pattern of rock bursts at the site through the relationship between the accumulation of microseismic events and energy. From field validation, this study is of great significance for the analysis of monitoring results and provides some guidance for the research and judgment of subsequent mining and rock burst warnings.
## 5 Conclusions  
In this review, several nano-modified coatings including self-healing-based nanocoatings, natural source-derived nanocoatings, metal/metallic oxide-incorporated nanocoatings, and carbon allotrope-based nanocoatings have been discussed in terms of their successive corrosion mitigation. The attained results show that nano-modified coatings possess superior corrosion protection for metals as compared to conventional coatings due to the lack of holes and flaws in the covering and the creation of a shield against the infiltration of corrosive electrolytes. Owing to the tiny granular dimensions of nanocrystalline formations, which offer superior void occupancy and greater coating surface stability, they are preferable to microcrystalline frameworks for enhancing corrosion resistance. Among all these coatings, self-healing nanocoatings have shown better corrosion mitigation properties with the bonus of a self-healing nature. The mechanized nanocontainers involved in this coating can exhibit a pH-dependent liberation of the inhibitor from the specific core in a corrosive solution and could be readily produced through a straightforward two-step sorption procedure. Additionally, numerous researchers presume the self-healing nanocoatings could open the path to the thrilling development of an inhibitor-loaded nano reservoir as well as its comprehensive implementation for the preparedness of smart corrosion protection coating materials in the sector of corrosion science due to the reduced expense and ease of development of inhibitor-loaded and pH-responsive-based smart nano containers.  
Additionally, research has thus far concentrated on the configuration of inhibitor stacking and coating preparation mechanisms with varying degrees of intricacy, such as the physical adsorption of the active agents in the shells and the physical packing of the pores with distinct chemical species, in order to advance the self-healing processes. These processes must be appropriately developed for the novel class of active agents, particularly eco-benign and bio-based agents with incredibly outstanding characteristics in comparison to existing conventional products utilized in various sectors, such as automobiles, construction, airspace, etc., which could be facilitated by adhering to the outlined research dynamics and viewpoints or establishing new groundbreaking strategies to utilize the extremely intriguing characteristics of nano-modified coatings. This will help to safeguard our history, culture, and future.  
Conceptualization, A.T.; methodology, A.T.; validation, A.K. and S.K.; investigation, A.K. and S.K.; data curation, A.K.; writing--original draft preparation, A.K.; funding acquisition, S.K. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research received no external funding.  
Not applicable.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 6 Conclusions  
In this research, the performance of armored vehicle communication systems was studied systematically, and a five-level evaluation model was proposed from the perspective of system electromagnetic compatibility. This model can evaluate the electromagnetic compatibility of a vehicular communication system in relation to five aspects: working environment, signal spectrum, antenna isolation, receiver sensitivity, and communication performance. Finally, the proposed evaluation model was verified through an example armored vehicle, and great results were obtained, proving the applicability of the five-level evaluation model. In particular, when the receiver sensitivity was evaluated in the third level, a more accurate vehicle communication propagation model was established based on the digital maps. The model can determine the terrain profile on the vehicle communication path and the actual communication distance. The actual power received by the receiver and the sensitivity reduction of the receiver on real terrain can be calculated. Compared with the free-space propagation model, the error of the actual power received by the receiver was reduced by 0.97%, and the error of the communication distance for which the sensitivity of the receiver was reduced by more than the system EMC threshold was reduced by 16.78%. In the fourth- and fifth-level evaluations, some of the calculation results from the third-level evaluation were also applied. The calculated antenna isolation degrees were basically consistent with the actual measurement data, and a more accurate communication distance decline was obtained. In summary, the evaluation model based on digital maps proposed in this paper is more accurate than previous models. The development of remote sensing technology and the application of digital maps are helpful for constructing an accurate system-level EMC evaluation model, which can also be beneficial in guiding future efforts regarding the EMC design of armored communication systems and reducing design cycles.  
Conceptualization, H.L., G.Z. and S.Z.; methodology, G.Z.; software, G.Z. and F.W.; validation, S.Z. and Y.Q.; data curation, B.J. and S.Z.; writing--original draft preparation, G.Z.; writing--review and editing, H.L. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded by the National Defense Research Project, grant number JZXZX201901 JY0048.  
The complete data set is subject to approval, but contour maps, topographic profiles, and some pieces of vehicle information are open-source and sufficient to support the reproduction of this paper. Download address: [[https://www.tianditu.gov.cn/](https://www.tianditu.gov.cn/)]([https://www.tianditu.gov.cn/](https://www.tianditu.gov.cn/)) (accessed on 22 September 2023).  
**Acknowledgments:** We are grateful to all the staff of a section of the Northern Vehicle Research Institute for their support in the experiments and measurements.  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest. The funders had no role in the design of the study.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### 3 PB Tests  
Calcium alginate capsules prepared with the optimum A/R ratio (30/70) were applied in the asphalt mortar mix. Figure 8 shows the bending strength of the asphalt mortar beams made with fresh material. As shown in Figure 8, for all mortar beam types, the bending strength decreases after each bending and healing cycle, which indicates that the self-healing effect of the asphalt mortar beams cannot achieve full recovery of strength since the fractured area is prone to crack even after the healing process. During each testing cycle, the bending strengths of all three types of beams are very similar, and the mortar beams still have strengths about 4 MPa after 2 testing cycles, even without capsules or with blank capsules. This means that the healing capacity of the fresh material itself plays the main role in crack healing (strength recovery). It also demonstrates that the presence of calcium alginate capsules, containing rejuvenator or not, does not significantly affect the initial bending strength of the mortar beams. Hence, when the bituminous material possesses sufficient healing capacity, like in fresh bitumen, the capsule healing system could hardly improve the healing efficiency.  
Figure 7: Compressive strength of capsules fabricated with varying A/R ratios cured under different temperatures.  
Ageing of the asphalt mixture could not only increase its stiffness, but also decrease its healing capacity. As shown in Figures 8 and 9a, without capsules, the initial bending strength of aged asphalt mortar beams is 4.7 MPa, which is lower than the strength of fresh ones (5.4 MPa). This indicates that the laboratory ageing process decreases the bending strength of asphalt mortar beams. Figure 9 shows that after ageing, the asphalt mortar mix loses most of its healing capacity as the mortar beams without capsules only regain a strength of 0.2 MPa (4% of the original strength) during the first healing period. Nevertheless, with calcium alginate capsules encapsulating rejuvenator, the beams recover a strength of 1.7 MPa (40% of the original strength) during first healing (Figure 9b). This might be because the ageing of asphalt mortar greatly decreases its healing capacity, and the aged material could not provide a sufficient bond between the fracture surfaces. However, with capsules, the encapsulated asphalt rejuvenator can be released when the crack propagates through the capsules which allows localized healing around the broken capsules on the fracture surfaces. Thus, more strength can be regained during the healing process on mortar beams with capsules.
# Misalignment-Resilient Propagation Model for Underwater Optical Wireless Links +
## 2 Underwater Photon Propagation Model
### Sensor Architecture
#### 2.4.1 Accurate Lens Behavior  
An innovative feature was added to the Monte Carlo algorithm: the ability to simulate accurately the refraction of photons when these pass through the lens. As the photons are treated individually in this method, one accurate method is to calculate the refraction at each surface of the lens for each photon. Mathematically, the biconvex lens used was treated as two parts of spheres with a thick section in between.  
After calculating the intersection of the photons with the first interface of the sphere, the vector form of [PERSON]'s law is applied. If one considers \(\theta_{1}\) to be the angle of incidence with the normal of the sphere \(g_{i}\) and \(\cos(\theta_{1})=-\mathbf{g}_{i}\cdot\mathbf{v}_{i}\), where \(\mathbf{v}_{i}\) is the vector of propagation of the photon, then the vector of propagation after the first refraction \(\mathbf{v}_{\text{r1}}\) is given by [25]  
\[\mathbf{v}_{\text{r1}}=\frac{n_{1}}{n_{2}}\mathbf{v}_{i}+\left(\frac{n_{1}}{n_{2}}\cos \theta_{1}-\cos\theta_{2}\right), \tag{18}\]  
where the following definition is used:  
\[\sin\theta_{2}=\frac{n_{1}}{n_{2}}\sin\theta_{1}. \tag{19}\]  
After the first refraction, on the interface defined as \(\xi_{1}\) which separates \(n_{1}\) from \(n_{2}\), the photon is propagated through the glass until the next lens surface. Here, the photon meets another interface between \(n_{2}\) and \(n_{3}\), \(\xi_{2}\), where the same refraction calculation is made with the new vector and refractive indexes as illustrated in Figure 7.  
The Fresnel reflection or photon loss at the water-glass interface was about 0.2%, and the reflection at the glass-air interface was 3.2%, assuming normal incidence. This power loss could be compensated by increasing the transmitted power since only the ratio between the received power and the transmitted power was relevant for the calculation of the MALO and did not affect the main conclusions.
# Microscopic Analysis of Structure and Wear for Metallic Materials Using SEM
###### Abstract  
The introduced work deals with the microscopic analysis of metallographically prepared selected metal materials structures, using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Prepared samples of seamless steel pipes were subjected to a thorough microscopic examination from the outer surface to the inner regions in order to interpret the specific structure, including the change in the inner surfaces due to wear. The experiment demonstrated that the microstructure and character of the surfaces play a key role in the behavior of metallic materials in real conditions of hot water heating. Four pipe samples were monitored according to their use. The unused steel pipe (designated as sample No. 1) exhibited a rough outer surface with identified inclusions, while the used pipe (designated as sample No. 2) showed marks of intergranular corrosion and significant wear after long-term use. The older pipe (designated as sample No. 3) showed a decarburized area and inclusions containing sulfides and aluminum. The steel pipe with corrosion layers (designated as sample No. 4) exhibited a continuous corrosion layer with cavitation and cracks. The results of this study offer a comprehensive view of the influence of the nature of microstructure and wear on water flow in metal pipes, with an emphasis on the identification of possible risks associated with geometry change, corrosion, and wear. The findings form the basis for predicting degradation and appropriate maintenance in order to ensure their long and reliable service life under real conditions of use. They offer the possibility of continuing and expanding research and analysis of the use of metallic materials in comparison with polymers and composites.  
analysis; microscopic; SEM; structure; material wear; pipes +
Footnote †: journal: Applied sciences