## 3 Phytochemical Composition  
The benefits of _C. ternatea_ have been recognized since ancient times, believed to be a natural cure for many diseases, and also used as a natural food additive. Besides the phytochemical compounds, the nutritional composition of _C. ternatea_ flowers has been identified and reported by [PERSON] et al. [19]. The percentage of fat, carbohydrate, fiber, and protein are, respectively, 2.5, 2.2, 2.1, and 0.32%, while the moisture content is 92.4%. The flowers were also identified as being rich in calcium (3.09 mg/g), magnesium (2.23 mg/g), potassium (1.25 mg/g), zinc (0.59 mg/g), sodium (0.14 mg/g), and iron (0.14 mg/g) [19]. Various phenolic compounds contained in the plant are responsible for the beneficial effects, especially the petals of the flower. _C. ternatea_ contains many bioactive compounds, such as alkaloids, tannins, glycosides, resins, steroids, saponins, flavonoids, and phenols [20]. Another study also stated that malonylated flavonoid glycosides were isolated from the flower petals [21]. [PERSON] [1] and [PERSON] [22] reported that the phenolics compounds found in the flowers of _C. ternatea_ are mainly ternatin anthocyanins and various flavanol glycosides of kaempfer, rutin, quercetin, and myricetin, which are isolated in a hydrophilic extract. Meanwhile, some fatty acids (palmitic acid, stearic acids, petroselinic acid, linoleic acid, arachidic acid, behenic acid, and phytanic acid), various phytosterols (Figure 1) such as campestrerol, stigmasterrol, \(\beta\)-sitosterol, and sitostanol, and tools such as \(\alpha\)-tocopherol and \(\gamma\)-tocopherol are also identified in a lipophilic extract [23]. The composition of the phytochemicals has been described in previous studies in relation to their hydrophobicity (Tables 1 and 2), although reports about the phytochemical composition quantitatively are still limited. Table 1 demonstrates the hydrophilic compounds found in the _C. ternatea_ flower. Subsequently, Table 2 presents some studies, which reported the lipophilic compounds in _C. ternatea_ flowers. Figure 1: Phytosterols in _C. ternatea_ flower: (**a**) \(\beta\)-sitostrerol; (**b**) stigmasterrol; (**c**) taxaxerol; (**d**) campestrerol; (**e**) sitostanol. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Group**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Compound**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Concentration** (mg/g) \\ \cline{3-5}  & & **[**23**]** & **[**24**]** & **[**22**]** \\ \hline \multirow{8}{*}{Anthocyanin} & Cyanidin-3-sophrooside & 0.31 & N.D. & N.D. \\ \cline{2-5}  & Ternatin A1 & 0.51 & 0.39 & 0.61 \\ \cline{2-5}  & Ternatin A2 & N.D. & N.D. & 0.75 \\ \cline{2-5}  & Ternatin A3 & N.D. & N.D. & 0.46 \\ \cline{2-5}  & Ternatin B1 & N.D. & N.D. & 1.42 \\ \cline{2-5}  & Ternatin B2 & 0.32 & 0.73 & 1.52 \\ \cline{2-5}  & Ternatin B3 & 0.50 & N.D. & 0.48 \\ \cline{2-5}  & Ternatin B4 & N.D. & N.D. & 0.40 \\ \cline{2-5}  & Ternatin C2 & 1.81 & N.D. & 0.11 \\ \cline{2-5}  & Ternatin D2 & 1.45 & 0.67 & 0.63 \\ \cline{2-5}  & Ternatin D3 & 0.54 & N.D. & 0.24 \\ \hline Anthocyaninin & Delphinidin derivative & 2.13 & N.D. & N.D. \\ \hline \multirow{8}{*}{Flavanol} & Rutin & 0.89 & N.D. & N.D. \\ \cline{2-5}  & Kaempfer 3-neobeseridoside & 1.76 & 1.29 & 4.89 \\ \cline{2-5}  & Kaempfer 3-rutinoside & N.D. & N.D. & 0.04 \\ \cline{2-5}  & Kaempfer & N.D. & N.D. & 2.7 \\ \cline{2-5}  & Kaempfer & N.D. & N.D. & 2.7 \\ \cline{2-5}  & Quercetin & 0.37 & 0.89 & 0.39 \\ \cline{2-5}  & 3-(2G-rhamnosylrutinoside) & & & \\ \cline{2-5}  & Quercetin 3-glucose & N.D. & N.D. & 0.15 \\ \cline{2-5}  & Quercetin 3-rutinoside & N.D. & N.D. & 0.27 \\ \cline{2-5}  & Quercetin 3-neobeseridoside & N.D. & N.D. & 0.39 \\ \hline \multicolumn{5}{c}{Ellagic acid} & 0.21 & N.D. & N.D. \\ \hline \multicolumn{5}{c}{Caffeoylmalic acid} & N.D. & 1.37 & N.D. \\ \hline \multicolumn{5}{c}{N.D.: Not Detected.} \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Hydrophilic compounds composition of _C. ternatea_ flower.