# Clone Node Detection Attacks and Mitigation Mechanisms in Static Wireless Sensor Networks
## 8 Conclusions  
The goal of this paper is to discuss the detection of clone node attacks in static wireless sensor networks (WSNs). We have demonstrated that due to the features of the WSNs such as battery life, limited processing, lack of tamper resistance hardware, memory, etc., the sensor nodes are subject to different types of attacks, such as clone node attacks. To thwart this particular attack, various techniques, such as the centralized detection technique and distributed detection technique, which is considered as two classes, have been addressed. Some others considered as sub-classes, such as key-establishment, node to network broadcasting, clustering-based, witness node-base techniques, key usage-base, base station-based, and neighbor ID-based, etc., have also been addressed. We have also elaborated on some important security issues of WSNs and some mitigation techniques that can be used to strengthen the network. We have also seen how the realization of sensor networks necessitates satisfying diverse constraints such as cost, scalability, power consumption, topology change, hardware, and environment. We have also described a step-by-step process an attacker may use to perform the clone node attacks, commonly named replication attacks. The approach of wireless sensor networking technology awakens an interesting opportunity to manage human activities in a smart home vicinity. WSNs keep the promise of delivering a smart communication prototype that facilitates setting up an intelligent network with the potentiality of handling applications that evolve from user requirements. Therefore, every important technology that allows communication should be well-protected. Based on this fact, they can be represented as a beneficial target for attackers. As we have stated in previous pages, it would be wise for a WSN system to have a physical safeguard, since the clone node attacks require the attacker to have physical access to the network. In addition to that, it is of great importance to apply a maximum of security layers as required by the ORASWSN protocol, such as cryptographic techniques to protect the sensor nodes. From this perspective, the attacker, after physically capturing the sensor nodes, will have other difficult tasks to fulfill. Conceptualization, J.R.D. ; methodology, J.R.D. ; software, J.R.D. ; validation, J.R.D., K.N. ; formal analysis, J.R.D. ; investigation, J.R.D., K.N. ; resources, J.R.D. ; data curation, J.R.D. ; writing--original draft preparation, J.R.D. ; writing--review and editing, K.N. ; visualization, J.R.D. ; supervision, K.N. ; project administration, J.R.D., K.N. ; funding acquisition, K.N. Both authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. This research was funded by the Institute of Mathematics, Slovak Academy of Sciences (MUSAV), Grant VEGA 2/0109/18 and APVV-19-0220. Institutional Review Board Statement: Not applicable. Informed Consent Statement: Not applicable. Data Availability Statement: Not applicable. Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript, or in the decision to publish the results. Abbreviations The following abbreviations are used in this manuscript: WSNs wireless sensor networks ORASWSN Ontology for Replication Attacks in Static Wireless Sensor Networks LEACH low-energy adaptive clustering hierarchy XSS cross-site-scripting IDS intrusion detection system PLC programmable logic controller HMI human-machine interface RTU remote terminal unit CIA confidentiality, integrity, availability AIC availability, integrity, confidentiality ICS industrial control system ZBNRD bone-based node replica detection scheme for wireless sensor networks. N2 NB node to network broadcasting PAWS pair access witness selection technique RAWL random-walk based approach to detect clone attacks in wireless sensor networks.