## 3 Method
### Landslide Hazard Identification Method and Construction of Interpretation Feature Library
#### 3.3.2 Comprehensive Remote-Sensing Interpretation Indicator Library  
Through the collection of typical landslide sites and potential hazard points around Tianshui City, this study systematically analyzed the integrated remote-sensing interpretation features of loess landslide hazards and constructed an interpretation indicator library accordingly. Table 3 summarizes the comprehensive remote-sensing interpretation characteristics of landslide hazards in the Tianshui area, including critical indicators such as InSAR deformation rates, optical remote-sensing identification features, terrain-slope gradients, and distances from river valleys. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Slope** **(\({}^{\circ}\))**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Optical** **} & \multicolumn{8}{c}{**Deformation Rate (mm/a) + Distance from River Channels (m)**} \\  & & **Remote** & & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**0-5 mm/a**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**5-15 mm/a**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**15-25 mm/a**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**25 mm/a**} \\  & **Sensing** & **0–250** & **250–500** & **>500** & **0–250** & **250–500** & **>500** & **0–250** & **250–500** & **>500** & **0–250** & **250–500** & **>500** \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{0–55} & Dec. & Ext. & Ext. & Ext. & Ext. & Ext. & Ext. & Ext. & Ext. & Ext. & Ext. & Ext. & Ext. & Ext. \\  & Indec. & / & / & / & Ext. & / & / & Ext. & / & Ext. & / & Ext. & Ext. & Ext. & Ext. \\  & Dec. & Ext. & Ext. & Ext. & Ext. & Ext. & Ext. & Ext. & Ext. & Ext. & Ext. & Ext. & Ext. & Ext. & Ext. \\  & Indec. & Ext. & / & / & Ext. & Ext. & Ext. & Ext. & Ext. & Ext. & Ext. & Ext. & Ext. & Ext. \\  & Dec. & Ext. & Ext. & Ext. & Ext. & Ext. & Ext. & Ext. & Ext. & Ext. & Ext. & Ext. & Ext. & Ext. \\
15–25 & Indec. & Ext. & / & / & Ext. & Ext. & Ext. & Ext. & Ext. & Ext. & Ext. & Ext. & Ext. & Ext. \\  & Dec. & Ext. & Ext. & Ext. & Ext. & Ext. & Ext. & Ext. & Ext. & Ext. & Ext. & Ext. & Ext. \\
25–35 & Indec. & Ext. & Ext. & Ext. & Ext. & Ext. & Ext. & Ext. & Ext. & Ext. & Ext. & Ext. & Ext. \\  & Dec. & Ext. & Ext. & Ext. & Ext. & Ext. & Ext. & Ext. & Ext. & Ext. & Ext. & Ext. & Ext. \\
35–45 & Indec. & Ext. & Ext. & / & Ext. & Ext. & Ext. & Ext. & Ext. & Ext. & Ext. & Ext. & Ext. \\  & Dec. & Ext. & Ext. & Ext. & Ext. & Ext. & Ext. & Ext. & Ext. & Ext. & Ext. & Ext. & Ext. \\ \(>\)45 & Indec. & Ext. & Ext. & / & Ext. & Ext. & Ext. & Ext. & Ext. & Ext. & Ext. & Ext. & Ext. \\  & & & & & & & & & & & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} Note: In the table, optically decipherable results are denoted by ”Dec.”, indecipherable results by ”Indec.”, extracted interpretation results by ”Ext.”, and results that are not extracted by ”/”.  
\end{table} 
Table 2: Comprehensive landslide identification matrix model. Figure 5: Comprehensive identification relationship diagram of landslide hazards. Landslide potential, the image of the landslide surface is smooth, no vegetation cover, the boundary is clear, and there are some cracks. InSAR results show that the overall deformation of the area is large, the disaster is developed, the boundary is clear, and it is located near the river. Combined with the comprehensive identification matrix, it is judged to be a landslide hazard. Landslide hazard, area characterized by vegetation cover that obscures surface features shows overall deformation according to InAsd data, with greater deformation in the central region. Buildings are present at the rear edge, and the slope gradient is measured at 18.5\({}^{\circ}\). Using the comprehensive identification matrix, this area is classified as a landslide hazard. Old landslide, clearly defined boundaries in imagery exhibits prominent landslide cracks and gullies. InSAR data reveal deformation throughout the landslide area, with significant deformation in the middle and rear sections, indicating active hazard development. This site is thus classified as a landslide hazard based on the comprehensive identification matrix.