esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Correlation Between Sunlight Exposure Time and Cataract Prevalence in Korean Adults
## 5 Conclusions  
This study examined the relationship between sunlight exposure time and cataract prevalence among Korean adults, drawing on data from the National Health and Nutrition Survey. The findings indicate that sunlight exposure of at least five hours is linked to a higher prevalence of cataracts, with various demographic factors influencing this association. Specifically, gender differences showed that women had a higher cataract incidence with 2-5 h of sunlight exposure, while men had an increased incidence at 5 h of exposure. Education level was also a factor, as college graduates showed a higher cataract prevalence with 2-5 h of sunlight exposure, whereas elementary-school graduates had increased prevalence with more than 5 h of exposure. Regional variations were observed, with urban areas experiencing a higher cataract prevalence at 2-5 h of sunlight exposure and rural areas showing higher prevalence when exposure exceeded 5 h. Age was another significant factor, with cataract prevalence rising sharply after age 45, regardless of exposure time. Therefore, this study highlights that the risk of cataracts is notably higher for individuals with prolonged (more than five hours) sunlight exposure, especially in rural areas with higher daylight exposure than urban settings. Given the growing environmental challenges, it is crucial to conduct further research to protect eye health against damage from ultraviolet exposure. Detailed studies on cataract risk factors are essential, and we hope that this research can serve as a foundation for future efforts in cataract prevention and eye health protection across the population.  
**Author Contributions:** Conceptualization, H.-J.J.; validation, H.-J.J.; formal analysis, J.-G.K.; investigation, J.-G.K.; resources, J.-G.K.; data curation, J.-G.K.; writing--original draft preparation, H.-J.J.; writing--review and editing, H.-J.J.; visualization, J.-G.K.; supervision, H.-J.J.; project administration, H.-J.J. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research received no external funding.  
**Institutional Review Board Statement:** Not applicable.  
**Informed Consent Statement:** Not applicable.  
**Data Availability Statement:** The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the authors on request.  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
## 3 Motivations of Integrating SDN and Inofrmation Centric Networking  
Although excellent research work has already been presented in SDN and ICN separately, these two promising futuristic paradigms are complementary, benefiting each other by tackling different kinds of networking problems. The research community has started investing their efforts in SDN and ICN. Benefits of SDN over current Internet, including centralized control, powerful data  
Figure 4: NDN forwarding model.  
Figure 5: Named Data Internet of Thing (NDN-IOT) architectural view.  
management, and monitoring tool and global views of the whole network, also apply to ICN [24]. ICN can handle distribution of data in upgraded networks, smooth the transition phase, and simplify the deployment with the help of SDN. A lot of surveys and research ideas have been proposed in SDN and ICN on issues of energy efficiency [25], security, mobility, caching, and forwarding [26]. The centralized SDN controller has powerful control of data transfer as well as a global view of the status of network. SDN is a promising way to manage networks simply. The combined SDN-ICN can benefit the network by opening new opportunities after shifting the question from \"where\" to \"what.\" SDN can take full advantage of the main feature of ICN--that is, in-network caching. SDN is able to exploit the multipath routing and in network caches. Routing of content can be optimized because SDN can monitor in network caches efficiently. New data centric services can be enabled using SDN over ICN. ICN can remove the security threats over northbound and southbound communication in SDN due to its nature of protecting content as opposed to communicating between channels. SDN can provide powerful control over distributed elements of ICN. Centralized management, revocation of keys, and distribution of SDN can strengthen the security of ICN. SDN can benefit ICN with its agility and programmability in named based forwarding.
###### Abstract
This approach employs a dynamic time warping (DTW) algorithm to align multi-source perception data, achieving spatio-temporal synchronization between different sensory inputs, while aiming to ensure the accuracy and reliability of the fused perception information. The rest of the paper is organized as follows. Section 2 begins with a review of state-of-the-art research on ship perception methods, visual target detection and tracking, and multi-sensor data fusion. In Section 3, the proposed perception data fusion framework based on ship ST-TF is described in detail. Then, in Section 4, field experiments are conducted to evaluate and validate the system performance to demonstrate the effectiveness of our framework. Finally, Section 5 summarizes the main contributions of this paper and discusses future perspectives. The organization of the sections is shown in Figure 1.  
Figure 1: Organization diagram of the sections of this paper.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Air Transfer Ratio  
In addition to the contaminant load increase, mechanical changes to the process during the time that the ABAC system was commissioned were considered, including the air transfer ratio from the diffuser panels to the basins [8]. The air transfer ratio is a measure of the cubic feet of air at standard temperature and pressure conditions needed to transfer a bound of DO within a treatment train and is found using the Equation (2) [9]. As shown in Figure 6, the air transfer ratio for System B, Train 3, increased since early 2018. This indicates that the amount of air needed (cubic feet) has increased per bound of dissolved oxygen transferred to the system.  
In 2015, the air transfer ratio was determined for the aeration basins, and it was determined that new diffuser panels were needed, especially in Train 3, due to the amount of air needed to reach a desirable DO level [10]. In 2018, the diffuser panels were replaced, and a drastic improvement occurred as shown in Figure 7. However, over time, the air transfer ratio has begun to increase, thus indicating an increase in the air flow rate required to meet DO levels [10]. This trend is expected as the service life of the diffuser panels increases [10,11]. Using air transfer ratio data for Train 3 during peak performance, as shown in Figure 7, a ratio of 1.40 was calculated to further normalize the metered energy consumption data and account for the degradation of the panel over time (see Tables 11-12, Appendix C for calculations).  
Figure 5: Average daily influent ammonia mass loading rate in pounds per day. August through December 2018 showed a daily average ammonia loading of 7919 lbs/day. August through December 2019 had an average daily ammonia loading of 7513 lbs/day.
## 3 Materials and Methods  
### Data Acquisition  
In this study, data from a total of 240 participants were used, consisting of 120 healthy controls and 120 stroke patients with an abnormal gait. Stroke patients were selected if they were able to walk, regardless of age, duration since onset, or the affected brain region. Participants with cognitive impairments, neurological damage, musculoskeletal injuries, or pain that prevented them from performing the gait task were excluded from this study. All participants were recruited from multiple medical institutions across South Korea, starting in 2022, following approval from the Institutional Review Board, and written informed consent was obtained from each participant. Surface electromyography (EMG) (Noraxon TelemyOTS, Scottsdale, AZ, USA) was employed to record signals from both legs during a 10 m straight walk at a comfortable speed. To prevent falls during gait in stroke patients, a physical therapist accompanied the patients while they performed the walking task. Also, EMG electrodes were attached after cleaning the skin with alcohol to reduce skin resistance, and hair was removed if necessary. To ensure accurate and consistent EMG placement,data were collected by a biomechanics researcher with over three years of experience. The following muscles were monitored: the rectus femoris (RFM) and vastus medialis (VMM) acting as knee extensors; the semitendinosus (SEM) and biceps femoris long head (BFM) acting as knee flexors; the adductor magnus (ADD) as a hip adductor; the gluteus medius (GLU) as a hip abductor; the tibialis anterior (TIB) as an ankle dorsiflexor; and the medial gastrocnemius (GCM) as an ankle plantar flexor. EMG electrodes were placed according to SENIAM guidelines [49], and the signals were sampled at 1500 Hz after being bandpass-filtered (20-450 Hz, 4 th-order Butterworth filter).
## 2 Proposed Model: QPE Analytical Approximation Model
### Coordinate Systems for Modeling
#### 2.1.1 Earth-Centered Inertial Coordinate System  
Generally, the QPE calculation requires the position, velocity, and acceleration coordinates of the spaceborne SAR platform and the SAR antenna aiming point on the Earth's surface, together with other variables. A widely used coordinate system in modeling the relative motion between the spaceborne SAR and the point of interest is the Earth-Centered Inertial (ECI) coordinate system. This system has an \(x\)-axis and \(z\)-axis aligned with the mean equinox and the celestial North Pole, respectively. The \(y\)-axis forms a right-handed coordinate system that joins the \(x\)-axis and \(z\)-axis.  
In common practice, the onboard GNSS-based orbit determination system of a spaceborne satellite calculates its positions in a given coordinate system using the GNSS broadcast message [21]. Each GNSS in service now has its own unique coordinate system, e.g., WGS 84 in GPS, CGCS2000 in BDS, and GTRF in Galileo. For modeling the orbit determination errors in the proposed analytical approximation model, all real-time-measured position and velocity coordinates of the spaceborne SAR platform are transformed into the ECI system in this paper.
## 3 Methodology  
### Frequency-Wavenumber Spectral Analysis Method  
We adopted the frequency-wavenumber (F-K) method to analyze the array data of microtremors. The power spectrum \(P(f,k)\) at frequency \(f\) and vector wavenumber \(k\) for  
Figure 3: S and L array configurations at site DTE.  
an array of N sensors using the maximum likelihood method (MLM; Capon [21]) can be expressed as  
\[P(f,k)=\left[\sum_{i,j=1}^{N}\phi_{ij}^{-1}(f)\exp\left(\overrightarrow{i\vec{k} }\cdot\overrightarrow{r_{ij}}\right)\right]^{-1} \tag{1}\]  
where \(\phi_{ij}(f)\) represents the cross-power spectrum between the \(i\)th and \(j\)th sensors at frequency \(f\); \(\phi_{ij}^{-1}(f)\) is the inverse of the coherence matrix \(\phi_{ij}(f)\); \(\overrightarrow{r_{ij}}\rightarrow\overrightarrow{r_{j}}\rightarrow \overrightarrow{r_{i}}\) where \(\overrightarrow{r_{i}}\) and \(\overrightarrow{r_{j}}\) are the position vectors of the \(i\)th and \(j\)th sensors, respectively; and \(N\) is the number of sensors.  
On the basis of the \(f\)-\(k\) spectrum, we searched for the peak power positions (\(k_{x_{0}}\), \(k_{y_{0}}\)) in the wavenumber space and then calculated the phase velocity \(V\) as follows:  
\[V=f/\sqrt{k_{x_{0}}^{2}+k_{y_{0}}^{2}} \tag{2}\]
# Nonconvex Nonlinear Transformation of Low-Rank Approximation for Tensor Completion
## 2 Related Work
The MCP norm has strong expressive power in tensor recovery and, due to its asymptotic concavity, it can effectively reduce redundancy and improve recovery results in some cases. Additionally, [PERSON] et al. introduced a dual L\(\gamma\) norm for tensors [34], defined as:  
\[\|\mathbf{X}\|_{\gamma}=\sum_{i}\Bigl{(}1-e^{-\gamma|\sigma_{i}|}\Bigr{)},\]  
where \(\gamma\) is a regularization parameter that controls the penalization of the tensor's singular values. The L\(\gamma\) norm applies an exponential decay function to the singular values, providing a better approximation of tensor rank compared to traditional L1 or L2 norms. This norm can be viewed as a soft constraint on the singular values of the tensor, resulting in a more precise recovery of the low-rank structure. These nonconvex norms not only offer a more refined optimization path than convex norms but also better match the low-rank structure of different datasets in practical applications. Compared to traditional convex methods, nonconvex optimization approaches provide a more flexible optimization space and are less prone to local minima, leading to better recovery performance.
## 3 Numerical Simulation of Tunnel Face Reinforcement Scheme
### Analysis of Simulation Results for Tunnel Face Reinforcement Schemes  
During shield excavation, the surrounding rock stress field undergoes three-dimensional redistribution, resulting in the spatiotemporal evolution of soil displacements. To analyze construction safety under different reinforcement schemes, the transverse and longitudinal deformation patterns of the soil were studied by selecting representative positions: within the reinforcement zone (1.2 m, segment 1), at the interface between the reinforced and unreinforced zones (10.8 m, segment 9), and in the unreinforced zone (30 m, segment 25).
## 2 Description of Proposed Algorithms
### Algorithm Based on Firefly and Local Search Methods
#### 2.3.2 Step-by-Step Algorithm  
We have implemented two variants of the FA: the classic version (v.1, \(N_{LOC}=0\)) and the combined with the modified trust region (v.2, \(N_{LOC}>0\)) method for local search. In the proposed algorithm, the biodiversity coefficient is used, which makes it possible to evaluate the measure of biodiversity and, if necessary, increase the representativeness of the training set in order to increase the final efficiency of the algorithm. See Algorithm 3.  
```
1. Perform the first five steps of Algorithm 1. The set of agents is called a population of fireflies, one agent is called a firefly (individual). On the \(K\)-th iteration:
2. Calculate a measure of biodiversity \(M_{bio}=1/(m-1)\sum\limits_{l=1}^{m-1}\|p_{l+1}-p_{l}\|\).
3. If the stoppage criterion \(M_{bio}<\epsilon_{bio}\) is satisfied, then output \(x^{REC}\), the algorithm is terminated.
4. Produce a new population \(Q^{K}=\{q_{1},q_{2},\ldots,q_{m}\}\), \(f(q_{i})=\infty\), \(i=\overline{1,m}\).
5. Change a population \(Q^{K}\). In a cycle for each \(l=\overline{1,m}\) and \(j=\overline{1,m}\): if \(f\left(p_{j}\right)<f(p_{l})\), then 5.1. Compute the prettiness of the firefly \(p_{l}\) to the individual \(p_{j}\): \(\hat{\beta}_{1}=\hat{\beta}_{0}\cdot\exp\left(-\gamma d_{ij}^{M}\right)\), where \(d_{ij}\) is Euclidean distance between the fireflies \(p_{l}\) and \(p_{j}\). 5.2. Create a random numeric \(r_{ij}\in[-1,1]\subset R\). 5.3. The individual \(p_{l}\) moves towards the firefly \(p_{j}\). Create a new individual \(p_{new}=p_{l}+\hat{\beta}_{1}(p_{j}-p_{l})+\widetilde{\alpha}\cdot\delta\cdot r _{ij}\), where \(\delta=0.05\cdot\|\beta-\alpha\|\). 5.4. If \(f(p_{new})<f(q_{i})\), then \(q_{i}=p_{new}\).
6. Calculate a biodiversity measure \(\widetilde{M}_{bio}=1/(m-1)\sum\limits_{l=1}^{m-1}\|q_{l+1}-q_{l}\|\).
7. If \(\widetilde{M}_{bio}<\epsilon_{bio}\), then go to step 5, else go to step 8.
8. Evaluate all fireflies: in a cycle for \(l=\overline{1,m}\) execute \(N_{LOC}\) iterations of the local search method, each starts with its own firefly \(q_{l}\), get \(\{s_{1},s_{2},\ldots,s_{m}\}\).
9. Improve the record point, take \(x^{REC}=\operatorname*{argmin}\{f(s_{l}),l=\overline{1,m}\}\).
10. Select \(m\) best fireflies from the two multitudes \(P^{K}\) and \(\{s_{1},s_{2},\ldots,s_{m}\}\) to the new population, form \(P^{K+1}\). Set \(K=K+1\), move to stage 2.
```  
**Algorithm 3** FA  
The iteration is complete.
# Temperature Effects in Packaged RF MEMS Switches with Optimized Gold Electroplating Process
## 2 Switch Design  
Figure 1a shows a schematic diagram of a series of resistive RF MEMS switches designed with a hermetic package. The complete switch structure consists of substrate, coplanar waveguide (CPW) transmission line, movable cantilever beam, DC bias, and package cap. The substrate uses high-resistance silicon (HRS) with a resistivity greater than 6000 \(\Omega\)-cm and a thickness of 400 mm. The material of CPW and cantilever beam is thick electroplated Au, which can reduce the RF loss of the switch as well as enhance the mechanical strength of the movable beam. The DC bias line is made of TiWSi with medium resistance and is designed into a serpentine shape for RF/DC isolation. The package cap also uses high-resistance silicon, the same as the substrate, to reduce RF loss.  
Figure 1b is a cross-sectional view of the movable part of the switch. One side of the movable beam is connected to the anchor, and the other side has a contact structure. The DC bias electrode is located directly below the movable beam. When a sufficiently large driven voltage is applied to the bias electrode, the cantilever beam moves downward and contacts the transmission line, which is called the ON state of the switch; when the driven voltage is removed, the cantilever beam rebounds and disconnects from the transmission line, which is called the OFF state of the switch. From Figure 1b, it can be seen that there is no insulating dielectric layer between the bias electrode and the movable beam.  
The key parameters of the switch are listed in Table 1. The RF performances are simulated in finite element software HFSS 15.0. Figure 1c,d show the simulated ON state and OFF state RF performances of the designed switch witch package, respectively. The simulated insertion loss of the switch with the package is \(-0.33\) dB @ 30 GHz, and the isolation is \(-18.33\) dB @ 30 GHz. The mechanical performance of the designed switch is simulated in CoventorWarev2012. The simulated pull-in voltage is 52 V.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Parameter** & **Value** \\ \hline GSG & \(40/80/40\)\(\mu\)m \\ Beam thickness & \(5\)\(\mu\)m \\ Beam spring size & \(40\times 40\)\(\mu\)m \\ Beam electrode size & \(100\times 160\)\(\mu\)m \\ Electrostatic gap & \(1.8\)\(\mu\)m \\ Contact thickness & \(0.5\)\(\mu\)m \\ Cavity depth of silicon cap & \(100\)\(\mu\)m \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: The key parameters of the switch.  
Figure 1: RF MEMS switch design: (**a**) Schematic diagram of the switch; (**b**) The cross-sectional view of the movable part; (**c**) Simulated ON state RF performances of the designed switch witch package; (**d**) Simulated OFF state RF performances of the designed switch with the package.
# On the Impact of Wavelength Dependency on Supercontinuum Generation in Photonic Crystal Fibers
## 3 Results
### Wavelength-Dependent Supercontinuum-Generation Regime  
The basis thesis of this paper is that the dependence on the wavelength of the fiber parameters induces a significant impact over the propagation of a solitonic pulse, which must be specially taken into account when simulating processes that cover a wide range of wavelengths like supercontinuum generation. These functional dependences, as appear in Figure 2, have been included in the S-SSFM algorithm.  
In Figure 3, we show the results obtained for different propagation stages in the PCF of a input soliton pulse. Starting with the initial values, we can see how relevant the power values appear in the pulse profile throughout the simulations in all the wavelength range [23] In the same figure, we can see how the parameter \(\beta_{2}\) deviates from a constant value. This constant approach, for the parameters of the generalized NLSE, have been used in previous works [15; 16].  
Due to these significant discrepancies, we considered it necessary to introduce the dependence on the wavelength for the different-order dispersion parameters and, thus, give a more-adjusted result to the simulated process.
# Zinc Oxide-Based Rotational-Linear Triboelectric Nanogenerator
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Advantages of the Proposed RL-TENG  
Compared to the already available rotational tribogenerators, RL-TENG presents several advantages including the following:  
1. Since RL-TENG operates in contact-separation mode, material wear is minimized compared to conventional rotational tribogenerators where continuous contact (in sliding mode) is required at high rotational velocities. It is thus expected that the operational time of the proposed RL-TENG will be significantly higher compared to that of rotational devices.
2. Since there is no sliding between the two triboelectric surfaces, no high temperatures are developed because of friction.
3. Due to its design, several material combinations can be easily used as triboelectric materials. By selecting a material combination that is further away in the triboelectric series, the triboelectric signal can be significantly increased.
4. It can be scaled up by increasing its size both radially as well as vertically to increase the surface area and thus improve the tribogenerator's performance. Another way to  
Figure 11: (**a**) Maximum power delivered by each triboelectric pair as a function of the wind velocity. (**b**) Rotational velocity of the RL-TENG as a function of wind velocity.  
Figure 10: (**a**) RL-TENG attached to the wind-harvesting device and (**b**) setup for the wind-harvesting experiments.  
increase the surface would be to implement origami-inspired structures which have been demonstrated to significantly increase triboelectric performance [24; 25].
5. Another way to enhance the output performance of the RL-TENG is to use hybrid energy-harvesting approaches, such as combining piezoelectric, triboelectric and electromagnetic generators in a single device [25]. The advantage of the proposed design is that it can be easily adjusted to exploit all performance improvements that have been demonstrated for contact-separation mode tribogenerators [26].
6. It can be assembled in a modular way.
7. It can be fabricated using simple mechanical parts with reduced cost, increased lifetime and simple maintenance.