esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 5 Conclusions  
This study aimed to develop an IPT charger capable of charging batteries in the CC and CV modes based on an analysis of the \(\Pi\)-style network, in addition to effectively utilizing existing configuration compensation parameters and hybrid-topology switching. This paper proposed an IPT charger with hybrid-topology switching that does not require real-time communication links. Our main contributions are summarized as follows:  
Figure 20: Experimental results for the system efficiency measured at the critical point: (**a**) CC mode; (**b**) CV mode.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Proposed in** & **Ref. [6]** & **Ref. [14]** & **Ref. [19]** & **Ref. [25]** & **Ref. [26]** & **Ref. [27]** & **Ref. [35]** & **Ref. [36]** & **This Work** \\ \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{\
\begin{tabular}{c} Inductors \\ Capacitors \\ \end{tabular} } & 1 & 0 & 1 & 2 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 2 \\  & 4 & 2 & 4 & 5 & 5 & 3 & 3 & 3 & 4 \\  & 2 & 0 & 2 & 2 & 2 & 1 & 2 & 0 & 2 \\ \multirow{2}{*}{
\begin{tabular}{c} Number of DC-DC converters \\ Location of ACSs \\ Wireless \\ communication \\ \end{tabular} } & 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\  & & & & & & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: Comparison with conventional hybrid compensation topology.  
1. Only two ACSs had to be added on the secondary side. No additional compensation devices were needed and increases in the volume and weight were avoided. This satisfied the requirement of secondary side portability in the IPT system design.
2. The ZPA operation in the CC/CV modes can be easily realized, enhancing the proposed IPT charger's efficiency.
3. Because the same driving signal was used to control the ACSs, the control strategy was relatively simple.
4. Secondary-side control was adopted. The configuration of the wireless communication links can be omitted to prevent the electromagnetic field from causing interference to the wireless communication links, which ensures the proposed charger's robustness and reliability.  
An experimental prototype of a 1.4 kW IPT charger was constructed to verify the performance of the proposed IPT systems. Experimental results indicated that it could achieve efficient CC and CV outputs regardless of load variation.  
Conceptualization, G.L., C.-S.S. and D.-H.K.; data curation, G.L.; formal analysis, G.L.; funding acquisition, D.-H.K.; investigation, C.-H.J. and D.-H.K.; project administration, S.J. and D.-H.K.; writing--original draft, G.L.; writing--review and editing, D.-H.K. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This work was supported by the Technology Innovation Program (or Industrial Strategic Technology Development Program-Automobile industry technology development) (20018829, Vehicle Underbody Charging Type Automatic Charging and Management/Control System Development) funded By the Ministry of Trade, Industry & Energy (MOTIE, Korea).  
Not applicable.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Characterization of a COTS-Based RF Receiver for Cubesat Applications +
## 3 RF Receiver Prototype Description  
Figures 1 and 2, respectively, show the block diagram of the RF receiver and a photograph of the assembled prototype.  
The Printed Circuit Board (PCB) is made of eight layers, using a 0.254 mm RO4350B substrate as dielectric core for the top and bottom layers and RO4450B substrates for the prepreg inner layers. The stack-up is about 2 mm thick and has 192 mm \(\times\) 95.9 mm size. One of the two board dimensions has been enlarged (with respect to the 1U CubeSat standard) to allow the placement of the RF test points, which normally are not placed in the flight model of the same system.  
All RF paths have been routed on the top layer, while the bottom layer has been reserved for a few secondary components. Moreover, there are three inner ground planes, two planes for the power supply routing (one for the 5 V and the other one for the 3.3 V voltage), and a plane reserved for shielding issues.  
In Figure 2, the PC104 and other secondary connectors are evident. Such connectors were the first components to be placed on the board, since they are a mechanical constraint. The schematic and layout of the components were designed by following the guidelines of their reference design, reported in the datasheets, trying to reproduce the placement of the lines, components, and via-holes. The lines that connect the two components have been routed following the logical connection of the high-level system, i.e., of the reception path. The technology of the coplanar microstrips has been chosen to design such lines. Their characteristic impedance has been optimized to 50 \(\Omega\) because all selected components operate with a 50 \(\Omega\) reference impedance. In this way, the matching impedance has been guaranteed. With the RO4350B substrate that has 3.48 dielectric constant, a 50.2 \(\Omega\) characteristic impedance has been estimated, with a 0.52 mm microstrip width and a 0.28 mm gap between the microstrip and coplanar ground plane.  
For each active element, a metallic shield has been introduced to reduce the electromagnetic emission and to avoid cross-talk and interference from nearby components. Being a prototype, commercial shields with a prefixed size have been used. They are composed of a frame and a removable cover. The frame is the part of the shield that is mounted on the PCB through via-holes and soldered  
Figure 1: Radio frequency (RF) receiver block diagram.  
Figure 2: A photograph of the RF receiver prototype.  
on copper pads. The cover can be removed, if necessary, for debug operations and to rework the board. The shields are 5.08 mm height and are made of 0.38 mm thick tin-plated steel.
## 4 Experiments and Result Analysis
### Data Preprocessing  
The line impedance in the power industrial control system dataset has inf values, which the intrusion detection model cannot identify. As a result, the inf value is set to 8000, a large enough value to replace the inf value.  
The features in the power industrial control system dataset have different dimensions and dimensional units. If the order of magnitude difference between the features in the dataset is too large, the information gain provided by different features cannot be compared. A normalization procedure is essential for complete comparative examination, which resolves data comparability. In this work, we have used min-max scaling for data normalization, which maps the value into the range [0, 1][27]. The min-max normalization transformation function is:  
\[x^{\prime}=\frac{x-\min(x)}{\max(x)-\min(x)} \tag{8}\]  
Since the data label is a string, the label needs to be numericized, the attack corresponds to 1, and the normal corresponds to 0.
# Decentralized Identity Authentication with Auditability and Privacy
## 2 Background and Related Works
### Decentralized Identity Authentication  
Decentralized identity (DID) [1] is an identity system in which identity information is owned by the entity that creates it, as opposed to a centralized identity management system, such as Microsoft's Active Directory, in which third party stores and modifies identities. Most DIDs today use blockchains to store a mapping between a unique identifier (representing an entity), which is called _did_, and other metadata, such as cryptographic keys.  
An entity registers a new _did_ with the corresponding metadata, _meta_, by executing a smart contract on a blockchain, which stores (_did_, _meta_) on the blockchain. To retrieve the corresponding metadata of a given _did_, i.e., to resolve the _did_, the user provides the string (\(<\)_did\(>\):\(<\)method-specific identifier\(>\):\(<\)method\(>\)_) as input to the DID (which points to a resolver). The system then triggers the specified method on the specified blockchain, which returns the (_did_, _meta_) tuple.  
The benefits of DIDs are derived directly from those of blockchains--the (_did_, _meta_) tuples are tamper-evident and highly available. In addition, DIDs can guarantee that only the original owner of a registered _did_ can update the corresponding metadata, thereby giving the user full control of their identity.  
**DID-based authentication.** A DID can replace centralized PKI systems in public-key-based authentication [17]. Figure 1a shows how OAuth works with centralized identity management systems. In particular, to authenticate with a service provider, the user first presents their credentials to their identity provider, which issues a signed token after verification. The user submits this token to the service provider, which verifies it by using PKI before establishing a session with the user. Then, by using the DID, as shown in Figure 1b, the user sends a signed, fresh authentication request by using their private key (the public key for which is stored in the metadata). The service provider resolves the user's _did_ to verify the request, and then establishes a session with the user.
# Enhancement of Optical Chirality Using Metasurfaces for Enantiomer-Selective Molecular Sensing
## 1 Introduction
The core novelty of this work is that we comparably analyze the underlying physical mechanism of the optical chirality in various nanostructures to optimize and elucidate the relation between the resonances and their relative phase for the C enhancement. With this, we design a set of metasurfaces for effective chiral detection in the diverse conditions of molecular distribution, i.e., located in local hotspots or the overall surface area.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Equivalent Composite Material: From Multi-Layer to One-Layer Plates  
Typically, a multi-layer model is created in a finite element analysis setting to replicate the composite structural behavior. Consequently, each layer is individually modeled, potentially requiring a large number of elements, as it can be deduced from Figure 3. This procedure is particularly challenging when aiming at building the complex model of a satellite equipped with flexible appendages, where only a few modes and nodes of interest can be retained in the system equations to proceed with the rigid/flexible control design. Therefore, it is feasible to develop an equivalent stiffness model of the composite plate using a reduced number of elements. The derivation of the material properties for an equivalent one-layer two-dimensional orthotropic finite element model is discussed in this section. After obtaining the constitutive matrices of the laminate at a macroscale level, the  
Figure 7: Properties as a function of temperature: (**a**) Storage modulus; (**b**) Damping factor.  
\(\mathbf{D_{II}}\) matrix in Equation (7) can be rewritten for a 2D orthotropic plate according to classical CLT for a one-layer orthotropic material [29] as  
\[\mathbf{D_{II}}=\frac{h^{3}}{12}\mathbf{C_{II}} \tag{7}\]  
with  
\[\mathbf{C_{II}}=\frac{1}{(1-v_{LT}v_{TL})}\begin{bmatrix}E_{L}&v_{LT}E_{L}&0\\ v_{TL}E_{L}&E_{T}&0\\ 0&0&G_{LT}(1-v_{LT}v_{TL})\end{bmatrix} \tag{8}\]  
where \(E_{L}\) and \(E_{T}\) longitudinal and transversal elasticity moduli, \(G_{LT}\) in-plane shear modulus, and \(v_{LT}\) in-plane Poisson's ratio. By equating the values of Equations (6) and (7), i.e., \(\mathbf{D}=\mathbf{D_{II}}\), it is possible to derive the values of the properties \(E_{L}\), \(E_{T}\), \(G_{LT}\), \(v_{LT}\), which are used to create the equivalent material for the satellite one-layer plates. It is worth noticing that such terms are derived based on the values computed via the micro- and macro-models of the fibers and matrices presented in Sections 2.2 and 2.3.  
According to [PERSON] and [PERSON] [30; 31; 32], it is possible to relate the damping factor \(\eta\) with the damping ratio \(\zeta=c/c_{0}\) (\(c_{0}=\sqrt{km}\) being the critical viscous damping coefficient, where k and m are the stiffness and mass of the system, respectively) providing that there is a low level of damping in the structure and that the displacements can be considered linear. If these hypotheses are true, then we have  
\[\eta=tan(\delta)\cong 2\zeta \tag{9}\]  
On account of this relationship, it is clear that, by using DMA experimental test, it is possible to determine the classical damping ratio \(\zeta\) by a direct measurement of \(\eta\).
## 3 Results and Discussion
### THz Conductivity and Permittivity
However, it has more stable behavior in case of PI substrate due to low difference of film and PI thermal expansion coefficients. The plasma frequency and effective carrier mass (averaged effective mass of electrons and holes) curves have opposite dependencies and are smoother than DC conductivity curves. The 150 nm films on mica have the lower carrier effective mass (higher quality) over all the studied samples. The 70 nm films on mica have a higher value of this parameter due to their lower thicknesses (carrier scattering). The 150 nm and 70 nm films on PI have similar dependencies, but their values are both higher (due to lower quality, smaller crystallites) than in case of mica substrate. The reason for the presented behavior of the relaxation times with antimony variation can be associated with many factors that lead to changes in the band structure of the material. The relaxation times are obtained based on the Drude analysis, so it is difficult to separate the contributions from the substrate used, crystallite size, film thickness, etc. Figure 7 shows the DC conductivity of 150 nm and 70 nm Bi\({}_{1-x}\)Sb\({}_{x}\) films (on mica substrate) obtained by resistivity measurements in direct current and extracted from dynamical THz conductivity using Drude model approximation. The relation of values between two different thicknesses for two mentioned methods are similar, but the DC conductivity extracted from THz spectroscopy experiment is higher due to the THz field-induced additional charge carriers in thin films (according to Equation (18)). The increment of effective DC conductivity is higher for thicker film due to a higher absorption. Figure 4:2 Parameters extracted using Drude model for conductivity/permittivity in cases of various Sb concentrations: plasma frequency (**a**) and relaxation time (**d**), DC conductivity (**b**) and effective carrier masses (**c**) in fraction of \(m_{0}\). The points for 0 % antimony concentration (pure bismuth) and for 150 nm Bi\({}_{97.5}\)Sb\({}_{2.5}\) (on mica substrate) are added based on another THz measurements of thin Bi films with various thicknesses. Figure 4:3 Comparison of DC conductivity for 150 nm and 70 nm Bi\({}_{1-x}\)Sb\({}_{x}\) films (on mica substrate) directly measured in DC configuration and extracted from THz measurements using Drude model.
# Developments, Trends, and Challenges in Optimization of Ship Energy Systems
## 5 Further Research Needs and Challenges in Optimization of Ship Energy Systems
### Optimization in Modeling and Modeling for Optimization  
It is interesting to mention that optimization can be used also for development of the model of a system, no matter whether the model will be used for optimization or not. Such an application is described in No. 33 [66]. The purpose was to develop the model of experimental facility representing the cooling network of an integrated energy system of a notional all-electric ship. The parameters appearing in the equations of the model were calculated using experimental data and applying multiobjective optimization. Three objectives were considered: (i) maximization of the Index of Agreement (IA), (ii) maximization of the modeling efficiency (ME), and (iii) minimization of the root-mean-square error (RMSE). In the particular work, the model was then used for optimization of the system.  
Care should be exercised in building the model of a system that will be used for optimization, for the following reason. At each iterative step during the numerical solution, the optimizer calls the model of the system, which may consist of hundreds or even thousands of algebraic and/or differential equations, in order to evaluate the objective function. There may be thousands of iterations that may require computational capacity not available or unacceptably long convergence time. This is why, there is often need to develop reduced models and to consider modeling and optimization not as sequential tasks but in an integrated approach [95].
# A Review on the Use of Microalgae for Sustainable Aquaculture
###### Abstract  
Traditional aquaculture provides food for humans, but produces a large amount of wastewater, threatening global sustainability. The antibiotics abuse and the water replacement or treatment causes safety problems and increases the aquaculture cost. To overcome environmental and economic problems in the aquaculture industry, a lot of efforts have been devoted into the application of microalgae for wastewater remediation, biomass production, and water quality control. In this review, the systematic description of the technologies required for microalgae-assisted aquaculture and the recent progress were discussed. It deeply reviews the problems caused by the discharge of aquaculture wastewater and introduces the principles of microalgae-assisted aquaculture. Some interesting aspects, including nutrients assimilation mechanisms, algae cultivation systems (raceway pond and revolving algal biofilm), wastewater pretreatment, algal-bacterial cooperation, harvesting technologies (fungi-assisted harvesting and flotation), selection of algal species, and exploitation of value-added microalgae as aquaculture feed, were reviewed in this work. In view of the limitations of recent studies, to further reduce the negative effects of aquaculture wastewater on global sustainability, the future directions of microalgae-assisted aquaculture for industrial applications were suggested.  
aquaculture; microalgae; wastes treatment; resource utilization; sustainability +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences
# Research on Application of Improved Quantum Optimization Algorithm in Path Planning
## 3 Bloch Sphere Quantum Bee Colony Algorithm
### Multi-Robots Path Planning Based on QABC
#### 3.3.1 External Circle Collision Detection Algorithm  
In this paper, the priority method is used to deal with the collision strategy. The priorities of robots in the whole system are defined. When a path conflict occurs, the low-priority robot obeys the command of the high-priority robot and coordinates with the action of the high-priority robot to resolve the conflict. The robot operates on the grid using the action of the octagonal structure, and the motion step size is 1 or \(\sqrt{2}\). The position of the robot at time \(t\) is \((x_{t},y_{t},z_{t})\). Then,  
\[\begin{cases}x_{t}-x_{t-1}=0\\ y_{t}-y_{t-1}=0\\ z_{t}-z_{t-1}=0\end{cases}\quad\begin{cases}x_{t}-x_{t-1}=1\\ y_{t}-y_{t-1}=1\\ z_{t}-z_{t-1}=1\end{cases},t\in[1,end], \tag{28}\]
# Mapping [PERSON] Using Sentinel-1 SAR Time Series in Camargue, France
## 6 Conclusions  
In this paper, a simple yet powerful tool for mapping the rice area over the Camargue region of France using a Sentinel-1 SAR data time series was introduced. The SAR backscattering time series of 11 agricultural crop types in the area were first analyzed during the period between May 2017 and September 2017. The analysis of the SAR temporal behavior revealed that rice crops are clearly described by Gaussian profile of the \"VV/VH\" time series, an increasing linear profile of the \"VH\" time series, and a high fluctuation in the VV/VH signal when compared to other crop types. To classify rice areas using this description, the position of the maximum, standard deviation, and correlation coefficient of the Gaussian fitting curve of VV/VH, the variance of the VV/VH signal, and the slope of the linear fitting of the VH signal were extracted for each plot during the period between May 2017 and September 2017. The derived metrics were then introduced into a decisional tree and a random forest classifier to classify the rice areas. The results show a significant accuracy when comparing the classified rice map to the national data. A very high overall accuracy was obtained using both the decisional tree (96.3%) and RF classifier (96.6%). Finally, the accuracy of the estimated rice area reaches 97.3% when comparing the rice classified area to the declared rice area for the year 2017.  
[PERSON]. ([PERSON]) and [PERSON] conceived and designed the experiments; [PERSON]. ([PERSON]) and [PERSON] performed the experiments; [PERSON]. ([PERSON]), [PERSON], and [PERSON], analyzed the results; [PERSON]. ([PERSON]) wrote the article; [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON], and [PERSON] ([PERSON]) revised the paper.  
This research received funding from the French Space Study Center (CNES, TOSCA 2018 project, POMME-V), the National Research Institute of Science and Technology for Environment and Agriculture (IRSTEA), and the European Space Agency (ESA).  
The authors wish to thank the French Space Study Center (2018 TOSCA) and the National Research Institute of Science and Technology for Environment and Agriculture (IRSTEA) for supporting this work. The authors also wish to thank [PERSON] of the National Institute of Agricultural Research (INRA) for providing the terrain reference data, providing vector map on Camargue area, land use ground data, and contacts to farmers.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Predictive Validity of the Single Leg Hamstring Bridge Test in Military Settings
## 3 Results  
The results of the reproducibility of the SLHBT in soldiers are presented in Table 1. Both sides' ICC values were moderate to high, indicating good reproducibility of this test. Thesame was true for the standard error of measurement, which was very low and presented as less than 5% of the mean. The Bland\(-\)Altman plot is depicted in Figure 2. Based on these results, we conclude that the SLHBT has good reproducibility when performed in military settings.  
Receiver operating curve analysis (ROC) was carried out to examine the discriminatory ability of the SLHBT to predict APFT passing score \(\geq\)4 as an objective measure of good-excellent baseline fitness quantified by the area under the curve (AUC) as the diagnostic power of a test. ROC analysis (Figure 3) showed a significant accuracy of the SLHBT in discriminating between soldiers with good and poor baseline fitness (AUC 0.756, 95% CI 0.687 to 0.817, \(p<\)0.0001). The SLHBT cut-off level associated with belonging to a good baseline fitness group was \(>\)20 repetitions (optimal pair of sensitivity and specificity was 81.2 and 59.3, respectively).  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Side** & **ICC** & **95\% CI for ICC** & **CV \%** & **SEM (\#)** & **SEM \%** & **SRD (\#)** & **SRD (\%)** \\ \hline Left & 0.898 & (0.768, 0.957) & 8.28 \% & 2 & 3.72\% & 4 & 10\% \\ Right & 0.901 & (0.774, 0.958) & 6.78 \% & 2 & 4.58\% & 5 & 13\% \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}  
* ICC\(-\)intraclass correlation coefficient; CV\(-\)coefficient of variance; SEM\(-\)standard error of measurement; (\#)\(-\)number of repetitions; SRD\(-\)smallest real difference; CI: confidence interval.  
\end{table}
Table 1: Reproducibility parameters of single leg hamstring bridge (SLHB) test in soldiers (N = 20).  
Figure 3: The receiver operating curve for predicting baseline fitness using the single leg hamstring bridge test.  
Figure 2: Bland\(-\)Altman plots for the single leg hamstring bridge test for the left and right side.  
There were statistically significant differences in dependent variables between the groups of soldiers with different SLBHT performance (\(\geq\)21 vs. \(\leq\)20 repetitions; Table 2) when adjusted for body mass. It should be noted that a non-significant difference was noted for CMJ (\(p\) = 0.229), loaded CMJ (\(p\) = 0.49) and push-ups (\(p\) = 0.071), while differences in all other tests (loaded plank test, pull-ups, trunk raises, two-mile run)were significant with medium size effects according to partial eta square value.