# Marine Internet for Internetworking in Oceans: A Tutorial
## 4 Communication Systems in Oceans
### Mobile Communication Systems  
Typical mobile communication systems [46] include Global System for Mobile communications (GSM), General Packet Radio Service (GPRS), Universal Mobile Telecommunication Service (UMTS), Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) and the Long-Term Evolution (LTE), 5G, etc. They are adopted or investigated for maritime operation and Internet access for residents and ships in harbor areas as well as busy water channels. For example, WiMAX, LTE and digital VHF are jointly used to provide broadband maritime radio communication in coastal areas [47]. Verizon Wireless enhanced its 4G LTE coverage in and around Boothbay Harbor in Maine, USA in 2013 [48]. Huawei set up 4G long-range mobile coverage in Long Island of Shandong in China in 2015 [49]. Similarly, a GSM/GPRS based vessel tracking and distress beacon system is proposed to facilitate maritime search and rescue operation [50]. WiMAX is proposed to provide maritime radio communication in the High North region, where GEO satellite signal cannot reach [11]. The BLUECOM+ project studies how to enable broadband and cost-effective Internet access in remote ocean areas by jointly using Wireless Fidelity (WiFi), GPRS, UMTS and LTE [12]. However, mobile systems have not been systematically deployed in oceans.  
Mobile communication systems can provide much higher transmission rates than the maritime radio system at rates up to several hundred Mbps for a coverage of up to 100 km-radius. For example, the eWBB LTE solution of Huawei listed in Table 6 supports downlink and uplink data rates up to 100 Mbps and 50 Mbps, respectively [51]. However, they require deploying terrestrial infrastructure (i.e., BSs and cables) so that it is very difficult for them to cover remote water areas in oceans. Assume BSs to be deployed only along the coastline. Given the global coastline \(L=356\),000 km and the maximum radius of per BS coverage is \(R=50\) km (e.g., WiMax), the overall coverage of such a system can be estimated by \(L\times R=1.78\times 10^{7}\) km\({}^{2}\), which is only 4.92% of the overall ocean's surface, and 9.83% with \(R=100\) km (e.g., LTE).  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c c} \hline
**OpenPort Airtime** & **Monthly Access/** & **Included** & **Data Cost** & **Voice Cost** \\
**(Postpaid Packages)** & **Bundle Fee (\$)** & **Data (MB)** & **per MB (\$)** & **per Minute (\$)** \\ \hline Value plan (monthly) & 69 & 0 & 13.60 & 0.95 \\ \hline Combo plan B (monthly) & 121.44 & 0 & 10.35 & 0.62 \\ \hline Custom bundles (bundle) & \(\geq\)110 & 10–5000 & 0.47–9.99 & \(\geq\)0.95 \\ \hline \end{tabular}  
* As of advertised on [[http://www.globalmarinenet.com](http://www.globalmarinenet.com)]([http://www.globalmarinenet.com](http://www.globalmarinenet.com)) on 6 July 2018.  
\end{table}
Table 5: Marine Internet services provided by Iridium *.  
A large amount of bandwidth has been allocated to mobile cellular systems, as listed in Table 7[20], e.g., about 50 MHz bandwidth for the first generation system (1G), Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS), and 2G GSM, respectively. For 3G, 145 MHz bandwidth is allocated to UMTS International Mobile Telecommunications (IMT)-2000 and 100 MHz to 4G LTE-Advanced. The sum of these spectra is 385 MHz. Furthermore, the spectra 450-470 MHz and 698-862 MHz originally licensed to TV have been re-allocated to IMT in 2007. These licensed spectra are very expensive due to very high license fees. For example, in 2000, the annual license fee was up to $16,000 per-kHz spectrum [54], and the combined annual fees to be paid for 2G-4G rose to 80.3 million pounds for the 900-MHz band and to 119.3 million pounds for the 1800-MHz band, as reported by BBC on 24 September 2015. Thus far, they are mainly used to cover terrestrial mobile users rather than Internet users in oceans.