## 2 Cars, Media, Mobiles
Despite their dissimilarities, each of the devices distracts a driver's attention (some more than others), posing a highway safety hazard. [38]  
Thus safety is an important facet of the way that mobile Internet and cars are being assembled hybrid media and technological system. However, there are others developments underway in mobile Internet and cars, with wide-ranging implications for social transformations. During the first decade of the twenty-first century, another class of devices developed during the 2000s that also can be seen as portable, media and communications technology: the satellite navigation (satnav) device. Satnavs used global positioning satellite (GPS) technology in conjunction with a database of information taken from street directory publishers to provide in-car navigation for drivers. Initially satnavs were built into cars--of the estimated three million satnavs in US car in 2005, half were in-car devices. Within a few years, portable, personal navigation devices, replacing street directories, and potentially integrating with smartphones and PDAs [39]. By 2009, there were some 30 million satnav devices in the US, with over 90 percent of them portable--typically affixed to the dashboard or windscreen [40]. Satnavs are a prosaic yet fascinating instance of the rise of mapping and location technologies. There was strong interest in using the capabilities of GPS, a pervasive network of satellites first established by the military, for civilian, commercial and non-commercial purposes. In addition, in the late 1990s and early 2000s, there were many other efforts to develop and commercialize location-based services, especially capitalizing on the growing ubiquity and popularity of cellular mobile phones--but also their potential for providing usable information on the location of the device and its user. Mobile phones also began to incorporate GPS technology, meaning that there was the possibility of triangulating location through both these satellite position technology and also mobile telecommunications networks. Yet, it was the satnav that become the first widely used in-car mobile data device. Generally used solely for the purpose of navigation, there were some satnav devices designed for cars that sported Internet capability. With the popularity of mobile apps with smartphones, companies like Garmin offered an Opencaching app, and Garmin Mechanic, an app to track car mileage and performance. A number of mobile phone manufacturers--most prominently perhaps Nokia--made a concerted pitch to take a share of the domestic satnav market. Many drivers and passengers were happy to avail themselves of a suitably equipped mobile phone, which they could also mount in their car if they wished, or simply use as desired, to navigate their journey, rather than incurring the cost--and potentially inconvenience--or purchasing another device. It is fair to say, however, that the moves by the mobile phone vendors to annex the satnav market via software extensions were nowhere near as successful as something else that was neither so obvious nor predictable: the rise and rise of Google maps. Google Maps commenced in 2005, with, road maps and multiple directions to destination features following in 2006 [41]. Its companion program, which also works in a browser, is Google Earth, publicly released in mid-2005. Google released a Maps for Mobiles application in 2006, upgraded to Google Maps for Mobile 2.0 in late 2007--which featured a \"My Location\" capability, which can use the GPS information of a mobile device in addition to software that uses information on the location of the nearest mobile transmitter (as it does similarly with WiFi transmitter information from a database) [42]. In late 2009, Google released its Maps Navigation app exclusively for Android 2.0 phones [43]. Because Google Maps is available for mobiles, it is used by pedestrians, cyclists, and travellers on all manner of transportation as well as cars.