## 1 Introduction  
Thus far, many kinds of dual-view (DV) displays have been developed due to the high interest in various application fields including car navigation, multi-vision, medicine and digital signage [1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 8; 9]. For example, a DV car navigation system presents live traffic information to the driver while showing movies to the passenger [4; 5; 6]. Moreover, the DV digital signage system can provide two kinds of advertising videos to each of the two groups of customers standing on the street at different viewing directions [3]. In this way, the need for supplying respective displays for each of the driver and passenger, and each group of the customers can be removed, which then results in saving associated cost and reduction space occupied by the other displays [4; 5; 6]. Of course, each individual in the car and each customer group on the street can enjoy the same video contents simultaneously in their positions. In fact, there exists a very close similarity between the DV and stereoscopic displays in terms of generating two different views. That is, the DV display provides two different views to the two observers located at different viewing directions, while the stereoscopic display delivers two perspectives of an input 3-D scene with a binocular disparity to each of the left and right eyes of an observer [9]. This functional similarity implies that the operational principle of the DV display might be closely related to that of the stereoscopic display. Thus, just like the conventional stereoscopic displays employing the polarizing glasses or shutter glasses, as well as the lenticular sheets or parallax barriers for their generation of two or multi-views, DV displays also use the related optical elements for generation of their two different views [10; 11; 12]. Thus, DV displays can be largely classified into spatial and time-multiplexed systems [13; 14; 15; 16; 17; 18; 19]. In the spatial-multiplexed system, the main pixel of the DV LCD (liquid crystal device) panel consists of a right sub-pixel (RSP) and a left sub-pixel (LSP), and those two different sub-pixels project two different images to the viewers at different directions. Spatial-multiplexed DV LCD displays have been successfully demonstrated with parallax barriers and lenticular sheets [16]. However, in these systems, additional optical elements must be attached to their LCD panels, the absolute spatial-resolution of the displayed images must be reduced in half, and crosstalk may occur between two displayed images [16]. On the other hand, in the time-multiplexed system, two different images are time-sequentially provided to two viewers with the absolute full spatial-resolution of the LCD panel [18]. For this, this system requires a directional backlight module with complex reflectors, and an LCD panel with faster response time. In addition, it may suffer from crosstalk and flicker-noise problems [18]. Meanwhile, since the 3-D display can provide a realistic 3-D image with different perspectives to the viewer, some research on the DV 3-D display was recently carried out [19]. In most conventional DV 3-D display systems, time or spatial-multiplexed stereoscopic images are used for providing two different stereoscopic images to the two different viewers. However, those systems require four times of spatial and time-multiplexing processes, compared to the 2-D display system. It may result in a one-quarter reduction of the spatial resolution in the spatial-multiplexed system and four-fold acceleration of the LCD response time in the time-multiplexed system, respectively [19]. These practical problems prevent the stereoscopic technique from being widely applied for the DV 3-D display. As an alternative, an integral imaging-based DV 3-D display was proposed [20; 21; 22; 23]. [PERSON] and et al. suggested a DV 3-D LCD system based on the lens array-based off-axis integral imaging method [19].