## 5 Blockchain-Based Supply Chain Security Solutions and Integration Models
### Data Privacy with Zero-Knowledge Proof (ZKP) and Confidential Transactions
#### 5.3.2 Architectural Model for Cross-Chain Supply Chains and Smart Contract Design
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{42.7 pt} p{42.7 pt} p{42.7 pt} p{42.7 pt} p{42.7 pt} p{42.7 pt} p{42.7 pt} p{42.7 pt}} \hline \hline
**Ref.** & **Application Focus** & **Blockchain Role** & **Key Technologies** & **Technical Challenges** & **Security Features** & **Traceability Features** & **Data Integrity Features** \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{[177]} & Food traceability and anti-fraud. & Immutable target to verify origin and condition of food items. & Smart contracts, QR codes, RFID, IoT. & Food fraud, poor visibility, manual inspections. & Verified identities, secure tokens. & Real-time condition + location tracking. & Tamper-proof audit trails and logs. \\ \cline{2-7}  & Blockchain-toT integration food sum. & Enhance reliability, transparency, and trust via consensus blockchain. & Optimized consensus, blockchain. & Fragmented consensus, IoT, real-time loss. & Encrypted blocks with weak network transparency. & Live product consensus & Synchronized transaction and sensor data. \\ \cline{2-7}  & Agricultural PDS traceability systems. & End-to-end traceability for food grain process. & Decentralized storage, process process and delivery. & Manual PDS efficiencies, food leakage, governance gaps. & Node-based transaction validation. & One-step forward and stackholder linkage. & Unmutable storage with stakeholder linkage. & Unmutable storage with linkage. \\ \cline{2-7}  & Blockchain adoption in IoT-based agri systems. & Backed water distribution optimization. & IoT, smart irrigation + blockchain. & Winter waste, input inficiency, imnual processing. & Authorized sensor data use. & Environmental consideration use. & Sensor- integrated real-time limitable records. & Sensor-time regulator. & Sensor-related regulator. \\ \cline{2-7}  & Circular agriculture and food sustainability. & Enabling digital integration via IoT-CC-BDA synergy. & Flood, Cloud Computing, Big Data Analytics. & Conguting, of integration, weak data management practices. & Uninfected economic credentials. & Tracking origin and environmental tool compliance & Continuous environmental tool compliance logging. \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 15: Blockchain applications in food security and agricultural aid. limitations encountered in large-scale implementations indicate the need for further research. Strengthening data verification mechanisms is particularly crucial for effectively integrating blockchain systems into supply chain processes [55,56]. Security vulnerabilities associated with smart contracts and risks arising from cross-chain transactions necessitate the development of unified standards and protocols [64, 65, 66, 67, 68]. Privacy-focused solutions, such as ZKP and homomorphic encryption, should be extensively explored to enhance data security and confidentiality [86, 87, 90, 95]. Furthermore, interoperability issues between different blockchain platforms present significant obstacles for the effective management of supply chain networks. Enhancing security in cross-chain transactions and developing decentralized verification mechanisms could mitigate these vulnerabilities [97, 98, 100, 101]. Additionally, multiple verification techniques to improve the reliability of external data sources should be considered to address oracle security weaknesses [55, 57, 58]. The advancement of security protocols is essential for making blockchain-enabled supply chains safer and more efficient in the future. Improvements in existing security standards and the creation of new protocols should be supported by research specifically aimed at enhancing smart contract security and ensuring cross-chain transaction security [66, 70, 71]. Stronger authentication mechanisms will protect data from unauthorized access, significantly raising the overall security level of blockchain networks [77, 78]. In addition, artificial intelligence (AI)-supported security solutions will play a crucial role in the future of blockchain technology. AI-based analytical systems can effectively detect anomalies and analyze fraud in supply chain processes.