esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Radiation-Hardened 16T SRAM Cell with Improved Read and Write Stability for Space Applications
## 2 Proposed RHHS16T SRAM Cell  
### Proposed Cell Design and Its Operation  
The schematic of the RHHS16T circuit is shown in Figure 1, and the corresponding layout is depicted in Figure 2. The RHHS16T has two storage nodes, Q and QB, and two internal nodes, S1 and S0. Transistor N1, N2, N9, and N10 serve as access transistors, with N9 and N10 controlled by the word line (WL) and N1 and N2 controlled by the write word line (WWL). When the word lines WL/WWL are set to VDD/VDD, the nodes are connected to their respective bit lines through the access transistors. Specifically, Q and S1 are connected to BL through N9 and N10, respectively, while QB and S0 are connected to BLB through N1 and N2, respectively. If the stored data are '1', the logical values at nodes Q, QB, S1, and S0 are '1', '0', '1', and '0', respectively. Furthermore, for all operations, it is assumed that the proposed cell maintains the initial state of '1'.  
(1) Hold operation: During the hold operation, WL/WWL are set to GND/GND, keeping all access transistors connected to the nodes in the off state. The bit lines are pre-charged to VDD to reduce wake-up time [24]. For the assumed initial state '1', transistors N4, N5, N7, P4, P5, and P6 are in the on state, while the other transistors are in the off state. Nodes Q and S1 maintain the initial state '1' by being connected to the pull-up paths 'Q-P5-P4-VDD' and 'S1-N7-P6-VDD', respectively. Nodes QB and S0 maintain the initial state '0' by being connected to the pull-down paths 'QB-N5-GND' and 'S0-N4-GND', respectively. Therefore, the cell remains stable in the initial state.  
(2) Read operation: During the read operation, bit lines BL and BLB are pre-charged to VDD, and WL/WWL are set to VDD/GND, isolating the storage nodes Q and QB from the bit lines. Consequently, from N4, while BL remains in the pre-charged VDD state, N8 is in the off state. When the voltage difference between BL and BLB becomes sufficiently large, approximately 50 mV, the read operation can be performed by the sense amplifier [4].  
(3) Write operation: To change the initially stored data '1' to '0' in the cell, BL is pre-discharged to GND and BLB is pre-charged to VDD. Moreover, WL/WWL are set to VDD/VDD, keeping all access transistors connected to the nodes in the on state. Therefore, the voltages of QB and S0 can rise through access transistors N1 and N2, respectively. As the voltages of QB and S0 rise, the pull-up paths for Q and S1 weaken, assisting the rapid discharge of S1. When the voltage of S1 falls below the threshold voltage of the NMOS, pull-down transistors N4 and N5 turn off, accelerating the charging of QB and S0. Therefore, the states of all nodes can be flipped to the desired values through the respective access transistors. The process of simultaneously flipping the values of the storage nodes and internal nodes through the two pairs of access transistors accelerates the write operation of the proposed cell.
## 1 Introduction
The available literature lacks data on the comparative analysis of the bioactive compound content and the sensory quality of strawberry powders, from both organic and conventional farms, obtained by freeze drying and convective drying methods with powders obtained by the widely used spray drying of strawberry juice. Our recent studies of fruit powders obtained from chokeberry and blackcurrant by the abovementioned methods, and additionally with the use of an innovative method of drying with simultaneous drying and grinding [33; 34], showed a large variation in functional properties, bioactive ingredient content and sensory quality, depending on the method used to obtain the powders. Chokeberry and blackcurrant are among those fruits with a firm and compact texture, as opposed to berries such as strawberries--fruits with a soft, easily disintegrating texture and a much higher water content [4; 35; 36]. The aim of this study was to examine and compare the quality characteristics of the different powders obtained from organic strawberries, which belong to the group of berries, providing valuable bioactive ingredients with health-promoting properties, and classified as so-called'superfruits.' The available literature does not contain data on the characteristics of the powders obtained from organic strawberries using various drying methods. Comparison of the content of bioactive ingredients and the sensory quality of powders obtained using different drying methods is important from both the scientific and the commercial point of view. The results of this comparison may be a valuable guideline for manufacturers to decide on the use of powders depending on their quality, i.e., in the case of powders with a high content of bioactive ingredients, their use as dietary supplements or high quality food, while in the case of those with a lower content of active compounds, their use as natural additives increasing the sensory quality, especially the taste and colour of the products. Also, the functional properties, especially the solubility and textural characteristics and the associated microstructure of the powders, are very important in determining and selecting their applicability.
# A Novel Method for Constructing the S-Box Based on Spatiotemporal Chaotic Dynamics
## 3 The Proposed Method for Constructing the S-Box  
To improve the BIC property of the S-box and its ability to resist linear password attacks, we propose a novel construction method for the S-box by using the NCML chaotic dynamics. A new sequence is constructed based on one of \(N\) chaotic sequences generated by the NCML system. Then, this sequence is sorted in ascending order, and another new sequence is obtained based on the sorted position of each element. Finally, the new sequence is reconverted to a matrix, and all the elements of the matrix are permuted by using \(N\) independent chaotic sequences. This permutation operation based on independent chaotic sequences helps to improve the BIC property of the obtained S-box and its ability to resist linear password attacks. Moreover, the high dimensional feature of the NCML system helps to increase the randomness of elements in the obtained S-box. The detailed construction procedures of our S-box are listed below.  
1. Iterating Equation (2), we obtain \(N\) chaotic sequences.
2. Using the chaotic sequence \(ncml(10,100+i)\), we construct a new sequence by: \[X(i)=mod\big{(}\lfloor(ncml(10,100+i)\times 10^{14})\rfloor,256\big{)},\] (5)  
Figure 3: Mutual information. (**a**) The CML chaotic system; (**b**) the NCML chaotic system.  
Figure 2: Chaotic trajectory. (**a**) The CML chaotic system; (**b**) the NCML chaotic system.  
where \(i\in[1,256]\) and \(ncml(10,100+i)\) denotes the \((100+i)\)th value of the 10 th sequence of \(N\) chaotic sequences.
* Putting the elements of \(X(1\times 256)\) in ascending order, we get a sorted sequence \(Y(1\times 256)\) and an address sequence \(Z(1\times 256)\) satisfying \(Y(Z(i))=X(i)\).
* Reconvert the sequence \(Z(1\times 256)\) to a matrix \(S(16\times 16)\).
* We get the values of \(u\) and \(v\) by: \[\begin{cases}u=&mod(\lfloor(ncml(mod(S((h-1)\times 16+k),100)+1,200\\ &+(h-1)\times 16+k)\times 10^{14})\rfloor,16)+1\\ v=&mod(\lfloor(ncml(p,q)\times 10^{14})\rfloor,16)+1\\ \end{cases},\] (6) where \(h,k\in[1,16]\) and the relations of \(h,k,p,q\) satisfy the Arnold cat map expressed by: \[\begin{bmatrix}p\\ q\end{bmatrix}=\begin{bmatrix}1&b\\ d&bd+1\end{bmatrix}\begin{bmatrix}h\\ k\end{bmatrix}(\text{mod }N)\.\]
* With the help of Equation (6), we swap the values of \(S(h,k)\) and \(S(u,v)\).  
\(S\) is the final S-box. The whole construction process is illustrated by Figure 4.
# Cystic Fibrosis: Overview of the Current Development Trends and Innovative Therapeutic Strategies
## 2 Pathogenesis of Cystic Fibrosis (CF)
### Complications Associated with Mutation of CFTR and Hyperactivation of ENaC
#### 2.3.2 Biofilm Components  
The proteins implicated in _P. aeruginosa_ biofilms include lectin A (LecA), LecB, and Cyclic Dimeric Guanosine Monophosphate Regulated Two-Partner Secretion A (CdrA) [86]. _P. aeruginosa_ CdrA has the ability to bind to carbohydrates, which promote the interaction between matrix molecules [87]. CdrA interacts with the _P. aeruginosa_ polysaccharide synthesis locus (Psl), making it a key factor in biofilm formation [88]. In liquid cultures, CdrA overproduction enhances cell auto-aggregation [89]. A _CdrA_ mutant exhibited a reduced biofilm biomass and structural integrity, suggesting that CdrA-Psl interaction could facilitate the crosstalk between Psl and biofilm components [90]. Furthermore, numerous studies have reported the importance of extracellular DNA (eDNA) as a structural component of biofilms. For instance, the deoxyribonuclease (DNase) enzyme isolated from _Bacillus licheniformis_ acts as an antibiofilm agent in marine bacteria [91]. It has also been reported that the DNase enzyme induced biofilm dispersal in several _P. aeruginosa_ isolated from chronic rhinosinusitis patients [92]. However, biofilms containing large amounts of eDNA are not dispersed by DNase, although, the treatment weakens the biofilm structure [93]. Treatment of biofilms with DNase increases their antibacterial sensitivity [94]. In contrast, the addition of exogenous DNA to _P. aeruginosa_ biofilms can increase their resistance to antibiotics like gentamicin and other aminoglycosotide [95]. These studies support the critical role of eDNA in stabilizing bacterial biofilms. Moreover, [PERSON] et al. (2013) showed that eDNA maintained an efficient flow of bacterial cells, thereby facilitating cell migration and ensuring sufficient supply of cells [96].  
EPS maintains the integrity of biofilms by making it resistant to antibiotics and the host immune system. It acts as a structural platform and facilitates cell-cell interactions and cell-surface attachment [97]. In addition to proteins and eDNA, _P. aeruginosa_ produces three important polysaccharides--alginate, Psl, and Pectate lyase (Pel) [98]. During chronic infection, _P. aeruginosa_ undergoes a phenotypic change due to a mutation in the _mucaA_ gene. This leads to the overproduction of alginate, which protects the bacterium from the host immune cells and antimicrobial agents [99]. Psl is composed of mannose, glucose, and rhamn in a 3:1:1 ratio [100]. Inactivation of the _pslA_ and _pslB_ genes in _P. aeruginosa_ PAO1 strain in vitro alters cell-cell and cell-surface interactions, which maintain biofilm integrity and cell aggregation [101]. It has been shown that Psl elevates c-di-GMP levels leading to the generation of a positive feedback loop resulting in the continuous stimulation of biofilm formation [102]. Therefore, targeting Psl using specific antibodies might serve as a novel approach for protecting against _P. aeruginosa_ infection.
# Effect of Thermal Treatment on Nano- and Micro-Copper Particles for Jewelry Making
## 3 Results and Discussion  
### Thermal Behavior of Micro- and Nano-Copper Clay  
Figure 1 shows the TG-DTA curves of nano- and micro-copper clays during the heating process. As illustrated, with a solid line in Figure 1, the TG curves of both clays revealed two weight loss processes corresponding to the 0.5% loss of water at 90 \({}^{\circ}\)C and the 2.5% loss of organic binders at a broad range of 200-450 \({}^{\circ}\)C. The total weight loss of TG curves is related to the total weight of added organic binders and water in the clays. The DTA curves of nano-and micro-copper clay during the heating process were shown as a dashed line in Figure 1a,b. Both curves indicated two endothermic peaks at 90 and 420 \({}^{\circ}\)C, corresponding to water evaporation and the decomposition of organic binders, respectively. The DTA analysis of nano-copper (Figure 1a) revealed an exothermic peak related to the sintering process of nano-copper clay occurring at a low temperature, around 180 \({}^{\circ}\)C. In addition, another peak at 500 \({}^{\circ}\)C was the aggregation of copper nanoparticles that gradually increased and dented to reform micro-particle size and grain growth. According to Figure 1b, the DTA analysis of micro-copper clay showed an exothermic peak at 340 \({}^{\circ}\)C, which is the sintering temperature of micro-copper particles. We could conclude that the synthesized nano- and micro-copper clay encourages the decrease in sintering temperature to lower than that of bulk copper metal [7]. Moreover, the DTA of both clays showed a strong peak when the temperature was increased to 1000 \({}^{\circ}\)C. Therefore, it can be implied that aggregated particles of copper suddenly restructured and became a solid form because the temperature was close to the melting point of copper.
## 3 Results  
Fifty patients were screened for suspected pulp chamber exposure during various tissue removal or symptomatic pulpitis management. Of these, 11 were excluded due to a preference for RCT/extraction (\(n=6\)), refusal to participate (\(n=2\)), or failure to meet inclusion criteria for extremely deep caries (\(n=3\)). Consequently, 39 teeth were enrolled, with 12 subsequently excluded intraoperatively. Among these 12 cases, 4 lacked carious pulp exposure after non-selective caries removal and received either indirect pulp capping or direct composite fillings. The remaining eight cases were treated immediately with RCT due to unsuccessful hemostasis within 5 min at the orifice level (\(n=3\)) or pre-existing necrotized root canals identified upon pulp chamber entry (\(n=5\)). Ultimately, 27 teeth were included and assessed after 6 months. The baseline variables were not significantly different between the two material groups--Biodentine (\(n=14\)) and MTA (\(n=13\)) (Table 1).  
The success rate was 64% in the Biodentine group and 92% in the MTA+ group. However, the number of uncertain cases was as high as 21%. No significant difference was found between the two groups in the odds ratios either in the multinomial or binomial outcome (Table 2). However, a notable difference was observed in tooth discoloration, as MTA+ caused discoloration in 8 out of 13 cases, whereas Biodentine resulted in no discoloration in any of the 14 cases  
In multivariate logistic regression, the OR (0.14) was similar to the univariate analysis (0.15), indicating no significant effect of covariates (diagnosis, sex, and age) on the outcome (Tables 3-5). Although the odds of failure were 6.6 times higher in the Biodentine group, the ratio was not significant.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l l l} \hline  & & \multicolumn{2}{l}{**Material**} & \\  & & **Biodentine** & **MTA+** & **OR** & **\(p\)-Value** \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{sex (count)} & female & 6 & 7 & \multirow{2}{*}{0.568} \\  & male & 8 & 6 & \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{age (count)} & mean & 31 & 41 & \multirow{2}{*}{0.073} \\  & minimum & 18 & 21 & \\  & maximum & 57 & 71 & \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{AAE diagnosis (count)} & normal pulp & 2 & 6 & \multirow{2}{*}{0.179} \\  & reversible pupils & 8 & 4 & \\  & irreversible & 4 & 3 & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{[PERSON] diagnosis (count)} & initial pulpits & 3 & 4 & \multirow{4}{*}{0.915} \\  & mild pulpits & 7 & 6 & \\ \cline{1-1}  & moderate pulpits & 2 & 2 & \\ \cline{1-1}  & severe pulpits & 2 & 1 & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{treatment type (count)} & direct pulp & 6 & 5 & \multirow{4}{*}{0.857} \\  & capping & partial pulpotomy & 4 & 5 & \\ \cline{1-1}  & complete & 4 & 3 & \\ \cline{1-1}  & pulpotomy & & & \\ \hline \end{tabular}  
* AAE: American Association of Endodontists, MTA+: Mineral Trioxide Aggregate Plus.  
\end{table}
Table 1: Baseline characteristics of the patient population.  
The increasing severity of the pulpitis with either diagnosis method tended to decrease the success rate (lowering the OR). Similarly, the rising invasiveness of the treatment resulted in a lower odds ratio (favoring failure).
# Analysis and Prioritization of the Floating Photovoltaic System Potential for Reservoirs in Korea
## 2 Study Area and Data
### Constraint Analysis on Reservoir Depth  
In general, for smooth installation and operation of the floating PV, a reservoir with a water depth greater than 5 m is recommended, maintaining a water depth of at least 1 m [24]. Therefore, reservoirs that do not meet these conditions were excluded in this study. In fact, a floating PV of 465 kW installed in the Geumgwang reservoir in Korea had difficulty in operation because of a summer drought that caused the bottom of the reservoir to be revealed [25]. The KRC provides the daily water level for each reservoir using OpenAPI. The data format is XML, and the API service type is REST type. When the standard code and search period are requested as parameters, the server provides the daily level for that period. Since only one standard code for a particular reservoir can be input in one request, Python-based coding was performed to obtain data for more than 3000 reservoirs. The Requests module from Python was used for OpenAPI requests, and the BeautifulSoup module was used for parsing XML data. Since the water level is provided as an elevation, the water depth was calculated by subtracting the dead water level of each reservoir from the water level. This study constructed a reservoir depth database of 2017 and used it for analysis because for some reservoirs there is no data before 2017.
# Effective RNA Regulation by Combination of Multiple Programmable RNA-Binding Proteins
## 1 Introduction  
Manipulation of specific RNAs is important for elucidating the roles of specific RNAs and for therapeutic purposes as represented by RNA interference and antisense strategies targeting specific mRNAs. Other than such complementary oligonucleotides, sequence-specific RNA-binding proteins, Pumilio and fem-3 mRNA-binding factor (PUF) proteins and pentatricopeptide repeat (PPR) proteins, and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-based systems, including dCas13 and dCas9-PAMer complexed with guide RNA, have been used for the customized sequence-specific regulation of mRNAs [1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6]. By combining them with various functional domains, such as translational regulation factors [7; 8], splicing factors [9; 10; 11], RNA editing enzymes [12], and RNA (de)methylation enzymes [13; 14; 15; 16; 17; 18], targeted control of RNAs can be achieved. The RNA-binding domains of PUF proteins consist of eight highly homologous structural repeats (repeats 1 to 8), flanked by N- and C-terminal repeats (repeats N and C) [19] (Figure 1a). Each repeat recognizes an RNA base through direct interaction between RNA bases and side chains of amino acids at the 12 th and 16 th positions [20] (Figure 1b). By changing the amino acid pairs of a PUF repeat, artificial RNA-binding domains corresponding to various 8-nucleotide (nt) RNA sequences can be designed [9; 21; 22]. As the length of RNA recognized by PUFs (8-nt) is not enough to specify the target RNAs within a huge transcriptome, efforts to increase the length of the RNA-binding sequences have been applied by increasing the number of PUF repeats [21; 23; 24; 25; 26]. Previous reports also showed the assembly of two PUF proteins in adjacent regions on the RNA to image specifictranscripts [27; 28; 29; 30]. By contrast, [PERSON] et al. reported that increasing the number of the PUF-binding sequences in reporter mRNAs results in the effective regulation of reporter genes compared to reporter mRNAs having a single PUF-binding sequence [7]. This was also supported through the regulation of endogenous mRNA by PUFs fused to the RNA decay factor, tristetraprolin (TTP). [PERSON] et al. designed artificial PUF proteins, targeting the 3\({}^{\prime}\) untranslated region (UTR) of vascular endothelial growth factor A (_VEGFA_) mRNA. TTP-PUF fusion proteins effectively repressed VEGFA production when the particular 8-nt PUF-binding sequence existed at multiple places within the 3\({}^{\prime}\) UTR of the target mRNA [31]. However, it is unusual that many repeated sequences are at the control region of a single mRNA. Instead of increasing the number of target RNA sequences, we intended to use four different PUF proteins, corresponding target RNA sequences that exist at the control region of a reporter RNA (Figure 1c). In this study, we expressed PUF RNA-binding proteins fused with TTP in mammalian cells and enabled the efficient repression of the reporter protein expression by using multiple TTP-PUF proteins.
# Numerical Simulation Analysis of Wellbore Stability in Weak Interlayer of Igneous Rock
## 5 Analysis of Factors Influencing Wellbore Stability  
Serval factors play a significant role in wellbore stability, such as the strength of the weak interlayer, permeability, anisotropy of horizontal in situ stress, and abnormal pore pressure. To comprehensively address these factors, conducting simulation studies becomes essential. The Mohr-Coulomb criterion (Equation (30)) is employed as a tool to evaluate the potential occurrence of shear failure around the wellbore. By assessing the disparity between the maximum and minimum principal stresses at the well's perimeter, this criterion determines the likelihood of shear failure. The higher difference signifies an elevated risk of shear failure, consequently increasing the probability of wellbore collapse.
## 5 Model Predictions  
The capabilities of the proposed model are verified by using the triaxial shear tests of the unsaturated soils under different confining pressures and water contents. For the low-confining pressure triaxial tests performed in this study, the model calculation results and the test results are shown in Figure 14. Table 2 lists the model parameters and initial state parameters.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Mass Water** & **Confining Pressure** & **Interparticle Tensile Stress** & **Initial Condition** & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Critical State Line**} \\
**Content** & \(\sigma_{3}\)/kPa** & \(\sigma^{*}\)/kPa & \(e_{0}\) & \(\lambda\) & \(\Gamma(w)\) \\ \hline
4 & 25 & \(-8\) & \(1.248\) & \(-0.092\) & \(1.778\) \\ \hline
16 & 100 & \(-20.4\) & \(1.235\) & \(-0.092\) & \(1.823\) \\ \hline
36 & 50 & \(-10\) & \(1.236\) & \(-0.092\) & \(1.800\) \\ \hline
**Mass Water** & **Confining Pressure** & **Stress–Dilatancy** & **Dilatancy Coefficient** & **Hardening Modulus** \\
**Content** & \(\sigma_{3}\)/kPa** & **\(\sigma_{3}\)/kPa** & **\(\sigma_{4}\)**/**\(\kappa\)**/**\(\kappa\)** & **\(X(w)\)** & **\(H_{\text{min}}\)** & \(\delta_{H}\) \\ \hline
4 & 25 & \(1.460\) & \(-0.723\) & \(9.2\) & \(300\) & \(2\) \\ \hline
16 & 100 & \(1.460\) & \(-0.629\) & \(12.49\) & \(140\) & \(2\) \\ \hline
36 & 50 & \(1.460\) & \(-1.216\) & \(4.99\) & \(160\) & \(2\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Values of the model parameters and initial state parameters.  
It can be observed that the proposed model can accurately simulate the hardening, maximum shrinkage state point, peak strength, and minimum dilatancy of the unsaturated compacted soils with different water contents and confining pressures. This is also the case for the soil strength and deformation, which are more concerned in practice. However, for soil softening and the subsequent strain localisation, the model calculation results are quite different from the test points. This is because the foundation of the model--namely the stress-dilatancy relationship and the critical state theoretical methods--are all based on the uniform deformation of the sample during shearing. The localisation of strain and the shear band phenomenon in the shear deformation process should be described by damage, bifurcation, and other special theories, which are not covered in this study.