## 8 Bromelain, Ficin, and Papain Peels By-Products-Based Cosmetic Applications
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Aspect/Feature \({}^{*}\)**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Proteolytic Enzyme**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**References**} \\ \cline{2-2} \cline{4-5}  & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Bromelain**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Ficin**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Papain**} \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{Substrate Specificity} & \(\bullet\) & Bromelain exhibits broad substrate specificity & \(\bullet\) & Ficin, on the contrary, has a higher affinity for hydrophobic residues (i.e., Phe) located at the & \\  & \(\bullet\) & It has preference for peptide bonds adjacent to Lys, Ala, & & \\  & \(\bullet\) & Tyr, and Gly basic residues & P1 position & \(\bullet\) & It can cleave basic, \\  & \(\bullet\) & Stem bromelain leaves & \(\bullet\) & Similarly to bromelin & hydrophobic, and often \\  & \(\bullet\) & substrates with Arg at P1 & and papain, hydrolyzes & polar residues & \\  & and P2 positions & and P2 positions & \(\bullet\) & It works well on bulky \\  & \(\bullet\) & Hydrolyzes various proteins, & angiotensin & amino acids, such as Phe & \\  & \(\bullet\) & including casein, gelatin, and & \(\bullet\) & Affinity to gelatin and \\  & \(\bullet\) & fibrinogen & & & of proteins, including \\  & \(\bullet\) & Similar specificity to ficin & pH of 7.5 and 6.7, & \multirow{6}{*}{\(\bullet\)} & \multirow{6}{*}{\(\bullet\)} \\  & and papain, hydrolyzing & respectively & & & \\  & \(\bullet\) & bradykinin and angiotensin & \(\bullet\) & Possible affinity to \\  & \(\bullet\) & Possible affinity to elastin & & \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Exfoliation Efficacy} & \(\bullet\) & Strong keratin breakdown, & \(\bullet\) & Gentle exfoliation, & \\  & \(\bullet\) & smoothens skin & & suitable for sensitive skin & \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{Mechanism of Action} & \(\bullet\) & Same peptide bond & \(\bullet\) & Same peptide bond & \\  & hydrolysis patterns & hydrolysis patterns & & hydrolysis patterns \\ \cline{1-1}  & \(\bullet\) & The catalytic dyads of the C1 & \(\bullet\) & The catalytic dyads of & \\ \cline{1-1}  & family are Cys and His & the C1 family are Cys & & C1 family are Cys and His & \\ \cline{1-1}  & amino acids & and His amino acids & & amino-acids & \\ \cline{1-1}  & \(\bullet\) & Structural similarity, same & \(\bullet\) & Structural similarity, same & \\ \cline{1-1}  & active sites, same target & & same active sites, same target & \\ \cline{1-1}  & proteins & & target proteins & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Detailed comparison of the substrate specificity, mechanisms, and biochemical cascades of action, properties, and relative exfoliation efficacy of bromelain, ficin, and papain. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Aspect/Feature *} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**Proteolytic Enzyme**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**References**} \\ \cline{2-2} \cline{4-5}  & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Bromelain**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Ficin**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Papain**} \\ \hline  & \(\bullet\) & Best for normal-to-only and & \(\bullet\) & Ideal for dry and & \(\bullet\) & Effective for thick, rough \\  & \(\bullet\) & inflamed skin & \(\bullet\) & \(\bullet\) & Suitable for sensitive & \(\bullet\) \\ Skin Type & \(\bullet\) & Versatile and suitable for & skin types & & \\ Suitability and & \(\bullet\) & Exfoliating masks, & \(\bullet\) & Suitable against & \(\bullet\) \\ Corsemeding & \(\bullet\) & Exfoliating masks, & inflammatory skin & & \\ Cosmetic & \(\bullet\) & anti-inflammatory creans, & conditions (rosacea or & \(\bullet\) \\ Applications & & and post-inflammatory & \(\bullet\) & \(\bullet\) \\  & pigmentation treatments & \(\bullet\) & Enzyme, low-irritation & \(\bullet\) \\  & & masks & & \\ \hline  & & & & \\ \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: Detailed comparison of the skin type suitability, common cosmetic applications, incorporation techniques, potential side effects, formulation stability, and major stabilizers and inhibitors of bromelain, ficin, and papain.