esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Natural Compounds Inhibiting De Novo Fatty Acid Synthesis and Modification
### Betulinic Acid-Mediated Inhibition of Fatty Acid Desaturation  
As a lupane-type triterpenoid produced in birch plants, betulinic acid and its derivatives have been demonstrated to have potent anticancer and anti-HIV activities in numerous studies. To date, the biosynthetic pathway of betulinic acid has been completely mapped, and its commercial production is through phytochemical extraction and semi-synthesis from its precursor, betulin [81]. Natural plant-derived betulinic acid exhibited tumor-selective inhibitory activity and could induce apoptosis of a wide variety of cancer cells, mostly through a mitochondrion-dependent mechanism [82; 83; 84; 85].  
In the fatty acid synthesis network, stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD) is an enzyme catalyzing the rate-limiting step in the production of monounsaturated fatty acids, and its overexpression is reportedly associated with poor clinical outcomes of cancer patients [86; 87]. Remarkably, inhibition of SCD could more efficiently block cancer cell proliferation than targeting other enzymes in the de novo lipogenesis pathway, such as ACC and FASN [88]. [PERSON] et al. reported that betulinic acid could inhibit SCD activity and increase the saturation level of mitochondrial lipid cardiolipin. The change of cardiolipin spatial structure could further enhance mitochondrial permeability and consequently led to cytochrome c release and mitochondrion-dependent cell death [20]. Later on, these authors also reported that betulinic acid could induce rapid death of colon cancer stem cells through inhibiting SCD1, an isoform highly expressed in multiple malignancies [21].
## 3 The Proposed Solution
### Internet of Things (IoT) Light Sensor  
The data collection and analysis method should be considered as the core part of this article. Light data collection required a light meter that can be interfaced easily with a GIS-based informative system. Given the variable nature of the urban lighting, it is important to design a measurement system able to make easy the monitoring and the storage of the data and supporting a frequent update of the data. As demonstrated in literature [75], the IoT paradigm represents the ideal solution for the interconnection of sensors to remote informative systems. The design requirement of such IoT sensors are:  
1. High range of light detection, because the device has to measure from an almost complete dark environment (the Moon's reflection is about 1 lx) to a high light level under the streetlamps (the values could be near 1.000 lx);
2. Geo-located measures, in order to elaborate them in the GIS to provide the data mapping at district level in the case study zone of the city of Milan;
3. A wireless communication channel;
4. Good portability, compactness and stability allowing the sensor to be carried around the city without significant issues (humidity problems, low weight for transportability during the inspection phases for monitoring, ability to maintain a pre-established geometric set-up, position accuracy, etc.).  
Accordingly, given the aforementioned requirements, a prototype has been developed and realized using an Arduino Uno board. Besides the board itself, the main parts of the light meter are listed below:  
1. A high accuracy ambient light digital 16-bit resolution sensor (Adafruit VEML7700 Lux Sensor) characterized by a 16-bit dynamic range for ambient light detection from 0 lx to about 120 lkx to detect the difference of illuminance at the street level going from dark areas and detecting the punctual light collected under the perpendicular direction of the lamp; the resolution of the sensor is 2 lx, compatible with the application.
2. A 56-channel GPS module with an accuracy of 2.5 m on the horizontal position able to localize the monitoring device in the street and possibly connect the information at a detailed location level;
3. A micro SD Shield for an Arduino board equipped with a 64 GB micro SD card, required to store the measurement data collected from the ambient light sensor;
4. A wireless communication channel for data transfer to a GIS-based informative system.  
Figure 13 shows the different parts of the light meter assembled for some tests before using it on the experimental field. In order to fix the GPS and light sensors in a horizontal position and to make it more portable, a cardboard box has been used to introduce the monitoring device. It is noteworthy that the cardboard is white, therefore, the light reflected from the casing may affect the illuminance detection. In a similar way, the shadows cast by the operator could affect the measured luminance values. Further implementation of the experimental set-up will be tested in the following steps of the research.
## 3 Results
### Phase Constitution  
XRD pattern of the Al\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{3}\)-YSZ powder used to prepare the suspension and the coatings deposited therefrom are depicted in Figure 6. In the graph, some of the peaks have multiple indexing since peaks for gamma (\(\gamma\)) and alpha (\(\alpha\)) Al\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{3}\), and tetragonal (t) YSZ were overlapping. The quantitative phase composition analysis clearly indicates the relative amounts of the identified phases. The Rietveld analysis revealed that the starting powder contains a mix of alpha-alumina (80.2%), tetragonal YSZ (19.0%), and monoclinic (m) zirconia (0.8%). The presence of the monoclinic phase in the feedstock material is expected due to the manufacturing route adopted for producing the YSZ sub-micron material, as mechanical milling induces a reversible phase transformation in the YSZ from tetragonal to monoclinic. The phase composition also confirms that the ratio of 80:20 Al\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{3}\)/YSZ was achieved in the mixed suspension before plasma spraying.  
The XRD pattern of the deposited SPS sample is given in Figure 7. As stated previously, some of the peaks were overlapping and hence left unmarked. The XRD shows the appearance of the gamma phase of alumina (74.4%), which is known to form from high-temperature quenching [36]. The alpha-alumina phase content is found to be reduced to approximately 14.0% of the total. As reported widely for plasma-sprayed YSZ coatings, the as-deposited coatings exhibit a tetragonal phase alone, even though the starting powder had the minor presence of monoclinic ZrO\({}_{2}\). The high solidification rates achieved during non-equilibrium plasma spraying of YSZ usually results in metastable t-ZrO\({}_{2}\) alone. However, the total content of YSZ is reduced to 11.3% of the total.  
Figure 5: EDS analysis of the SPS Al\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{3}\)-YSZ coating depicted in (**a**); the spectrum from the grey matrix in (**b**) suggests predominance of Al\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{3}\) while that from the white fringes in (**c**) exhibits higher YSZ concentration. The accelerating voltage of electrons was 17 kV and the aperture size 30 μm.  
The loss in YSZ from the final coating relative to the feedstock may be due to the loss of some portion of the very fine YSZ particles in overspray (non-deposited material) from the plasma jet due to [PERSON]'s effect for fine-sized particles [37]. Alternatively, some of the YSZ may partially constitute the glassy phase present within the coating.
## 2 FANET Architecture and Routing Protocol
### Routing Protocols
#### 2.2.2 Security-Based  
UAVs in FANETs use multiple hops to forward data and information in order to efficiently and collaboratively complete their missions, which increases the risk of malicious attacks on the network [34]. Moreover, FANET networks are often used in mission-critical applications such as security for large events, making the security of the network particularly important. Security-based routing protocols focus on enhancing the security of the network to ensure that packets are effectively protected during transmission. The following describes the security-based routing protocols that have been highly cited in recent years.  
The SUANET routing strategy proposed by [PERSON] et al. [35] uses keys to authenticate UAV nodes and place them to be tampered with. Multiple encrypted security parameters are also used to prevent malicious attacks on the communication link. Similarly, the PASER routing protocol proposed by [PERSON] et al. [36] secures the routing messages through a cryptographic function. [PERSON] et al. [37] propose a routing protocol that uses digital signatures to encrypt routing information, and the protocol considers both FANET and ground-based networks. Similar to SUANET, a key management mechanism is also proposed to provide public and private keys to each new UAV node joining the network.  
Furthermore, the VRU routing protocol proposed by [PERSON] et al. [38] considers both FANET and VANET, using a trust-based scheme to detect malicious nodes.  
FANETs have different characteristics from ground-based networks, so most of the routing protocols proposed for ground-based networks are not applicable to them. The emphasis on data security by network users and operators has recently been increasing year by year, and the introduction of emerging technologies such as federation learning has placed greater demands on existing research into security-based routing protocols. Furthermore, a great deal of existing research still focuses on the efficiency of routing protocols and does not pay much attention to the security of routing. There is a need to focus more on the security of routing transmissions to prevent contamination and tampering with UAV nodes and communication links.
## 3 Design Optimization
### Performance Metrics & Design Criteria
#### 3.3.8 Ambient Pressure  
In the context of its definition, it was already reckoned that the rotationally induced pressure head \(p_{\omega}\) (1) only accounts for a smaller portion of the actual ambient pressure \(p_{0}\). Therefore, the retention rate \(\Omega\propto\sqrt{p_{0}}\) (6) of centrifugo-pneumatic valves reacts rather sensitively to (typically slow) changes in the atmospheric pressure \(p_{0}\), e.g., caused by local altitude or weather. Figure 8a displays the shift of the associated retention rate \(\Omega\) over a range of typical, weather-related variations in \(p_{0}^{\prime}\) of less than 4%. Even larger deviations are impacted by the local altitude at roughly 10% per 1000 m. It therefore makes sense to link a pressure sensor to a LoaD instrument in order to systematically adjust the spin protocol \(\omega(t)\) to the local ambient pressure \(p_{0}\), which tends to stay fairly constant over the course of an assay protocol, typically minutes to one hour.  
Strictly speaking, formula (6) assumes that the ambient pressure \(p_{0}\) is equal to the pressure of the air entrapped in the compression chamber at the point of complete filling of the isoradial segment (Figure 1a). However, hydrodynamic effects might lead to deviations which we consider by extending (6) as follows:  
\[\Omega=\sqrt{\frac{p_{0}\cdot[(1+\chi)\cdot V_{\text{C}}/V-1]}{\varrho\cdot \overline{\tau}\Delta r}} \tag{16}\]  
with the unitless coefficient \(\chi=p_{0}^{\prime}/p_{0}-1\) reflecting the fractional divergence of the actual pressure \(p_{0}^{\prime}\) in the compression chamber at the point of pneumatic cut-off from the ambient pressure at \(p_{0}\) (Figure 1a) [74]. Figure 8b shows that deviations \(|\chi|>0\), which are hard to measure experimentally, should remain in the permille range, or at least be reproducible, i.e., \(\Delta\chi\approx 0\), to allow proper compensation for the shifts in the default retention rates \(\{\Omega_{i}\}\) by modulating \(\omega(t)\), to avoid having a massive impact on the band width \(\Delta\Omega\) (7).
## 6 Conclusions
(2020) [PERSON]; [PERSON] [PERSON]; [PERSON] [PERSON]; [PERSON] [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON] [PERSON] DNN No-Reference PSTN Speech Quality Prediction. _arXiv_**2020**, arXiv:2007.14598. [[https://doi.org/10.21437/Interspeech.2020-2760](https://doi.org/10.21437/Interspeech.2020-2760)]([https://doi.org/10.21437/Interspeech.2020-2760](https://doi.org/10.21437/Interspeech.2020-2760)). * [PERSON] (2017) [PERSON] _Noisy Speech Database for Training Speech Enhancement Algorithms and TTS Models_; Centre for Speech Technology Research (CSTR), School of Informatics, University of Edinburgh: Edinburgh, UK, 2017.. [CrossRef]
* [PERSON] et al. (2021) [PERSON] [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON] [PERSON] NISQA: A deep CNN-self-attention model for multidimensional speech quality prediction with crowdsourced datasets. _arXiv_**2021**, arXiv:2104.09494. * [PERSON] and [PERSON] (2022) [PERSON] [PERSON]; [PERSON] Performance Evaluation of Automatic Speech Recognition Systems on Integrated Noise-Network Distorted Speech. _Front. Signal Process._**2022**, \(2\), 999457. [CrossRef]
* [PERSON] et al. (2008) [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON] [PERSON] Quality assessment of interactive voice applications. _Comput. Netw._**2008**, _52_, 1179-1192. [CrossRef]
* [PERSON] and [PERSON] (2016) [PERSON]; [PERSON] [PERSON] Novel deep autoencoder features for non-intrusive speech quality assessment. In Proceedings of the 2016 24 th European Signal Processing Conference (EUSIPCO), Budapest, Hungary, 29 August-2 September 2016; IEEE: Piscataway, NJ, USA, 2016; pp. 2315-2319. * [PERSON] et al. (2014) [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON] [PERSON]; [PERSON] [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON]; et al. Deep Speech: Scaling up end-to-end speech recognition. _arXiv_ **2014**, arXiv1412.5567. * [PERSON] et al. (2018) [PERSON]; [PERSON] [PERSON]; [PERSON] [PERSON]; [PERSON] [PERSON] Ristretto: A Framework for Empirical Study of Resource-Efficient Inference in Convolutional Neural Networks. _IEEE Trans. Neural Netw. Learn. Syst._**2018**, _29_, 5784-5789. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
* [PERSON] et al. (2019) [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON] [PERSON] NIML: Non-intrusive machine learning-based speech quality prediction on VoIP networks. _IET Commun._**2019**, _13_, 2609-2616. [CrossRef]
* [PERSON] et al. (2012) [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON] _Definition of the Opus Audio Codec_; IETF RFC 6716: Milford, MA, USA, 2012. **Disclaimer/Publisher's Note:** The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content.
###### Abstract  
There is a long sequence of periodic characteristics of reservoir water storage and discharge in large hydropower stations. The unloaded rock mass formed by blasting and excavation in the reservoir slope of the reservoir fluctuation zone is not only subjected to the penetration erosion caused by the change of the water level of the reservoir slope, but also the dry-wet cycle caused by the reservoir water storage and discharge. There is an obvious process of crack derivation and pore structure expansion, and the subsequent strength degradation breeds reservoir slope risks, which is one of the important factors restricting the operation safety of power stations. To study the pore structure evolution law of unloaded rock mass in reservoir slope excavation of reservoir fluctuation zones, the dry-wet cycle test simulating the periodic storage and discharge environment was carried out with samples of equal unloading amount obtained by indoor triaxial unloading test. The variation law of mesoscopic parameters such as wave velocity, mass, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum under dry-wet cycle was compared and analyzed, and the physical and mechanical mechanism of the pore structure evolution of the unloaded specimen under dry-wet cycles was explored. The results show that: (1) With the increase of dry-wet cycles, the evolution of wave velocity and dry mass of unloaded samples has obvious stage characteristics, which generally presents a rapid change in the early stage, moderate in the middle stage, and gradually stable in the late stage; (2) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) shows that the number of macropore structures in unloaded samples increases gradually with the dry-wet cycles; (3) the smaller the initial confining pressure, the larger the first peak area and the peak value of unloaded samples, and the spectral area corresponding to each peak under low confining pressure is significantly larger than that under medium and high confining pressure; (4) the unloading amount affects the overall proportion of macropores in the sample, which determines the deterioration process and evolution law of the mesostructure of the sample under dry-wet cycles.  
slope and fluctuation zone; excavation and unloading; dry-wet cycle; NMR analysis +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences
## 2 The Application of Metamaterials
### Energy-Efficient Buildings  
Metamaterials are also being used to develop new types of energy-efficient building. By using MM to control the way that heat and light pass through a building's walls, scientists have been able to create buildings that use less energy, which would be beneficial for the environment.  
[PERSON] et al. [38] proposed a method to develop metasurfaces in construction materials (plasterboard and wood). He showed that application of electromagnetic spray-printed MS, integrated on construction materials with larger areas (such as walls or doors) can potentially be used for EM applications, for buildings, for power self-efficiency, and for management.
## 5 Conclusions  
The influence of the surface roughness on the magnetic behaviour was studied on a series of ferromagnetic samples made from reactor pressure vessel steel, magnetized and measured by a magnetizing yoke attached onto the sample surface. As a result, a direct quantitative, monotonic correlation between the magnetic behavior and the surface roughness was obtained by applying two different types of magnetic measurements. The two measurements gave similar results.  
The outcomes of MAT method, applying a faster slew rate of magnetizing current, resulted in a remarkably good correlation with the BNM method using the signal measured in the transversal direction. The MAT method seems to be more sensitive to the modification of surface condition than magnetic BNM as the slew rate of magnetizing current is lowered.  
Our purpose was to investigate the influence of surface roughness on the magnetic parameters, but in the light of our result--considering the unambiguous monotonic correlation between these quantities--it would also be possible to derive the surface roughness from magnetic parameters and to substitute the measurements of \(R_{a}\).  
Usually, if any magnetic measurement is applied, the question is how the degradation of material (due to many possible reasons, such as fatigue, thermal treatment, plastic or elastic deformation, neutron irradiation, etc.) is reflected in magnetic parameters. In the present investigation, the case is just the opposite: material parameters are the same in all pieces of sample series and we study only the influence of surface roughness. In practical cases, these two circumstances cannot be separated, our attempt is the first step into this direction. If this is realized in our results, then this should be helpful for the future application of non-destructive magnetic testing.  
Conceptualization, original draft preparation: G.V.; investigation and methodology: G.V., J.M.G., J.M., M.E.F. and I.U.; project administration: A.G. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded by \"NOMAD\" project. This project (Non-destructive Evaluation System for the Inspection of Operation-Induced Material Degradation in Nuclear Power Plants) has received funding from the Euratom research and training programme 2014-2018 under grant agreement No 755330.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# LEO Precise Orbit Determination with Inter-satellite Links
###### Abstract  
Traditional precise orbit determination (POD) for low Earth orbit (LEO) satellites relies on observations from ground stations and onboard receivers. Although the accuracy can reach centimeter level, there are still problems such as insufficient autonomous operation capability. The inter-satellite link (ISL) is a link used for communication between satellites and has a function of dual-way ranging. Numerous studies have shown that observational data using ISLs can be adopted for POD of navigation satellites. In this contribution, we mainly focus on LEO satellites POD with ISLs. First, we design LEO constellations with different numbers of satellites and ISL measurements, based on which the constellations are simulated. Then rough tests of POD using different link topologies are carried out. The results show that in the 60-LEO constellation the average 3-dimensional (3D) orbital errors are 0.112 m using \"4-connected\" link topology with constant 4 links per satellite and 0.069 m using \"all-connected\" link topology with theoretically maximum numbers of links. After that, we carry out refined POD experiments with several sets of satellite numbers and different observation accuracy. The results show the higher link ranging accuracy and the more numbers of links bring higher POD precision. POD with ISLs gets bad performance in the case of center of gravity reference when link ranging accuracy is poor and numbers of links are small. When the link accuracy is 40 cm, average 3D orbital errors of 60-LEO constellation are 0.358 m, which can only meet the demand of autonomous navigation. With the constraint of the right ascension of the ascending node (RAAN), POD using ISLs reaches an extremely high precision when adopting a spatial reference provided by navigation satellites. For 120-LEO constellation, the average 3D orbital errors are 0.010 m; for 192-LEO constellation, the errors are 0.006 m.  
precise orbit determination; low Earth orbit satellites; inter-satellite link; spatial reference 1
## 2 Quantitative and Qualitative Change in the Waste Stream during the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic  
Waste management is particularly sensitive to the impact of potential epidemics. Its stagnation may consequently lead to further sanitary and epidemiological threats. The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic disrupted the established cooperative relationships within it [10,11]. During the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, there was a quantitative and qualitative change in the waste stream. The volume of industrial waste decreased by 50%. The reason for this was plant downtimes as well as difficulties and irregularities in raw material supply [3,12].  
The municipal waste stream has changed significantly in quality because:  
* The stream of municipal waste from non-residential properties has decreased. The amount of waste collected from residential properties has increased. Sending office workers to home offices was the reason. This created logistical problems for waste collection. The collection system and the waste collection schedule in the cities and neighboring towns had to be redefined;
* The amount of spoiled food has increased, especially with short expiry dates due to the outbreak of panic about the risk of food shortages in shops. Waste treatment facilities have received a different waste stream with high humidity and a bad smell;
* The stream of packaging waste has increased due to online shopping (paper, cardboard, plastic);
* The number of disposable items has increased (protective masks, rubber and foil gloves, plastic bags and disposables);
* Due to the lower volume of industrial waste and the higher amount of municipal waste, the calorific value of waste available on the market has decreased, which indirectly translates into the production of fuels from waste. In contrast, the amount of waste with high moisture content has increased [3; 13].