## 5 Intelligent Opportunistic Protocol (IOP)
The nodes are deployed in such a way that these can approximately cover the whole application area. The base station position is \(250\times 250\) m in the field. The field area was considered a physical world environment. The proposed OR protocol started working immediately after the deployment process was complete. Figure 4 below represents the unplanned deployment of the nodes in the area of consideration. \[P(R1_{RE}|S)=\frac{P(S|R1_{RE})*P(R1_{RE})}{P(S)}\]9 Illustration of the final route selection using IOP. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Simulation Parameter** & **Value** \\ \hline Area & \(500\times 500\) m \\ Number of Nodes & 100 \\ Initial Energy of Each node & 0.5 Joule \\ Electronic Energy (Eelec) & 50 nJ (50 x 0.00000001 Joule) \\ Amplification Energy (Eamp) & 100 pJ (10 x 0.00000000001 Joule) \\ Packet Size & 50 bits \\ Number of Simulation Rounds & 100 \\ Threshold Energy Eth & 0.2 Joules \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 8: Simulation Parameters. ### Energy Efficiency

Energy efficiency was the main objective of the proposed algorithm. It could be calculated as the overall energy consumption in the network for the accomplishment of diverse network operations. In MATLAB, the simulation worked based on simulation rounds. The simulation round was termed as packets transmission from a single source to a single destination. In MATLAB, when the simulation starts, a random source is chosen to start transmission and this node makes a forwarder list and starts executing the proposed protocol. One round of simulation represents successful or unsuccessful transmissions of packets from one source in the network. For each round, different source and relay nodes are selected. This process continues until at least one node is out of its energy. The energy efficiency was calculated as the total energy consumption after each round in the network. After the operation of the network starts, the sensor's energy starts decaying. This energy reduction was due to network operations like setting up the network, transmission, reception, and acknowledging the data packets, processing of data, and sensing of data. As the nodes decayed, their energy consumption kept increasing per round, as can be seen in Figure 5 below. It can be seen in the figure that energy consumption for the proposed OR protocol was less, as compared to the other two algorithms. This was because the proposed OR protocol distributed energy consumption equally to all nodes, so that every node could survive up to their maximum lifetime. Hence, the proposed OR protocol was more energy-efficient than MDOR and EEOR. Figure 4: Random deployment of sensor nodes in \(500\times 500\) m\({}^{2}\) area. Figure 5: Total energy consumption. ### Latency (End-to-End Delay)

Latency can be measured as the time elapsed between sending the packet and receiving the same at the base station. This is also called as end-to-end delay for the packets to be reached at the destination. The communication in wireless sensor networks is always from source nodes to the sink station. In the random deployment of nodes, some nodes are able to communicate directly with the base station. While some nodes follow multi-hop communication, i.e., source nodes have to go through relay nodes to forward the data packet toward the base station. Hence, in some cases, the network delay can be very low and in some cases, it can be high. Hence in Figure 6, the values of end-to-end delay after each communication in each round are plotted. It can be seen that the proposed OR protocol has a good latency, as compared to the other two protocols. ### Throughput

The throughput of a network can be measured in different ways. Throughput is calculated as the average number of packets received successfully at the base station per second in each round. Figure 7 represents the throughput for each round. The proposed OR protocol has good throughput, as compared to the other two.