## 1 Introduction  
In complex environments in the field of coal mining, surrounding rock control on roadways is a critical technical challenge that needs to be addressed urgently, particularly under the influence of excavation-induced disturbances [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]. The infiltration of pores and fracture water in the roof during roadway construction can cause the collapse, swelling, and softening of immature rock layers rich in clay minerals, leading to significant strength degradation. This significantly increases the risk of roof instability [6, 7, 8, 9, 10]. Studying the mechanical response characteristics of rocks under different moisture conditions is essential for addressing engineering problems related to the support design and stability assessment of rocks surrounding water-rich roadways, thus ensuring the safe operation of coal mines [11, 12, 13, 14, 15]. Recently, significant progress has been made in both domestic and international studies of the mechanical properties of rocks under water-rock interactions, particularly through uniaxial experiments that reveal the deformation and failure behavior of rocks under water-saturated conditions [16; 17]. Previous studies indicate that water infiltration significantly reduces the strength and compressive resistance of rocks, thereby accelerating their failure. There have been many studies that have systematically investigated the changes in rock characteristics under moist conditions using several different methods, such as uniaxial compression tests and acoustic emission (AE) monitoring. For example, [PERSON] et al. [18] investigated the mechanical properties of coal-rock combinations under different soaking times and found that both the compressive strength and elastic modulus of the coal-rock decreased gradually with increasing soaking time, accompanied by a significant reduction in cumulative AEs, indicating a noticeable degradation effect. Further experiments by [PERSON] et al. [19] highlighted that the compressive strength and elastic modulus of water-saturated rocks decreased significantly over time, with AE characteristics showing a clearer trend of crack propagation during deformation and failure. [PERSON] et al. [20] examined the effect of the moisture content on weakly cemented sandstone and found that increasing the moisture content led to a significant reduction in both the compressive strength and elastic modulus. This pointed to enhanced plasticity and a greater tendency for large deformations. In studies on the direct shear characteristics of sandy mudstone, [PERSON] et al. [21] found that an increased moisture content significantly reduced the shear strength, cohesion, and internal friction angle of sandy mudstone, further weakening rock stability. [PERSON] et al. [22] conducted a multiscale analysis of iron-rich sandstone and observed a significant decrease in strength and stiffness under saturated conditions, showing degradation effects, particularly in low-quality iron-rich sandstone, where softening was more pronounced. For water-saturated sandstone, [PERSON] et al. [23] investigated the instability and failure characteristics of roof rocks in the Ningdong coal-field and proposed a failure mechanism and classification method for water-rich roadways, providing a theoretical basis for roadway support in coal mines. [PERSON] et al. [24] revealed the evolution of the pore structure in red-bed soft rocks under water-rock interactions, noting that water infiltration significantly affected the pore diameter and porosity, leading to structural changes in the rock. Regarding the tensile properties of rocks, [PERSON] et al. [25] pointed out through Brazilian splitting tests that gypsum showed a significant decrease in tensile strength after saturation, and the crack propagation rate was substantially slowed, indicating that the moisture content significantly influences crack propagation in rocks. Overall, previous uniaxial experiments have demonstrated that water infiltration typically results in a weakening of rock mechanical properties.