# A UAV-Assisted Stackelberg Game Model for Securing IoMT Healthcare Networks
## 3 System Model
### Understanding the Characteristics of Black Hole UAVs  
Drone routing protocols are designed for networks of UAV00s and are typically based on ad hoc networking principles. Ad hoc networks are characterized by their decentralized nature, where UAVs can transfer data with each other directly without any centralized infrastructure. Drone networks are often used for aerial surveillance, search and rescue, and package delivery applications. In an ad hoc UAV network, each UAV preserves a routing table that contains information about its neighbors and the routes to other nodes in the network. When a UAV wants to forward data packets to the destination node, it initially checks its routing table to search for a direct route to the destination. If there is no route in the routing table, the UAV broadcasts a route request (RREQ) packet to its neighbors. Usually, the RREQ packet contains information about the source and destination nodes and a sequence number to prevent loops. However, a black hole UAV can disrupt communication and cause significant damage to the network. A black hole UAV is a malicious node that drops or selectively forwards packets to false routs instead of delivering them to their destination. The black hole UAV can introduce a fake reply in the network by sending fake route reply (FRREP) packets with itself as the next hop for a given destination. This can lead to the loss or compromise of sensitive data. The black hole UAV can exploit vulnerabilities in the routing protocol used in the UAV ad hoc network, such as the lack of authentication in RREQ and RREP packets. Figure 3 presents the flow of packets in an ad hoc UAV network in the presence of a black hole UAV. UAV-A is the source node that wants to send data to UAV-F, the destination UAV. UAV-E is the black hole UAV that drops all packets it receives. The other UAVs, UAV-B, UAV-C, and UAV-D are intermediate UAVs that forward \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**References** & **Technique** & **Advantages** & **Drawbacks** \\ \hline
[32] & UAV-assisted wireless networks & Fast deployment, easily accessible & Limited payload capacity, \\  & for emergency healthcare & in remote areas, real-time & potential privacy breaches \\  & Privacy-preserving medical data & Data encryption, secure data & Increased data storage and \\
[33] & sharing in UAV-assisted & sharing among healthcare & processing requirements \\  & healthcare networks & providers & \\
[34] & Multi-UAV cooperation in & Efficient resource allocation, & Complex cooperation \\  & medical emergency scenarios & improved coverage & mechanisms, scalability issues \\
[35] & Securing UAV-assisted healthcare & Decentralized data management, & High energy consumption, and \\  & networks with blockchain & enhanced security & scalability concerns \\  & Artificial intelligence-based & & Real-time threat detection, \\  & anomaly detection in & improved network security & False positives, privacy issues \\  & UAV-assisted healthcare networks & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Related work with their advantages and drawbacks of privacy security issues of medical healthcare networking assisted UAV in emergency scenarios. packets toward their intended destination. If the packets are routed through UAV-E, they will be dropped and not reach their intended destination. This can cause communication disruptions and lead to losing or compromising sensitive data. Table 3 presents a comprehensive view of the routing table for an ad hoc UAV network, explicitly highlighting the path packets take from UAV-A to UAV-F. The routing tables for UAV-A, F, and E have been merged to provide a global perspective on the network topology. The table lists all the destinations in the network and their corresponding next-hop nodes and metrics, providing a complete picture of the routing paths in the network. Furthermore, the table shows the route discovery process for each destination, including the RREQ and RREP packets sent and received by each node.