esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## Results
### Date Seeds Antioxidant Activity  
Different solvent systems were found to influence the antioxidant activity of the date seed, as shown by the DPPH scavenging activity and the total reducing power (TRP) results in Table 4. There were significant (\(p\leq 0.05\)) differences in the DPPH scavenging activity among the three date cultivars and the extracts. The DPPH of the Ruthana seed ranged from 45.63 to 81.88%, followed by Barhi (37.88 to 67.99%) and Qatarah (21.39 to 42.07%). Irrespective of the seeds, the solvent mix (M40:E40:W20) had the highest DPPH scavenging activity for all the date cultivar seeds. It was found to be 67.9, 81.9, and 42.1% for the Barhi, Ruthana, and Qatarah cultivars, respectively. The aqueous extract, on the other hand, had the lowest DPPH values in the Barhi (37.3%), Ruthana (45.0%), and Qatarah (21.4%) seeds. The total reducing power (TRP) of the date seeds is demonstrated in Table 5. Similar to the DPPH results, both the cultivars and extract solvents exhibited a significant (\(p\leq 0.05\)) impact on the date seed TRP. The Ruthana date cultivar seed had the highest value of the TRP among the cultivars, followed by Bahi and Qatarah. The highest TRP values were obtained by using the mixed solvent system for extraction, while the water system showed the lowest. The Ruthana cultivar showed the highest TRP value (60.3 mg AAE/g) when seeds were extracted with the mixed solvent, while the lowest (26.4 mg AAE/g) was observed in the water-extracted seeds. Similarly, both the Ruthana and Qatarah seeds exhibited the highest values of 60.3 and 33.3 mg AAE/g f when the seeds were extracted \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Extracts**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Date Cultivars**} \\ \cline{2-4}  & **Barhi** & **Ruthana** & **Qatarah** \\ \hline Methanol (100\%) & 57.07 \(\pm\) 0.10 \({}^{\text{dB}}\) & 65.28 \(\pm\) 0.20 \({}^{\text{cA}}\) & 33.14 \(\pm\) 0.40 \({}^{\text{dC}}\) \\ Methanol (50\%) & 63.64 \(\pm\) 1.11 \({}^{\text{cA}}\) & 58.86 \(\pm\) 0.20 \({}^{\text{dB}}\) & 37.5 \(\pm\) 0.10 \({}^{\text{cC}}\) \\ Ethanol (100\%) & 77.71 \(\pm\) 0.20 \({}^{\text{dB}}\) & 93.36 \(\pm\) 0.30 \({}^{\text{aA}}\) & 48.21 \(\pm\) 1.11 \({}^{\text{cC}}\) \\ Ethanol (50\%) & 65.93 \(\pm\) 0.30 \({}^{\text{bB}}\) & 75.14 \(\pm\) 0.40 \({}^{\text{bA}}\) & 46.64 \(\pm\) 0.30 \({}^{\text{cC}}\) \\ Water & 34.21 \(\pm\) 0.10 \({}^{\text{eB}}\) & 53.64 \(\pm\) 0.30 \({}^{\text{cA}}\) & 13.0 \(\pm\) 0.20 \({}^{\text{cC}}\) \\ M40:E40:W20 & 63.64 \(\pm\) 0.30 \({}^{\text{eB}}\) & 66.43 \(\pm\) 0.61 \({}^{\text{cA}}\) & 39.71 \(\pm\) 0.20 \({}^{\text{bC}}\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} Values are means (\(\pm\)SD) of triplicate samples. Values with the same letter are not significantly different (\(p\leq 0.05\)) as assessed by [PERSON]. Capital letters indicate significant differences among date cultivars, whereas lower caps letters indicate significant differences among extracts.  
\end{table} 
Table 2: Effect of solvents on the total phenolic content (mg/g) of three date cultivars seeds.
# An Experimental Tuning Approach of Fractional Order Controllers in the Frequency Domain
## 3 Experimental Platform  
The experimental setup consists of a 250 mm long, 20 mm wide, and 1 mm thick aluminum beam whose vibration is being measured and controlled. The beam is equipped with 4 piezoelectric DuraAct P-878 Power Patch PZT patches, placed two on each side, near the fixed end. Figure 2 presents a 3D model of the set-up. The purpose of two patches from one side is to generate beam oscillations with a given frequency and amplitude, thus giving the possibility to generate a certain disturbance, whereas the other two are used for testing the developed controllers. The fractional controllers are evaluated based on disturbance rejection; the purpose of the controllers being to maintain the free end of the beam from vibrating.  
The control signal is computed in real-time using \(LabVIEW^{TM}\) and is sent to the beam using the CompactRIO\({}^{TM}\) 9014 controller. The NI 9263 output module excites the PZT patches on the beam, while the NI 9230 input module measures the displacement of the free end using the 120 ohm Omega Prewired KFG-5-120-C1-11L1M2R strain gauge sensors. An additional E-509.X3 module from Physik Instrumente amplifies the signal received from the strain gauge sensors, while the E-503.00 amplifies the signal from the PZT patches. A block diagram of the set-up is presented in Figure 3.  
Figure 3: Block diagram of the experimental set-up.  
Figure 2: 3D model of the experimental set-up.  
The position of the patches on the beam and a more detailed view of the real workbench is provided in Figure 4.  
Several experimental tests were performed for different frequencies, and the response of the beam is presented in the figures below. The frequencies chosen are around the resonant frequency, as for this frequency the movement of the beam has the greatest amplitude. The first resonant frequency of the smart beam has been experimentally determined at 14 Hz, as can be seen in Figure 5c.  
Figure 4: Snapshot of the experimental set-up.  
Figure 5: _Cont_.  
The Bode magnitude plot was created from data given in Figure 5. Taking as an example Figure 5c, where a sine wave of frequency 14 Hz is given as an input, the measured output amplitude is 0.2355 V. Transforming 14 Hz to rad/s with the formula \(f_{rad/s}=f_{Hz}*2*\pi\) gives 87.9645 rad/s, whereas 0.2355V to dB using \(A_{dB}=20*\log_{10}A\) gives \(-12.5602\) dB, giving one point of the Bode diagram from Figure 6. Due to the physical limitations of the test, it is impossible to measure the amplitude for frequencies outside the measured domain because of the low ratio between the measured amplitude and noise sensitivity.
# Unstructured Data Analysis for Risk Management of Electric Power Transmission Lines +
## 4 Methodology
### Risk Probability Estimation  
To estimate the risk probability, we used an approach based on the TF-IDF statistical technique (term frequency-inverse document frequency) [25]. This technique reflects how important a term is to a document, collection, or corpus. It is often used in text mining to define the terms' weighing and relevance.  
For each risk, we assumed that the larger the number of different keywords for the same risk cause appearing in the same report, the stronger the relationship between that risk and its respective report is. In Equation (1), we calculate the _risk report weight_ (\(W_{ij}\)), where \(i\) is the index of a risk and \(j\) the index of a report, by dividing the _number of different keywords_ (\(K_{ij}\)) of a risk's causes and the _maximum number of possible different keywords_ (\(max(K)\)) found in a single report from the whole set of reports:  
\[W_{ij}=\frac{K_{ij}}{max(K)} \tag{1}\]  
In the same way, we assumed that a risk related to more reports had a higher probability (i.e., was more likely to happen). However, each probability is weighted by the respective risk report's weight (\(W_{ij}\)). In Equation (2), we calculate the risk probability (\(P_{l}\)) by summing up all the risk reports' weights (\(W_{ij}\)) and dividing this by the _number of reports_ (\(N_{i}\)) where the risk causes' keywords were found:  
\[P_{i}=\frac{\sum W_{ij}}{N_{i}} \tag{2}\]  
In order to illustrate how the probability is calculated, we provide two examples. For Equation (1), given a given risk \(i\) in a report \(j\), if unique keywords \(K_{ij}=10\) were found, and the maximum number of unique keywords was \(max(K)=222\), the report's weight would be \(W_{ij}=10/222=0.045\). For Equation (2), if the sum of all reports' weights for a particular risk \(\sum W_{ij}=1.206\), and the number of reports linked to the risk \(N_{i}=82\), the risk probability would be 0.015 = 1.5, a low risk in this case.
## 6 AI-Assisted Wireless Localization Technology
### Identifying NLoS Events  
Discriminating between line-of-sight (LoS) and NLoS paths is a crucial aspect of wireless localization. While measurements from LoS paths can be highly reliable, distance estimates from NLoS paths are inherently less reliable. Accordingly, in the past, attempts have been made to use radio signal parameters such as phase, skewness, and kurtosis to discriminate between the two environments; however, it was difficult to obtain high accuracy. Recently, discriminating LoS and NLoS through AI-based classification techniques has become an active research area. There are several methods, but for comparison, the following is an introduction to using different AI algorithms.  
Firstly, an RNN method is proposed that utilizes channel state information (CSI) [30]. Although it is difficult to find the existence of LoS through CSI measurements, it can be inferred through patterns of variation in CSI over time. A new RNN model has been proposed that uses a sequence of CSI measurements to discriminate between LoS and NLoS channels, enabling the implementation of a localization system in challenging NLoS environments.  
Secondly, a method using SVM is proposed [31]. In this method, LoS and NLoS are distinguished using an SVM-based signal classification. Then, the CNN is applied to the discriminated NLoS signal to recognize patterns and correct errors. Finally, a hybrid weighting algorithm is applied to the signal data obtained in this way, and the coordinates of the target point are obtained.  
Thirdly, a CNN method is proposed that utilizes channel impulse response (CIR) [32]. In this method, features are extracted using a fully convolutional network that uses CIR data in UWB systems as an input dataset. Afterwards, the information necessary for classification is strengthened through the self-attention algorithm, and through this, the  
Figure 17: An illustration of the concept of the GAN and VAE.  
classification accuracy of LoS and NLoS is improved. This method may require the addition of other information to supplement the limited information of UWB CIR data.  
Fourthly, there is a method using GNN [33], which is different from the previous methods that distinguish between NLoS and LoS. In this method, a GNN-based data-driven approach is used to achieve robust large-scale network localization and address mixed LoS/NLoS environments.  
Finally, the features of CIR and channel parameters are combined using an ANN-based approach, named a channel impulse response-based neural network (CIRNN) [34]. In this method, LoS and NLoS can be classified more accurately by inputting the CIR and a small number of channel parameters into the CIRNN.
## 4 c-di-AMP Binding Molecules
### LmPC  
c-di-AMP affinity chromatography followed by confirmation with DRaCALA was used to identify several hypothetical proteins from _L. monocytogenes_ as well as pyruvate carboxylase renamed LmPC [48]. LmPC is an enzyme used in central carbon metabolism, converting pyruvate to oxaloacetate. Binding studies revealed a specificity of LmPC for c-di-AMP binding compared with structurally related di-nucleotides [48]. Furthermore, binding of c-di-AMP to LmPC decreases catalytic activity of the enzyme, and the LmPC:c-di-AMP interaction therefore regulates various metabolic pathways in _L. monocytogenes_ including carbon flux through the citric acid cycle as well as glutamate biosynthesis, processes that are crucial for bacterial survival within the host environment [48]. LmPC is a tetrameric protein that contains several domains including biotin carboxylase (BC) and carboxyltransferase (CT) domains. The tetrameric structure of LmPC is composed of two layers of monomers through the strong interactions of BC and CT domains [48]. Structural analysis revealed that two molecules of c-di-AMP can bind to the dimer interfaces of two CT domains in a two-fold symmetry in a region of the protein that was not previously recognized to have any regulatory significance [48]. Mutations within the c-di-AMP binding site that prevent the LmPC:c-di-AMP interaction alter the catalytic activity of the carboxylase enzyme domain [48].
# Worldwide Coverage Mobile Systems for
## 2 Satellites Constellations
The demand for current and new applications based on satellite technologies is also continuously growing ([[https://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Telecommunications_Integrated_Applications/Sate_lite_frequency_bands](https://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Telecommunications_Integrated_Applications/Sate_lite_frequency_bands)]([https://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Telecommunications_Integrated_Applications/Sate_lite_frequency_bands](https://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Telecommunications_Integrated_Applications/Sate_lite_frequency_bands))). Satellites are mainly known because of their applications to the mass market, as radio-communications and broadcasting (satellite-TV), but they are also applied to weather maps for forecast, universe observation (i.e., astronomy), location systems, and much more. Due to the long list of frequency bands that are assigned to satellites communications services, these bands have been designated by letters to easily refer to them. Table 3 shows the different frequency bands. Our main focus addresses Ku and Ka bands for LEO satellite communications. A key reason to shift radio-communication bands to higher frequencies is the availability of wider bandwidths and higher transmission speeds. On the other hand, the effect of disturbances as rain fade (signal attenuation due to rain, snow or ice) becomes notorious. Given this competition, which demands developing new application further communication satellites constellations are being required denser, and a serious congestion problem could arise soon, especially at low-frequency bands. This fact makes new investigation to address novel technologies enabling higher frequency operation. The novel technology known as Substrate Integrated Waveguide (SIW) allows for designing and implementing many microwave components, including slot array antennas on planar circuits instead the traditional implementation using normal waveguides, which, in many applications, are not appropriate due to the resulting height in the design process, and SIW-based antennas show the same advantages. Even more, the SIW-based design leads to implementations with very low weight and at a low implementation cost, making SIW-antennas more affordable to spread the global coverage satellites communications in the mass market, a dream that seems closer. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l l l} \hline \hline  & **LEO** & **MEO** & **GEO** & **HEO** \\ \hline Delay & very low & 100–200 ms & 250 ms & 250 ms \\ \hline Congestion & No & No & Yes & No \\ \hline Earth tracking & Low gain, hemispheric or omnidirectional pattern & Low gain, hemispheric or omnidirectional pattern & Fixed antenna & Fixed antenna \\ \hline Power and gain & Low Tx power & Low Tx power & High gain antennas at satellite & High gain antennas at satellite \\ \hline Doppler effect & High & Medium & No & Low \\ \hline Launch cost & Medium & Medium & Very high & High \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Pros and cons of using different satellites orbit.
## 3 Positional Inverted Self-Index
### The Context of PISI Implementation  
Suppose an IR system that uses positional ranking function to score the documents and that extracts snippets for top-scoring documents. According to [16], the evaluation of a query involves the following steps:  
1. **Query Processing Step:** Retrieve top-\(k_{1}\) scoring documents according to some standard document ranking function and the given query.
2. **Positional Ranking Step:** Rerank the top-\(k_{1}\) documents according to some positional ranking function and the positions of the query terms.
3. **Snippet Generation Step:** Generate snippet for top-\(k_{2}\) documents where \(k_{2}\leq k_{1}\).  
PISI addresses the second and the third step of the aforementioned scenario. In the second step, PISI uses the information about the positions of single words. In the third step, PISI is rewarded for its high decompression speed. For the first step, some traditional (document-level) inverted index must be applied since this step is performed on a very large number of documents.  
It implies that, in real implementations, PISI needs to cooperate at least with a standard (document-level) inverted index. The implementation of such a framework is out of the scope of this paper. However, we outline at least the concept of the framework in the following example.  
Figure 3 depicts an example of the integration of the standard inverted index with PISI. Both inverted indexes share the vocabulary storing the stems of single words. The vocabulary is alphabetically sorted and except the textual representation of the stem it stores also a pointer to inverted list with documents IDs. Every slot of the inverted list corresponding to a document contains frequency of the given word in the given document \(f_{d,t}\), pointer to the first occurrence of the word \(FId_{d,t}\) and the Huffman tree \(HT_{d,t}\) storing concrete variants of the stem.  
We can observe in Figure 3 that the stem \"hors\" occurs i.a. in the document \(D_{7}\). The document \(D_{7}\) contains \(f_{7,9}=4\) occurrences of the stem in the tree different variants (see the Huffman tree \(HT_{7,9}\)). The first occurrence is at the position \(F1_{7,9}=1202\). The last position of the stem stores a back pointer to the vocabulary entry \(T_{9}\). The dashed line determines a border between the two components: standard (document-level) inverted index and the word-level inverted index (PISI)._
# The Current State and Future Potential of Microbial Control of Scarab Pests
## 11 Conclusions  
Under the shadow of chemical controls, microbial pesticides have largely been viewed as less-effective alternatives. They are often slower-acting, less efficacious, and less predictable than chemical insecticides. However, as the negative impacts of synthetic chemicals continue to outweigh their conveniences, interest in microbial options is increasing. Due to this, advances in the development of microbes for insect biocontrol are occurring at an unprecedented rate. New formulations are making microbial options more effective and easier to use, while also capitalizing the inherent advantages they have over chemical controls. Table 4 summarizes some key characteristics of the microbial options discussed in this review and shows that most entomopathogens are very species-specific, and once established, can persist in the environment, providing long-term control and reducing costs. Additionally, commercial microbial products are non-toxic to humans and other vertebrates, in addition to being non-threatening to beneficial insects, such as pollinators. Microbial options are particularly useful for scarabs, as soil systems can be difficult to treat with conventional insecticides and scarab pests are often associated with urban systems, such as golf courses, parks, nurseries, and gardens, making health and safety a top priority. Table 4 also highlights the many opportunities that still exist for developing new biocontrol products, such as those utilizing microsporidian, viral, and protozoan agents. As issues with insecticide resistance and non-target toxicity continue to trouble agricultural and horticultural pest management, microbes will undoubtedly be at the forefront of new, safer, more sustainable strategies.  
This research was supported by the MN Legislature through an LCCMR grant 2021-164 Bioconttol Invasive Species in Bee Lawns and Parks We thank the LCCMR grant managers [PERSON] and [PERSON] for their aid in grant reporting.  
Not applicable.  
**Data Availability Statement:** As a review, there are no proprietary data to share.  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Preparation and Electron-Beam Surface Modification of Novel TiN Material for Medical Applications
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Electrochemical Tests and Cell Growth
#### 3.2.1 Effect of Saline Medium on Samples
Interaction of such materials with saline can be described by a two-component model: faster interaction of the electrolyte with the easier accessible external layer of the coating and slower interaction with the more difficult-to-access internal layer consisting of a deep-pore surface and a monolithic TiNi sublayer. The latter internal layer is less protected against corrosion, but the HCPEB treatment increased its resistance, especially for sample TN-20 modified by electron beam with 20 keV.
# Loosely Coupled GNSS and UWB with INS Integration for Indoor/Outdoor Pedestrian Navigation +
## 5 Evaluation of UWB Data  
The GNSS stand-alone positioning error is around 8 m with a 95% of probability. The real-time positioning error obtained applying differential corrections broadcasted by a network of permanent station is about 37 cm \(\pm\) 21 cm in planimetry. Assessing the positioning performances of GNSS is a widely analyzed topic in scientific literature, while evaluating the behavior of a UWB positioning system in term of acquired observation and positioning capability in complex environment remains interesting. First of all, the data acquired by the UWB during the measurement campaign both indoors and outdoors has been considered. The aim is to observe the behavior and consequently the performances of a UWB positioning and tracking system in a real complex scenario, where a pedestrian user moves between different environments that contains objects and people. The outdoor-to-indoor path results in a no-line of sight condition for the tag and, therefore, in various propagation patterns, including shadowing, reflections and scattering. Assessing the performances of the UWB-only solution related with the user neighborhood, allows the benefits of the multi-sensor hybridization to be enhanced and provides qualitative and quantitative evidence useful to tuning data-fusion algorithms.  
Firstly, Figure 4 reports the positioning results of the UWB system obtained in real time during the first test of pedestrian walking. The eight anchors position and the relative identification code are plotted with a triangle mark. Two colored polygons represent two different types of indoor environment. The cyan-colored rectangle represents the laboratory area, which falls completely within the network of anchors. The pink polygon, on the other hand, represents an internal corridor adjacent to the laboratory totally outside the anchors network. The remaining space represents the outdoor environment. Observing this figure it is evident that outdoor, almost the entire path is surrounded by anchors even if only two anchors are in LOS (anchor 0x617c and 0x6840) while the others are placed on the internal surface of the perimeter walls of the building and consequently are shielded. When the user walks inside, at least 4 anchors are visible simultaneously until he exits the corridor, a condition in which no anchors are in LOS. Therefore, despite the visibility of at least 4 anchors is not guaranteed for most of the route, the plot shows a continuous and not-interrupted 2D position estimation for the entire path (blue, red and green marks). This confirms the UWB's high material penetration properties. Regarding the measured accuracy of this solution, more details will be provided in Section 6, Results, in comparison with our seamless solution.  
Figure 3: Communication protocols and signal flow management [14].