# Approaches and Challenges in Internet of Robotic Things
## 2 IoRT: An Overview  
### Definitions and Concept of IoRT  
According to [PERSON] [1], IoRT is described as a global framework for the information sector. IoRT facilitates the improvement of services by robots by affiliating robotic things on the basis of known and emerging compatible information and communication technologies. As per ABI Research [6], IoRT is an intelligent device that monitors procedures and merges sensor data from diverse sources. Robotic devices practice local and distributed intellect to conclude the best way of action. IoRT is an explicit and dynamic internet framework. The association of IoRT and cloud results in the collection of data from all devices and brings out a report after examining and scrutinizing the data. IoRT allows a large number of distinguishable \"things\" to share and transfer information with other things over the available Internet or the compatible protocols of the network. Using basic protocols (TCP/IP), IoRT provides a powerful platform for connecting things to assist M2M and M2H data transmission [3; 9]. [PERSON] was the first to mention the idea of IoT in his Scientific American article \"The Computer for the 21 st Century\", based on ubiquitous computing. After that, in 1999, the director of the Auto-ID Center ([PERSON]) coined the IoT term. Scientific efforts have enabled the IoRT to pursue real-time decisions by integrating robots and IoT technologies. No study has yet provided a proper and complete definition of IoRT. IoRT is usually proposed as a merger of IoT and robotics (cloud robotics) [3]. IoRT has boosted the IoT application market, as well as advanced the technology, by providing important features such as AI, robotics, and swarm technologies. Earlier robotic technologies relied on computer programs, while more recent robotic technologies rely on AI and ML algorithms, resulting in very effective IoRT technology [6]. Different types of technologies use different types of robots as per their needs. A wired robot is linked to a network (Internet or LAN), and the network (wired or wireless) uses many protocols such as TCP, UDP, and IEEE 802.11 for data transmission among multiple robots. IoRT is a new field, and many more new technologies are currently being developed. The sensing efficiency of robots is enhanced by a network of sensors (installed, repaired, and maintained by robots to increase their reliability and availability). The network sensors result in long-distance robot communications and activity maintenance [3]. A robot is a large-capacity closed system. A cloud robotic system is utilized to overcome the noise, congestion, and time-delay limitations of network robots. In addition to networked and cloud robots, IoRT employs more advanced IoT technologies and robotic devices for expanded capabilities. In addition, depending on the functionality and complexity based on the operability and sophistication of the robot, each robot has a network interface card (NIC) card with a unique NIC address, as well as the remaining  
Figure 1: Graphical layout of article. hardware identifiers [10]. IoRT connects a variety of smart devices to a sophisticated IoRT infrastructure that includes cloud and edge technologies. For IoRT computation and control in the cloud, the robotic systems are connected to the cloud via a primary medium known as the \"Internet\". Cloud robotics is a new branch of robotics based on cloud storage, cloud computing, and other Internet technologies [11; 12; 13; 14; 15]. Figure 2 represents the basic ideas of IoRT, IoT, and cloud robotics and mentions their functionalities. Currently, the robotic operating system (ROS) is fully advanced in all aspects. Hence, there is no threat of complexity in IoRT communication, and a simple API is required for all communication [7; 16]. Figure 3, a block diagram of IoRT, mentions the functionalities of robotic things, the latest enabling technologies in robotics, and the application area of IoRT. Figure 3: Block diagram of IoRT, including functionalities, technologies, and applications.