## 3 Review Results
### Extended Value-Based Adoption Model (VAM) and ChatGPT Adoption in Higher Education  
The Extended Value-Based Adoption Model (VAM) integrates multiple constructs from various adoption models to provide a comprehensive framework for understanding technology adoption [49]. The VAM emphasizes the perceived value derived from using technology, which encompasses both benefits and sacrifices associated with the technology. In the context of ChatGPT adoption in higher education, the extended VAM provides insights into how perceived value and other factors influence students' and educators'attitudes and intentions to use ChatGPT. The following paragraphs explore the key factors identified in previous studies. **Perceived Enjoyment:**  
Perceived enjoyment, which refers to the pleasure and fun derived from using ChatGPT, has positively affected users' attitudes and intentions to use the technology. When users find the interaction with ChatGPT enjoyable, they are likelier to develop a favorable attitude towards it and show a higher intention to continue using it. This factor highlights the importance of incorporating enjoyable features into ChatGPT to enhance user engagement and promote adoption. By ensuring that the user experience is enjoyable and engaging, developers can significantly boost the acceptance and sustained use of ChatGPT in various applications [50]. **Perceived Cost:**  
Perceived cost, or the financial sacrifice associated with using ChatGPT, has negatively impacted users' intention to adopt the technology. When users perceive the cost of using ChatGPT as high, they are less likely to use it regardless of its potential benefits. Conversely, when the cost is perceived as reasonable or minimal, users are more inclined to adopt and integrate ChatGPT into their routines. This dynamic highlights the critical importance of affordability in promoting the widespread use of ChatGPT. For educational institutions and students, budget constraints can be a significant barrier; therefore, ensuring that ChatGPT is priced accessibly can enhance its adoption rate. By minimizing the financial barriers, developers and policymakers can make ChatGPT more accessible and appealing, thereby fostering broader acceptance and utilization in various educational and professional settings [50]. While perceived cost is a confirmed factor influencing the adoption of ChatGPT, its significance varies across different studies. In some cases, users may prioritize the educational benefits of ChatGPT over the financial constraints, suggesting that the impact of cost considerations on adoption intentions is not uniform. For some users, the value and advantages offered by ChatGPT in enhancing their learning experience can outweigh the associated financial costs. This variability indicates that, while affordability is important, other factors, like the perceived educational benefits, can also play a crucial role in the decision to adopt ChatGPT. Understanding this balance can help developers and policymakers to tailor their strategies to address both cost concerns and highlight the value proposition of ChatGPT to different user groups [50]. **Perceived Credibility:**  
Perceived credibility, encompassing trust in the reliability and accuracy of ChatGPT, plays a critical role in shaping users' attitudes toward the technology. When users have confidence in the information provided by ChatGPT, believing it to be reliable and accurate, they are significantly more likely to adopt and utilize the technology. This trust fosters a positive attitude and enhances the likelihood of using ChatGPT continuously. The importance of perceived credibility underscores the necessity of ensuring that ChatGPT delivers consistently accurate and trustworthy responses. By prioritizing the quality and reliability of information, developers can build and maintain user trust, thereby promoting the broader adoption and sustained use of ChatGPT across various domains, particularly in educational and professional settings where the credibility of information is paramount [50].