###### Abstract
Moreover, treatments for DWV are focused on vector control, but there is no curative treatment for colonies with high viral loads. Biotic and abiotic factors are key contributors to colony health and survival (e.g., the diet of the colony), constituting alternatives to controlling DWV. It has been demonstrated that greater DWV levels are related to the consumption of a poor-quality diet (e.g., sugar water). Nevertheless, bees fed higher-quality food, for instance pollen-containing diets, present low DWV levels [15]. Phytochemicals, particularly phenolics, terpenoids and alkaloids, present antimicrobial activity [16] and even protect against microbial alterations in bees. Recently, researchers have described the antiviral activity of mycelium extracts, specifically of multiple polypore fungal species. In fact, [17] they found that the health of honeybees was enhanced after feeding water was enriched with a fungi source and their antimicrobial compounds, considering this situation to be self-medication. In addition, it has been reported that levels of DWV decreased up to 500-fold when a syrup of sugar and thymol, a monoterpene isolated from thyme, was used as food for young bees and it was released into field colonies [18]. With respect to phenolic compounds, the methanolic extracts from Chilean native plant leaves such as _Ugni molinae_, _Gevuina axellana_ and _Aristotelia chilensis_ were evaluated on the load of _N. ceranae_, seeking biological activity [19]. The authors concluded that leaf extracts, with high concentrations of rutin and myricetin, and propolis with high concentrations of galangin and pinocembrin, presented antiparasitic and antimicrobial activity. In addition, they proved an improved survival of bees and a decreased load of _N. ceranae_ in infected bees and described some of the mechanisms involved in the enhanced immune system response of honeybees by the action of the phytochemicals. Honeybees are endowed with an RNA interference (RNAi) molecular machinery and a eukaryotic antiviral immune system [20]. The main pathway of the antiviral defense mechanism in insects is mediated by the small interfering RNA (siRNA) belonging to a post-transcriptional, sequence-specific, gene silencing mechanism [21]. This RNAi could be induced by feeding or injecting dsRNA as an alternative to prevent gene expression and, consequently, block the replication of RNA viruses, including DWV [22; 23]. As with other insects, honeybee antiviral responses also include apoptosis, eicosanoid biosynthesis, autophagy, melanization and endocytosis. Furthermore, Toll, NF-kB (Nuclear Factor KB), JAK/STAT (Janus Kinase/Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription), JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinase), and MAPK (Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases) pathways are found [24]. Consequently, grape wastes, specifically grape pomace, which is rich in phenolic compounds, could be formulated as a supplement, enhancing the honeybee immune system. In order to protect bioactive compounds obtained from grape waste and avoid their degradation over time, encapsulation techniques have been developed to ensure their stability. Among them, spray drying has been used widely in the encapsulation to large-scale production since it is economical and adaptable, while it makes a product of excellent quality. The process generates stability and protection to the bioactive compounds by acting as a physical barrier and allowing for slow release. Concerning the loss of bioactive content, the high temperature in the process is the main issue, and thus the process needs to be optimized, while the properties and bioactivity of the final ingredient should be studied [25]. Studies carried out with Tintorera have shown that the use of this technique preserves anthocyanin content by maintaining the formulation for four weeks [26]. The authors demonstrated that after spray drying, the ingredient had an adequate anthocyanin encapsulation efficiency, resulting in increased stability and bioaccessibility.