## 3 Challenges and Related Recommendation
### Future Research Challenges
#### 3.2.3 Cloud-Edge Computing
It is common practice to think about task allocation and segmentation in a single-UE scenario, with each job having to decide whether to offload based on specific requirements. For optimal productivity in a multi-UE environment, it is important to distribute assets (such as power and bandwidth) that are divided among the fog cluster and the UEs. By implementing computing solutions close to mobile consumers through the fog computing model, the end-to-end latency that users encounter can be greatly minimized. This lowered latency is helpful for fresh applications that are sensitive to delays, like electronic healthcare, real-time management, and automobile communication [116], which can only withstand latencies of several milliseconds [117]. Limitations on future networks  
Figure 14: Illustration of cloud and edge computing in a SAGS system. are largely due to their substantial use of energy. Energy is a major factor in increasing running costs and negatively impacting the environment. Due to the fact that base stations consume the vast majority of energy in cellular systems, implementing smart small base station (SBS) execution techniques can greatly decrease the consumption of energy [118]. There are two main approaches to managing SBS operations: centralization and distribution. Within the former, an SBS functions independently by virtue of its intelligent self-organizing characteristics. On the other hand, in a centralized management system, data are pooled in the centralized baseband unit (BBU) for optimized network-aware treatment from BSs and other assisting components. Centralized BBU pools have the capacity to make decisions that affect the entire network and are responsible for managing all of its components. Centralized management has a larger cost than dispersed management, but it improves system performance due to its judgments being more informed and certain. Hence, network units must be in perfect sync to keep QoS adequate before starting the On/Off and traffic offloading procedures [119]. According to the required quality of service demands, such as power and delay, processing workloads can be offloaded from edge units to the cloud or vice versa, much as traffic offloading in cellular networks [120]. That is to say, computing duties can be handled locally by the edge equipment or remotely by the cloud via the MBS's backhaul connections [121]. Nevertheless, the load on servers in the cloud, communication supplies, and backhaul lines will naturally grow when jobs are pushed to the main cloud. Planned task loading in stacked cloud-fog architectures can also add significant latency due to increased communication latency [122]. Hence, the effects of job loading on the computational and communication nodes must be considered. From a computational standpoint, executing complicated activities in the central cloud represents a significant advancement in enhancing computing possibilities for humans and computers [123]. Nonetheless, the continually rising quantity of connected equipment within the realms of the IoTs, intelligent homes, and driverless driving will ultimately overwhelm or potentially incapacitate servers in the cloud. Therefore, it is imperative to filter data to alleviate the strain on cloud and network assets and to enhance the quality of user experience, particularly concerning end-to-end latency [124]. Numerous obstacles remain for the combined networks for connectivity, detecting, and computing, particularly in the advancement of ISAC innovations, connected sensing technologies, and processing power network solutions facilitated by the combination of these disciplines. The accessibility and main networks must be able to communicate, sense, and compute in order for the linked sensing with additional computation, sensing, and connectivity to be realized. As a result, specifications for the processing and transceiver parts, network architecture, media access control, navigation procedure, and placement of resources are proposed.