esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 1 Introduction  
Silicon photonics is emerging as a powerful technology for the integration of optical functions on a chip. The main advantages of the technology are the compactness of the resulting circuits (due to the high refractive index contrast), the availability of high-speed opto-electronic components on the platform and the use of the well-developed silicon electronics fabrication tools for the realization of these photonic integrated circuits. However, silicon as well as germanium, the two main materials used in silicon photonic integrated circuits (PICs), have an indirect bandgap, making monolithic laser integration onto silicon photonic integrated circuits difficult. High performance semiconductor lasers (as well as other opto-electronic components) are realized in III-V semiconductors. Therefore, there is a need for the integration of III-V semiconductors on silicon photonic integrated circuits, in order to complete the toolkit for the realization of complex and advanced heterogeneous silicon photonic integrated circuits. The integration of III-V semiconductor opto-electronic components onto silicon photonic integrated circuits can be realized in various ways, ranging from flip-chip integration [1] over bonding approaches [2; 3; 4] to hetero-epitaxial growth [5]. Flip-chip integration has the advantage that the devices can be grown and fabricated on their native substrate, while it does require accurate alignment in the assembly process. Hetero-epitaxial growth allows for front-end, wafer-scale integration of the III-V materials, but it is challenging to grow high quality III-V materials on silicon, realize electrical injection and integrate such devices in a typical silicon photonics process flow. Bonding approaches, on the other hand, combine some of the advantages of flip-chip integration (_i.e._, epitaxial layer structures grown on their native substrate) with the scalability of hetero-epitaxial integration and is therefore considered as a very attractive approach for III-V integration onto silicon photonic integrated circuits. Several bonding techniques are being used: molecular bonding [2], metal bonding [3] and adhesive bonding [4]. In this paper, we elaborate on the adhesive bonding heterogeneous integration technology developed in our group, as well as the devices that have been demonstrated on this platform. Devices for both communication applications as well as sensing applications are described.
## 4 Numerical Simulation
### Influence of Weak Interlayer Thickness on Roadway Surrounding Rock Stability  
To further reveal how weak interlayer thickness affects roadway surrounding rock stability, the relationship between weak interlayer thickness and roadway surrounding rock stability is numerically simulated for different weak interlayer thicknesses (0.3 m, 0.8 m, 1 m), at a constant underlying hard strata thickness of 2 m. The horizontal stress distribution of the roadway surrounding rock is shown in Figure 10.  
From Figure 10, as weak interlayer thickness increases, the stress core above the roadway roof gradually turns from dual to single. Strata behavior is not distinct in key layer 1; that in the underlying hard strata zone gradually dies out. The horizontal stress between the two stress cores  
Figure 11: Distribution of plastic zones around rock in soft sandwich roadways of different thicknesses.  
Figure 10: Horizontal stress nephograms of roadway surrounding rock.  
The horizontal stress curves of the roadway surrounding rock in Figure 12 are basically the same as in Figure 9, except that the peak stress is basically the same distance from the roadway roof under all three weak interlayer thicknesses. That is because the underlying hard strata, weak interlayer, and key layer 1 differ largely in strength.  
To sum up, it is suggested that:  
1. As the weak interlayer thickness increases, the stress in the underlying hard strata above the roadway roof gradually reduces. The area of plastic zone failure in the roadway roof gradually increases, adding to the risk of roof fall.
2. At a small weak interlayer thickness, the underlying hard strata do not fail completely; key layer 1 is almost unaffected by the weak interlayer. As the weak interlayer thickness increases, the area of plastic failure in the underlying hard strata and key layer 1 gradually increases.
## 4 Analysis of the Vibration Suppression Mechanism of the Deflector Plate  
In order to study the vibration suppression mechanism of deflector plates, the external flow field of the truss girder was simulated based on the Fluent platform [40]. The numerical simulation software was ANSYS Fluent 15.0, the calculation adopted transient calculation, the calculation turbulence model selected the SST k-\(\omega\) model that has good adaptability to the flow around the blunt body section, the solution calculation method was Coupled, the discrete spatial format adopted the second-order upwind method, and the time step was set to 0.0001 s to meet the Courant number requirements [41].
# The Local Integrity Approach for Urban Contexts:
###### Abstract  
A novel cooperative integrity monitoring concept, called \"local integrity\", suitable to automotive applications in urban scenarios, is discussed in this paper. The idea is to take advantage of a collaborative Vehicular Ad hoc NETwork (VANET) architecture in order to perform a spatial/temporal characterization of possible degradations of Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) signals. Such characterization enables the computation of the so-called \"Local Protection Levels\", taking into account local impairments to the received signals. Starting from theoretical concepts, this paper describes the experimental validation by means of a measurement campaign and the real-time implementation of the algorithm on a vehicular prototype. A live demonstration in a real scenario has been successfully carried out, highlighting effectiveness and performance of the proposed approach.  
local integrity; local protection levels; prototype; Global Navigation Satellite System; Vehicular Ad hoc Network Article
## 2 Literature Review
### Dynamic Competition and Performance Assessment  
To model market dynamics, game theory and channel competition are frequently adopted to characterize sequential or concurrent moves between the firms in an oligopoly structure. Specifically, game theory based on mathematical programming has been widely applied to auction, mechanism design, and channel coordination [36; 37; 38]. To the best of our knowledge, most past studies focused on horizontal competition in which homogeneous firms compete for the same segments of customers [23; 24]. In this study, Walmart and Costco are similar to big-scale hypermarkets while Kroger is like supermarkets. Generally, customers of hypermarkets or supermarkets are households (weekly purchases) rather than individuals (daily consumption) in convenience stores. Because the available information for the three retailers is the aggregate sales, it is used to analyze market competition that can quantify the relationships between the three firms. For instance, given the sales of a firm increases or decreases, what's the impact on its competing firms? Based on the interrelationships, what are stable equilibriums for the competing firms? In this study, Lotka-Volterra model (LVM) is constructed to achieve the above-mentioned goals.  
Further, to conduct performance assessment and demonstrate the strengths or weaknesses of a firm, operational efficiencies are derived for competing retailers. Operational efficiency, or the so-called productivity, is used to measure the degree of utilization from input resources to output outcomes. Referred to past studies [3; 5; 28], this research considers full-time employees, cost of goods sold (COGS), and operating expenses as the input, and sales revenues as the output. In this study, three retailers spanning from 2005 to 2021 are treated as decision management units (DMUs). Data envelopment analysis (DEA) is applied to derive operational efficiencies and indicate the actions required to improve inefficient DMUs. Mathematically, the most efficient DMUs have unity operational efficiencies.
## 4 Results
### Method Validation  
To verify the method proposed, the experimental design was structured in the following way. Firstly, a continuous system simulation was employed to obtain the motion trajectory under optimal guidance control (blue curves in Figure 6). Then, based on three sampling points, the 8B-PGDM method was applied, and the eight branches were optimized and iterated synchronously, and from the error convergence decline in Figure 7, it can be seen that the logarithmic curve of the seventh (\(-\)+) iterative error converges to the lowest point, and the corresponding cases of the branch line are the negative intersection of the first parameter circle and the second parameter circle (\(s_{2}=-\)), the negative intersection point of the second parameter circle and the third parameter circle (\(s_{1}=-\)), the orthogonal point of the third parameter circle and the first parameter circle (\(s_{0}=+\)), and the error function (Lyapunov) when the termination condition occurs converges to 1.094. In contrast, the other branches do not have an optimal solution where the error converges to within the 0 neighborhood. And the estimated values of the parameter vector \([x_{f}^{*},y_{f}^{*},\theta_{f}^{*}]\) are [3998, \(-\)39,999, 1.0471].  
Figure 6: Numerical simulation of trajectory parameterization via geometric circle constraints (blue: predicted trajectory; red rings: sampling points at \(\Delta t=\{0.001\text{s},15.001\text{s},30.001\text{s}\}\); dashed black: solved parameter circles intersecting at the target endpoint (\(x=4000,y=-4\times 10^{4}\))).  
At this point, effectiveness has been verified, which can determine the intersection point combination of parameter circles and the corresponding motion state estimation parameters in the process of the synchronous optimization of eight branches. In addition, the optimal solution was reached in only nine iteration cycles, and the convergence speed was fast.
## 3 Methodology
### RF-EMF Data Acquisition  
Measurements were conducted to determine the percentage of the total RF-EMF level in the environment that originates from base stations; general and statistical characteristics were obtained. Band-selective RF-EMF measurements were made using the Narda SRM-3600 EMF meter with a 3501/03 isotropic electric field probe [36]. The mathematical details of the measurements can be found in [16]. Figure 3 shows an example of a spectrum taken in the measurement environment using the Narda SRM-3600, which covers 23 services from the low band (27 MHz-87.5 MHz) to ETC6 (2.67 GHz-3 GHz). The contributions of each service in the spectrum to the total RF-EMF were determined and presented in Table 2. The results reveal that LTE 800 (4G), GSM 900 (2G), GSM 1800 (2G), and UMTS 2100 (3G) services account for 99.32% of the total RF-EMF in the environment, with the highest contribution being from the UMTS 2100 service at 34.99%. It can be concluded from Table 2 that the RF-EMF value at the measurement location is generated by base stations from 2G, 3G, and 4G services.  
In this study, RF-EMF measurements were performed on a suburban campus during five weeks of the fall semester (35 days in total), when there are many active users of the base stations, in a location that directly sees (Figure 4) the base stations. The line-of-sight path length is \(\sim\)100 m, and technical specifications of the base stations are as given in [37]. The PMM 8053 EMF meter with an EP-330 isotropic probe was used to measure the instantaneous RMS electric field strength (\(E_{i}\)) in the frequency band of 100 kHz to 3 GHz. The duration between consecutive samples is five seconds.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Service Name** & **Contribution (\%)** \\ \hline LTE 800 & 17.04 \\ GSM 900 & 21.02 \\ GSM 1800 & 26.27 \\ UMTS 2100 & 34.99 \\ Others & 0.680 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Contributions of services to RF-RMF at measurement location.  
Figure 4: Long-term RF-EMF measurement setup.  
Figure 3: An example of 27 MHz-3 GHz spectrum measurement.
# Sum of the Magnitude for Hard Decision Decoding Algorithm Based on Loop Update Detection
## 6 Conclusions  
This paper proposes a sum of the magnitude for hard decision decoding algorithm based on loop update detection. The algorithm combines the magnitude of the sum information of the variable nodes adjacent to the check node and uses it as the reliability information. At the same time, the reliability information of the variable node itself is taken into account and a more effective flip function is obtained, which improves the flip efficiency of the symbol and improves the decoding performance of the algorithm. The loop update detection algorithm is introduced to improve the accuracy of symbol flipping and to further accelerate the convergence rate of decoding. Simulation results show that compared with the WSF algorithm, the proposed LUDMSMWSF algorithm gains about 1.3 dB and 1.8 dB respectively and the decoding complexity is greatly reduced. Therefore, the algorithm proposed in this paper can be better applied to the 5G mobile communication system and meet the requirements of the decoding algorithm. It is a good candidate decoding algorithm for high speed communication devices.  
This research work was supported by the ZTE Cooperation Forum Project (Grant No. KY10800160020), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 61371099), the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China (Grant No.HEUCF150814/150812/150810), the International Exchange Program of Harbin Engineering University for Innovation-Oriented Talents Cultivation.  
[PERSON] and [PERSON] conceived the ideas and concept. [PERSON] implemented the software and carried out the experiments and wrote the manuscript. [PERSON] carried out simulation experiments and further verified the experimental results. [PERSON] critically reviewed the paper.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Entity Extraction of Key Elements in 110 Police Reports Based on Large Language Models
## 5 Theoretical and Practical Implications
### Benefits for Law Enforcement Bodies  
The process presented in this article offers several potential benefits for policing and law enforcement agencies:  
Efficiency: Automated extraction of key elements from police reports can significantly reduce manual processing time, allowing personnel to focus on analysis and decision-making. Consistency: The standardized approach to entity extraction ensures uniform processing of reports across different cases and officers. Privacy-preserving innovation: Our approach demonstrates how law enforcement agencies can leverage advanced NLP technologies while maintaining control over sensitive data. Scalability: The method's ability to handle large volumes of reports efficiently makes it suitable for deployment in agencies of various sizes.
# Laser Synthesized Graphene and Its Applications
## 3 Applications of Laser Synthesized Graphene
### Energy Storage  
Energy storage has probably been the most sought after application for LSG since the first graphene-based supercapacitors were demonstrated. LSG-based supercapacitors are typically made of a couple of electrodes made of graphene and an insulator layer containing an electrolyte, thus working as a double-layer supercapacitor. The charge storage is thus non-Faradaic, as the accumulation is electrostatic and does not require any redox, just the formation of an electric double layer by the electrolyte. This can be achieved in two configurations. The first is an in-plane configuration, which is the most used, where LSG is patterned to form two interdigitated electrodes, while the region in between is filled with electrolyte (Figure 13a). A sandwich configuration is also sometimes used, in which layers of LSG alternate with electrolyte layers (Figure 13b). Such systems are typically characterized by cyclic voltammetry and charge-discharge galvanostatic measurements. Cyclability is usually also investigated by repeating such measurements, especially charge-discharge experiments, a multiple number of times. The key parameters are areal capacitance (usually mFcm\({}^{-2}\)), power density (mWcm\({}^{-2}\) or Wcm\({}^{-3}\)), and discharge time. Also important is the number of charge/discharge cycles investigated, which is an indication of the longer term stability of the device. The configurations and properties of supercapacitors made from LSG are summarized in Table 2. Here we observe that most devices are developed in the in-plane configuration and use an H\({}_{2}\)SO\({}_{4}\)/PVA electrolyte. For LRG, specific capacitances are reported in a 2-5 mFcm\({}^{-2}\) range, although a significant increase is given by graphene functionalization, for example with polyaniline [75]. The range is broader for LIG, where the highest are 361 and 320 mFcm\({}^{-2}\). However, functionalization again provides a significant boost to capacitance, with an impressive 2412 mFcm\({}^{-2}\) for polypyrrole functionalization [76]. Most reported devices show high charge/discharge cycle stability within thousands of cycles. While most power densities are reported in a 2-12 mWcm\({}^{-2}\) or 2-4 Wcm\({}^{-3}\), [PERSON] et al. report a power density of 200 Wcm\({}^{-3}\)[36], higher than any other supercapacitor. They also identify a trend in which the supercapacitor performance improves with electrode dimensions being reduced to the microscale. Figure 13: Schematization of the possible LSG-based supercapacitor configuration. (**a**) In-plane configuration where LSG form interdigitated electrodes; (**b**) sandwich configuration where LSG forms two plane electrodes with an electrolyte layer in between.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### MALDI-TOF and PCR Identification  
The species identification of _E. coli_ strains was performed by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry using an Ultraflex III instrument (Bruker Daltonics, Billerica, MA, USA). According to the manufacturer's instructions [21], the supernatant was gained by extraction with ethanol and formic acid. Consequently, 1.0 \(\mu\)L of the supernatant was applied onto a MALDI plate. After drying, it was overlaid with a saturated solution of 4-hydroxy-\(\alpha\)-cyanocinnamic acid in 50% acetonitrile and 2.5% trifluoroacetic acid in a volume of 1.0 \(\mu\)L. The results were processed using Flex Analysis software version 3.0 and assessed using BioTyper software version 1.1 (Bruker Daltonics; CA, USA).  
The resulting score had a range of 1.90 to 2.41. A value score of 2.30 or higher indicated a species identification; a score of 2.0 to 2.29 indicated genus identification and probable species identification; 1.70 to 1.99 indicated probable genus identification; and lower than 1.69 indicated non-reliable identification.  
Using primers that amplified the _E. coli 165 rRNA_ gene, a species-specific PCR reaction was also used to identify the isolates of _E. coli_[22]. The total volume of the reaction mixture was 20 \(\mu\)L. The mixture consisted of one microliter of template DNA, ten microliters of either the commercially available DreamTaq Green PCR Master Mix (2X) (Thermo Scientific;Vilnius, Lithuania) or Hot FIREPol(r) MasterMix (Amplia Ltd.; Bratislava, Slovak Republic), one microliter of each forward and reverse primer, in addition to nuclease-free water. Amplified DNA products were separated electrophoretically (Thermo Fisher Scientific; CA, USA and Major Science; OH, USA) on a 2% agarose gel with the addition of the fluorescent dye GoodViewTM (Amplia s.r.o.; Bratislava, Slovak Republic). A UV transilluminator was used to visualize and record DNA fragments (Major Science; CA, USA).
## 2 Characteristics of Time Delay Complex Chen System
### Lyapunov Exponent and Bifurcation Diagram  
The Lyapunov exponent can quantitatively reflect the chaotic performance of a system. Letting \(a_{1}=35\), \(a_{2}=23\), and \(a_{3}=1\), we obtained the Lyapunov exponent curve of the time delay complex Chen system, as shown in Figure 4. Table 1 shows some values of the Lyapunov exponent. Obviously, the characteristics of the time delay complex Chen system and the number of positive Lyapunov exponents are related to the time delay factor \(\tau\), which also indicates the randomness and unpredictability of the delay system.  
In order to more intuitively see the change of system characteristics with time delay factors, the bifurcation diagram of the system output \(u_{5}\) and \(\tau\) was produced, as shown in Figure 5. When \(0.5<\tau\leq 13\), the system was chaotic; when \(\tau=1.5\), the system gradually exhibited limit-cycle behavior. Therefore, by choosing different time delay parameters, \(\tau\), the time delay complex system produced different dynamic phenomena. The existence of time delay parameters increased the complexity of the Chen system and,  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Variable** & \(LE_{1}\) & \(LE_{2}\) & \(LE_{3}\) & \(LE_{4}\) & \(LE_{5}\) & **Symbol** & **Types** \\ \hline \(\tau=0.5\) s & 2.2260 & \(-0.0857\) & \(-0.7402\) & \(-0.5030\) & \(-1.1583\) & (+0,\(-\),\(-\),\(-\)) & Chaos \\ \(\tau=0.7\) s & 2.2837 & 0.7366 & \(-0.0176\) & \(-0.5226\) & \(-1.4729\) & Hyperchaos \\ \(\tau=1.5\) s & 0.4680 & 0.4676 & \(-0.0298\) & \(-0.8371\) & \(-0.8366\) & (0,0,0,\(-\),\(-\)) & Limit cycle \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Partial values of five Lyapunov indices of time delay complex Chen system.  
Figure 4: Lyapunov exponent curves of time delay complex Chen system: (**a**) \(LE_{1}\), (**b**) \(LE_{2}\), (**c**) \(LE_{3}\), (**d**) \(LE_{4}\), and (**e**) \(LE_{5}\).  
thus, the security of confidential communication. The design of a secure communication scheme based on the CMPS of the time delay complex Chen system is described in the following section.