## 1 Introduction  
Electric mobility has been considered intermittently since the 1990s as the upcoming solution to some of the problems of the transport sector. However, the transport sector is still mainly dominated by fossil fuels, and the widespread adoption of electric mobility still seems far from being achieved [1]. One of the main issues preventing this adoption is range anxiety on the consumer side, and the chicken and the egg problem on the availability of infrastructures. As far as the cost of ownership is concerned, there is an initial higher investment cost than internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs), mainly because of the price of batteries [2]. The relatively high cost of batteries, which generally limits the affordable range of an electric car to 200 km, is also a major barrier to the electrification of heavy-duty transport, such as trucks and buses [3]. In recent years, the development of wireless power transfer (WPT) technology has been hailed as a possible solution to the range anxiety problem and to the high cost of batteries, which can pave the way towards the large-scale adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) [4, 5]. Further, WPT consists of the transmission of electrical energy across space, due to a time-varying electromagnetic field. It has drawn a great deal of attention for energy efficient consumer electronics and small-capacity mobile equipment use [6]. It may be applied to electric vehicles for both static and dynamic charging. In the static charging mode, wireless charging coil pads recharge the vehicle when it is parked or temporarily stopped. Dynamic WPT (DWPT) charging involves a road being equipped with WPT--hereafter referred to as e-road--which supplies electricity to a vehicle while it is moving. Inductive charging, and in particular dynamic inductive charging, could represent a real breakthrough. The key factor is the possibility of charging a battery frequently, without any effort by the user. As the battery is the most expensive component of an electric car, a smaller energy storage device could significantly lower the initial cost that people have to pay to buy an electric vehicle. It also seems suitable for consumers, since it avoids the need for inconvenient vehicle stops at charging stations [5]. The term electrified road does not imply WPT per se, but covers a wide range of charging modes while the vehicle is in motion. It can range from the classical pantograph solution, used for trolley buses in cities, to other conductive charging solutions (where the electric vehicle is physically connected to the road), and it has recently also included inductive charging, where electricity is transferred wirelessly, via an electromagnetic field (WPT technology), to vehicles. Various technological solutions for the wireless power transfer used in electric vehicle battery chargers are currently in the research, development and demonstration phases. A brief summary of these technologies can be found in [PERSON] et al. [7] and in [PERSON] et al. [6]. Even though this emerging technology has been hailed as a possible solution for the electrification of transport systems--and eventually for its decarbonisation--only a few researchers have evaluated the environmental impact of this technology, the first being [PERSON] et al. [8], followed by [PERSON] et al. [9]. However, for different reasons, the impacts of infrastructure construction and maintenance were not included in these studies. [PERSON] et al. [9] compared CO\({}_{2}\) emissions and different electrified road (e-road) systems (pantographs, inductive charging and conductive rails). Their work focused on the effect of these types of charging systems on asphalt pavements and their maintenance, but it did not include electrical components when dealing with WPT solutions. [PERSON] et al. [8] modelled the percentages of U.S.A. driving samples that could be met using WPT-enabled EV in a rollout scenario, in which all the primary and secondary roads were considered to be equipped with a DWPT infrastructure.