## 3 Results
### Key Metabolic Pathway Analysis  
As shown in Table 3, compared to the CON, the IR-alone, HY, Sup-HY, HY + IR, and Sup-HY + IR groups identified five, three, two, five, and five differential metabolic pathways, respectively. This suggests that the metabolic response of _B. dorsalis_ larvae to the IR treatment is more complex than that to the MA treatment. Among these six groups, two common metabolic pathways were observed: the biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids and fatty acid biosynthesis. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Group** & **Pathway** & **Hits** & **Expect** & _p-Value_ & **Holm P** & **FDR** \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{CON vs. IR} & Biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids & 3 & 0.117 & 0.000115 & 0.00963 & 0.00963 \\  & Fatty acid biosynthesis & 2 & 0.153 & 0.00864 & 0.717 & 0.363 \\ \cline{1-1}  & Fatty acid elongation & 1 & 0.124 & 0.118 & 1 & 1 \\ \cline{1-1}  & Fatty acid degradation & 1 & 0.127 & 0.121 & 1 & 1 \\ \cline{1-1}  & Steroid biosynthesis & 1 & 0.137 & 0.13 & 1 & 1 \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{CON vs. HY} & Biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids & 2 & 0.0938 & 0.00311 & 0.261 & 0.261 \\  & Steroid biosynthesis & 1 & 0.109 & 0.105 & 1 & 1 \\ \cline{1-1}  & Fatty acid biosynthesis & 1 & 0.122 & 0.117 & 1 & 1 \\ \hline CON vs. & Biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids & 1 & 0.0469 & 0.0463 & 1 & 1 \\ \cline{1-1} Sup-HY & Fatty acid biosynthesis & 1 & 0.0612 & 0.0603 & 1 & 1 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Pathway analysis results from the _B. dorsalis_ (Diptera: Tephritidae) larvae metabolomics for the CON vs. IR, CON vs. HY, CON vs. Sup-HY, CON vs. HY + IR, and CON vs. Sup-HY + IR groups. Figure 7: Edward’s Venn diagram of the CON vs. IR, CON vs. HY, CON vs. Sup-HY, CON vs. HY + IR, and CON vs. Sup-HY + IR groups. Different colors represent 5 groups of data sets, and numbers indicate the quantity of elements in the overlapping areas. Based on the criteria of \(p\) (>0.05) and impact value (>0.1), the key metabolic pathways for the CON vs. IR-alone, CON vs. HY, CON vs. Sup-HY, CON vs. HY + IR, and CON vs. Sup-HY + IR groups were identified as five, two, zero, five, and zero, respectively, as depicted in Figure 8. Specifically, in the CON vs. IR-alone group, the pathways of the biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids, fatty acid biosynthesis, fatty acid elongation, fatty acid degradation, and steroid biosynthesis were deemed critical, with corresponding impact values of 0.117, 0.153, 0.124, 0.127, and 0.137. In the CON vs. HY group, fatty acid biosynthesis and steroid biosynthesis emerged as the key pathways, with impact values of 0.109 and 0.122, respectively. For the HY + IR group, the key metabolic pathways included the biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids, steroid biosynthesis, fatty acid biosynthesis, fatty acid elongation, and fatty acid degradation, with impact values of 0.141, 0.164, 0.184, 0.148, and 0.152, respectively. Figure 8: Metabolome view map of the significant metabolic pathways characterized in the _B. dorsalis_ (Diptera: Tephritidae) larvae exposed to different modified atmospheres under a phytosanitary irradiation dose. (**A**) CON vs. IR-alone, (**B**) CON vs. HY, (**C**) CON vs. Sup-HY, (**D**) CON vs. HY + IR, and (**E**) CON vs. Sup-HY + IR.