## 4 Discussion  
Insects have a remarkable ability to live in an extensive range of niches and are constantly threatened by predatory bugs, parasites, and entomophagens. Symbiotic microorganisms play a critical part in the insect's defense system against intruders, as well as their ability to survive in hard settings [14]. Insect symbionts have recently been mentioned in a number of studies, and their compounds have been labeled as \"potential antimicrobials\". The identified compounds involved in the defensive insect-microbe symbiosis highlight the antibacterial latency of insect-related _Streptomyces_ bacteria. As a result, researchers are becoming more attentive in insect symbionts as a basis of novel active chemicals [41]. The Actinomycetes order, which includes _Streptomyces_, has usually been identified for its production of antimicrobial compounds under active symbiotic conditions. So far, approximately <3% of its antimicrobial compounds have been identified, signifying the large undiscovered majority [42]. These isolated _Streptomyces_ are claimed to have greater antibacterial activity than _Streptomyces_ strains isolated from soil or plant [14]. These outcomes shed light on why _Streptomyces_ strains are so widely used in screening. Actinomycetes are found in the gut microbiome of insects and widely spread in nature. Many studies have paid attention to the synthesis of a range of compounds generated by gut Actinomycetes. Isolation of Actinomycetes from the insect gut habitat is more difficult than isolation from  
Figure 8: (**A**) Cell proliferation analysis by MTT assay. Different concentrations of EIOAc extract of _Streptomyces_ sp. strain ess_amH1 were used to treat MCF-7 (breast cancer) and Hep-G2 (Hepatocarcinoma cells) cancer cell lines. The means \(\pm\) SE followed by different letters (a–e) within the same row are significantly different (Tukey’s test, \(p<0.05\)). (**B**) Anticancer effect of with and without EIOAc extract of _Streptomyces_ sp. strain ess_amH1. normal environments, due to the availability of limited bacterial communities. Most commonly, the microbiome of insects under the order of Hymenoptera has been examined for antibacterial activity. Fungus-eating ants have received more attention for the search of microbes producing antibiotics, although the order of Hymenoptera includes ants, bees, and wasps. Bees, which contain some of the smallest bacterial populations of any insect, are frequently the subject of research [43], and the knowledge that honey has antibacterial properties has driven microbiota studies. Isolating bioactive metabolite-producing actinomycetes from competitive habitats such as the gut of _A. mellifera yemnitica_ is a vital arena of investigation in view of the existing drug resistance dilemma and the hunt for novel antimicrobials. The strain ess_amH1 from this investigation was categorized in the genus _Streptomyces_ on the basis of the improvement of aerial or reproductive mycelia, as well as sporulation on solid media, according to macroscopic and microscopic examination. It was coenocytic in the vegetative mycelium. These species develop filamentous, densely branched mycelia with a net-like shape. _Streptomyces_ species can be identified from the existence of characteristic aerial mycelium on top of substrate growth. The size of the aerial hyphae was discovered to be variable. Additionally, growth conditions and biochemical properties of the isolate ess_amH1 assist in the identification of biotechnological characteristics. The carbon and nitrogen supplies in the medium most likely influence the antimicrobial production. According to a previous study, 0.55% glucose and 0.835% yeast extract in the medium produced the most secondary metabolites with the greatest antibacterial activity in _Streptomyces_ sp. strain ess_amH1 [44; 45]. In this study, the optimum medium for antibacterial production of strain ess_amH1 was confirmed as ISP-2 broth.