# Analysis of the Sugarane Biomass Use to Produce Green Hydrogen: Brazilian Case Study
## 8 Conclusions  
Brazil's prominent role in renewable energy is strengthened by its well-established bioethanol industry, particularly through the large-scale utilization of sugarcane biomass. In the 2023/2024 harvest, the country processed over 713.2 million metric tons of sugarcane, reaffirming its status as a global leader in first- and second-generation ethanol production. In addition to their domestic impact, sugarcane-based biofuels play a crucial role in the global energy transition by providing a renewable alternative to fossil fuels. When considering per capita production, Brazil remains a dominant contributor, further emphasizing its strategic position in sustainable bioenergy. However, despite the potential of 2G ethanol as a feedstock for green hydrogen, large-scale implementation still faces challenges, particularly regarding catalyst deactivation and process efficiency, which must be addressed to enhance technological viability. Sugarcane, a highly productive and abundant crop, plays a central role in this dynamic. Its cultivation avoids direct CO2 emissions, further solidifying Brazil's global leadership in sugarcane production. This compound can be converted into valuable fuels and chemicals through thermochemical and biochemical conversion processes, solidifying Brazil's role as a key player in bioenergy. Beyond ethanol, sugarcane biomass offers immense potential for conversion into valuable fuels and chemicals through thermochemical and biochemical processes, enhancing Brazil's bioenergy capabilities. Although 2G ethanol derived from sugarcane biomass is a renewable resource, its combustion is not entirely carbon neutral. Therefore, it is critical to explore conversion processes that generate cleaner energy, such as green hydrogen, which offers a more environmentally friendly alternative. Green hydrogen is seen as a vital component of the future renewable energy matrix. This study identifies two promising methods for producing green hydrogen from a water-ethanol mixture: electrocatalytic reforming using Ni-Cu bilayer hollow microtubes and plasma reactors driven by spark discharge, which are resistant to coke formation. Additionally, three pathways using lignocellulosic biomass are outlined: fermentation integrated with other power generation systems, the use of nanomaterials and consolidated processing techniques, and anaerobic bacterial cultivation combined with iron nanoparticle incorporation. Finally, hydrogen can also be produced from a circular biorefinery project or through xylose via acidogenesis. In conclusion, while Brazil is well-positioned to lead the transition to green hydrogen production, challenges remain in optimizing these processes for large-scale implementation. Further research should focus on improving the efficiency and economic viability of these hydrogen production methods, addressing the technical limitations in catalyst performance and by-product formation. Exploring the integration of these technologies with Brazil's existing bioenergy infrastructure will be crucial for advancing sustainable energy solutions. Future studies should also explore the potential of combining green hydrogen production with other renewable energy technologies to maximize the country's energy independence and contribute to global climate goals. Conceptualization, methodology, writing--original draft preparation, G.H.R.d.S. ; validation, formal analysis, investigation, data curation, G.H.R.d.S. and A.N. ; resources, A.N. ; writing--review and editing, G.H.R.d.S., J.D.H. and D.N. ; visualization, G.H.R.d.S. ; supervision, A.N. ; project administration, A.N. and M.H.M. ; funding acquisition, M.H.M. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. This study was financed, in part, by the Sao Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP), Brazil.