## 5 Conclusions  
This study is a comprehensive study for the metabolic profiling of aerial parts of _R. sativus_ from different cultivars. The phytochemicalenical investigation of different cultivars reveals that the chemical compositions of the aerial parts differ from the R. sativus cultivars. The UPLC-Orbitrap-MS metabolic profiling of each methanolic extract was able to tentatively identify 22 secondary metabolites (**1-22**), which includes flavonoids, flavonoid derivatives, and other organic acids. Multivariate analysis data show that there is a difference in flavonoid derivatives between the cultivars, and each extract also exhibits different anti-inflammatory properties.  
While this study provides a comprehensive comparison of radish varieties, further research is needed to explore the full spectrum of secondary metabolites and their interactions in radishes. Investigating other plant secondary metabolites beyond flavonoids could yield additional insights into their health benefits. Additionally, expanding research to include in vivo models and clinical trials could provide a more thorough understanding of the therapeutic potential of radish varieties. In conclusion, the results from this study indicate that RL3 radish leaves offer significant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory benefits compared to its cultivars RL1 and RL2 traditional varieties. The findings support the potential for novel radish cultivars to contribute to health and wellness, suggesting that future breeding programs should continue to emphasize both agronomic performance and phytochemical content.  
The following supporting information can be downloaded at [[https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/app15010247/s1](https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/app15010247/s1)]([https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/app15010247/s1](https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/app15010247/s1)), Table S1: %RSA of R. sativus cultivars (RL1, RL2 and RL3); Figure S1: Standard curve of positive control gallic acid; Figures S2-S4: UV chromatograms of _Raphanus sativus_ extracts; Figures S5 and S6: Mass spectrum of _Raphanus sativus_ extracts; Figures S7-S29: MS/MS spectrum of the identified compounds **1-22**; Figure S30: The principal component analysis (PCA) before normalization with QC samples.  
Conceptualization, H.Y.P., G.L. and J.S.Y.; data curation, J.H.K., H.K., M.P. and G.L.; formal analysis, J.H.K., H.K., M.P. and J.S.Y.; investigation, J.H.K. and J.S.Y.; resources, B.P. (Byeongjun Park) and B.P. (Beomjune Park); visualization, H.K., M.P. and G.L.; writing--original draft preparation, G.L., H.Y.P. and J.S.Y.; writing--review and editing, G.L., H.Y.P. and J.S.Y.; supervision, B.P. (Byeongjun Park) and B.P. (Beomjune Park); project administration, G.L., H.Y.P. and J.S.Y.; funding acquisition, H.Y.P. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This study was supported by a grant from the Research Program for Agricultural Science and Technology Development (Project No. RS-2021-RD009797), Rural Development Administration, and the Republic of Korea and Korea Basic Science Institute (National Research Facilities and Equipment Center) grant funded by the Ministry of Education (2023R1A6C101A045), Republic of Korea.