## 7 New Approaches to Monitoring and Optimisation of Microalgae Cultivation Systems
### Internet of Things  
The Internet of Things (IoT) is increasingly being used in biotechnology and enables the automation and precise control of cultivation processes. In the context of microalgae cultivation, IoT systems facilitate the monitoring of environmental parameters in real time, the optimisation of growth conditions, and the integration of advanced analytical algorithms to predict biomass growth and the efficiency of secondary metabolite production.  
A fundamental advantage of IoT technology for microalgae cultivation is the ability to remotely collect and analyse key environmental data such as temperature, pH, light intensity, CO\({}_{2}\) concentration, and nutrient levels. Wireless sensors integrated into IoT platforms enable automatic data transmission to cloud systems, where the data is processed to identify trends and detect potential problems in cultivation [246]. Advanced analytical algorithms and artificial intelligence (AI) used in IoT systems enable the modelling of microalgae growth dynamics and the prediction of optimal cultivation conditions. Machine learning (ML) algorithms in particular analyse historical data to predict changes in microalgae populations and their metabolism. This facilitates the implementation of adaptive bioreactor control strategies that automatically adjust environmental parameters in response to changing cultivation conditions [247].  
The application of the Internet of Things (IoT) significantly improves the efficiency of cultivation monitoring through the integration of sensors with mobile devices and cloud platforms. Modern IoT-based control systems utilise communication protocols such as MQTT (message queuing telemetry transport) and LoRaWAN (long range wide area network), which enable reliable data transmission from bioreactors to central databases even with limited connectivity [248]. An important aspect of IoT utilisation in the monitoring of microalgae is the integration of spectroscopic and microscopic imaging technologies. Optical sensors that detect chlorophyll fluorescence intensity and the spectral properties of secondary metabolites enable non-destructive assessment of microalgae physiology. The combination of this data with IoT systems enables the automatic classification of growth phases and the early detection of environmental stress.  
The future development of IoT technology in microalgae biotechnology is moving towards full integration with robotics and process automation systems, enabling autonomous bioreactors capable of self-regulating cultivation parameters. It is expected that future IoTsystems will utilise blockchain technology to ensure data integrity and digital twin technologies to simulate and predict the cultivation processes in real time. The integration of IoT into microalgae culture monitoring represents a significant step towards smart biotechnological systems that can contribute to greater efficiency in the production of biomass and secondary metabolites and enable precise resource management under nutrient-limited conditions, such as in extreme environments or space applications.