## 1 Introduction  
Silica, also known as silicon dioxide (SiO\({}_{2}\)), has a number of unique features, including varying and tunable pore size, customizable interface, superior mechanical qualities, and chemical makeup that is relatively benign chemically, making it an ideal material for a variety of applications [1]. Due to its non-toxic and biocompatible characteristics, it has been widely employed in the food and medical industries [2]. Furthermore, due, in part, to its occasionally hydrophobic qualities, silica is used as an ingredient in commercial epoxy resin and coating materials [3]. SiO\({}_{2}\) nanoparticles can be mesoporous and depending on the synthesis procedure they may or may not have pores [4]. Mesoporous silica nanoparticles(MSNPs) of various types, including MCM-41 (Mobil Composition of Matter #41) and SBA-15 (Sigma Aldrich mesoporous <150 um particle size, pore size 4 nm, hexagonal pore morphology material), have been synthesized with a variety of pore geometries and particle morphologies. Silica nanoparticles typically have a large specific surface area, a high porosity, chemical inertness, and a diverse set of surface functional groups [5]. These distinguishing characteristics enable them to be custom tailored for a variety of applications, including adsorbents, catalytic supports, sensing materials, polymer reinforcement, and advanced composites [6; 7; 8]. Although silica can be found in practically every mineral on this planet, the traditional technique of synthesizing nano-silica typically requires a high-temperature process, which makes the resulting nanoparticles energy and cost-intensive. To manufacture chemical precursors, the traditional approach initiates the extraction of silica from a silica source, such as quartz sand. These precursors are subsequently utilized to prepare SiO\({}_{2}\). Due to the significant quantity of carbon dioxide (CO\({}_{2}\)) generated during the extraction process [9], this traditional approach may contribute to GHGs, commonly attributed to climate change. The Stober process is a chemical process, in which sodium carbonate (Na\({}_{2}\)CO\({}_{3}\)) powder is burned with quartz sand at roughly 1300 \({}^{\circ}\)C to generate silicate sodium (Na\({}_{2}\)SiO\({}_{3}\)) powder before reacting it with sulfuric acid (H\({}_{2}\)SO\({}_{4}\)), which is the most prevalent method used to synthesize SiO\({}_{2}\). To make one ton of SiO\({}_{2}\), 0.53 tons of sodium carbonate (Na\({}_{2}\)CO\({}_{3}\)) and 0.51 tons of H\({}_{2}\)SO\({}_{4}\) are typically utilized. This produces 0.23 tons of CO\({}_{2}\), 0.74 tons of sodium sulfate (Na\({}_{2}\)SO\({}_{4}\)), and 20 tons of effluents, all of which contribute to the environmental impact [10] in terms of emissions and effluents. To produce SiO\({}_{2}\) nanoparticles on a commercial scale, a more ecologically friendly, green, and cost-effective technique is required. Furthermore, repurposing agricultural and industrial waste is a critical technique for achieving long-term environmental sustainability [11]. The production of nanomaterials using agricultural, industrial, and residential waste is seen as a viable method of waste treatment and recycling. This is consistent with local, state, and even federal initiatives, such as waste-to-wealth, minimal waste creation, and green chemistry [12; 13]. Rice husk [6; 14], sugarcane bagasse [15], and palm kernel shells are some of the typical examples of wastes that may be appropriated for SiO\({}_{2}\) production [11; 16]. Due to its high silica concentration, agricultural waste is deemed a viable raw material for the commercial production of SiO\({}_{2}\). Crop residues including grain chaff, sugar molasses, and coconut hulls are progressively being employed in the biosynthesis of nanoparticles, particularly for silica because they are cost-effective regenerative sources with significant silica content.