## 5 Performance Analysis
### Simulation Results and Discussions
After all the packets were received at the destination sink node, for each scenario, the average energy consumption per sensor node was computed according to Equations (1) and (2). For both TreeR and ProbR protocols, real packets and fake packets were transmitted simultaneously. Figure 7a shows the average total energy consumption per sensor node for sensor nodes at different locations. The figure shows the energy consumption of TreeR protocol is significantly high. The high energy consumption is due to the integration of many routing techniques. The backbone routes which divert to the network border cause the protocol to generate long routing paths. Also the multiple diversionary routes which act as branches for the backbone routes distribute a large amount of fake packets. Fake packets are also distributed along the phantom route. As a result, the sensor nodes incur exhaustive energy consumption. Furthermore, multiple fake packets are transmitted for each real packet transmission. As shown in Equations (1) and (2), each hop involves consumption of transmit and receive energy. As a result, more energy is consumed for each real packet transmission. Moreover, the distribution of fake packets in the network increases the probability of packet collision events which result in packet retransmission incidents. Hence, higher energy consumption is incurred by the TreeR protocol. The proposed PhaT has significantly lower energy consumption than the TreeR protocol mainly because while the PhaT protocol employs a single route for each packet transmission, the TreeR protocol employs multiple routes which include a route for real packet transmission and multiple diversionary routes for fake packets transmission. Both TreeR and PhaT protocols employ backbone route near the sink region to minimize the energy consumption in the region. The energy consumption of PhaT is higher than in the ProbR, PhaP, and Pha protocols. The main reason for the high energy consumption is that, PhaT locates the phantom nodes in the network border regions which results in longer and highly diversified routing paths. In the near-sink region, ProbR protocol incurs higher energy consumption than the proposed PhaP because ProbR transmits multiple packets for each event packet. A fake source packet is transmitted with every real packet transmission. Sensor nodes in the near-sink region experience exhaustive energy consumption due to the big load of packet forwarding. The sensor nodes not only transmit their own packets to the sink node, they also forward packets originating from the sensor nodes in the away from sink regions. The PhaP protocol ensures the energy consumption of the sensor nodes in the near-sink region is minimized. In the away from the sink regions, PhaP and _Prob_ incur same amount of energy consumption because the protocols employ a similar phantom node routing strategy in the away from the sink regions. The energy consumption of the Pha protocol is significantly lower because the protocol employs a simple routing algorithm with short and fixed routes. Figure 7b shows the energy consumption of sensor nodes at 600 m from the sink node, against varied source packet generation rate. The energy consumption of the sensor nodes increases with the increase in source packet generation rate. At higher packet rates, more packet traffic is generated in the network. Consequently, the sensor nodes consume more energy to transmit the packets. The energy consumption of TreeR protocol increases at a faster rate because more packet collision events occur due to the transmission of both, real packet and fake packets. More packet collision events result in packet loss and packet retransmission events. As a result, the energy consumption of the sensor nodes is increased. Figure 8 shows the packet delivery ratio (PDR) performance of the protocols. Figure 8a shows the PDR performance of the protocols at a fixed source packet rate. The analysis included source nodes at different source-sink distances.