## 7 Emerging Research and Innovations
### Nanocellulose Extraction from Grape Pomace
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt}} \hline \hline
**Application Area** & **Nanocellulose Use** \\ \hline Cosmetics & Nanocellulose suspensions exhibit optical properties similar to those of nano-TiO\({}_{2}\) particles, which are used in concealers and sunscreens. \\ \hline Drug Delivery/Medical Applications & Nanocellulose films serve as wound dressings, inhibiting bacterial growth, particularly when combined with honey. Nanocellulose-alginate is utilized in 3D printing for personalized dressings and serves as a potential carrier for ions such as calcium. \\ \hline Food/Biodegradable Plastic & Acetylated nanocellulose films exhibit reduced solubility in non-aqueous food systems or during dry storage. Starch-nanocellulose biocomposites are biodegradable and suitable for use in food packaging. \\ Food/Biodegradable Plastic & Chitosan-oxidized nanocellulose films enhance strength, moisture barrier properties, and thermal stability. Nanofibimated cellulose biocomposites provide high tensile strength and modulus for short-life packaging applications. \\ \hline Green Tire Tech/Rubber Compounding & Rice husk nanocellulose composites reduce rolling resistance, resulting in lower fuel use and emissions. Nanocellulose crystals improve rubber’s tensile strength, stress, and elongation at break. \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 6: Nanocellulose applications. Adapted from [75]. esterification with lactic acid. The surface-modified CNCs demonstrated good thermal stability and excellent dispersibility in water, remaining stable for at least 24 h [76]. A study was conducted to evaluate different methods for extracting nanocellulose, specifically cellulose nanofibers (CNFs), from yerba mate sticks (YMSs). The study successfully extracted nanocellulose (CNF) from YMSs using mild chemical treatments and steam explosion. The results demonstrated that the treatments effectively removed amorphous components, such as lignin and hemicellulose, leading to an increase in the crystallinity index of the samples. The use of both alkaline treatment and steam explosion favored the isolation of cellulose crystals, resulting in the highest crystallinity in the YMS-ASBHS sample. TEM and AFM analyses confirmed the isolation of nanocellulose in all treated samples, with the YMS-ASBHS and YMS-SBHS samples exhibiting better morphology and size characteristics, suggesting that steam explosion facilitates the removal of amorphous components. Notably, the study found that CNF could be obtained from YMS even without the alkaline treatment step (YMS-SBHS), suggesting a potential route for reducing processing steps and minimizing liquid waste generation [77]. Another angle is the possibility of utilizing wine industry wastes as a nutrient source for producing bacterial cellulose (BC) instead of using a costly commercial medium, such as the standard Hestrin-Schramm (HS) medium [78]. In the study by [PERSON] et al. [78], it was concluded that white grape pomace is a more suitable substitute for expensive commercial glucose than red grape pomace for producing bacterial cellulose. Using white pomace as a substitute carbon source resulted in a significantly higher yield and almost five times higher water-holding capacity, along with greater flexibility compared to BC produced in standard HS medium. While red grape pomace did produce BC, the resulting films were brittle. BC produced from red pomace media could be valuable for applications requiring fragmented, highly porous particles, such as in the food industry. However, white pomace BC shows greater potential for broader applications in sectors such as textiles and biomedicine, including uses such as wound dressings, hygienic face masks, and carriers for active ingredients [77].