## 3 Proposed LAO-3D Block Cipher
### Encryption Algorithm
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Algorithm** & **LAO-3D** & **KATAN** & **KLEIN** & **PRESENT** & **SPECK** \\ \hline Block Size (bit) & 64 & 64 & 64 & 64 & 64 \\ Key Size (bit) & 128 & 80 & 64 & 128 & 128 \\ Round & 20 & 254 & 12 & 31 & 27 \\ Encryption Algorithm & 1. Add Round Key & 1. Sub Nibble & 1. Add Round Key & 1. XOR \\ Component & 2. Sub Column & 1. LFSR & 2. Rotate Nibble & 2. Substitution & 2. Modulo Addition \\  & 3. 3D Rotation & & 3. Mix Nibble & 3. Permutation & 3. Rotation \\ \hline Encryption Speed & & & & & \\ (millisecond) & 1.4569 & 2.5498 & 2.0712 & 5.5895 & 4.6377 \\ Encryption Throughput & & & & & \\ (byte per second) & 5,491.25 & 3,137.50 & 3,862.50 & 1,431.25 & 1,725.00 \\ Encryption Throughput & & & & & \\ (block per second) & 686.41 & 392.19 & 482.81 & 178.91 & 215.63 \\ Cycles per Byte & 491,691 & 860,558 & 699,029 & 1,886,463 & 1,565,217 \\ Cycles per Block & 3,933,531 & 6,884,462 & 5,592,233 & 15,091,703 & 12,521,739 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 20: Performance Test Results. Figure 19: LAO-3D Mobile Encryption Application. were conducted--the correlation coefficient, bit error, key sensitivity, randomness tests, and cryptanalysis--to prove the security strength of the algorithm. From the findings of the research, the following conclusions are drawn. LAO-3D block cipher surpasses the security capabilities of existing algorithms and is immune to differential and linear attacks. The security provided by the proposed algorithm is an essential feature for mobile encryption applications. Apart from that, the performance test results justify the efficiency of LAO-3D, which has been verified with its implementation in a mobile encryption application. For future research, it is suggested to implement LAO-3D block cipher on hardware devices to observe its implementation performance. Conceptualization, A.A.Z. and A.H.A.H. ; methodology, A.A.Z. and A.H.A.H. ; software, A.A.Z. ; validation, A.H.A.H., F.R. and N.H.Z. ; formal analysis, A.A.Z. ; investigation, F.R. and N.H.Z. ; resources, A.H.A.H. ; data curation, A.A.Z. ; writing--original draft preparation, A.A.Z. ; writing--review and editing, F.R. and M.D. ; visualization, N.H.Z. and M.D. ; supervision, A.H.A.H., F.R., N.H.Z. and M.D. ; project administration, A.H.A.H. and F.R. ; funding acquisition, A.H.A.H. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. This research is supported by the Ministry of Higher Education (MOHE) Malaysia under research grant FRGS/1/2019/ICT03/USIM/02/1. The authors would like to express their gratitude to Universita Sains Islam Malaysia (USIM), MOHE, and CyberSecurity Malaysia (CSM) for the support and facilities provided. Not applicable. The authors would like to thank all reviewers for their helpful comments. The authors declare no conflict of interest. ## References

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