# 5G Network Deployment Planning Using Metaheuristic Approaches
## 3 Methodology
### Modeling 5G Network Parameters  
The 3 GPP 38.901 model [51] was chosen for its strong reputation and widespread acceptance in the telecom community, rendering it ideal for our 5G network deployment planning. Key factors included its compatibility with 5G frequency bands and its ability to handle urban propagation environments. The model was integrated into our simulation  
Figure 1: Block diagram of System Architecture for BS Location Optimization and Deployment. framework, with parameters fine-tuned for our area's unique characteristics. Rigorous validation against real-world data was conducted to ensure accurate predictions. This approach, combined with optimization using metaheuristic algorithms, facilitated effective 5G deployment planning in complex urban landscapes. The symbols and their usual meanings for formula representation are presented in Table 1. From ref. [52], equations of the path loss model for No Line of Sight (NLOS) and Line of Sight (LOS) for Remote Radio Units (RRUs) can be written as follows:  
Calculation of path loss for UMa on NLOS \(PL_{UMa-NLOS}[dB]=max(PL_{UMa-LOS}\), \(PL_{UMa-NLOS}^{\prime})\)  
\[for\ 10\text{m}\leq d_{2D}\leq 5\text{km} \tag{1}\]  
where  
\[PL_{UMa-NLOS}^{\prime}=13.54+39.08\text{log}_{10}(d_{3D})+20\text{log}_{10}(f _{c})-0.6(h_{UE}-1.5) \tag{2}\]  
Calculation of path loss for UMa on LOS  
\[PL_{UMa-LOS}= \begin{cases}PL_{1}&10\text{m}\leq d_{2D}\leq d_{BP}^{\prime}\\ PL_{2}&d_{BP}^{\prime}\leq d_{2D}\leq 5\text{km}\end{cases}  \tag{3}\]  
Note: Break point distance d'BP = 4 h'BS h'UT fc/c, where fc is the center frequency in Hz; c = 3.0 \(\times\) 108 m/s is the propagation velocity in free space; and h'BS and h'UT are the effective antenna heights at the BS and the UT, respectively. The effective antenna heights h'BS and h'UT are computed as follows: h'BS = hBS \(-\) hE and h'UT = hUT \(-\) hE, where hBS and hUT are the actual antenna heights, and hE is the effective environment height. More details can be found in [52]. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l} \hline \hline
**Notations** & **Descriptions** \\ \hline UMa & Urban macro cells \\ \hline RMa & Rural macro cells \\ \hline RRU & Remote radio units \\ \hline S & The total surface of served area \\ \hline \(N_{l}^{Cov}\) & The number of RRUs, having type \(i\), needed to cover the area of interest \\ \hline \(N_{i}^{Cap}\) & The number of RRUs, having type \(i\), needed to satisfy the capacity constraints \\ \hline \(N_{u}^{i}\) & Maximum number of users that can be served by one RRU \\ \hline \(N_{l}^{ini}\) & Estimated initial number of RRUs \\ \hline MAPL & Maximum allowed path loss for cell \\ \hline \(PL_{UMa}\) & Path loss for UMa cells \\ \hline \(PL_{RMa}\) & Path loss for RMa cells \\ \hline \(S_{Cell}^{i}\) & Surface of cells with type \(i\) \\ \hline \(C_{s}^{i}\) & Channel Capacity Of Cell i per sector antenna type \(i\) \\ \hline \(N_{s}\) & Number of Sector of antenna \\ \hline BW & Bandwidth \\ \hline \(T_{DR}\)(DL) & Target data rate in Downlink \\ \hline SE & Spectral Efficiency \\ \hline EIRP & Effective Isotropic Radiated Power \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Symbols and their descriptions. \[PL_{1}=28.0+22\log_{10}(d_{3D})+20\log_{10}(f_{c}) \tag{4}\]  
\[PL_{2}=28.0+40\log_{10}(d_{3D})+20\log_{10}(f_{c})-9\log_{10}((d^{\prime}_{BP})^ {2}+)h_{BS}-h_{UIT})^{2}) \tag{5}\]  
Calculation of path loss for RMA on LOS  
\[PL_{RMA-LOS}= \begin{cases}PL_{1}&10\text{m}\leq d_{2D}\leq d_{BP}\\ PL_{2}&d_{BP}\leq d_{2D}\leq 10\text{km}\end{cases}  \tag{6}\]  
Note: Break point distance dBP = 2\(\pi\) hBS hUT fc/c, where fc is the center frequency in Hz; c = 3.0 \(\times\) 108 m/s is the propagation velocity in free space; and hBS and hUT are the antenna heights at the BS and the UT, respectively. More details can be found in [52].