## 3 Results
### Qualitative Results
#### 3.2.1 Effectiveness of the Robot as a Teacher
These shortcomings include the following: the perceived complexity in setting up the system; latency in processing and providing feedback (as the system used cloud services); mispronunciation of some Swahili words by NAO; obvious mistakes in NAO's narrations, especially when correcting a pupil who had got the question wrong, where sometimes it also made a mistake and said an incorrect place value as the correct answer, despite the screen (serving as NAO's blackboard) showing otherwise (it is noteworthy that this was only experienced in public primary schools where the interactions had to be in Swahili); and limited mobility of the robot and physical engagement of the pupils, although this can be attributed to our setup, which prioritised content over physical interaction. _\"There are times that the robot makes mistakes, such as using the English language while the medium of instruction is Swahili, mismatch between what is seen on the screen and what it narrates, and even providing wrong feedback. This could confuse the learner.\"_  
_\"I was shocked that time when the robot spoke an unintelligible sentence, which was neither Swahili nor English. We should be careful that this does not happen with pupils.\"_  
_\"It should be more adaptive. For example, during an exercise, it should be able to switch back and reintroduce the topic to the pupil if they keep getting questions wrong. Simply offering personalised corrections and tips may not be enough.\"_  
_\"The dependability on internet connectivity for its operation is not ideal, especially as we have a low and unstable connection. The delay in feedback leads to a diminishing of interest.\"_3.2.2. The Role to Be Assumed by the Robot  
The teachers were also asked about the appropriate role for the robot. In this theme, both groups agreed that the right role for the robot would be as a teaching assistant (_msaidizi wa mwalimu_). Moreover, all the teachers agreed that it would be suitable for offering personalised one-to-one tutoring, especially for late bloomers. 3.2.3. Attitude Towards the Use of the Robot in Class  
The majority of teachers (75%) who only saw videos were sceptical about the practical applicability of the robot in the classroom; hence their attitudes were unfavourable. They echoed their views and concerns as described in Section 3.2.1. For those who expressed a positive attitude, their views were supported with claims like the following:  
_\"This is just like any other teaching technology, so if given proper training, support, and an enabling environment, I will use it.\"_  
Furthermore, the teachers who interacted with the NAO robot were generally willing to use the robot in class. When probed further, they offered varying motivations and uses for the NAO robot. The most recurring uses were as an assistant in lesson planning and preparation of teaching materials; as a teaching assistant to further improve pupils' understanding; and for additional personalised tutoring to late bloomers. Some of their quotes included the following:  
_\"The robot could give me new ideas, examples, and enrich my understanding when I am preparing for class. It can also show me new tricks to help pupils understand better.\"_  
_\"After I have taught a topic in class, the robot can also interact with pupils to reinforce the concepts.\"_  
_\"The robot will enhance pupils' performance as the experience will make them love the subject. You have seen how excited they are, gathered at the windows just to catch a glimpse of the robot. If effectively channeled and used as motivation, this enthusiasm can make them love the subject and improve the learning experience.\"_  
Moreover, while being positive about the robot and its effectiveness, teachers in the private school revealed an unanticipated motive behind their positive attitude. Drawing from the highly competitive market, they believed that having a robot at their school would give them an added advantage, portraying them as more technologically advanced than their competitors.