## 4 Instrument Design
### Detailed Designs
#### 4.2.3 Design of Logical Working Modes  
Through the combinational design of multi-chip sensors of the HEPD, the response of high-energy protons and electrons with different energies in the sensor can be detected, and the energy of the incident particles can be inverted according to the simulation results. * High-energy proton detection logic  
The physical simulation of the high-energy proton detector scheme was completed using Geant4 software [32; 33]. Figure 9 shows the energy loss curves of high-energy protons in different sensors obtained via Monte Carlo simulation [34; 35]. In Figure 9, D1-D5, respectively, represent different semiconductor detectors from the front to the back of the incident window, and each high-energy proton detector has a total of 5 pieces. According to the simulation calculation results, the energy channel division and logical working modes of the detector can be determined (Table 2). Figure 9: Energy loss curves of protons in semiconductor sensors. Each sensor signal was output to the corresponding pre-amplifier circuit separately. Finally, the five channel front-shaped signals were combined into three channel outputs after the main amplifier. According to the above simulation results and logical working principle, the working mode of high-energy proton detection can be determined, as shown in Table 2.  
* High-energy electron detection logic  
The physical simulation of the high-energy electron detection scheme was completed using Geant4 software [32; 33]. Figure 10 shows the energy loss curves of high-energy electrons in different sensors obtained via Monte Carlo simulation [34; 35]. In Figure 10, D1-D6, respectively, represent different semiconductor detectors from the front to the back of the incident window, and each high-energy electron detector has a total of 6 pieces. According to the simulation calculation results, the energy channel division and logical working modes of the detector can be determined (Table 3). A total of 6 sensors were used in the high-energy electron probe sensor system. Each sensor was output to the pre-amplifier circuit independently. Finally, the six channel front-shaped signals were combined into three channel outputs after the main amplifier. The specific combination method was that the first sensor (D1) had a single channel signal A1, the second and third sensors (D2 and D3) were combined into one channel signal A2, and the remaining three sensors (D4, D5, and D6) were combined into one channel signal A3. According to the above simulation results and logical working principle, the working mode of high-energy electron detection can be determined, as shown in Table 3. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline
**Energy Channel** & **Energy Range** & **Logical Working Modes** \\ \hline P1 & 3–5 MeV & \(\text{D1}_{2.64}\cdot\overline{\text{D1}_{4.76}}\cdot\overline{\left(\text{D2 + D3}+\text{D4}\right)_{2.0}}\cdot\overline{\text{D5}_{0.7}}\) \\ P2 & 5–10 MeV & \(\text{D1}_{4.76}\cdot\overline{\text{D1}_{8.30}}\cdot\overline{\left(\text{D2 + D3}+\text{D4}\right)_{4.51}}\cdot\overline{\text{D5}_{0.7}}\) \\ P3 & 10–26 MeV & \(\text{D1}_{2.00}\cdot\left(\text{D2 + D3}+\text{D4}\right)_{4.51}\cdot\overline{\left(\text{D2 + D3}+\text{D4}\right)_{25.0}}\cdot\overline{\text{D5}_{0.7}}\) \\ P4 & 26–40 MeV & \(\left(\text{D2 + D3}+\text{D4}\right)_{9.76}\cdot\overline{\left(\text{D2 + D3}+\text{D4}\right)_{25.0}}\cdot\overline{\text{D5}_{0.7}}\) \\ P5 & 40–100 MeV & \(\left(\text{D2 + D3}+\text{D4}\right)_{4.33}\cdot\overline{\left(\text{D2 + D3}+\text{D4}\right)_{9.72}}\cdot\overline{\text{D5}_{0.7}}\) \\ P6 & 100–300 MeV & \(\left(\text{D2 + D3}+\text{D4}\right)_{2.08}\cdot\overline{\left(\text{D2 + D3}+\text{D4}\right)_{4.33}}\cdot\overline{\text{D5}_{0.7}}\) \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Logical working modes of high-energy proton probe. Figure 10: Energy loss curves of electrons in semiconductor sensors.