esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 4 Development of Global Food Supply over the Past Five Decades  
When examining changes in food supply (which FAOSTAT defines as food production + imports--exports--other uses) since 1961 by food sources globally, several important trends become apparent, some of which have previously been discussed (e.g., [65]): (1) food supply rose globally by roughly 1000 kcal/capita/day over the past 50 years (Panel A, Figure 4); whereas rural populations disproportionally declined relative to urban populations in every continent with the exception of America (population shown in billions per continent, by urban versus rural population; see Panel D, Figure 4); (2) increases in animal product supply took place in the 60 ies and 70 is in Europe and to some extent also in America [65] (Panel C, Figure 4), paralleled by their increasing economic wellbeing (measured in GDP; data not shown); (3) Asia and China in particular, has been catching up rapidly with regard to animal product supply since the 90 ies (Panel C, Figure 4). Lastly, total food supply from vegetables was highest in Europe, in 1961, where it has stayed steady over the past 50 years, whereas in all other continents it was lower and has risen to the same level as in Europe over the years (Panel B, Figure 4). Further, nationally recommended diets exhibit environmental impacts (in addition to their health impacts), which only recently are begun to be taken into consideration (see for example [PERSON] et al.'s work towards standardized baseline to optimize recommended diets also with regards to their environmental impact [66; 67]). In sum, several factors including the trend of increasing global food supply with simultaneously decreasing rural populations as well as the potential environmental impacts of nationally recommended diets call for new approaches to satisfy globally increasing food demands and keep this system in balance as it pertains to the environment and to logistics for food supply in urban areas or labour shortage in rural areas. For example, the ongoing rural-to-urban migration might partially be reversed by enhancing the _connectivity between rural and urban areas_, such as by technological means and infrastructural opportunities (e.g., transportation technologies, logistics and digitalization) but also by'soft infrastructure' related to knowledge, culture and social support changes [15; 28].
## 4 Performance Evaluation
### Analysis of End-to-End Delay
#### 4.2.2 Discussion of Simulation Results
# Overload Control in Smart Transformer-Fed Grid
## 2 Smart Transformer Concept and Control
### Smart Transformer Overload Controller  
In this paper, the ST overload controller is implemented in the LV side voltage controller. The ST measures the current root mean square (RMS) value and sets two current thresholds for the frequency and voltage controller, respectively. As shown in Figure 3, the frequency controller is activated as soon as the rms current exceeds the 80% of the maximum current limit, set as the current at ST nominal power and voltage. If the controllable resources size is not sufficient or the controller hits the minimum frequency limit (e.g., 49 Hz), the current rises until it reaches 90% of the maximum limit and activates the voltage controller. Here, the ST decreases the voltage amplitude to keep the current within the allowable range. In case the current reaches the maximum current limit--despite the overload controller action--the system resorts to load shedding in the LV grid. In the case of emergency, the ST is forced to shut down in order to avoid hardware damage. As soon as the ST current decreases, the voltage controller at first, followed by the frequency controller, deactivate. In the voltage controller, a rate limiter has been implemented in order to avoid disruptive interactions with the frequency controller during the voltage recovery. If the voltage controller is too fast in recovering the grid voltage, the frequency controller may oscillate, destabilizing the system.  
Figure 2: Smart transformer control scheme and proposed controller to avoid overload condition (red square). RMS: root mean square.  
In the controllable resources, a droop controller curve is implemented as shown in Figure 3. The interface converter decreases its power output until shut down in the case of high frequency (51.5 Hz) [22] and increases its power injection up to 125% in the case of frequency decrease (49 Hz). Implementing such droop controller, the interface converter can interact with the ST under frequency variation signals. The frequency threshold values chosen for this work respects what asked in the Italian standard [22]. The DG converter must remain connected to the grid within the frequency range (47.5-51.5) Hz. In case of over-frequency, the DG must reduce the power output from nominal power (50.3 Hz) to zero power (51.5 Hz). It is worth mentioning that this controller does not affect MV and high voltage (HV) grids. The ST is a three-stage power electronics-based transformer with two DC links. This enables an AC power flow separation between the LV and MV grids; thus, the frequency change in the LV grid is independent from the MV grid frequency.  
The frequency controller may, however, impact digital clocks based on the grid frequency, causing a time drift due to the variable frequency. The ST can provide an isochronous control based on universal time signal in order to reset the frequency-based clocks on a daily basis. In this way, the error introduced by variable frequency control can be corrected.
# RGCLN: Relational Graph Convolutional Ladder-Shaped Networks for Signed Network Clustering
## 4 Experiments
### Results on Dataset
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Dataset** & **Sampson** & **Rainfall** & **S\&P1500** & **PPI** & **Epinions** & **Slashdot** \\ \hline A & \(0.32\pm 0.1\) & \(0.62\pm 0.09\) & \(0.2\pm 0.02\) & \(0.57\pm 0.0\) & \(0.6\pm 0.0\) & \(0.59\pm 0.02\) \\ SNS & \(0.11\pm 0.05\) & \(0.29\pm 0.03\) & \(0.0\pm 0.0\) & \(0.47\pm 0.0\) & \(0.16\pm 0.0\) & \(0.24\pm 0.0\) \\ DNS & \(0.3\pm 0.1\) & \(0.65\pm 0.04\) & \(0.06\pm 0.01\) & \(0.47\pm 0.0\) & \(0.17\pm 0.0\) & \(0.24\pm 0.0\) \\ L & \(0.16\pm 0.05\) & \(0.45\pm 0.08\) & \(0.06\pm 0.01\) & \(0.47\pm 0.0\) & \(0.18\pm 0.03\) & \(0.24\pm 0.0\) \\ L\({}_{\text{sym}}\) & \(0.35\pm 0.09\) & \(0.54\pm 0.05\) & \(0.24\pm 0.04\) & \(0.47\pm 0.0\) & \(0.17\pm 0.0\) & \(0.32\pm 0.09\) \\ BNC & \(0.32\pm 0.12\) & \(0.61\pm 0.07\) & \(0.04\pm 0.01\) & \(0.47\pm 0.0\) & \(0.17\pm 0.0\) & \(0.24\pm 0.0\) \\ BRC & \(0.21\pm 0.11\) & \(0.47\pm 0.05\) & \(0.0\pm 0.0\) & \(0.52\pm 0.0\) & \(0.16\pm 0.0\) & \(0.24\pm 0.0\) \\ SPONGE\({}_{\text{sym}}\) & \(0.36\pm 0.11\) & - & \(0.29\pm 0.05\) & \(0.48\pm 0.0\) & \(0.17\pm 0.0\) & \(0.25\pm 0.01\) \\ SPONGE\({}_{\text{sym}}\) & \(0.34\pm 0.11\) & \(0.73\pm 0.08\) & \(0.32\pm 0.04\) & \(0.46\pm 0.0\) & \(0.17\pm 0.0\) & \(0.24\pm 0.0\) \\ SSSNET & \(0.54\pm 0.11\) & \(0.76\pm 0.11\) & \(\mathbf{0.63\pm 0.04}\) & \(0.21\pm 0.01\) & \(0.18\pm 0.01\) & \(0.24\pm 0.0\) \\ RGCLN & \(\mathbf{0.56\pm 0.18}\) & \(\mathbf{0.81\pm 0.11}\) & \(0.59\pm 0.06\) & \(\mathbf{0.15\pm 0.01}\) & \(\mathbf{0.14\pm 0.03}\) & \(\mathbf{0.24\pm 0.01}\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Clustering performance on the real dataset; best outcomes are in bold. The first three columns are evaluated using ARI, where higher scores represent better classification results, and the rest of the dataset is evaluated by the unhappy ratio (%), where lower is better.
## 2 Material and Methods
### Anti-Proteinase Action  
For further confirmation of the anti-inflammatory action of _P. emblica_ and _A. indica_ extract, the proteinase enzyme inhibition activity was explored [28; 29]. In this experiment, 2 mL reaction mixtures having 1 mL of 20 mM Tris HCl buffer (pH 7.4), 1.0 mL of _P. emblica_, and _A. indica_ extract (100-600 ug/mL) or 1 mL of diclofenac sodium (200 ug/mL), along with 0.06 mg trypsin, were incubated in separate test tubes. The reaction mixtures were incubated for 5 min. At the end of incubation, 1 mL of casein (0.8% _w/v_) was mixed in each reaction mixture, and the tubes were further incubated for 20 min at 37 \({}^{\circ}\)C. The reaction was stopped by adding 70% of 2 mL perchloric acid resulting in cloudy suspension formation. The reaction mixture was centrifuged for 5 min at 2500 rpm. The resulting supernatant absorbance was checked at 210 nm against the buffer. All the samples were run in triplicates. The proteinase inhibition activity (%) was calculated as:  
\[\text{Percentage inhibition (\%)}=[(\text{Pc - Ps)/Pc}]\times 100\]  
where Pc represents the absorbance of control; Ps denotes the absorbance of the sample having extract/diclofenac.
# Application of Gas Foil Bearings in China
## 2 Applications of Gas Foil Bearings
### Application in Low Temperature High-Speed Turbo-Expander
The experimental results showed that the starting friction torque and running resistance torque of the multi-leaf foil journal bearings were small, and the turbo-expander could reach 93,900 rpm. The rotor bearing system had the advantages of a smaller main frequency amplitude (<6 \(\upmu\)m) and a low frequency whirl amplitude (<0.5 \(\upmu\)m). The rotor locus was clear and had good repeatability [48; 49]. For a cryogenic working fluid turboexpander, as shown in the Figure 3, a helium turbo-expander (500 W) supported by foil journal bearings was designed with a rated speed of 220 krpm. The speed could exceed the design speed by 12% in the test with a normal air temperature. In addition, a series of hydrogen turbo-expanders supported by gas foil journal bearings was also developed, with power ranging from more than 20 to 40 kW. The turbo-expander (39.7 kW) with a rated speed of 74.5 krpm was tested in an air environment. The speed could reach 60 krpm, and the amplitude was less than 0.023 \(\upmu\)m. Due to their large thrust force, hydrostatic bearings are currently used as thrust bearings in hydrogen and helium turbo-expanders. Meanwhile, a carbon dioxide turbo expander with a rated speed of 125,000 rpm has been designed, as shown in Figure 4. Its rated speed could reach 80,722 rpm in the experiment. The inlet and outlet pressures of the turbo expander were 10 MPa and 7.3 MPa, respectively.
# Research on Quantization Parameter Decision Scheme for High Efficiency Video Coding
###### Abstract  
High-Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) is one of the most widely studied coding standards. It still uses the block-based hybrid coding framework of Advanced Video Coding (AVC), and compared to AVC, it can double the compression ratio while maintaining the same quality of reconstructed video. The quantization module is an important module in video coding. In the process of quantization, quantization parameter is an important factor in determining the bitrate in video coding, especially in the case of limited channel bandwidth. It is particularly important to select a reasonable quantization parameter to make the bitrate as close as possible to the target bitrate. Aiming at the problem of unreasonable selection of quantization parameters in codecs, this paper proposes using a differential evolution algorithm to assign quantization parameter values to the coding tree unit (CTU) in each frame of 360-degree panoramic video based on HEVC so as to strike a balance between bitrate and distortion. Firstly, the number of CTU rows in a 360-degree panoramic video frame is considered as the dimension of the optimization problem. Then, a trial vector is obtained by randomly selecting the vectors in the population for mutation and crossover. In the mutation step, the algorithm generates a new parameter vector by adding the weighted difference between two population vectors to a third vector. And the elements in the new parameter vector are selected according to the crossover rate. Finally, the trial vector is regarded as the quantization parameter of each CTU in the CTU row to encode, and the vector with the least rate distortion is selected. The algorithm will produce the optimal quantization parameter combination for the current video. The experimental results show that compared to the benchmark algorithm of HEVC reference software HM-16.20, the proposed algorithm can provide a bit saving of 1.86%, while the peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) can be improved by 0.07 dB.  
quantization parameter; high efficiency video coding; differential evolution; 360-degree panoramic video +
Footnote †: journal: Applied  
0000-0001-9999-4300-3333][PERSON] and [PERSON] *
###### Abstract  
This paper investigates the influence of skin and proximity effects on power losses in segmented power cables using finite element (FE) analysis. Two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) FE models are developed to evaluate the AC-to-DC resistance ratio (\(R_{\mathrm{AC}}/R_{\mathrm{DC}}\)) in single-, three-, and five-segment cable configurations. Frequencies of 0, 50, 150, and 250 Hz are considered under an infinite lay length (parallel strands) assumption. This study reveals that 2D modeling provides nearly identical \(R_{\mathrm{AC}}/R_{\mathrm{DC}}\) values to 3D, with deviations of less than 0.6% at 50 Hz when no twisting is present. This highlights the computational efficiency of 2D models for certain cable designs without compromising accuracy. Furthermore, this paper examines the mesh refinement and sub-conductor geometry (hexagonal packing) of underground cables under full compression assumption. The results underscore the viability of 2D cross-sectional simulations for multi-segment cables, ensuring accurate loss predictions while saving considerable computational resources.  
AC losses; eddy current; electromagnetic analysis; proximity effect; skin effect 2025
## 4 Results and Discussion
### Application of the New MRMDL Model  
To prove the superiority of the MRMDL mode over the conventional spaceborne GNSS-R SSH retrieval method, the retrieval accuracy of both methods was evaluated. The HALF re-tracking method is employed in the traditional SSH retrieval method to calculate the time delay between the reflected signal and the direct signal. The re-tracking point is chosen to be a position on the leading edge of the correlation waveform at 70% of the maximal correlation power. Moreover, the error model in reference [19] corrects for the various errors that are present in the time delay measurements [19]. Figure 11 displays the error statistics of the global SSH as obtained by the MRMDL model and the HALF re-tracking approach. The MRMDL model provides more reliable retrieval outcomes. Approximately 77.3% of the retrieval error for the MRMDL model is between 5 and 5 m, but only 47.89% for the HALF re-tracking approach.  
Figure 10: Scatter density plot and error distribution histogram of the altimeter satellite and MRMDL model. (**a**) Scatter density plot of the MRMDL model and the altimeter satellite. (**b**) Error distribution histogram.  
Figure 9: Scatter density plot and probability density plot of the radar altimeter with DTU18. (**a**) Scatter density plot of altimeter satellite and DTU18. (**b**) Probability density plot of radar altimeter and DTU18.  
The quantitative precision indicators of the two models are shown in Table 5. The MRMDL outperforms the conventional re-tracking algorithm in precision metrics _MAD_, _RMSE_, and _PCC_. The implementation of MRMDL enhances the accuracy of SSH retrieval. The _MAD_ and _RMSE_ are decreased by 35.21 and 17.25 percent, respectively, and the _PCC_ is enhanced by 2.08 percent. This is primarily because the conventional retracking method compresses the DDM information into a scalar that cannot fully describe the SSH information due to the complex sea surface conditions. The new MRMDL model proposed in this paper can utilize not only the whole DDM information, but also consider more information related to the SSH. Thus, a better retrieval precision can be obtained.
# Research on Spaceborne Target Detection Based on Yolov5 and Image Compression
## 3 Remote Sensing Target Detection
### Yolov5 Network  
Figure 2 is the network structure diagram of Yolov5. The network structure is divided into four parts: input, backbone, neck, and prediction.
## 1 Introduction  
With the ongoing advancement of smart grid infrastructure, high-speed power line carrier communication has emerged as a predominant information transmission technology in power systems [1]. This approach utilizes existing power lines as transmission media, achieving cost efficiency and power-communication integration while supporting power system automation and intelligent operations [2,3]. However, this technology faces significant challenges, particularly regarding environmental complexity and data security [4]. The complexity stems from two primary factors: the inherent physical characteristics of power lines that degrade communication signals, and electromagnetic interference generated by diverse electrical equipment within the power system, both of which substantially increase communication difficulties [5]. Furthermore, the exposed nature of power lines renders them susceptible to external interference and malicious attacks, posing substantial risks to data security.  
The generalized two-dimensional polynomial chaotic mapping generates chaotic sequences with complex behaviors. It uses configurable control parameters and adjustable polynomial degrees. These sequences serve as highly secure keys. They enhance communication confidentiality. The mapping adapts to diverse environments and requirements. Addressing power line carrier communication vulnerability to noise and signal fading, this mapping's inherent complexity provides inherent resistance to such disturbances, thereby improving transmission reliability. This paper develops a secure transmission method incorporating (1) a minimal connected dominating set-based routing algorithm that intelligently selects optimal key nodes for efficient and stable paths, and (2) an autoregressive moving average model that precisely analyzes transmission fluctuations by quantifying deviation degrees to capture dynamic channel characteristics. For encryption, the method innovatively combines the mapping's dynamic properties with real-time fluctuation data to generate adaptive keys, ensuring robust security against power line impairments. The encrypted ciphertext demonstrates strong resistance to channel noise and attenuation, significantly enhancing communication confidentiality and stability. The complete solution implements reference modulation differential chaotic shift keying to guarantee information integrity during transmission. The experimental results validate the method's effectiveness in establishing secure high-speed power line carrier networks, offering crucial technical support for smart grid development.
## 1 Introduction  
### Purpose and Significance  
Reports on field investigations following the occurrence of typhoons in the past [1,2] have reported houses, particularly low-rise wooden houses, as being significantly affected by strong winds and often suffering serious damage. After the typhoon, quick damage assessment of residents' houses can facilitate quick dispatch of necessary assistance to house repair and the confirmation of disaster insurance to residents. Therefore, in March 2017, the Japan Cabinet Office revised \"the guidelines for the identification and classification of residential house damage after disasters\" [3] to improve the efficiency of filed investigation for houses damaged by disasters. In addition, local governments requested amendments to the \"disaster relief act\" and \"act on support for reconstructing livelihoods of disaster victims\" to propose investigation methods and evaluation criteria suitable for strong wind disasters. Recently, Typhoon Faxai, in 2019, caused serious damage to houses in Japan. Consequently, the effective and rapid detection and classification of the damage has become an urgent topic in Japan.  
In Japan, the assessment of disaster situations regarding a house following a typhoon is mostly conducted by local government and disaster research groups through field investigations [4]. Thus, the result of the evaluation is released after a few days. The disaster field investigation is conducted not only for typhoons but following the occurrence of earthquakes as well. For example, according to the \"investigation on the situation of certificates issuing for disaster in case of large-scale disasters-centered on the Kumamoto earthquake in 2016\" [5] conducted by the Ministry of general affairs Japan, the certificates issued for disaster were delayed by more than three months after the Kumamoto earthquake occurred.  
From 10 to 13 November 2019, a field investigation was conducted on the residential houses damaged after Typhoon Faxai 2019, considering Tateyama city, Kyonan town, and Minamiboso city in the south of Chiba Prefecture as the investigation area. The statistical result of the field investigation is presented in Table 1, where more than half of the houses in the survey area were damaged, and roofs with damage accounted for more than 80% of the damaged houses, far exceeding the damage proportion of other components of the house. Thus, it was found that the damaged condition of the house can be speculated based on the damaged condition of the roof.
# NR Sidelink Performance Evaluation for Enhanced 5G-V2X Services
## 4 Performance Evaluation  
### Simulation Settings  
In this section, the simulation parameters and conditions are being defined which serve as the basis for the in-depth analysis. This section presents a detailed overview of the simulation environment, including key parameters such as network topology, traffic scenarios, data rate, packet size, sidelink information etc.
###### Abstract  
Environmental contaminants are becoming a growing issue due to their effects on the cryosphere and their impact on the ecosystem. Mountain glaciers are receding in the HKH region and are anticipated to diminish further as black carbon (BC) concentrations rise along with other pollutants in the air, increasing global warming. Air contaminants and BC concentrations were estimated (June 2017-May 2018). An inventory of different pollutants at three glaciers in Karakoram, Hindukush, and the Himalaya has been recorded with Aerolaut 500 and TSI DRX 8533, which are as follows: ozone (\(28.14\pm 3.58\) ug/m\({}^{3}\)), carbon dioxide (\(208.58\pm 31.40\) ug/m\({}^{3}\)), sulfur dioxide (\(1.73\pm 0.33\) ug/m\({}^{3}\)), nitrogen dioxide (\(2.84\pm 0.37\) ug/m\({}^{3}\)), PM\({}_{25}\) (\(15.90\pm 3.32\) ug/m\({}^{3}\)), PM\({}_{10}\) (\(28.05\pm 2.88\) ug/m\({}^{3}\)), total suspended particles (\(76.05\pm 10.19\) ug/m\({}^{3}\)), BC in river water (\(88.74\pm 19.16\) ug/m\({}^{3}\)), glaciers (\(17.66\pm 0.82\) ug/m\({}^{3}\)), snow/rain (\(57.43\pm 19.66\) mg/g), and air (\(2.80\pm 1.20\) ug/m\({}^{3}\)). BC was estimated by using DRI Model 2015, Multi-Wavelength Thermal/Optical Carbon Analyzer, in conjunction with satellite-based white-sky albedo (WSA). The average BC concentrations in the Karakoram, Himalaya, and Hindukush were \(2.35\pm 0.94\), \(4.38\pm 1.35\), and \(3.32\pm 1.09\) (ug/m\({}^{3}\)), whereas WSA was \(0.053\pm 0.024\), \(0.045\pm 0.015\), and \(0.045\pm 0.019\) (ug/m\({}^{3}\)), respectively. Regression analysis revealed the inverse relationship between WSA and BC. The resulting curves provide a better understanding of the non-empirical link between BC and WSA. Increased BC will inherit ecological consequences for the region, ultimately resulting in biodiversity loss.  
black carbon; white-sky albedo; air contaminants; HKH region Pakistan; glaciers; regression analysis