## 5 Conclusions and Perspective
In the future, in terms of design, heterogeneous catalysts should be adopted to optimize the pathways for generating reactive oxygen species and reduce toxic by-products. By combining computational chemistry with experiments, efficient catalysts specific to antibiotic degradation should be screened, and high-efficiency directed catalytic systems should be developed. Research should focus on redox coupling technologies that can inactivate antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) while degrading antibiotics, exploring microbial community regulation strategies to inhibit the potential spread of ARGs. Strengthening natural-artificial coupling processes, such as constructed wetlands and bioelectrochemical systems, will enhance the long-term treatment capacity for low concentrations of antibiotics. Green degradation technologies based on microalgae or a plant-microbe co-metabolism \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt}} \hline \hline
**Technology** & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Applicable Environmental Systems**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Cost**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Limitations**} \\ \hline Supercritical Water Oxidation (SCWO) & High-concentration organic wastewater (pharmaceutical plants) & High operational cost, including equipment, energy, and maintenance costs & Acidic intermediates can severely corrode reactors, necessitating expensive materials. Requires continuous heating to maintain supercritical state, energy consumption higher than conventional biological treatment or AOPs. & Acidic intermediates can severely corrode reactors, necessitating expensive materials. Requires continuous heating to maintain supercritical state, energy consumption higher than or AOPs. & Severe membrane fouling issues, frequent cleaning or replacement increases maintenance costs. Concentrate disposal may cause secondary pollution. & \\ \hline Adsorption Method & Emergency or advanced treatment & Relatively high adsorbent cost (e.g., biochar and nano-modified materials) & Safety high adsorbent cost costs are high. Sensitive to dissolved organic matter (DOM) or ionic strength, efficiency easily affected by water quality. & & As adsorbents require regeneration or disposal post-use, regeneration costs are high. Sensitive to dissolved organic matter (DOM) or ionic strength, efficiency easily affected by water quality. \\ \hline Ionizing Radiation & Medical wastewater, high-risk pollutants & High, equipment costs (e.g., cobalt-60 radiation sources, accelerators) and regular maintenance & High initial investment unaffordable for small-scale plants. DOM and inorganic salts reduce efficiency. Scaling challenges: electron beam suitable for small–medium flow, gamma irradiation is mobile, suitable for fixed installations. & High initial investment unaffordable for small-scale plants. DOM and inorganic salts reduce efficiency. Scaling challenges: electron beam suitable for small–medium flow, gamma irradiation is mobile, suitable for fixed installations. & \\ \hline Bioelectrochemical Systems (BESs) & Laboratory or small-scale pilot projects & High, electrode materials (e.g., graphene) and system construction costs & Low electron transfer efficiency, difficult to scale up. Requires continuous power supply (MEC), high energy consumption. & Low electron transfer efficiency, continuous power supply (MEC), high energy consumption. \\ \hline Microalgae Technology & Ecological remediation & Moderate, requires light and nutrients for microalgae cultivation & Antibiotics may inhibit microalgae growth, requiring optimized ecosystems. High costs for harvesting and processing microalgae biomass. & Antibiotics may inhibit microalgae growth, requiring regular maintenance. \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: _Cont._should be developed to reduce the energy consumption and the risk of secondary pollution.