## 3 Results and Discussion
### Total Polyphenols and Polyphenol Profile  
The total polyphenol content in the five legume honeys is shown in Table 1.  
Sainfoin honey exhibited a higher total polyphenol content than that found, for example, in thyme, turnip, and sunflower honey; alfalfa honey had a higher total polyphenol content than raspberry honey; however, the other three types of honey exhibited a lower quantity of total polyphenols [42]. The total polyphenol values of alfalfa honey are quite similar to those of orange blossom honey [43]. However, the total polyphenol content present in our samples was lower than that observed by [PERSON] et al. [44], who found a quantity of total polyphenols of no less than 64 mg GAE/100 g of product in different types of Fabaceae honey from the Algerian territory. However, total polyphenols and other biochemical characteristics of honey are related to the territory [44], the type of plant selected by the bees [45], and the period of pollen collection by bees [46]. Figure 1 and Table 2 show the polyphenols' profile of the five legume honeys, determined through UPLC analysis. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c c c} \hline  & **Indigo** & **Astragalus** & **Alfalfa** & **Carrob** & **Sainfoin** \\ \hline Total polyphenols (\(\upmu\)g GAE g\({}^{-1}\)) & \(110\pm 11\) & \(145\pm 8\) & \(177\pm 9\) & \(291\pm 12\) & \(408\pm 19\) \\ \hline DPPH (IC\({}_{50}\), mg mL\({}^{-1}\)) & \(47\pm 13\) & \(59\pm 9\) & \(59\pm 14\) & \(19\pm 2\) & \(6\pm 1\) \\ \hline TEAC (mM TE g\({}^{-1}\)) & \(2.0\pm 0.9\) & \(2.4\pm 0.4\) & \(4\pm 2\) & \(4.3\pm 0.5\) & \(10.6\pm 0.1\) \\ \hline Vit C (mg/100 g) & \(17\pm 1\) & \(1.6\pm 0.3\) & \(27.8\pm 0.9\) & \(15.1\pm 0.3\) & \(23.7\pm 0.9\) \\ \hline Anti-inflammatory activity (IC\({}_{50}\), mg) & \(56\pm 8\) & \(24\pm 4\) & \(62\pm 2\) & \(35\pm 7\) & \(30\pm 5\) \\ \hline AChE-inhibitory activity (\%) & nd & \(6.2\pm 0.3\) & \(5.0\pm 0.2\) & nd & \(9.1\pm 0.4\) \\ \hline AChE-inhibitory activity (IC\({}_{50}\), mg) & nd & \(141\pm 13\) & \(180\pm 14\) & nd & \(112\pm 10\) \\ \hline AchE-inhibitory activity (\%) & \(27\pm 3\) & \(13\pm 2\) & nd & \(0.5\pm 0.1\) & \(9\pm 1\) \\ \hline BchE-inhibitory activity(\%) & nd & nd & nd & nd & \(130\pm 13\) \\ \hline Tyrosine-inhibitory activity (IC\({}_{50}\), mg) & \(13\pm 1\) & \(10\pm 1\) & \(16\pm 2\) & \(11\pm 1\) & \(15\pm 2\) \\ \hline Tyrosine-inhibitory activity (\%, using L-tyrosine) & \(13\pm 1\) & \(41\pm 3\) & \(55\pm 5\) & \(71\pm 2\) & \(74\pm 2\) \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Biochemical characterization of the five legume honeys. Results are the average of three independent experiments (\(\pm\)SD). For details, see the Materials and Methods section. nd: not detected. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c c c} \hline  & **Astragalus** & **Carob** & **Alfalfa** & **Indigo** & **Sainfoin** \\ \hline  & \(\upmu\)g g\({}^{-1}\) & \(\upmu\)g g\({}^{-1}\) & \(\upmu\)g g\({}^{-1}\) & \(\upmu\)g g\({}^{-1}\) \\ \hline
**Gallic acid** & 206.73 & 383.42 & 174.64 & 119.64 & 291.18 \\ \hline
**5-(Hydroymethyl)** & 14.29 & 7.6 & 25.01 & 13.27 & 36.52 \\
**Furfural** & & & 11.39 & 24.06 & \\ \hline
**Caftaric acid** & & & 25.18 & 16.82 & 13.4 \\ \hline
**Chlorogenic acid** & & & & 14.43 \\ \hline
**Penicatechin** & & 18.42 & & & \\ \hline
**\(p\)-Coumaric acid** & & & 7.98 & 6.36 & \\ \hline
**Taxifolin** & 20.52 & & 14.36 & 22.23 & 13.89 \\ \hline
**Rutin** & & 2.33 & & 13.77 & \\ \hline
**Galangin** & 29.66 & 5.47 & 6.23 & 9.63 & 12.33 \\ \hline
**(+)-Abscissic acid** & & & 3.01 & & \\ \hline
**Kaempfer** & 1.80 & & 11.17 & 6.08 & \\ \hline
**Biochanin A** & 2.01 & 4.14 & 9.81 & 6.66 & 4.42 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Profile of polyphenols recognized in the five types of the legume honey through UPLC analysis. The data are reported as \(\upmu\)g g\({}^{-1}\) of product. Some metabolites are common to all the samples: gallic acid, 5-hydroxymethyl-furfurral (HMF), and galangin; in decidedly smaller quantities, biochanin A as found.