## 2 Related Works
As most of the world's high mountain regions have lost about 20-50% of their total ice volume since the late 19 th century, paraglacial landslides are becoming increasingly frequent phenomena [21]. Geological characteristics are fundamental to the stability of mountain slopes. The type of rock and its structural properties can significantly influence how slopes behave under stress. In particular, the lithological composition of slopes is crucial in determining their stability. Certain rock types, such as shale, clay, and other sedimentary rocks, are particularly prone to weathering and weakening, making them more susceptible to landslides [50]. The presence of joints, fractures, and faults within these rocks facilitates water infiltration, which can weaken rock mass and decrease slope stability [51]. For example, studies by [PERSON] et al. (2002) have shown that slopes underlain by weak lithologies are more likely to experience landslides, especially under conditions of increased moisture [52]. Soil properties, including texture, mineralogy, and cohesion, are significant determinants of slope stability. Soils with high clay content, for example, can swell when wet and shrink when dry, leading to changes in volume that destabilize slopes [53]. Additionally, loose, unconsolidated soils typically have low shear strength, making them more prone to failure under load or when saturated. The structural arrangement and layering of geological materials significantly impact slope stability. Slopes composed of weak layers sandwiched between stronger ones are particularly vulnerable. The orientation of these layers relative to the slope surface can also influence stability; layers dipping parallel to the slope are more likely to slide [54]. Hydrological conditions are among the most immediate and powerful predisposing factors affecting slope stability. Groundwater dynamics critically influence slope stability by affecting pore water pressure. Elevated pore water pressure reduces the effective stress within the soil, decreasing its shear strength and increasing the likelihood of slope failure [55]. Long-term changes in groundwater levels, such as those caused by seasonal variations or anthropogenic activities, can thus predispose slopes to instability [56]. Surface water, including rivers, streams, and runoff, contributes to slope erosion, which can undermine slope stability. Erosion at the base of slopes can remove supporting material, leading to oversteepening and increased instability [33]. Persistent erosion gradually weakens slope materials, making them more susceptible to failure. Studies by [PERSON] et al. (2007) have demonstrated that regions with high rates of fluvial erosion are more prone to landslides, especially during periods of heavy rainfall [57]. Climatic conditions play a significant role in the predisposing factors of slope instability. Climate influences the frequency and intensity of rainfall, temperature fluctuations, and freeze-thaw cycles, all of which affect slope stability. Regions with heavy, consistent rainfall or significant seasonal changes are more prone to slope instability. Freeze-thaw cycles, in particular, cause the mechanical weathering of rocks and soils, contributing to slope weakening over time [58]. For example, research by [PERSON] and [PERSON] (2007) has shown that Alpine regions with significant freeze-thaw activity are particularly susceptible to rockfalls and landslides. Long-term climatic trends, such as global warming, can also impact slope stability [59]. Rising temperatures can lead to the thawing of permafrost in Alpine regions, destabilizing slopes that were previously stable [60]. Additionally, changesin precipitation patterns due to climate change can alter groundwater levels and increase the frequency of intense rainfall events, further predisposing slopes to failure [61]. Vegetation plays a crucial role in maintaining slope stability through root reinforcement and water regulation.