esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 1 Introduction
It is thus much more difficult to perform the synchronous motion of the exciter and CRs, compared to that of the multiple exciters. Accordingly, seeing whether the energy supplied by the induction motor is sufficient to initiate and sustain this type of synchronization is essential. In this paper, the total energy balance is considered, and the concept of the necessary electromagnetic torque is introduced in the synchronization criterion. If an induction motor's rated electromagnetic torque surpasses the necessary electromagnetic torque for the vibrating system, then an induction motor would have the capability to achieve the synchronous motion. Additionally, since there are some parameters in the expression of the necessary electromagnetic torque that dominantly influence the occurrence of the synchronization, a detailed investigation of the key parameters regarding the onset of the synchronous motion is conducted. In light of this investigation, when using the synchronization mechanism in this study to develop certain types of vibratory crushers or vibratory mills, the chosen values of the key parameters can ensure that the induction motor in the vibrating system provides adequate energy. (3) The synchronization and coupling dynamical characteristics of multiple exciters with direct driving sources have been investigated extensively [21; 22; 23; 24; 25; 26; 27; 28; 29], whereas the synchronization characteristics and stability analysis of the synchronous states between multiple coupled CRs with non-identical dry friction coefficients are less studied in the available literature. Therefore, a detailed investigation into the dynamics and synchronization of three CRs is essential for not only scientific interest, but also for application purposes. For instance, the authors must figure out how variations in system parameters would affect the synchronization ability, stability, and clinging ability of three CRs, so as to tune the synchronization performance to the ideal case in actual projects. The structure of the paper is organized as follows. Section 2 presents the modelling of the vibrating system. In Section 3, the existence and stability of synchronous solutions are analytically discussed. In particular, the concept of dynamic coupling torque is introduced. Section 4 explores the nonlinear relationships between the structure parameters and the coupling synchronization characteristics, and reveals how synchronization performance is consequently influenced. Then, the analytic results are illustrated by means of computer simulations in Section 5. Cases of identical and nonidentical friction coefficients are performed in order to determine the possible synchronization behaviour. Additionally, the role played by dynamic coupling torques is analyzed. Finally, in Section 6, the main conclusions are given.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Characterization with Optical Microscopy  
To investigate the composition of the PLA samples, optical microscopy was used. Microscopy showed no optical activity when viewed with and without the polarized light. This indicates that the polymer is a racemic mixture of PDLA and PLLA because optical activity would be expected at other compositions. Optically active materials exhibit this property because they can rotate the plane of polarization due to differing amounts of enantiomers and their chirality; racemic mixtures of enantiomers are optically inactive because the equal and opposite rotations cancel out [28; 56]. There were no changes in optical properties of irradiated samples.
# NAS-CRE: Neural Architecture Search for Context-Based Relation Extraction
## 5 Discussion
### Time Complexity of NAS-RNN
#### 5.2.1 Time Complexity of Architecture Search  
A core feature of NAS-RNN is the automated architecture search. The architecture search aims to find the optimal network architecture using search strategies such as reinforcement learning.  
Assuming that we perform \(N\) architecture evaluations, where each evaluation requires training a candidate architecture, the time complexity for training is the same as for a standard RNN, i.e., \(O(T\cdot H\cdot(I+H))\), where: \(T\) is the sequence length, \(H\) is the size of the hidden layer, and \(I\) is the input dimension.  
Thus, the time complexity of the architecture search is:  
\[O(N\cdot T\cdot H\cdot(I+H)) \tag{15}\]  
where \(N\) is the number of architecture evaluations. Since the architecture search usually requires exploring a large number of candidate architectures, \(N\) is often a very large number.
Remote Sens._**2011**, \(3\), 929-944; doi:10.3390/rs3050929  
_Remote Sensing_  
**ISSN 2072-4292**  
www.mdpi.com/journal/remotesensing  
_Article_  
**Estimating Single Tree Stem Volume of _Pinus sylvestris_ Using Airborne Laser Scanner and Multispectral Line Scanner Data**  
**[PERSON] * and [PERSON]**  
Department of Remote Sensing and Landscape Information Systems, University of Freiburg,  
Tennenbacherstr. 4, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; E-Mail: [PERSON]SS]  
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [PERSON]  
Tel.: +49-8161-71-5875; Fax: +49-8161-71-4971.  
_Received: 10 March 2011; in revised form: 22 April 2011 / Accepted: 26 April 2011 / Published: 4 May 2011_  
**Abstract:** So far, only a few studies have been carried out in central European forests to estimate individual tree stem volume of pine trees from high resolution remote sensing data. In this article information derived from airborne laser scanner and multispectral line scanner data were tested to predict the stem volume of 178 pines (_Pinus sylvestris_) in a study site in the south-west of Germany. First, tree crowns were automatically delineated using both multispectral and laser scanner data. Next, tree height, crown diameter and crown volume were derived for each crown segment. All combinations of the derived tree features were used as explanatory variables in allometric models to predict the stem volume. A model with tree height and crown diameter had the best performance with respect to the prediction accuracy determined by a leave-one-out cross-validation: Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) = 24.02% and Bias = 1.36%.  
**Keywords:** stem volume; single trees; airborne laser scanning; multispectral line scanner data; _Pinus sylvestris_
## 1 Introduction
However, it is not known whether the structural design of the irregular tooth end milling cutter has an effect on the centroid distribution, whether the centroid distribution is the same, or whether the centroid distribution affects the dynamic characteristics of the end milling cutter. Therefore, according to the parameterized design of a helical flute on the end face of an end milling cutter, this paper deduces a general mathematical model for calculating the centroid of an irregular tooth end milling cutter, and calculates the position coordinates of the centroid in each section for four types of end milling cutters (A-type variable pitch-variable helix, B-type variable pitch-equal helix, C-type equal pitch-variable helix, and D-type equal pitch-equal helix). It provides a theoretical basis for subsequent research on the centroid distribution of end milling cutters. The centroid distribution of all types of end milling cutters with the same overall eccentricity and different structure is investigated and analyzed. The influence of the tool structure on the dynamic characteristics of a milling cutter is studied using finite element analysis with ABAQUS and ANSYS software. The natural frequency and mode shape of each type of end milling cutter are obtained through modal analyses. Under the same dynamic excitation, the resonance frequency band of four types of end milling cutters and the response displacement of each type of end milling cutter are obtained by harmonic response analysis. Under the premise of fixing the overall eccentricity of the tool, the influence of the tool structure on centroid distribution and dynamic performance is explored. This provides a theoretical reference for the accurate design of an irregular tooth end milling cutter, and this research content is a meaningful exploration.
# Enhanced Epileptic Seizure Detection through Wavelet-Based Analysis of EEG Signal Processing
## 4 Results and Discussion
### Datasets  
The EEG seizure record databases, which are considered in this study, are publicly available and were recorded at the Helsinki University Hospital and Boston Children's Hospital. EEG signals were labeled by neurophysiologists as either indicative of seizure or non-seizure activity, marking the commencement and conclusion of epileptic episodes. Both databases were sampled at a frequency of 256 Hz, adhering to the electrode placement guidelines outlined by the international 10-20 system.
###### Abstract  
This study was performed to determine the possibility of using mango fruit (_Mangifera indica_) in brewing technology. The aim of using the SPME-HS-GC-MS technique was to assess what changes occurred in the volatile composition of mango beers brewed in this study. Mango fruit was added to the beer in five different forms to ascertain what kind of preparation should be used to improve beer aroma. Analysis of the volatile components in mango beer showed that beer without mango addition was characterized by the lowest content of volatile compounds (1787.84 ug/100 mL). The addition of mango fruit increased the concentration of compounds, such as \(\alpha\)-pinene, \(\beta\)-myrcene, terpinolene, \(\alpha\)-terpineol, _cis_-\(\beta\)-ocimene, caryophyllene, and humulene, in beer. Beer prepared with mango pulp addition was characterized by the highest concentration of volatile components from mango beers (2112.15 ug/100 mL). Furthermore, beers with mango addition were characterized by a higher polyphenol content (up to 44% higher than control beer) and antioxidant activity than control beer and were evaluated by a trained panel as having a better taste and aroma than beer without fruit addition.  
Mangifera indica; beer; solid-phase microextraction; in-needle SPME; total polyphenols content; volatile compounds; gas-chromatography Article
## 1 Introduction
They formulated the problem in the context of L-S thermoelasticity together with a layerwise (LW) DQM, where the governing equations were solved in the time domain both analytically and numerically. The non-linear behavior of the shell structures under different loading conditions, makes the wave propagation problem particularly sensitive to the selected mechanical and geometrical parameters. This represents a key aspect of higher-order numerical approaches for shell structures [38; 39; 40; 41; 42; 43]. To date, however, there has been a general lack of works applying coupled thermoelastic approaches to FG cylindrical panels with surface piezoelectric layers under a thermal shock. Due to its practical importance and usefulness from a research and practical engineering standpoint, this issue is investigated in the present paper. In order to describe the high transient nature of a thermal loading, especially at the initial phase of its application, the problem is formulated according to the L-S thermoelasticity theory, with a special emphasis on the heat wave propagation. The material properties of FG panels are assumed to vary throughout the thickness, and a layerwise (LW) approach is adopted to simulate the variation of field variables throughout the thickness, due to its high accuracy and computational efficiency compared to a conventional finite element method (FEM) or finite difference method (FDM), as verified for different engineering problems. The LW theory, indeed, has been largely proved to be an efficient tool for the study of the response and transverse the shear and normal stress distributions of laminated composites. It represents a refined approach that considers the effects of thickness at a reduced computational cost. Based on a LW theory, the shear strains are discontinuous, and hence the shear stresses can be continuous at the interface of two adjacent layers. This represents a clear advantage of the LW approach with respect to higher order shear deformation theories. At the same time, the successful employment of the DQM for different structural and fluid problems has largely been proved in literature [44; 45; 46; 47; 48; 49; 50; 51; 52; 1  
piezoelectric layer thickness, and external electrical voltage on the thermoelastic behavior of the system is investigated parametrically. The outline of the paper is as follows: in Section 2 we describe the theoretical basics and the governing equations of the problem. In Section 3 we present the numerical procedure of a NURBS-based multi-step method and DQM, whose numerical results are discussed and compared in Section 4 for different mechanical, geometrical, and thermal parameters. The main conclusions of our work are, finally, summarized in Section 5.
# A Local Feature Engineering Strategy to Improve Network Anomaly Detection +
## 7 NSL-KDD Results
### Discussion
* In light of the previous considerations based on the experimental results, we can conclude that the validation process demonstrates that the proposed LFE strategy can be profitably used in order to improve the classification performance of the canonical algorithms largely used in the intrusion detection literature, suggesting a possible exploitation also in those solutions that involve more than a single algorithm, e.g. those based on hybrid approaches or ensemble ones.
# Electromagnetic Field Distribution and Data Characteristics of SUTEM of Multilayer Aquifers
## 3 Forward Modeling Mathematical Method of SUTEM
### TEM Field Excited by Rectangular Transmitting Loop
#### 3.2.3 Numerical Calculation  
Converting the electromagnetic field in the frequency domain to the time domain was first achieved using the fast Fourier transform. However, this method requires many sampling times for the kernel function, the calculation is slow, and it is thus rarely used in modern efforts. In contrast, the Gaver-Stehefest (G-S) method requires fewer filtering coefficients and applies pure real number operations, along with fast calculation speed. The disadvantage of the G-S method is that the accuracy of the algorithm is related to the computational system, i.e., the longer the computer word length is, the higher the accuracy. The Guptasarma algorithm uses only the real part of the frequency domain response and 21-point filtering coefficients. Its early calculation accuracy is high, but its late calculation accuracy is low. Compared with the above conversion method, the cosine transformation requires more filtering coefficients and is less efficient but offers higher accuracy when calculating the transient electromagnetic response. We mainly study SUTEM forward modeling, which needs to maintain high accuracy when handling both early and late data. Therefore, we use a cosine transformation to convert from frequency to time and replace the calculation cycle with a matrix operation to improve the operation efficiency.  
The quadratic field generated by the rectangular transmitting loop in each layer contains the integral of Bessel functions \(J_{0}(\lambda\rho)\) and \(J_{1}(\lambda\rho)\), which are numerically integrated by the Hankel transform [27; 28]. In this paper, 120 sampling points are used for the 0-order Bessel integral, the initial sampling point is \(-8.3885\), and the sampling point interval is \(9.04226468670\times 10^{-2}\). The first-order Bessel integral is \(140\), the initial sampling point is \(-7.91001919\), and the sampling point interval is \(8.79671439570\times 10^{-2}\). The integral of the rectangular transmitting loop is solved by Gauss numerical integration [29]. The cosine transformation is a mature frequency-time conversion method. The observed induced electromotive force (EMF) \(\partial B/\partial t\) usually satisfies [30] the following:  
\[\frac{\partial B(t)}{\partial t} = \mu_{0}\sqrt{\frac{2t}{\pi}}\sum_{i=1}^{m}\mathrm{Re}(H(\frac{ \omega_{i}}{t}))\cdot\sqrt{\frac{\omega_{i}}{t}}\cdot w_{i,\mathrm{cos}} \tag{27}\]  
where \(m\) is the number of sampling points of digital filtering, \(w_{i,\mathrm{cos}}\) is the cosine transform filtering coefficient, and \(\mu_{0}\ =\ 4\pi\times 10^{-7}\) is the permeability of the vacuum.  
By solving for the transient electromagnetic field induced by the horizontal rectangular transmitting loop, we can obtain the time-domain secondary electromagnetic field value at any position, provided that the rectangular transmitting loop is located within any position of the layered medium space.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Experimental Data  
An extensive 3-year SCADA database of five Fuhrlander FL2500 2.5 MW wind turbine is presented. Data is generated by the wind turbine's SCADA, collected via an Open Platform Communications (OPC), following the IEC 61400-25 format. Every five minutes, events and statistics indicators are recorded. The reported values for each sensor are: Minimum, maximum, mean, and standard deviation. The database contains 312 analogous variables from 78 different sensors. Variables are stored with a name symbolising the (sub)system and the variable type, separated by an underscore; the first term is the main physical system, e.g., generator = wgen, transmission = wtrn, nacelle = wnac, etc. The second term is the variable type of the 5-min interval; min = minimum, avg = average, etc. The third and fourth terms are the final name of the variable. All events in the database are originally labelled with one of the following three numbers: '0' indicates normal operation, '1' indicates a warning state (in this case the turbine is working but should be checked as soon as possible), and '2' indicates an alarm state (in this case the turbine is stopped). Alarms are very scarce in all wind turbine databases, because most of the time the turbine is working properly. A warning that is not properly checked and addressed could result in an alarm. Therefore, in our database we merge the two labels ('1' and '2') in the same group, reducing the problem to a 2-classes scenario (operation and failure). The goal will be to detect in advance when it will be that a wind turbine will start working with potential problems, which would lead to a warning or an alarm state. In the experiments, only some of the variables will be used; those related to the system of the analysed subsystem. The database was provided by Smartive ([[http://smartive.eu](http://smartive.eu)]([http://smartive.eu](http://smartive.eu))) (accessed on 1 June 2021) and has been used in other publications ([4; 12; 13; 14]).  
The SCADA database consists of 502 variables, one of which is a timestamp, another is the turbine identifier, 188 are system alarms, and the remaining 312 are derived from physical magnitude readings made by the sensors installed in each turbine. Specifically, there are 78 physical magnitudes collected by their respective sensors, split into four variables: The mean during the data collection interval, the maximum, minimum, and standard deviation during that interval. The SCADA data of these WTs are provided by default using a 5-min timeslot. Then, aggregations of the data are performed from the 5-min values to longer time intervals of 10, 15, 30, and 60 min to perform the experiments. Only the average values were used in the experiments, although it is trivial to extend them to maximum or minimum values, for example. In the same way, the alarms are reallocated to the corresponding timeslot according to the time interval extension.
# In-Motion Coarse Alignment Method Based on Position Loci and Optimal-REQUEST for SINS
###### Abstract
Furthermore, the propagation noises are treated as fixed fading memory values in the filter-QUEST algorithm, which is similar to the REQUEST algorithm, and this makes both of the algorithms suboptimal. To improve the performance of in-motion coarse alignment, this paper extends the research of [21] and proposes a new alignment method based on an Optimal-REQUEST algorithm and position loci (OP-PL). This paper employs a vector observation calculation method based on position loci. Then, the Optimal-REQUEST is utilized to suppress the noise in the measurement vectors and to filter the measurement noises by adaptively adjusting the fading memory value. Finally, the objective of improving the accuracy of coarse alignment is achieved. The contributions of the proposed in-motion coarse alignment are summarized as follows:  
1. The proposed OP-PL utilizes position information to construct the observation vectors, which can expand the application range of the in-motion coarse alignment algorithm, because the proposed method only utilizes the position information which is available from every GPS receiver. 2. The outliers contained in the GPS positioning outputs can be suppressed as the outliers can be smoothed by GPS position loci; this can reduce the noise impact of outliers on observation vectors. 3. The proposed algorithm employs the Optimal-REQUEST algorithm to further suppress random noise contained in the observation vectors. The Optimal-REQUEST overcomes the defect of the REQUEST algorithm of the use of an empirical and con stant gain to filter the random noise. Therefore, the Optimal-REQUST algorithm can optimally filter random noise using a cost function, and can improve the stability and accuracy of the coarse alignment. The remainder of the paper is organized as follows: Section 2 introduces the traditional method of in-motion coarse alignment and defines the problem. Next, Section 3 elaborates the principle of vector observation based on the position loci, and Section 4 introduces the proposed Optimal-REQUEST algorithm. The simulation experiments conducted are described in Section 5. Finally, the conclusions and suggestions for future work are presented in Section 6. See Appendix A for the proof of some formulas.
# Mobility-Multihoming Duality
## 4 ILNP Implementation in Linux
### Linux System Configuration  
The IPv6 system configuration that was used served two purposes:  
* Ensured that the possible processing of packets on the network interface card (NIC) was disabled. This was so that the ILNP packet processing could function correctly (TCP/IP and UDP/IP processing on the NIC are not ILNP-aware).  
Figure 5: A flowchart describing UDP/TCP packet processing with ILNP mobility–multihoming duality mechanism with Deficit Round-Robin (DRR) load sharing. Overall, the existing IPv6 packet processing code path has been re-used and modified effectively. Grey boxes indicate unmodified processes with respect to IPv6 packet processing. Orange boxes indicate modifications of existing IPv6 packet processing logic. Green boxes are the additional logic and processing for ILNP.  
* Configured the IPv6 Router Advertisement (RA) and Router Solicitation (RS) messages to provide the IPv6 routing prefix information to correctly signal that the new IPv6 prefixes (paths) were available. Note that this is not ILNP-specific but is an IPv6 mechanism.  
For the first item, ethtool(8) was used with options, as shown in Table 2, for each interface.  
For the second item, the RA and RS operation was configured using sysctl(8) so that the information regarding available IPv6 prefixes was made available in a timely manner. Again, this needed to be configured for each interface/NIC. The system parameters configured are shown in Table 3.