## 3 Results and Discussion
### Palatability Testing for Dry Food Applications  
#### 3.2.1 Palatability of Liquid Application to Dry Food  
Over the 10 days of testing, the average daily consumption of the experimental and control rations ranged from 60 to 80 g out of the 220 g offered (Figure 1). The average IRs of OE rations by liquid application ranged from 0.45 to 0.55, suggesting similar consumption of the OE treatments compared to control diets (Figure 2). All applications resulted in parity or no difference in palatability compared to the control. Yet, comparing day-to-day testing of the OE treatments, there was an observed decrease in average IR on day 2 for all applications (Figure 3). In addition, the average first choice of diets containing olives was between 40 and 60% among all treatments (Figure 4). This corresponded to the results of the IR, as no significant numerical differences were observed. While it could not be determined if OE improved palatability, the application of the product up to 150 ppm via liquid palatant application did not negatively impact the cats' preference for the diet.  
Figure 1: Average daily consumption of rations with liquid palatant application. Daily consumption of kibble offered to cats. Ratios included control and OE-spiked liquid palatant prototypes (day 1–2: 15 ppm, day 3–4: 30 ppm, day 5–6: 50 ppm, day 7–8: 75 ppm, day 9–10: 150 ppm) coated at 1.5% onto Diamond® Maintenance Cat kibbles. In total, 110 g of each ration (220 g total) was offered each day of testing. Data represent the mean grams consumed (\(n=20\) cats) \(\pm\) standard deviation.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline
**Compound** & **RI (DB5)** & **Odor Descriptors** & **Olive Product Detected in** \\ \hline Linalool & 1100 & citrus, floral, sweet & Oil, Fruit \\ rose oxide & 1114 & green, red rose, fresh & - \\ phenylethyl alcohol & 1119 & floral, rose & Oil, Pomace \\ methyl octanoate & 1123 & waxy, green, orange & Fruit \\ ethyl benzoate & 1153 & floral, fruity & Fruit, Pomace \\
4-acetyl-1,4-dimethyl-1-cyclohexene & 1158 & fruity, wine, waxy & Fruit, Pomace \\ ethyl octanoate & 1194 & wintergreen, mint & Leaf \\ methyl salicate & 1202 & pine, terpene, lilac & Leaf \\ alpha-terpineol & 1197 & tropical, safron, herbal & Leaf \\
2-acetyl-4-methylthiophene & 1233 & nutty, potato & - \\ alpha-ionene & 1262 & mild, woody & Leaf \\
2-phenylethyll acetate & 1263 & floral, rose, honey & Oil \\
4-ethylguiaicol & 1284 & spicy, smoky, bacon & Pomace \\ Theaspirane & 1307 & tea, herbal, green & Leaf \\ beta-damascenone & 1393 & sweet, fruity, rose & Leaf \\ dihydro-alpha-ionone & 1413 & woody, floral, berry & - \\ beta-damascone & 1424 & fruity, floral & Leaf \\ dihydrohydro-beta-ionone & 1429 & floral & Leaf \\ methyl dodecanoate & 1520 & waxy, soapy, creamy & - \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: _Cont._Figure 4: OE attraction from liquid application to dry cat food. First approach (FA) and first choice (FC) of PhenoFarmTM Olive Extract (OE) on Diamond® Maintenance Cat from 1.5% application of OE-spiked liquid prototypes over 2 days of testing. Bars represent the percentage of cats (\(n\) = 20) wherein the OE-containing ration was FA or FC on days 1 or 2. Shapes represent the two-day average FA or FC for each OE ration.  
Figure 3: Day-to-day palatability comparison of liquid application to oe on dry cat food. Average intake ratio (IR) of PhenoFarmTM Olive Extract (OE) on Diamond® Maintenance Cat kibbles from 1.5% application of OE-spiked liquid prototypes over 2 days of testing. Data represent the mean IR (\(n\) = 20 cats) \(\pm\) standard deviation.  
Figure 2: Liquid application to dry cat food palatability. Average intake ratio (IR) of PhenoFarmTM Olive Extract (OE) on Diamond® Maintenance Cat kibbles from 1.5% application of OE-spiked liquid prototypes compared to control without OE. Data represent the mean IR (\(n\) = 20 cats) \(\pm\) standard deviation.