## 4 Results and Discussion
### Article Title, Author, Publisher and Metadata Impact
#### 4.1.1 Title  
This section considers respondents' perceptions regarding the usefulness of articles' titles for judging the trustworthiness of an article. Respondents were asked to characterize their personal perception of the title's utility for assessing article accuracy, their perception of how useful the title is to others, for gauging article accuracy, and their perception of what level of utility the title should ideally have in gauging article accuracy. Figure 11, located in Appendix A, presents respondents' perceptions of the utility of the title for their own accuracy assessment, in terms of their income level, party affiliation and internet usage level. In terms of income level (shown in Figure 10a), there is a notable increase in the level of title usage by respondents as income levels increase. At the income level of $24,999 or less, just under 80% of respondents indicate that they use the title at least a moderate amount and nearly 90% indicate using it a little. The percentage of respondents using the title at least a moderate amount increases between the two lowest income level groups and then fluctuates somewhat. However, the percentage of individuals using the title metric at least a little rises to over 95% at the highest income level.  
With respect to party affiliation (see Figure 10b), Republican and Democrat respondents use the title at almost equal levels, at the 'a lot' level; however, Democrats report using it more at the moderate amount level and slightly more at the 'a little' level. Independents/other party affiliated respondents report the lowest level of self-usage at each level; however, over 70% percent of independent/other party respondents report using the title at the moderate amount level and approximately 90% report using it at least a little.  
Respondents' reliance on the title increases, at the moderate level, with internet usage time across all for levels of usage. However, a notably larger number of users report moderate use (as opposed to a great deal or a lot of use) at the highest internet usage levels (see Figure 10c). Those with 1 h or less of reported internet usage report the lowest usage of the title, across all use levels, with approximately 85% of respondents indicating at least a little use of the metric and just under 75% of respondents reporting at least moderate use. At the other internet usage levels, at least 90% of respondents reported at least a little use, with slightly greater use being reported for users using the internet between 1 and 5 h.  
Figure 11 presents the respondents' perceptions of the title's impact on the decision making of others when considering the trustworthiness of an article.  
In terms of income level (see Figure 11a), there is general increase in the perceived level of usage of the title by others with increasing income. At the two highest income levels, all respondents reported at least a little usage by others. At an income level of $24,999 or less, approximately 80% of respondents indicated that they thought that others used the title at least a moderate amount. This peaks at approximately 90% at both the $25,000 to $49,999 and $125,000 or more levels, with slightly lower levels of use (though still higher than reported by the $24,999 or less group) reported at the intervening income levels. The growth in, at least a little, usage is similar to the responses for self-perception (shown in Figure 10a). With respect to party affiliation (see Figure 11b), Republican and Democrat respondents believe others use the title, at least a little, at almost equal levels. Republicans reported more use at the 'a lot' and 'a little' levels; however, over 50% of both groups indicated that others use the title a lot or a great deal and over 85% indicated use at least a moderate amount. Independents/other party affiliated respondents reported the lowest level of belief that others use the title; however, this is only slightly lower than the level reported by Republicans.