## 3 Model Development
### Dynamic State Model Development  
The converged steady-state model sets the basis for the dynamic simulation; additional physical dimensioning of all units is required by Aspen in order to export the steady-state simulation into dynamic mode. The dynamic model along with the associated control system, will provide us with an understanding of how the process behaves in response to disturbance as a function of time. In general, disturbances are classified into operator-induced disturbances such as changing the flue gas flow rate or the capture rate set point; other uncontrolled disturbances occur due to weather conditions, for instance, heavy rain hitting the side of the column. Dynamic models help to identify and analyze the potential hazards and to develop a control strategy for a flexible and safe CC operation [42]. For optimal process performance, \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Unit** & **Parameter** & **Value** & **Unit** \\ \hline \multirow{5}{*}{Absorber} & Diameter & 6.7 & m \\  & Height & 9.45 & m \\  & Packing & FlexiPac Metal 250Y & - \\  & Lean solvent Temp. & 40 & \({}^{\circ}\)C \\  & Lean solvent flow rate & 763,058 & kg/h \\  & Rich solvent Temp. & 46 & \({}^{\circ}\)C \\  & Absorber pressure & 1.2 & bar \\ \hline \multirow{5}{*}{Stripper} & Diameter & 4.32 & m \\  & Height & 15 & m \\  & Packing & FlexiPac Metal 250Y & - \\  & CO\({}_{2}\) flowrate & 45,289 & kg/h \\  & CO\({}_{2}\) mass fraction & 0.99 & - \\  & Specific reboiler duty & 3.6 & MJ/kgCO\({}_{2}\) \\  & Stripper pressure & 1.7 & bar \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Absorber-Stripper design parameters. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Compressor** & \multirow{2}{*}{**\(\eta\)**} & **Inlet Pressure** & **Outlet Pressure** & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Compression**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Net Work**} \\  & & & & & **Ratio** & \\ \hline
1 & 0.8 & 2 & bar & 4.45 & bar & 2.23 & 722.20 kW \\
2 & 0.8 & 4.25 & bar & 11.66 & bar & 2.74 & 946.17 kW \\
3 & 0.8 & 11.46 & bar & 30.54 & bar & 2.66 & 875.45 kW \\
4 & 0.8 & 30.34 & bar & 70 & bar & 2.3 & 655.63 kW \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Results for the compression stage. disturbances have to be anticipated, whether they are daily or seasonal, and changes on the operating conditions are then made with respect to the process constraints to achieve the fastest stabilizing time back to the design set point. As the carbon capture plant exists within a P2] pathway, changes in the final feedstock demand and price mean that the process must be flexible in production to accommodate the fluctuating objectives of the final product. Other studies have focused on the profitability of the plant when equipped with a CC unit, proving that the process is only profitable under environmental policies [27]. An important constituent of dynamic operation is the control strategy applied. The process control ensures the safe operation of the process within the specified constraint such as maximum allowable tank level or vessel pressure. Depending on whether a new steady-state is desired or not, disturbances are suppressed if they deviate the output from the desired values at every time interval. Both the power of control and the speed of the control loop has to be analyzed when setting up the control scheme. The power of control refers to the impact of the correcting variable on the controlled variable under investigation. A high-quality control loop should have an appropriate impact on the process to function properly. Speed of the control loop, on the other hand, is a measure of the dynamic impact where it is limited by the dead time in the control loop of the correcting device, actual process, and the measuring device [43]. The results that are obtained from the successfully run steady-state model act as the basis for the subsequent dynamic simulation. Missing dimensions will then be required such as vessel geometry, initial conditions, heat transfer, and any missing valves and pumps should be included in the process flowsheet.