## 5 Conclusions
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Phenomenon** & **Mass Variation/Gravity Signal** & **GRACE** & **MOCAST+ (Best Configuration)** \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Glicaters’ long-term variations in \(\mathrm{Patagonia}\)} & Patagonia cluster: 20-25 G/yr; Area & -Detectable after 1 yr. Max d/o 32 & -Detectable after 1 yr. Max d/o 53 \\  & 30,000 km\({}^{2}\); Cap area: 8; & (\(\lambda/2=625\) km) & (\(\lambda/2=380\) km). \\ \cline{1-1}  & Signal spectra 1 yr: & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & d/o 25 \(\oplus\) 250 km \(\rightarrow\) T\({}^{2}=10^{-4}\) mGal\({}^{2}\) & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & d/o 45 \(\oplus\) 250 km \(\rightarrow\) T\({}^{2}=2\times 10^{-5}\) mGal\({}^{2}\) & & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Natural Lakes of South America: long-term trends} & Lake Titicaca: 8-G1/yr; Lake area 9000 & \multirow{4}{*}{Lake Titicaca: not detectable even} & \multirow{4}{*}{Lake Titicaca trend: detectable after more} \\  & \(\mathrm{km}^{2}\); Cap area = 6\({}^{\circ}\) & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & Signal spectra 1 yr: & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & d/o 32 \(\oplus\) 250 km \(\rightarrow\) T\({}^{2}=10^{-11}\) mGal\({}^{2}\) & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & d/o 45 \(\oplus\) 250 km \(\rightarrow\) T\({}^{2}=10^{-11}\) mGal\({}^{2}\) & & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Reservoirs of South America: long-term trends} & Sobradinhoe: 2-3 G/yr; Reservoir area & & \\  & 900 km\({}^{2}\); Cap area: 6\({}^{\circ}\) & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & Signal spectra 1 yr: & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & d/o 32 \(\oplus\) 250 km \(\rightarrow\) T\({}^{2}=9\times 10^{-5}\) mGal\({}^{2}\) & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & d/o 45 \(\oplus\) 250 km \(\rightarrow\) T\({}^{2}=1\times 10^{-10}\) mGal\({}^{2}\) & & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Natural Lakes in Tibet: long-term trends} & Whole Tibet: 10-12 G/yr; Lakes area & & -Detectable after 1 year. Max d/o 28 \\ \cline{1-1}  & 50,000 km\({}^{2}\); Cap area = 8\({}^{\circ}\) & & (\(\lambda/2=715\) km) \\ \cline{1-1}  & Signal spectra 1 yr: & & 2 years. Max d/o 26 \\ \cline{1-1}  & d/o 25 \(\oplus\) 250 km \(\rightarrow\) T\({}^{2}=0.5\times 10^{-9}\) mGal\({}^{2}\) & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & d/o 45 \(\oplus\) 250 km \(\rightarrow\) T\({}^{2}=5\times 10^{-11}\) mGal\({}^{2}\) & & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Amazonon sub-surface hydrology (Soil Moisture GLDAS): Long-period trends} & Amazon 1: 15 G/yr; Basin area 6 10\({}^{\circ}\) km\({}^{2}\); Cap area = 8\({}^{\circ}\) & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & Signal spectra 1 yr: & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & d/o 25 \(\oplus\) 250 km \(\rightarrow\) T\({}^{2}=1\times 10^{-8}\) mGal\({}^{2}\) & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & d/o 45 \(\oplus\) 250 km \(\rightarrow\) T\({}^{2}=5\times 10^{-11}\) mGal\({}^{2}\) & & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Paraná sub-surface hydrology (Soil Moisture GLDAS): Long-period trends} & Paraná: 2-3 G/yr; Basin area 2 5\(\oplus\) 10\({}^{\circ}\) km\({}^{2}\); & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & Signal Moisture GLDAS: Long-period trends} & & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & d/o 28 \(\oplus\) 250 km \(\rightarrow\) T\({}^{2}=1\times 10^{-9}\) mGal\({}^{2}\) & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & d/o 45 \(\oplus\) 250 km \(\rightarrow\) T\({}^{2}=1\times 10^{-10}\) mGal\({}^{2}\) & & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Orinoco sub-surface hydrology (Soil Moisture GLDAS): Long-period trends} & Orinoco whole basic: \(<\) 1G/yr; Basin area & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & 0.9 10\({}^{\circ}\) km\({}^{2}\); cap area: 10\({}^{\circ}\) & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & Signal spectra 1 yr: & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & Long-period trends & d/o 20 \(\oplus\) 250 km \(\rightarrow\) T\({}^{2}=1\times 10^{-11}\) mGal\({}^{2}\) & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & d/o 45 \(\oplus\) 250 km \(\rightarrow\) T\({}^{2}=3\times 10^{-12}\) mGal\({}^{2}\) & & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Sub-surface hydrology (Amazon, Paraná, Orinoco): seasonal signals} & Orinoco: 80 G; Basin area 0.9 10\({}^{\circ}\) km\({}^{2}\); Cap area: 7\({}^{\circ}\) & & -Improvement in spatial resolution of \\ \cline{1-1}  & Paraná, Orinoco: seasonal signals & & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & 0.28 0\(\oplus\) 250 km \(\rightarrow\) T\({}^{2}=1\times 10^{-6}\) mGal\({}^{2}\) & & (\(\lambda/2=570\) km). & \\ \cline{1-1}  & 0.45 0\(\oplus\) 250 km \(\rightarrow\) T\({}^{2}=5\times 10^{-7}\) mGal\({}^{2}\) & & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Lakes/Reservoirs in South America: general signals} & Sobradinho: 20 G/yr; Reservoir area 9000 & \multirow{4}{*}{Hardly detectable} & \multirow{4}{*}{Sobradinho reservoir seasonal} \\ \cline{1-1}  & \(\mathrm{km}^{2}\); Cap area: 6\({}^{\circ}\) & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & Signal spectra 1 month: & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & d/o 32 \(\oplus\) 250 km \(\rightarrow\) T\({}^{2}=7\times 10^{-11}\) mGal\({}^{2}\) & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & d/o 45 \(\oplus\) 250 km \(\rightarrow\) T\({}^{2}=1\times 10^{-11}\) mGal\({}^{2}\) & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}