esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
###### Abstract  
The LCL-type dual active bridge (LCL-DAB) DC-DC converter is a promising part for DC micro-grids due to its high voltage gain and low bridge current, but the issues of backflow power elimination and transient response optimization deserve attention in its operation. In this article, a virtual direct current control (VDCC) method of the LCL-DAB converter for fast transient response and no backflow power is proposed, which can eliminate the backflow power and improve the transient response against the input voltage and load disturbances. With dual-phase-shift (DPS) modulation scheme, the voltage-current characteristics are first analyzed using the phasor method. The small-signal mathematic model of the LCL-DAB converter is then established. The power characteristic is derived so the design regions of no backflow power can be graphed. On this basis, an appropriate outer phase shift ratio can be estimated to ensure a wide range of no backflow power operation. Moreover, a virtual voltage is generated to compensate in the control loop, thus the transient response against disturbances of the LCL-DAB converter can be improved under no backflow power. Simulation and prototype experimental results are presented to verify the feasibility of the proposed VDCC method.  
backflow power; fast transient response; LCL resonant-type dual active bridge (LCL-DAB); virtual direct current control (VDCC)
## 3 Data Collection and Experiment Analysis
### Outliers Detection for the Offline Data Based on K-Means
#### 3.2.2 Analysis of Positioning Results
The horizontal accuracy reaches 0.53 m, and the vertical accuracy is specially promoted to within 1 m. It is particularly acknowledged that if using the K-means algorithm to eliminate multipath and NLOS observations, we do not need to set the cut-off elevation angle, because the algorithm has taken into account the factor that the low elevation angle is susceptible to multipath/NLOS signal interference. Additionally, compared to the accuracy of the positioning result in the horizontal direction, the accuracy in the vertical direction tends to be substantially promoted as the multipath/NLOS signals are eliminated. This is because in the harsh urban scenarios, the positioning results in the vertical direction are more severely affected by multipath/NLOS signals than the positioning results in the horizontal direction, which is elaborated upon by [PERSON] et al. (2022). To more clearly show the contribution of K-means clustering to the positioning results, we implemented GNSS pseudorange double-differenced positioning for the experiments. Figure 10 shows the comparison of positioning trajectories in several typical real urban scenarios (skyscrapers and trees), which demonstrates that the results of GNSS/INS tightly coupled position are significantly better than GNSS. Further, the accuracy of GNSS pseudorange differential positioning has been greatly promoted based on K-means to exclude multipath/NLOS observations. With the addition of INS observation data, not only the accuracy of the positioning consequence is further improved, but also possesses better continuity and availability. Figures 11 and 12 show the comparison of the number of satellites participating in the position calculation and the PDOP value before and after excluding the multipath/NLOS observations, respectively. By comparison, it is known that after excluding satellites, the number of effective satellites is expected to decrease significantly, which causes the geometric distribution of satellites to be more deteriorated. This phenomenon indicates that the experimental environment is relatively harsh, and multipath/NLOS satellites account for a considerable proportion; yet, despite this, the positioning accuracy has been greatly ameliorated, which shows that the multipath/NLOS signal detection algorithm in this paper is effective. Figure 11: Comparison of the number of satellites before and after excluding multipath/NLOS signals. Figure 10: Comparison of positioning results in typical occlusion environments.
## 4 Numerical Simulations  
In this section, two groups of numerical simulations are carried out to demonstrate the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed control scheme via a comparison with the conventional nonlinear dynamic inversion (NDI) approach [52; 53; 54], which is commonly used in flight control. The conventional nonlinear dynamic inversion controller for the yaw angle control is designed as follows:  
\[\left\{\begin{array}{l}r_{d}(k)=\rho_{1}[\psi_{d}(k)-\psi(k)]\\ \delta_{r}(k)=\frac{1}{b_{r}}\{\rho_{2}[r_{d}(k)-r(k)]-f_{r}(k)\}\end{array}\right. \tag{33}\]  
where \(\rho_{1}>0\) and \(\rho_{2}>0\) are two tuning parameters.  
The geometry and aerodynamic parameters in Formulas (22) and (23) are \(I_{z}=1.759\)\(\mathrm{kg}\cdot\mathrm{m}^{2}\), \(C_{n_{0}}=0\), \(C_{n_{\beta}}=0.25\), \(C_{n_{r}}=-0.35\), and \(C_{n_{\beta}}=-0.032\). The trimmed conditions of the FWUAV are \(V_{a}=30\)\(\mathrm{m}/\mathrm{s}\), \(x_{p}=y_{p}=0\), \(\psi=r=0\), and \(\delta_{r}=0\). The values of the controller parameters for the NDI are \(\rho_{1}=5\) and \(\rho_{2}=10\). The values of the controller parameters for the proposed approach are \(\mu=0.1\), \(\eta=0.1\), \(\hat{\phi}(0)=1\), \(\omega_{1}=2\), \(n_{1}=5\), and \(n_{2}=10\). The uncertainty term is \(d_{s}=4\sin(0.5t)+3\cos(t)\) when \(45\) s \(\leq t\leq 90\) s, and the wind velocities along \(Ox_{I}\) and \(Oy_{I}\) are 0 and 3 m/s when \(15\) s \(\leq t\leq 30\) s, respectively. Actually, the wind disturbances along \(Ox_{I}\) would not have great effects on the flight path of the FWUAV since the wind can only decrease the flight speed and prolong the mission accomplishment time of the path following. However, the wind along \(Oy_{I}\) has entirely different effects on the FWUAV since it affects the airplane from the side direction, which would influence the stability of the FWUAV.  
The prescribed reference path (unit: m) is given using  
\[\left\{\begin{array}{l}x_{d}(s)=-450\sin(s)\\ y_{d}(s)=450\cos(s)+450\end{array}\right. \tag{34}\]
## 4 Conclusions  
In summary, our study has successfully demonstrated the realization of a radiative thermal memristor (RTM) operating between Tungsten-doped vanadium dioxide (WVO) and silicon carbide (SiC), relying on the exchange of thermal radiation. The theoretical modeling of this system incorporates the thermal conductivities of the materials involved in the heat-exchange process. Employing a periodically modulated sinusoidal temperature change as an input signal, we observed the emergence of a pinched Lissajous curve (Q-\(\Delta\)T), serving as direct evidence of the existence of a radiative thermal memristor (RTM). Furthermore, our investigation revealed that increasing the amplitude of the input signal (\(\theta\)) and the thermal conductivity contrast (r) resulted in heightened memristic effects, such as a significantly enhanced negative differential thermal resistance (NDTR), the formation of a closed loop in the Q-\(\Delta\)T relationship, and distinct characteristics in the \(k_{eff}\)-T curves. These findings underscore the similarity between thermal memristors and their electrical counterparts. Considering the thermal properties elucidated in our study, we anticipate that our proposed system will pave the way for novel research avenues and applications in diverse fields.  
The following supporting information can be downloaded at: [[https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/app14062633/s1](https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/app14062633/s1)]([https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/app14062633/s1](https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/app14062633/s1)), Figure S1: Closed loops of thermal conductance against temperature difference (\(\Delta\)T) at different values of \(\theta\).  
Conceptualization and methodology, A.A.O. and A.E.M.; software, A.A.O.; validation, A.E.M.; formal analysis, A.A.O.; investigation, A.A.O. and A.M.B.; resources, A.E.M.; writing--original draft preparation, A.A.O. and A.M.B.; writing--review and editing, A.A.O. and A.E.M.; visualization, A.A.O.; supervision, H.T.H. and A.E.M. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This work was supported by the Australian Research Council Discovery Project (DP200101353).  
Not applicable.  
The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the authors on request.  
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.  
The following abbreviations are used in this manuscript:  
ECM electrochemical metallization  
VCM valence change memory  
ReRAM resistive random-access memory  
Figure 6: Graph of the net radiative flux (Q) against the temperature change (\(\Delta\)T). (**a**) Different values of thermal contrasts (**r**) when \(\theta=9\) K. (**b**) Different values of thermal contrasts (**r**) when \(\theta=7\) K. (**c**) Different values of both thermal conductivity contrasts (**r**) and \(\theta\).
# AI-Enabled Intelligent Visible Light Communications: Challenges, Progress, and Future
## 3 Machine Learning in Physical Layer of IVLC
### Mimo  
The multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) technique has been developing in the field of VLC recently. Imaging MIMO and nonimaging MIMO are the two main types of MIMO-VLC systems [71]. The channel matrix is diagonal and of full rank for imaging MIMO scenarios; thus, a strict alignment is required between every LED and corresponding PD. In the nonimaging MIMO scenario, the signals will leak into each other and generate interchannel interference (ICI). Hence, to separate the mixed signals, algorithms are required. Conventional methods based on successive interference cancellation (SIC) rely on  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Algorithms** & **Supervision** &
\begin{tabular}{c} **Computational** \\ **Complexity** \\ \end{tabular} & **Application** \\ \hline
**K-means** & N & Low & Low nonlinearity \\
**DBSCAN** & N & Low & Time varying \\
**GMM** & Y & High & Moderate nonlinearity, ISI \\
**SVM** & Y & Moderate & Moderate nonlinearity \\
**ANN** & Y & High & High nonlinearity \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 4: Summarization of machine learning algorithms for optimal decision.  
the power proportionality of transmitters and require transmitting diversity occasionally. Moreover, the interference is most likely to be nonlinear in the MIMO-VLC system due to the optoelectrical devices. Therefore, researchers have turned to the lately booming ML for new inspiration to compensate for the ICI and nonlinearity simultaneously.
# Magnetic Solid-Phase Extraction of Organic Compounds Based on Graphene Oxide Nanocomposites
## 2 Preparation and Applications of GO for the MSPE of Organic Compounds
### Functionalized Nanocomposites of Magnetic GO with MIPs  
Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) are highly selective, tailor-made synthetic polymeric materials that exhibit high adsorption capacity. Moreover, they can be easily prepared with economic synthetic procedures. Therefore, MIPs have been applied for the extraction and preconcentration of trace analytes in diverse fields, including natural, agricultural, and food products and environmental samples [92; 93; 94]. The combination of graphene oxide and molecularly imprinted polymers can significantly enhance the selectivity of the extraction procedure [93; 94].  
[PERSON] et al. developed a molecularly imprinted polymer on magnetic GO and used it for the extraction of 17\(\beta\)-estradiol from milk powder samples. For this purpose, GO/Fe\({}_{3}\)O\({}_{4}\) nanoparticles were grafted with acrylic acid. Subsequently, the MIPs-GO/Fe\({}_{3}\)O\({}_{4}\) sorbent was prepared from 17\(\beta\)-E2 (template molecule), acrylamide (functional monomer), ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (cross-linker), and 2,2\({}^{\prime}\)-azobis(isobutyronitrile) (initiator) in acetonitrile dispersion of the functionalized magnetic GO material. With the use of developed sorbent, specific recognition, as well as highly effective removal of 17\(\beta\)-E2 from complicated matrices, were achieved [95]. [PERSON] et al. synthesized a molecular imprinted polymer based on magnetic chitosan/graphene oxide and used it for the selective extraction of fluoxetine from environmental and biological samples prior to its spectrophotometric determination. Due to the multi imprinting sites and high surface area of the magnetic chitosan/GO, high selectivity and adsorption efficiency was observed [96].  
Figure 4: Synthesis of phenylethyl amine functionalized GO/Fe\({}_{3}\)O\({}_{4}\) (**a**) and its application on the MSPE procedure (**b**). Reproduced with permission from [91]. Copyright Elsevier, 2015.
# A Wide-Ranging NMR Probe for Multiscale Structures
## 2 Basic Principles and Models
### Proposed Models  
#### 2.2.1 Zeolites  
As stated previously, zeolites are among the first materials studied employing \({}^{129}\)Xe NMR, with the pioneering works about this technique mainly focused on this type of porous structures. In 1987, [PERSON] and [PERSON] proposed the first model for determining the pore sizes of these materials using the xenon chemical shift. The model was determined by combining experimental and computational approaches on Y, A, L, and Z type zeolites and ferrierite [38]. The relationship between the chemical shift of xenon interacting with the surface, \(\delta_{\text{S}}\), and its mean free path, \(\overline{l}\), was written as:  
\[\delta_{\text{S}}=\delta_{\text{a}}\left(\frac{a}{a+\overline{l}}\right) \tag{2}\]  
where \(\delta_{\text{a}}\) is the chemical shift of the adsorbed xenon and \(a\) is a coefficient that depends on the material. It can immediately be seen that \(\delta_{\text{S}}=\delta_{\text{a}}\) for \(\overline{l}=0\), and \(\delta_{\text{S}}=0\) for \(\overline{l}\rightarrow\infty\), which represents a situation analogous to that of free gas. By fitting the experimental data to this equation, [PERSON] and [PERSON] determined both \(\delta_{\text{a}}\) and \(a\):  
\[\delta_{\text{S}}=243\left(\frac{2.054}{2.054+\overline{l}}\right)\text{ ppm} \tag{3}\]  
where both \(a\) and \(\overline{l}\) are in A. Since the studied materials were decationized zeolites or zeolites containing only alkali-metal cations, the terms \(\delta_{\text{SAS}}\), \(\delta_{\text{E}}\) and \(\delta_{\text{M}}\) from Equation (1) can be neglected. Moreover, at sufficiently low xenon pressures, the terms arising from Xe-Xe collisions can also be neglected, making it straightforward to obtain \(\delta_{\text{S}}\). Nevertheless, by analyzing variable pressure data, it is possible to obtain the pore geometry and, consequently, the pore diameter. In spherical cavities, the distribution of Xe-Xe collisions is isotropic and, thus, the relationship between \(\delta\) and pressure is linear. On the other hand, in cylindrical pores, the distribution is anisotropic, and \(\delta\) shows a nonlinear dependence with pressure, with a concavity at high chemical shift values. Knowing the shape of the pores, it is possible to determine their diameter by using the mean free path obtained from Equation (3). For cylindrical pores:  
\[D_{\rm c}=\overline{l}+D_{\rm Xe} \tag{4}\]  
while, for spherical pores:  
\[D_{\rm s}=2\overline{l}+D_{\rm Xe} \tag{5}\]  
where \(D_{\rm Xe}=4.4\) A.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Screening of the Bacterial Isolates for PET Degradation  
A total of 24 isolated bacterial strains were subjected to the PET biodegradation screening. The assays consisted of assessing the ability of the bacteria to grow in a salt media MSM [21] (composition in g/L: 1.0 K\({}_{2}\)HPO\({}_{4}\), 0.2 KH\({}_{2}\)PO\({}_{4}\), 0.1 NaCl, 0.002 CaCl\({}_{2}\).2H\({}_{2}\)O, 0.1 (NH\({}_{4}\))\({}_{2}\)SO\({}_{4}\), 0.5 MgSO\({}_{4}\).7H\({}_{2}\)O, and 0.01 FeSO4.7H\({}_{2}\)O) with a PET flake as the sole carbon source. The PET flakes were washed with autoclaved water and sterilized with 70% ethanol, followed by exposure to UV light for 5 min. No differences between the PET exposed and not exposed to UV light were detected through the FTIR spectroscopy analysis (Supplementary Materials S1 and Figure S1). The cultures were prepared in 100 mL of a culture medium in a 250 mL shake flask and incubated under shaking (150 rpm) at 35 \({}^{\circ}\)C for one week. To enrich the potential degrading bacteria, 1 mL of the previous cultivation was inoculated in the same medium with PET and incubated under the same conditions for four consecutive times. A strain designated PRS8 was selected for further studies based on its maximum growth.
_Energies_**2015**, \(8\), 7279-7311; doi:10.3390/en8077279  
_reviews_  
**ISSN 1996-1073**  
www.mdpi.com/journal/energies  
Smart Home Communication Technologies and Applications: Wireless Protocol Assessment for Home Area Network Resources  
**[PERSON] 1,\({}^{\dagger}\), [PERSON] 1,\({}^{\dagger}\), [PERSON] 1,\({}^{\dagger}\), [PERSON] 1,\({}^{\dagger}\) and [PERSON] 1,2,\({}^{\dagger,}\)***  
1 Department of Electromechanical Engineering, University of Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilha, Portugal; E-Mails: [PERSON]] (T.D.P.M.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (R.G.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (E.M.G.R.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (J.C.O.M.)
2 Instituto de Engenharia de Sistemas e Computadores, Investigacao e Desenvolvimento em Lisboa (INESC-ID), Instituto Superior T'enico (IST), University of Lisbon, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal  
\({}^{\dagger}\) These authors contributed equally to this work.
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [EMAIL_ADDRESS]; Tel.: +351-275-329-914; Fax: +351-275-329-972.  
Academic Editor: [PERSON]  
_Received: 13 March 2015 / Accepted: 6 July 2015 / Published: 20 July 2015_  
**Abstract:** The paper discusses Home Area Networks (HAN) communication technologies for smart home and domestic application integration. The work is initiated by identifying the application areas that can benefit from this integration. A broad and inclusive home communication interface is analysed utilizing as a key piece a Gateway based on machine-to-machine (M2M) communications that interacts with the surrounding environment. Then, the main wireless networks are thoroughly assessed, and later, their suitability to the requirements of HAN considering the application area is analysed. Finally, a qualitative analysis is portrayed.  
**Keywords:** smart home; HAN; M2M; wireless home communication protocols
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Persistence of LAB Inoculums
lactis_ MISE36, MISE94, MISE169, and MISE190, respectively; CAC36, CAC94, CAC169, and CAC190, control acidified curd with _L. lactis_ MISE36, MISE94, MISE169, and MISE190, respectively; EAC36, EAC94, EAC169, and EAC190, experimental acidified curd with 1% of GPP and _L. lactis_ MISE36, MISE94, MISE169, and MISE190, respectively; CCh\({}_{0}\)36, CCh\({}_{0}\)94, CCh\({}_{0}\)169, and CCh\({}_{0}\)190, control cheese with _L. lactis_ MISE36; MISE94, MISE169, and MISE190, respectively; ECh\({}_{0}\)36, ECh\({}_{0}\)94, ECh\({}_{0}\)169, and ECh\({}_{0}\)190 experimental cheese with 1% of GPP and _L. lactis_ MISE36, MISE94, MISE169, and MISE190, respectively; CCH\({}_{15}\)36, CCh\({}_{0}\)94, CCh\({}_{15}\)169, and CCH\({}_{15}\)190, control cheese after 15 d of refrigerate storage with _L. lactis_ MISE36; MISE94, MISE169, and MISE190, respectively; ERCh\({}_{15}\)36, ECh\({}_{15}\)94, ECh\({}_{15}\)190, and ECh\({}_{15}\)190 experimental cheese after 15 d of refrigerate storage with 1% of GPP and _L. lactis_ MISE36, MISE94, MISE169, and MISE190, respectively; PBM, pasteurized bulk milk before inoculum. Four major RAPD clusters were identified. Each cluster included one _L. lactis_ strain used for the preparation of the NMSCs. Four LAB strains (BK286, BK291, BK296, and BK299) collected from pasteurized bulk milk before inoculum were subjected to the 16S rRNA gene sequencing and identified as _Enteroccus facicum_ (Ac. No. MW283889-MW283890), _Leuconostoc mesenteroides_ (Ac. No. MW283891) and _Leuconostoc pseudomesenteroides_ (Ac. No. MW283892). These species are part of the common dairy starter LAB and non-starter LAB cultures [42]. However, these strains were not detected in any of the samples analyzed after milk inoculation with NMSCs, highlighting the dominance of the selected _L. lactis_ strains (Mise36, Mise94, Mise169 and Mise190) over the indigenous thermoduric milk LAB (Figure 2).
## 3 System Model
### NS Resource of Substrate and Logical Network  
Considering the structural characteristics of physical nodes and links, the backhaul transport network is composed of access layer network, aggregation layer network and core layer network. We model the substrate network as a weighted undirected graph \(G^{p}(N^{p},L^{p},C^{p},B^{p},l^{p})\), where \(N^{p}\) denotes the set of substrate nodes that provide resources such as computation and storage, and \(L^{p}\) denotes the set of substrate links providing bandwidth resources. Similarly, \(C^{p}\) is the substrate node capacity, \(B^{p}\) is the substrate link bandwidth and \(l^{p}\) is the substrate link length. For example, we use \(ij\in L^{p}\) to denote the substrate link between substrate nodes \(i\in N^{p}\) and \(j\in N^{p}\). The upper bound of available network capacity of substrate node \(i\) is denoted by \(C_{i}^{p}\) and the maximum bandwidth of the link \(ij\) is denoted by \(B_{ij}^{p}\) when the traffic is transformed from node \(i\) to node \(j\). We use \((r,d)\in L^{p}\) to denote the substrate path mapped by the communication service instance, where the source node is \(r\in N^{p}\) and the terminated node is \(d\in N^{p}\). We use \(l_{(r,d),ij}^{p}\) to denote the length of substrate link \(ij\) when \(ij\) is a segment link of the path \((r,d)\) that transmits the traffic to the next substrate node for processing  
Figure 1: Example of the VNFs resource allocation for backhaul transport network slices.  
or forwarding. Since the path consists of multiple segment links, the path propagation distance is denoted by \(\sum_{ij\in L^{p}}l^{p}_{(r,d),ij}\).  
As for the slice, one communication service instance is also modeled by a weighted directed graph \(G^{v}(N^{v},L^{v},f)\), where \(N^{v}\) denotes a set of virtual nodes (instantiated as VNNs carrying certain VNFs), \(L^{v}\) denotes a set of virtual links between virtual nodes and \(f\) denotes slice traffic which needs to be forwarded. The communication service chain can be interpreted as an SC, consisting of requested VNUs and virtual links. Let \(S\) denote the set of slices and \(s\in S\) denote an NSL. \(f^{s}\) denotes the slice traffic set of slice \(s\), similarly, \(f^{(s,k),(s,l)}\) denotes the traffic which is needed to be forwarded when the virtual link \((k,l)\in L^{v}\) on the slice \(s\) is waiting to map into the substrate network link. We define a binary vector \(\lambda^{s}\) to reflect the adjacency of slice \(s\) in the directed graph \(G^{v}\), i.e., \(\lambda^{(s,k),(s,l)}\in\{0,1\}\). \(\lambda^{(s,k),(s,l)}=1\) indicates that two VNUs \(k\in N^{v}\) and \(l\in N^{v}\) are adjacent and connect with a virtual link \((k,l)\) between the source \(k\in N^{v}\) and destination \(l\in N^{v}\) in the NS \(s\), and \(\lambda^{(s,k),(s,l)}=0\) otherwise.