# Proteomics in Forensic Analysis: Applications for Human Samples
## 3 Applications of Forensic Proteomics for Human Samples
### Other Applications of Forensic Proteomics for Human Samples  
#### 3.4.1 Targeted Analysis of Proteins and Peptides in Urine and Blood for Sport Doping  
Proteomics can be employed to detect the presence of illegal peptides and small protein hormones in urine and blood samples of athletes. They include peptide hormones, growth factors, related substances, and mimetics, as presented in the 2021-updated list of prohibited substances issued by the World Anti-Doping Agency (Table 5). \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Protein Name** & **Accession (Bovine)** & **Accession (Human)** & **Pearson Correlation** \\ \hline
**Kidney** & & & \\ Calbindin & CALB1\_BOVIN & CALB1\_HUMAN & 1 \\ Na(+)/H(+) exchange regulatory cofactor NHE-RF3 & NHRF3\_BOVIN & NHRF3\_HUMAN & 1 \\ Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 2 & FINIGH1\_BOVIN & LRP2\_HUMAN & 1 \\ Villin 1 & QSE9Z3\_BOVIN & VILL\_HUMAN & 0.96 \\ Retinyl ester hydrolase type 1 & Q5 MYB8\_BOVIN & QSTD2\_HUMAN & 0.92 \\ Membrane metalloedopeptidase variant 2 & E1 BP18\_BOVIN & NEP\_HUMAN & 0.92 \\ PhosphoInsterase related protein & PTER\_BOVIN & PTER\_HUMAN & 0.83 \\ Plastin-1 & PISI\_BOVIN & PISI\_HUMAN & 0.79 \\ \hline
**Liver** & & & \\ Hydroxymethylglutural-CoA synthase, mitochondrial & HMCS2\_BOVIN & HMCS2\_HUMAN & 0.96 \\ Carbamoyll-phosphate synthase [ammonia], mitochondrial & F1 ML89\_BOVIN & CPSM\_HUMAN & 0.92 \\ Phenymalaine-4-hydroxyrolase & PH4H\_BOVIN & PH4H\_HUMAN & 0.92 \\
3-oxo-5-beta-steroid 4-dehydrogenase & E1 BBT0\_BOVIN & AKID1\_HUMAN & 0.92 \\ Catechol O-methyltransferase transferase & COMT\_BOVIN & COMT\_HUMAN & 0.92 \\ Acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase & QI7Q3\_BOVIN & THIC\_HUMAN & 0.92 \\ Cytochrome P450 2E1 & CP2E1\_BOVIN & CP2E1\_HUMAN & 0.92 \\ Dimethylaniline monooxygenase & GSE8R0\_BOVIN & FMO1\_HUMAN & 0.92 \\ \hline
**Lung** & & & \\ Plastin-2 & F1 MYXS\_BOVIN & PISL\_HUMAN & 0.93 \\ Cathelicidin-4 & CTHL4\_BOVIN & CAMP\_HUMAN & 0.90 \\ Tubulin beta chain & TBB5\_BOVIN & TBB5\_HUMAN & 0.90 \\ Cysteine and glycine-rich protein 1 & CSRP1\_BOVIN & CSRP1\_HUMAN & 0.87 \\ Prostaglandin F synthase 2 & PGFS2\_BOVIN & AKIC1\_HUMAN & 0.87 \\ Myosin light polypeptide 6 & MYL6\_BOVIN & MYL6\_HUMAN & 0.84 \\ Calpain-2 catalytic subunit & CAN2\_BOVIN & CAN2\_HUMAN & 0.83 \\ Alpha-actinin-1 & ACTN1\_BOVIN & ACTN1\_HUMAN & 0.83 \\ \hline
**Muscle** & & & \\ Bridging integrator 1 & Q2 KJ23\_BOVIN & Q9 TH3\_HUMAN & 1.00 \\ Myosin-binding protein C, slow-type & A60P89\_BOVIN & MYPC1\_HUMAN & 1.00 \\ Fructoe-1,6-bisphosphatase isozyme 2 & F16F2\_BOVIN & F16P2\_HUMAN & 1.00 \\ Myosin-binding protein C, fast-type & E1 BNV1\_BOVIN & MYPC2\_HUMAN & 1.00 \\ Troponin C, skeletal muscle (fast type) & Q148C2\_BOVIN & TNNC2\_HUMAN & 1.00 \\ Myosin regulatory light chain 2, skeletal muscle isoform & MLRS\_BOVIN & MLRS\_HUMAN & 0.96 \\ Nebulin & F1 MQ13\_BOVIN & NEBU\_HUMAN & 0.92 \\ PDZ and LIM domain protein 3 & PDL13\_BOVIN & PDL13\_HUMAN & 0.92 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}  
* Protein identifications were ranked by the absolute Pearson correlation coefficient between the presence of protein identification and organ affiliation over all samples. Accessions of homologous human proteins were determined by executing the BLAST algorithm in a protein-to-protein setting. Table adapted with permission from [45]. Copyright (2016), American Chemical Society.  
\end{table} 
Table 4: \(Cont.\)A number of banned performance-enhancing peptides or proteins have been identified and quantified using LC-MS/MS assays (targeted proteomics), such as recombinant human EPO variants [166], leuproolide [167], insulin therapeutic analogs [28,47], and insulin-like growth factor-binding proteins (IGFBPs) [48]. Analysis of peptides and proteins using LC-MS/MS assays is highly selective compared to traditional immunological techniques [168]. Targeted proteomics can identify peptides and proteins with similar structures that may not be distinguished using antibody-based strategies.