## 3 Research Methodology
### Research Model and Hypothesis Development  
The UTAUT model takes into account the behavioral intention (BI) to use a product or system for acceptance evaluation. [PERSON] discusses that a construct is an idea that is based on theoretical explanations; however, in most cases constructs are not limited to theory alone; rather, they are empirically verified [17]. In this study, we considered this point of view, similar to the original UTAUT model, i.e., theoretical explanations were provided first and later we verified the constructs through statistical testing. To evaluate BI, [PERSON] et al. took into account the constructs of performance expectancy (PE), effort expectancy (EE), facilitating conditions (FCs), and social influence (SI) (Figure 2). Performance expectancy (PE) refers to the degree of belief of an individual that by using a system they will attain benefits in their job or benefits associated with the intended purpose of using the system. In the case of CodeLab, the intended purpose is to learn effectively while being engaged in the course. As the students are encouraged to learn to code by practicing the programming-based learning activities, it was to be inquired into whether the tool helps them to learn. Based on the above discussion, the following hypothesis was proposed:  
**H1. **: _Performance expectancy has a positive effect on the behavioral intention to use CodeLab._  
Effort expectancy (EE) is related to the degree of ease of use of the system. For e-learning systems, ease of use is an important factor in acceptance and effectiveness [58]. In the specific case of CodeLab, the students were to be asked whether they thought and whether they found that the CodeLab tool was easy to use and whether it was easy for them to be skillful in learning to use CodeLab. **H2. **: _Effort expectancy has a positive effect on the behavioral intention to use CodeLab._  
Facilitating conditions (FCs) are the user's perceptions of the factors in the environment of the system that help to use the system. In addition to general e-learning systems, FCs have also been used in studies related to tools for teaching programming [59]. The students were to be asked if they were provided with the necessary resources and knowledge and whether someone was available to help them in case they encounter difficulties when using CodeLab. **H3. **: _Facilitating conditions have a positive effect on the behavioral intention to use CodeLab._  
Social influence (SI) is the perceived effect of the opinion of other people and affects the intention to use. The construct of SI was evaluated by inquiring of the students whether  
Figure 1: Design and creation adapted for CodeLab. Figure 2: Model adapted from [45]. the people who influence their behavior and are important, for example, their friends and family, believe that they should use CodeLab. **H4. **_Social influence has a positive effect on the behavioral intention to use CodeLab._  
Trust is an important construct that has been used and validated in the context of e-learning systems [60], even though the original UTAUT model does not emphasize trust as a factor that influences the intention to use. For the acceptance of mobile learning systems, trust is an important construct [61]. The construct of trust has also been considered for CodeLab, not in terms of security but in terms of trust in the system (TC) that it will help them to learn to code. Trust is not a core construct of UTAUT; it has been used and validated in e-learning [62]. In this study, we considered a mediating effect between TC and EE and SI as the degree of ease of use of the system and that the people who influence a person's behavior can inculcate TC. **H5. **_Trust has a positive effect on the behavioral intention to use CodeLab._  
**H5.a. **_The positive effect of trust in CodeLab on behavioral intention to use will be mediated through effort expectancy and social influence._  
Motivation and engagement are considered essential constructs when it comes to education [59] and e-learning tools [63].