## 4 Discussion  
Influence of Microbiological Organisms on Yield and Its Components as Well as Physiological Indicators of Chlorophyll Fluorescence  
The variability of physiological indicators among potato, including leaf area, plant photosynthetic potential, chlorophyll a content in leaves, a maximum fluorescence under light, or quantum efficiency of Photosystem II, has been documented by several authors [41; 42; 43; 44; 45; 46]. Our own research has also corroborated these findings. The application of EM had varying effects on chlorophyll fluorescence and photosynthetic efficiency:  
* Fo (initial fluorescence): EM increased Fo after 10 min but not after 15 min compared to the control group. * Fm (maximum fluorescence): EM significantly increased Fm in both exposure periods. * Fo/Fm (quiescent to maximum fluorescence ratio): EM enhanced Fo/Fm, indicating improved photosynthetic performance, especially in the 'Satina', 'Oberon', and 'Jelly' cultivars. * Fo\({}^{\prime}\) (initial fluorescence under light): EM influenced Fo\({}^{\prime}\), with the shortest exposure (10 min) resulting in higher values. * Fm\({}^{\prime}\) (maximum fluorescence on light): EM treatment increased Fm\({}^{\prime}\), particularly with a 10-min exposure. * Qp (quantum efficiency of Photosystem II): EM significantly improved Qp in both exposure periods, with the most notable enhancement after 10 min. * Qn (fluorescence from other components): higher Qn was observed with the 10-min EM application (Table 3). [PERSON] and [PERSON]'s [47] research on fluorescence techniques confirmed our results. [PERSON] et al. [4], using biopreparations containing beneficial microorganisms in potato cultivation including bacteria such as _Bacillus subtilis_, _Bacillus megaterium_, _Bacillus thuringiensis_, _Azotobacter microococcum_ and the fungi _Trichoderma harzianum_, _Trichoderma viride_, _Pacilomyces lilacinus_, and _Beaurevia bassiana_ achieved an improvement in physiological indicators. In summary, EM treatment can significantly impact chlorophyll fluorescence and photosynthetic efficiency, with effects varying based on exposure duration, cultivar traits, and environmental conditions. Further research is needed to fully understand the mechanisms and practical implications of these findings in agriculture. As a result of the conducted research, it was found that the application of EM during both the 10-min and 15-min exposures to potato tubers did not lead to a significant impact on the content of dry matter and starch in the tubers compared to the control group. However, there was an observed tendency toward an increase in the concentration of both dry matter and starch as a result of this treatment (Table 4). The most significant and promising outcome of the experiment was the observation that treating potato tubers with EM microorganisms before planting, both with 10-min and 15-min exposures, resulted in a substantial increase in the total tuber yield, dry matter yield, and starch yield per unit area compared to the control group (Table 5). These findings suggest that the application of EM microorganisms may have a significant impact on potato yields, especially in terms of the dry matter and starch production per unit area. Although there was no significant effect on the starch content within the tubers themselves, the use of EM microorganisms appears to influence the overall crop yield. Further research is warranted to better understand the mechanisms and processes responsible for these observed effects and to consider their practical application in agriculture. [PERSON] et al. [4], using biopreparations containing beneficial microorganisms in potato cultivation, achieved an improvement in the quality indicators of tubers, which showed an increase in the content of starch, vitamin C, polyphenols, increased antioxidant activity, and a decrease in the content of nitrates compared to the control variant.