esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Automatic Translation between Mixtec to Spanish Languages Using Neural Networks
## 3 Related Work
### Parallel Corpora  
Table 1 shows studies in the field of translation using parallel corpora. The table includes studies such as [14], which explores Wixarika-Spanish translation using statistical methods and evaluates the translations with WER (Word Error Rate) and TER (Translation Edit Rate) metrics. In this work, the authors also incorporated techniques like morphological segmentation and tagging-based segmentation. Notably, [PERSON] and [PERSON] [15] applied Transformer networks to Ayuuk-Spanish translation, evaluated using the Bilingual Evaluation Understudy (BLEU) metric [12]. Further, [PERSON] et al. [16] conducted experiments across multiple languages, including Ashaninka, Aymara, Bribri, Guarani, Nahuatl, Otomi, Quechua, Raramuri, Shipibo-Konibo, Wixarika, and Spanish, using BLEU and ChrF (Character Level F-score) for assessment. Another work by [PERSON] et al. [17] is notable for its experiments in Mexicanero, Purepecha, Yorem Nokki, Wixarika, Nahuatl, and Spanish languages using statistical and neural translation techniques, with BLEU as the evaluation metric. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [18] proposed neural translation with translation memories for digitally low-resource American languages, such as German, Upper Sorbian, English, Inuktitut, Wixarika, Raramuri, Nahuatl, Guarani, and Spanish, using ChrF and BLEU for evaluation. Additionally, [PERSON] et al. [19] discussed translation involving preprocessing, segmentation, and alignment in an Amharic-English parallel corpus, evaluated using neural networks with BLEU, BEER [20], and characTER metrics [21]. [PERSON] et al. [22] revealed approaches in neural translation with back-translation using French to Wolof and Wolof to English parallel corpora, employing BLEU for evaluation. Finally, [PERSON] et al. [23] presented neural translation in low-resource Asian languages, including English, Japanese, Lao, Malay, and Vietnamese, evaluated using the ChrF and BLEU metrics.
# Renewable Energy-Based Energy-Efficient Off-Grid Base Stations for Heterogeneous Network
## 4 Results' Analysis
### Carbon Footprints  
To make a sustainable future, one of the sustainable development goals is known as SDG7, which targets affordable and clean energy. The proposed energy generation is dependent mostly upon solar PV, which does not discharge any carbon content. The emission of total carbon contents from the proposed model under 10 MHz BW are shown in Table 11. Although to achieve reliability, BG has been added to the system in the case of macro and micro BS, but it can minimize the carbon emission indirectly by reducing the burning of rice husk, as shown in Table 12. It is worth mentioning that rice husk can be treated as the primary resource of biomass, which is generally used for cooking purposes in the proposed rural areas. However, generation from BG is directly proportional to the \(CO_{2}\) emission, which has been demonstrated in Figure 29. This figure shows the GHG emissions produced by the macro, micro, pico, and femto BSs under a dissimilar system bandwidth. With the increment of system BW, the data of emission demonstrate a clear proportional result with the bio feedstock consumption for BG. The proportional increment of GHG based on the operating hours of BG is shown in Figure 30. GHG Emissions from different primary resources of BG is shown in Table 12. Overall, the proposed system is an example of the maximum use of clean energy effectively.  
Figure 28: Percentage of power saving vs. packet arrival rate (IoT applications).  
Figure 29: GHG emission for different system bandwidth.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Mercury and Organic Carbon Analyses  
All Hg analyses were performed by atomic absorption spectroscopy using an automated Hg analyser (AMA254, FKV, Sorisole, Bergamo, Italy) and all sediment samples were analysed in triplicate (50-100 mg for each replicate). For laboratory tests with _C. riparius_, sediment samples were collected from each of the three experimental replicates incubated for 25-28 days to avoid losing or damaging the chironomids specimen to be used for Hg bioaccumulation at day 10. For the tests with _L. variegatus_, sediment samples were collected from each exposure aquarium. Blanks were systematically run between samples and, if necessary, repeated until Hg levels fell to 0.002 absorbance unit (approx. 0.06 ng Hg) as per instrument instructions.  
Mercury content in indigenous chironomids and oligochaetes was determined on one pool of individuals collected as described in Section 2.2. For laboratory organisms, specimens of _C. riparius_ from two exposure replicates were pooled for Hg analysis, while the exposed individuals of _L. variegatus_ were assayed independently for each exposure replicate.  
Accuracy was verified with certified reference materials GBW07305 (stream sediment) from the National Standard Centre of China (0.1 \(\pm\) 0.02 mg kg\({}^{-1}\)) and with internal reference materialsS7 (stream sediment) used in the Analytical Quality Control and Assessment (AQUACON) project (\(1.72\pm 0.03\) mg kg\({}^{-1}\)) and T13 (mussel tissue, \(0.188\pm 0.02\) mg kg\({}^{-1}\)). Average recoveries (arithmetic means \(\pm\) 1 standard deviations; n = 6) were \(0.099\pm 0.004\) mg kg\({}^{-1}\) for GBW07305, \(1.95\pm 0.036\) mg kg\({}^{-1}\) for S7, and \(0.195\pm 0.003\) for T13. Typical precision for replicate sediment measurements was 5% or better. Replicate measurements for biological material were possible only for laboratory-exposed _L. variegatus_ (see data in Table 2 and Section 3.3). Variability in control organisms was 44%. It is important to note that the pools of _L. variegatus_ for Hg analysis were not sub-samples of the same batch, but originated from different exposure batches.  
The organic carbon content in sediment samples (aliquots used for laboratory Hg bioaccumulation) was determined by oxidation with potassium dichronate using the Walkey-Black method [40]. Briefly, an oxidation mixture was prepared using 10 mL of a 1 NK\({}_{2}\)Cr\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{7}\) solution and 20 mL of concentrated sulphuric acid (96%). The reaction was stopped after 30 min by adding 200 mL of deionized water and the resulting solution was titrated using 1,10-phenanthroline.
# Conceptual Design of an Extended Reality Exercise Game for the Elderly
###### Abstract  
Facing the increasingly serious ageing problem, IT technology is being applied more and more to alleviate the increasing health demands of the elderly. Virtual reality (VR) games, in particular, have been shown to benefit the physical and mental health of the elderly. However, almost all consumer-level VR games address the general user, not considering the characteristics of the elderly, such as their particular needs regarding cognitive aspects and safety. In addition, the existing VR rowing games' research typically focuses on athlete training or is based on a rowing machine. Extending on previous research, this paper proposes a conceptual design of a VR rowing game, _VRrowing_ to provide a home exercise game for the elderly which benefits both physical and mental health. This research first analysed the relevant literature and existing VR exercise games for the elderly to find characteristics and their particular needs. Then, following design principles (in exercise games, human-computer interaction, and user interfaces (UIs)) for the elderly, this study proposed a conceptual design of _VRrowing_ through the MDA framework (standing for mechanics, dynamics, and aesthetics). The results cover the system architecture, activities and tasks, patterns and roles, mechanics and structures, and UI examples. Based on comprehensive consideration of the results from relevant research and fostering strengths and circumventing weaknesses, _VRrowing_ was designed as a sports game, aimed at the elderly according to their characteristics and needs, which fills the void of home VR rowing games for seniors' exercise. This research has reference value for scientific research or development personnel in VR game applications and evaluations, especially for such games targeting the elderly.  
extended reality; virtual reality; exercise; game; elderly; rowing +
Footnote †: journal:  
significant differences between the elderly and other age groups, such as motor, cognitive, and perceptual differences, thereby affecting the acceptance and satisfaction among the elderly users [9]. Unlike the above studies, our research paid attention to elderly general physical workouts by applying VR techniques and game technology and designing a targeted VR exercise game for this group in particular. It focuses on physical exercise and considers mental training and social communication. By providing various game activities and tasks, game modes and roles, it tries to meet the needs of the elderly users with different physical conditions, fitness goals, and player types.
# An Instrument Error Correlation Model for Global Navigation Satellite System Reflectometry
## 4 Discussion
### Impact of Tuning Parameters  
The application of tuning parameters is a design decision to capture the fact that initial estimates of the bottom's up error magnitudes may be incomplete and to facilitate rapid adjustments as new calibration and validation information becomes available. The tuning parameters attempt to weigh the value of individual component errors in comparison to each other based on aggregate data from one day of observations during the overlap period.  
The specific values of the tuning parameters recovered suggest that the correlated error model \(R_{mod}\) overestimates both the uncorrelated and highly correlated components of instrument error. This is useful information for future studies because, as an opportunistic measurement, GNSS-R has limited insight into the error structures in the source signals from GPS.  
For observations within a single track, these parameters provide evidence that nearby samples in space and time can add significant new information to a forecast. The tuning parameter \(\alpha=0.005\) indicates that the uncorrelated component of the error is significantly overestimated, suggesting that the constituent error magnitudes in [36] may be overestimated. Further, the fact that the tuning parameters \(\gamma\) and \(\delta=1\) suggest that the overall structure of the error correlation decay is consistent with the theory posited in Appendix D (that the primary source of error correlation is from the application of smoothing filters in the production of antenna gain patterns) and that the application of the Filtering Lemma (Lemma A1) is reasonable.  
For observations between tracks, the tuned error model \(R_{mod}\) indicates that errors are nearly uncorrelated between tracks (cf. Figures 5 and 6). This is driven primarily by the tuning of the parameter \(\beta=0.01\). This has significant practical utility to future assimilation strategies for CYGNSS, suggesting that two nearby tracks are essentially independent measurements with independent instrument error (correlated error may still result from correlated errors in the retrieval or representation).  
Finally, it should be noted that the overall effect of the tuning somewhat obviates the need for a dynamic correlated error model, as the overall behavior of the tuned model is quite stable from track to track (cf. Figure 4). This suggests a simplified instrument-correlated error model could be derived from the bulk behavior of \(\widetilde{\rho}_{mod}\), reducing many of the required input data.
## 3 Optimal Efficiency Tracking Method in Full Current Mode
### Analysis of Impedance Matching Circuit: Boost Circuit  
Figure 5 depicts the boost circuit topology in active impedance matching. In this circuit, S represents the switch transistor, D represents the unidirectional diode, L represents the inductor, C represents the capacitor, RL represents the system's equivalent resistance, Re represents the impedance value at the optimal efficiency point being tracked, and PWM represents pulse width modulation.  
The control of the optimal efficiency tracking point is accomplished by adjusting duty cycle D, which satisfies the following expression:  
\[\mathrm{D}=1-\sqrt{\frac{\mathrm{RL}}{\mathrm{Re}}} \tag{12}\]  
Since duty cycle D must be greater than 1, RL must be less than Re for the boost circuit to operate.  
Figure 4: Impedance matching buck circuit.
# LoRa, Zigbee and 5G Propagation and Transmission Performance in an Indoor Environment at 868 MHz
## 3 Methodology
### LoRa Measurement Descriptions  
The study of the signal quality and power when using LoRa technology was performed from two Pycom Lopy4 modules, which allow point-to-point communication to be established using LoRa frequencies. These modules allow working at different frequencies, but, in this case, a frequency of 868 MHz was used. In addition, this type of microcontroller allows wireless communications between both nodes and processing of the transmitted data. Figure 4 shows the block diagram that represents the measurement configuration covered by this technology.  
The configuration of each module as a transmitter or receiver was carried out through the functions that are implemented in the modules themselves.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Parameters** & **Value** \\ \hline Center Frequency & 868 MHz \\ SPAN & 200 kHz \\ Frequency STEP & 100 Hz \\ RBW & 10 kHz \\ VBW & 1 kHz \\ VBW Type & Linear \\ RBW:VBW & 3 \\ SPAN:RBW & 100 \\ Trace Type & Average \\ Detector Type & RMS/Avg \\ AVERAGES & 100 \\ SWEEP POINTS & 100 \\ Integration BW & 40 kHz \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: SA configuration settings.  
Figure 4: Measurement configuration with LoRa technology.  
Figure 3: Block diagram of narrowband transmission.
## 3 Results
### Impact of SARS-CoV-2 Infection on psoriasis Clinical Course
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{85.4 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt}} \hline \hline
**Type of Study** **[Reference]** & **Outcomes** & **Number of Patients** & **Results** \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{systematic review [3]} & Evaluated presentations, post-infection change in the manifestation, diagnosis, and management of flare-ups & 9 patients with psoriasis and COVID-19 & 5 cases of flare-ups due to hydroxylchloroquine or systemic corticosteroids therapy for COVID-19 & 5 cases of flare-ups due to hydroxylchloroquine or systemic corticosteroids therapy for COVID-19 \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Case report [4]} & New onset of pustular psoriasis (PP) & A case of a 62-year-old woman with family history of psoriasis & New PP 2 weeks after resolution of symptoms of SARS-CoV-2 infection \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Case report [5]} & New onset of pustular psoriasis (PP) & Patient with personal history of psoriasis & Administration of hydroxychloroquine before the flare \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Case report [6]} & New onset of generalized PP (GPP) & 60-year-old male patient with personal history of psoriasis & New GPP 26 days after the onset of initial COVID-19 symptoms \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Case report [7]} & New onset of pustular psoriasis (PP) & 62-year-old patient with a history of Acrodermatitis of Hallopeau & New PP after SARS-CoV-2 infection \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection on psoriasis clinical course. inflammation is linked to the virus' production of inflammation-related cytokines, including IL-2, -7, and -10, granulocyte-colony stimulating factor, interferon-inducible protein 10, monocyte chemoattractant protein 1, macrophage inflammatory protein 1 alpha, and tumor necrosis factor \(\alpha\) (TNF\(\alpha\)) [10], all of which are known molecules in the development of psoriatic disease. In summary, although there are not enough scientific evidence to demonstrate this phenomenon and no studies have been conducted to assess its prevalence, it cannot be ruled out that COVID-19 may exacerbate existing psoriasis, trigger psoriasis de novo, or change the phenotype of the disease (Table 1).
## 8 Performance Comparison
### Security Features  
Table 4 presents a detailed comparison of security features between our proposed protocol and other existing protocols. This evaluation covers essential attributes such as A1: \"Anonymity and Non-traceability Preservation\"; A2: \"Mutual Authentication\"; A3:  
Figure 11: Comparison of communication costs [14; 19; 28; 29].  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Scheme**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**BC/NBC**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Number of Transmitting**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Total Communication**} \\  & & **Messages** & **Overhead (in Bits)** \\ \hline
[14] & NBC & 11 & 7264 \\
[19] & BC & 4 & 3618 \\
[28] & BC & 4 & 4416 \\
[29] & BC & 2 & 1472 \\ Proposed & BC & 4 & 3840 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} BC indicates the utilization of a blockchain-based security solution, while NBC denotes the adoption of a non-blockchain-based security approach.  
\end{table}
Table 3: Comparison of communication costs.  
\"Offline Password Guessing Attack Resistance\"; A4: \"Impersonation Attack Resistance\"; A5: \"TA circumvention Attack Preservation\"; A6: \"Replay Attack Resistance\"; and A7: \"Perfect Forward Secrecy\". As discussed in Section 7, our protocol successfully maintains these security features. In contrast, we analyze the security of the related protocols. The schemes [14; 28] achieve the security goal, but their solution consumes a huge amount of computing and communication overhead. We analyzed [PERSON] et al. [19]'s protocol and found it to have some security flaws, such as traceability, impersonation attacks, and TA bypass attacks. The requirements of anonymity and traceability are not met by the scheme [29], and it is vulnerable to off-line password guessing attacks and impersonation attacks. Compared with these protocols, our solution is more suitable for VANETs.
## 3 Results
### Pore Types and Genesis
Three major groups of pores are observed and identified in tight sandstone: residual interparticle pores (primary pores) (RIPs) (Figure 6a,g,h); intercrystalline pores in clay interstitial substance (ICPs) (Figure 6b,d,f,g,i); and grain dissolution pores formed in soluble minerals (GDPs), such as calcite and feldspar (Figure 6b,e). Residual interparticle pores usually have larger pore sizes, which are followed by grain dissolution pores. Macropores and mesopores make a major contribution to the reservoir space. The pore size of intercrystalline pores is smaller compared to interparticle pores and dissolution pores, and thus, intercrystalline pores mostly belong to transitional pores. Pores in tight sandstone with complex genetic origins and PSDs are combined to form a complex pore-throat network. Due to the lack of organic matter, gases from the adjacent source rocks of coal or shale were enriched in tight reservoirs. Under the influence of a sedimentary environment, there is basically no organic matter originally deposited in tight sandstone reservoirs. Through thin rock section microscope observation, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and other tests, no organic matter components were found in the sample. Previous studies have also shown that the gas source of tight sandstone is mainly from adjacent coal seams, with a small amount coming from organic shale [11]. These gases are formed during reservoir diagenesis and the thermal  
Figure 5: Microreservoir space of nano–micro pores and small-scale fractures in transitional shale gas reservoirs. (**a**) Pores and pyrite developed within organic matter; (**b**) Gas pores in OM; (**c**) OM with pores not developed; (**d**) intergranular pores between lamellar clay crystals; (**e**) pores between clay mineral aggregates; (**f**–**h**) pores on mineralogical edge; (**i**) microfractures on the mechanical weak surface. evolution of organic matter and enter tight sandstone reservoirs through fractures and pore systems. According to the above research and comparison, the coal reservoir is mainly composed of organic-matter-related pores. The pore types of shale are more complex, and both the mineral-related pores and OM-related pores have a certain degree of development. However, the pores are concentrated on the nanometer scale, with poor connectivity, according to the observation images. The pores of tight sandstone are predominantly composed of mineral pores and a small number of microfractures. The images of tight sandstone samples show that the pore size is relatively larger and that the connectivity between pores is significantly better.
# Rapid Construction of Aerocapture Attainability Sets Using Sequential Convex Programming
## 6 Conclusions  
In this paper, an algorithm was proposed to determine the exact aerocapture attainability set on the basis of convex optimization. The efficiency and robustness of the proposed algorithm were demonstrated successfully by a variety of examples. To solve the aerocapture attainability set, its boundary was converted into a set of points by means of dimensionality reduction. Finding each element in the point set was an optimal control problem and was achieved by using the convex method.  
The simulation showed the aerocapture attainability set was affected by the following parameters: the initial velocity, the initial flight-path angle, the lift-drag ratio, and the maximum magnitude of the bank angle. Moreover, among these parameters, \(L/D\) had the greatest effect on the aerocapture attainability set; a larger \(V_{0}\) can expand the aerocapture attainability and increase the capability of the aerocapture flight, whereas a smaller \(\sigma_{\text{max}}\), such as less than 90 deg, can greatly weaken the longitudinal control ability of the vehicle during the atmospheric flight. Moreover, the influence of path constraints on aerocapture attainability sets was simulated. It revealed that the existence of path constraints reduces significantly the range of aerocapture attainability sets.  
Numerical simulations showed the proposed method works well during the solving process. Because of the relatively low computational cost, the proposed algorithm can potentially be used onboard to rapidly assess the aerocapture attainability set.  
Aiming at the problem of solving the general aerocapture attainability set, in order to further improve the online computing capability, future work should focus on how to analytically characterize the structure of the attainability set and how to switch a point-by-point solution to a characterization parameter calculation.  
Figure 15: Load factor, heating rate, and dynamic pressure profiles corresponding to points \(C\) and \(C^{\prime}\) in Figure 13.  
**Author Contributions:** Conceptualization, R.T. and H.H.; methodology, R.T.; software, J.C.; validation, R.T. and J.C.; formal analysis, R.T.; investigation, R.T.; resources, H.H.; data curation, H.H.; writing--original draft preparation, R.T.; writing--review and editing, H.H.; visualization, R.T.; supervision, H.H.; project administration, H.H.; funding acquisition, H.H. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
**Funding:** This research was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. U20B2001).  
**Institutional Review Board Statement:** Not applicable.  
**Informed Consent Statement:** Not applicable.  
**Data Availability Statement:** Not applicable.  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.