esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Molecular and Hormonal Mechanisms Regulating Fleshy Fruit Ripening
## 3 Ripening Is Influenced by Multiple Hormones and Light
### Auxin Delays Ripening and Antagonises the Effects of Ethylene
#### 3.3.1 ABA  
There are many reports of the effects of ABA on ripening, as discussed by [PERSON] et al. [157] and reviewed recently by [PERSON] et al. [158,159,160]. ABA is synthesised from carotenoids via the action of 9-cis-epoxy carotenoid dehydrogenase (NCED) [161,162]. Treating fruits of tomato, apple, grape, kiwifruit, peach and strawberry with ABA or ABA inhibitors, either enhanced or retarded the production of carotenoids, anthocyanins, volatiles, pectolytic enzymes and softening [158,163,164,165,1667].  
ABA can increase the levels of ACS and ACO activity and their transcripts [168,169], which would be expected to promote various aspects of ripening by increasing ethylene production. Several TFs have already been identified that activate transcription of _ACS_ and _ACO_ genes, such as RIN, HB-1 and ERFs [111,120,129], and it is important to establish which TFs respond to ABA in order to upregulate ethylene biosynthesis genes. It has been shown that NAC19/48 in tomato can directly induce the expression of _ACO1_ and _ACS2_, and virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) of tomato _NAC4_ and _NAC9_ reduced _ACS2_, _ACS4_ and _ACO1_ expression. Interestingly, there are binding sites for ABF (ABA responsive element-binding factor) TFs in the promoter regions of _NOR_ and _RIN_ genes [170], so the question arises: does ABA promote ethylene synthesis and ripening through an effect on these genes, as well as having an effect on ethylene synthesis?
## 3 Applications of the Tactile Internet
### Industrial Automation  
For the TI, a steadily developing application field is in automation for industry. It not only boosts the overall production of infrastructure but also increases efficiency. One of the requirements of automation in industry is having RTT underneath 1 ms per sensor for industrial robots, where the sensitivity of control circuits matters the most when the controlling gadgets are moving quickly. To execute this entire base concept would require high-speed connectivity of millimetre-wave technology.  
Due to the requirements of intelligent robots, smart devices, sensors, etc., globally, traditional industries are transforming into digital ones. There have been previously three generations in the industrial revolution, which resulted in profitable products in the industrial market [23].  
A real-time empowered cyber-physical system creates a paradigm shift in the coming fourth industrial revolution (Industry 4.0). It comes with prime modifications in assembly, design, material usage and inventory networking, thus prompting adaptable and self-composed smart factories [24]. With increased features and adaptability, Industry 4.0 will empower individuals to individualise any item and transform according to market needs. Figure 5 illustrates an automated production assembly line where the machine and user communicate through a wireless access point. The user is equipped with a tablet that controls the machines present on the industry premises.
# On the Impact of Multiple Access Interference in LTE-V2X and NR-V2X Sidelink Communications +
## 2 System Model  
Driving safety, traffic quality, and infotainment features are all significantly improved by V2X, which enables vehicular nodes to acquire a wide variety of traffic data in real-time. A large amount of data, including cooperative sensing data, communications, entertainment, sensing data, etc., is produced as vehicles become more advanced and autonomous due to the usage of numerous sensors and a variety of communication devices and technologies. A detailed explanation of such V2X use cases and specifications can be found in [30]. Additionally, 3 GPP specifies various levels of automation for each use case, ranging from 0 (no automation) to 5 (full automation), in compliance with the definition by the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE). Vehicle platooning use cases with the dynamic formation and administration of groups of vehicles in platoons are envisioned by 3 GPP. For the platoon to operate properly, vehicles in it periodically exchange data. The available QoS may affect how far apart each vehicle in a platoon travels.  
A vehicle platooning scenario with a set of V2X-enabled vehicles and a set of non-communicating vehicles is considered in this work. Without a loss of generality, we refer to the communication between a tagged transmitting vehicle and the platoon head, which acts as the tagged receiver, as shown in Figure 1. The distance between communication entities is constant, and we adjust the parameters by the specified vehicle platooning use case [30]. According to 3 GPP, the scenario under consideration calls for up to 100 messages per second, a maximum speed of 100 km/h, a minimum distance between vehicles of a few meters, and message sizes ranging from roughly 50 to 1200 bytes with a 90% reliability.  
We consider the LTE-V2X and NR-V2X physical layer specifications and the V2X sidelink access protocol based on SB-SPS to control access to the shared resources, which are illustrated in Section 4. Lastly, all packets are transmitted using the same modulation and coding scheme (MCS), and all packets are of the same size.
## 4 Case Analysis
### Distribution Results of Damages Due to Displacement Indexes  
A causal analysis of building and cropland damages can provide guidance for building and cropland reconstruction so as to alleviate coal-mining-induced damages. By virtue of GIS, displacement indexes triggering each raster damage were extracted so as to draw the damage cause distribution map. The causes for building and cropland damage and destruction on the ground surface were forecast in light of the building and cropland distribution on the ground surface; the distribution of damage causes and results were as shown in Figure 12, and the damages due to each index were counted as shown in Table 5.  
According to those legends, E indicates that only the horizontal deformation reaches the final damage level at this point; E&T indicate that both horizontal deformation and inclined reach the damage level simultaneously at this point; E&T&K indicate that horizontal deformation, inclined and curvature reach the damage level simultaneously at this point; and the rest follow the same rule.  
Figure 12: The distribution map of building and cropland damage causes: (**a**) Building; (**b**) Cropland.  
It was estimated that 14 damaged buildings were associated with the displacement indexes E and T, and 7 buildings were damaged by deformation index T, accounting for the maximum proportion of 50%; 5 buildings were damaged by deformation index E and 2 buildings were damaged jointly by both deformation index E and T. Regarding the damaged of destroyed cropland areas, most of them were damaged or destroyed by deformation index T, or jointly by displacement indexes W, E and T, accounting for 33.48% and 30.45%, respectively.
# WUE and CO2 Estimations by Eddy Covariance and Remote Sensing in Different Tropical Biomes
## 3 Results  
### Meteorological Conditions  
Precipitation and air temperature data in all study sites (Figure 2), as well as daily observations of solar radiation, air temperature and relative humidity (Figure 3), presented a seasonality that was consistent with the local climatology. Highest radiation incidence was registered in the Caatinga and Pantanal sites, which makes them the warmest sites since air temperature is strongly correlated with solar radiation. The highest monthly temperature was found in the Pantanal site (Figure 2A), with 31.6 \({}^{\circ}\)C being registered in October, while the Amazon site presented the lowest temperatures (25.4 \({}^{\circ}\)C in April), which is also probably associated with the fact that radiation is lower (Figure 3A). The Caatinga and Pantanal sites are in phase regarding solar radiation (Figure 3A) and air temperature (Figure 3B) patterns, despite VPD values being three-fold higher in the Caatinga (Figure 3C), while VPD in the Pantanal is similar to that observed in the Amazon. VPD in the Amazon practically doubles until September, along with lower observed accumulated rainfall and higher air temperatures.  
Figure 2: Monthly variation of mean air temperature (lines) and accumulated rainfall (bars) for each site and period: **(A)**—Amazonia: 2009–2011 (rainfall from INMET station); **(B)** Caatinga: January 2014 –July 2015 (rainfall from INMET station); **(C)** Cerrado: 2004 –2006; **(D)** Pantanal: 2015 –2016).  
Mean annual precipitation in the Amazon site was approximately 2221 mm, 38% higher than in the Pantanal site (1381 mm) and 25% higher than in the Cerrado site (1668 mm). Caatinga presented an annual accumulated rainfall value of 698.9 mm in 2014 and 376.3 mm until July 2015. The number of months with monthly precipitation <10% of total annual precipitation in each site (Figure 2) varied locally. In the Amazon, seven months met this criterion, while in the Cerrado and Pantanal, six months did as well. In the Caatinga, a total of nine months presented less than 10% of total annual rainfall. Besides the highest precipitation totals, the Amazon also presents the greatest monthly variability of precipitation, particularly in March (Figure 4). September is the month where precipitation in all four sites is the most similar, with the Caatinga site registering null precipitation and the other sites registering precipitation below 50 mm. In March, the difference between the wettest and the driest sites accounts for over 300 mm. Only in the months of June and July did the Caatinga site feature monthly accumulated rainfall higher than the Cerrado and Pantanal sites. Only the Amazon site surpassed 300 mm of precipitation in the months from February to April.  
Figure 3: Seasonal variation of the daily mean of meteorological variables: (**A**) global incident radiation (W m\({}^{-2}\)), (**B**) air temperature (\({}^{\circ}\)C) and (**C**) vapor pressure deficit (kPa). The shaded colored areas indicate data standard deviation.
## 4 Performance Evaluation Metrics
### Context Precision  
Context Precision measures how well the relevant context chunks are ranked toward the top among all the retrieved pieces of context. It evaluates if the chunks that contain the correct information (according to the ground truth) appear early in the ranked list. The metric is calculated using question, ground_truth, and contexts. Precision is computed at each rank \(k\) up to \(K\), using  
\[\text{Precision at }k=\frac{\text{true positives at }k}{\text{true positives at }k+\text{false positives at }k} \tag{3}\]  
The final Context Precision at \(K\) is given by  
\[\text{Context Precision at }K=\frac{\sum_{k=1}^{K}\text{Precision at }k\times v_{k}}{\text{Total number of relevant items in the top }K\text{ results}} \tag{4}\]  
Here, \(v_{k}\in\{0,1\}\) indicates whether the item at rank \(k\) is relevant.
# Investigating the Key Aspects of a Smart City through Topic Modeling and Thematic Analysis
## 4 Discussion
### Addressing RQ1
Driven by AI-based methods, IoT devices and wireless sensor networks (WSNs) predominantly employ hard (or dedicated) sensing as the primary sensing paradigm in numerous smart city applications [57]. IoT encompasses themes related to the electronic infrastructure of the smart city. It includes topics like the cyber-physical model, technology, networks, sensors, edge computing, fiber-optical networks, and antennas. Aspect 6: Data  
In the smart city context, generating analytics can yield advanced insights, foster a deeper comprehension of urban phenomena, and facilitate the formulation of evidence-based urban strategies. The distributed setting utilized in handling big data for the smart city has the potential to present challenges in data storage and processing [58]. The exploration of meaningful patterns and correlations within city-service facilities using data mining (DM) methods has progressively gained prominence as a pivotal research domain. Data pertains to the technologies for gathering, managing, storing, processing, and analyzing the most valuable asset of our times: data. This aspect covers themes such as big data analytics, AI, ML, recommendation systems, dashboards, and semantics. From a socio-economic perspective (colored in orange in Figure 23), we identified the following dominant aspects of the smart city:  
Aspect 7: City planning and Administration  
Governments and policymakers recognize the wealth of expertise and experience residing within the public and, therefore, encourage societal members to actively contribute to the decision-making process [59]. City planning and administration cover themes related to the design and management of a smart city. This aspect includes e-Governance, urban planning, indicators, urbanism, administration, taxes, social media, and participation. Aspect 8: Business  
Economists assert that a city can be deemed'smart' when investments in communication infrastructure foster sustainable economic development, high quality of life, and prudent natural resource management while fulfilling the needs of residents, businesses, and institutions [60]. Business themes relate to economic activities within a smart city. Business includes innovation, logistics, industry, investments, banking, automation, and career. Aspect 9: Security  
[PERSON] et al. [61] view security as a dynamic concept aimed at preventing harm to the smart city and its residents, encompassing both direct and indirect threats through digital and physical connections. Due to the widespread use of ICT and increasing interconnectivity, security themes play a critical role in safeguarding the smart city [62]. This aspect covers privacy, authentication, intrusion detection, surveillance, blockchain, and crime. Aspect 10: People  
Perhaps the most pivotal aspect of a smart city is its people. Quality of life encompasses the overall well-being of its residents, including education, healthcare, aging, accessibility, tourism, sanitation, shopping, food, and street art. Figure 23: A thematic map of the smart city.
## 3 Results and Discussion  
### Hydrogen Production  
When a mixture of polysaccharide derivatives and water is irradiated with quantum beams, such as electron beams and \(\gamma\)-rays, decomposition and crosslinking reactions of polysaccharide derivatives occur simultaneously [19]. At a low concentration of polysaccharide derivatives, the decomposition reaction of polysaccharide derivatives occurred predominantly compared to the crosslinking reaction. At a high concentration of more than 10 wt.%, the crosslinking reaction dominated over the decomposition and resulted in a gel.  
The hydrogels obtained by irradiating concentrated aqueous solutions of carboxymethyl cellulose or carboxymethyl chitosan are highly water-absorbent and transparent. However, metal ions and proteins are easily attached to the hydrogels [24]. Therefore, in this study, non-ionic MC, HPMC, and HPC were selected because of the objective of developing soft contact lenses that proteins do not readily adhere to. Figure 2a shows the relationship between the dose and gel fraction of the hydrogels obtained by irradiation with 20 wt.% aqueous solutions of MC, HPMC, and HPC. To select a base material for contact lenses, we prepared MC, HPMC, and HPC hydrogels with a thickness of 1 mm, which is easy to handle. The gel fractions of the MC, HPMC, and HPC hydrogels increased substantially up to 10 kGy and then leveled off at approximately 30 kGy to reach approximately 80% at 50 kGy. The gel fractions at 10 kGy increased in the order of HPMC, MC, and HPC. This indicates that HPC is the easiest to crosslink. Figure 2b shows the relationship between the dose and Sw of the MC, HPMC, and HPC hydrogels. The Sw of the hydrogels decreased gradually with increasing dose, and HPC gels exhibited the lowest swelling profile. Although the gel fraction was almost the same (approximately 80%), Sw decreased with increasing dose. This indicates that, as the crosslinking reaction progressed, the crosslinking density increased.
## 4 Conclusions  
The electrochemical stability of different sodium-conducting electrolyte families, based on the EMIFSI, EMITFSI, N\({}_{1114}\)FSI, N\({}_{1114}\)TFSI, N\({}_{1114}\)TM\({}_{14}\), PIP\({}_{13}\)TFSI and PIP\({}_{14}\)TFSI ionic liquids, was investigated through voltammetry techniques with the aim of evaluating their feasibility in Na-ion devices. All IL electrolytes were found to be electrochemically stable  
Figure 6: Voltage-capacity profile related to the first charge-discharge cycle of Na/HC (panel **(A)**) and Na/NMO (panel **(B)**) cells containing the 0.1 NaTFSI-0.9 EMIFSI (solid traces) and 0.1 NaTFSI-0.9N\({}_{1114}\)FSI (dotted traces) electrolytes. Current rate: 0.1C. Temperature: 20 \({}^{\circ}\)C. The voltage values are based on the Na\({}^{+}\)/Na\({}^{\circ}\) redox couple.  
within the 0.1-4.5 V (vs. Na\({}^{+}\)/Na\({}^{\circ}\)) voltage range, which was considered to be of particular interest for sodium battery systems. Moreover, EMIFSI and N\({}_{1114}\)FSI electrolytes allow the reversible sodium intercalation without any degradation process charged to the electrolyte, likely due to a stable SEI layer promoted by the FSI anion. The presence of impurities, such as water and/or oxygen, is able to negatively affect the electrochemical performance of the IL electrolytes. Preliminary electrochemical investigations, run through cyclic voltammetry and charge-discharge measurements, have shown good compatibility between the EMIFSI and N\({}_{1114}\)FSI electrolytes and hard carbon anodes and \(\alpha\)-NaMnO\({}_{2}\) cathodes, matching and/or overcoming the performance obtained in standard organic solutions. Therefore, EMIFSI- and N\({}_{1114}\)FSI-based electrolytes are of interest for the realization of highly safe, reliable and advanced sodium-ion electrochemical energy storage devices, which will be addressed in further studies.  
Conceptualization, G.B.A.; methodology, G.B.A. and G.M.; validation, G.M. and G.B.A.; formal analysis, G.M. and G.B.A.; investigation, G.M., P.C. and E.S.; data curation, G.M. and G.B.A.; writing--original draft preparation, G.M.; writing--review and editing, G.B.A. and S.B.; supervision, G.B.A. and S.B.; funding acquisition, G.B.A. and S.B. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded by the Italian Ministry of Economic Development (MISE) within the ENEA-MISE Program Agreement on Electric System Research. S.B. would like to thank the EU commission for the funding through the H2020 project number 101029608.  
Not applicable.  
Not supportin data.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 4 Results and Discussion of the Initial Cooling Channel
### Transient Numerical Simulation Result Under Phase-Change Cooling
As shown in Figure 14, the temperature distribution along the rudder shaft closely matches the steady-state results, with the highest temperature at the shaft's top, peaking at around 475 \({}^{\circ}\)C at 1030 s and 460 \({}^{\circ}\)C at 1250 s. Temperatures decrease along the shaft, with a slight increase mid-shaft before gradually declining to the inlet temperature. For flow resistance and pressure drop calculations, the average pressure across five cross sections was computed (see Table 8). Transient results show slightly lower pressure drops than steady-state results, but both are within the same range, with minimal deviations in average pressure across sections. The primary difference between steady-state and transient results lies in the heat boundary conditions, leading to minor pressure differences that align with expected outcomes. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Inlet Flow** & **Outlet Cross** & **Middle** & **Middle** & **Middle** & **Inlet Cross** & **Average Inlet and** \\
**Rate (m/s)** & **Section (Pa)** & **Section 1 (Pa)** & **Section 2 (Pa)** & **Section 3 (Pa)** & **Section (Pa)** & **Outlet Pressure** \\ \hline
**0.5** & 0.4 & 50.8 & 1192.2 & 3490.0 & 6079.3 & 6078.9 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 8: Average gauge pressure at different sections along the flow direction in the initial scheme. Figure 13: (**a**) Phase change results at an inlet flow rate of 0.5 m/s with water supply. Temperature distribution of the rudder shaft at 475 s at inlet velocity of (**b1**) 0.1 and (**b2**) 0.5 m/s. In the current work, the active cooling study is constrained to a specific rudder shaft, under a specific flight trajectory. For larger rudder assemblies and different flight regimes, the physical models and heat flux boundary will also change much, but we think the numerical methods and findings are also generally applicable to these conditions.
# Text-Based Emotion Recognition in English and Polish for Therapeutic Chatbot
## 2 Related Work  
### Conversational Agents in Mental Health  
Mental disorders affect large numbers of people worldwide. To mitigate the problem of limited availability of human therapists and to develop new methods of treatment, computer-aided therapies have been designed and successfully applied in the context of mental health, including solutions based on artificial intelligence (AI) [1].  
Application of AI in mental disorder therapies frequently takes the form of dialogue systems [2; 3], which can be divided into two categories. The first is chatbots--virtual counselors capable of having text-based conversations with the patient, delivered, e.g., via a mobile application. Research [4; 5; 6] has shown positive impacts from chatbot-based therapy on patients with depression and anxiety. Another group of systems is the so-called embodied conversational agents (ECAs), which extend the text conversations with an animated visualization of the virtual therapist on the screen. Such systems have been applied in the treatment of depression [7] and autism discorders [8].  
An important factor in human-computer interaction in therapeutic settings is the system's ability to recognize the patient's emotions and respond accordingly (_affective computing_[9]). Several affect-aware conversational systems have been developed [10; 11] in the context of mental health, aiming to produce more natural and empathetic conversations; however, to the best of our knowledge, none of these were designed for the Polish language.
# GF-1 Satellite Imagery Data Service and Application Based on Open Data Cube
## 2 Methods
### Data Management Based on the Pixel-Level Grid
#### 2.2.3 Data Access and Analysis  
During data access and analysis, the imagery data were converted from scene-based management to pixel grids. The raw imagery data were stored as scenes in the PostgreSQL database. During data loading and analysis, the imagery data were written into memory for pixel-level operations. To better clarify the data storing process based on pixels, the proposed framework was designed with database table views for imagery data sharing the same type of metadata and separate views for each type of imagery data, such as the GF-1 imagery data. A view is a virtual table with contents defined by queries. Views can be used for data retrieval with custom queries and complete information integration from multiple tables, thus achieving a storage structure conversion from scene-based file storage to views in databases. According to the actual needs, certain fields can be retrieved and displayed to give pixel-level imagery data for subsequent application and analysis.  
After the imagery data were written into memory, the proposed framework employed _Xarray_, an open-source Python package improving the operational simplicity and efficiency of labeled multidimensional arrays to conduct pixel-level operations. Specifically, the multidimensional array database, _Xarray.Dataset_, and the labeled N-dimensional matrix, _Xarray.DataArray_, in the memory are specifically needed as the data structures for pixel grid loading, computing, and storage. _Xarray.Dataset_ is an array of tokens with aligned _Dimensions_ similar to a dictionary and an in-memory representation of imagery data.