## 4 Tools for WebAssembly Development
### WebAssembly Runtimes  
* Wasmer is a standalone runtime for executing Wasm modules. It supports multiple programming languages and provides a secure and efficient runtime environment [30]. * Pros: Fast startup time, low memory footprint, supports multiple languages, supports ahead-of-time (AOT) and just-in-time (JIT) compilation, extensible with plugins. * Cons: Limited ecosystem compared to Node.js, relatively new compared to other runtimes. * WebAssembly Micro Runtime (WAMR) is a lightweight and efficient runtime designed for resource-constrained devices [31]. It focuses on low memory usage and fast startup time. * Pros: Lightweight and efficient, designed for resource-constrained devices, supports AOT and interpreter execution modes, platform-specific optimizations available. * Cons: Limited language support compared to other runtimes, limited ecosystem and community support. * Node.js is a popular JavaScript runtime that supports Wasm. It provides a rich ecosystem and extensive libraries and tools [32]. * Pros: Vast ecosystem and community support, mature and stable runtime, easy integration with JavaScript code, wide range of libraries and tools available. * Cons: Relatively slower startup time and higher memory usage compared to some other runtimes, single-threaded by default. * **Wasmtime** Wasmtime is a standalone runtime developed by the Bytecode Alliance. It focuses on security, compatibility, and performance [33]. * Pros: High performance, supports AOT and JIT compilation, integration with the Cranelift code generator, compatible with multiple platforms. * Cons: Limited language support compared to Node.js, less mature compared to some other runtimes. * Wasm Virtual Machine (WAVM) is a standalone Wasm runtime designed for high-performance applications. It focuses on providing low-latency execution [34]. * Pros: High performance, low-latency execution, supports AOT and JIT compilation, compatible with multiple platforms. * Cons: Limited language support compared to Node.js, less mature compared to some other runtimes. * Deno is a secure JavaScript and TypeScript runtime built on the V8 engine. It provides first-class support for Wasm [35]. * Pros: Secure by default, built-in module system, supports TypeScript natively, allows fine-grained control over permissions. * Cons: Relatively new and less mature compared to Node.js, limited ecosystem and library support. * Lucet is a native Wasm compiler and runtime developed by Fastly. It is designed for high-performance serverless applications [36]. * Pros: High-performance execution, optimized for serverless use cases, low startup time, efficient memory management. * Cons: Limited language support compared to Node.js, specialized for serverless environments. * Wasm Secure Capabilities Connector (wascc) is a lightweight Wasm runtime focused on secure and isolated execution of capabilities-based components [37]. * Pros: Secure and isolated execution, supports capabilities-based security model, lightweight and efficient, extensible with plug-ins. * Cons: Limited language support compared to Node.js, specialized for capabilities-based component execution. * Kotlin/JS is a language and runtime combination that allows writing Kotlin code that can be compiled to JavaScript or Wasm [38]. * Pros: Seamless integration with Kotlin language and tooling, support for multi-platform development, interoperability with JavaScript and Wasm. * Cons: Limited language support compared to Node.js, less mature Wasm support compared to other runtimes. * WasmEdge is a compact, efficient, and flexible runtime environment for Wasm that is designed to support a range of applications, including cloud-native, edge computing, and decentralized systems [39]. It provides the necessary infrastructure to run serverless applications, embedded functions, microservices, smart contracts, and IoT devices. WasmEdge offers high performance and can be easily extended to meet the specific needs of different use cases.