esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 5 Discussion of Results
### Strength Verifications  
From Tables 11 and 12, it can be seen that both TMDs remarkably improve flexural verifications since \(\frac{M_{Eq}}{M_{Rd}}\) ratios are significantly reduced for all structural members that have, in the OB, \(\frac{M_{Eq}}{M_{Rd}}>1\). However, the flexural demand on walls S01-S08, which counteract most of the seismic forces arising in the structure, is still greater than their capacity. Hence, the structure would be damaged by earthquakes with magnitudes the same as those considered. The missing gap could be reduced by using a more advanced design method for the TMD and increasing the reinforcements in the vertical members. Anyway, the flexural demand reduction is high, exceeding, in some cases, 70%.  
From Tables 11 and 12, it can also be observed that \(\frac{M_{Eq}}{M_{Rd}}\) ratios increase at the top of almost all the walls due to the forces incurred by the TMD. \(\frac{M_{Eq}}{M_{Rd}}\) ratios and the PNV for the building equipped with TMD1 are very similar to those of the building equipped with TMD2. Thus, it can be said that the two proposed solutions, based on the use of TMD, are equally effective in reducing structural damage caused by seismic actions. The TMD2 should be preferred because the quantity of concrete required to make the RC slab is less than half of that required in TMD1. On the basis of the above, it can be concluded that the method adopted for the TMD design, though it is based on simple expressions, leads to remarkable results.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Angle Measurements  
Each volunteer wore the MSD on the right leg and was seated in the middle of the chair with the back straight, without resting on the backrest, feet flat on the ground, and arms crossed over the chest (Figure 1b). Participants were instructed to discretionarily flex the knee in the three targeted range of knee flexion angles, which were <60\({}^{\circ}\), approximately 90\({}^{\circ}\), and >90\({}^{\circ}\). The knee angular motion attempts were first assessed using the MSD. Two examiners (a physical therapist and an experienced orthopedic surgeon) were blinded to the MSD angle measurements and then measured knee ROM using a universal goniometer.
# A New Compact Double-Negative Miniaturized Metamaterial for Wideband Operation
## 5 Results and Discussion
### Unit Cell Analysis  
The current density of the unit cell at 11.84 GHz is shown in Figure 5a. The currents flow in opposite directions in the metal strip of the Z-shape unit cell structure because of the dissimilar geometry of the unit cell structure. In the resonator, the opposite current follows the inner and outer surfaces, which causes the stop band at this frequency. In Figure 5b, both the numerical and experimental magnitudes of the S-parameters are shown. The figure shows dual-band resonance at 7.32 GHz and 11.84 GHz in the transmission coefficient (\(S_{21}\)) curve. The measured result  
Figure 4: Equivalent LC circuit model of the proposed unit cell.  
presents resonance at 7.53 GHz (C-Band) and 12.02 GHz (X-Band) in the same figure. However, the measured transmittance (\(S_{21}\)) results are slightly shifted and shortened, when compared with the simulated results. This shift usually occurs due to the free-space measurement process or various fabrication errors.  
Figure 5c shows the negative permeability from 8.13 to 14 GHz for 0-degree rotation and from 8.344 to 14 GHz for 90-degree rotation. At a lower frequency, the current can keep pace with the applied field; however, at higher frequencies, the current cannot cope with the applied field and starts to lag in the frequency range when the permeability is negative. Figure 5d shows the negative permittivity from 4.054 to 10.372 GHz and 13.388 to 14.441 GHz for 0-degree rotation and from 4.405 to 7.98 GHz, 8.76 to 10.398 GHz, and 12.556 to 12.803 GHz for 90-degree rotation. Here, it reveals that there is variation between the properties of permeability and permittivity because of the polarization effect due to the interior construction of the materials. When electromagnetic waves enter unequal lattice axes of anisotropic materials, the properties are affected by the polarization inside the material. As a result, the values of permeability and permittivity change due to changes in the design. However, the refractive index curve is also affected by the polarization via the same procedure.  
If the unit cell permittivity and permeability appear negative simultaneously, then the refractive index curve will be negative. Figure 6 shows a negative refractive index from 3.482 to 7.096 GHz (bandwidth of 3.61 GHz), 7.876 to 10.047 GHz (bandwidth of 2.171 GHz), and 11.594 to 14 GHz (bandwidth of 2.406 GHz) for 0-degree rotation and from 3.885 to 7.642 GHz (bandwidth of 3.757 GHz), 8.162 to 10.216 GHz (bandwidth of 2.055 GHz), and 11.152 to 14 GHz (bandwidth of 2.848 GHz) for 90-degree rotation of the unit cell. Therefore, the designed unit cell has characteristics of a double-negative metamaterial because the refractive index, permittivity, and permeability curves have negative peaks at 8.79 GHz, which is shown in Table 2.  
Figure 5: (**a**) Surface current density at 11.84 GHz; (**b**) \(S_{21}\) curve for the Z-shape unit cell; the real magnitude of (**c**) the effective permeability and (**d**) the effective permittivity of a 0-degree and 90-degree rotated unit cell.
## 4 Discussion
### Clinical Implications
#### 4.6.1 Personalized Approaches to Regeneration  
One of the most significant clinical implications is the necessity for personalized approaches when applying GTR membranes in immunocompromised patients. The reviewed studies revealed that variations in systemic conditions could influence the performance of GTR membranes. For instance, diabetic patients often experience impaired bone repair and chronic wound healing due to diminished angiogenic and osteogenic responses [54]. The use of biomimetic scaffolds pre-treated with BMP-2 has shown potential in overcoming these deficits by enhancing osteogenesis and angiogenesis [55]. These findings suggest that integrating patient-specific factors into GTR membrane design, such as incorporating growth factors or antimicrobial properties tailored to an individual's physiological needs, could significantly improve clinical outcomes.
# Comparison of Single Control Loop Performance Monitoring Methods
## 3 Results
### Case 2. Robustness of the Methods with Varying Fault Intensities
(**b**) Boxplot (median and IQR) for _ITAE_ with 500 different valve stiction intensities. (**c**) Boxplot (median and IQR) for _ISE_ in sliding window with 500 different valve stiction intensities. For comparison, the red vertical line shows the value of valve stiction used in simulations in Case 1 (Section 3.1). non-ideal conditions. _AMP_ could not identify any of the implemented fault intensities. Integrating methods _ISE_ and _ITAE_ performed well and had only a small range between the lowest identified and highest non-identified fault intensities.
# Comparison of the Heights of Sporadic E Layers and Vertical Ion Convergence Parameters
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Data Analysis
#### 2.2.2 The Height of Different Parameters  
The selection process for determining different parameter heights is illustrated in Figure 1. All results in this paper used the geographic latitude. In Figure 1a, the blue curve represents the S4 index profile, while the black dashed line signifies the threshold for Es identification (S4 index > 0.3) [34]. Once the Es layer is identified, the altitude of the maximum S4 index is designated as the height of the Es layer, denoted by a black star in Figure 1a. Figure 1b depicts the profile of the ion vertical velocity, with the point where ion movement shifts from upward at lower altitudes to downward at higher altitudes defined as the ion vertical velocity null (IVN), marked by a black regular triangle in Figure 1b. Figure 1c displays the profile of the vertical ion convergence; the maximum value of the vertical ion convergence, which is positive, is defined as the maximum of vertical ion convergence (VICmax) and marked as a black inverted triangle in Figure 1c. Figure 1d shows the horizontal wind profiles; the black solid line represents the zonal wind (eastward is positive), and the black dash-dotted line represents the meridional wind (southward is positive).  
Figure 1 shows an ideal case. The wind shear regions occur at around 110 km for zonal wind and meridional wind. Both of them make ions convergent at \(\sim\)110 km according to the wind shear theory [2]. The calculated VIC is positive at \(\sim\)110 km, causing the ions to converge at this altitude. The IVN and VICmax are located at the wind shear region. In this case, the Es layer is also located at the wind shear region and closer to the height of IVN than VICmax. Besides the vertical wind shear as above, the specific directions and values of horizontal wind can also induce the vertical convergence of ions [23]. Both conditions were considered in this paper by using Equation (1).
# Linewidth Measurement of a Narrow-Linewidth Laser: Principles, Methods, and Systems
## 3 Research Progress
### Other Measurement Techniques  
There are two commonly used methods for measuring narrow-linewidth lasers based on the beat frequency power spectrum and phase noise analysis. In the process of technological development, these two methods have undergone some improvements, resulting in new linewidth measurement methods.  
In 2007, [PERSON] et al. used a high-resolution spectroscopic analyzer (OSA) to analyze the spectral characteristics of CW emission, which can further characterize the static and dynamic parameters of VCSEL lasers, such as the linewidth, relative intensity noise, and linewidth enhancement factor [117]. The measurement system does not require modulation of the laser, thereby reducing experimental settings to save resources and providing the possibility of measuring all parameters with the same settings.  
In 2010, [PERSON] et al. briefly explored and analyzed the relationship between laser frequency noise and laser linearity [118]. A direct and clear evaluation of the relationship between frequency noise and laser linewidth was proposed by analyzing the evolution process of the frequency linewidth of low-pass-filtered white noise lasers changing with the cutoff frequency. The complete characterization of the distribution characteristics can be applied to laser linewidth with any noise spectral density.  
In 2013, [PERSON] et al. reported measuring the intrinsic linewidth of terahertz quantum cascade lasers using near-infrared frequency combs [119]. A beat frequency signal is generated within the radio frequency range based on the repetition frequency doubling of the laser emission frequency and near-infrared laser comb, and a tracking oscillator is used for demodulation. When the output power was 2 mW, the latter was strongly affected by the level of optical feedback, with an intrinsic linewidth of 230 Hz.  
In 2016, [PERSON] et al. measured the linewidth of mid-infrared quantum lasers using optical feedback interferometry [120]. The basic principle of the method is to analyze the histogram of the laser's self-mixing stripe period and directly measure the voltage changes between the laser terminals. The system is shown in Figure 11, where the output beam is collimated by a chalcogenide aspherical lens with an AR coating. A pinhole with a variable diameter is placed in front of the output beam to adjust the feedback intensity and maintain a moderate SM state. Laser self-mixing [121] can avoid external detectors and simplify optical alignment procedures.  
We list and compare the linewidth measuring methods with the corresponding device structures and performance parameters for this section and demonstrate the linewidth levels that the method can characterize, as shown in Table 2.  
Figure 11: Experimental devices for measuring the mid-infrared QCL linewidth via self-mixing interferometry [120].
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Correlation of Microbial Community with Volatile Flavor Compounds
At day 35 of fermentation, according to Figure 7c, the relative abundances of _Staphylococcus_ (M4) and _Weissella_ (M10) increased with salt reduction. This indicated that salt-reduced fermentation promoted the growth of microbial genera associated with the synthesis of ester flavor compounds, thereby contributing positively to the overall flavor of BBP-meju. Similarly, within microbial class B, _Mortierella_ (M12), _Fusarium_ (M13), _Acremonium_ (M14), _Thelonetria_ (M15), _Nigrospora_ (M18), and _Cladosporium_ (M20) were all significantly positively correlated with 1-inandone (V8) and acetic acid (V21), while showing a significant negative correlation with isobutanol (V17) (Figure 8b). By day 35, the relative abundance of all the above microbial genera increased with salt reduction (Figure 7c). This result suggested that salt reduction could alleviate the inhibition of theirgrowth by high osmotic pressure, further promoting the accumulation of acidic flavors through synergistic effects and inhibiting off-flavors produced by isobutanol (V17). As the absolute dominant bacterial genus in all meju samples, _Bacillus_ (M1) showed a highly significant positive correlation with phenylacetaldehyde (V1), nonanal (V3), 1-indanone (V8), and 2,4-di-t-butylphenol (V20), while showing a significant negative correlation with isobutanol (V17) (\(p<0.05\)) (Figure 8b). This result aligned with the positive correlation of _Bacillus_ with most of the high-quality volatile flavor compounds reported by [PERSON] et al. [23]. Meanwhile, _Bacillus_ (M1) could, to some extent, suppress the production of the unpleasant compound isobutanol (V17), further facilitating the formation of high-quality flavors in BBP-meju during salt-reduced fermentation. Notably, as a dominant fungal community in the fermentation of BBP-meju, _Aspergillus_ (M11) was significantly negatively correlated with nonanal (V3), ethyl acetate (V6), 1-indanone (V20), and acetic acid (V21) while showing a significant positive correlation with isobutanol (V17) (Figure 8b). Thus, high levels of _Aspergillus_ (M11) in high-salt meju would be detrimental to the formation and accumulation of high-quality flavor compounds. In conclusion, the key microbial genera _Bacillus_, _Staphylococcus_, and _Mortierella_ in BBP-meju all play critical roles in forming high-quality volatile flavor compounds. They may be the core functional microbiota in the fermentation process of BBP-meju, which is essential for forming its characteristic flavors. Furthermore, salt-reduced fermentation further accumulated high-quality flavor compounds in BBP-meju, positively impacting its characteristic flavor development.
# An Improved Dual-Sorting NSGA-II Method for Optimal Radiation Shielding Design
## 3 Results and Discussion  
### Simplified Multilayer Flat Plate Shielding Problem  
To assess the optimization performance of the enhanced NSGA-II method, this study considers a simplified multilayer flat plate shielding problem, as illustrated in Figure 3. In this scenario, a multilayer flat plate serves as a shielding barrier for a neutron point source, which follows a Watt spectrum with parameters a = 0.965 and b = 2.29. The shielding plate has a total thickness of 30 cm and fixed dimensions of 1 m \(\times\) 1 m. The neutron source and the point detector are positioned on opposite sides of the plate, each located 15 cm from the plate surface.  
The design optimization aims to minimize two objective functions:  
Figure 3: Simplified multilayer flat plate shielding problem.  
* Total effective dose at the detector position;
* Average density of the multilayer shielding plate, which serves as an indicator of material utilization efficiency.  
The neutron and \(\gamma\)-photon energy spectra are recorded for the detector and are converted into effective doses using dose conversion factors from ICRP-74. The Pareto-optimal solutions for this shielding configuration are obtained by adjusting the thickness distribution and selecting appropriate materials for each layer of the multilayer plate. The available shielding materials, selected based on their neutron and photon attenuation properties, are listed in Table 1.
# Adaptive Noise Cancellation Based on Time Delay Estimation for Low Frequency Communication
## 4 Results and Discussion
### Experimental Results  
Figure 17 shows the signals that are received by the TMR sensor. All the three channels receive the noise that is generated by the power supply. The Y channel has the maximum-amplitude transmitted signal, and Z channel has the minimum-amplitude transmitted signal. Therefore, the Y channel is selected as the primary input, and the Z channel is selected as the noise reference. Figure 18 shows the adaptive noise cancellation performance of the proposed algorithm. After processed by the FPGA, the impulsive noise in the received signal is cancelled and the proposed algorithm can increase the SNR about 6 dB in this experiment.  
Figure 16: Adaptive noise cancellation performance when mixed SNR in the primary input is \(-23\) dB: (**a**) original signal; (**b**) filter output with time delay estimation; (**c**) filter output without time delay estimation.  
Figure 15: Time delay control performance when mixed SNR in the primary input is \(-23\) dB.
## 4 Conclusions  
Identifying the volume fraction and particle size of GNR solution is one of the most critical tasks when GNRs are used for hyperthermia applications. To gain insight into the most useful selection of GNR solutions, a systematic investigation of the optical properties and radiation efficiency of GNR solutions and aggregations was undertaken for different sizes and morphologies of GNRs. By comparing the results of the optical and thermal experiment, it was found that when irradiated by NIR light, the 10 \(\times\) 38 nm GNR solution with a volume fraction of 1.24 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-6}\) was effective because the temperature increase was similar to the temperature increase of the reference sample, with less material required. A linear relationship between the absorption efficiency and sin\({}^{2}\)\(\alpha\) of a single gold nanorod was numerically obtained. Additionally, the plasmonic resonance wavelength and absorption efficiency of a gold nanorod both increased linearly with the aspect ratio of the nanorod. The spectra of end-to-end and side-by-side GNR assemblies were also investigated. These showed a shift and broadening of the resonance peak when the distance between the nanorods was 50 nm or less. Moreover, the SPR can shift significantly from 700 nm to over 1100 nm wavelength when the gap was smaller than 10 nm. The direction of this shift depends on the configuration. These results indicate that it may be possible to preferentially, and beneficially, control particle clustering in hyperthermia applications.  
[PERSON] performed the experiments and analyzed the data together with [PERSON]; [PERSON], [PERSON] and [PERSON] conceived and designed the experiments; [PERSON] and [PERSON] wrote the paper.  
**Funding:** \"This research was funded by Instituto Nacional de Ecologia y Cambio Climatico (INECC) grant number [INECC/A1-009/2014]\".  
**Acknowledgments:** This research is supported by the Australian Research Council (ARC Project ID DP150101065). We would like to thank [PERSON] for preparing the samples and providing equipment for the optical experiments. We also acknowledge the contributions of [PERSON] and [PERSON] for the assistance rendered in setting up the thermal experiments.  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Damage Detection in Beam Bridges Using Quasi-static Displacement Influence Lines
## 3 Numerical Example  
The difference between displacement ILs before and after damage is commonly used for damage detection [12; 13; 14] and this method is called the traditional method in this study. In this section, a simply supported bridge is taken as a numerical example and the performance of the proposed method is evaluated and compared with the traditional approach.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Improved Detection Limits through Design Optimization
#### 3.1.2 Optimization of Desorption Area  
A further step that was implemented is the ability to use bigger laser fiber diameters at the same desorption volume inside the APLD head. By increasing the diameter of the laser fiber it is possible to transfer more laser light to the surface and simultaneously keeping the energy density constant. The diameter used before was about 0.6 mm, while the new fiber has a 1.25 mm diameter and thus increased the desorption area by four times while retaining the same divergence angle of the laser fiber. Laser fluence of both systems ranged between 0.2 to 0.4 J/cm\({}^{2}\). This lead to a higher analyte concentration within the gaseous phase above the sample spot.  
Figure 2: Compared smoothed desorption from spots with about 1.5 \(\upmu\)g Tetryl. Measured at negative CI mode and fragment \(m/z\) 241. Novel system with short transferline and heated APLD head (solid line). Original measurement system with long transferline (dashed line). Compared is the full width at half maximum.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### CFD Simulations
#### 2.3.3 Numerical Method  
For isothermal calculation, the CFD is the solution of transport equations for the conservation of mass and momentum. Finite volume approach was adopted in this study by the commercial code ANSYS CFX 20119 R2 (ANSYS Inc). The standard k-\(\varepsilon\) turbulence model was chosen for good results accuracy with the robustness of the solution [17; 29; 30; 31]. Only isothermal simulations are performed in this study in line with the boundary layer wind tunnel (BLWT) measurements. The SIMPLE algorithm was used for the pressure velocity coupling. For the discretization of the convective term, the 2 nd order upwind scheme was employed. The solutions were considered to be converged when the residuals of continuity, momentum, and turbulence were small than \(1\times 10^{-5}\) and when there was no obvious change of the average velocity at the center of the building. The eight sidewall opening scenarios (Figure 5) were simulated using the same boundary settings.
## 2 Data and Methods  
We have developed a hyperspectral surface and underwater hyperspectral UV irradiance algorithm for the future hyperspectral OCI on board of NASA's upcoming PACE mission [21]. The width of the OCI swath will be 2663 km, and the spatial resolution will be 1 km for nadir viewing pixels. OCI will make hyperspectral solar irradiance measurements once per day and Earthshine radiance measurements for each pixel at a spectral resolution of 5 nm, covering the spectral range from 340 nm to 885 nm.