esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 4 Discussion
Limitations of the VI-RADS include (i) inter-observer disagreement in VI-RADS score, (ii) its inability to evaluate lymphovascular invasion and histological variants, and (iii) the different results depending on cutoff VI-RADS scores [10; 41]. Despite sharing the limitations of item (ii) with the VI-RADS and the lack of standardized cutoff values, the ADC exhibits high interobserver agreement due to its quantitative nature [42; 43; 44]. [PERSON] et al. reported that the incorporation of ADC values into the VI-RADS improved the accuracy of detecting MIBC [45]. Taken together with the case of FROC parameters [26], incorporation of functional imaging parameters appears to improve the diagnostic performance of the VI-RADS. The present systematic review had several limitations. First, there were a limited number of publications on the study topics of interest, and some of the included studies lacked data on sensitivity, specificity, or the AUC. Second, TURBT was used as a surgical modality for evaluating histopathology in most patients included in this study. Since the muscle layer is sometimes insufficiently sampled at TURBT, understaging of MIBC may have occurred. Given the real-world practice in which diagnostic TURBT is performed in every case of MIBC, and given a subset of MIBC patients receive neoadjuvant chemotherapy prior to radical cystectomy, this limitation was acceptable from a practical point of view. Third, the cutoff ADC values for detecting MIBC and high-grade disease varied between the studies. This is an inherent limitation of the ADC because this parameter depends on MRI protocols, including the coil system, imager, vendor, and magnetic field strength [46; 47]. [PERSON] et al. [48] proposed an internal standardization of the ADC and that internally standardized ADC values could help overcome incompatibilities across different institutions utilizing different MRI protocols. Standardization of cutoff ADC values for detecting aggressive bladder cancer is expected in the future.
## 3 Results
### Flocculation Activity of EPS  
The flocculating efficiency obtained with respect to the varying dosage of EPS is shown in Figure 3a. The results showed that maximum flocculation activity (74%) was obtained at 4 mg L\({}^{-1}\) concentration of EPS. This concentration was chosen for the rest of the assays. A further increase in EPS concentration resulted in a decrease in the flocculation activity, and there was a high rate of decline of flocculation activity at EPS concentrations of 18 and 20 mg L\({}^{-1}\).  
Figure 1: **(a)**\({}^{1}\)H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) and (**b**) \({}^{13}\)C NMR signal positions of extracellular polymeric substance (EPS).  
Figure 2: Spectrum of EPS sample.  
The effect of pH on the flocculation activity demonstrated that the EPS failed to show flocculation activity at pH \(\leq\) 5. Flocculation activity increased gradually from pH 6 to 11 with no significant variation between pH 7-10. Maximum flocculation activity of 83% was observed at pH 11 (Figure 3b). The study on the effect of varying dosage of CaCl\({}_{2}\) on the flocculation activity showed that 2% (0.2 M) dosage of CaCl\({}_{2}\) possessed the maximum flocculation activity of 72% and 81% at pH 7 and 11, respectively (Figure 3c).  
The influence of other ions on flocculation activity (Table 2) showed that K\({}^{+}\) ions and Na\({}^{+}\) ions showed lower flocculation activity than the other ions examined, while the best results were observed with Ca\({}^{2+}\) ions.  
The effect of temperature on flocculation activity showed that the flocculation activity was retained even after heating the EPS for 30 min at 100 \({}^{\circ}\)C. The flocculation activity was almost constant for all the temperatures both at pH 7 and 11 (Figure 3d).  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline
**Ions** & **Flocculation Activity (\%)** \\ \hline CaCl\({}_{2}\) & 72 \(\pm\) 1 \\ FeCl\({}_{3}\) & 51.7 \(\pm\) 1.3 \\ ZnCl\({}_{2}\) & 38.5 \(\pm\) 1.5 \\ CuSO\({}_{4}\) & 46.5 \(\pm\) 1.5 \\ NaCl & 12.5 \(\pm\) 3.0 \\ KCl & 16.5 \(\pm\) 1.5 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Flocculation activity (%) of the extracted EPS in the presence of different ions. The numerical values indicate the means of replicates (n = 3) \(\pm\) standard deviations.  
Figure 3: Effect of different controlling factors on flocculation activity performed by _Bacillus licheniformis_ strain KX65783 isolated from earthworm (_Metaphire poslluma_) gut: (**a**) varied EPS (flocculant) dosage at a fixed pH = 7 and CaCl\({}_{2}\) concentration (2%); (**b**) varied pH at a constant EPS concentration (4 mgL\({}^{-1}\)) and CaCl\({}_{2}\) concentration (2%); (**c**) varied CaCl\({}_{2}\) concentration at a fixed EPS concentration (4 mgL\({}^{-1}\)) and pH 7 and 11; (**d**) varied temperature at a fixed EPS concentration (4 mgL\({}^{-1}\)), pH 7 and 11, and CaCl\({}_{2}\) concentration (2%). The error bars in the graphs represent the standard deviations.
# A Robust Routing Protocol in Cognitive Unmanned Aerial Vehicular Networks
## 6 Simulation Results
### Performance Comparison
This suggests that the Proposed protocol likely uses advanced metrics for route selection, ensuring reliable and efficient data transmission, resulting in consistently lower end-to-end delays. By optimizing route selection and effectively managing network resources, the Proposed protocol ensures lower end-to-end delays even as the network grows denser. This highlights its robustness and reliability, making it a more effective solution compared to OLSR+GPSR in maintaining efficient data transmission across varying network conditions. The Proposed protocol showcases its ability to handle network congestion and packet collisions more efficiently than OLSR+GPSR. The significant reduction in end-to-end delay across different node counts underscores the Proposed protocol's superior performance, making it a more reliable and efficient choice for network routing.
###### Abstract  
Network slicing is a concept introduced in 5G networks that supports the provisioning of multiple types of mobile services with diversified quality of service (QoS) requirements in a shared network. Network slicing concerns the placement/allocation of radio processing resources and traffic flow transport over the Xhaul transport network--connecting the 5G radio access network (RAN) elements--for multiple services while ensuring the slices' isolation and fulfilling specific service requirements. This work focuses on modeling and optimizing network slicing in packet-switched Xhaul networks, a cost-effective, flexible, and scalable transport solution in 5G RANs. The considered network scenario assumes two types of network slices related to enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB) and ultra-reliable low-latency communications (URLLC) services. We formulate a network slicing planning optimization problem and model it as a mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) problem. Moreover, we develop an efficient price-and-branch algorithm (PBA) based on column generation (CG). This advanced optimization technique allows for overcoming the MILP model's poor performance when solving larger network problem instances. Using extensive numerical experiments, we show the advantages of the PBA regarding the quality of the solutions obtained and the computation times, and analyze the packet-switched Xhaul network's performance in various network slicing scenarios.  
5G; Xhaul; packet-switched network; network slicing; routing; network optimization; mixed-integer linear programming; column generation +
Footnote †: journal: Accepted: 25 June 2024  
_Article_  
A Price-and-Branch Algorithm for Network Slice Optimization in Packet-Switched Xhaul Access Networks. _Arpl. Soc._**2024**, _14_, 5608.  
[[https://doi.org/10.3300/app1435608](https://doi.org/10.3300/app1435608)]([https://doi.org/10.3300/app1435608](https://doi.org/10.3300/app1435608))  
Academic Editor [PERSON]  
Received: 3 June 2024  
Revised: 21 June 2024  
Accepted: 25 June 2024  
Published: 27 June 2024
## 6 Therapeutic Potential of Cannabinoids in Gut Diseases
### Therapeutic Potential of Phytocannabinoids
#### 6.2.1 Therapeutic Potential of THC and CBD Infectious Diseases
CBD at 1 mg/kg in combination with fish oil dosed at 20 mg/kg was able to reduce disease activity index, colonic weight/length ratio, and tissue myeloperoxidase activity and ameliorated the DSS-induced rise in intestinal permeability [98]. A similar model using DNBS as the colonic irritant found no protective effect for CBD as a sole agent, but as in the previously described study, fish oil potentiated CBD, such as to allow it to attenuate colonic inflammation, as measured by a reduction in colon weight/length ratio, myeloperoxidase activity, colonic interleukin 1\(\beta\) levels, and intestinal permeability [99]. In a trial conducted in patients suffering from ulcerative colitis, THC administration via smoking of THC-rich cannabis caused circulating endocannabinoid levels to be maintained throughout the study, as opposed to the gradual decrease noted in the placebo group. Serum 2-AG was correlated positively with quality of life score, and serum anandamide, PEA, and OEA levels were negatively correlated with bowel movement frequency. At the end of the trial, the THC group had improved quality of life scores and disease symptoms relative to placebo, presumably via altering endocannabinoid tone. The mechanism by which THC might raise circulating endocannabinoid levels is not currently known [100]. Within the same study, serum endocannabinoids continued to fall in patients suffering from [PERSON]'s disease and did not respond to an orally dosed mixture of THC and CBD. However, clinical response was noted in both groups [100]. Patients with [PERSON]'s disease also were able to make significant clinical improvements (including complete remission and weaning from steroid dependency) when enrolled in a clinical trial, in which subjects smoked THC-rich cannabis cigarettes [114]. CBD-containing chewing gum was not shown to improve pain or quality of life scores in a randomized controlled trial conducted in patients suffering from IBS [115], and was equally unsuccessful in affecting disease activity in patients suffering from [PERSON]'s disease [116]. Data from a trial investigating the therapeutic effect of CBD on ulcerative colitis suggest that CBD may be beneficial for symptomatic treatment. However, compliance was quite low in the CBD group, and the primary endpoint of patients in remission at week 10 was not met [117]. Dronabinol significantly improved colonic compliance and decreased colonic motility in patients with IBS type D and A at 5 mg. Dronabinol did not affect colonic sensation or fasting and postprandial colonic tone [118]. However, a later study found no significant effect on gastric, small bowel, or colonic transit in patients suffering from type D IBS. There was no significant interaction between treatment effect and FAAH genotype in the study [119].
## 3 Simulation  
The sound field environment selected for the simulation experiment is the sound absorption duct sound field, as shown in Figure 4. The duct is a straight square duct with a port diameter of \(17\) cm, one end of which is closed and the other end of which contains sound-absorbing cotton. The error sensor is situated in the downstream duct about \(34\) cm away from secondary loudspeaker, and the noise source is in the upstream duct. The distance is about \(136\) cm from the primary noise source to the secondary loudspeaker. Therefore, the direct acoustic delay \(\tau_{2}\) was about \(1\) ms, the total delay \(\tau\) was about \(7.25\) ms, and \(\Delta\) corresponded to \(18\) samples.  
The impulse response information of the primary path and the secondary path are acquired by using the offline modeling method, as shown in Figure 5a,b. The total acoustic delay is estimated to be the secondary path impulse response, as shown in Figure 6.  
Figure 4: Absorption duct acoustics.  
To ensure the stability of the narrowband feedback active noise control system, the optimum step size is chosen using repeated tests to achieve the fastest convergence rate  
Figure 5: Impulse responses (**a**) primary path; (**b**) secondary path.  
Figure 6: Total delay of estimated secondary path.  
for the SFDFBANC algorithm and the other two algorithms. In the following simulation, the primary noise sources are single-frequency noise and narrowband noise, including narrowband white noise and narrowband pink noise. The stability characters, convergence speed, and noise reduction are also compared and analyzed among the three algorithms in the simulation.
## 1 Introduction
In this case, the spatial coordinate of the reflectors along the line under study is proportional to the frequency coordinate of the Fourier spectrum for the interference signal measured during optical frequency sweep. The essential element of an optical frequency domain reflectometer is a tunable source of radiation with a long coherence length. In this case, the spatial resolution is determined by the sweeping range of the probing laser wavelength. The high sensitivity of such a reflectometer to the reflection coefficient (better than 120 dB/mm) makes it possible to characterize refractive index inhomogeneities embedded in the optical fiber. In particular, this property makes it possible to use the small frozen-in fluctuations of the refractive index specific to conventional optical fibers for various sensing tasks [15]. Thus, OFDR is currently the most sensitive method for studying small optical elements with micron spatial resolution.
## 1 Introduction  
Though modern information technology and network service have reached unprecedented levels, some regions still lack easy access to the internet [1, 2]. With wide coverage, all-weather, low latency, and low-cost characteristics, a low-orbit satellite network has become a necessary tool to solve the problem of insufficient ground network coverage. Meanwhile, building a low-orbit mega constellation network has become a current development trend. The emerging low-orbit mega constellation network intends to complement the ground network by providing wide coverage, low latency, and high-volume internet access services. However, there are many challenges in the management of the mega constellation network, among which is inter-satellite routing technology, as technical support for navigation enhancement, broadband internet access, and other functions, is one of the most urgent challenges to be solved.  
Inter-satellite routing refers to the uploading of tasks to the satellite network through a designated satellite within a definite time and then using inter-satellite links to download to a designated device within a definite time. Meanwhile, inter-satellite routing planningrefers to using routing algorithms to plan transmission schemes for multiple tasks simultaneously, with the aim of minimizing the use of satellite resources or scheduling as many tasks as possible while meeting user requirements. As shown in Figure 1, a user terminal uploads a task to the entry satellite. Then, the inter-satellite link transmission scheme of the task is obtained using a routing algorithm. Finally, the task is downloaded to the designated device by a gateway satellite according to the transmission scheme. However, due to the characteristics of a low-orbit mega constellation network with numerous satellites, user services, and complex task requirements, inter-satellite routing planning has become a difficult problem to be solved.  
The inter-satellite routing problem has been solved using heuristics [3; 4], but the inter-satellite routing problem with mega constellations, large amounts of tasks, and complex requirements have not been well solved. In this study, to meet the routing requirements in highly dynamic network topologies, especially for real-world mega constellation networks such as OneWeb and Starlink, we propose a new mathematical programming model for large-scale inter-satellite routing problems with time windows and capacity constraints (ISRPTWC), which can fully consider time windows and network capacity constraints and avoid network congestion. Meanwhile, based on the Lagrangian relaxation solution framework, we further design an efficient solution algorithm for solving the ISRPTWC and verify the feasibility of the proposed algorithm with a constellation size of 900 satellites and 1200 user requirements.
# Context-Based Dynamic Meshed Backhaul Construction for 5G Heterogeneous Networks
###### Abstract
Multi-hop based scheme was on the other hand considered in [21; 22; 23; 24]. However these work did not take into account realistic traffic distribution. In practice [16], according to the dynamicity of traffic, it happens that some SC-BSs in e.g., hotspot area are overwhelming with traffic. On the contrary, some other SC-BSs are left unused e.g., without any connecting terminals. Certainly, the overwhelming SC-BSs should be allocated with much radio backhaul resources to support larger traffic demand. [PERSON] et al. [25] proposed a load balancing based mechanism called route multiplexing to cope with such scenario. Due to the nature of the dynamic traffic distribution, such control on constructing suitable mmWave meshed backhauling does require context information e.g., on user traffic demand. This work is extended from our previous conference paper in [15] where dynamic mesh construction mechanism over practical traffic distribution had been proposed. In this paper, we further focus on the control plane (C-plane) to realize such mechanism in practice. We propose a context information management framework, based on which our proposed dynamic meshed backhaul construction is performed. The advantage of the proposed technique is also validated via experimental results, using our developed SDN-based testbed of mmWave mesh networks. Some preliminary results to validate the operation of the constructed testbed had been published in [26] where basic dynamic functionalities of the testbed e.g., resilient fast-failover reconfiguration of the network were verified. However, [26] did not verify dynamic construction over dynamic traffic distribution including the capability of multi-route multiplexing. Up to the authors' knowledge, this is the first paper ever to conduct both numerical and experimental investigations over dynamic construction of mmWave meshed backhauling. The paper is organized as follows. Section 2 presents our proposed algorithm for dynamic construction of mmWave meshed networks in adaptation to dynamic variation of traffic distribution. Especially, the control plane for context information management framework is introduced in Section 2.4. Section 3 explains about our developed testbed for dynamic construction of mmWave mesh backhauling and also reveals preliminary experiment results over the dedicated testbed. Finally, Section 4 concludes the paper and shares future directions of the work.
# Systematic Analysis of the Hydrogen Value Chain from Production to Utilization
## 2 Hydrogen Production Technologies
### Electrolysis
#### 2.3.1 Alkaline Water Electrolysis  
AEL is a technology that has existed for more than two hundred years, and, as such, is now a well-established mature technology for hydrogen production at a large scale. In AEL, hydrogen and hydroxyl ions are generated by reduction at the cathode [43], as in Figure 8. The electrolysis cell is composed of nickel-coated stainless steel electrodes separated by an asbestos/zirconium dioxide gas-tight diaphragm, with an aqueous solution of potassium hydroxide as its electrolyte [44].  
This technology presents low operating temperatures, between 30 \({}^{\circ}\)C to 80 \({}^{\circ}\)C, long-term stability, with a lifetime of about 90,000 h, and a relatively low investment cost. Nonetheless, some limitations can also be pointed out, such as the technology's limited current densities, need for highly concentrated liquid electrolytes, and moderate hydrogen purity when compared with other electrolysis technologies due to a high crossover of gases [43; 44].  
The current research focuses on reducing the crossover of gases and on increasing the current density; to do so, new separators and electrode materials are being studied. In parallel, reducing the hydrogen production cost is also one of the main research focuses [44]. Recent progress in alkaline water electrolysis technology can be found in [45].
## 2 Data and Methodology  
### Spatial and Local Time Distribution of Spire and Other RO Missions  
In the Spire constellation, there were thirty satellites providing RO observations during the DO3 and DO4 periods, where twenty-five satellites were in high-inclination-angle orbit covering the globe and five satellites were in low-inclination-angle orbit covering mid-latitude and tropical regions (see below). To demonstrate the spatial distribution for different RO missions, we generate the RO sample numbers for each \(5^{\circ}\times 5^{\circ}\) gridbox for Spire, COSMIC-2, and KOMPSAT-5 for the whole DO3 period in Figure 2a-c, respectively. Figure 2 depicts that, while Spire and KOMPSAT-5 have a global spatial distribution, COSMIC-2 data cover mainly from 45\({}^{\circ}\)N to 45\({}^{\circ}\)S, where more than 70% of the COSMIC-2 data are within 15\({}^{\circ}\)N to 15\({}^{\circ}\)S. The observation numbers at each box are indicated by the color bar. Although the CWDP purchased more Spire data in DO4 than in DO3, the spatial distribution for the Spire DO4 data is very similar to that in Figure 2a. Please note that the lower Spire observation number over eastern Europe, particularly in the region bounded by 60\({}^{\circ}\)N-30\({}^{\circ}\)N and 30\({}^{\circ}\)E and 45\({}^{\circ}\)E, as shown in Figure 2a, is primarily attributed to the adverse conditions resulting from the Russo-Ukrainian conflict, which have led to a poor performance of GPS/GALILEO signals in this area.  
Figure 3a-c show the local time distribution for the DO3 period binned at every 5\({}^{\circ}\) latitude and every local time for the Spire, COSMIC-2, and KOMPSAT-5 observations, respectively. Since COSMIC-2 satellites have a low inclination angle (24\({}^{\circ}\)), the observation can cover all latitudes within [45\({}^{\circ}\)S, 45\({}^{\circ}\)N] for a given local time (Figure 3b). While the KOMPSAT-5 observations are mainly distributed at 5-7 and 17-19 local time, the Spire observations are primarily distributed at 2-3, 9-10, 14-15, and 21-22 local time. The temporal distribution of the COSMIC-2 data exhibits a uniform spread within [45\({}^{\circ}\)N, 45\({}^{\circ}\)S]. In contrast, the Spire and KOMPSAT-5 data are notably concentrated around specific local times.  
Figure 2: Spatial distribution of the RO sample numbers for each 5\({}^{\circ}\times 5^{\circ}\) grid for (a) Spire, (b) COSMIC-2, and (c) KOMPSAT-5 for the whole DO3 period.