esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 4 Conclusions  
In this study, an rGO-AuNP-deposited ITO electrode was fabricated to be used as an advanced impedimetric cell sensor with a wider dynamic range. The hybrid structure of the rGO-AuNP was successfully deposited on the ITO electrode using chronoamperometry and characterized via UV-Vis spectroscopy, SEM, and impedance spectroscopy. Impedance monitoring of the cells via fluorescent microscopy proved that the rGO-AuNP/ITO electrode enhanced cell growth and yielded a higher cell density on the electrode surface. During the cell growth, the saturated normalized impedance magnitude of the rGO-AuNP/ITO electrode was higher (average and standard deviation: 3.44 \(\pm\) 0.16) than the value of bare (2.48 \(\pm\) 0.15), AuNP- (2.61 \(\pm\) 0.18), or rGO-deposited (3.01 \(\pm\) 0.25) ITO electrodes at 54 h cultivation. The higher saturated value of the cell impedance indicates that the impedimetric cell-based assay has a wider measurement range. Based on the results, the rGO-AuNP/ITO electrode can be utilized for advanced label-free and real-time impedimetric cell-based assays with broader dynamic range.  
Conceptualization, A.K.Y.; methodology, J.P.; validation, J.-H.H.; investigation, S.R.C.; writing--original draft preparation, Y.C.; project administration, S.C.  
This research was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (grant No. 2017R1D1A1A09000712, 2018R1C1B6009385, and 2018M3A9F1023690).  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 4 Experimental Results
### Embedding Capacity  
The embedding capacity represents the number of bits of information that can be embedded in a pixel of the image. The embedding capacity is calculated as the total number of bits embedded in the image divided by the total number of bits that represent the image. Thus, the units are described as bits per pixel (bpp).  
While using this RDH Scheme, we embedded four bits of data in each \(8\times 8\) block. So, the embedding capacity for the scheme was 0.0625 bpp.
## 3 Early Warning Model
### The Proposed KF-FFT-SVM Model  
A landslide can be treated as a multi-dimensional nonlinear dynamic system influenced by various factors [32]. In practice, it is difficult to simulate a nonlinear dynamic system; however, we can treat it as a linear model in a short time period. Therefore, we proposed the KF-FFT-SVM model. This model can make a real-time prediction by analyzing and extracting the precursor features from the landslide displacement data in a certain period of time. The whole process of the KF-FFT-SVM model is shown in Figure 10. Firstly, we put \(X_{k}=(S_{k},V_{k},A_{k})\), where \(V_{k}\) and \(A_{k}\) are the velocity and acceleration of the landslide surface displacement data sequence \(S_{k}\) obtained by the Beidou receivers, into the Kalman filtering to obtain the prediction result of \(A_{n}\). Formula (21) is the prediction precision evaluation of Kalman filtering. Secondly, we used FFT to analyze the spectrum characteristics of \(A_{n}\) near the occurring time of the landslide and found the'step length \(m\)', which represents the precursor vibration period of the landslide slope failure. Finally, \(A_{n}^{\prime}=[A_{n},A_{n+1},\dots,A_{n+m-1},label]\), which represents the training data and testing data which were generated from \(A_{n}\) according to the precursor character'step length \(m\)'. Then, the SVM model was trained by the labelled training data, and the trained SVM model could be used to make the real-time prediction. The prediction result \(B_{n}\) is a vector with the same dimension of \(A_{n}\) and its value is either '\(-1\)'or '\(1\)'. '\(-1\)' represents that there is no warning, while '\(1\)' represent that there is a warning. The classification accuracy of SVM is given in Formula (22). The proof of the mathematical new relationships is in Appendix A.  
\[\text{RMS}=\frac{1}{M}\sqrt{\sum_{i=1}^{N}{(X_{i}-Z_{i})^{2}}} \tag{21}\]  
\[Accuracy=\frac{Right\text{ classification\ numbers}}{whole\ samples} \tag{22}\]  
Figure 10: Process of the Kalman filtering (KF)-fast Fourier transform (FFT)-support vector machine (SVM) model.
# A MIMO Antenna with High Gain and Enhanced Isolation for WLAN Applications
###### Abstract  
In this paper, a novel two-port dual-band multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) antenna with enhanced isolation and high gain is presented. The presented antenna is composed of a symmetrical ground element and two identical antenna radiating elements. At the bottom of the substrate, the ground part is applied to strengthen the isolation performance of the designed MIMO antenna. The measured \(-10\) dB bandwidth according to the input reflection coefficient S\({}_{11}\) are 650 MHz (2.25-2.9 GHz) and 980 MHz (5.05-6.03 GHz), which are in strong agreement with the 2.4 GHz frequency band (2.4-2.4835 GHz) and the 5 GHz frequency band (5.15-5.85 GHz) of wireless local area network (WLAN) applications. The measured S\({}_{21}\) at both the lower and the higher frequency operation bands are less than \(-19.3\) dB. In the operating frequency bands, the measured gain is from 1.5 dBi to 3.8 dBi. The measured results show that the presented MIMO antenna is a good candidate for WLAN applications.  
s +
Footnote †: journal: Applied sciences  
MIMO antenna. The dimension of the presented dual-port MIMO antenna is approximately 50 mm \(\times\) 50 mm \(\times\) 1.6 mm.
# Comprehensive Optimization of Air Quality in Kitchen Based on Auxiliary Evaluation Indicators
## 5 Conclusions
### Key Findings and Sustainability Implications
#### 5.2.1 Technical Innovations and Performance Enhancement  
* A comprehensive evaluation index, Q, was introduced, incorporating four air quality indicators: ADPI, PMV, CO2, and COFP, to assess overall air quality during cooking.
* Initial unoptimized conditions yielded substandard IAQ: ADPI: 21.59%, PMV: 2.138, CO2: 738.6 ppm, COFP: 29.3 \(\upmu\)g/m\({}^{3}\).
* Optimization of top air supply angle (90\({}^{\circ}\)) and airflow rate (2.268 m\({}^{3}\)/min) significantly enhanced performance: ADPI: 57.5%, PMV: 1.334, CO2: 622.75 ppm, and COFP: 22.77 \(\upmu\)g/m\({}^{3}\). This represents a 29.5% reduction in air pollution impact versus baseline.
* The statistical rigor of Q-index improvements was established through ANOVA, with effect sizes exceeding measurement uncertainties. The 22-24% reductions in COFP/CO2 and 29.5% Q-index decline (\(p<0.001\)) confirm that optimization is not attributable to experimental noise. Future studies should expand replicates to address cooking process variability.
## 1 Introduction
The solution can be found straightforwardly using mature tools such as the CVX Toolbox [47]. Although the SDP solution is suboptimal, it is sufficient to guarantee that the GN iteration converges to an optimal point if the noise is relatively mild. Mean-square analysis shows that the performance of the proposed estimator achieves the Cramer-Rao Lower Bound (CRLB), and the bias is close to zero in the small noise region. Simulations validate the analytical results and additionally demonstrate the performance behavior while the observation time, source range, and source velocity vary. The paper begins with the measurement model of TDOA and FDOA in Section 2. Section 3 introduces the formulation of the MLE problem for TDOA-FDOA localization and proposes a solution by GN iteration, where the initial solution for both velocity and position is subsequently found by SDP. Section 4 provides the CRLB and analyzes the performance of the proposed MLE. Section 5 presents the simulation results, and Section 6 concludes the paper. _Notations_: The following notations are used throughout the paper. Bold uppercase and bold lowercase letters denote matrices and vectors, respectively. \(\mathbf{I}_{m}\) is an \(m\times m\) identity matrix, and \(\mathbf{1}_{m}\) is an \(m\times 1\) vector whose elements are all ones. \(\mathbf{O}_{m\times n}\) is an \(m\times n\) zero matrix, and \(\mathbf{0}\) is an all-zero vector with appropriate size. \(\ast^{T}\) is the transposition of a matrix or vector. \(\mathrm{E}(\cdot)\) denotes expectation, and \(\|\cdot\|\) is the \(l_{2}\)-norm. \(\mathbf{A}(\cdot,i)\) denotes the \(i\)-th column of \(\mathbf{A}\), and \(\mathbf{A}(i,j)\) denotes the \((i,j)\)-th element of \(\mathbf{A}\). \(\mathbf{a}(i)\) denotes the \(i\)-th element of \(\mathbf{a}\). \(\mathbf{A}\succeq\mathbf{B}\) means that \(\mathbf{A}-\mathbf{B}\) is positive semidefinite. \(\mathrm{tr}\{\mathbf{A}\}\) represents the trace of \(\mathbf{A}\). \(\otimes\) is the Kronecker product between two matrices. The symbols with a superscript \({}^{\circ}\) represent the true value corresponding to the noisy one. The vectors in this paper are column vectors. The main acronyms used in this paper are summarized in Table 1. Table 2 summarizes the related works and categorizes them. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Acronym** & **Description** \\ \hline TDOA & Time Difference of Arrival \\ TOA & Time of Arrival \\ AOA & Angle of Arrival \\ RSS & Received Signal Strength \\ FDOA & Frequency Difference of Arrival \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Acronym list.
## 3 Fishing Gear Type Identification from Automatic Identification System Trajectory Data
### Automatic Identification System and Its Messages  
The AIS is an automated tracking device used by a ship to broadcast its state and display all the ships in its vicinity while at sea. The international maritime treaty SOLAS (Safety Of Life At Sea) sets minimum safety standards, in which merchant ships of more than 300 tonnage and all passenger ships are required to be equipped with an AIS transponder [21]. For safe navigation, some countries recently began requiring fishing ships of more than 10 m in length to have an AIS transponder. An AIS message consists of static, semi-static, and dynamic information. Static information indicates permanent information such as ship name, call sign, ship type, and ship specification. Voyage-related information is semi-static because it does not change over one voyage from departure port to destination port. It consists of data like freight details, ship draught, and the estimated time of arrival (ETA), and so on. Dynamic information in an AIS message indicates the situational information of a ship such as speed, heading, and GPS coordinates. Both static and semi-static information of a ship are broadcasted through AIS messages at a low rate, e.g., every 6 min. Dynamic information is broadcasted at different rates depending on a ship's navigation status. Table 1 shows typical transmission rates of AIS messages with dynamic information.
## 2 Literature Review, Theoretical Analysis and Research Hypothesis
### Literature Review
#### 2.1.2 Technological Goodness and Digital Transformation of Enterprises  
Technological goodness originated from technological ethics, first by [PERSON]. In 2013, [PERSON] proposed that enterprises should take into account both competitive advantages and comprehensive social benefits in R&D technology [18]. They should not develop high-performance and high-polluting technologies to reduce R&D costs and should not use scientific and technological means to exploit legal loopholes to obtain market monopoly [19; 20].  
At the forefront of the current development of science and technology, digital technology is becoming more and more closely related to the daily operation of enterprises, and the research results related to the implementation effect of digital transformation of enterprises are also being followed up. In terms of scientific and technological innovation, [PERSON] et al. found that digital transformation can significantly improve the level of enterprise management, innovate traditional human resource management through network management mode, greatly improve the efficiency of enterprise human capital utilization, and then accelerate the process of enterprise scientific research and innovation [21]. In terms of enterprise performance, [PERSON] et al. believed that because the digital transformation of enterprises improves the data processing ability and information collection ability of enterprises, the senior management of enterprises can more accurately predict the future business situation so as to improve the accuracy of enterprise goal setting and improve enterprise performance [22]. In terms of environmental protection, [PERSON] et al. found that the digital transformation of enterprises can optimize the supply chain system of enterprises, reduce the circulation of raw materials and semi-finished products in the production process to reduce energy consumption, and can empower enterprises to further improve the production efficiency of green innovation ability to reduce energy consumption, so as to achieve carbon emission reduction [23].  
According to the current research results of scholars, the effect of digital transformation is mostly positive. These positive effects mainly focus on improving the information processing ability of enterprises and improving the management efficiency of enterprises and also have made great achievements in improving environmental protection. However, few scholars pay attention to the relationship between the digital transformation of enterprises and the improvement of corporate social responsibility, ignoring the important role of scientific and technological progress in promoting the development of social morality. This paper makes up for the gap in this regard.
# Microgrid Cyber-Security: Review and Challenges toward Resilience
## 4 Perspective-Based Interventions Addressing Cyber Attacks
### Microgrid Communication
The writers have reviewed the different existing approaches and methods of power and communication systems coupling and interconnection and then proposed a novel interdependent model with the \"degree-electrical degree\" assortative link pattern that has proved its effectiveness in reducing the probability of large-scale blackouts caused by random attacks. Whereas, in the case of malicious attacks, simulation outputs have demonstrated the superiority of the random link model. Results also highlight in a more general manner the importance of coupling strength between the two layers over the choice of the interdependent model. The more dependent the power system is on the communication system, the more fragile it becomes. Among a very diverse variety of problems discussed in the Information and Communication Technology (ICT) field, the particularity of synchrophasor systems vulnerabilities against cyber-attacks was highlighted due to the growing interest in synchrophasor technology applications [39]. Notably, the absence of built-in security structures in the widely adopted IEEE C37.118 communication framework that sets up the standards for PMUs and Phasor Data Concentrators (PDCs) is making it highly exposed to cyber threats [40]. Experiments involved resiliency examination of the communication system structure based on IEEE C37.118 under different attack scenarios, accompanied by estimation of possible impacts on synchrophasor application that uses this standard [40]. In [41], vulnerability analysis went deeper into the IEEE C37.118 framework structure to its weakest components, which the transport protocol layer, as they discuss the susceptibility of two commonly used protocols in transport layers (i.e., Transmission control Protocol (TCP) and User Datagram Protocol UDP) against DoS and FDI attacks summarizing the requirements to be used for creating a successful cyber intrusion as well as to prevent it. A comprehensive comparison with ICE 61,850 that took into consideration the security implication of both standards stressing the advantages and disadvantages that encounter the synchrophasor application developers was also performed in [42]. Figure 4 summarizes the proposed approaches explaining the main mechanisms and pathways considered in acting against cyber intervention in the communication domain.
###### Abstract  
Cell-free massive multiple-input multiple-output (CF M-MIMO) is one of the most promising technologies for future wireless communication such as 5G and beyond fifth-generation (B5G) networks. It is a type of network technology that uses a massive number of distributed antennas to serve a large number of users at the same time. It has the ability to provide high spectral efficiency (SE) as well as improved coverage and interference management, compared to traditional cellular networks. However, estimating the channel with high-performance, low-cost computational methods is still a problem. Different algorithms have been developed to address these challenges in channel estimation. One of the high-performance channel estimators is a phase-aware minimum mean square error (MMSE) estimator. This channel estimator has high computational complexity. To address the shortcomings of the existing estimator, this paper proposed an efficient phase-aware element-wise minimum mean square error (PA-EW-MMSE) channel estimator with QR decomposition and a precoding matrix at the user side. The closed form uplink (UL) SE with the phase MMSE and proposed estimators are evaluated using MMSE combining. The energy efficiency and area throughput are also calculated from the SE. The simulation results show that the proposed estimator achieved the best SE, EE, and area throughput performance with a substantial reduction in the complexity of the computation.  
access point; spectral efficiency; energy efficiency; throughput; phase-aware element-wise minimum mean square error; phase-aware minimum mean square error  
**MSC**: 62P30; 68M10
## 4 Applications of the TPCT
### Highways
After about 4 years of monitoring, compared with the unprotected roadbed with no protection measures and roughly the same direction, it is obviously found that the L-shaped TPCT-insulation board-block gravel berm composite roadbed not only solves the sunny and shady slope effect of the unprotected roadbed, but also lifts up the upper limit of the perennial permafrost under the roadbed, effectively cools down the underlying perennial permafrost, and enhances the thermal stability of the wide roadbed in the perennial permafrost area. In addition, the Gonghe-Yushu Expressway in Qinghai Province is the world's first high-altitude and high-cold permafrost highway (Figure 5(a)), and in order to protect the stability of the roadbed in the perennial permafrost development of the Chalaping area, the first phase of the project used nearly 4000 TPCTs [8]. However, the application of the TPCT roadbed in the highway still has different degrees of problems. [PERSON] et al. [61] investigated the Qinghai-Tibet Highway and found that 30.8 km of heat pipe roadbed had a disease rate of 35%, among which 10% was serious disease. The main diseases of heat pipe roadbed are longitudinal cracks, and there are also corrugated roadbed, transverse cracks, and other diseases. The main cause of the diseases is the uneven distribution of mechanical properties of the roadbed caused by the uneven temperature field.
## 3 Prototyping and Proposed Implementation
### Designing Intelligent Algorithms for Cost Efficiency-Coestim  
In this stage of the project, the system requirements for the design of cost efficiency algorithms were defined and the proposed methods were analyzed to identify the best solution. As most of the processes of construction companies are digitized, a critical element will be the evolution of the traditional supply chain to an interconnected, intelligent, and efficient market.  
Today's supply chain is difficult, going through a series of steps from marketing, product development, production, and distribution and finally into the hands of the customer. Digitization will automate those steps, and the chain becomes a fully integrated ecosystem that is fully transparent to all actors involved-from construction companies to suppliers of materials, components, and parts, to the carriers of those goods, and, ultimately, to customers. We set out to develop an algorithm in which material suppliers, distribution companies, and construction companies offer and contract construction projects but also parts of projects, activities, or stocks of materials, through tenders in a regional works exchange. In this research, a genetic algorithm develops bidding strategies to optimize the profitability of projects and identify collaboration opportunities, with the ultimate goal of cost efficiency. For the calculation of the best price, the other offers for the items used to create the service will be taken into account.  
Steps needed to identify a better offer:  
Other possible offers are being sought;  
If other offers are found, check if there is a better price between them than the one initially set;  
If a better price is found, the costs are calculated with the new price.  
In order to implement this module, an example of pseudocode shown in Figure 10 was built.
# A Survey of Routing Protocols in WBAN for Healthcare Applications
## 3 Classification of Routing Protocols for WBAN
### Temperature-Based Routing  
Temperature-based routing considers the temperature of nodes as the main parameter in the process of path selection. The main purpose of this routing method is to avoid the temperature rise of nodes, or quickly reduce the temperature of high-temperature nodes, by avoiding high-temperature nodes and establishing appropriate paths [20]. The routing schematic is shown in Figure 6. Temperature-based routing is the first method to be studied, because the security problem is the first one to be solved in the application of WBAN. Temperature-based routing has been widely studied during the early developmental period of WBAN, but in recent years, a large number of studies have focused on energy, so the temperature-based routing process has been slightly reduced.
## 4 Experimental Environments and Findings
### Experimental Findings
#### 4.2.2 Experimental Results from WISDM Dataset  
The experimental findings on the WISDM dataset confirm the efficacy of the suggested ConvResBiGRU-SE model. The outcomes are presented in Table 4.  
As indicated in Table 4, the ConvResBiGRU-SE model attained the highest accuracy of 98.78% (\(\pm\)0.24%) among all the methods compared. This highlights its superior ability to recognize human activities from wearable sensor data. The model's detailed metrics include a precision of 98.04% (\(\pm\)0.49%), a recall of 98.16% (\(\pm\)0.56%), and an F1-score of 98.09% (\(\pm\)0.53%), demonstrating consistent performance across various evaluation criteria.  
Among the baseline models, BiGRU performed well with an accuracy of 97.96% (\(\pm\)0.20%). BiLSTM followed closely with an accuracy of 97.86% (\(\pm\)0.22%), showcasing the effectiveness of bidirectional processing in capturing temporal dependencies. GRU and LSTM models achieved similar performance levels, with accuracies of 97.45% and 97.40% respectively. This suggests that unidirectional recurrent architectures can still effectively model sequential patterns in human activity data. The basic CNN model had the lowest performance, with an accuracy of 92.59%, indicating that simple convolutional architectures alone may not be sufficient to capture the complex temporal patterns present in the WISDM dataset.