# Evaluation of Lower Extremities Power, Movement, Position and Effectiveness in Volleyball
## 4 Discussion  
The presented study aimed to check whether there is a relationship between the parameters of the lower limbs and the effectiveness of the technical activities performed by the players in various positions during the match. [PERSON] et al. [22] examined power, strength, and endurance across different competition levels in volleyball players. The key findings indicate that senior elite athletes showed significantly higher performance in upper body power, with a medicine ball throw distance of 4.8 m, compared with 3.9 m for junior athletes and 3.7 m for local athletes. However, in terms of lower leg power, measured by the vertical jump test, jump heights were 74.1 cm for senior athletes, 70.4 cm for juniors, and 67.5 cm for local athletes. This aligns with our manuscript's focus on lower limb power and its critical role in volleyball performance. Both studies underscore the importance of power and strength training in improving volleyball skills across various levels of competition. Power itself (including the power of the lower extremities) is one of the many basic parameters determining the effectiveness of basic vertical jump actions, which an elite volleyball player can perform from 30,000 to 40,000 during the season. The presented studies confirm statistically significant differences between the players' positions on the variables court and the studied [23; 24]. The results acquired by [PERSON] et al. [25] and in our work both underscore the importance of lower limb power in volleyball, though they examine different aspects of performance. The results in our work highlight that outside hitters and middle blockers exhibit the highest jump heights and flight times, with values ranging from 35 to 40 cm and flight times up to 600 ms, while liberos show lower values but still maintain significant power, especially in serve reception. In contrast, [PERSON] et al. measured jump heights for different jump types (squat jump, countermovement jump and drop jump) and found that jumps with an arm swing (CMJF) yielded the highest values, reaching an average of 21.5 cm. Both studies emphasize that explosive power and efficient use of the stretch-shortening cycle (SSC) are critical for volleyball performance, as [PERSON] et al. [22] reported an SSC gain of 7.5%, which parallels our findings where increased lower limb power directly correlates with improved technical execution. These consistent results across studies suggest that optimizing lower limb strength for jumping and explosive actions is essential, regardless of the player's position. The following parameters have been analyzed in detail: flight time (TF), which turned out to be very strongly correlated with jump height (Table 3), where the lowest average values were achieved by the libero players (0.51 s), which turned out to be the weakest result in the studied group, while the highest values were achieved by the receiving players (0.607 p), which turned out to be the best result in the studied group of volleyball players. At the same time, it should be remembered that the greatest requirements in terms of the number of jumps during a match are placed on players in the middle block [26]. [PERSON] et al. [27], in their research, used the flight parameter while studying the Algerian national team volleyball players. In his study, the measured parameter was 0.420 s, whereas, in our research, the top results of the TFlight parameter were recorded at 0.660 s. These results suggest that the Polish players in our study exhibited a higher level of performance in this aspect compared with the Algerian athletes. In the sample analyzing the time of contact with the floor (TC), the lowest average values were achieved by libero players, which turned out to be the best result in this sample (0.21 s), while the attackers achieved the highest (0.38), which is the worst result.