## 5 Conclusions  
One of the main contributions of this article is the proposal and characterisation of a new KPI, weighted occupancy time, which serves as the basis for calculating the values of the availability, performance, and quality factors that are used to evaluate OEE. This is a very important contribution, as it quantifies the proportion of time that the length of the transport element occupies the area relative to the total occupation time, forming the basis for calculating OEE. Only a 51.44% of the deliveries in the LUZ were correct, and the total OEE ratio was 0.37, which is a result that could be greatly improved. The literature review identified the need for measurements of these occupancy levels, but no study indicated how to take these measurements. The studies analysed also pointed to the need to standardise these measurements, as well as segment occupancy ratesaverage parking durations, and indirect parking problems. All these needs can be addressed through OEE analysis based on the proposed weighted occupation time indicator. Proper standardisation of data collection and analysis of the data obtained using the proposed methodology would provide city authorities with a decision-making tool to improve each of the OEE factors and thus achieve better use of street lighting, with the consequent reduction in negative externalities such as double parking and illegal occupation of spaces. Decisions could also be made regarding changes to the location, size, or reservation times of LUZs. At the beginning of this study, the illegal occupation of LUZs by private vehicles and the excessive time spent by authorised commercial vehicles were identified as the main causes of LUZ underutilisation. A key contribution of this article is that it provides KPIs that enable these issues to be quantified. Specifically, analysing each of the factors used to calculate OEE, the low figure of 0.58 suggests that the current location of the zones may not be optimal. A gravitational analysis of consumption points in each zone could help identify better locations and reduce walking distances. If awareness-raising and, above all, coercive measures were taken to eliminate the illegal occupation by private vehicles, the overall OEE could rise to 0.43, i.e., an increase of 14.85%. And if this were achieved through sensorisation, time control discs, artificial vision cameras, or other coercive methods, eliminating excess time, the OEE could potentially rise to 0.51, representing an increase of 36.57%. The OEE model makes it possible to identifydifferences in efficiency in the use of loading and unloading areas according to vehicle type, thanks to the introduction of a new KPI on weighted occupancy time. The results provide useful quantitative criteria for urban planning and the redesign of logistics spaces to better meet the growing demand for urban logistics. Increasing the OEE indicator for an area or a group of areas has a direct impact on reducing double parking and the illegal occupation of public space. City authorities could take action in areas with lower OEE scores and try to apply specific solutions related to each OEE calculation factor, such as those mentioned above. In the future, research could be conducted on the impact of illegal parking, such as double parking or the illegal occupation of spaces reserved for public use, not only during the time reserved for loading and unloading but throughout the entire day, in order to assess the effect of expanding or reducing both the space reserved for loading and unloading and the time reserved for this purpose. Supporting what other authors have said, this study shows that flexibility is needed to make better use of urban space and time allocated. The development of a real-time advance booking app would be an interesting proposal that could contribute to better use of spaces and reduce time wasted by users, as they would be able to move directly to an available space. The data generated by this application would be extremely useful for predicting LUZ usage patterns.