esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Robust Phase Estimation of Gaussian States in the Presence of Outlier Quantum States
## 5 Phase Estimation of Noisy Coherent State
### Discussion  
Following the two reasons described below, we conclude that the gamma M-estimator is the most robust estimator in comparison to the mean, median, and the well-known robust estimator bisquare, upon estimating the phase \(\theta\) of the coherent state. First, from Figures 2(a) and 5(a), gamma was better than the other estimators in terms of accuracy in estimating the phase \(\theta\). Second, \(\varepsilon\)-curves (Figures 5 and 7) suggest that the gamma M-estimator was the best in terms of robustness as well.  
From the MSE plots (Figures 2(b) and 5(b)), it was confirmed that the gamma estimator and the bisquare estimator had similar convergence speeds. Furthermore, from Tables 1 and 2, it was found that the iteration of the robust estimation algorithm was suppressed to 10 or less for both gamma  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \(\varepsilon\) & 0 & 0.025 & 0.05 & 0.075 & 0.1 & 0.125 & 0.15 & 0.175 & 0.2 & 0.225 & 0.25 & 0.275 & 0.3 & 0.325 & 0.35 \\ \hline bisquare & 3.21 & 5.00 & 5.01 & 5.00 & 5.00 & 5.11 & 5.99 & 6.00 & 6.08 & 7.11 & 9.07 & 20.02 & 11.00 & 6.67 & 5.29 \\ \hline gamma & 7.97 & 7.99 & 7.99 & 8.00 & 8.02 & 8.04 & 8.12 & 8.28 & 8.57 & 8.85 & 9.00 & 9.20 & 9.89 & 11.60 & 17.77 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: The average number of iterations of robust estimator algorithm for \(\alpha_{R}\).  
Figure 6: Performances of M-estimators for phase estimation of a coherent state in the presence of distributed outlier quantum states.  
and bisquare before breakdown. In Figure 6a, relatively good accuracy of the mean estimation was observed. This is because of the effect of the nuisance parameter in our model. In fact, the sample means for \(\alpha_{R}\) and \(\alpha_{I}\) behaved very poorly with large biases. However, the errors of each estimation of \(\alpha_{R}\) and \(\alpha_{I}\) were canceled out. This then yielded an improvement in estimating the phase \(\theta\). We remark that this kind of an accidental improvement can only happen in a special case. When we do not have prior knowledge on possible outlier quantum states, M-estimators give more robust and reliable estimates.
## 1 Introduction  
Urban perception has been receiving more and more attention because it plays an important role in urban studies [1; 2; 3; 4]. Urban streets, as representations of urban landscapes, determine the qualities of visual perception of urban style, and buildings are the most pronounced elements in urban streets, which shape and articulate the urban style due to their dominant shapes and vivid colors, historical sites, and unique symbols [5; 6]. Thus, urban perception studies have been carried out via visual perception of buildings [7; 8]. Early urban perception studies were carried out at small scale through a field study of people's perceptions and documentation of urban landscapes, which involved considerable collecting effort [4]. Later, in large-scale urban perception research, urban elements could be perceived with the help of conventional computer vision techniques; however, these methods faced scalability issues because the feature engineering relied heavily on manual extraction [9]. To address the issues, we proposed a method based on deep learning techniques to study the urban visual perception of Chinese traditional-style building with street view images.  
We propose a deep learning network model based on convolutional neural networks and transfer learning that can automatically extract Chinese traditional-style architecture from thousands of street view images with pixel-level semantic segmentation. Then, based on the pixel-level image segmentation, we developed the traditional building view index to quantify pedestrians' visual perceptions of Chinese traditional-style buildings in large areas. In this research, we used Beijing as a case study. Beijing is ancient cultural capital with rich historical sites. In addition, Beijing is one of the most rapidly urbanizing cities in China, and modern buildings and historical sites have been mixed in the process of urban transformation, which allow testing of the effectiveness of the method and contribute to the planning and protection of the architecture of Beijing [10]. The main contributions of our study are as follows: (1) construction of categories of Chinese traditional-style buildings to train datasets and testing and verifying the method with Tencent street view (TSV) images; (2) suggestion of the model traditional building mask region-based convolutional neural networks (TBMask R-CNN) to achieve automatic classification and segmentation of Chinese traditional-style buildings; (3) development of the traditional building view index (TBVI) and the street of traditional building view index (STBVI) to quantify pedestrians' visual perceptions of Chinese traditional-style buildings; and (4) calculation of the TBVI and STBVI values within the Fifth Ring Road of Beijing and analysis of the spatial distribution of the TBVI and STBVI of traditional-style buildings.
## 5 Conclusions  
The paper diagnosed the uncertainty inherent to the APPS service of the Polish reference station network ASG-EUPOS and attempted to validate a proposed modification to improve it.  
The proposed modification facilitated a much lower standard deviation of determined positions in relation to reference positions than that of the currently employed APPS algorithm in the ASG-EUPOS.  
Figure 8: Measures of positioning accuracy with the APPS and the modified approach.  
Accuracy measures (MRSE, SAS90, and SAS99) indicated that the UAM with six or five baseline vectors yields more accurate and precise coordinates than the currently implemented APPS algorithm. The number of baseline vectors, their length, and the uncertainty of their components do not affect the result as much with the UAM as with the EAM (currently used in the APPS of the ASG-EUPOS). The accuracy measures reached similar values for all analysed points regardless of whether six or five baseline vectors were used with the UAM.  
It has been demonstrated that, if modified, the EUPOS Geodetic service of the ASG-EUPOS can provide automated post-processing for user-provided 1 h GPS observations with 1 s intervals (3600 epochs) and positioning with 0.025 m or better accuracy for 90% of cases and 0.03 m accuracy for 99% of cases.  
It is advisable to modify the software of the EUPOS Geodetic service of the ASG-EUPOS to improve its accuracy and reliability through the proposed and validated modification.  
Conceptualisation, D.K. and A.W.; methodology, D.K.; validation, D.K.; formal analysis, D.K. and A.W.; investigation, D.K, A.W. and T.G.; data curation, D.K.; writing--original draft preparation, D.K.; writing--review and editing, A.W. and T.G.; visualisation, D.K. and A.W.; supervision, T.G.; project administration, D.K. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
The APC was funded by a subsidy for the University of Agriculture in Krakow for the 2022 year provided by the Ministry of Education and Science of Poland.  
Not applicable.  
The authors would like to thank the Polish Head Office of Geodesy and Cartography (GUGiK) for post-processing GNSS data using the POZGEO service of the ASG-EUPOS system. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### CVT-Applied Analysis Model Result
#### 3.2.4 Result of EV Acceleration  
Table 7 presents the comparison of the CVT-applied EV and single-reducer analysis model by measuring the arrival time for two speed ranges: 0-100 km/h and 80-120 km/h. When the CVT was used, the acceleration at low speed was significantly better than that of the single reducer. However, at the normal driving speed of 80-120 km/h, the degree of improvement in acceleration was not evident, as both the CVT-applied model and single-reducer model shifted in a certain output area. Therefore, it was confirmed that the CVT application significantly affected the improvements in driving performance and electronic fuel economy.
## 5 Experimental Results
### The Predicted Results of the Selected Stations  
Table 3 presents the specific numerical values of three evaluation indicators for entry and exit metro flow predictions at Zhonglou Station and Hangtiancheng Station using different methods. In comparison to baseline methods (LSTM, GRU, transformer), the proposed method based on the transformer (MFP-EP) framework outperformed the baseline methods. The self-attention mechanism effectively captured the underlying long-term dependencies among features. Based on the results, incorporating various related data can improve the prediction accuracy. The model considers the influence of the upstream flow, the correlated stations, the recent historical metro flow, the historical temporal trend, and the external factors.  
Moreover, when incorporating all factors comprehensively, the predictive accuracy was higher compared to considering individual factors separately. For instance, taking Zhonglou Station's entry flow as an example, the overall predictive performance of MFP-EP + F1 + F2 + 2S + 4C was the best among the methods considered. Its RMSE, MAE, and MAPE values were 68.60, 45.86, and 10.04%, respectively. Compared to the transformer method, these values decreased by 13.58%, 18.56%, and 64.50%, respectively. Additionally, when compared to LSTM, these values decreased by 18.18%, 20.37%, and 67.08%, respectively.
## 2 Device Description
For ease of use and experimentation, the PIC is encased in a 7-pin, temperature-controlled, fibre pigtailed high-speed butterfly package, as shown in Figure 3c. A radio frequency (RF) connector, attached to the SG section, allows for high-speed modulation of the device. This package contains a thermoelectric cooler (TEC) to accurately control the device temperature to ensure stable operation of the device and a 10 k\(\Omega\) thermistor for temperature reading to confirm the temperature stability. The device temperature is maintained at 20 \({}^{\circ}\)C throughout all the experimental measurements performed in this paper to ensure that uniformity and consistency are maintained.
# A Novel GBSM for Non-Stationary V2V Channels Allowing 3D Velocity Variations
## 5 Statistical Properties for the Proposed Model  
### Time-Variant PDF  
The characteristic function of a random variable \(h_{i,n}\) can be written as [34]:  
\[\psi_{h_{i,n}}(t,x)=\int_{-\infty}^{\infty}p_{h_{i,n}}(t,z)e^{2\pi zx}dz=J_{0} (2\pi c_{i,n}x) \tag{23}\]  
where \(x\) is a real-valued variable, \(i=1,2,\cdots\), and \(n=1,2,\cdots N_{i}\). The PDF of the sum of statistically significant random variables is often estimated by using the characteristic function. By combining random variables' characteristic functions, it yields:  
\[\psi_{h_{i,n}}(t,x)=\psi_{h_{1,n}}(t,x)\cdot\psi_{h_{2,n}}(t,x)\cdots\psi_{h_{ i,n}}(t,x)=\prod_{n=1}^{N_{i}}J_{0}(2\pi c_{i,n}x). \tag{24}\]  
By the help of the characteristic functions, the PDF for the first random variable can be defined as:  
\[p_{h_{1,n}}(t,z_{1})=\int_{-\infty}^{\infty}\psi_{h_{1,n}}(t,x)e^{-j2\pi zx}dx =2\int_{0}^{\infty}\prod_{n=1}^{N_{1}}(2\pi xc_{1,n})\cos(2\pi xz)dx \tag{25}\]  
where \(p_{h_{1,n}}(t,z)\) represents the PDF of the first random variable \(z\). Thus, both \(p_{h_{1,n}}(t,z_{1})\), \(p_{h_{2,n}}(t,z_{2})\) are statistically independent for all \(n=1,2,\cdots N_{i}\). Therefore, the joint probability density function of the random variables is represented as:  
\[p_{h_{1,n}}p_{h_{2,n}}(t,z_{1},z_{2})=p_{h_{1,n}}(t,z_{1})\cdot p_{h_{2,n}}(t, z_{2})=p_{h_{1,n}}(t,z_{1})\cdot\delta(z_{2}-g(t,z_{1})) \tag{26}\]where \(\delta\) and \(g\) define the functions of the random variable and can be described as:  
\[g(t,z_{1})=\left\{\begin{array}{l}c_{n}\sqrt{1-\left(z_{1}/c_{n}\right)^{2}},|z_ {1}|\leq c_{n}\\ 0,|z_{1}|>c_{n}\end{array}\right. \tag{27}\]  
where \(c_{n}\), \(z_{1}\) denotes the Doppler coefficient and random variable, respectively. After transforming the Cartesian coordinates to polar coordinates for two random variables as \(z_{1}=z\cos\theta\) and \(z_{2}=z\sin\theta\), with the help of Equations (25) and (26), we can obtain the envelope PDF for NLoS scenarios as:  
\[p_{h}(t,z)=(2\pi)^{2}z\int_{0}^{\infty}\left[\prod_{n=1}^{N_{i}}J_{0}(2\pi c_{ n}x)\right]J_{0}(2\pi xx)xdx \tag{28}\]  
where \(c_{n}=P_{n}(t)/\sqrt{N_{i}}\) and \(\theta\) is over \(-\pi\) to \(\pi\). In (28), it is defined that \(p_{h}(t,z)\) can be explained completely by the parameters \(N_{i}\) and path power \(P_{n}(t)\), whereas the frequency parameters do not have any effect. Since within every time period, \(P_{n}(t)\) is approximately unchanged, the output PDF is determined by \(N_{i}\). It is worth mentioning that the envelope PDF of an SOC model is the approximation of the Rayleigh PDF while \(N_{i}\rightarrow\infty\). Therefore, it can easily be proven that (28) tends to be the Rayleigh distribution.
## 5 Results and Discussion
### Weight Obtained by SHAP  
A feature importance plot was generated using the SHAP method after obtaining the prediction results from the XGBoost model (Figure S2). In generating these plots, the original feature importance values were used to recalculate relative values on a scale of 100 to determine the impact of each input on the output. NDWI was the most influential variable for yield, contributing 41%. It was followed by TCI (19%), PCI (15%), GPP (11%), VCI (8%), and SMCI (6%). GPP, SMCI, and VCI had lower importance. The CDI equation calculated using the weights obtained from the SHAP method are as follows:  
\[CDI=0.41\times NDWI+0.19\times TCI+0.15\times PCI+0.08\times VCI+0.11\times GPP+0. 06\times SMCI \tag{10}\]
## 6 Conclusions  
It has been demonstrated, even in the early 1990s, that material properties, such as absorptance, spectral dispersion and optical nonlinearity can be coherently modified through the EIT effect, resulting in novel phenomena, such as giant optical nonlinearity and extremely strong spectral dispersion. In particular, the optical information carried by the light fields can be mapped onto the spin coherence through the EIT effect by adiabatically switching off the coupling beam, forming an atomic coherence grating. The atomic coherence grating is similar to the traditional holographic grating, but also has its own unique properties that are different from those of the traditional holographic grating due to different recording mechanisms. In this paper, we reviewed several techniques to coherently manipulate the interacting light fields through the EIT-based atomic coherence grating and the EIT-induced optical nonlinearity, such as the generation of a nondegenerate phase-conjugate wave, transfer and mode conversion of optical vortexes, achievement of first-order subwavelength interference, direct optical convolution of two input signals and polarization rotation of light fields in Pr:YSO crystal. It would be more interesting but also more challenging to coherently manipulate the optical fields at the single photon level or quantum state of light in solids based on the EIT effect. These techniques may have potential applications in optical signal processing, imaging processing, optical communications and quantum information processing.  
[PERSON] supervised the project; [PERSON] and [PERSON] performed parts of the experiments; [PERSON], [PERSON] and [PERSON] analyzed the data; [PERSON] and [PERSON] wrote the paper. All authors contributed to the discussions and revisions of the paper.  
This work is financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 91750204, 61475077 and 11774182), the 973 program (2013 CB328702), the 111 project (B07013) and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.  
The following abbreviations are used in this manuscript:  
\begin{tabular}{l l} EIT & Electromagnetically-induced transparency \\ iCCD & Intensified charge-coupled device \\ AOM & Acousto-optic modulator \\ FWHM & Full width at half maximum \\ OTC & Optical topological charges \\ \end{tabular}
###### Abstract  
This study's aim is to examine the effect of a combined balance and multidirectional plyometric training intervention on postural balance ability and lower limb explosive performance in U-13 male and female soccer athletes. Twenty pre-adolescent (age: 12.6 \(\pm\) 1.6 years) soccer athletes followed a 6-week training intervention combining balance exercises, dynamic stabilization tasks and multidirectional plyometric exercises at a frequency of twice/week for 20-25 min, based on a progressive increase in exercise difficulty from phase A (week 1-3) to phase B (week 4-6). Pre- and post-training measurements were carried out to assess the following: (a) static balance performance in single (left, right)-legged and two-legged quiet stance trials with eyes open and eyes closed (two trials per stance and vision condition of 30 s duration) and (b) lower limb explosive performance in countermovement and squat jumps without arm swing (three trials/jump). The vertical GRF was recorded by a customized force plate (Wii, 1.000 Hz, Bivosion) and offline, CoP and explosive performance parameters were calculated. The overall results showed that the static balance ability of athletes remained unaffected, while restricting their vision deteriorated their postural control. The lower limb explosive performance showed a trend for improvement; however, inter-individual variations in athletes' responses might have obscured any effect.  
static balance; plyometrics; biomechanical analysis; jumping performance; preadolescence; soccer +
Footnote †: journal: _Sci._  
0000-0001-999-4000-0000][PERSON]  
1 School of Physical Education and Sports Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 17237 Athens, Greece; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (G.I.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (E.K.)
# Crack Defect Detection Method for Plunge Pool Corridor Based on the Improved U-Net Network
## 5 Discussion
### Comparison with Existing Methods and Domain Migration Potential  
Comparisons with existing semantic segmentation approaches reveal that the improved model in this study exhibits notable advantages in crack detection under complex backgrounds via scenario-tailored design. In contrast to mainstream open-source models, its core distinction lies in the redesign of the feature extraction framework to address the  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Dataset** & **MIOU (\%)** & **MPA (\%)** & **F1-Score (\%)** & **Accuracy (\%)** \\ \hline DeepCrack & 83.64 & 88.83 & 86.34 & 99.37 \\ Crack500 & 84.37 & 89.20 & 87.36 & 99.41 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: Comparison table of model generalization capability indicators.  
irregular morphologies and cross-dimensional semantic requirements of plunge pool corridor cracks. Regarding cross-domain recognition capabilities, the model achieves promising results on public building wall crack and pavement crack datasets, demonstrating that its core mechanisms possess cross-scenario applicability.
# Software-Defined Visible Light Communication for Internet of Things: A Low-Complexity Approach
## 3 Modeling of BBP Unit in SD-VLC System
### Performance Analysis of CAP Modulation
Unlike QAM, CAP utilizes orthogonal filters instead of IQ carriers to perform baseband frequency shifting, eliminating the need for precise phase and amplitude matching of IQ components. Moreover, by introducing multi-dimensional orthogonal filters [22; 23], CAP enables a significant improvement in spectral efficiency, making it a more efficient modulation scheme for SD-VLC systems. Given these advantages, CAP  
Figure 4: An illustrative example of (**a**) the frequency response and (**b**) the impulse responses of the in-phase filter \(h_{I}(t)\) and quadrature filter \(h_{Q}(t)\) used in a CAP modulator, with \(f_{c}=2\,\mathrm{MHz}\), symbol period \(=1.3\,\mathrm{\SIUnitSymbolMicro s}\), roll-off factor \(=0.3\), \(8\) samples per symbol, and a filter span of \(4\) symbols. modulation is a promising alternative to analog QAM, providing both robustness against IQ imbalance and enhanced spectral utilization in VLC applications. In SD-VLC systems, digital LO-based QAM and CAP modulation eliminate the need for analog components, improving flexibility and robustness. Digital QAM, implemented via a numerically controlled oscillator (NCO), requires IQ mixing, carrier recovery, and phase synchronization, increasing computational complexity. CAP, on the other hand, replaces explicit carrier modulation with FIR-based orthogonal filtering, reducing the number of multiplications and simplifying DSP implementation. Compared to QAM in Table 1, both approaches improve stability while offering comparable spectral efficiency. CAP further eliminates IQ imbalance and phase noise issues, making it a more hardware-efficient choice for SD-VLC applications.
## 4 Mathematical Formulation
### Constraints Description  
Constraint (2) checks that each PI-container is assigned to only one outbound truck. Constraint (3) ensures that the outbound trucks' capacity is not exceeded by the PI-containers. Constraint (4) ensures that each outbound truck, if used, can load only PI-containers with the same destination. Constraint (5) guarantees that an outbound truck is used if at least one PI-container is assigned to it. Constraint (6) finds the destination of a used outbound truck based on the PI-containers that are assigned to it. Constraint (7) is to guarantee that each used truck has only one destination. Constraint (8) computes the number of PI-conveyors units swept by a PI-container to arrive at its destination in the outbound trucks. Constraint (9) ensures that each inbound truck has to be assigned to only one dock. Constraints (10) and (11) handle the correct relationship between the assignment variable (\(x_{hk}\)) and the sequencing variable (\(p_{ih}\)). Constraint (12) calculates the staring time of loading outbound trucks taking into account the end time of loading previous trucks if they are processed at the same dock. Constraint (13) calculates the end time of unloading the outbound trucks. Constraint (14) guarantees that the decision variables: \(x_{hk},p_{ih},a_{hd},v_{h},n_{hg}\) are binary. Finally, Constraint (15) ensures that the decision variables: \(z_{ih},b_{h},q_{h}\) are positive.