esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 7 Discussion and Limitation
### Application Scenarios of WFP  
It is also necessary to discuss the positive application scenarios of WFP. WFP has a wide range of applicable scenarios. It not only includes anti-anonymity attacks that associate users and their communication objects but it can also be used for bot detection to distinguish whether a user is a computer or a real person, such as Google's reCAPTCHA [52]. It can also be used to detect and identify hacker attacks, phishing, and other security threats, helping network administrators take timely measures. At the same time, the research on WFP should not be limited to the identification of website fingerprints. There are also some similar works, such as identification research based on features like cookies and a virtual private network (VPN).  
Figure 10: Time overhead: (**a**) page load time; and (**b**) cell processing time.
## 3 Three-Dimensional Numerical Simulation
### Model Verification  
To verify the accuracy of the numerical model, simulated vertical temperature distributions before and after TCC were extracted and compared with the values measured in experimental tests under the same scenario. The scenarios selected were A1 and B1, and results were shown in Figures 4 and 5. The root mean square error (RMSE) and coefficient of determination (R\({}^{2}\)) were used to evaluate the matching degree [34; 35]. The goodness-of-fit tests and the statistic error labeled in figures showed that the 3-D numerical model matched the experimental model well and can accurately simulate the temperature fields.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Parameters** & **The Size of Grid** & **RWT (\({}^{\circ}\)C)** & **Variation in RWT** \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Vertical} & Original \(\times\) 0.5 & 35.4 & +0.3\% \\  & Original \(\times\) 2 & 34.8 & \(-\)1.5\% \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Longitudinal} & Original \(\times\) 0.5 & 35.5 & +0.6\% \\  & Original \(\times\) 2 & 34.6 & \(-\)2.0\% \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: The released water temperature (RWT) with different grid meshing.  
Figure 3: Description of the 3-D numerical model: (**a**) Longitudinal section of the numerical model; (**b**) meshes of the numerical model.
## 2 Preliminaries
### Vehicular Ad-Hoc Network  
Vehicular Ad hoc Networks (VANETs) represent a system of mobile vehicles through which operators within automotive settings are able to access instantaneous data, sophisticated traffic management, and event distribution. The primary objectives of VANETs include ensuring secure driving conditions, optimizing traffic movement, and reducing the occurrence of accidents. Generally, the architecture of VANETs comprises three primary elements: vehicles, Road-Side Unit (RSU), and Trusted Authority Server (TAS) [4]. Every vehicle is embedded with an On-Board Unit (OBU), which has the role of effectively supporting the process of transmitting and receiving the wide spectrum of messages that are in circulation within the network. This pivotal function enables the establishment of a continuous and uninterrupted flow of communication as well as the seamless exchange of data among the various vehicles that are interconnected within the intricate framework of this dynamic vehicular network. VANETs exhibit several characteristics, such as high node mobility, dynamic network topology, real-time transmission constraints, and constrained computation and storage capabilities. V2V utilizes the 5.9-GHz DSRC protocol, enabling cars in VANETs to exchange traffic-related data with neighboring vehicles every 100 to 300 ms. Regarding RSU, the communication range for each RSU ranges from 1 to 3 km based on the IEEE 802.11p wireless communication protocol [9]. Interactions among these entities involve transmitting and receiving crucial messages, encompassing periodic, event-triggered, and emergency messages.
# Mobility-Multihoming Duality
###### Abstract  
In modern Internet-based communication, especially mobile systems, a mobile node (MN) will commonly have more than one possibility for Internet Protocol (IP) connectivity. For example, an MN such as a smartphone may be associated with an IEEE 802.11 network at a site while also connected to a cellular base station for 5G. In such a scenario, the smartphone might only be able to utilise the IEEE 802.11 network, not making use of the cellular connectivity simultaneously. Currently, IP does not allow applications and devices to easily utilise multiple IP connectivity opportunities--multihoming for the MN--without implementing special mechanisms to manage them. We demonstrate how the use of the Identifier Locator Network Protocol (ILNP), realised as an extension to IPv6, can enable mobility with multihoming using a duality mechanism that treats mobility and multihoming as the same logical concept. We present a network layer solution that does not require any modification to transport protocols, can be implemented using existing application programming interfaces (APIs), and can work for any application. We have evaluated our approach using an implementation in Linux and a testbed. The testbed consisted of commercial equipment to demonstrate that our approach can be used over existing network infrastructure requiring only normal unicast routing for IPv6.  
identifier locator network protocol (ILNP); internet protocol v6 (IPv6); multipath +
Footnote †: journal:  
0000-0001-4607-2274][PERSON]
# Carbon Dioxide Adsorption on Carbon Nanofibers with Different Porous Structures
## 3 Results and Discussion
### ASAP Data  
Figure 3a shows the N\({}_{2}\) adsorption-desorption isotherms of all the samples at -196 \({}^{\circ}\)C. The adsorption isotherms for PANf, PANh15, and PANh12 were essentially type I according to the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) classification, and the desorption branch almost superimposed on the adsorption branch, which is indicative of microporosity. However, PANp exhibited a different pattern, in which the adsorption isotherm represented type IV features with a distinct hysteresis loop at a relative pressure between 0.42 and 1.0. This hysteresis loop was identified as H3 according to the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) classification, indicating the existence of mesoporous and microporosity. The pore size distributions in the 0.4-2 nm and 5-20 nm ranges are shown in Figure 3b,c, respectively, which were derived from the NLDFT model. The main micropores for all samples were at approximately 0.6 nm, and a peak occurring at 0.4-0.5 nm was also found on PANf and PANh15. Additionally, a large peak at around 0.6 nm was observed on PANh12. The above were classified as ultramicropores (pore size less than 0.7 nm). It is noted that PANp had significant pore volumes at 5-20 nm, in response to the hysteresis loop in the N\({}_{2}\) isotherms.  
Figure 2: FESEM images of the ACNFs: (**A,a**) PANf; (**B,b**) PANh15; (**C,c**) PANh12; (**D,d**) PANp.  
Table 1 summarizes the surface features of the samples determined from the N\({}_{2}\) adsorption-desorption isotherms. The BET specific surface areas (SSAs) of PANf, PANh15, PANh12, and PANp were 733, 1222, 884, and 825 m\({}^{2}\)/g. The micropore and ultramicropore volumes both followed the order PANh15 > PANh12 > PANp > PANf, though the total pore volume of PANh12 was less than that of PANp. The ratios of surface areas and pore volumes obtained from the N\({}_{2}\) adsorption-desorption data at -196 \({}^{\circ}\)C for all samples are shown in Figure 4. PANp held a large amount of mesopore. Despite PANf having a smaller surface area and pore volume, its microporosity was conspicuous.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Sample**} & **SSA \({}^{\alpha}\)** & **S\({}_{\text{mi}}\)** & **\(\lx@sectionsign\)** & **V\({}_{\text{ma}}\)** & **V\({}_{\text{ma}}\)** & **V\({}_{\text{ma}}\)** & **V
# Physiological Evaluation of User Experience in Unstable Automated Driving: A Comparative Study
## 3 Results
### Evaluation of User Response Under Extended Delay Conditions  
When rating frustration due to waiting in automated-driving situations at roundabouts, highway merges, and unsignalized intersections, participants experienced high levels of frustration, as confirmed by significant increases in EMG (leg) measurements. As shown in Table 6, the frustration experienced by participants at roundabouts was rated at 3.84 points for A.D(S) and 1.82 points for A.D(C), with A.D(S) showing approximately twice the level of frustration. These subjective ratings were verified objectively by changes in EMG (leg) measurements. Compared to the moment before entering the roundabout (Seg. R-1), EMG (leg) measurements generally increased in subsequent segments, with the most significant increase occurring in the A.D(S) scenario when rejecting the 4 s gap at Seg. R-4. This showed a statistically significant average increase of 0.074 compared to the pre-entry segment. The Cohen's d value for the corresponding value is approximately 0.4, \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline  & **Categories** & **A.D(S)** & **A.D(C)** \\ \hline Overall & Usefulness & 3.12 & 3.79 \\ \cline{2-4} driving & Satisfaction & 2.71 & 3.93 \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Roundabout} & Usefulness & 2.63 & 3.61 \\ \cline{2-4}  & Satisfaction & 2.26 & 3.73 \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Merging} & Usefulness & 2.66 & 3.03 \\ \cline{2-4}  & Satisfaction & 2.24 & 2.89 \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Unsignalized intersection} & Usefulness & 2.37 & 3.63 \\ \cline{2-4}  & Satisfaction & 2.15 & 3.65 \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Crosswalk} & Usefulness & 1.92 & 3.44 \\ \cline{2-4}  & Satisfaction & 2.05 & 3.52 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 5: Evaluation results of usefulness and satisfaction by A.D style (\(n=30,5\) scale). which confirms that the effect size is moderate. In contrast, in the A.D(C) scenario, EMG (leg) measurements showed a slight increase up to Seg. R-3 and then showed a decreasing trend at Seg. R-4 as gap acceptance occurred. The instantaneous-change pattern of the EMG (leg) measurement at the roundabout is shown in Figure 6, and the distribution of the EMG (leg) values measured by segment is shown in Figure 7.  
Table 7 shows participant ratings for A.D(S) and A.D(C) in highway merge situations. Participants reported relatively high frustration levels of 3.39 points for A.D(S), and even for A.D(C), they reported frustration levels of 2.37 points, a measurement which was higher compared to that of other segments. Analysis of sequential physiological changes revealed significant changes in EMG (arm) measures at Seg. M-2, which measures driving behaviors in the acceleration lane, as shown in Figures 8 and 9. In particular, in the case of A.D(S), the EMG (arm) measurement value increased by 0.072 compared to segment M-1 due to dissatisfaction and frustration with the automated-driving vehicle stopping instead of accelerating when merging, which was a statistically significant result, and the Cohen's d
# Recent Advances in Additive Manufacturing of Fibre-Reinforced Materials: A Comprehensive Review
## 5 Conclusions  
The scope of this review was to investigate and categorise the different state-of-the-art CFC technologies currently in existence. The summary of each technology highlights its characteristics and the materials it can print with, ranging from low-temperature thermoplastics like PLA or ABS to PEEK and resins. The main objective of every method is to achieve optimal adhesion between the matrix and the reinforcement while simultaneously enhancing mechanical properties to produce a superior low-weight alternative to metal parts. From the reviewed literature and the findings presented in this text, there is a clear increase in the tensile force that CFC parts can achieve compared to their pure thermoplastic counterparts. A similar pattern of improvement is observed regarding flexural strength and strain resistance. These results are typically achieved with a high fibre-to-thermoplastic ratio of 40-50%. At the same time, the infill pattern or raster angle of the fibre inlay play a major role for strength, with a 0\({}^{\circ}\) raster angle the most prominent. Also, it was observed that building orientation significantly impacts part strength, with side printing giving better results. Finally, this review suggests some future steps for a more holistic approach to the study of CFC technologies. Fibre-reinforced additive manufacturing technologies have attracted significant interest from both academic research and industrial manufacturing. However, to be more applicable in industry production, further studies are needed to optimize the printing strategies and material properties, since the printing process is governed by a multitude of parameters. This will provide an opportunity for CFC to take a key role in the automotive, aerospace, and biomedical industries.  
**Author Contributions:** Conceptualization, S.L. and N.K.; methodology, S.L.; validation, S.L. and N.K.; formal analysis, S.L.; investigation, S.L.; resources, K.T.; data curation, S.L. and N.K.; writing--original draft preparation, S.L.; writing--review and editing, K.T. and E.M.P.; visualization, N.K.; supervision, E.M.P.; project administration, E.M.P.; All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
**Funding:** This research received no external funding.  
**Institutional Review Board Statement:** Not applicable.  
**Informed Consent Statement:** Not applicable.  
**Data Availability Statement:** Not applicable.  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
## 4 Results and Discussion  
Based on the setting of References [4; 6; 7; 24; 37; 43] (common values for CO-OFDM signals), the employed parameters in this work are summarized in Table 2. Various constellations are considered in order to rigorously analyze the benefits and limitations of the SLFN subject to the RC-ELM algorithm to diminish amplitude and phase noises. Note that since the bit rate, number of data and pilots, and CP are fixed, the bandwidth of the OFDM signal at the OFDM-demodulator input (before the ADC) is directly related with the subcarrier modulation format. In fact, the following relationship exists: \(bandwidth=[bit.rate(1+CP)N_{\mathrm{SC}}]/(\sqrt{MN_{D}})\). Consequently, the OFDM symbol periods correspond to \(11\times 10^{-9}\) s for BPSK, \(22\times 10^{-9}\) s for QPSK, and \(44\times 10^{-9}\) s for 16 QAM. By considering a hard-decision forward error correction (FEC) threshold of \(3.8\times 10^{-3}\)[2], the RF-linewidth values are adopted according to the subcarrier modulation format in order to properly evaluate the system performance. For practical purposes, the RF linewidth is utilized in the rest of manuscript. Remember that this linewidth comes from the addition of linewidths of the transmitted and received lasers (\(\Delta\
u_{RF}=\Delta\
u_{1}+\Delta\
u_{2}\)) [31]. Monte Carlo simulation is utilized for determining the performance [44], namely by contrasting the originated and received information in independent runs several times and, then, by computing its arithmetic average.
## 2 System Model
### Scenarios Based on 5G New Radio 3D Scenarios
#### 2.1.3 Indoor Factory  
The indoor factory deployment scenario focuses on high user throughput or user density in factories. This scenario represents indoor factories with a total volume of 300 m \(\times\) 150 m \(\times\) 10 m. There are two sites with three TRPs, meaning one per sector. The ISD of this scenario is 150 m. In this case, the BS antenna height can be 2 m (low height) or 8 m (high height). It is also an interference-limited scenario. The carrier frequency is 100 GHz (sub THz band). We have chosen only highly clutter-dense factories. The minimum bandwidth is 400 MHz. Variable number of users per cell are distributed uniformly, and the exact number of users depends on the number of physical resource blocks received by each one. Full buffer model is assumed. The layout of this scenario is illustrated in Figure 5.  
We have built 3D simulation channel models for the above-mentioned outdoor and indoor scenarios for sub-6 GHz, mmWave, and THz frequencies. All the details about 3D simulation channel models can be found in [15]. For sub-6 GHz frequencies, up to a moderate number of antennas can be activated (i.e., 64). In mmWave frequency bands, the transmission is characterized by a considerable signal attenuation that limits the network coverage. To overcome this limitation, one of the key features is the adoption of a large number of multi-antenna elements having a given aperture to increase the transmission/reception capability of mMIMO and beamforming. Since managing transmissions in mmWave frequency bands is complicated, the beam needs to be optimized and adjusted each time, taking into account the conditions of the receiver and the RIS. However, for direct links between BS and users (or IoT devices) without the involvement of RIS, the correspondence between the directions of the transmitter and receiver-side beams is performed by identifying the most suitable beam pair for both downlink and uplink.
# A Secure and Efficient Multi-Factor Authentication Algorithm for Mobile Money Applications
## 4 System Implementation
### Implementation of the G-MoMo Applications Prototypes  
The researchers developed prototypes for the four native G-MoMo applications. In this section, we illustrate the native G-MoMo Customer Application prototype. The developed prototype for the G-MoMo Customer Application consists of registration, authentication, transactions, account management, and system logout as the main features. The transactions involve the mobile money customer using the G-MoMo Customer Application to send money, pay bills, check balance, and check mini statements. It only happens after a successful registration.  
* Mobile Money Customer Registration  
One of the main tasks of a mobile money agent is to register new mobile money customers. The mobile money customer registration process begins with the mobile money customer downloading and installing the G-MoMo SIM Serial Number Generator and G-MoMo Customer Applications in their smartphones. They then run the G-MoMo SIM Serial Number Generator Application to generate their SIM Serial Number and Subscriber ID, which the mobile money agent requires during customer enrolment. The mobile money agent will follow steps in Figure 7a-c to register mobile money customers by capturing their first name, last name, SIM serial number, subscriber ID, and phone number.  
Figure 7: (a–c) Shows the mobile money customer registration process using the G-MoMo Agent Application.  
After successful registration by the mobile money agent using the G-MoMo Agent Application, the mobile money customer must complete the registration process by running the G-MoMo Customer Application in their smartphone, entering their five-digit PIN, and re-entering the five-digit PIN again. If the five-digit PIN entered is the same as the re-entered PIN, the customer will be requested to confirm the creation of the new PIN. Once the mobile money customer approves, the system will ask him to register his biometric fingerprint by scanning it using the biometric fingerprint sensor of the smartphone. If the biometric fingerprint is successfully captured, the mobile money customer is enrolled and can now use the G-MoMo Customer Application. Figure 8a-f shows the process of completing mobile money customer registration using the G-MoMo Customer Application.  
detected and compared with the copy stored in the database. If it matches, the mobile money customer must scan the fingerprint for recognition. If the scanned fingerprint matches, the customer successfully logs in to the system and is presented with the menu. Figure 9a-d shows the mobile money customer authentication process.
## 4 GTCN Neural Network Model
### Activation Function Selection  
The function of activation function is to bring nonlinear elements into the linear model to complete nonlinear tasks such as classification. Choosing an appropriate activation function can improve the efficiency and accuracy of this kind of work. The original Temporal Convolutional Network uses the classical Relu activation function, whose function expression is shown in (9), and the function image is shown in Figure 8.  
Figure 7: Global attention mechanism.  
The Relu function is not activated when the input is negative, which indicates that Relu will be invalid if the input is negative. In the back propagation process, the gradient is zero. However, the fault arc data will have negative values in the propagation process, so it is necessary to select the activation function used in the model.  
\[f(y_{i})=\left\{\begin{array}{cc}y_{i},&if\ y_{i}>0\\ 0,&if\ y_{i}<0\end{array}\right. \tag{9}\]  
The PRelu (Parametric Reasonable Linear Unit) activation function [26], that is, the activation function expressed in Equation (10) can provide a reasonable solution to the problem of Relu failure, as shown in Figure 8.  
\[f(y_{i})=\left\{\begin{array}{cc}y_{i}\,&if\ y_{i}>0\\ a_{i}y_{i},&if\ y_{i}<0\end{array}\right. \tag{10}\]  
As a self-learnable activation function, its learning rate update method adopts a momentum method, namely:  
\[\Delta a_{i}:=\mu\Delta a_{i}+\varepsilon\frac{\partial\varepsilon}{\partial a _{i}} \tag{11}\]  
Although PRelu solves the failure problem of Relu, its function curve is not smooth enough, which will lead to the lack of generalization ability when performing nonlinear work. Compared with PRelu, the Mish activation function based on the self-gating characteristic of Swish activation function is more likely to match or improve the performance of neural network architecture [27]. Its expression is as follows:  
\[\begin{array}{c}f(x)=x\text{tanh}(softplus(x))\\ =x\text{tanh}(\ln 1+e^{x})\end{array} \tag{12}\]  
According to Equation (12) and Figure 8, the Mish activation function is a continuous, smooth, regularized and non-monotonic activation function, which performs well on gradient flows. The formula structure of multiplying the nonmodulated input with the output of the input nonlinear function eliminates the prerequisite for problems such as Relu failure.