# Preliminary Valorization of Climatic Conditions Effects on
## 3 Characterizations  
The calcium carbonate formations of the specimens were assessed by a Dietrich Fruhling calcimeter. The specimens for the assessments were taken from superficial fragments of the disc-shaped samples. The reported values are averages of 2 measurements.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline
**Type of Additive Oils** & **Oleic Acid [\%]** & **Linoleic Acid [\%]** \\ \hline Sesame oil (Type 1) & 22.75 & 67.19 \\ Spent sesame oil (Type 2) & 22.11 & 63.22 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Significant chemical characteristic of additive oils.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline
**Sample** & **Mix** & \begin{tabular}{c} **Curing** \\ **Condition** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} **Ca(OH)\({}_{2}\)** \\ **[wt.\%]** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} **Non-ReactivePart** \\ **[wt.\%]** \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} **Kneading Water** \\ **[wt.\%]** \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} **Oil** \\ **[wt.\%]** \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline LA0 & A0 & Laboratory & 27 & 66 & 7 & 0 \\ LA1 & A1 & Laboratory & 25 & 66 & 7 & 2(Type 1) \\ LA2 & A2 & Laboratory & 25 & 66 & 7 & 2(Type 2) \\ SA0 & A0 & In-situ & 27 & 66 & 7 & 0 \\ SA1 & A1 & In-situ & 25 & 66 & 7 & 2(Type 1) \\ SA2 & A2 & In-situ & 25 & 66 & 7 & 2(Type 2) \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: Mix-design of the investigated samples.  
Porosity measurements by mercury intrusion porosimeter (MIP) were carried out in order to determine the values of total pore volumes and to analyze the pore size distribution of the lime mortar samples. The measurements were carried out on samples of about 0.8 cm\({}^{3}\) using a Carlo Erba 2000 porosimeter, equipped with a macro-pore unit (Model 120, Fison Instruments, Milan, Italy) in order to obtain open porosity values and pore size distributions.  
Water absorption (WA) was measured on three disc-shaped samples for each formulation. The mortar specimens were firstly dried in an oven at 100 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 24 h. After cooling and mass stabilization checks, the dry mass (mdry) was registered, and samples were immersed in distilled water for 24 h. The mass related to the \"saturated surface dry condition\" (mssd) was then registered. Water absorption after immersion for 24 h (WA24h) was then obtained as below.  
WA24h = [(mssd - mdry)/mdry] \(\times\) 100  
The vapor permeability of lime mortars was investigated after 180 days of curing. Water vapor permeability of the mortars was examined on 3 samples for each mix design. The test was performed according to EN 1015-19 [20] under controlled ambient conditions (T = 22 \(\pm\) 2 \({}^{\circ}\)C and RH \(\approx\) 40 \(\pm\) 2%). The disc-shaped specimens were sealed by impermeable silicone gel on the spouts of glass containers of KNO\({}_{3}\) saturated solutions and monitored for 30 days.  
In order to test the superficial durability of the mortars as an important property for outdoor repointing and rendering applications, the 3 disc-shaped specimens for each formulation were subjected to 10 freezing-thawing cycles after 180 days of curing with the following procedure. In every single cycle the specimen were immersed in water for 30 min at a conditioned lab (T = 22 \(\pm\) 2 \({}^{\circ}\)C and RH = 50 \(\pm\) 5), drained over a plastic network at the same condition (T = 22 \(\pm\) 2 \({}^{\circ}\)C and RH = 50 \(\pm\) 5) for 30 min in order to extract the gained water, and then placed in freezer at \(-\)20 \(\pm\) 2 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 3 h. A single cycle simulates destructive circumstance in a cold environment when the trapped water inside the mortars pores freezes during the night and causes frost damage due to ice volume expansion. Through 10 freezing-thawing cycles, the condition of superficial deterioration due to visible-qualitative alterations wasassessed.