## 1 Introduction  
Currently, the development of wireless communication has become a key development in the history of contemporary technology and significantly advances the idea of a smart world. It has revolutionized traditional forms of information exchange and is now essential for the development and implementation of intelligent systems due to its seamless and ubiquitous connectivity [1]. The development of wireless communication technologies has led to the proliferation of Internet of Things (IoT) systems in various global domains. These IoT systems have become commonplace and are widely used in many areas of daily life, such as smart homes, smart transportation, e-health systems, smart factories, and environmental monitoring systems [2]. Modular devices, sensors, and microcontroller units make up the IoT infrastructure, which also includes components, such as human participants, plants, and animals. Its basic architecture aims to automatically enable global networking; however, this could harm human-to-human interactions and even reduce direct human interaction. The IoT plays a central role in the fourth industrial revolution and acts as a crucial enabler for the easy creation of international connections. The foundation of IoT is formed by various wireless communication technologies, most of which are characterized by radio frequency (RF) waveforms. Examples of these technologies include Wi-Fi, Bluetooth Low Energy, LoRa, 5G, and ZigBee [3]. The complexity of the IoT ecosystem is highlighted by this technologically diverse framework. Nevertheless, the harmful effects of radio waves on human physiology and health must be carefully considered when implementing wireless communication applications. Acceptable radio frequencies pass through the human body, which constitutes the operating environment. This medium is penetrated by electromagnetic waves, particularly those in the RF electromagnetic field, which directly affect people's physical and mental health, as well as their neurological systems [4]. The global research community is currently dedicated to exploring and developing new technologies that can effectively replace RF techniques in specific applications. The potential risks and harmful effects of RF systems have motivated and driven researchers to seek alternatives that prioritize safety and minimize potential dangers. Accordingly, optical wireless communication (OWC) offers a promising alternative to traditional RF techniques owing to its utilization of visible light. There are four approaches for transmitting data in the OWC domain using light-emitting diodes (LEDs): optical camera communication (OCC), visible light communication (VLC), free space optical (FSO), and light fidelity (Li-Fi) [5]. With the advancement of technology, several technologies, such as FSO, Li-Fi, and VLC, have developed remarkably. With photodiodes serving as the receivers, these technologies have opened up new avenues for communication. In addition, the image sensor, which serves as a detector on the receiving end, is one of the OCC system's most important parts. There are two well-known types of commercially available cameras that can be used in OCC systems: the global shutter camera and the rolling shutter camera. There are two widely used camera types in the market today: the global-shutter camera and the rolling-shutter camera. In the global-shutter camera, the performance of on-chip calibration (OCC) is mainly influenced by the camera frame rate, determining if the sampling rate meets the Nyquist sampling requirement. Similarly, in the rolling-shutter camera, the sampling rate is influenced by both the camera frame rate and the rolling rate. Depending on the OCC modulation scenarios, the camera type is selected and designed for specific applications. Compared to other types of OWC advances, OCC's advantages in terms of cost, prominence, and data transmission limit have attracted impressive engagement areas, such as indoor localization, motion capture, intelligent transport frameworks, and especially, IoT systems [6].