esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Internet of Things and Blockchain Integration: Security, Privacy, Technical, and Design Challenges
## 3 RQ 1 and RQ 2--Current Challenges and Recommendations to Enhance BIoT Integration
### BC-Based Scalability
#### 3.4.2 Block Size  
The amount of storage and bandwidth available in BC is increasing all the time. This is due to the log's increasing size and the increasing quantity of data it holds [68,88]. A freshly created transaction is validated by adding it to a block in the BC. The size of the block might impact the amount of time it takes to insert and validate data [11]. When it  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l} \hline \hline
**Category** & **Challenge** & **Best Practice** \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Scalability} & \multirow{4}{*}{Storage [8; 57; 74]} & \(\bullet\) & Filter, compress, or normalize IoT data \\  & & \(\bullet\) & Parallel mining using PoW and horizontal scalability \\  & & \(\bullet\) & On-node and off-node computing storage \\  & & \(\bullet\) & Encrypt data and upload in decentralized off-chain storage such as IPFS \\ \cline{2-3}  & \multirow{2}{*}{Block size [62; 64; 91]} & \(\bullet\) & Increase the block size \\  & & \(\bullet\) & Use variable-length blocks \\ \cline{2-3}  & \multirow{2}{*}{Cost [26; 28; 62]} & \(\bullet\) & Combining numerous transactions \\  & & \(\bullet\) & Less expensive protocols may be employed \\ \cline{2-3}  & & \(\bullet\) & Simulating and evaluating the BC-based system \\ \cline{2-3}  & & \(\bullet\) & IOTA framework might help to overcome this problem in part \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 9: Recommendations for reducing the negative impact of scalability challenges.  
comes to the block size, the current platforms have taken different approaches. Bitcoin is one of the systems with the lowest block sizes, with block sizes capped at 1 MB [64]. Any block that exceeds this restriction is considered illegitimate. This restriction impacts the maximum number of transactions that may be included in each block, resulting in competition between transactions, favoring those with greater fees [106]. Multichain has increased this restriction to 32 MB block sizes, and they aim to expand it much more in the future [62]. Other platforms, like Ethereum and HLF, have chosen to use variable-length blocks [91].
## 3 Joint Extraction from Tunnel Face Based on Traditional Image Processing Methods
### Spatial Filtering  
Spatial filtering, particularly bilateral filtering (as shown in Equation (6)), enhances image quality by preserving edges while removing noise.  
\[g(x,y)=\frac{\sum_{k,l}f(k,l)\omega(x,y,k,l)}{\sum_{k,l}\omega(x,y,k,l)} \tag{6}\]  
where \(f(k,l)\) is the pixel value in the neighborhood centered at point \((x,y)\), and \(\omega(x,y,k,l)\) is the weighting coefficient for the neighboring pixel \((k,l)\) centered at point \((x,y)\). This coefficient is determined by the product of the spatial kernel and the range kernel, with the expression given by Equation (7):  
\[\omega(x,y,k,l)=\exp\left[-\frac{(x-k)^{2}+(y-l)^{2}}{2\sigma_{d}^{2}}-\frac{ \left|\left|f(x,y)-f(k,l)\right|\right|^{2}}{2\sigma_{r}^{2}}\right] \tag{7}\]  
where \(\Sigma_{d}\) is the filter radius of the spatial domain kernel, and \(\sigma_{r}\) is the filter radius of the range domain kernel.  
The effect of the tunnel face image after bilateral filtering is shown in Figure 10.
## 4 Multihoming and Interworking
### Gateway Selection and Preservation
#### 4.2.1 Gateway Selection  
We assume a multihomed GLI-domain with several GLI-gateways. When a GLI-node sends packets to a global address, the local routing system inside the local GLI-domain determines the outgoing GLI-gateway to which the packets are forwarded. To enforce a certain GLI-gateway for outgoing traffic, the GLI-node stores the global destination address in the address buffer and sends the packet to the selected GLI-gateway, using a global address of the gateway as destination address. If the GLI-gateway receives a packet with an address buffer, it strips off the address buffer and substitutes the destination address of the packet by the address in the address buffer. As usual, the GLI-gateway also replaces the local source address with a global address, reflecting the gateway's global locator.
## 3 Methodology
### Cryptographic Techniques
#### 3.4.1. Rivest-Shamir-Adleman Algorithm  
The RSA cryptosystem, developed by [PERSON], [PERSON], and [PERSON] [6], is the earliest and most extensively used asymmetric encryption system. Since its inception, it has been employed in various cryptographic applications, including digital signatures, financial services, e-commerce, and email privacy. The algorithm's security relies on the difficulty of factoring large prime numbers.  
The RSA process has four basic techniques: key generation, encryption, decryption, and memory usage. The focus is on scalable and secure authentication access. During key generation, we measure the time for the first three techniques in milliseconds (ms) and track memory usage in bytes. This technique is implemented in the MLS/DBMS model for authentication. To compute the modulus \(n\), two large prime numbers, \(p\) and \(q\), are chosen. The message to be encrypted or decrypted is denoted as \(m\). The encrypted message ccc  
Figure 5: The flowchart provides a basic outline for a user management process.  
is generated using the public key \((n,e)\), and the received message \(q\) is decoded using the private key \((n,d)\) with Equation (3).  
\[m=c^{d}\ mod\ n \tag{3}\]
## 4 Results
### Kinematical Possibilities of Interception: Virtual vs. Actual Directional Heading  
The concept of affordance is concerned with potential behavior, rather than actual realization, such as following a straight path. As noted by [PERSON], possible displacements within this context are designated as \"virtual displacements\" (see Figure 7a) [46]. These are intentional displacements that occur within the limits of kinematics and are employed in theoretical models to probe dynamical systems.  
Our theoretical framework posits that an interceptor must maintain a consistent pattern within the optic array while transforming this array relative to the substrate, as described by [PERSON] [54]. For example, consider the following scenario of connecting two hypothetical paths, CP and DP, with any possible trajectory. This chosen path, represented as an arbitrary continuous curve, generally does not align with the interceptor's actual motion path. Over time, through iterative adjustments, the model path may converge towards the actual motion path, as depicted in Figure 7b.  
The distinction between virtual and actual displacements highlights the core concept of affordance, where virtual displacements represent small, theoretical shifts in position termed \"variations\" of the position. These variations affect the bearing angle, \(\beta\), according to the function described in Equation (11). Consequently, while we control the variation in position, the resultant change in the function \(\beta\) must be derived independently. In practice, we attempt to align tentative variations in the path, such as ray AP, with the actual displacements that occur over time dt. This alignment process, inspired by [PERSON]'s notion of an organism's perceptual system resonating to invariants, involves reinforcing perceptual data to enhance system accuracy [6]. However, the initial application of these variations--applied instantaneously--assumes infinite velocity, which contrasts with the finite velocity of actual movements [46].  
These exploratory adjustments facilitate the perceiver's navigation from disequilibrium toward equilibrium, from a state of perceptual blur to clarity. [PERSON] characterizes this as a \"self-tuning system\" that actively seeks informational resonance, enhancing clarity and thus the value of the perceptual experience [51]. This process is crucial for the differentiation of invariant aspects of the environment from those that vary, thus ensuring accurate interaction within virtual settings.  
This discussion integrates theoretical constructs with practical implications, elucidating how virtual environments can be meticulously designed to enhance the accuracy and realism of user interactions by leveraging the dynamics of virtual and actual displacements.
# Small Language Models for Speech Emotion Recognition in Text and Audio Modalities
## 3 Materials and Methods  
### Dataset  
There are dozens of public datasets that can be used for SER. According to a very recent systematic review on automatic speech emotion recognition [71], the most widely used of all available datasets is the Interactive Emotional Dyadic Motion Capture (IEMOCAP) [72]. In addition to its considerable popularity, this dataset has three key features that make it suitable for evaluating the models described in this paper. First, the dataset is divided into 5 sessions, with two different speakers in each session, which allows speaker-independent cross-validation of the models. Second, unlike other datasets that contain only a limited number of utterances spoken with different intonations, this dataset contains thousands of different utterances, allowing predictions based on text alone. Finally, it contains both audio and full transcriptions of these audio utterances, which makes it possible to study the effect of incorporating contextual information on model performance.  
The dataset contains 12 h of recordings of two types of scenarios, emotional scripts and improvised scenarios. The dataset is divided into utterances, and each utterance is classified into one of the following emotion categories: neutral, happiness, sadness, anger, surprise, fear, disgust, frustration, excitement, and other. Most work on SER uses only four emotions: happiness, neutral, anger, and sadness. In our study, these four emotions are used to facilitate comparability of results with previous research.
# Firefly Optimized Resource Control and Routing Stability in MANET +
## 2 Related Works  
For routing stability in MANET, much research has been carried out, and different methods have been proposed to establish efficient protocol methods for MANET. An on-demand bandwidth and stability-based unicast routing scheme (OBSUR) [15] has been implemented for reliable communication. A time division multiplexed access (TDMA)-based distributed system using fuzzy energy state-based AODV was introduced [16]. The Mamdani fuzzy logic system uses Route REQUests (REQs). In AODV [17], link accessibility, queuing latency, node mobility, and bit error rate were used for MANET. With the help of persistent links, stable link route identification was conducted in [18] but suffers from the bandwidth in video streaming. In [19], an adaptive, self-configurable routing for video streams was discussed. In [20], an optimization rerouting model was introduced to reduce the energy. RECI [21] chose the path with the fewest hops. Throughput was not addressed in the optimization routing model. A routing metric helped nodes choose stable routes in [22], boosting route stability. Ref. [23] explored bandwidth-satisfied route evaluation and eradicating the hidden route problem for data rate selection using a cross-layer scheme from PHY and MAC to network layers. Particle swarm optimization prediction [24] determined MANET node and link lifespans. The prediction method minimizes data loss but not bandwidth use. Energy-efficient and stable multipath routing (EESMR) was described in [25] as finding stable paths. The optimized energy-efficient route assignment (OEERA) scheme [26] identified similar nodes in the network to find more reliable routes. The authors of [27] introduced the ant adhoc on-demand distance vector (AODV) to find the best network path. A new opportunistic routing strategy with gradient forwarding in MANET detected valid routes in [28]. Particle swarm optimization prediction [24] determined MANET node and link lifespans. In [29], efficient and robust geographic routing techniques were created to forward data packets with minimal resources. A unique particle swarm optimization was reported in [30] for energy-efficient MANET routing. A robust and energy-efficient routing technique was introduced [31] to reduce network node delay and energy consumption. Lowest-mobility high-power dynamic routing [32] sends route discovery signals to all its neighbors to find the path. Biogeographic-based optimization was used to find stable network nodes [33]. However, energy consumption did not decrease sufficiently. An efficient firefly resource-optimized routing (FFROR) technique is suggested to reduce resource use and improve routing stability. A FFROR reduces resource use to improve MANET routing reliability.
# Smart Clothing Framework for Health Monitoring Applications
## 4 Challenges and Future Development
### Technical
#### 4.1.3 Shorter Battery Life and Lack of Self-Powering  
Power failure of the wearable devices may cause serious interruption in monitoring health and fitness condition. Furthermore, the batteries have to power the embedded electronics during monitoring the health-related activities for a long period of time [146].  
As wireless networks, GPS, and other technologies consumes lot of power, most of the wearable devices only last for one to two days [147]. Hence, the power can be generated from the body movement. In addition, solar cell systems can be integrated with smart clothing to produce power as an alternative.
# 6G to Take the Digital Divide by Storm: Key Technologies and Trends to Bridge the Gap
## 4 The Technologies for Bridging the Service-Fruition Divide
### Affective Computing  
Affective computing encompasses a set of use cases that will be particularly enhanced by 6G technologies. It refers primarily to devices that can adapt their service provisioning schemes according to the mood and the emotions of the final user [29]. The first studies on the concept were presented a couple of decades ago, while recently it experienced a revamp due to its natural applicability on smartphones [30]. Now, 6G brings a set of concepts to the table that will change the way in which service provisioning takes place. One such is Human-Centric Services (HCS), a set of services that put the final user in the foreground and match her or his requirements to network performances, making affective computing potentially more pervasive than ever [7]. This is specially tailored to the educational use case, for instance in enhancing the relationship between teacher and student in online classes through online automatic learning processes fed by physical parameters (e.g., posture, speech, and expression) [31]. This results in involving more individuals who would instead be cut out due to e.g., lack of attention.  
Table 1 shows a classification based on the possible employment of each technology described in Sections 3 and 4 for the resolution of the major categories of digital divide (i.e., service-delivery and service-fruition).
## 4 Results and Discussion
### Robustness Evaluation
#### 4.2.4 Coordinate System Transformation Attacks  
When working with vector maps, coordinate system transformation is a common data editing technique that is also a highly specialized form of data processing due to its inherent geographical characteristics. Coordinate system transformation is one of the most common data editing methods encountered in the use of vector maps, and it is also a very specialized way of data processing with geographical characteristics. Vector map coordinate systems are broadly classified as geodetic and projection coordinate systems, with the WGS1984-UTM projection coordinate system being used for the experimental data in this paper. The effectiveness of the proposed watermarking is tested by converting each set of experimental data into a different geodetic and projection coordinate system, then extracting the watermark images and tallying the number of watermarks that can be read from each set of data. During the experiments, the experimental data are transformed into the WGS1972 and WGS1984 geodetic coordinate systems, as well as the WGS1972 UTM Zone49 projection coordinate system. Additionally, the experimental data are modified from the original 49 th sub-band to the 50 th sub-band to test the robustness of the projection attack under malicious attack. In Table 4 below, we can see that under different transformations, highly discriminative watermark images can be extracted in all three sets of experimental data. For example, when shifting to the geodetic coordinate system of WGS1984 and two different transformations of the projection coordinate system, we can extract a complete watermark image with an NC value of 1. Although the recoverable watermark images are on the small side after transformation to the WGS1972 geodetic coordinate system, the NC values are maintained at or above 0.97 in every case. Together, the coordinate system transformation robustness of the watermarking algorithm proposed is very high.
# A Novel Dual-Permanent-Magnet Mechanical Antenna for Pipeline Robot Localization and Communication
## 2 Theoretical Analysis of the Novel Mechanical Antenna
### Theoretical Fundamentals
Here the modulation depth \(T_{m}\) is defined as in Equation (6). According to Equation (5), \(T_{m}=1-\cos(\alpha_{1}/2)\). \(T_{m}\) can reach the value of 1 when \(\alpha=180^{\circ}\). The larger the \(\alpha_{1}\), the larger
## 1 Introduction
As a non-thermal extraction technique, it better preserves the functionality of bioactive compounds; however, process variables, such as frequency, power, duty cycle, temperature, time, type of solvent, and liquid-solid ratio, must be individually selected for each raw material [17]. The advantage of ultrasonic treatment is also the inactivation of microorganisms and enzymes, which extends the shelf life of the obtained products [18]. Most of the work on cannabis is devoted to ultrasound-assisted continuous extraction, which, as noted, enables the extraction of bioactive ingredients in a very short time, at a low temperature, and with lower energy and solvent requirements. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [19], as well as [PERSON] et al. [20], conducted continuous ultrasound-assisted extractions (for 10 min) in order to obtain cannabinoids and flavonoids from cannabis. [PERSON] et al. [8] performed an ultrasonically assisted extraction (for 10 min) on spontaneous _C. sativa_, demonstrating the presence of several flavonoid derivatives. The total flavonoid amounts in the leaves and the male and female inflorescences were 3.84, 6.09, and 7.79 mg\(\cdot\)g\({}^{-1}\), respectively. Currently, the pulsed ultrasound field method is used more and more often in order to support the process of extraction of bioactive compounds [21]. The advantages of this solution are comparable or higher extraction yields, slower temperature increases during the extraction process, and significantly lower energy consumption [22,23]. Thus far, no research has been conducted on the effect of pulsed ultrasound-assisted extraction with respect to obtaining bioactive substances from cannabis inflorescences. The aim of this study was to determine the optimal conditions for the ultrasound-assisted extraction of bioactive compounds from _Cannabis sativa_ L. with the help of the Box-Behnken experimental design.
# Low-Light Image Enhancement Method Based on Retinex Theory by Improving Illumination Map
## 4 Experiments and Results  
In this section, we verified the performance of the proposed method. All experiments were conducted using Matlab R2018a on a PC with a 3.60 GHz Intel Pentium Dual Core Processor and 16.0 G RAM.  
We performed qualitative and quantitative comparisons with the state-of-the-art algorithms. They included BIMEF [45], MF [27], LIME [48], SR [46], Ret-Net, FFM [28], LECARM [49], and SDD [47]. Several datasets such as MF [27], Fusion [29], LOL dataset [33], LIME [48], NPE [52], DICM [53], Synthetic dataset [33; 54], and SRIE [55].  
For evaluating the proposed method's performance, five no reference image quality assessment (NIQA) metrics, including the natural image quality evaluator (NIQE) [56], the blind/reference-less image spatial quality evaluator (BRISQUE) [57], the colorfulness-based patch-based contrast quality index (CPCQI) [58], the integrated local NIQE (IL-NIQE) [59], and the no-reference free energy-based robust metric for contrast distortion (NIQMC) [60], and one full reference IQA metric, that is, the patch-based contrast quality index (PCQI) [61], were used for quantitative evaluation.
# Investigation of Phishing Susceptibility with Explainable Artificial Intelligence
## 2 Related Literature
### Factors Related to Phishing Susceptibility  
Demographic, psychosocial, and experiential factors stand out as the three most crucial factors linked to phishing susceptibility [11]. Accordingly, we will review the current literature focusing on these factors to better understand their associations with susceptibility to phishing attacks.  
Prior studies yield inconsistent findings regarding the correlation between demographic factors, such as gender and age, and phishing susceptibility. Some studies assert that women exhibit higher susceptibility to phishing emails [6; 12; 13; 14], while others report no significant gender differences or even suggest that males may be more susceptible in specific scenarios [2; 5; 15]. Similarly, inconsistencies in age-related findings were observed, with most studies indicating that younger individuals (ages 18 to 25) are more prone to clicking on phishing emails compared to older age groups [13; 16; 17]. However, conflicting findings also exist, including studies suggesting that the highest age group (over 59) is most susceptible [2] or reporting no significant age differences in phishing susceptibility among university students and faculty [15; 18].  
Psychosocial factors encompass psychological aspects, such as personality traits or interpersonal behaviors, that may impact an individual's vulnerability to phishing attacks [19]. Within the framework of the Big Five personality traits [20], [PERSON] et al. [6] and [PERSON] et al. [21] observed that individuals with higher levels of Openness were more susceptible to social engineering. [PERSON] [22] identified a positive association between phishing susceptibility and Agreeableness, with higher levels of normative commitment, trust, and obedience to authority linked to a greater likelihood of falling for social engineering attacks. [PERSON] et al. [6], in their study on Facebook privacy settings and phishing susceptibility, found a positive correlation between Neuroticism and susceptibility to phishing emails. For a more in-depth review of human factors related to phishing susceptibility, interested readers are referred to two recent comprehensive surveys by [PERSON] et al. [23] and [PERSON] et al. [24], along with the references therein.
# Optimized Clustering Algorithms for Large Wireless Sensor Networks: A Review
## 3 Optimized Hierarchical Based Routing Protocols
### Swarm Intelligence
#### 3.5.1 Particle Swarm Intelligence
During the set-up phase, each node updates its neighbor table with the RSSI value and sends it to add to ID and residual energy until the BS using theflooding method. The BS finds the average energy level of all nodes and only nodes with an energy level above the average are eligible to be a CCH. After, the BS runs the PSO algorithm to find the best k-CHs where a particle is represented as a sequence of candidate CHs ID's. For the formation of the cluster, the BS constructs the first clusters tier by assigning each non-CH node to a CH according to the RSSI value for the link between them. However, during the steady phase, each member node uses its Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) schedule like on LEACH to transmit its data to the next hop. When a simple node finishes its data transmission slot, it enters the sleep state to save its energy. PSO-HC is compared to clustering algorithms LEACH, LEACH-C, and PSO-C. The obtained results show that the average energy consumption per node of PSO-HC is less than the other algorithms. The results also reveal that the link quality when using PSO-HC is better than the other because it has the highest throughput among all.