## 3 Research Method
### Document Analysis Process  
The empirical data collected for the case studies was examined using document analysis. Document analysis is often used in case studies and focuses on the information and data from formal documents and company records [63; 64]. The documents collected for the study were examined according to four criteria: authenticity, credibility, representativeness, and meaning [65; 66]. Prior to conducting the formal analysis of the documents gathered in the study, the context in which the documents were created was determined and the authenticity of the documents was assessed. Authenticity involves an assessment of the collected documents for their soundness and authorship. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [67] (p. 188) note that'soundness refers to whether the document is complete and whether it is an original and sound copy. Authorship relates to such issues as collective or institutional authorship. As previously noted, in this study the source of the case study documents was from the AeroLogic, Lufthansa Cargo AG websites, DHL and Lufthansa annual reports and press releases, and case study-related articles from the leading air transport and air cargo industry-related \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Publication** & **Time Period** & **Database** \\ \hline Air Cargo World & 2001–2017 & EBSCO Host \\ Air Transport World & 1991–2017 & Proquest ABI/INFORM \\ Airline Business & 2002–2017 & Proquest ABI/INFORM \\ Flight International & 2004–2017 & Proquest ABI/INFORM \\ Journal of Commerce & 1996–2017 & Proquest ABI/INFORM \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Publication, time-period, and database source used in the study. publications. These publications included _Air Cargo World_, _Air Transport World_, _Airline Business_, _Flight International_, _Journal of Commerce_, and _Payload Asia_. The documents were available in the public domain. Authenticity also addresses whether their production is original, are not of questionable origin, and that they have not been subsequently altered. If a document has been found to be transformed, through textual editing, marginalia, or any other means, then the researcher is required to clearly identify those alterations. Once it has been determined by the researcher that the document is \"genuine and of unquestionable origin,\" then the material can be considered \"valid\" as an artefact [68]. The documents gathered for the present study were all found to be genuine and there was no evidence of any changes being made to documents that were collected. Whilst any form of qualitative data may be original and genuine, that is, authentic, it is possible that the content may still be distorted in some manner. Thus, a second criterion in appraising materials is determining their credibility and identifying whether the document's information is both honest and accurate [68]. Hence, credibility refers to the extent to which a document is sincere and not distorted and is free from error and evasion. In assessing this criterion, it is necessary for the researcher to determine whether the document can be regarded as a credible, worthwhile piece of evidence and, also in some instances, whether it is accurate [69]. The documents gathered for the present study were all found to be free of error. The accuracy of all the documents were checked to ensure that they were credible pieces of evidence. A third criterion, representativeness, refers to the \"general problem of assessing the typicality or otherwise of the evidence\" [69] (p. 7) collected for the study. A document's representativeness may become distorted over time. This is because with the passing of time the survival rate of certain materials becomes greater as the items may have been viewed as less valuable. Accordingly, the document(s) may have been stored away, rarely viewed following their point of origination and, hence, preserved. Furthermore, some important documents do not survive because their great significance caused them to become well used and worn.