## 3 Results and Discussion
### Enzyme Inhibitory Effects  
The use of enzyme inhibitors has valuable implications in disease management and treatment, and, accordingly, comprehensive studies have and are still being conducted  
Figure 1: Correlation heat map between chemical components and biological activities of the tested extracts (\(p<0.05\)). in the search of novel enzyme inhibitors to improve therapies given to patients and as a result, remain an important research area in biomedicine. Here, four key enzymes (acetyl/butyryl-cholinesteraseerase, tyrosinase, and amylase) were considered to assess the efficacy of the extracts as enzyme inhibitors. The enzyme acetylcholinesterase-cholinesteraseerase terminates neurotransmission at the cholinergic synapses by rapidly causing the hydrolysis of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine; inhibitors of this enzyme are employed in the treatment of several neurological disorders and are the main drugs permitted so far by the FDA for managing Alzheimer's disease (AD) [38]. Another enzyme, butyrylcholinesteraseerase, is also believed to play a minor part in the regulation of brain acetylcholine levels. Hence, both enzymes are important therapeutic targets for amending the cholinergic deficit responsible for the deteriorations in cognitive, behavioral, and overall functioning typical of AD [39]. In this context, naturally-occurring cholinesterase inhibitors, particularly botanicals, have received considerable attention due to their efficacy in AD therapy [40; 41]. In the present study, except for water and infusion extracts which did not possess anti-AChE activity, all the other extracts showed AChE inhibitory activity in the range from 0.96-2.73 mg GALAE/g. On the other hand, all the extracts exhibited anti-BChE activity (1.86-5.11 mg GALAE/g). Interestingly, the n-hexane extract was found to display the highest activity against both cholinesterase enzymes (Table 4). The downregulation of tyrosinase, a key enzyme that catalyzes a rate-limiting step in melanin synthesis, is the most appropriate strategy for developing inhibitors of melanogenesis. A number of tyrosinase inhibitors have been developed in recent years [42]. However, because of their poor safety profiles, side effects, or low effectiveness, only a minority of them are still in use. Hence, there is a pressing need to find and develop more effective and safer tyrosinase inhibitors [43]. Above all, tyrosinase inhibitors from natural sources have received significant consideration for their latent use as hypopigmenting agents [44]. All the extracts were found to act as inhibitors of tyrosinase (inhibitory activity: 40.24-59.22 mg KAE/g). The methanolic extract demonstrated the highest tyrosinase inhibition (59.22 mg KAE/g), while the water and infusion extracts showed relatively lower anti-tyrosine activity compared to the other extracts (Table 4). Key indicators of anti-melanogenesis include antioxidant and tyrosinase inhibitory activities. Antioxidant activity and direct inhibitory effects on tyrosinase activity or the regulation of tyrosinase expression are two ways that many skin-whitening agents exhibit anti-melanogenic effects [45]. Thus, the antioxidant activities of the extracts could have contributed to some extent to their anti-tyrosine effects. Herein, the inhibition of amylase was demonstrated by all extracts (0.09-0.63 mmol ACAE/g), however, the least activity was observed by the water and infusion extracts, while the less polar extracts showed higher anti-amylase potential (Table 4). This was unlike other studies that stated high polarity extracts, such as methanol and aqueous-methanol extracts, to display higher potency than the non-polar and low polarity extracts