# Chronological Evaluation of Gait Ability and Posture Balance after Adult Spinal Deformity Surgery
## 3 Results
### Gait Ability and Spinal Balance Test  
Chronological results of gait ability and spinal balance tests before and after adult spinal deformity surgery are indicated in Figures 4-7. Preoperative all gait ability and spinal balance were worse than normal threshold [16; 17; 18] (one-leg standing time; 14.2 s vs. 15 s, time-up and go test TUG; 13.9 s vs. 13.5 s, 10 m walking speed; 0.91 m/s vs. 1.00 m/s; preoperative data vs. normal threshold). At one month after surgery, dynamic spinal balance (TUG) became worse (16.3 \(\pm\) 7.7 s) but was not statistically significant. Static spinal balance (one-leg standing) and gait ability (10-m walk test) at one month became significantly worse at 7.6 \(\pm\) 9.6 s and 0.78 \(\pm\) 0.24 m/s, respectively. At 12 months after surgery, spinal dynamic balance and gait ability were improved (TUG; 11.0 s vs. 13.9 s, 10-m walk speed; 1.09 m/s vs. 0.91 m/s; 12 months vs. preoperative). However, the static spinal balance was at the same level as preoperative status (single-leg stand test: 14.7 s vs. 14.2 s; 12 months vs. preoperative). Postoperatively, five patients had a fall. The TUGs of those patients were all abnormal values. This section may be divided into subheadings. It should provide a concise and precise description of the experimental results, their interpretation, as well as the experimental conclusions that can be drawn.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline  & **SVA RR** & **PI-LL RR** & **LL RR** & **PT RR** \\ \hline
10-m walk velocity & \(-\)0.1323 & 0.3444 & 0.2737 & \(-\)0.0564 \\ \hline Timed up and go test & \(-\)0.0752 & 0.3714 & 0.1729 & \(-\)0.0113 \\ \hline Single leg standing (right side) & \(-\)0.1077 & \(-\)0.1502 & 0.2018 & 0.0843 \\ \hline Single leg standing (left side) & \(-\)0.1366 & \(-\)0.0197 & 0.1199 & \(-\)0.0425 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}  
* SVA: sagittal vertical axis, LL: lumbar lordosis, PT: pelvic tilt, PI: pelvic incidence, RR: recovery rate.  
\end{table}
Table 4: Correlation between spinopelvic parameters and gait ability and spinal balance.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Patient** & **25** \\ \hline Hospital stay (day) & \(32\pm 11.3\) \\ \hline Home/Rehabilitation center & 21/4 \\ \hline Posterior open/MS & 16/9 \\ \hline UIV & T6:1 T9:3 T10:21 \\ \hline MIS; minimally invasive surgery, UIV; upper instrumented vertebra. \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Clinical results.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline  & **Preoperation** & **Postoperation** & \(\boldsymbol{p}\)**Value** \\ \hline Cobb (degree) & 26.3 \(\pm\) 19.1 & 12.3 \(\pm\) 9.9 & \(p\) \(<\) 0.01 \\ \hline SVA (mm) & 100.5 \(\pm\) 45.1 & 30.0 \(\pm\) 24.2 & \(p\) \(<\) 0.01 \\ \hline LL (degree) & 8.8 \(\pm\) 18.4 & 50.1 \(\pm\) 9.3 & \(p\) \(<\) 0.01 \\ \hline PT (degree) & 35.5 \(\pm\) 9.3 & 14.1 \(\pm\) 8.8 & \(p\) \(<\) 0.01 \\ \hline PI (degree) & 49.9 \(\pm\) 10.2 & 50.1 \(\pm\) 10.4 & \(p\) \(<\) 0.01 \\ \hline PI-LL (degree) & 41.1 \(\pm\) 19.6 & 0.35 \(\pm\) 11.1 & \(p\) \(<\) 0.01 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}  
* SVA: sagittal vertical axis, LL: lumbar lordosis, PT: pelvic tilt, PI: pelvic incidence.  
\end{table}
Table 3: Preoperative and postoperative spine and pelvic parameters.  
Figure 4: A 10-m walk velocity.  
Figure 5: Timed up and go test.  
Figure 6: Single leg standing (right side).  
Figure 7: Single leg standing (left side).