## 3 Results
### Effects of X-ray Irradiation on DNA Damage and Repair  
DNA damage was evaluated in _P. operculella_ adults after 5 h of X-ray irradiation using a DNA comet assay. Comet images for cells obtained from _P. operculella_ adults are presented in Figure 2. Untreated cells showed a round shape with a very small tail in comet images, indicating little or no DNA damage; on the other hand, the comet tail lengths of X-ray-irradiated cells increased a dose-dependent manner. At doses of 100 Gy and above, most of the comet tails were long, but comets without a long tail were also frequently observed (Figure 2A). The results of calculations based on the observations are portrayed in graphs (Figure 2B). The increase in the tail moment observed in the comet assay indicated that DNA damage increased as the X-ray dose increased. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline
**Dose** & **n** & **Emergence** & **Adult Longevity** & **Adult Longevity** & **No. Eggs** & **Hatchability** \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**(Gy)**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**n**} & **(\(\%\), day)** & **(\(\Diamond\), day)** & **(\(\Diamond\), day)** & **(\(\Diamond\)/total)** & **(\%)(\(F_{1}\))** \\  & & **(Mean\(\pm\) SD)** & **(Mean\(\pm\) SD)** & **(Mean\(\pm\) SD)** & **(Mean\(\pm\) SD)** \\ \hline
200 & 30 & 0.0 \(\pm\) 0.0c \({}^{1}\) & - \({}^{2}\) & - & - & - \\
150 & 30 & 15.6 \(\pm\) 12.6c & 2.5 \(\pm\) 0.2c & 2.4 \(\pm\) 0.5c & 5.2 \(\pm\) 1.0b & 0.0 \(\pm\) 0.0c \\
100 & 30 & 42.2 \(\pm\) 16.8b & 6.5 \(\pm\) 0.3b & 7.1 \(\pm\) 0.1b & 9.2 \(\pm\) 1.3b & 4.5 \(\pm\) 3.8c \\
50 & 30 & 67.8 \(\pm\) 5.1b & 7.7 \(\pm\) 0.5b & 9.1 \(\pm\) 0.6a & 19.2 \(\pm\) 1.5b & 35.5 \(\pm\) 4.8b \\
0 & 30 & 98.9 \(\pm\) 1.9a & 9.9 \(\pm\) 0.3a & 9.4 \(\pm\) 0.3a & 62.3 \(\pm\) 4.6a & 99.3 \(\pm\) 0.5a \\ ED\({}_{50}\) & & 73.1 & - & - & - & 41.0 \\ (Gy) & & (62.6–82.3) & - & - & - & (32.8-44.5) \\ ED\({}_{99}\) & & 200.2 & - & - & - & 145.0 \\ (Gy) & & (179.1–231.4) & - & - & - & (129.0–167.6) \\ \hline \end{tabular} \({}^{1}\) Different letters indicate statistically significant differences among doses \({}^{2}\) Not determined.  
\end{table} 
Table 4: Effect of X-ray irradiation on emergence, adult longevity, fecundity, and hatchability in _P. operculella_ pupae. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline
**Dose** & **n** & **Adult Longevity** & **Adult Longevity** & **No. Eggs** & **Hatchability** \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**(Gy)**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**(\(\Diamond\), day)**} & **(\(\Diamond\), day)** & **(\(\Diamond\), day)** & **(\(\Diamond\)/total)** & **(\%)(Mean\(\pm\)SD)** \\  & & **(Mean\(\pm\) SD)** & **(Mean\(\pm\) SD)** & **(Mean\(\pm\) SD)** & **(Mean\(\pm\) SD)** \\ \hline
200 & 30 & 9.9 \(\pm\) 0.4a \({}^{1}\) & 9.8 \(\pm\) 0.2a & 5.3 \(\pm\) 0.5d & 0.0 \(\pm\) 0.0c \\
150 & 30 & 10.0 \(\pm\) 0.5a & 9.8 \(\pm\) 0.4a & 9.4 \(\pm\) 5.0d & 0.0 \(\pm\) 0.0c \\
100 & 30 & 9.9 \(\pm\) 0.4a & 9.5 \(\pm\) 0.2a & 21.0 \(\pm\) 2.3c & 16.9 \(\pm\) 7.4b \\
50 & 30 & 10.3 \(\pm\) 0.1a & 10.2 \(\pm\) 0.4a & 34.7 \(\pm\) 2.4b & 20.5 \(\pm\) 1.6b \\
0 & 30 & 10.0 \(\pm\) 0.1a & 9.6 \(\pm\) 0.2a & 57.5 \(\pm\) 6.3a & 98.8 \(\pm\) 1.1a \\ ED\({}_{50}\) & & - \({}^{2}\) & - & - & 32.9 (26.0–39.5) \\ ED\({}_{99}\) & & - & - & - & 177.7 (139.8–247.8) \\ (Gy) & & - & - & - & 177.7 (139.8–247.8) \\ \hline \end{tabular} \({}^{1}\) Different letters indicate statistically significant differences among doses \({}^{2}\) Not determined.  
\end{table} 
Table 5: Effect of X-ray irradiation on adult longevity, fecundity, and hatchability in _P. operculella_ adults. Thereafter, to conduct a time-series analysis of the repair of DNA damage induced by X-ray irradiation, a comet assay was carried out using _P. opercucella_ adults. Cells from _P. opercucella_ adults were sampled 5, 24, 72, 144, and 212 h after X-ray irradiation (0, 50, 100, and 150 Gy) and analyzed under alkaline conditions using the Comet Assay Kit.