# GIS-Based Environmental Monitoring and Analysis
## 2 An Overview of Published Articles
The findings present a composite index of relative tectonic activity (Rta), classifying the study area into three categories: low, moderate, and high tectonic activity. Studies on active tectonics in this part of the eastern Red Sea coast of Saudi Arabia remain limited, making this an ideal location for evaluating and modeling relative tectonic activity through large-scale basin analysis. The research confirms that regions with relatively high tectonic activity align with elevated Rta index values, supporting the hypothesis that tectonic activity levels can be effectively inferred from these geomorphic indicators. The next paper [19] explores the necessity of restoring riverbanks and stream edges as a natural method for mitigating future flood risks. The study examines how spatial resolution influences the mapping of suitable areas for nature-based solutions (NBS) across Europe. To support decision-making, an NBS toolkit was created to pinpoint locations with high potential for these solutions. This tool operates based on suitability mapping, which is increasingly used as a preliminary assessment method for NBS site selection. The toolkit utilizes publicly available European datasets at various spatial resolutions. In this research, a GIS-based approach was employed to assess how different resolutions affect the accuracy of suitability maps. Findings indicate that for large-scale interventions like riparian forest buffers, coarser-resolution datasets are adequate, offering advantages in computational efficiency. On the other hand, high-resolution data proves more beneficial for urban-scale assessments and smaller, localized nature-based solutions [20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26]. Another study focuses on the application of airborne laser scanning (ALS) technology and advanced analytical methods to detect trees at risk of falling onto highways [27, 28]. The paper presents the use of ALS point cloud data in combination with wind speed and direction measurements in Poland to evaluate potential hazards [29, 30]. Two techniques, PyCrown and OPALS, were implemented to determine tree crown heights [31, 32]. Subsequently, the influence of wind direction on tree-related risks was analyzed, leading to the identification of trees with the potential to fall onto roadways. Among the methods tested, OPALS demonstrated the highest accuracy in detecting hazardous trees. The findings underscore the effectiveness of integrating ALS technology with advanced algorithms and meteorological data to enhance the identification of potential roadside hazards. Modern technological advancements provide valuable opportunities for studying urban forestry [33, 34, 35, 36, 37]. A growing trend in urban analysis is the implementation of the 3-30-300 model for green cities, which was examined in a case study conducted in Warsaw, Poland [38]. This concept, introduced by [PERSON] [39, 40], defines essential criteria for a \"green city\", suggesting that every residence should have a view of at least three trees, 30% of the city should be covered in vegetation, and the nearest park or forest should be within 300 m. The research aimed to evaluate whether Warsaw aligns with these standards and can be classified as a green city. The results indicate that while Warsaw exhibits a relatively high level of greenery, certain areas still fall short of meeting all three criteria. This issue also presents a study on urban expansion modeling using remote sensing techniques. The research [41] integrates the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) with Geographic Information System (GIS) methods to identify suitable zones for urban development [42, 43, 44, 45, 46] across six districts of the Mersin Metropolitan Area in Turkey. The primary goal is to generate a land suitability map that can guide strategic urban planning decisions. The study leverages freely available Landsat satellite imagery and employs the Random Forest (RF) algorithm to analyze land use and land cover (LULC) changes over a 15-year period.