# Medium-Energy Synthesis Gases from Waste as an Energy Source for an Internal Combustion Engine
## 2 Waste Management in Slovakia  
The Environmental review of Slovak Republic states that total municipal waste produced in Slovakia in 2018 reached a value of 2,325,178 t or 427 kg per capita. Landfilling is still a major issue, as 53.8% of the municipal waste is landfilled in the Slovak Republic [36]. Recycling accounted only for 38.1% of the total municipal waste management. According to the Environstrategy 2030, recycling of municipal waste in Slovakia should reach 60% by the year 2030 and the amount of landfilling should not exceed 25% of the total waste management by the year 2035 [37].  
According to the Institute of Circular Economy, municipal waste in the Slovak Republic consists predominantly of bio-degradable waste which makes up 45% [38]. Out of common recyclable waste, paper makes up 14% and plastic 11% of the total municipal waste. The textile, metals, drinking cartons, and mixed waste share 4% of the total waste mass. The mixed waste, which is an ideal candidate for gasification, accounts only for 4% of the total mass of municipal waste. Currently, there are two WtE plants in Slovakia, located in capital city Bratislava and second largest city of Kosice. The landfill amount in Bratislava reaches 9% of the total waste produced and only 1% in Kosice. The negative effect of incineration of the waste in these cities is mainly due to the low recycling rate. The recycling rate in Bratislava is only 33%. The recycling and collection of biodegradable waste in Kosice is 36%. The landfilling situation is the worst in regional cities of Trencin and Presov. Landfilling in both regional cities accounts for 60% of the total waste management. The waste management disparity of various cities in Slovakia can be found in Table 1[39].  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**City** & **MSW Quantity [tons]** & **Landfilling** & **Recycling** & **WtE** & **Other** \\ \hline Bratislava & 213,047.580 & 9\% & 33\% & 56\% & 2\% \\ Kosice & 97,403.323 & 1\% & 36\% & 63\% & 0\% \\ Presov & 41,586.348 & 60\% & 40\% & 0\% & 0\% \\ Zilina & 46,497.679 & 53\% & 43\% & 0\% & 4\% \\ Nitra & 47,382.150 & 57\% & 43\% & 0\% & 0\% \\ B. Bystricica & 45.070 & 46\% & 54\% & 0\% & 0\% \\ Trnava & 39,717.635 & 44\% & 56\% & 0\% & 0\% \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Waste management in regional cities of the Slovak Republic.  
In the case of the EU-28, 489 kg per capita of municipal waste was produced per citizen per year. However, this value is the average, with the highest waste production recorded in Denmark at 766 kg per capita. By contrast, Romania achieved production at only 272 kg per capita. Nevertheless, such statistics are somewhat inaccurate, as it is not possible to include inadequacy in the law, different or inaccurate reporting of results, as well as illegal waste disposal in the environment. Recycling in the EU-28 is reported to be 47%. As mentioned above, landfilling, which is considered to be the worst waste management activity, reached a level of 23% [40]. In the case of waste incineration, it is necessary to discriminate between the operations D10 and R1, with only R1 being taken as operation WtE. In the case of D10 incineration, i.e., incineration without energy recovery, 4 kg per capita or 2,020,000 tons/y were burned in the EU-28. This value represents 0.81%, and 136 kg per capita or 68,680,000 tons per year were used for energy recovery, which means loading into landfills at the level of 27.8%. However, it should be noted that these data are only estimated on the basis of EUROSTAT analyses [41]. According to a 2015 study, 248 WtE plants could be built in the EU, thus increasing the energy production capacity from 406 to 666 PJ [42].