## 2 Advanced Instruments in Remote Sensing of EBC
### Hyperspectral  
Hyperspectral data have the ability to collect ample spectral information across a continuous spectrum generally with 100 or more contiguous spectral bands. It is different from multispectral sensors which detect relatively few discrete bands [17]. Hundreds of spectral bands with 10-20 nm spectral bandwidths offer new possibilities to detect subtle differences between objects of interest. The best example is to discriminate fine-scale, species-specific land cover [3], such as vegetation categories or soil types [11], which make remarkable contribution to the study regarding biodiversity patterns. Moreover, [PERSON] and [PERSON] summarized that hyperspectral data have been successfully applied in recording information regarding critical plant properties (e.g., leaf pigment, water content and chemical composition), discriminating tree species in landscapes, and fairly accurate identification between different species [17]. What is more, spectral signatures acquired from atmosphere-corrected hyperspectral data can be directly compared to the existing spectral library (e.g., the Jet Propulsion Laboratory Spectral Library) in order to rapidly identify ground information useful in land-cover classification, characterization and change detection [3]. Similar to the situation with high spatial resolution imagery, the hyperspectral imagery encountered the same underutilization, and a high cost which may put it out of research for many ecologists [14], especially those in developing countries who eagerly need the data [17]. [PERSON] listed the existing hyperspectral sensors acquiring imagery from space, including the Hyperion sensor on NASA's EO-1 (National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Earth Observing-1), the CHRIS (Compact High Resolution Imaging Spectrometer) sensor on the European Space Agency's PROBA (Project for On-Board Autonomy) satellite, and the FTISI (Fourier Transform Hyperspectral Imager) sensor on the U.S. Air Force Research Lab's MightySat II satellite [23]. Of these sensors, the first-civilian and most commonly used data are derived from the Hyperion, which is operated by the EROS (Earth Resources Observation and Science) at a relatively low cost to the general public [23]. The EO-1, on which the Hyperion sensor is, was launched in November, 2000 as a one-year technology validation and demonstration in support of the LDCM (Landsat Data Continuity Mission; [24]). The Hyperion sensor, an upgrade from the LEWISHyperspectral Imaging Instrument (HSI), records visible light and other reflected electromagnetic energy in 220 spectral bands from 0.4 to 2.5 \(\upmu\)m at a 30 m resolution [25]. Table 1 lists the Hyperion characteristics. The recent applications of Hyperion hyperspectral imagery mainly include ecology and biodiversity in forest, grassland [27], agriculture [28], and vegetation [29], fragmented ecosystem and ecosystem succession, coastal environment [30], _etc._ For example, vegetation types and densities were classified in support of the wildfire management, that is, fire propagation simulation models and fire risk assessment were based on a Hyperion classification map with 93% accuracy [31]. [PERSON] _et al._ proposed hyperspectral imagery from EO-1 Hyperion is capable of mapping low-lying woody lianas, which are critical to tropical forest dynamics because of their strong influence on forest regeneration, disturbance ecology, and biodiversity [32]. [PERSON] _et al._ analyzed the capability of Hyperion data for discriminating land cover in a complex natural ecosystem according to the structure of the currently used European standard classification system (CORINE Land Cover 2000), and the results showed the potential of the imagery up to the 4 th level of the CORINE legend, even at the sub-pixel level, within a fragmented ecosystem [33].