# Leveraging Urban Water Distribution Systems with Smart Sensors for Sustainable Cities
## 3 Environment and Simulation Scenario  
EPANET [9], an open-source hydraulic modeling software, is widely used for designing and analyzing potable WDSs. It employs a node and link approach to represent the water distribution components. Our study used templates of selected areas from Google Maps and Google Earth to model networks. These templates preserve the original location and shape, providing realistic deployments. The map images were exported to the bitmap format required by EPANET. We selected three diverse urban areas in Spain for our simulations: Lugo, Moratalla, and Balerma. It was determined that including at least one scenario with fewer than 30 nodes would allow the exploration of the relationship between resource optimization and node numbers. In practice, we selected two scenarios with fewer than 30 nodes and one with more than 30 nodes. Despite the similar node counts in the two former scenarios, differences in height above sea level and population allow for diverse results without needing additional nodes for this research. The scenarios \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Work** & **Water Anal.** & **AI** & **Opt.** & **Tech.** & **Sust.** & **Arch.** \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. [10] & ✓ & & ✓ & ✓ & ✓ & \\ [PERSON] et al. [11] & & & & ✓ & ✓ & ✓ \\ [PERSON] et al. [12] & ✓ & & ✓ & ✓ & ✓ & ✓ \\ [PERSON] et al. [13] & & & ✓ & ✓ & ✓ & \\ [PERSON] et al. [14] & ✓ & & ✓ & ✓ & ✓ & \\ [PERSON] et al. [15] & & ✓ & ✓ & ✓ & ✓ & ✓ \\ [PERSON] et al. [16] & & & ✓ & ✓ & & ✓ \\ [PERSON] et al. [17] & ✓ & & ✓ & ✓ & & \\ [PERSON] et al. [18] & ✓ & & ✓ & ✓ & ✓ & ✓ \\ [PERSON] et al. [19] & & & ✓ & ✓ & ✓ & ✓ \\ [PERSON] et al. [20] & & & & ✓ & ✓ & ✓ \\ [PERSON] et al. [21] & & & ✓ & ✓ & & ✓ \\ [PERSON] et al. [22] & ✓ & ✓ & & ✓ & & ✓ \\ [PERSON] et al. [23] & ✓ & ✓ & & ✓ & ✓ & ✓ \\ [PERSON] et al. [24] & ✓ & ✓ & & ✓ & ✓ & ✓ \\ [PERSON] et al. [25] & ✓ & & & ✓ & & ✓ \\ [PERSON] et al. [26] & & ✓ & ✓ & ✓ & ✓ \\ [PERSON] et al. [27] & & & ✓ & ✓ & ✓ & ✓ \\ Our proposal & ✓ & ✓ & ✓ & ✓ & ✓ \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Comparison of Our Proposal with Related Works. are as follows. (1) Lugo is characterized by short, dry, hot summers and long, cold winters with heavy precipitation. Annual temperatures range from 2 \({}^{\circ}\)C to 27 \({}^{\circ}\)C, occasionally reaching \(-\)3 \({}^{\circ}\)C or 33 \({}^{\circ}\)C and, 1017 mm of precipitation annually (mean). Lugo is an urban city in northwest Spain with a population of 98,189 inhabitants, an altitude above sea level of 465 m, and the average water consumption per inhabitant is 130 L/day. These characteristics allow us to obtain the specific base demand for this area, which is 147.73 L/s. A margin of 15% of the base demand can also be considered, allowing it to fluctuate between 125.57 \(\leq\) 147.73 \(\leq\) 169.88 L/s. A total of 28 nodes, 2 reservoirs, 2 tanks, 31 pipelines, and 2 pumps are deployed for Lugo in EPANET. Figure 1 shows the location of each node. This distribution has been designed to cover the urban core and simulate values existing in the downtown area, which has the highest number of dwellings. Figure 2 displays in detail how each of the above elements is represented in the EPANET software, where nodes are highlighted in orange, reservoirs in turquoise, pumps in red, and finally, tanks in green. (2) Moratalla is an urban city in southeastern Spain with a population of 7753, an altitude of 681 m above sea level, and an average water consumption of 180 L/day per inhabitant, leading to a base demand of 16.15 L/s. It experiences warm, humid summers and long, cold, partly cloudy winters, remaining dry year-round. Temperatures range from 4 \({}^{\circ}\)C to 33 \({}^{\circ}\)C, occasionally dropping below 0 \({}^{\circ}\)C or exceeding 36 \({}^{\circ}\)C, and 455 mm of precipitation annually (mean). This city's water network includes 27 nodes, a reservoir, 3 tanks, 30 pipes, and 3 pumps. The layout of these elements is shown in Figure 3a.