Debris Management in Turkey Provinces Affected by the 6 February 2023 Earthquakes: Challenges during Recovery and Potential Health and Environmental Risks  
[PERSON]  
1 Department of Dynamic Tectonic Applied Geology, Faculty of Geology and Geoenvironment,  
School of Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15784 Athens, Greece;  
[EMAIL_ADDRESS] (L.A.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (E.L.) Department of Microbiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens,  
11527 Athens, Greece; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (E.L.) Department of Microbiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens,  
11527 Athens, Greece; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (E.L.) Department of Geography and Climatology, Faculty of Geology and Geoenvironment, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15784 Athens, Greece; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (E.L.) European Academy of Sciences and Arts, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (E.L.) Earthquake Planning and Protection Organization, 15451 Athens, Greece (E.L.  
* White appliances, including refrigerators, cookers, washing machines, water heaters etc. * Electronic waste, such as computers, televisions, printers, sound and audio devices, telephones, etc. * Vehicles and vessels comprising cars, trucks, and boats together with fuels to generate motion (petrol, diesel, and batteries) and equipment for their maintenance (tires, plastic parts, etc.). * Hazardous household waste such as oils, pesticides, paints, cleaners, etc. * Industrial and toxic chemicals and heavy metal elements, including petroleum products. * Plant debris such as tree branches and trunks, bushes, etc. * Putrescible wastes comprising spoiled or rotting agricultural products. * Domestic and farm animal carcasses. * Soil, rocks, or other geomaterials from earthquake environmental effects such as liquefaction and landslides. The largest part of the debris due to an earthquake is generated by the collapse during the earthquake's ground motion and the urgent demolition of severely damaged and unstable structures during the emergency response and recovery [1,4]. The aforementioned debris can be further classified into three main categories based on their recyclability and their risk: (i) recyclable, (ii) non-recyclable, and (iii) hazardous materials [5,6]. The first category includes concrete, masonry, wood, metal, soil, and excavation materials, while the second one comprises household, organic, and other inert materials. One of the first and most significant actions during the emergency response and recovery phases is the management of the debris generated by the disaster. It constitutes one of the most important challenges to be managed by those involved in disaster management, as it poses significant hazards to both the environment and the public health and safety of the affected area. The hazards arising from the debris management are attributed to the occurrence of hazardous materials in collapse and demolition debris. Hazardous materials include putrescible wastes comprising rotting food, minerals in various forms comprising long and thin fibrous crystals of asbestos, leaching of chemical preservatives used for treated wood, fecal-contaminated material from damaged parts of the sewage system, industrial wastes, such as chemicals, heavy metal elements, etc., and household hazardous wastes including oils, pesticides, etc. [1,2,7,8]. When either a specific disaster debris management plan is not in place or the disaster is of such intensity and extent that the volume of debris exceeds the area's capacity for effective management, the main challenges in debris management are related to managing the large debris volume, ensuring that residents can return to the area affected by the disaster after the debris removal, separating hazardous from harmless materials and effectively and safely managing debris containing hazardous materials.