### Literature Review  
The challenges of fault detection in active distribution networks (ADNs) have increased significantly due to the growing integration of inverter-based distributed generation (IBDG) [9], especially from solar and wind sources. Conventional protections designed for systems with unidirectional power flows and synchronous generators are insufficient in this new operating context. It is estimated that approximately 70% of faults in distribution networks are single-phase ground faults, which are often difficult to detect using traditional protection devices due to their low current amplitudes [10]. Three key gaps have been identified in the literature: the absence of clear guidelines for protection in ADNs, the omission of Fault Ride Through (FRT) requirements, and the limited consideration of the dynamic response of inverters. Faced with this problem, modern techniques such as machine learning and wavelet transform have been explored, highlighting the need for adaptive protection schemes that adjust to the dynamic conditions of the networks. Finally, future trends that point to the development of faster, more accurate, and intelligent protection systems for evolving electrical grids are presented. On the other hand, protecting active distribution networks that integrate microgrids with distributed generation also faces significant limitations when applying traditional schemes [11]. Adaptive protection techniques have been proposed that improve both selectivity and response speed to faults. The results obtained through simulations on realistic grid models demonstrate that these methods allow for more effective protection in highly dynamic configurations. The study emphasizes the need for flexible protection algorithms and highlights the importance of coordination between microgrids and the central system. Validations were carried out in simulation environments using MATLAB/Simulink R2024a. Another study investigated the penetration limits of solar photovoltaic generation in low-voltage networks, emphasizing the voltage variations induced by such integration [12]. A methodology was developed to calculate the technical penetration limit considering load profiles, solar irradiance, and grid topology. The results show that photovoltaic plants' location and size significantly influence voltage stability. Based on these findings, safe operational limits were proposed to avoid swell events. The study, implemented through simulations in DIgSILENT PowerFactory, also suggests incorporating energy storage systems to mitigate adverse effects. This research represents a key contribution to planning smart grids with high penetration of renewable generation. Protection schemes in distribution power grids with high penetration of distributed generation from renewable sources have received increasing attention in the technical literature. In [13], the main challenges associated with these types of networks are identified, and current solutions are classified into three categories: artificial intelligence-based approaches, conventional techniques, and hybrid methods. The study results confirm that traditional protection schemes are unsuitable for environments with high renewable penetration due to the variability and unpredictability of these sources. Consequently, a modern, flexible protection architecture is proposed, capable of adapting to the dynamic conditions of the system. In addition, several international case studies are discussed and regulatory and interoperability considerations are addressed, concluding with key recommendations for future research and technological developments. In the context of microgrids, one of the most significant challenges is ensuring adequate protection in interconnected and islanded operation modes. The study presented in [14] analyzes various protection strategies and evaluates their performance under both operating conditions. It is demonstrated that adaptive schemes with active communication offer more excellent reliability and responsiveness to internal faults.