## 3 Results and Discussion
### Electromagnetic Characteristics
The simulated VSWR graph of design evaluations from conventional polygons to proposed geometry is shown in Figure 4. A low VSWR across the operating band indicates low mismatch losses, low reflected power, and effective impedance matching. The mathematical relation between mismatch loss (ML) and VSWR is shown in Equation (5). \[ML=-10\log\left[1-\left[\frac{VSWR-1}{VSWR+1}\right]^{2}\right] \tag{5}\]  
Figure 5: Simulated input impedance of designed antenna: real and imaginary part. The significant enhancements in operating bandwidth, impedance bandwidth, bandwidth ratio, fractional bandwidth, and VSWR for each antenna iteration are shown in Figure 4:0 The values are computed using Equations (6), (7), (8), and (9), respectively. Impedance bandwidth (IBW):  
Figure 4:1  
Bandwidth ratio (BR):  
Figure 4:2  
Fractional bandwidth (FBW):  
Figure 4:3  
where \(f_{l}\) is the low cut-off frequency, and \(f_{h}\) is the high cut-off frequency, and VSWR of iterations 1-6. BDR is an essential parameter in SWB antennas because it implies the antenna compactness and wider bandwidth. BDR denotes the proportion of bandwidth that an antenna can provide per unit electrical area. BDR is defined mathematically [5] as Equation (9). Figure 4:4  
where \(\lambda\) is the lowest cutoff frequency of operating spectrum. The input impedance (\(Z_{\text{in}}\)) characteristics of the proposed tapered-fed monopole element with a partial ground plane are shown in Figure 4:5 At resonant frequencies of 24.1 GHz, 67.1 GHz, 129.1 GHz, 249.1 GHz, and 28 GHz, the resistance (\(\text{R}_{\text{in}}\)) and reactance (\(\text{X}_{\text{in}}\)) values are 47.48 + j1.54 \(\Omega\), 55.45 - j6.93 \(\Omega\), 53.16 - j3.97 \(\Omega\), 50.96 - j0.65 \(\Omega\), and 47.39 - j2.85 \(\Omega\), respectively, and are listed in Figure 4:6 \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**S. No**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Design**} & **Operating** & **Impedance** & **Bandwidth** & **Fractional** & \multirow{2}{*}{**VSWR**} \\  & & **Bandwidth, GHz** & **Bandwidth, GHz** & **Ratio, BR** & **Bandwidth, FBW \%** & \\ \hline
1 & Iteration 1 & 3.49–33.18 & 29.69 & 9.507 & 161.93\% & 1.03 \\  & & 3.43–32.10 & 28.67 & 9.35 & 161.38\% & 1.06 \\  & & 34.32–77.05 & 42.73 & 2.24 & 76.73\% & 1.14 \\  & & 79.37–94.19 & 14.82 & 1.18 & 17.07\% & 1.08 \\
2 & Iteration 2 & 100.27–115.83 & 15.56 & 1.15 & 14.40\% & 1.44 \\  & & 116.65–177.75 & 61.1 & 1.52 & 41.50\% & 1.09 \\  & & 184.63–208.21 & 23.58 & 1.12 & 12.00\% & 1.09 \\  & & 212.68–231.20 & 18.52 & 1.08 & 8.34\% & 1.35 \\
3 & Iteration 3 & 3.54–33.69 & 30.15 & 9.51 & 161.96\% & 1.04 \\  & & 45.28–147.10 & 101.82 & 3.24 & 105.85\% & 1.06 \\
4 & Iteration 4 & 3.54–33.11 & 29.57 & 9.35 & 161.36\% & 1.02 \\  & & 37.17–120.58 & 83.41 & 3.24 & 105.75\% & 1.10 \\  & & 3.37–43.80 & 40.43 & 12.99 & 171.42\% & 1.04 \\  & & 47.15–58.82 & 11.67 & 1.24 & 22.08\% & 1.11 \\  & & 60.47–77.98 & 17.51 & 1.29 & 25.29\% & 1.07 \\
5 & Iteration 5 & 81.87–101.92 & 20.05 & 1.24 & 21.81\% & 1.23 \\  & & 103.88–113.03 & 9.15 & 1.08 & 8.43\% & 1.13 \\  & & 116.49–157.39 & 40.9 & 1.35 & 29.86\% & 1.13 \\  & & 171.96–307.24 & 135.28 & 1.78 & 56.46\% & 1.23 \\
6 & **Iteration 6** & **3.71–337.88** & **334.17** & **91.07** & **195.65\%** & **1.02** \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Electrical characteristics summary of designed antenna in various stages.