# A Literature Review on the Charging Behaviour of Private Electric Vehicles
## 3 Results
### Autonomy and Charging Anxiety  
The perception of SOC is closely linked to the evaluation of EV residual autonomy and varies from person to person based on their choice of charging. Accurate assessment of residual autonomy is associated with the concept of recharging anxiety [66] and risk attitude [11].  
Overall, the reviewed studies place emphasis on battery SOC, charging time, and prices. Battery SOC is considered to be among the most influential factors when modeling charging choices [28; 30; 38; 45; 84; 142; 143], although its distribution at the beginning of the charging period seems to depend on the type of charging infrastructure used: the higher the power, the lower the initial SOC [143]. From the data collected in pilot studies, surveys, or recharging data, we can see a tendency to recharge when the SOC is quite high, around 50%, even if the range is sufficient to complete subsequent trips [58; 76; 78], which means that users tend not to use the full capacity of a battery but connect their vehicle as soon as they have the opportunity. This tendency is particularly true for home or private charging, especially regarding overnight charging [101]. Morning charging near multi-family homes occurs with a lower initial SOC than charging near single-family homes [116], and public charging, especially fast forms, has the lowest initial SOC values [105; 116; 128]. Users tend to overestimate the importance of battery SOC in the charging decision, particularly forshort trips [47], and tend to charge their batteries at a high SOC [81; 92; 101; 104; 112; 116]. These findings may suggest that people tend to charge based on the availability of charging opportunities rather than necessity. Additionally, one may overestimate the need for charging by focusing on the state of charge (SOC) instead of the available range, especially for shorter trips and larger batteries.  
Risk attitude is another important element in charging behavior characterization: risk aversion leads to focusing mainly on the remaining range, while risk-tolerant users tend to balance the cost of recharging with the remaining battery autonomy [69]. The degree of recharging anxiety depends on many factors, such as infrastructure availability, travel plans, and understanding of a battery [58]. Technological knowledge, driving experience, and risk aversion play positive roles in alleviating this stress [62; 67; 68]. However, range stress also depends on other factors, such as the driver's gender and age. Two studies have produced conflicting results on the relationship between gender and risk perception. While one study conducted by [PERSON] et al. [62] found that women tend to exhibit more cautious behavior than men, it is difficult to establish a correlation between anxiety about autonomy and other socioeconomic variables. On the other hand, another study by [PERSON] [84] found no significant correlation between gender and perceived risk level, while highlighting a correlation with age.  
Distances between consecutive recharges tend to be shorter than the average daily distances, which suggests that EV drivers prefer to recharge whenever they have the opportunity, irrespective of the remaining range [81; 82]. Most private EV users charge their batteries almost completely, indicating a preference for maximizing the amount of electricity obtained from each charging event [101; 112].