# Handover Management in 5G Vehicular Networks
## 5 Simulation Setup and Results
### Study of a Simulation Snapslot
Furthermore, Table 4 includes the satisfaction grade, the SLA threshold, and the HO decision per vehicle connected to a network with specific QoS and SINR rates. In addition, the minimum acceptable \(Q_{SLA}\) and \(SINR_{SLA}\) values per SLA are considered in order for the \(S_{th,SLA}\) thresholds to be estimated. Consequently, if the satisfaction grade \(S_{u,i}\) drops below the corresponding \(S_{th,SLA}\) threshold, then the vehicle should perform an HO. Thus, according to the HO initiation results, Vehicle 6 will remain connected to its current PoA, while the rest of the vehicles will perform an HO to a new PoA. During the network selection, the weights of the corresponding criteria per service type and SLA are estimated using the IFANP method. In particular, the considered criteria are classified into three clusters. The first cluster is called \"Network QoS characteristics\" and contains criteria such as the throughput, the latency, the jitter, and the packet loss. Correspondingly, the second cluster is called \"network policy char \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Vehicle** & **Current PoA i** & \(\mathbf{Q_{u,i}}\) & \(\mathbf{SINR_{u,i}}\) (\(\mathbf{SINR_{u,i}^{dB}}\)) & \(\mathbf{S_{u,i}}\) & \(\mathbf{S_{th,SLA_{u}}}\) & **Handover Required** \\ \hline
1 & WiMAX Femtocell 13 & 0.778401 & 0.15 (\(-\)4.75 dB) & 0.090777 & 0.81843 & Yes \\
2 & LTE Macrocell 4 & 0.703974 & 0.07 (\(-\)7.55 dB) & 0.062243 & 0.81843 & Yes \\
3 & WiMAX Macrocell 5 & 0.781015 & 0.28 (\(-\)0.2 dB) & 0.16270 & 0.81843 & Yes \\
4 & WiMAX Macrocell 4 & 0.825158 & 0.18 (\(-\)3.7 dB) & 0.14235 & 0.81843 & Yes \\
5 & LTE Macrocell 5 & 0.630301 & 0.01 (\(-\)9.65 dB) & 0.024904 & 0.63642 & Yes \\
6 & LTE Macrocell 7 & 0.982691 & 0.82 (18.7 dB) & 0.97462 & 0.63642 & No \\
7 & WiMAX Macrocell 7 & 0.806098 & 0.04 (\(-\)8.6 dB) & 0.025393 & 0.63642 & Yes \\
8 & LTE Femtocell 16 & 0.686169 & 0.31 (0.85 dB) & 0.18159 & 0.45457 & Yes \\
9 & LTE Femtocell 44 & 0.72937 & 0.32 (1.2 dB) & 0.18158 & 0.45457 & Yes \\
10 & LTE Macrocell 3 & 0.868325 & 0.03 (\(-\)8.95 dB) & 0.025203 & 0.45457 & Yes \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: The results of the HO initiation process. Figure 14: HO initiation weights. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Vehicle** & **The PoAs That Provide Network Coverage in the Current Location** \\ \hline
8 & WAVE 8, LTE-A Pro FD-MIMO Macrocell 1, LTE Macrocell 3, LTE Macrocell 4, LTE Femtocell 16, LTE Femtocell 17, WiMAX Macrocell 1, WiMAX Macrocell 2, WiMAX Macrocell 5, WiMAX Femtocell 11 \\ \hline
9 & WAVE 18, LTE-A Pro FD-MIMO Macrocell 3, LTE Macrocell 5, LTE Macrocell 8, LTE Femtocell 44, WiMAX Macrocell 5, WiMAX Macrocell 6, WiMAX Macrocell 7 \\ \hline
10 & WAVE 5, LTE-A Pro FD-MIMO Macrocell 1, LTE Macrocell 3, LTE Femtocell 4, WiMAX Macrocell 1, WiMAX Macrocell 2, WiMAX Femtocell 3 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: _Cont._  
Furthermore, Table 2 presents the SLA of each one of the monitored vehicles, as well as the services that it uses, its position, its velocity, the disaster severity level in its location, and the remaining energy of its equipment. The appropriate network for each vehicle is selected using the DFT-ACW algorithm described in [41]. The algorithm receives as the input the specifications of the networks of the 10 vehicles outlined in Tables A5 and A6 (Appendix B). As follows, the network that each vehicle selects is given in Table 5. The  
Figure 19: The importance of the energy consumption factor. Figure 17: Network selection weights for SLA2. Figure 20: The final network selection weights for each vehicle. always best connected principle is ensured since the required satisfaction grade per vehicle based on its mobility pattern and services is maintained. In addition, the signaling transmission cost of the discussed methodology was compared with the one obtained from the FMIPv6 [51] and the eFPMIPv6 [52] schemes.