## 1 Introduction  
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is burgeoning as one of the critical medical emergencies that is estimated to claim 10 million people per year by 2050 [1] and thus it is feared that the AMR death toll will surpass the death toll caused by other dreadful diseases such as tuberculosis and cancer. This serious human health threat needs to be addressed with a coordinated global action plan. AMR in human pathogens is principally caused by the usage of irrelevant antibiotics with suboptimal dosages and inadequate/prolonged antibiotic usage. Pervasive practices such as self-medication and off-label prescription of antibiotics are also considered as additional causes for antibiotic resistance. The uncontrolled usage of antibiotics as feed additives in animal husbandry in developing and under-developed countries is yet another cause of AMR [2]. Therefore, maximum surveillance and the generation of adequate AMR data in high-probability sources such as hospital and municipal wastewater becomes necessary.  
Across the globe, there are various environments from which AMR pathogens/genes arise and become promulgated into the ecosystem. Of these, the most important sources include municipal waste, hospitals wastes, animal farming and pharmaceutical wastes (3; 4; 5; 6) (Figure 1). Municipal wastewaters (MWW) are one of the largest ecological niches with a very complex microbial composition due to their rich nutritional status. The constant release of antimicrobial compounds, heavy metals and other organic molecules into municipal waste facilitates the evolution of microbes with resistance against various antibiotics. This has led to municipal wastewaters becoming reservoirs of microbes with AMR through their corresponding AMR genes (ARGs) (7). Across the globe, many municipal wastewater systems have been studied for AMR microbes and their ARGs (8; 9; 10; 11; 12; 13; 14; 15; 16; 17).  
Apart from municipal waste, hospital wastewaters (HWW) are also a rich reservoir of AMR microbes and ARGs. It is presumed that the highly frequent and irrational usage of a wide variety of antibiotics in the hospital environments led to a release of microbial AMR and ARGs in hospital waste. Various studies were conducted to explore the patterns of antibiotic resistance in microbial populations and their corresponding genes in hospital wastewaters across the globe (18; 19; 20; 21; 22). Considering the high probability of dissemination of AMR microbes and ARGs from hospital and municipal wastewater systems to various environmental niches, it is vitally important to understand the complex antibiotic resistance profiles of municipal and hospital waste that pose a serious threat from the one health perspective. Figure 2 gives an overview of the various ARGs reported from MWW and HWW sources.  
The present review focuses on the status quo of antibiotic resistance of the highly probable contaminant sources like hospital and municipal wastewaters. The disinfecting methods to check the spread of AMR pathogens and their genes have also been compiled and presented.  
Figure 1: Dissemination of ARGs in the environment, specially the source–sink relationship between municipal wastewater and hospital wastewater and the surrounding environment.