## 8 Bromelain, Ficin, and Papain Peels By-Products-Based Cosmetic Applications
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Aspect/Feature *} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**Proteolytic Enzyme**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**References**} \\ \cline{2-2} \cline{4-5}  & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Bromelain**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Ficin**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Papain**} \\ \hline  & \(\bullet\) & All hydrolyze keratin via & & \(\bullet\) & All hydrolyze keratin via \\  & same peptide bond & & & \(\bullet\) & same peptide bond \\  & hydrolysis patterns & & & \(\bullet\) & hydrolysis patterns \\  & \(\bullet\) & High anti-inflammatory & & \(\bullet\) & Weaker but high \\  & \(\bullet\) & Activity & & \(\bullet\) & anti-inflammatory activity \\  & \(\bullet\) & High anti-inflamtory & & \(\bullet\) & The highest antioxidant \\  & \(\bullet\) & High antimicrobial action & & \(\bullet\) & High anti-inflammatory \\  & against \(\mathit{S. aureus}\) followed by & \(\bullet\) & activity & \(\bullet\) & Notable anti-biofilm \\  & \(\mathit{P. acne, S. epidermidis,}\) & & \(\bullet\) & High antioxidant activity & \\  & \(\mathit{C. idiopathic,}\) & \(\mathit{E. coli}\) & \(\bullet\) & High antioxidant activity & \\ Biochemical & \(\mathit{P. aeruginosa}\) displayed the & \(\bullet\) & Strong antimicrobial & \(\bullet\) & _S. epidermidis_, and _S. jejuni_ \\ Pathways and & \(\bullet\) & highest resistance & & \(\bullet\) & Vast anti-bacterial impact, \\ Properties & \(\bullet\) & Higher antimicrobial action, & & against \(\mathit{S. aureus,}\) & \\  & in contrast to known & & \(\mathit{S. epidermidis, S.\ sporonii,}\) & \(\mathit{S. epidermidis, S.\ sporonii,}\) \\  & commercial acne-related & & & \(\mathit{S. mutans}\) & \\  & products & & \(\bullet\) & High wound healing, & \\  & \(\bullet\) & High wound healing, & anti-swelling, and & \\  & anti-swelling, and & & anti-edema activity & \(\bullet\) & High wound healing, \\  & anti-edema activity & & \(\bullet\) & Notable skin anti-tumor \\  & Proper antithrombotic & & & \(\bullet\) & \\  & impact against skin & & & \(\bullet\) & Suppressive activity \\  & carcinoma and skin & & & \(\mathit{sagittal atopic skin}\) \\  & melanoma & & & inflammation in atopic \\  & & & & dermatitis (AD) \\ \hline  & & & & \\ \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: \(\mathit{Cont. }\)
Papain, derived from papaya latex, exhibits a strong preference for cleaving peptide bonds adjacent to lysine and arginine residues, making it effective in exfoliating the _stratum corneum_ and removing dead skin cells, which can improve skin texture and appearance. However, papain's potent keratinocyte activity and its ability to degrade tight junction proteins may lead to irritation and sensitization, especially regarding sensitive skin types [154]. Pineapple-derived bromelain possesses broader substrate specificity and targets peptide bonds predominantly located near lysine and tyrosine, with stem bromelain preferring arginine at both P1 and P2 positions, and fruit bromelain favoring hydrophobic residues at P2. Bromelain offers anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial benefits, making it useful for acen-prone skin, wound healing, and reducing post-procedure bruising [35; 46; 125; 126; 127]. Ficin, which is obtained from fig latex, targets basic residues at the P1 position, and hydrolyzes proteins like casein, gelatin, and collagen [68; 70; 85; 128]. Ficin displays both protease and peroxidase activity, and offers antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and whitening effects,