# Evolution Process of Toppling Deformations in Interbedded Anti-Inclined Rock Slopes  
[PERSON]  
1 School of Geological Engineering and Geomatics, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710054, China; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (Y.S. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (T.D. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (F.D. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (B.Z.) [PERSON]  
1 School of Geological Engineering and Geomatics, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710054, China; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (Y.S. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (T.D. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (F.D. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (B.Z.) [PERSON]  
1 School of Geological Engineering and Geomatics, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710054, China; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (T.D. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (F.D. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (B.Z.) [PERSON]  
3 Key Laboratory of Ecological Geology and Disaster Prevention, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xi'an 710054, China; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (Y.S.) China [10; 11; 12]. Therefore, it is of significant importance to investigate the mechanisms by which toppling deformation within the anti-inclined rock slopes can occur. Physical model tests have been used to investigate the mechanics of slope deformation. The kinetic process and detailed failure features can be directly observed during the tests. The slope failure mechanism can be comprehensively investigated through the analysis of multi-field monitoring data [13; 14]. Therefore, this method has become an effective tool in the slope research [15]. Based on different experimental principles, common model test methods include the tilt table, fix frame, centrifuge, and base friction. Both the tilt table and fix frame model tests are conducted under the effect of gravity. The tilt table model test simulates the failure process of slopes by increasing the tilt angle of the base plate of the model frame. For example, some scholars investigated the toppling in multiple individual rock columns with cross joints or rounded edges through tilt table model tests [16; 17; 18; 19]. On the other hand, the fixed frame model test is employed to simulate the instability process of large-scale slope models. [PERSON] et al. [20] conducted fix frame model tests to research the mechanisms controlling an anti-inclined rock slope in an open-pit mine during excavation. They found that the slope failure process contains four stages. The stages include the initial compression, crack generation, followed by crack propagation, and formation of the sliding surface stage. [PERSON] et al. [21] and [PERSON] et al. [22] analyzed the mechanisms of flexural toppling in layered rock slopes and proposed a related slope stability assessment method grounded in the theory of limit equilibrium. The tilt table and fix frame model tests aim to replicate the failure process of a scaled-down slope model under gravity by means of the similarity theory. However, due to the high requirements for the strength of similar materials and the inherent uncontrollability of the failure process, this method has not been widely adopted. Centrifuge model tests simulate the self-weight stress experienced by slope rock masses through centrifugal force. By adjusting the rotational speed of the centrifuge, it is possible to simulate various multiples of the gravitational field. Therefore, this test allows for the accurate recreation of the actual stress field experienced by slopes at a reduced scale [14]. [PERSON] et al. [23; 24; 25] used centrifuge model tests to investigate the failure patterns of anti-inclined slope models made of different materials. They pointed out that the slope is likely to cause instantaneous failure with a higher joint friction angle, while a lower friction angle may cause a progressive failure. [PERSON] et al. [26] studied the failure process of anti-inclined rock slopes with non-uniform joint spacing through centrifuge model tests. However, due to the high cost associated with centrifuge model tests, this method is challenging to be widely adopted. The base friction principle permits the replacement of gravity in the plane of a two-dimensional slope model by drag forces acting along its base.