# Usage of IoT Framework in Water Supply Management for Smart City in Nepal
###### Abstract  
An efficient water supply management system can be one of the applications of the Internet of Things (IoT). Water is a basic physiological need, and smart management of water plays a significant role in a smart city. This paper focuses on a mathematical model and IoT framework that aid in developing a smart city. A framework is developed for water supply management. The efficiency of the water supply can be measured by monitoring leakage conditions, overflow of water, automatic meter reading and online bill payments, and water consumption status of households, community, state, and eventually the whole country as well as the automatic water supply line cut-off. The system where the IoT is being deployed consists of embedded hardware in which sensors and microcontrollers provide messages and gain feedback from each other with the help of the internet, and this process can not only be monitored but also can be controlled from a remote location. The developed framework addresses all these aspects and mathematical equations are used and formulated while developing the IoT application. The mathematical equations are concentrated on consumption level (CL), leakage reporting (LR), and bill amount (BA) based on consumption. These become the point of contact for deploying IoT and eventually a framework is developed. This framework can be useful not only in water supply management but also in the management of road traffic, pollution, garbage, home automation and so on. In a nutshell, this paper illustrates the usage of the IoT framework in water supply management which contributes to developing the smart city. IoT; future internet; smart city; machine learning; WSN; embedded devices +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences  
acting and reacting whenever there is a change in the existing environment by the linkage of wide-ranging grids or networks where these objects are connected. The usage of IoT is exponentially growing. Recently, the use of IoT networks with many associated devices in them has grown dramatically, and this has resulted in increased expectations among different organizations to create and deliver value to the public [3]. The pervasiveness of the internet has caused significant changes in people's life. Likewise, the IoT can create a powerful impression on society in coming years. Therefore, the IoT is recognized as the future generation of the internet. IoT can not only save available resources and increase the effectiveness and efficiency of a system overall but can also generate benefit to both public and private sectors [4]. An IoT framework plays an important role in transforming society because its usage comforts and benefits citizens in different ways and improves their lifestyles. This paper is limited to using IoT in the water supply management sector. Water is a precious resource and without it, our lives cannot be imagined; therefore its management is very important. If leakage and overflow of the water can be controlled, there will be a dramatic savings of water in any country. By deploying the IoT application and its framework, leakage and overflow of the water can be controlled thereby facilitating online payment based on the amount of water consumed by each household. The amount of water consumed by each household can be monitored online or remotely without using a water meter. The task of collecting the data regarding water consumed in a different area is reduced and made automatic by using the IoT concept. Table 1 depicts the estimated demand for water using BIS (Bureau of Indian Standards) guidelines. The above data display the supply capacity in the KUKL (Kathmandu Upatyaka Khanepani Limited) service area. To forecast domestic water demand, a lot of time and dedication has to be given to mathematical computation. Nevertheless, efficient usage of IoT makes all these tasks automatic and also reduces the