## 5 Conclusions  
Our findings determine the impacts that spatial resolution has on mapping AMD in water-impacted mining environments. This multi-scale feasibility study confirms that both UAV-borne hyperspectral-based imaging and spaceborne-multispectral-based imaging successfully delineate AMD-related Fe(III) iron minerals and predict surface reflectance within the same day. However, there is a gradual decay in the ability to predict surface reflectance as the spatial resolution of the instrument's decreases. Other noteworthy findings include:  
* The visible-to-shortwave infrared surface measurements of AMD material support the initial hypothesis, such that when the areal and spaceborne Fe(III) iron reflectance values increased, so did the surface Fe(III) iron reflectance values. * Spectral signatures resembling the spectral profile of goethite were detected on Wheal Maid's surface and from space, in areas known for goethite formation. * A decrease in spatial resolution saw increases in the total amount of fractioned water pixels, which was caused by a nearby waterbody. Fractioned water pixels lower Fe(III) iron reflectance, and may cause erroneous results. * Proximity to waterbodies and geospatial error must be noted when mapping AMD, especially in lower resolution sensors, as they are less resilient to soil moisture and more prone to overlapping. * Hyperspectral imaging emerged as the most promising in terms of AMD mapping, yet it works well in tandem with other instruments of different spatial resolutions. A multi-sensor, multi-scale mapping of AMD alongside future research considerations (Section 4.4) would help remote sensing better reflect the complexity of mining environments. Conceptualization: All; methodology: All; software: R.C. ; validation: R.A.C., M.E. and K.A.H.-E.; formal analysis: R.C. ; investigation: All; resources: All; data curation: R.C. ; writing--original draft preparation: R.C. and K.A.H.-E.; writing--review and editing: All; visualization: R.C. ; supervision: K.A.H.-E.; project administration: K.A.H.-E.; funding acquisition: K.A.H.-E., K.H. and K.-M.J. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. This research was funded by a University of Exeter PhD studentship to [PERSON], and by the European Space Agency awarded to Carrak Consulting Limited company (Ltd.), Redruth, United Kingdom (ESA Contract Nr. 4000129787/20/NL/MM/gm). Due to commercial concerns, the research data supporting this publication can only be made available to bona fide researchers subject to a data access agreement. Details of how to request access are available from the University of Exeter's institutional repository at: [[https://ore.exeter.ac.uk/repository/](https://ore.exeter.ac.uk/repository/)]([https://ore.exeter.ac.uk/repository/](https://ore.exeter.ac.uk/repository/)) (accessed on 22 December 2022). We thank [PERSON] from the Gwennap Parish Council for facilitating access to Wheal Maid; HeadWall for consistent communications and providing post-processing services and the supply of information that was vital for this study; the European Space Agency for providing the kick-starter fund, and Carrak Consulting Ltd. to whom it was awarded; Texo DSI for providing UAS and aid during the field campaign; and North Coast Consulting for providing leadership and expertise throughout the project's length. We also thank The University of Exeter for providing a PhD studentship to [PERSON] We thank [PERSON] (and [PERSON]; [PERSON]; and [PERSON]) for providing valuable guidance during the FWP analysis. We thank the team at Planet for providing the educational license. We thank the anonymous reviewers and the editors for their meticulous review, which helped better this study. We would like to thank [PERSON] from the University of St Andrews for providing the ASD TerraSpec Halo Mineral Identifier. Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.