# Overview of Clean Automotive Thermal Propulsion Options for India to 2030
## 2 The Current and Future Technological State-of-the-Art
### Advanced Internal Combustion Engine Solutions for Near Zero Emissions
#### Carbon Capture and Storage
The heat exchanger works on the principle of heat conduction, as the exhaust gas passes through the heat exchanger, heat is extracted from the exhaust gas to cool down the exhaust gas that exits the heat exchanger. The first TEG is arranged to be coupled thermally with the exhaust gas chamber to the CO\({}_{2}\) absorber fluid chamber in a manner effective to heat the fluid by the exhaust gas. This releases CO\({}_{2}\) from the fluid and generates electricity in response to a temperature difference between the exhaust gas chamber and the absorber fluid chamber. Due to the temperature difference between the engine coolant chamber and the CO\({}_{2}\) absorbing fluid the heat exchanger may advantageously include a second TEG configured to thermally couple the engine coolant chamber to the absorber fluid chamber. In a manner effective to heat the CO\({}_{2}\) absorbent fluid by heat from the engine coolant to further release CO\({}_{2}\) gas from the CO\({}_{2}\) absorbent fluid and generate electricity in response to a temperature difference. The system fitted in a car would need an electrical converter which can be used in converting the required electrical energy from the TEG in a suitable form of electric energy to be used for the electrical systems in the vehicle, for example vehicle electronics or electric-assisted boosting systems. A basic version of this heat exchanger can be configured, wherein only CO\({}_{2}\) can be captured from the exhaust gases and the facility of electricity generation is not required in this device [21]. Carbon Capture and Storage in India: Carbon Capture and Storage technology is still under development in India and there are in total three plants [22], that have implemented CCS to curb CO\({}_{2}\) emissions which are urea producing plants [23]:  
* Anola Urea Plant
* Jagdishpur- India Urea Plant
* Phulpur Urea Plant  
These plants have CO\({}_{2}\) absorption capacity of 450, 150 and 450 Tonnes per day, respectively, and they use post-combustion technology to capture CO\({}_{2}\). CCS in vehicles could be a revolutionary step for India towards curbing CO\({}_{2}\) tail pipe emissions. As per the article \"India Seeking Ways to Limit Climate Change after IPCC Report\" [24], the experts  
Figure 4: CCS Equipment Flow Diagram. at a climate change meeting accepted the implementation of CCS in India. If there were no new technologies to help reduce emissions significantly, they think CCS is still commercially unviable and a very challenging technology. Being a developing country there are numerous ways that the new technologies can be implemented to overcome the emissions. However, India has good CCS opportunities as expressed by [PERSON] and [PERSON] [25] in that CCS can be implemented in the fertilizer producing plants where there is a shortage of CO\({}_{2}\) as they tend to use all of the CO\({}_{2}\) which is generated from ammonia producing urea plants. It has been observed that additional CO\({}_{2}\) generating units were built to supply urea production. Secondly, the Government of India already has a plan for Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) offshore and onshore, where a facility at Hazira port, Gujarat is developed for EOR onshore site 70 km away and is estimated that 1200 tonnes of CO\({}_{2}\) would be transported to this oil field on a day-to-day basis, which would maintain the pressure in the oil field. Implementing CCS in the Coal and Power sector, carbon saving could start with efficient generation technologies and it would, also, be possible to design new generation power plants in India such as Ultra Mega Power Projects (UMPPs) to be \"carbon capture ready\" empowering a future retrofit of CCS. Exporting CO\({}_{2}\) for foreign EOR activities could be a big business for the country, where the captured CO\({}_{2}\) from vehicles and large industries can be transported to the neighbouring gulf countries from the planned UMPP projects situated on the coasts of India.