## 4 Conclusions  
This paper analyzes the mechanical properties of composite laminated tape springs and analyzes and calculates the mechanical characteristics of the folding and bending process of composite laminated open-shell springs. The following conclusions were obtained:  
1. Based on classical laminated plate shell theory, considering the nonlinearity of geometric equations, a nonlinear control equation for the folding and bending of composite laminated tape springs was established, and precise expressions for the folding and bending displacement and bending moment were obtained. The influence of laminate thickness and the central angle of the section on the performance of composite material springs was investigated. It was found that increasing the laminate thickness significantly improves the performance of the composite material spring. Similarly, the performance of the composite material spring shows a linear improvement with an increase in the central angle of the section.
2. Finite element numerical analysis is carried out on the [\(-45\) 45]s laminated composite tape spring, and the correctness of the theoretical derivation is proved by comparing the curvature radius-bending moment change relationship curve.  
Figure 12: Stress contour map of composite tape spring laminate ply.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Property** & **Value (MPa)** \\ \hline Fiber tensile strength (Xt) & 2390 \\ Fiber compressive strength (Xc) & 1272 \\ Matrix tensile strength (Yt) & 50 \\ Matrix compressive strength (Yt) & 146 \\ Shear strength of the unidirectional ply (S) & 57 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 7: Material strength parameters [23].  
3. The mechanical properties of traditional spring structures, negative Poisson ratio honeycomb structures, and composite laminated spring structures are compared with previous work. In terms of critical bending moment, the unit mass critical bending moment performance of the composite laminated tape spring is close to that of the ordinary tape spring and much lower than that of the negative Poisson ratio honeycomb structure tape spring. In terms of steady-state bending moment, the composite laminated spring is better than the ordinary tape spring and the negative Poisson ratio honeycomb structure tape spring. In the subsequent research, we will delve deeper into the following aspects: 1. Comparative analysis between composite material springs and negative Poisson ratio honeycomb springs: In further studies, we will conduct an in-depth analysis of the mechanical performance factors that affect the tape spring structure. We aim to identify the key mechanical parameters that influence the mechanical performance of the tape springs and explore more optimal structures. By achieving superior mechanical performance with lighter mass, we aim to contribute to the lightweight design of space-deployable structures. 2. Composite tape springs are subjected to extreme temperature conditions in practical applications. Therefore, in the subsequent research, it is necessary to consider the influence of the temperature field in the constitutive equations.  
Conceptualization, Y.Y. and F.W.; methodology, Y.Y. and F.W.; software, Y.Y.; validation, Y.Y. and J.L.; writing--original draft preparation, Y.Y.; writing--review and editing, Y.Y., F.W. and J.L.; visualization, Y.Y.; supervision, F.W.; project administration, F.W.; funding acquisition, F.W. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was supported by the Key Laboratory of Disaster Forecast and Control in Engineering (Jinan University), MOE of China.  
Not applicable.  
The data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.