# Life Cycle Assessment of Concrete Pavement Rehabilitation: A Romanian Case Study
## 4 Results
### LCA with GaBi
#### 4.1.4 The Negative Impact on the Environment
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Alternatives**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Layers**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Climate Change Midpoint, incl Biogenic Carbon (v1.06) [kg CO\({}_{2}\)-Equiv.]**} \\ \cline{3-4}  & & **Layer** & **Total** \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Existing pavement structure} & Asphalt & 9879.078 & \\ \cline{2-4}  & Concrete & 230,567.568 & 270,745.998 \\ \cline{2-4}  & Broken stone & 19,470.426 & \\ \cline{2-4}  & Ballast & 10,828.926 & \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{1 st alternative} & MASE 16 & 35,564.681 & \\ \cline{2-4}  & BAD 25 & 44,455.852 & \\ \cline{2-4}  & AB 2 & 44,455.852 & 385,343.304 \\ \cline{2-4}  & Concrete & 230,567.568 & \\ \cline{2-4}  & Ballast & 10,828.926 & \\ \cline{2-4}  & Broken stone & 19,470.426 & \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{2 nd alternative} & MASE 16 & 35,564.681 & \\ \cline{2-4}  & BAD 25 & 44,455.852 & \\ \cline{2-4}  & AB 2 & 67,177.732 & 475,242.915 \\ \cline{2-4}  & AB 2 & 67,177.732 & \\ \cline{2-4}  & Concrete & 230,567.568 & \\ \cline{2-4}  & Ballast & 10,828.926 & \\ \cline{2-4}  & Broken stone & 19,470.426 & \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{3 rd alternative} & MASE 16 & 35,564.681 & \\ \cline{2-4}  & BAD 25 & 44,455.852 & \\ \cline{2-4}  & AB 2 & 44,455.852 & \\ \cline{2-4}  & Ballast & 15,765.642 & \\ \cline{2-4}  & Soil & 2,029,794.262 & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 6: Global warming potential. Figure 6: Ozone stratospheric impact. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Alternatives**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Layers**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Ozone Depletion Midpoint (v1.06) [kg**} \\ \cline{3-4}  & & **Layer** & **Total** \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Existing parent structure} & Asphalt & \(7.66\times 10^{-7}\) & \\ \cline{2-4}  & Concrete & \(1.28\times 10^{-5}\) & \multirow{3}{*}{\(2.71\times 10^{-5}\)} \\ \cline{2-4}  & Broken stone & \(1.06\times 10^{-5}\) & \\ \cline{2-4}  & Ballast & \(3.00\times 10^{-6}\) & \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{1 st alternative} & MASF 16 & \(2.76\times 10^{-6}\) & \multirow{3}{*}{\(3.60\times 10^{-5}\)} \\ \cline{2-4}  & BAD 25 & \(3.45\times 10^{-6}\) & \\ \cline{2-4}  & AB 2 & \(3.45\times 10^{-6}\) & \\ \cline{2-4}  & Concrete & \(1.28\times 10^{-5}\) & \\ \cline{2-4}  & Ballast & \(3.00\times 10^{-6}\) & \\ \cline{2-4}  & Broken stone & \(1.06\times 10^{-5}\) & \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{2 nd alternative} & MASF 16 & \(2.76\times 10^{-6}\) & \multirow{3}{*}{\(4.30\times 10^{-5}\)} \\ \cline{2-4}  & BAD 25 & \(3.45\times 10^{-6}\) & \\ \cline{2-4}  & AB 2 & \(5.20\times 10^{-6}\) & \\ \cline{2-4}  & Concrete & \(1.28\times 10^{-5}\) & \\ \cline{2-4}  & Ballast & \(3.00\times 10^{-6}\) & \\ \cline{2-4}  & Broken stone & \(1.06\times 10^{-5}\) & \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{3 rd alternative} & MASF 16 & \(2.76\times 10^{-6}\) & \multirow{3}{*}{\(8.60\times 10^{-5}\)} \\ \cline{2-4}  & BAD 25 & \(3.45\times 10^{-6}\) & \\ \cline{2-4}  & AB 2 & \(3.45\times 10^{-6}\) & \\ \cline{2-4}  & Ballast & \(4.36\times 10^{-6}\) & \\ \cline{2-4}  & Soil & \(7.20\times 10^{-5}\) & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 7: Ozone stratospheric impact. chemicals have a negative effects on people's well-being. A study conducted by the World Health Organization (WHO) [41] shows that the quality of the environment is responsible for 12-18% of deaths in the 53 countries of the European region. In Europe, the greatest environmental risk is air pollution, which is closely linked to heart disease, stroke, lung disease, and lung cancer. An estimated 400,000 premature deaths each year in the EU are due to polluted air. The noise of modes of transport, as well as industry, leads to discomfort, sleep disorders, and cardiovascular disease. In terms of hazardous chemicals, in everyday life, people are exposed to a wide range of chemicals, through the air, water, consumer products, and food [41]. These factors show us that before building a road, it is essential to know the current state in terms of human health.