# Antioxidant and Biological Activities of Mahajanaka Mango Pulp Extract in Murine Models
## 3 Results
### Protective Effects of MPE against Gastric Ulcers in Rats  
Water immersion and restraint stress (WIRS) led to gastric ulcers in rats. Apparently, a reference dosage of NSAID cimetidine (100 mg/kg BW) potentially diminished the length of the gastric ulcer, while MPE (250, 500, and 1000 mg/kg BW) also did so independently of the dose, indicating inhibitory values of the gastric ulceration at 92.5, 10.9, 20.0, and 19.7%, respectively, when compared with the DI water treatment (Table 6 and Figure 2A).  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Group**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Measure**} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{** Gastric Ulcer Induction**} \\ \cline{3-5}  & & **WIRS** & **HCl/Ethanol** & **Indomethacin** \\ \hline DI water (5 mL/kg BW) & Ulcer length (mm) & 11.82 \(\pm\) 1.43 & 78.00 \(\pm\) 13.30 & 12.97 \(\pm\) 5.42 \\ \hline Cimetidine (100 mg/kg BW) & Ulcer length (mm) & 0.88 \(\pm\) 0.38 \({}^{*}\) & 18.50 \(\pm\) 9.74 \({}^{*}\) & 3.60 \(\pm\) 0.87 \({}^{*}\) \\  & Inhibition (\%) & 92.5 & 76.3 & 72.2 \\ \hline MPE (250 mg/kg BW) & Ulcer length (mm) & 10.53 \(\pm\) 2.24 & 44.17 \(\pm\) 14.15 & 9.97 \(\pm\) 2.52 \\  & Inhibition (\%) & 10.9 & 43.4 & 23.1 \\ \hline MPE (500 mg/kg BW) & Ulcer length (mm) & 9.45 \(\pm\) 2.04 & 41.17 \(\pm\) 16.67 & 9.60 \(\pm\) 1.04 \\  & Inhibition (\%) & 20.0 & 47.2 & 26.0 \\ \hline MPE (1000 mg/kg BW) & Ulcer length (mm) & 9.48 \(\pm\) 2.20 & 47.83 \(\pm\) 13.98 & 8.92 \(\pm\) 1.12 \\  & Inhibition (\%) & 19.7 & 38.7 & 31.2 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} Abbreviations: DI = deionized, HCl = hydrochloric acid, MPE = Mahajanaka mango pulp extract, WIRS = water immersion and restraint stress.  
\end{table}
Table 6: Gastroprotective effects of MPE on WIRS-, HCl/ethanol-, or indomethacin-induced rats. Data are expressed as mean \(\pm\) SD values (n = 6). Accordingly, \({}^{*}\)\(p\) < 0.05 when compared with DI water.  
Figure 2: Macroscopic appearance and ulcerative area of gastric mucosa from rats induced by WIRS (**A**), HCl/ethanol (**B**), and indomethacin (**C**). Abbreviations: DI water = deionized water, HCl = hydrochloric acid, MPE = Mahajanaka mango pulp extract.  
In addition, administration of HCl/ethanol caused severe gastric ulcers in rats, while cimetidine significantly inhibited gastric ulceration at 76.3%. The consumption of MPE (250, 500, and 1000 mg/kg BW) inhibited HCl/ethanol-induced ulceration at 43.4, 47.2, and 38.7%, respectively, when compared with the DI water treatment (Table 6 and Figure 2B). Likewise, the ingestion of the NSAID indomethacin caused gastric ulcers, whereas cimetidine showed a 72.2% inhibition of gastric ulceration. Moreover, MPE (250, 500, and 1000 mg/kg BW) diminished indomethacin-induced gastric ulcers in a concentration-dependent manner, indicating 23.1, 26.0, and 31.2% inhibition, respectively, when compared with the DI water treatment (Table 6 and Figure 2C). Taken together, these findings imply that MPE consumption had gastoprotective effects on gastric ulceration in rats induced by stress, over-secretions of hydrochloric acid and ethanol, and consumption of high doses of an NSAID.