## 3 Insights into Systems Behaviours  
[PERSON] et al. [8] showcased a breakthrough discovery that highlights the buckling phenomena of interspersed railway tracks, which are usually adopted during railway transformations from timber to concrete sleeper tracks in real-life practices globally. The insight into interspersed railway tracks derived from this study will underpin the life-cycle design, maintenance, and construction strategies related to the use of concrete sleepers as spot replacement sleepers in ageing railway track systems. The method provides an indicative reference for innovative design and maintenance for stability and misalignment management of ballasted railway tracks. [PERSON] et al. [9] developed an innovative framework for intelligent risk-management systems in the railway industry. The adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) was adopted to improve risk management and manage uncertainties in risk variables. This study is the first to establish the hybrid artificial intelligence (AI) model, which can manage risk uncertainties and learns through artificial neural networks (ANNs) via integrated training processes. The prediction result shows very high accuracy in predicting the risk level performance and proves the AI model's capability to learn, make predictions, and capture risk-level values in real time. Such risk information is extremely critical to decision-making processes in managing safety and risks, especially when uncertain disruptions incur (e.g., COVID-19, disasters, etc.). The novel insights provided by this study will lead to more effective and efficient risk management for single and clustered railway station facilities, and the creation of safer, smarter, and more resilient transportation systems. [PERSON] et al. [10] determined linear and geometrically non-linear behaviour of the spider-web structures considering different structural patterns and material properties. The new findings exhibited the non-linear dynamic phenomena of spider-web systems subject to large amplitude precursors stemming from extreme winds, large deformation, material imperfections, hostile climatic conditions, etc. This study enabled new discoveries and insights by enhancing large deformable finite elements with the energy method. The novel insights can be used as a reference for the analysis, design, inspection and maintenance of structural membranes, netting cables (or cable-like structures such as rail overhead conductors), tensegrity structures, soft tissues and soft matter, and other bio-inspired structures. [PERSON] et al. [11] analysed the drill-bit deformations caused by the stick-slip vibration phenomenon, which is characterized by high frequency and high amplitude in rotary drilling systems. In oil and gas industry, rotary drilling systems are used for energy exploration and productions. The results were validated by a case study of MWD (measurement while drilling) data of a well located in a Southern Algerian oil field. The results provide a preventive maintenance planning and strategy for drill bits in rotary drilling systems under harmful torsional vibrations during the drilling process. [PERSON] et al. [12] evaluated that railway-engineered interspersed concrete (EIC) sleepers can successfully replicate the stiffness of timber sleepers installed in tracks using field instrumentation installed under revenue-service train operations on a North American commuter rail transit agency to measure the wheel-rail vertical loads and track displacement. The results indicated that there are minimal differences in median track displacements between timber (2.26 mm, 0.089 in.) and EIC sleepers (2.21 mm, 0.087 in). Using wheel-load data and the corresponding track displacements associated with each wheel load, track modulus values were calculated using the single-point load method based on beam on elastic foundation (BOEF) fundamentals.