# A Categorization of Digital Twin and Model-Based System Engineering Interactions
## 4 Discussion  
The studied Perception system is designed to monitor and generate strategic assets through satellite data collection, coordinated by the University of Brasilia (UnB). It serves as a bridge from scientific research to technological innovation, contributing to sustainable development. This project integrates multiple autonomous systems--including satellite health monitoring, ground data processing, and monitored assets--that work together to achieve a shared mission objective, creating a comprehensive system of systems. This system is based on the experience and learning derived from the AlfaCrux mission, an amateur radio and educational mission led by UnB, further advancing the university's capabilities in satellite-based environmental monitoring [42]. Similarly to the AlfaCrux mission, UnB is responsible for the coordination, design, and operation of the mission. The Perception system is currently under development and is nearing the completion of the preliminary design review phase. The Perception system's pilot project is related to the Large-Scale Biosphere-Atmosphere Program in the Amazon (LBA), coordinated by the National Amazon Research Institute (INPA) in Manaus, Brazil [43]. In this pilot project, data collected from the K34, a tower with micrometeorological instrumentation, located in the Brazilian Amazon Rainforest, are used to monitor the carbon flux and the overall health of the tower. The INPA, which serves as the end client for the project, also plays a pivotal role by contributing its specialized expertise in micrometeorological towers to the project. The environmental monitoring structure used on the K34 tower is based on a large array of analog and digital sensors connected to a datalogger. The datalogger can connect to an external network through various internet and communication protocols (e.g., Modbus, Ethernet, radio frequency, GPRS, satellite link internet, and transmitters). Currently, the INPA collects data from the K34 tower through a high-gain, long-range, point-to-point radio configuration, through an intermediate communication tower, C14. Figure 7 represents the data collection infrastructure, including the Perception system. The Aerospace Systems Simulation and Control Laboratory (LODESTAR) of UnB is responsible for operating the Perception system and downloading and distributing the data from the satellites. In addition to monitoring and collecting data from the K34 tower, the Perception system also oversees the satellites' health, as they are responsible for data collection. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline  & **DT Uses MBSE System Models** & **MBSE-Based DT** \\ \hline Advantages & - The DT has knowledge of the system behaviors and rules from the system designers. & - The benefits of using MBSE for the design process. \\  & - The system model can be simulated and validated in the early stages of its development. & - There is a roadmap for the development of the DT. \\  & - The DT can extend the system observation throughout the life cycle of the system further than the MBSE. & - The MBSE models can become a high-level DT. \\ \hline Disadvantages & - The connection between the system and the DT is not defined. & - The connection between the system and the DT is not defined. \\  & - The MBSE system models must completely define the system and must be up to date. & - The information about the system must be provided by the designer. \\  & & - The use of MBSE models as DTs is limited in functionality. \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Advantages and disadvantages of DT-MBSE interactionsOne of the innovations of the Perception system is its integration with DT technology. Based on the parallel development of DTs presented in [22; 32], the system and DT were designed simultaneously using MBSE. Therefore, this proposal is categorized as an MBSE-based DT approach.