esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
In order to avoid capacity issues, airports must regularly proactively analyze and carry out assessments of needs for the improvement/reconstruction of current airport capacities. The best-known methodology for LOS assessment and terminal design is specified in the Airport Development Reference Manual (ADRM) of the International Air Transport Association (IATA). It is important to point out that a globally adopted LOS standard does not exist, but there are LOS recommendations proposed by the IATA, which are continuously improved with new parameters and/or upgraded values of existing spatial-temporal parameters. The air transport market is based on three basic airline business models, namely the traditional or \"network\" (full-service network carrier--FSNC), low-cost (low-cost carrier--LCC), and charter (charter carrier--CC) business models. Each of the airline business models has its own characteristics and strategies to attract passengers [6]. A significant number of terminals for low-cost carriers (LCTs) were built as a result of the growth of the share of low-cost carriers and the need to adapt passenger terminals to their simplified requirements [7]. It should be noted that in the planning and management of airport passenger terminals at the global level, a single LOS concept is currently applied to all airline business models, although there are significant differences in the level of service provided among them. Given the above, and the impossibility of adequately applying the existing LOS concept to all airline business models, it is necessary to develop a new LOS concept that will be fully applicable to passenger terminals with a dominant share of specific airline business model, i.e., in this case, the LC business model. For the purpose of this research, the survey questionnaire was developed to determine the characteristics of passengers using the services of low-cost carriers and gather data on their preferences, needs and desires. The target group was passengers who use the services of low-cost carriers regarding the level of service received within the airport passenger terminal. Based on the obtained results, an analysis of the level of service (LOS) at the airport terminal facilities for low-cost carriers (LCCs) was conducted, and an analytic hierarchy process (AHP) decision-making model was developed to determine new spatial-temporal parameters for the optimal level of service (LOS) for low-cost carriers (LCCs). The proposal of new LOS guidelines with new spatial-temporal parameters for the optimal LOS for LCCs is presented with the main objective to adjust the LOS and thus improve the efficiency of airport terminal facilities.
## 2 Force Analysis of Extrusion Roller of RP1814 Roller Press  
The extrusion roller of the RP1814 roller press adopts a split hot installed cylindrical structure, which can reduce the complexity of assembly and disassembly of the roller shaft and the roller sleeve [8]. Torque and axial force are transmitted between the roller shaft and  
Figure 1: Model description of RP1814 roller press.  
the roller sleeve of each roller through interference fit. During operation, the position of the central axis of the fixed roller remains unchanged. The floating roller controls the roll gap through the pressure of the hydraulic press. The two rollers are driven by the motor to keep the same speed \(v\) and rotate in the opposite direction. After the material enters the roller press from the feeding bucket above the roller press, it accumulates above the working area where the two rollers rotate relative to each other to form a material column. The material column is compressed into the compression zone through the acceleration zone. As the roll gap becomes smaller, the forming pressure becomes larger, and the material begins to be broken by the extrusion roller. After the compressed material enters the rebound zone through the compression zone, the forming pressure decreases, and the material begins to rebound. The material no longer expands and rebounds when it drops a certain distance. Its working principle is shown in Figure 2.  
According to the structural characteristics and working principle of the extrusion roller, the extrusion roller is mainly affected by two kinds of forces. One is the internal force in the form of contact stress during the interference connection, and the other is the extrusion force provided by the hydraulic cylinder when the material is crushed.
# NaviSoC: High-Accuracy Low-Power GNSS SoC with an Integrated Application Processor
## 3 Circuit Implementation
### Radio-Frequency Front-End  
The whole radio-frequency front-end was verified. Figures 13 and 14 show the conversion gain and noise figure results for the L1/E1 and the L5/E5 front-ends. It can be seen that for the L1/E1, the conversion gain was around 46.4 dB and the variation within the band was \(\pm\)0.2 dB. The noise figure for the L1/E1 band was kept below 2.4 dB. For the L5/E5 band, the conversion gain was around 47 dB and the variation within the band was \(\pm\)0.3 dB. The noise figure for the L5/E5 band was kept below 2.3 dB. The total power consumption of the L1/E1 and the L5/E5 front-ends were both around 5.1 mW (3.4 mA from 1.5 V supply voltage).  
Figure 12: Conversion gain and noise figure characteristics of the L5/E5 band active balun and mixer.  
Figure 13: Conversion gain and noise figure of the L1/E1 radio-frequency front-end.
# Impact of Mesh Resolution and Temperature Effects in Jet Ejector CFD Calculations
## 1 Introduction
Furthermore, this research has been conducted using high-resolution CFD, which offers significantly greater precision and accuracy compared to previous models. It allows for the detailed visualization and analysis of complex flow phenomena, enabling a deeper understanding of ejector performances under varying conditions. This paper seeks to address the question of how the changes in inlet temperatures impact the work of ejectors by investigating whether the established working maps remain helpful when temperatures change, if they stay consistent, and if not, how the changes can be firstly quantified and then predicted. This study also analyzes the Mach number scenes, answering the question if manipulations in inlet temperatures change the shockwave patterns and the maximum Mach number values. The resulting methodology for constructing temperature-sensitive working maps is intended to serve as a robust framework for optimizing the design and operation of these devices under diverse conditions.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Mucoadhesive Evaluation of Optimized Free and Drug-Loaded EUD NPs
Bioadhesive and penetrating NP can  
Figure 1: NPs zeta potential values (ZP) before (EUD3A, EUD3A_DIC4, EUD3A_DIEP3) and after (EUD3A_MUC; EUD3A_DIC4-MUC; EUD3A_DIEP3-MUC) 0, 1, and 24 h of incubation with mucin at 37 \({}^{\circ}\)C. Significance was set as *** \(p\leq 0.0001\). interact with the mucus layer through electrostatic interactions, hydrogen bonding, or simple van der Waal's forces. Herein, the mucoadhesion study was carried out in SNF (pH 5 at 37 \({}^{\circ}\)C) to reproduce the nasal environment. In this condition, mucin suffers a conformational change from a random coil to a rod-like structure by exposing hydrophobic regions, which were folded and sequestered in the inner part at neutral pH. This is a favorable condition for the interactions between mucin and other entities [40,41]. The positive charge of the copolymers may promote an electrostatic interaction with mucin, as previously observed by other authors [42]. Therefore, polymeric nanoparticles produced with EUD copolymers blend develop a positive surface charge, as stated by their ZP values, resulting in a higher adhesiveness to mucosal surfaces. In the study of [PERSON] et al., the mucoadhesion resulting from the combined effects of nanocapsules produced with RS100, Eudragit\({}^{\otimes}\)S100 or poly(\(\varepsilon\)-caprolactone) (PCL) was investigated after incorporation into different vehicles (suspension, hydrogel, and powder) and application on different mucosal surfaces. Authors found that RS nanocapsules had higher adhesiveness when compared to Eudragit S100 or PCL nanocapsules, regardless of mucosal surface. This better performance was observed independently on the vehicle in which the nanocapsules were dispersed (suspension, powder, hydrogel) [42]. NPs mucoadhesion evaluation was furtherly confirmed by a turbidimetric assessment, as reported in Figure 2.  
According with ZP results, turbidimetric measurements confirmed the strong interactions between EUD3A, EUD3A_DIC4, and EUD3A_DIEP3 and mucin at all time points considered. Absorbance measurement was reported to give a rough estimation of particle-mucin interaction [43] as the results of the adsorption of mucin around the surface of the particles. This phenomenon induces particles aggregation that can be detected as an increase in UV-VIS absorbance [44]. Figure 2: In vitro assessment of EUD3A, EUD3A_DIC4, EUD3A_DIEP3-mucin interactions by turbidimetric assay at 650 nm. Significance was set as *** \(p\leq 0.0001\). Overall, significant results in the turbidity (650 nm) and ZP values were observed even if EUD3A and EUD3A_DIC4 revealed higher variations after incubation with mucin compared with the pure suspensions for both parameters.
## 7 Conclusions and Future Research
IoT sensors and devices, and wearables can be used for remote patient monitoring used in conjunction with video and/or in-person care for a variety of interventions and care outcomes [74]. The wearables and IoT sensors generate data at regular intervals, which needs to be stored and analyzed in real time to flag anomalies that may require immediate attention. This data when aggregated across all patients has all the characteristics of big data as discussed earlier. Big data storage, processing, and analysis invariably require resources, which may be efficiently provided using cloud computing. As such, integration of wearables, and IoT devices and sensors into HIS will be facilitated by the adoption of cloud computing for HIS. Some frameworks for the integration of wearables and IoT devices have been proposed [75], however, as mentioned earlier, the regulatory frameworks for security, privacy, and appropriate use [76] need to be in place before such coupling can happen. The model presented in this research is proposed to be tested in Palestine by one of the authors, and based on the testing, the model may be refined and tested in US and India. Results are expected to be similar in US and Palestine, but perhaps not for India, which has a good supply of IT personnel and is a significant source of infrastructure management skills. It is also hoped that some other researchers may use this model in other countries and may refine and modify this model based on their own additional insights. Models tested in different countries can be compared and contrasted. It is quite possible that given the economic and political situations in different countries, the results may be quite different and provide other useful insights. Research may be conducted on the issues outlined in Table 2, which can further help the decision makers in cloud adoption decisions. Conceptualization, A.A.-M.; formal analysis, A.A.-M. and P.C. ; methodology, A.A.-M. and P.C. ; validation, A.A.-M., P.C. and J.A.R. ; writing--original draft, A.A.-M.; writing--review & editing, P.C. and J.A.R. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. This research received no external funding. Not applicable. **Data Availability Statement:** Empirical data collection is planned. **Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 4 Conclusions  
In accordance with the results presented, the following conclusions may be drawn:  
1. Weld strength mismatch ratio shows a strong effect on the fracture toughness and ductile crack growth resistance curves for welding pipes. With the increase of mismatch ratio, the ductile fracture resistances significantly increase for the standard SENB and the shallow and deep-cracked pipes, as well as the corresponding SENT specimens.
2. For all of different mismatched cases considered in this study, the ductile tearing resistance from SENB specimen is obviously conservative than that from SENT with respect to the pipes, which can therefore validate that the SENT specimen is a good representation of pipes with circumferential cracks and an alternative to the conventional standard SENB specimen for the fracture mechanics testing in engineering critical assessment of strength-mismatched welding pipes.
3. The mismatch constraint \(M\) decreases from positive to negative with the increase of mismatch ratio (\(M_{y}\) = 0.8 \(\sim\) 1.3) as for pipes and the corresponding SENT specimens. In addition, the mismatch constraint parameter \(M\) for pipes is comparatively lower than that of the corresponding SENT specimen at the same mismatched ratios.  
**Author Contributions:** Investigation, Methodology and Calculations, L.S.; Revision, L.C.; Supervision, J.X., W.S. and F.B.; Writing--original draft, P.L.; Writing--review & editing, H.G. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
**Funding:** This research was funded by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Project No. 51301197) and the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province (Project No. BK20130182) and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central University (Project No. 2011 QNA07) as well as the National Key R&D Program of China (2018 YFB2001200).  
**Acknowledgments:** [PERSON] from Norwegian University of Science and Technology is sincerely appreciated for his UMAT subroutine for the Complete Gurson Model and valuable comments.  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.  
Figure 12: M versus CTOD for the mismatched specimens (**a**) SENT; (**b**) pipe.
# Demand Flexibility: A Review of Quantification Methods, Models, and Required Data
## 3 Results
### Methods Deployed Across Studies
#### 3.3.5 Novel Methods  
As mentioned previously, a significant number of papers included novel modeling techniques that could not be grouped into any standardized techniques mentioned earlier. Specifically, [10; 18; 28; 49] developed flexibility models for individual loads, [1; 39; 40; 47] developed statistical models for individual loads, and [3; 61; 68] developed statistical models for building demand. These authors developed their own equations that modeled the behaviors of buildings and applicable energy demands to evaluate changes in demand or load shape in response to DR events.  
There is notable diversity among the methods presented in the current literature. Quantifying load flexibility is a complex task and requires various considerations that cannot always be modeled via existing methods, hence requiring creativity to develop methods that can do so accurately.
# Kalman Filter and Wavelet Cross-Correlation for VHF Broadband Interferometer Lightning Mapping
## 3 Results and discussion  
In this paper, we consider the use of the broadband ITF technique for the analysis of VHF lightning mapping. A comparison of various processing methods of the VHF lightning signals is performed. The simulation was conducted to investigate the impact of noise and data resolution on lightning mapping accuracy. Different filtering and cross-correlation techniques were implemented introducing new processing methods such as Kalman filter and wavelet-based cross-correlation. The best performing set of methods are validated using collected real lightning signals. Figure 7 shows an example of cross-correlation steps to determine the TDOA \(\tau_{d}\) using two antennae sliding windows.  
Figure 6: The general procedure of Simulating ITF Signal. Where \(W_{n}\) is the window length (i.e., 256 samples), \(W_{i}\), \(i=1\),..., \(N\) is window counter, \(N\) is the total number of sliding windows of the processed ITF signal, \(W_{n}+1\) is the temporal shift for subsequent windows (1 sample).  
Figure 7: Example of the processing steps used to determine the TDOA (\(\tau_{d}\)) at antennae B and C. (**a**) Normalized waveforms from the two antennae B and C for a 256 (1.042 \(\upmu\)s) sample window; (**b**) the cross-correlation of antennae B and C signals with two vertical red dash-lines indicate the zoomed plot area in \(c\); (**c**) illustrating the interpolation fitting (red color) of the expanded view cross-correlation (blue color) with vertical red dash-line showing the peak of correlation.
# Development and Application of Unesaled borehole Leakage Detection Device Based on Flow Method
## 3 Results and Discussions  
### Field Application of Air Leakage Detection Technique  
The soundness of the developed air leakage detection device was verified through field tests. The field site was selected at the 12,316 working face of Wangjialing Coal Mine in Shanxi Province, China, and the test site was selected at 850 m of the return airway in the 12,316 working face, with a total of six boreholes named borehole 1-borehole 6 and a test borehole length of 40 m. According to previous studies [26] and combined with the parameters of Wangjialing mine coal formation, the plastic area extent of the return airway in the 12,316 working face is 6 m. Therefore, seal the 1#-6# boreholes by the method of \"two plugging and one injection\"; the initial sealing depth of the borehole is 6 m and the depth of the sealing section is 6 m. The borehole spacing is set to 5 m based on the extraction radius of the test face.  
After the boreholes are constructed, the extraction system is connected and the negative pressure 15 kPa is debugged; then, detect the changes in the air-gas mixture flow from boreholes by a wet flow gauge under the condition of constant negative pressure every day, as shown in Figure 6.  
Figure 5: Leakage detection flow effect diagram.  
According to Figure 6, the 5# and 6# boreholes extract significantly more mixed flow than the other boreholes compared to the 1#, 2#, 3#, and 4# boreholes in the previous five days. It is assumed that there is leakage around 5 # and 6 # boreholes.  
For the detection of the 6# borehole, the expanding capsule was initially lowered to 7.5 m with almost no flow at a negative pressure of 15 kPa. When the capsule was placed at 8 m for the second detection, the flow of air-gas mixture extracted reached 0.2 m\({}^{3}\)/min at a negative pressure of 15 kPa. When the capsule was placed at 8.5 m for the third detection, the flow of air-gas mixture extracted reached 0.4 m\({}^{3}\)/min. However, when the capsule was placed at 9 m for the fourth detection, the flow of air-gas mixture extracted reached 0.4008 m\({}^{3}\)/min. Therefore, the leakage position can be judged to be between 7.5 m and 8.5 m. The same method was used to detect the leakage position of the 5# borehole; it was concluded that the position of the air leaks of the 5# borehole was approximately between 8 and 9 m.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Weld Zone Macrostructure
From Figure 2, it is clear that the columnar grains grow in a direction that is nearly perpendicular to the fusion line, and the columnar zone width decreases with increasing welding speed. In other words, the width of the equiaxed zone increases with decreasing heat input. The welds prepared with a welding speed of 3 mm/s exhibit a large width of the columnar zone (4.2 mm), compared to the width of the columnar zone (4.2 mm). The temperature gradient is less steep at the weld centre of the fusion boundary, and results in equiaxed grains at the weld centre. It is well known that increasing the welding speed (low heat input) increases the extent of constitutional supercooling [33]. From Figure 2, it is clear that the columnar grains grow in a direction that is nearly perpendicular to the fusion line, and the columnar zone width decreases with increasing welding speed. In other words, the width of the equiaxed zone increases with decreasing heat input. The width of the equiaxed zone increases with decreasing heat input. with the welding speeds of 4 mm/s and 5 mm/s (2.6 mm and 1.3 mm, respectively, as shown in Figure 2a,c,f). The heat inputs used for the GTA welds in this study are 421, 316, 253 J/mm, with a corresponding welding speed of 3, 4, and 5 mm/s, respectively. The weld metal cooling rates are inversely proportional to heat input [34]. In other words, as the welding speed increases, the cooling rate increases. Less heat input due to increased welding speed results in a lower maximum temperature, faster cooling rate, and greater constitutional supercooling, resulting in fine equiaxed grain size. This explains why the fraction of the equiaxed grains in the fusion zone increases as the welding speed increases.
## 3 Results
### Stripline Incorporating the Proposed Design Methodology
#### 3.2.2 Improvement in Impedance Matching  
The return loss of the stripline is shown in Figure 9. Using the proposed design methodology, the S11 is below \(-\)28 dB across the frequency band from DC to 40 GHz. By incorporating the air cavities and nonuniform-width conductor, the return loss is reduced by 11 dB compared to the traditional stripline and by 4 dB compared to the stripline with only air cavities.
###### Abstract  
Commonly used methods for identifying modal parameters under environmental excitations assume that the unknown environmental input is a stationary white noise sequence. For large-scale civil structures, actual environmental excitations, such as wind gusts and impact loads, cannot usually meet this condition, and exhibit obvious non-stationary and non-white-noise characteristics. The theoretical basis of the stochastic subspace method is the state-space equation in the time domain, while the state-space equation of the system is only applicable to linear systems. Therefore, under non-smooth excitation, this paper proposes a stochastic subspace method based on RDT. Firstly, this paper uses the random decrement technique of non-stationary excitation to obtain the free attenuation response of the response signal, and then uses the stochastic subspace identification (SSI) method to identify the modal parameters. This not only improves the signal-to-noise ratio of the signal, but also improves the computational efficiency significantly. A non-stationary excitation is applied to the spatial grid structure model, and the RDT-SSI method is used to identify the modal parameters. The identification results show that the proposed method can solve the problem of identifying structural modal parameters under non-stationary excitation. This method is applied to the actual health monitoring of stadium grids, and can also obtain better identification results in frequency, damping ratio, and vibration mode, while also significantly improving computational efficiency.  
modal parameter identification; non-stationary excitation; random decrement technique; stochastic subspace identification method; RDT-SSI