# Usage of IoT Framework in Water Supply Management for Smart City in Nepal
## 5 Conclusions  
The concept of a smart city is burgeoning. IoT framework plays a significant role in making the city smart. This paper focuses on effective management of a water supply using an IoT application to automatize the functioning of a motor in each house to manage the water in the reservoir tanks. The main features of the implemented approach are:  
1. The experimental setup uses a waterproof ultrasonic sensor which is new as compared to other smart meters;
2. The framework focuses both on data generation along with its application;
3. The framework implements cloud-based technologies in IoT to make any IoT system scalable;  
Figure 6: The total number of water supplies based on provinces in Nepal. The framework also focuses on the actual use of data for forecasting or prediction, knowledge discovery as well as other information system needs. Mathematical models were developed to compute the consumption amount and leakage amount of water in individual houses, which also helps in estimating the bill amount of each house. After observation of the data acquired, we can easily use it to observe the various trends among each of the household under experimentation. The average consumption of Spot 1 over 90 days was found to be 17.19 L, Spot 2 was 33.275 L, Spot 3 was 40.94 L, Spot 4 was 37.25 L, Spot 5 was 54.75 L, and Spot 6 was 33.95 L. Similarly, the leakage amount of water for these Spots was obtained. Spot 1 showed almost no leakage. During the time of Day 20 to Day 29, an average of 5.34 L of water was reported as leakage by the system. In the case of Spot 2 and Spot 3, there was almost no leakage. At Spot 4, the water usage at nighttime was observed to go over our threshold but there was no consistency and our system requires at least a week of consistency so that it was also not reported. In Spot 6, large volumes of usage were observed (greater than our threshold), but still due to inconsistency, it is also marked as human use. At Spot 5, during Day 22 to Day 36, an average of 10.38 L of leakage was observed which was considered leakage by our system and the issue was reported to the people there. Consumption and leakage of water of each province could be computed and eventually of the entire country. Based on this experiment and a rigorous study of recent papers in this field, a framework has been developed, and we have called this an IoT framework. This framework has been developed by combining experimental and conceptual parts. Although this paper is concentrated on water supply management, the developed framework can be utilized in other areas for making the city smart. Though the developed framework is novel, it has limitations such as:  
The framework focuses on storage and processing of huge amount of data so that load balancing and self-scaling servers are required. This causes the need to implement cloud computing. Since many parts of Nepal still do not have internet access readily, this is hard to implement in rural areas in Nepal. The experimental setup focuses on measurement of water resources in reserve tank so that it is not implementable in places with no reserve tank. The experiment has still not implemented encryption for communication which can cause data spoofing in the current context. The initial setup of each of the spot is done currently though hardware, which can be shifted to cloud for cloud administration and updates. The research work does not end here, and future research can be carried out considering the following tasks:  
1. The above listed limitations can be mitigated to carry on the future research in the same area. The methodology to identify the quality of water can be used in future research works. 2. Effective protocols can be defined for encryption based on the type of data without limiting the efficiency. 3. Data analysis and modeling of data can be undertaken after collecting huge number of data and analyzing effective predictor variables for forecasting. 4. The experimental setup uses market-available devices which can have high cost.