esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Review of Automatic Estimation of Emotions in Speech
## 7 Neural (Machine Learning) Techniques for Emotion Classification of Speech
### Common Architectures for ANNs
#### 7.2.3 Attention  
Recently, a modeling approach called attention has been prominent for ANNs. It places emphasis for classification on specific sections of data, to exploit the non-uniform distribution of information [102]. As an algorithm, attention is determined as data correlation using matrix operations (e.g., dot products) that combine queries (inputs), keys (features), and values (wanted outputs). The queries derive from a decoder layer that appears earlier in an ANN, and keys and values derive from encoder outputs. Attention can apply in time, in frequency (across channels of signal spectra), or across layers of networks [111]. The essential application of attention is a useful modification to otherwise uniform ANN structures. However, the simple mechanisms of correlation that are used are often inadequate to utilize well the complex information distribution in data like speech.  
Neural models that use attention are termed Transformers. Such recent E2E methods use attention, but no recurrence, to emphasize selected aspects of data that exist over wide ranges. In recurrent networks [112], on the other hand, inputs are treated in sequence. Transformer instead does not use ideas of token sequences, but uses a separate embedding table with time-positional encodings [55]. Nonlinear functions do monotonic mappings in time.  
Transformers need more computation than most other ANNs. Variants of attention include self-attention [113] and cross-modal attention [114]. Transformers are now common in SER [90]. Transformer architecture has the capacity to learn general structural information from high-dimensional data, and can take advantage of much unlabeled data through self- and un-supervised learning. However, Transformer with a full-attention mechanism is quadratic in the time sequence duration, and some SER uses long utterances with dynamic emotion.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Implementing Cloud Apps Intelligent Systems
#### 3.2.4 Smart Health Surveillance Software and Apps
Having this cloud intelligent system surveillance camera will provide benefits to the private and public sector to improve their business processes revealing COVID19 pandemic outbreaks. The cloud intelligent system apps may lead to benefits for business processes such as:  
* The ability of agencies to check the movement of quarantined patients to ensure all patients are obeying the regulations that have been set by the government as there were issues before with cases where quarantined patients tried to escape from quarantine centers. * The ability to transfer data from app to app so that it is able to gather data when contact tracing. When a smartphone users meets another smartphone user within a specific range, data will be interchanged. * An efficient way for agencies to do \"contact tracing\" when a positive case is found, as the current method to contact tracing consumes lots of time, energy and workforce. * Convenience of use for all users as all the data has been stored on a cloud server and can be analyzed, so there will be no need to use the internal storage capacity of phones. * The ability of the AI function to analyze the symptoms and other factors in order to detect potential patients. This can be helpful for governments to detect potential COVID19 patients. * The camera has the function of Face ID detection making it easier for governments to recognize people when doing search activities. Furthermore, the smart surveillance camera has a thermal mode to detect body temperatures. * When AI Smart Health Surveillance systems are installed throughout the nation, it will make it easier for governments to detect patients and perform contact tracing. * Agencies can lift a few lockdown restrictions so the economy will still function in the country. This can be done when the pandemic is effectively contained. * Business can use this software and application as a precaution for their businesses and their workers. It can be help agencies when there is a need for contact tracing if potential COVID19 patients are detected on their premises. * To ensure the national health systems graphs will be stable, as having this will make sure COVID19 is contained. * Ability to help MSMEs during this pandemic. When the pandemic is contained, business activity can be resumed like normal. * Ability to understand the lifestyle patterns, how the outbreak will affect communities and how this pandemic can spread and how it can be encountered.
# Fatigue Performance of Tunnel Invert in Newly Designed Heavy Hauilway Tunnel
## 5 Conclusions  
In this study, to examine the coupling effect of the surrounding rock pressure and 30 t axle load trains, 3D numerical simulation and three-point bending fatigue tests were combined to investigate the fatigue performance of the bottom structures of the newly designed heavy haul railway tunnel. We drew the following:  
1. The top center was the position vulnerable to fatigue in the tunnel invert of the new line, which experienced high static and low dynamic stresses. Its static maximum principal strain was \(40.3\times 10^{-6}\), which was caused by surrounding rock pressure, whereas the dynamic maximum principal strain caused by train load was \(8.3\times 10^{-6}\).
2. The tests results revealed that the fatigue life decreased as dynamic and static loads increased. Combined with the expression of the two-parameter \(S\)-\(N\) curve, an evolution model was proposed to characterize the fatigue behavior of the tunnel invert specimens.
3. For the new line's tunnel invert structures, fatigue failure would not occur within 2 million cycles. Any invert fracture within the design service life could be attributed to geological reasons or bedrock defects, rather than fatigue failure caused by dynamic train load.  
Conceptualization, C.L.; methodology, C.L.; formal analysis, C.L. and N.L.; writing--original draft preparation, C.L.; writing--review and editing, C.L., L.P., M.L., C.S., and N.L.; supervision, L.P.; funding acquisition, M.L.  
This project was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 51978669, U1734208) and the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province, China (No. 2018J3657), who are gratefully acknowledged. The experimental work described in this paper was completed in the Key Laboratory of Engineering Structure of Heavy Haul Railway in Central South University, China.  
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
## 3 The Sciences of \"Admissible\" Things
### Modeling and Design
#### 3.4.3 Wire-Like Structures  
The mathematical control of deformations, which is considered highly challenging for solid materials, remains difficult to achieve, even with optimal design techniques, as highlighted in prior studies [105; 106; 107]. While certain trends may emerge, achieving numerical control over deformations remains elusive. Additionally, challenges persist in the 4D printing process and materials themselves, such as response times and local amplitudes of stimulations in active materials, as well as complexities in the production of stimuli within the system. Figure 10 depicts one of the hurdles encountered in leveraging 4D printing: understanding the properties of materials under stimulation, determining the optimal placement of active voxels within an inert supporting material, and considering local energy flows in both time and space to facilitate the shape-shifting of a 3D-printed object. Given the challenges associated with achieving uniform deformations in massive materials, it may be beneficial to mitigate interdependencies between voxels by designing the 4D-printed object with distinct active or passive lattices [108; 104; 109; 110].  
Different structure and material combinations yield unique structural properties, such as stiffness, Poisson's ratio, and overall elasticity. Designing protective structures involves suggesting ideal distributions or configurations of input or output forces using various shapes, thicknesses, and auxiliary materials to mitigate the risk of damage. In comparison to single-material 4D printing, which is challenging to model, it is feasible to simulate changes based on the magnitude and directionality of the actuation [111; 112; 113; 114; 115].  
[PERSON] et al. [113] optimized the cross-sectional properties of wire-like structures, particularly Young's modulus, to achieve a target shape under the given loading conditions capable of nonlinear geometric deformation. Subsequently, the structure could actively return to its original shape through the shape memory effect. This involved developing an algorithm for generating physical realizations derived from a computer-aided design model, facilitating direct fabrication through the printing of shape memory composites. While this approach was validated with POCs, it was limited to wire-like structures.
## 3 Results and Discussion
When analyzing the particle size and dust density, we conclude that these parameters also affect the K\({}_{2}\) coefficient. Among the three tested dusts, the density of tapioca and corn and the particle size were similar (density about 1.5 g\(\cdot\)cm\({}^{-1}\), particle size from 8.5 to 9.5 \(\upmu\)m). For the dust from the phosphate concentrate, these values were: density about 3.03 g\(\cdot\)cm\({}^{-3}\), particle size 15.53 \(\upmu\)m. Analyzing the obtained values of the K\({}_{2}\) coefficient for individual types of dust, we have come to the conclusion that one of the factors shaping its value is also the dust density. It was found that the dependence of the K\({}_{2}\) coefficient value is directly proportional to dust density. [PERSON] et al. (2019) did not study the dust specific resistance coefficient in rice dust in post-harvest processes due to the various particle sizes and low dust concentrations [37]. The presented diagrams (Figures 7 and 8) clearly show the dependence of the filtration resistance on the bag's working time in the baghouses operated in the dust exhaust installations in the narrow surface processing and the line of CNC drilling machines. The longer the working time of the filter bags, the greater the resistance. This is also confirmed by the diagram of the resistance of clean air flow through the filter and the related value of the K\({}_{2}\) coefficient increasing with working time of material. It follows that the operation time (maturation, conditioning) of the filter bags affects the formation and the value of the K\({}_{2}\) coefficient. The pulse-jet cleaning intensity is associated with the working time, it turns out that the filter bags cleaned more frequently retaining lower flow resistance despite the greater load of finer dust. The effective pulse-jet cleaning of filter bags is dependent on the specific dust resistance coefficient. The studies performed using limestone dust and fly ash show that the increase of the K\({}_{2}\) coefficient requires higher cleaning parameters [38; 39]. Long-term operation of the filter bags can be simulated under laboratory conditions. The methods of aging filter materials in laboratory conditions, used so far by [PERSON], et al. (20) and [PERSON] and [PERSON] (2015) (21) corresponded to the number of cleaning pulses for a period of approximately 100 days of bag work in a furniture factory (maximum 10,000 cycles), while the operation life of such bags is often several years. As a result, such artificial aging of filter bags may turn out to be unreliable; therefore, to verify the actual operation of such bags, they must be tested taking into account their use in real conditions.
# Perspectives and Challenges in Robotic Neurorehabilitation
## 3 Current Trends of Robot-Aided Neurorehabilitation
### Relhabilitative Training
#### Robotic Neurorehabilitation Coupled to Brain Computer Interfaces  
BCIs were originally conceived as non-invasive devices enabling communication, while their invasive counterpart, often defined as brain machine interfaces (BMIs), were aimed at providing some level of motor control in completely paralyzed or severely impaired people [158; 159]. Given their ability to change and shape neural plasticity [160], more recently, BCIs and BMIs have been employed in neurorehabilitation of motor-impaired individuals, often in combination with other therapeutic approaches, including end-effector devices or exoskeletons [161].  
As an example, in a recent study, the group of [PERSON] showed that the use of functional electrical stimulation (FES) based on a BCI was able to induce significant functional recovery in stroke patients, and that such recovery was retained 6 to 12 months after the end of therapy [162]. In this study, decoding of movement intention by the BCI triggered activation of hand muscles through FES, and the authors showed that motor recovery came along with significant cortical reorganization.  
In another study, the group of [PERSON] investigated human treadmill walking with and without BCI control of a walking avatar and through source localization analysis of the EEG data, they showed that the use of the BCI involved a major cortical activation with respect to the case without the BCI, thus suggesting the potential benefit of a BCI-based therapy for promoting cortical engagement during rehabilitation therapy [163].  
Recently, the groups of [PERSON] and [PERSON] developed a novel 'hybrid' BMI in which intracortical signals and EMG were used to control a multi-DOF upper limb robotic exoskeleton in a severely impaired chronic stroke patient and showed that rehabilitation with this system was able to induce significant motor recovery, which was retained 6 months afterwards [164].  
These examples show that BCIs and BMIs can be successfully exploited to augment the outcome of a neurorehabilitation intervention: Indeed, these systems propose that the assistance follows the user's motor intention, with the consequence being that stronger cortical changes are induced. These evidences pave the way for new combined and personalized interventions, where closed loop decoding of brain activity plays a key role for maximizing the sensorimotor recovery.
# Kinematic Analysis and Verification of a New 5-DOF Parallel Mechanism
## 6 Conclusions  
1. In this paper, based on the requirement of multi-dimensional 3D printing, two 5 PUS-UPU parallel mechanisms with five degrees of freedom are designed, and their degrees of freedom are analyzed by using Grubler-Kutzbach and the screw theory. Based on the singularity analysis, the optimal scheme was determined in the two schemes.
2. The coordinate system and coordinate transformation matrix are established for the optimal scheme. Based on the idea of inverse kinematics solution, the inverse position equation is established. The working condition that can reflect the 5-DOF movement of the mechanism is designed, and the position analysis, speed analysis, and acceleration analysis of the working condition are carried out.
3. Monte Carlo method is applied to analyze the workspace of the mechanism and to study the influencing factors of the workspace. Among the many influencing factors in the workspace, two factors are chosen: the length of the link and the position of the spherical hinge. The mechanism is optimized to obtain the optimal link length of 205 mm and the optimal position of the spherical hinge. It is concluded that the workspace size is 120 mm \(\times\) 175 mm \(\times\) 300 mm when the fixed posture is \(\alpha=0^{\circ}\) and \(\beta=0^{\circ}\), and 80 mm \(\times\) 150 mm \(\times\) 300 mm when \(\alpha\) and \(\beta\) are within \(\pm 5^{\circ}\).
4. Design the experiment, set the posture angle of the moving platform in \(\alpha=0^{\circ}\), \(\beta=0^{\circ}\) and \(\alpha=0^{\circ},\ \beta=-5^{\circ}\), use a pencil replace the printing nozzle to draw a circle. By drawing the circular trajectory, it can be concluded that the mechanism  
Figure 20: Circular trajectories.  
meets the design requirements for the freedom of three-dimensional movement and two-dimensional rotation.
5. In the experimental analysis, although the experimental results basically meet the design requirements, the kinematic accuracy of the mechanism is low due to the gap of hook joint and spherical hinge and the error of connecting link length. Therefore, how to further improve the motion accuracy of the mechanism will be the focus of the next work.  
Conceptualization, J.L. and Y.W.; data curation, Y.W. and C.L.; formal analysis, Y.W., C.L. and J.L.; funding acquisition, J.L.; investigation, Y.W. and C.L.; methodology, Y.W. and J.L.; project administration, Y.W. and C.L.; resources, J.L.; software, Y.W. and C.L.; supervision, J.L. and Y.W.; validation, J.L.; writing--original draft, Y.W. and C.L.; writing--review and editing. Y.W. and C.L. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research received no external funding.  
Not applicable.  
The data are contained within the article.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 3 Results
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c} \hline  & **Group** & \begin{tabular}{c} **Dominant/Non-** \\ **Dominant** \\ \end{tabular} & **Baseline Mean \(\pm\) SD** & \begin{tabular}{c} **Post-Intervention** \\ **Mean \(\pm\) SD** \\ \end{tabular} & **Mean Change \(\pm\) SD** & **Mean Rank** & \
\begin{tabular}{c} **Mean-Whitney U** \\ **(Between-Group)** \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} **\(p\)-Value** \\ **(Between-Group)** \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{COD 45\({}^{\circ}\)} & 11+ & Dominant & 2.40 \(\pm\) 0.81 & 1.80 \(\pm\) 0.82 & \(-\)0.60 \(\pm\) 0.59 & 30.98 & \multirow{3}{*}{419.00} & \multirow{3}{*}{0.001} \\  & Control & Dominant & 2.00 \(\pm\) 1.07 & 2.00 \(\pm\) 0.94 & 0.00 \(\pm\) 0.50 & 50.78 & & \\  & 11+ & Non-dominant & 2.80 \(\pm\) 0.91 & 2.03 \(\pm\) 0.76 & \(-\)0.77 \(\pm\) 0.94 & 31.54 & & \\  & Control & Non-dominant & 2.53 \(\pm\) 0.86 & 2.46 \(\pm\) 0.80 & \(-\)0.07 \(\pm\) 0.60 & 50.23 & 441.50 & 0.001 \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{COD 70\({}^{\circ}\)} & 11+ & Dominant & 2.65 \(\pm\) 0.76 & 2.02 \(\pm\) 0.99 & \(-\)0.62 \(\pm\) 0.77 & 32.41 & 476.50 & 0.001 \\  & Control & Dominant & 2.29 \(\pm\) 0.95 & 2.26 \(\pm\) 0.89 & \(-\)0.02 \(\pm\) 0.56 & 49.38 & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & 11+ & Non-dominant & 3.20 \(\pm\) 0.85 & 2.57 \(\pm\) 0.81 & \(-\)0.62 \(\pm\) 0.74 & 33.51 & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & Control & Non-dominant & 2.68 \(\pm\) 0.93 & 2.70 \(\pm\) 1.07 & \(-\)0.14 \(\pm\) 0.52 & 48.30 & & \\ \hline \hline \multirow{3}{*}{COD 90\({}^{\circ}\)} & 11+ & Dominant & 3.85 \(\pm\) 0.80 & 3.00 \(\pm\) 0.81 & \(-\)0.85 \(\pm\) 0.86 & 29.70 & 368.00 & 0.001 \\ \cline{1-1}  & Control & Dominant & 3.80 \(\pm\) 0.84 & 3.80 \(\pm\) 0.78 & 0.00 \(\pm\) 0.38 & 52.02 & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & 11+ & Non-dominant & 4.92 \(\pm\) 0.82 & 3.65 \(\pm\) 0.69 & \(-\)1.27 \(\pm\) 0.84 & 25.95 & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & Control & Non-dominant & 5.00 \(\pm\) 0.97 & 4.90 \(\pm\) 1.01 & \(-\)0.09 \(\pm\) 0.62 & 55.68 & & \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: The result of the Mann-Whitney U test in different conditions of COD maneuver between the groups (pre- to post-changes).
Sensors_**2011**, _11_, 5561-5595; doi:10.3390/s110605561  
_Sensors_  
**ISSN 1424-8220**  
www.mdpi.com/journal/sensors  
_Review_  
**Wearable and Implantable Wireless Sensor Network Solutions for Healthcare Monitoring**  
**[PERSON] 1,* and [PERSON] 2**  
1 Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt  
2 Faculty of Computers and Information, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt;  
E-Mail: [EMAIL_ADDRESS]  
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [EMAIL_ADDRESS];  
Tel.: +20105645222; Fax: +20225552468.  
_Received: 3 April 2011; in revised form: 14 May 2011 / Accepted: 19 May 2011 / Published: 26 May 2011_  
**Abstract:** Wireless sensor network (WSN) technologies are considered one of the key research areas in computer science and the healthcare application industries for improving the quality of life. The purpose of this paper is to provide a snapshot of current developments and future direction of research on wearable and implantable body area network systems for continuous monitoring of patients. This paper explains the important role of body sensor networks in medicine to minimize the need for caregivers and help the chronically ill and elderly people live an independent life, besides providing people with quality care. The paper provides several examples of state of the art technology together with the design considerations like unobtrusiveness, scalability, energy efficiency, security and also provides a comprehensive analysis of the various benefits and drawbacks of these systems. Although offering significant benefits, the field of wearable and implantable body sensor networks still faces major challenges and open research problems which are investigated and covered, along with some proposed solutions, in this paper.  
**Keywords:** wireless sensor networks; body area networks; wearable sensors; implantable sensors; healthcare applications; biosensors; nanotechnology; privacy; security
# An Architecture to Manage Incoming Traffic of Inter-Domain Routing Using OpenFlow Networks
## 6 Further Discussion  
The Internet is intrinsically heterogeneous and distributed where network operators execute independent network management tasks into their AS domain [40]. Additionally, the lack of direct  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c} \hline \hline
**Interval** & **Uncompressed (in Kbps)** & **Compressed (in Kbps)** \\ ine 0–1 & 4472 & 292 \\ ine 0–5 & 894 & 58 \\ ine 0–10 & 447 & 29 \\ ine 0–15 & 298 & 19 \\ ine 0–20 & 223 & 14 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: The bandwidth required to send the biggest message of the network state using the communication mechanism of the proposed architecture.  
BGP mechanisms to control inbound network traffic contributes to the over-provisioning of ASes infrastructure, leading to an inter-domain environment consisting of expensive, high-performance, and specialized hardware. Consequently, these network resources are underutilized by around 30% to 60% [41] to cope with disruption or unpredictable changes of connectivity in the inter-domain environment.  
Moreover, the BGP does not provide an effective mechanism to control inbound traffic for prefixes advertised to other ASes. All traffic engineering tools available with BGP only rely on techniques that try to influence other BGP speakers to generate the network traffic distribution desired. Thus, this work explored the possibility of adopting SDN technologies in the inter-domain environment (for example, an ISP) and providing new routing network services to customers of the transit ASes that deploy the proposed architecture.  
A prototype was used to execute an experiment of how to perform load balancing for inbound traffic to a given AS. Although the scenario adopted consisted of few ASes, a common configuration in current Internet topology was extracted, which was expected to be represented in a real scenario deployment. Furthermore, based on the achieved results, the proposed architecture was effective for allowing customers of a transit AS to control the inbound traffic.
# A Survey on Network Optimization Techniques for Blockchain Systems
## 3 Background Knowledge
Then, the new peer requests the addresses of the existing peer's neighbors and finally selects some peers randomly as neighbors to gossip with. Peers utilize the gossip protocol in the network to distribute new blocks or transactions [60]. The gossiping dissemination occurs in rounds and is prone to duplicate transmissions. As shown in Figure 4, Node L shares a newly generated block with its neighbours (Peer 1, 2 and 3). Peer 1 also shares with its neighbours (4 5 7), Peer 2 shares with (6 7 8) and Peer 3 then shares it with (7 9). After this round, it can be realized that Node 7 received the block three times.