esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Extracellular Vesicles for Regenerative Medicine Applications
## 2 Extracellular Vesicles (EVs)
### Matrix-Bound Nanovesicles (MBVs)  
MBVs are a subtype of EVs embedded within the extracellular matrix (ECM). Ranging in size from 100-300 nm in diameter, MBVs are composed of a lipid membrane that stores and transports a diverse portfolio of signaling molecules. These molecules include proteins, miRNAs, and bioactive lipids [69; 70; 71; 72].  
MBVs are secreted by tissue-resident cells and are integrated into the solid-phase, fibrillar structure of the ECM [70]. This solid-phase localization of MBVs to the ECM, rather than to the surrounding extracellular fluid, suggests a unique mechanism for MBV synthesis, cellular export, and matrix association that, when taken cumulatively, differs from the mechanisms of synthesis and the release of other EVs [70]. Although MBVs have been shown to be produced by multiple cell types, the mechanisms for the biogenesis of the other EV subtypes are better understood; the mechanisms for the release and matrix association of MBVs remain unknown [73]. MBVs can be isolated from a wide variety of ECM source materials through enzymatic digestion [69; 70; 71; 74]. While MBVs are similar in size and morphology to exosomes secreted into body fluids or cell culture supernatant, recent evidence show that MBVs contain a distinctive protein, miRNA, and lipid signature compared to liquid-phase exosomes produced from the same cell type [70]. Furthermore, in contrast to liquid-phase EVs, MBVs possess a marked reduction in CD63, CD81, and CD9, with all three of these protein markers being used to identify and characterize liquid-phase EVs (the fourth marker being Hsp70, which has not shown any differences between EVs and MBVs) [69; 71; 75].
## 1 Introduction  
Heart sounds are a series of mechanical vibrations produced by the interplay between heart chambers, valves, great vessels, and blood flow therein. Normal heart sounds in a cardiac cycle, in general, consist of the first heart sounds (S1) and the second heart sounds (S2). Previous studies [1, 2] disclosed that the components of S1 followed the onset of the left ventricular pressure rise and closure of the mitral, tricuspid valve. Hence, S1 is considered as the sum of two components called mitral and tricuspid component. Meanwhile, S2 is considered as the sum of two components, called aortic and pulmonary component, which coincide with the closure of the aortic and pulmonary valve. Asynchronous closure of the aortic and pulmonary valves yields splitting of S2. The splitting has become widely recognized as a physiologic finding in both adults and children.  
Studies about how to distinguish the aortic, pulmonary components and how to detect the splitting of S2 have progressed in recent years. The chirp model was introduced to represent the aortic and pulmonary component and to separate them [3]. The time-frequency representation (TFR) method was used to analyze S2 to get the split [4]. It can be implemented by Short Time Fourier Transform (STFT). Hence, it is referred as the STFT method in this paper. Considering S2 is a nonstationary signal, a Wigner-Ville distribution (WVD) was adopted to analyze heart sounds [5]. To solve the interference terms of the WVD, the smoothed pseudo-Wigner Ville distribution (SPWVD) was used to obtain a better time-frequency resolution [5]. The SPWVD was improved by a reassignment method which can rearrange the coefficients of the SPWVD around new zero to yield a high resolution of TFR [6]. Combining Hilbert vibration decomposition (HVD) and SPWVD, [PERSON] et al. obtained quantitative measurement of the split [7; 8; 9; 10]. It is referred to as the HVD method in the following. In the HVD method, an S2 signal is decomposed into several phase-fixed components and SPWVD operation is performed to each component to extract timing information.  
The authors propose a novel method to measure respiratory split using ensemble information embedded in S2 collection. The aortic component could be simply extracted by averaging and the pulmonary component could be extracted by subtracting. The findings show that the respiratory split can be accurately monitored and the split variations reflect the physiological relation between respiration and heart hemodynamic response.
# Unraveling the Complexity of Plant Trichomes: Models, Mechanisms, and Bioengineering Strategies
## 3 Non-Glandular Trichomes: A Model System for Studying Cell Differentiation
### Regulatory Mechanism of NGTs Development  
Arabidopsis trichome development is regulated by the MYB-bHLH-WD40 (MBW) protein complex. Through this regulatory network, trichome differentiation and development are orchestrated, providing insight into the genetic pathways underlying cell fate determination [20]. Due to the economic importance of cotton fiber, many transcription factors have been implicated in its development, including the MYB, bHLH, and HD-ZIP transcription factors [21]. MYB25 and HOX3 have recently been identified as critical regulators of fiber differentiation, as well as the single-cell tip-biased diffusion of growth [23]. In soybeans, three genes are responsible for regulating pupescence density. _Pd1_ encodes a transcription factor of the HD-ZIP IV class. _Ps_ encodes a multidomain protein that contains evolutionarily conserved WD40 and RING domains, which are central to its structural configuration and mediate specific interactions between proteins. _Mao1_ plays an important role in controlling the morphology of soybean epidermal trichomes. As central regulators of pupescence density, these genes work in a feedback loop to maintain optimal trichome density, balancing defense and physiological efficiency [24]. The morphology of soybean trichomes has evolved significantly from its wild ancestors. It is noted that wild soybeans possess inverted, flat trichomes, whereas cultivated varieties possess upright, slightly angular trichomes. Ty3/Gypsy retrotransposon insertions in the _Mao1_ promoter result in increased _Mao1_ expression, leading to upright trichome development. By overexpressing _Mao1_ in soybean, upright trichomes can be developed, improving light capture and photosynthetic efficiency, which results in higher yields [25]. In _Brassica juncea_, _BjGL1b1_ (an _AtGL1_ homolog) serves as a key regulator of the development of non-glandular trichomes [26]. In contrast, the HD-Zip III transcription factor _BjPHVa_ negatively modulates the development of trichomes [27].  
Arabidopsis and cotton are well-established models for studying non-glandular trichomes. Over the past five years, researchers have observed a significant increase in yield potential and commercial value in the trichomes of economically important crops, such as soybeans (_Glycine max_) and mustards (_Brassica juncea_). It has been demonstrated that HD-Zip transcription factors are evolutionarily conserved to regulate NGT development across species, which offers significant implications for future research on trichome biology in other cash crops.
# Electrical Stimulation May Improve the Feeding and Nutritional Status of Children with Dysphagia
## 5 Treatment of Dysphagia
Additionally, changes in posture or head position during swallowing may bring improvement, as may the use of special techniques to keep food moving if there are difficulties in its passage to the stomach. Simultaneously, nutritional assistance is provided, which entails ensuring the child's adequate nutrition through the implementation of optimal feeding techniques and the consideration of alternative feeding methods [1; 16]. Specialist equipment, such as specialist bottles and teats, is used to better control feeding for children with dysphagia. An example is the specialist teats for stones in children with cleft palate [8; 21]. Furthermore, specialized feeding devices are employed to facilitate nutrient absorption, such as by feeding childrenthrough a gastric tube (tube feeding) [64]. Psychosocial support is especially important when dysphagia causes anxiety related to eating and has an impact on family relationships. Despite this, new techniques are being explored to complement dysphagia therapy. It is also helpful to implement techniques that support meal routines, involvement, and enjoyment of feeding, with particular emphasis on education and support for the family. In particularly challenging states, temporary enteral feeding with a feeding tube is utilized [21]. However, for some children, despite compensatory strategies and therapeutic interventions, a permanent tube feeding through a gastrostomy may be required to provide nutrition safely, especially for children with neurological disabilities [1]. The use of a tube can ensure that nutrition evades the problem area, minimizing the danger of coughing, choking, and aspiration of food into the lungs [64]. This method of feeding is initiated when the patient is losing weight rapidly and is at risk of malnutrition or if he has already developed aspiration pneumonia. Once the patient's swallowing ability and nutritional status improve, the tube can be removed. Breathing techniques to coordinate swallowing and breathing are also important. The pace of eating is also modified, with appropriate pauses for breathing. This can reduce the risk of aspiration of food into the trachea and lungs [21]. Many children with dysphagia experience improvements in swallowing with appropriate intervention and therapy [24; 37]. The degree of improvement depends on the cause of the problem and the child's condition. Early intervention and preventive strategies can significantly reduce the severity of the disease [61]. There is ongoing research into precise diagnostic tools and effective therapies for dysphagia in children. A new technique of potential therapeutic benefits in dysphagia is the use of NMES [19; 20].
# Analysis of Information Availability for Seismic and Volcanic Monitoring Systems: A Review
## 2 Methodology Validation
### Research Questions  
A total of three research questions were designed for the review. These questions will allow delving into specific aspects of seismic monitoring networks from the information availability approach. For each question, a purpose and criteria have been described in this study to find relevant information as shown below:  
**RQ1**: _What are the mechanisms used in instrumental monitoring networks that contribute to availability of information?_ The aim is to identify protocols, algorithms, and techniques focused on real-time data transmission, as well as to recognize factors that affect the availability of information.
**RQ2**: _What are the regulations and standards proposed by seismological organizations about the availability of information for data acquisition and processing systems?_ The goal is to identify operational conditions and requirements for data acquisition systems in data centers.
**RQ3**: _What are seismological network trends in IT infrastructure that improve the information recovery from instrumental networks?_ We seek to recognize trends in connectivity between seismological data centers and their monitoring networks.
## 2 The Rise of the Federated Learning Approach
### Delving into Decentralized Federated Learning (DFL)
#### 2.3.2 Privacy-Preserving Methodologies  
Although FL is a method introduced to securely enable devices to take advantage of the collaborative learning effect without divulging their data, attackers (adversarial networks) can still find ways to take control of the device's data. The methods used in order to ensure the privacy in the federated learning process are categorized as follows: _Differential Privacy (DP) methods, secure multi-party computation, and Homomorphic Encryption_[15].  
In DP methods, noise is added to the training data whilst the algorithm remains capable of learning and hence makes precise predictions. The purpose is to impede the malicious nodes from distinguishing whether a user's data point or dataset was incorporated into the training phase. For instance, [PERSON] et al. [58] introduced a method for secure cross-silo decentralized federated learning. Each client (which represents an institution, like finance or healthcare) trains two models concurrently, the local one and the exchangeable one (ProxyFL model). The ProxyFL model is trained using _Differential Privacy_ guarantees (DP-SGD, based on Gaussian mechanisms) and deployed to decentralized environments, while these two conditions justify the reason that ProxyFL is diversified by conventional _Deep Mutual Learning (DML)_[59]. While training, each client communicates solely with its peers, exchanging one proxy model per round. The method was tested on the _Camelyon-17_ dataset, containing medical images (images of lymph nodes) from different medical centers (the distribution of which was skewed in some cases for the approach to be tested on non-IID data) and using CNN networks (Res-Net), while some of the competitors were centralized FedAvg, AvgPush, CWT, and FML. ProxyFL outperformed every other aforementioned approach and continued to upgrade its performance until the end of the training.  
Although there is a lot of successful work regarding securing privacy in DFL, this case will be further analyzed in Section 5.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Effect of Carbonization Pressure on Composition and Microstructure of CGBS
#### 3.2.3 Morphology and Microstructure  
Figure 12 shows the SEM images of CGBS at different carbonization pressures. At 0.1 MPa, it can be observed that the CGBS slurry contains a large number of pores, the particle distribution is relatively loose and only a small amount of flocculent material is observed on the particle surface. This is because the carbonization pressure is low, which has an inhibitory effect on the dissolution and hydration of CG and FA. Most particles still maintain their initial shape, the pores between particles are larger, the lubricating water film is thicker, and the force is smaller [35]. This phenomenon is consistent with the yield stress and plastic viscosity obtained from the rheological curve under this carbonization pressure, which is conducive to the flow of the slurry. As the carbonization pressure increases, hydration products of different shapes appear in the CGBS. The hydration and carbonation products accumulate and fill the sample pores, making the CGBS microstructure more compact and the pore structure reduced, which is consistent with the BET test results.
# A Novel Deep Learning Method for Recognition and Classification of Brain Tumors from MRI Images
## 3 Proposed Methodology
### Tumor Localization and Segmentation Using Mask-RCNN
#### 3.3.2 Region Proposal Network  
In this stage, the feature map obtained by feature extraction is fed to the RPN network to generate RoIs. The RoIs are localized to tumor regions used for the final segmentation and classification. The RPN module uses a 3 \(\times\) 3 CL to scan the whole image in a sliding window manner to generate relevant anchors. These anchors are the bounding box with different sizes and are distributed over the whole image. Since there are about 20 k anchors of various sizes and scales, they are likely to overlap each other to cover the whole image as much as possible [60]. Using RPN prediction, the top anchors that probably include objects are selected and their position and size are refined using bounding box regression. In the case of the overlapping anchors, the ones with the highest foreground score are kept while the remaining ones are discarded by using non-max suppression. More specifically, if an anchor has an intersection-over-union (IoU) higher than 0.7 with a GT box, it is classified as a positive anchor (fg class), otherwise negative (bg class). This leads to a generation of several RoIs that are passed to the next stage for classification and segmentation.
## 2 Factors Affecting the Degradation Mechanisms of Glyphosate Pollution
### Immobilization and Leaching  
The high adsorption of glyphosate results in its rapid immobilization in most natural situations after application [26; 35]. Influential factors in the immobilization of glyphosate include minerals, soil organic matter, and clay. It has also been reported by [PERSON] et al. [36] that adsorption to soil occurs within 3 h of the application when about 20% of glyphosate quantity is initially applied. High levels of clay, organic matter, iron, and aluminium are required for high adsorption, soils with low pH and phosphate concentrations, and high levels of clay [35; 36; 37; 38]. Contrarily, soils with high levels of phosphate, high pH, and low levels of organic matter, Fe, and Al are more prone to glyphosate and AMPA losses because of a reduced capacity for adsorption and a larger propensity for leaching [36; 38]. According to [PERSON] and [PERSON] [23], the leaching of glyphosate and resulting contamination of water sources is increasingly due to the recurrent finding of glyphosate and AMPA residues in the water.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Impact of Synchronous Cooling Zone on the Temperature Stress of the Dam Body
Although the growth of safety factor meets specifications (more than 1.65), the margin is small;
* If the synchronous cooling zone's height is increased to 27 m, the three grouting zones are cooled in a coordinated manner. As the scope of the temperature difference reduction and synchronous deformation increases, the constraint on the foundation concrete is further reduced. The maximum stress in the middle position is reduced to 1.40 MPa, while the safety factor has an apparent increase;  
In conclusion, the synchronous cooling zone's height has a noticeable impact on concrete stress and mainly has a more considerable impact on the concrete in grouting  
Figure 11: Temperature and stress process lines at feature points in the foundation constrain zone with different heights of synchronous cooling zones: (**a**) temperature; (**b**) stress. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Working Conditions**} & **Height of** & **Maximum** & & & \\  & **Synchronous Cooling** & **Temperature of** & & & \\  & **Zone (m)** & **Strong Constraint** & & & \\  & **Zone (\({}^{\circ}\)C)** & **\(\sigma_{\rm x}\) (MPa)** & **Elevation (m)** & **Safety Factor k** \\ \hline Scheme 1 & 9 & 26.3 & 1.58 & 3263 & 1.60 \\ \hline Scheme 2 & 18 & 26.3 & 1.45 & 3263 & 1.74 \\ \hline Scheme 3 & 27 & 26.3 & 1.40 & 3263 & 1.81 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 5: Impact of the presence and absence of synchronous cooling zone on temperature stress. zones 1 and 2 of the strong constraint zone. To reduce the strong constraint zone stress at the end of phase 2 and increase the safety factor, one should make the best efforts to increase the synchronous cooling zone's height, particularly in the dam's steep section.
# A New Pabs Model for Quantitatively Diagnosing Phosphorus Nutritional Status in Corn Plants
###### Abstract  
Accurate diagnosis of plant phosphorus nutritional status is critical for optimizing agricultural practices and enhancing resource efficiency. Existing methods are limited to qualitatively assessing plant phosphorus nutritional status and cannot quantitatively estimate the plant's phosphorus requirements. Moreover, these methods are time-consuming, making them impractical for large-scale application. In this study, we developed an advanced phosphorus absorption model (Pabs) that integrates the phosphorus nutrition index (PNI) and phosphorus use efficiency (PUE). The PUE, a critical metric for assessing phosphate fertilizer use efficiency, was quantified by comparing yields under fertilized and unfertilized conditions. Utilizing the Agricultural Production Systems Simulator (APSIM) model, we simulated maize (_Zea mays_ L.) phosphorus concentration (P) and aboveground biomass (Bio) under varying phosphorus application rates. The model exhibited robust performance, achieving an R\({}^{2}\) above 0.95 and an RMSE below 0.22. Based on the APSIM model simulations, a phosphorus dilution curve (Pc = 3.17 Bio\({}^{-0.29}\), R\({}^{2}\) = 0.98) was established, reflecting the dilution trends of phosphorus across growth stages. Furthermore, the use of vegetation indices (VIS) to evaluate phosphorus nutritional status also showed promising results, with inversion accuracies exceeding 0.70. To validate the model, field sampling was conducted in maize-growing regions of Changchun. Results demonstrated a correct diagnosis rate of 75%, underscoring the model's capacity to accurately estimate phosphorus requirements on a regional scale. These findings highlight the Pabs model as a reliable tool for precision phosphorus management, offering significant potential to optimize fertilization strategies and support sustainable agricultural systems.  
Keywords:phosphorus status diagnosis; precision phosphorus management; phosphorus absorption model; phosphorus nutrition index; agricultural production systems simulator +
Footnote †: journal: Applied sciences
# Temporally Programmable Hybrid MOPA Laser with Arbitrary Pulse Shape and Frequency Doubling
## 2 MOPA Setup  
A schematic diagram of the experiment setup is depicted in Figure 1. Figure 1a shows the setup of the fiber stage, including a distributed feedback (DFB) laser with fiber-coupled output and two fiber amplifiers. The setup of the fiber stage was similar to that in [17]. The difference was that electro-optic modulator (EOM2) was replaced by an acousto-optic modulator (AOM, Gooch & Housego T-M200-0.1C2G-3-F2P, Ilminster, UK). The maximum rise/fall time of the AOM is 10 ns, and the maximum modulation frequency is 200 MHz. Its function was enhancing the extinction ratio and pulse contrast of the output pulses.  
The photo of the setup of the solid-state amplifiers was shown in Figure 1b, which was almost the same with [18]. To eliminate the influence of the amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) and accurately obtain the gain characteristics, the pump beam diameters of the 2 nd and 3 rd amplifiers were enlarged to about 940 \(\upmu\)m. Moreover, in order to prevent possible parasitic laser oscillation between the 2 nd and 3 rd amplifiers with high gain, a 3\({}^{\circ}\) wedge on one of the facets of the Nd:YVO\({}_{4}\) crystal was cut for the 3 rd amplifier.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Amplifier** & **Peak Power (kW)** & **Linewidth (nm)** & **Exp or Theo 1** & **Arbitrary Waveform** & **Reference** \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{fiber} & 2.6 & 3 & theo & yes & [7] \\  & 1.5 & - & theo & yes & [8] \\  & 18 & 0.3 & exp & yes & [9] \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{solid-state} & - & - & exp & yes & [13] \\  & \(1.34\times 10^{8}\) & narrow & exp & no & [16] \\ \hline \end{tabular} \({}^{1}\) The method of obtaining the arbitrary waveforms: experimental or theoretical.  
\end{table}
Table 1: Progress in temporal compensation for saturated amplifiers.  
The SHG was realized by a lithium borate (LBO) crystal (\(\Phi\) = 90\({}^{\circ}\), \(\theta\) = 0\({}^{\circ}\)), with a dimension of 3 mm \(\times\) 3 mm \(\times\) 25 mm. To focus the output beam radius into a small point with a beam radius of 90 \(\upmu\)m, a focusing lens with a focal length of 150 mm was employed. The LBO crystal was placed in an oven whose temperature was controlled at 160.1 \({}^{\circ}\)C with a precision of 0.1 \({}^{\circ}\)C.