###### Abstract
Proper management of these parameters ensures optimal layer adhesion, dimensional accuracy, the surface finish, and the structural integrity of the printed object. Additionally, fine-tuning aspects like the filament diameter, extrusion multiplier, and retraction settings are crucial to address potential issues such as stringing, warping, and layer adhesion inconsistencies [10; 12]. It is noteworthy that the operational temperature range of an FDM printer typically falls within the span of 250-500 \({}^{\circ}\)C, albeit this is subject to variation depending on the specific model and manufacturer [13]. This temperature range encompasses the melting points of various thermoplastic materials commonly utilized in FDM printing, facilitating their extrusion and deposition onto the print bed. [13] In summary, the successful execution of the FDM process necessitates a judicious amalgamation of material science principles and meticulous parameter optimization. By leveraging suitable materials and fine-tuning the FDM parameters, practitioners can realize the full potential of this additive manufacturing technique, yielding printed objects characterized by superior quality, functionality, and performance [14; 15]. The factors influencing the print quality of FDM have been the subject of several studies. [PERSON] et al. [16] stressed the significance of quality control techniques, particularly during the product design and process planning stages. [PERSON] et al. [17] suggest that while the filament quality can impact the strength of 3D-printed parts, its effect on the consumer-level print quality is minimal. [PERSON] [18] advocates for the adoption of advanced test models and quantitative quality indexes to evaluate the quality of affordable 3D printing. [PERSON] [19] directs attention to enhancing the quality of 3D-printed objects, emphasizing factors like the filament feed rate and wall geometry. These studies collectively underscore the necessity for a comprehensive approach to ensuring and evaluating the quality of 3D printing processes and products. Ensuring the quality of 3D printing is of the utmost importance across various applications. It is important to consider these factors when making decisions about 3D printing. It is crucial to pay meticulous attention to various factors, including the dimensional accuracy, surface structure, and density [20]. Research has shown that the precision and accuracy of 3D-printed objects are profoundly influenced by the selection of the printing technology and specific parameters [21]. For example, the choice between material jetting or vat photopolymerization directly impacts the model accuracy [21]. It is crucial to optimize variables such as the line width, flow compensation, and geometric dimensions like the inner diameter and web thickness to ensure the production of high-quality 3D-printed products [22]. These factors have a significant impact on the uniformity of printed objects. By carefully considering and optimizing these variables, we can confidently produce high-quality 3D-printed products while maintaining a diplomatic approach to potential areas of disagreement [23]. In the realm of additive manufacturing, the quality of 3D printing can be both assessed and enhanced through the integration of sensors. These devices play a pivotal role in monitoring mechanical deformations within rigid bodies, with 3D-printed strain gauge sensors emerging as a notable avenue of exploration for this purpose [24]. Moreover, research has delved into understanding how alterations in the printing parameters impact the resultant quality of printed samples [25]. The flexibility afforded by rapid prototyping techniques, such as additive manufacturing, facilitates the facile creation of sensors tailored to specific geometric and material requirements. This capability enables swift iterations in design, empowering users to implement and evaluate modifications effectively [25; 26].