## 2 Materials and Methods
### Treatment Procedure  
All implant sites were clinically and periapically radiographically assessed regarding shape, volume, bone quality, and soft tissue status prior to treatment. The planning of the implant procedure, regarding position, type, and implant size, was performed based on clinical assessment and peri-apical radiographs. Teeth extractions and implant procedures were performed under local anaesthesia (4% articaine with 1:100,000 adrenalaine (Ubistesin(tm) Forte, 3M ESPE, 3M Switzerland, Rueschlikon, Switzerland)). Co-amoxicillin (Co-amoxicillin, Mepha, Mepha Switzerland, Basel, Switzerland) was administered one hour before surgery (2 g). Osteomies were prepared <<freehand>> at the future implant positions after tooth extraction or exfoliation in sites with deciduous teeth in situ or after reflection of a full-thickness periosteal flap following midcrestal incisions intrasulculturally extended to adjacent sites for dedentulous agenesis sites. Drilling was performed under constant sterile saline irrigation according to the manufacturer's instructions and using the corresponding drills and tools of the manufacturer (Straumann, Basel, Switzerland). The implant types and dimensions (BLT or BL implants, Straumann, Basel, Switzerland) are reported in Table 1. All implants were placed as part of the same dental appointment. If necessary, lateral and mesiodistal aspects of the implant were augmented using a mixture of autogenous bone chips retrieved during drilling and alloplastic bone (BoneCeramic(r), Straumann, Basel, Switzerland). Healing abutments were mounted, and primary wound closure was achieved (Supramid 4.0, B.Braun(r), Melsung, Germany) for transgingival healing. Nonsteroidal analgesics (Irfen 600 mg (Mepha, Mepha Switzerland, Basel, Switzerland) and Dafalgan 1000 mg (UPSA Switzerland, Zug, Switzerland)) were prescribed. Patients were instructed to follow post-surgical routines, including a soft-cold diet and antiseptic therapy with 0.2% Chlorkeidine rinses (Dentohexin, Streuli, Uznach, Switzerland) twice daily for 7 days. Patients were recalled after 10 days post-surgery for suture removal, and implants were restored with screw-retained full-ceramic (E-Max press, Ivoclar Vivadet, Schaan, Liechtenstein) 2 months after placement and recalled at 1 year post-loading.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline  & & & & & \\ \hline  & **1** & **2** & **3** & **4** & **5** \\ \hline Gender & M & F & F & M & F \\ Age & 24 & 35 & 44 & 27 & 21 \\ Tooth agenesis & 35, 45 & 35, 45 & 35, 45 & 35, 45 & 35, 45, 14, 17, 24, 27, 44, 47, 34, 37 \\ Implant Type & BLT RC & BLT RC & BLT RC & \#45: BLT RC & \#13, 23: BLT NC \\ Implant & \#35: \(\mathcal{O}4.1\times 10\) & \#35: \(\mathcal{O}4.1\times 10\) & \#35: \(\mathcal{O}4.1\times 10\) & \#35: \(\mathcal{O}4.1\times 10\) & \#35: \(\mathcal{O}4.1\times 10\) & \#13, 23: \(\mathcal{O}3.3\times 12\) \\ dimensions & \#45: \(\mathcal{O}4.1\times 10\) & \#45: \(\mathcal{O}4.1\times 10\) & \#45: \(\mathcal{O}4.1\times 10\) & \#45: \(\mathcal{O}4.1\times 10\) & \#35, 45: \(\mathcal{O}4.1\times 10\) \\ Insertion Torque & \#35: 33 & \#35: 45 & \#35: 36 & \#35: 35 & \#13: 35, \#23: 38 \\ [N/cm] & \#45: 30 & \#45: 40 & \#45: 39 & \#45: 37 & \#35: 40, \#45: 40 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Patient demographic and treatment-related information. Abbreviations: F: Female, M: Male, BL: Bone Level Implant; BLT: Bone Level Tapered Implant; RC: Regular Collar; NC: Narrow Collar.