## 3 Background Work
### Zigbee IP Protocol Stack Architecture  
This section discusses the architecture of the Zigbee IP protocol stack, as illustrated in Figure 1. It is made up of \"the IEEE 802.15.4 standard\", the Zigbee IP alliance, and applications [13]. \"The IEEE 802.15.4 standard\" consists of 802.15.4 PHY and link layer 802.15.4 MAC. Zigbee IP Alliance provides a network adaptation layer, a routing layer, a transport layer, an application support sublayer, a service provider, and an application layer. When sending IPv6 packets across Zigbee networks, the IEEE 802.15.4 standard performs the \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c} \hline
**Ref.** & **A** & **B** & **C** & **D** & **E** & **F** & **G** & **H** & **I** & **J** & **K** & **L** & **M** & **N** \\ \hline [PERSON], [PERSON] [3] & \(\times\) & \(\times\) & \(\times\) & \(\times\) & \(\times\) & \(\times\) & ✓ & ✓ & ✓ & ✓ & \(\times\) & ✓ & \(\times\) & ✓ & \(\times\) & \(\times\) \\ \hline [PERSON], [PERSON] et al. [4] & \(\times\) & ✓ & \(\times\) & \(\times\) & ✓ & ✓ & ✓ & ✓ & \(\times\) & \(\times\) & \(\times\) & ✓ & \(\times\) & \(\times\) \\ \hline [PERSON], [PERSON] and [PERSON] et al. [5] & \(\times\) & ✓ & \(\times\) & \(\times\) & \(\times\) & ✓ & ✓ & ✓ & \(\times\) & \(\times\) & \(\times\) & \(\times\) & \(\times\) & \(\times\) & \(\times\) \\ \hline [PERSON], [PERSON] and [PERSON] et al. [6] & \(\times\) & \(\times\) & \(\times\) & \(\times\) & ✓ & \(\times\) & ✓ & ✓ & ✓ & ✓ & \(\times\) & ✓ & ✓ & \(\times\) & \(\times\) \\ \hline [PERSON], [PERSON], and [PERSON] et al. [7] & \(\times\) & \(\times\) & \(\times\) & \(\times\) & \(\times\) & ✓ & ✓ & ✓ & ✓ & ✓ & ✓ & ✓ & \(\times\) & \(\times\) \\ \hline [PERSON], [PERSON] et al. [8] & ✓ & \(\times\) & \(\times\) & \(\times\) & ✓ & \(\times\) & ✓ & ✓ & ✓ & \(\times\) & \(\times\) & ✓ & \(\times\) & ✓ & \(\times\) \\ \hline [PERSON], [PERSON] and [PERSON] et al. [9] & \(\times\) & \(\times\) & \(\times\) & ✓ & \(\times\) & ✓ & ✓ & ✓ & \(\times\) & ✓ & \(\times\) & ✓ & \(\times\) & \(\times\) \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. [10] & \(\times\) & \(\times\) & \(\times\) & \(\times\) & ✓ & ✓ & ✓ & ✓ & ✓ & \(\times\) & ✓ & \(\times\) & \(\times\) & \(\times\) \\ \hline [PERSON], [PERSON] et al. [11] & ✓ & ✓ & \(\times\) & \(\times\) & ✓ & ✓ & \(\times\) & \(\times\) & \(\times\) & \(\times\) & \(\times\) & \(\times\) & \(\times\) & \(\times\) \\ \hline [PERSON], [PERSON] et al. [12] & \(\times\) & \(\times\) & \(\times\) & \(\times\) & \(\times\) & ✓ & ✓ & ✓ & \(\times\) & ✓ & \(\times\) & ✓ & \(\times\) & \(\times\) \\ \hline
**Proposed Mechanism** & ✓ & ✓ & ✓ & ✓ & ✓ & ✓ & ✓ & ✓ & ✓ & ✓ & ✓ & ✓ & ✓ & ✓ \\ \hline A = AODV routing protocol, B = RPL routing protocol, C = RPL-AODV routing protocol, D = Routing Attacks, E = blockchain, F = 6 LoWPAN, G = Security, H = Authentication, I = Key Agreement, J = Trust Center, K = Lightweight Property, L = Access Control, M = Routing Optimization, N = Zigbee Network Key Sniffing Attacks & & & & & & & & & & & \\ \end{tabular} A = AODV routing protocol, B = RPL routing protocol, C = RPL-AODV routing protocol, D = Routing Attacks, E = blockchain, F = 6 LoWPAN, G = Security, H = Authentication, I = Key Agreement, J = Trust Center, K = Lightweight Property, L = Access Control, M = Routing Optimization, N = Zigbee Network Key Sniffing Attacks  
\end{table} 
Table 1: Comparative analysis of existing solutions. necessary tasks and offers the facilities required. The IEEE 802.15.4 PHY layer provides services to the top layer, including modulation and demodulation of different transmitted and received signals, energy detection, connection quality indicator, channel selection, and clear channel evaluation. The link layer of \"IEEE 802.15.4 MAC\" is responsible for creating beacons and synchronizing the device (collision-free, CSMA/CA). Frame buffering and polling methods are used for frame transfer, encryption, authentication, and response protection.