# Demand Flexibility: A Review of Quantification Methods, Models, and Required Data
## 3 Results
### End-Uses Analyzed
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**Author** & **Methods** & **Case Study** & **Granularity** & **End-Uses** & **Metrics)** & **Data Inputs** & **Sector** \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. [38] & Genetic algorithm, simulation & X & Single & PV, HVAC & Expected flexibility savings index (\% of dwelling load) & Weather, building & R \\ [PERSON] et al. [39] & Statistical models for EV demand & X & aggregate & EV & Energy flexibility potential (AW) & Demand, temporal electricity prices, local traffic, EV charging & R \\ [PERSON] et al. [40] & Statistical models for EV demand, simulation & X & Aggregate & PV, EV, wind turbine & Flexibility indices: energy, power, and ramp capacity (\% reduction) & Mobility, demand, exchange, characteristics, characteristics, characteristics, characteristics & R, C \\ [PERSON] et al. [43] & Literature review & X & Aggregate & Load flexibility (GW) & R, C, I \\  & & & & Energy-weighted: average price and turbine, battery, CHP & Energy-weighted: average price and carbon emission & Temporal electricity prices (histotic), grid & \\ [PERSON] et al. [44] & Optimization & X & Single & Cooling machine, H2 & average price, structure-weighted: average carbon & Characteristics (PV), demand, historic & C \\  & & & & DAC, power-to-heat, heat pump & emission factor, and cost-emission ratio, energy-based cost-emission ratio & natural gas prices, technology, characteristics & \\ [PERSON] et al. [45] & Neural network, integrated machine learning & X & Aggregate & Water heater, dishwasler & Peak demand reduction (\(\lambda\)W) & Demand, characteristic & R \\ [PERSON] [46] & Load profile models for buildings, regression & X & Single & Average demand shed (\(\lambda\)W) & Demand, outdoor air temperature & C, I \\  & Statistical models for EV demand, disaggregation, optimization & X & Aggregate & EV & Flexibility (\(\lambda\)W) & Demand & R \\ [PERSON] et al. [45] & Thermal model of building & X & Aggregate & AC & DR potential (MW) & R \\ [PERSON] and [PERSON] [49] & Flexibility models for individual loads & Aggregate & & DR potential (GW) & Demand & R, C, I \\ [PERSON] et al. [50] & Statistical models for EV demand, dissipation, optimization & X & Aggregate & EV & Peak sharing potential (MW), VZG discharge & Mobility, technology characteristics, EV charging & R \\ [PERSON] et al. [51] & Simulation, occupant comfort model & X & Single & HVAC & Peak load savings (\(\lambda\)W) & Building characteristics, weather, demand & [PERSON] et al. [52] & Regression, neural network, thermal model of building & X & Aggregate & AC & DR potential (\(\lambda\)W) & Demand, temperature & [PERSON] et al. [53] & Clustering, regression & X & Aggregate & AC, Cold water chemiers, hot and cold water storage & Demand reduction (\% cost savings (S) for) & Building characteristics, demand, daily system & [PERSON] et al. [54] & Agent-based model, simulation & X & Aggregate & Dishwashers, clothes washers & Mean hourly load reduction (GW) & Load characteristics, population, appliance usage, socioeconomic (PV), technology characteristics, mobility data, EY & [PERSON] et al. [55] & Optimization & X & Aggregate & PV, EV & Shifting potential (\(\lambda\)W) & Mobility data, EV charging, demand, electricity price & [PERSON] et al. [56] & Backward powertrain model, optimization & X & Aggregate & FCEV, centralized electrolytic hydrogen production & Peak shaving (GW), valley filling (GW), ramp mitigation & SERA model, EV charging and usage, EV characteristics, mobility, EFA driving characteristics & [PERSON] et al. [57] & Literature review & X & Aggregate & Heat pump, CHP, TES, battery & Installed capacity (GW) & [PERSON] et al. [58] & Regression, simulation & X & Aggregate & HVAC, refrigerator, water heater & DR potential (\(\%\)), peak load reduction (\(\%\)) & Demand, weather, building stock, demand, technology & R, C \\ [PERSON] et al. [59] & Optimization, simulation, flexibility models of individual loads & X & Aggregate & Hot water heater, battery, HVAC, PV & Production cost emissions (B) & Weather, building stock, demand, electricity characteristics, fuel cross, generation characteristics, appliances, etc./user-of-use appliances, grid emissions, network & R \\ \hline \end{tabular}
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