## 1 Introduction  
The extraction of underground mineral resources disrupts the initial stress equilibrium within the rock mass, resulting in stress redistribution and movement, deformation, and fracturing of overlying strata [1, 2]. As the goaf area continuously expands, the movement of overburden progresses toward the surface, leading to phenomena such as subsidence, cracking, collapse, and other forms of environmental damage, as well as structural deterioration and economic losses [3, 4, 5, 6]. In recent years, investigating overburden rock strata and surface movement laws has consistently remained a prominent concern in mine environmental management. To comprehend the laws governing surface subsidence resulting from underground mining activities and assess their impact on the environment and infrastructure above ground level effectively, scholars have employed diverse measurement techniques for studying this phenomenon. The conventional approach involves establishing monitoring points on the ground while utilizing technologies like Electronic Total Station, horizontal measurement methods, Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS), and Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS), among others [7, 8, 9, 10, 11], to accurately measure relative elevation changes at these points. Although these methods offer high accuracy monitoring levels, they are limited in terms of comprehensively monitoring point quantity and fail to depict subsidence characteristics within mining areas. With the continuous advancement of remote sensing technology, novel approaches such as Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) photogrammetry, Light Detection And Ranging (LiDAR), and Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) technologies have emerged for surface deformation monitoring [12; 13; 14; 15; 16; 17]. InSAR technology possesses numerous advantages, including all-weather capability, high-precision measurements, cost-effectiveness, and wide monitoring coverage. Consequently, it has gained extensive utilization in the field of surface subsidence monitoring [18; 19; 20; 21; 22]. [PERSON] et al. [23; 24; 25] employed Differential Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (D-InSAR) technology to monitor surface subsidence in mining areas and investigated the spatiotemporal dynamic characteristics of subsidence. They concluded that underground mining aligns with the directional surface deformation and exerts a persistent and continuous impact on surface deformation. [PERSON] et al. [26; 27; 28; 29; 30; 31; 32; 33] utilized D-InSAR, GNSS, and UAV technology to monitor surface subsidence in gypsum mines while they analyzed the stability of mined-out areas and evaluated the subsidence risk within mining regions. The study by [PERSON] et al. [15; 34; 35; 36] discovered that Persistent Scatterer Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (PS-InSAR) and Small Baseline Subset Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (SBAS-InSAR) technologies exhibit distinct advantages over D-InSAR technology in terms of long time-series analysis, atmospheric loss correlation, and monitoring accuracy. [PERSON] et al. [37; 38] applied PS-InSAR technology to monitor mining areas came to a conclusion that there was significant damage to the surface along with a linear decreasing trend in surface deformation. [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON], et al. [39; 40; 41; 42; 43; 44; 45; 46], employed a combination of PS-InSAR technology and complementary monitoring techniques, including D-InSAR, Global Positioning System (GPS), and Ground-Penetrating Radar (GPR) (ground penetrating radar), including optical remote sensing for urban areas, and the mining region's surface subsidence monitoring resulted in significant research findings. Underground mining activities will affect the safety of the surface and goal. To this end, [PERSON] and [PERSON] et al. [47; 48] used tailings to fill underground goat to improve the sustainability of mining; [PERSON], [PERSON] et al.