## 1 Introduction
Vegetation is highly sensitive to climate change in arid regions, and increasing temperature and precipitation can prolong the growth period of vegetation in Central Asia [32]. In the arid region of Eritrea, vegetation degradation has been attributed to extreme drought in a warming climate [33]. In arid areas of Spain, vegetation is more responsive to drought [34]. There are similarities and differences in the responses of vegetation to climate in different arid areas. The common denominator is that precipitation is the main factor affecting vegetation in arid areas because changes in temperature and precipitation can determine the hydrothermal conditions of vegetation growth, especially for arid and semi-arid ecosystems [35]. Therefore, the response of vegetation to extreme climate in the Tarim Basin needs to be explored. In previous studies, the primary focus was on examining how individual extreme climate factors impacted vegetation. However, this approach failed to fully capture the complete influence of extreme climate on vegetation growth. It overlooked the intricate coupling effect between extreme climate indices, which has a more pronounced influence on vegetation [36; 37]. In addition, the growth of vegetation in different ecosystems is affected by distinct water and heat requirements; consequently, the impacts of extreme climate on different vegetation types exhibit significant variations [38; 39; 40]. However, most studies have ignored this difference by focusing on changes in the entire vegetation in relation to the influence of extreme climate; less have studied the extreme climate in relation to the influence of different vegetation types [41] and the extreme climate coupling effect of vegetation growth [42; 43]. Therefore, this study not only examines the impact of extreme climate events on vegetation on both inter- and intra-annual scales, but also investigates the combined impact of two extreme climate factors on the growth of various types of vegetation, as well as the individual contribution of each extreme climate factor to vegetation growth. Although there have been studies on the effects of complex extreme climate disasters on vegetation growth from various perspectives, there are still few systematic studies on the coupling effects of multiple extreme climate indicators on the contribution rate of vegetation [37]. Particularly lacking are studies on the effects of the coupling of extreme climate on different vegetation types in arid areas. The Tarim Basin is located in the southern part of Xinjiang, China. It is an inland arid region that exhibits high susceptibility to climate change. Its vegetation is largely distributed on the basin edge, where various oasis sizes and shapes are scattered [44; 45; 46]. The following are this study's primary goals: (1) Breaking down the dynamic variations in extreme climate and the EQI in the Tarim Basin's vegetation distribution region in order to improve knowledge regarding extreme climate change in arid regions, providing guidance for future risk assessment and economic development in relation to climate-related disasters, as well as a basis for preventing desertification. (2) Analyzing vegetation responses to extreme climate in order to help alleviate the negative effects of extreme climate and protect the ecosystem stability. (3) Exploring the contribution of extreme climate to various vegetation types, providing strategies and laying a foundation for the adaptation of vegetation to different climates.