## 3 Results
### Drivers of ESs  
CS is primarily affected by geography and vegetation, with path coefficients r of 0.74 and 0.62, respectively. By contrast, socioeconomic factors exert a minor impact, with a coefficient of only of 0.11. Additionally, while temperature promotes evapotranspiration, this process is counteracted by increased precipitation. Although DEM, slope, and aspect do not have significant impacts on CS alone, their combined effects are crucial for promoting vegetation growth, which in turn influences CS. Socioeconomic factors exert a minimal impact on CS across the region. The primary pathway for this influence is through population growth and urbanization, which stimulate GDP growth. GDP serves as a more effective indicator of socioeconomic factors, thereby reflecting the associated increase in CS. The most important factor affecting HQ change is vegetation, with a path coefficient r of 0.51. The NDVI reflects the vegetation conditions and is closely related to precipitation and temperature. Increased precipitation enhances vegetation growth by providing additional water supply, while elevated temperatures may increase evaporation, resulting in water loss that negatively impacts vegetation growth. Geographical and social factors have relatively minor impacts on HQ. Among the geographical factors, there is a positive correlation with HQ (r = 0.08), with slope showing the highest impact on HQ (r = 0.85). Population density and the nighttime light index indirectly affect habitat quality through  
Figure 5: The distribution and spatial management strategy of ES bundles in the SHMB. their influence on GDP levels. Specifically, higher GDP levels are generally associated with lower HQ (r = \(-0.05\)), suggesting that economic development may be accompanied by a certain degree of ecological environmental pressure. For SC, geographic factors play a crucial facilitating role, exhibiting a substantial positive influence, with a path coefficient of r = 0.97. Among the geographical factors, slope has the greatest influence on SC, with a correlation coefficient of r = 0.36, while the effects of DEM and aspect are relatively minor. Social and economic factors have a small positive effect on SC, with a coefficient of r = 0.1, primarily due to the combined influence of multiple factors. Environmental factors influence SC changes, particularly increased runoff, negatively affecting SC, with impacts further mediated through evapotranspiration and vegetation dynamics. Increased vegetation promotes SC, with a coefficient r of 0.08, which stems from the soil-fixing ability of vegetation roots. FP serves as a vital source of sustenance for human life. The relationship between the NDVI and FP is significant, with a path coefficient of r = 0.4, indicating that increases in the NDVI correspond to higher grain yields. Essential factors, such as increased precipitation, evapotranspiration, and runoff, ensure sufficient water supply and circulation for crops. Although individual topographic factors, such as elevation, slope, and aspect, have a negative impact on geographical factors, when considered together (r = 0.04), they can mildly promote FP through various mechanisms. Meanwhile, population density and the nighttime light index indirectly exert a positive influence on FP by affecting GDP levels (r = 0.01). Among the factors affecting WY, elevated evaporation is detrimental to water conservation, while runoff contributes positively. The interplay among temperature, precipitation, and vegetation further complicates their effects on evaporation and runoff. Both geographic and socioeconomic factors exhibit negative effects on WY. The primary influence comes from topographic factors, which show a strong negative correlation, with a coefficient of \(-0.97\). DEM, slope, and aspect all have significant impacts on topographic factors, with comparable effects. Socioeconomic factors exert a relatively small negative influence on WY (r = \(-0.07\)).