## 1 Introduction
### Energy-Based Seismic Design  
Structural analysis methods have been extensively studied by researchers recently [25; 26; 27]. Seismic codes generally recommend performance-based seismic design that examines structural responses [9; 10; 11]. However, innovative researches show that the calculation of input energy from an earthquake to a structure and the determination of its distribution throughout the structure provide various advantages. Unlike performance-based methods, in the energy-based seismic design method, the effects of the earthquake on the structure are interpreted separately as neither forces nor displacements. The total input energy transferred into the structure during the earthquake is absorbed and distributed over the elements and, as a result, the effect it will have on the elements can be seen. Since the distribution of the total energy on the elements is examined instead of the maximum responses of the structure, as in other methods, structural damages that are not overlooked do not occur. Additionally, while the hysteretic behavior and damping of the structure are determined by certain modification coefficients in classical seismic designs, it can be determined directly in energy-based design. However, it is not easy to determine the energy entering the structure and its distribution among the structural elements and nodes [26]. Energy-based design methods began to be proposed in the mid-1950s [28; 29; 30]. These studies are primarily aimed at calculating the input energy from the earthquake and determining the balance of energy within the structure. Afterwards, energy spectra for single-freedom systems were investigated [31]. As a result of the studies, the Vision 2000 committee suggested that an energy-based design could be developed and used in the future [32]. Energy balancing in a seismic code was first used in 2009 to allow for building design [33]. Energy-based seismic design has been investigated in different aspects due to the advantages it provides. First of all, the hysteretic energy demands of the single degree of freedom structures have been investigated. Hysteretic energy demands have been found with the proposed method by using different ground conditions and earthquake ground motion records [34]. A similar study was conducted by [PERSON] using a neural network model for energy-based seismic design of steel moment-resisting frames [35]. In a study examining the distribution of energy entering high-rise steel structures to the floors, the displacement, velocity, and acceleration responses were calculated with the proposed method. It was determined that there were differences between 12% and 20% in energy and structure response components between classical solutions and energy-based solutions [36]. Energy-based structural design is not only performed to determine the energy components and the distribution of energy to the floors. In a study investigating the structure-ground interaction, the potential energy created by the earthquake in the structure and the thermodynamic energy balance formed in the ground were used. It was observed that the suggested energy-based design could accurately forecast the structural responses in the study using a reinforced concrete structure as a sample model [37]. In the method based on the principle that the energy transmitted to the structures by strong ground motions is consumed in various ways, the input energy and the energy consumed must be equal [30]. As an amount of the input energy (\(E_{i}\)), the structure is first consumed by the earthquake as damping energy (\(E_{E}\)). The remaining energy disperses within the structure, activates the structure, and is consumed as kinetic energy (\(E_{k}\)). The energy consumption for elastic deformation (\(E_{se}\)) starts as soon as the movement begins. If this consumption is less than the input energy, the structure exhibits inelastic behavior and the energy balance is achieved with the consumption of hysteretic energy (\(E_{h}\)). This balance is seen in Equation (6) [38].