## 3 Results
### Results for Poland  
The transport system of Poland has shifted in different economic and political eras, which has affected the development of some types of transport, such as rail transport, which largely meets the requirements of modern development of the Polish economy. Table 2 provides data on freight turnover in Poland's transport industry for the same period. Table 2 provides data on freight turnover in Poland's transport industry for the same period. In Poland, there were different changes in the volume and structure of freight turnover. Firstly, it increased from 385.7 to 474.6 billion tonne-kilometers by +23.0%. Secondly, the highest share of transport work in 2020 was carried out by road transport--83.4%, while \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Total** & **Other** & **Pipeline** & **Road** & **Railway** & **Year** \\ \hline
385.7 & 9.3 & 22.2 & 303.6 & 50.7 & 2016 \\ \hline
434.9 & 10.5 & 21.1 & 348.6 & 54.8 & 2017 \\ \hline
467.2 & 8.7 & 21.3 & 377.8 & 59.4 & 2018 \\ \hline
477.1 & 7.9 & 19.4 & 395.3 & 54.6 & 2019 \\ \hline
474.6 & 7.4 & 20.4 & 395.6 & 51.1 & 2020 \\ \hline \(\dots\) & \(\dots\) & \(\dots\) & \(\dots\) & \(\dots\) & \(\dots\) \\ \hline
494.6 & 20.6 & 12.3 & 400.6 & 61.1 & 2023 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Freight turnover in Poland for different types of transport from 2016 to 2023. Figure 3: Sensitivity of Ukraine’s transport sector to changes in other industries (2020). Constructed by the authors based on [30; 31]. railway accounted for only 10.8% and pipelines for 4.3%. The share of other transport types in the country's freight turnover was only 1.5%. In Poland, the corresponding calculations using the deterministic factor analysis methodology and data from 2016-2020 had the following results:  
\[\Delta Ft_{\text{Tv}}=+76.6(billiontkm);\]  
\[\Delta Ft_{\text{Sw}}=-6.3(billiontkm);\]  
\[\Delta Ft_{\text{7d}}=+18.5(billiontkm);\]  
\[\Delta Ft=+88.9(billiontkm).\]  
Similar to Ukraine, the total volume of freight transport (Tv) in Poland tended to increase from 1836.7 to 2201.3 thousand tons. However, the corresponding growth rates were much higher, reaching +19.9% during the indicated period. This factor proved to be the most significant in the growth of freight turnover by +76.6 billion tkm. Thus, economic development and increased business activity in Poland stimulated the development of the transport sector. The country's geographical dimensions resulted in different average distances for transporting goods by different modes of transport than in Ukraine: 370-410 km for pipelines, 220-240 km for railways, and 200-210 km for road transport. Compared to Ukraine, there is a significant difference in their use. Due to the relatively short average distance of railway transport, there is no fundamental difference between them and road transport, whose share increased from 78.7% to 83.4% in 2015-2020. This factor of structural changes led to a reduction in the overall freight turnover by \(-6.3\) billion tkm. On the other hand, an increase in the average distance by only +5.6 km to 215.6 km contributed to additional growth in freight turnover by +18.6%. Thus, the expansion of freight transportation logistics is closely tied to the fluctuations in trends in intermediate and final demand. During the period from 2020 to 2023, freight turnover across various modes of transport in Poland continued to grow, although the rate of growth slowed. The overall increase amounted to +20.0 billion tonne-kilometers, including +10.5 billion tonne-kilometers due to the rise in freight volumes and +9.5 billion tonne-kilometers resulting from an increase in the average transportation distance. At the same time, the structure of transport modes remained stable throughout this period. The above analysis of scientific studies has shown that weather conditions are one of the key external factors that can significantly affect the functioning and efficiency of transport systems.