# Low Power Wide Area Network, Cognitive Radio and the Internet of Things: Potentials for Integration
## 3 Low Power Wide Area Network
### General LPWAN Architecture
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**S/N** & **Consortium** & **Focus** & **Number of Members** & **Open Membership** & **Non-Profit** &
\begin{tabular}{c} **Annual** \\ **Dues Required** \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline
1 & \begin{tabular}{c} Onsis IoT \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} Technology Architecture Focused (TAF): \\ Building protocols such as AMQP, MQTT, \\ \(\delta\)BX \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} \(\sim\)5000) \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} ✓ \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} ✓ \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} ✓ \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline
2 & \begin{tabular}{c} Object Management Group \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} TAF: Developing Data distribution services \\ and also managing the IIC \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} \(\sim\)327 \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} ✓ \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} ✓ \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} ✓ \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline
3 & \begin{tabular}{c} Open Interconnect \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} Providing software support including \\ platform support of different \\ Operating Systems. They are also \\ defining \\ for interoperability of IoT devices \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} \(\sim\)150 \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} ✓ \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} ✓ \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} ✓ \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} ✓ \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline
4 & \begin{tabular}{c} Industrial Internet \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} Works with the Object Management Group \\ to catalyse, coordinate and enable growth \\ of the Industrial Internet. They work on \\ Data Distribution Services, and unifying \\ component models for real-time and \\ embedded systems \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} \(\sim\)293 (mainly companies) \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} ✓ \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} ✓ \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} ✓ \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline
5 & \begin{tabular}{c} Internet of Things \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} Ensuring the global adoption of IoT \\ products and services through research and \\ market education \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} \(\sim\)50 \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} ✓ \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} ✓ \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} x \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 5: Overview of the different standardization-based consortia working towards IoT standardization. Similar to [65], authors in [67] presented a typical LoRaWAN network architecture, which comprises four basic sectors involving the connection of end devices to the GW, and then to the Internet before arriving at the NS. In a survey article, [PERSON] and [PERSON] [16] highlighted a LoRa architecture wherein end devices situated in different cloud clusters would connect to the LoRaWAN gateway through a LoRa medium, whereas the GW connects to an NS via an IP back-haul. A Sigfox network architecture was described in [37] in which objects comprising client applicative boards and Sigfox MODEMs were connected to Sigfox base stations via radio links. These Sigfox base stations were in turn connected to a Sigfox cloud service prior to arriving at the client site. Thus, most LPWAN architectures, ranging from LoRaWAN to Sigfox architectures, commonly comprise end nodes that connect to a GW, then to an NS prior to arriving at an application server. Following the above, a simple LPWAN architecture is presented in Figure 1. In this general architecture, all IoT devices (including wireless sensor network (WSN) devices) would connect to the GW via LPWAN access technologies. These access technologies can be deployed through specific providers including LoRaWAN, Sigfox, Wi-SUN, or NB-IoT access providers. The GWs aggregate multiple IoT messages and send them to the NS, which is located on the internet or can be accessed through some IP technology either through wired or wireless connectivity. The NS aggregates data messages from the different GWs for onward transmission to an application server.