esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# An FPGA Design with High Memory Efficiency and Decoding Performance for 5G LDPC Decoder
## 5 Conclusions  
This paper presented the area-efficient architecture and enhanced decoding performance of a 5G LDPC decoder. The suggested decoder was based on the HOMS algorithm. To accomplish this architecture, various techniques such as layer scheduling, partial-parallel construction, and a low number of quantization bits were used. Particularly, the proposed check node processing only requires computing the first minimum of all input messages. As a result, in the proposed decoder, the storage size for check node messages was decreased by around 10% when compared to the conventional decoders. Implemented decoders demonstrated a gain of 0.15 dB over the SOMS decoder and provided throughputs of 2.82 Gbps, which met the 5G throughput standards.  
**Author Contributions:** [PERSON]-T. proposed the idea, performed simulations, collected and analyzed data and prepared the original manuscript. [PERSON]-L. reviewed, supervised and revised the manuscript. [PERSON] supervised and revised the manuscript. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
**Funding:** This research received no external funding.  
**Data Availability Statement:** Data sharing not applicable.  
**Acknowledgments:** We acknowledge Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT), VNU-HCM for supporting this study.  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.  
**Abbreviations**  
AP & Posteriori  
APB & Posteriori Block  
AP-MB & Posteriori Memory Block  
AWGN & Additive White Gaussian Noise  
BP & Belief-Propagation  
BPSK & Binary Phase Shift Keying  
CN & Check Node  
CN-MB & Check Node Memory Block  
CNU & Check Node Unit  
CTV & Check-to-Variable  
DECOM & Decompress unit  
FEC & Forward Error Correction  
FPGA & Field Programmable Gate Array  
HOMS & Hybrid Offset Min-Sum  
HUE & Hardware Usage Efficiency  
IG & Index Generator  
IOMS & Improved Offset Min-Sum  
LDPC & Low-Density Parity-Check  
LSB & Least-SignificantBits
# Stability and Failure of the Edge-Closed Honeycomb Sandwich Panels with Face/Core Debonding
## 6 Conclusions  
Finite element analysis and experimental verification are applied in this paper to study the failure behavior of edge-closed honeycomb panels with non-defect and debonding defects. Significant conclusions from the study are three-fold:  
1. For specimens with face/core debond, the buckling load, ultimate load and failure mode obtained by finite element analysis are in accordance with the test results, which verifies the reliability of the finite element model and failure theory of honeycomb panels.
2. Edge-closed honeycomb panels with non-defect usually occur panel damage or honeycomb damage in the sloped area and closed area. However, for the ones with face/core debond (e.g., CD40), the debonding area becomes the main damaged area. When the debonding diameter is larger (e.g., CD80), the serious local buckling causes that the structure loses its bearing capacity without obvious damage to the panel.
3. With the increase of the defective size, the stability and bearing capacity of the structure show a downward trend. It can be seen that the interface debonding defect will seriously affect the mechanical properties of edge-closed composite honeycomb panels, so appropriate repair methods should be adopted in time to repair the defective structure.  
Conceptualization, B.Y. and S.P.; methodology, B.Y.; software, S.P. and J.Y.; validation, B.Y., S.P. and J.Y.; formal analysis, B.Y.; investigation, B.Y. and S.P.; resources, B.Y. and F.L.; data curation, S.P., writing--original draft preparation, B.Y. and S.P.; writing--review and editing B.Y., J.Y., F.L., X.W. and M.T.; visualization, S.P.; supervision, M.T.; project administration, X.W. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research received no external funding.  
The authors would like to gratefully acknowledge Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics Unmanned Air Vehicle Institute as the supplier of the test specimens.  
Figure 21: Failure modes of outer skin in the CD40 Model. (**a**) Fiber compressive failure (FCF); (**b**) Matrix compressive failure (MCF).  
Figure 20: Failure modes of outer skin in the CD0 Model. (**a**) Matrix compressive failure (MCF); (**b**) Fiber compressive failure (FCF); (**c**) Fiber tensile failure (FTF); (**d**) Matrix tensile failure (MTF).
###### Abstract  
Background: Recurrent upper airway obstruction during sleep is a common feature of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Risk factors for the development of OSA include obesity, male gender and smoking. In addition, anatomical factors contribute to the development of the disease; however, the heritability of the anatomical structures that determine upper airway narrowing is poorly understood. In this study, we aimed to investigate the background of anatomical structures associated with upper airway narrowing in discordant monozygotic (MZ) twin pairs. Methods: 33 adult MZ twin pairs (median age and Q1-Q3: 50 (42-56) years) from the Hungarian Twin Registry underwent head and neck MR (Philips Ingenia 1.5 T). T1- and T2-weighted images in sagittal, coronal and axial planes were used to measure cephalometric, soft tissue and adipose tissue structures. In addition, the twin pairs underwent carotid and femoral ultrasound scans (Samsung RS85) and full-body composition measurements (OMRON BF500). The analysis of discordant MZ twins for anatomical markers in relation to clinical background, blood test, vascular ultrasound and body composition results was performed using a paired permutation test. Results: We found a significant association between parapharyngeal adipose tissue area and body weight, waist circumference and metabolism (\(p<0.05\)). Submental adipose tissue thickness showed an association with lower body muscle percentage (\(<\)0.05). Carotid intima-media thickness showed a negative association with parapharyngeal adipose tissue, tongue volume and submental adipose tissue thickness (\(<\)0.05). Conclusions: Our study found a significant association between anatomical structures potentially involved in upper airway narrowing and obesity-related markers such as weight, BMI, hip and waist circumference, and whole body composition analysis results (body fat percentage, visceral fat percentage, muscle percentage). This study may help to better understand the background of anatomical structures potentially involved in upper airway narrowing and the possible development of obstructive sleep apnea.  
obstructive sleep apnea; twin study; atherosclerosis; obesity; heritability; anatomy; body mass index; body fat percentage
# Frost Resistance of Coal Gangue Aggregate Concrete Modified by Steel Fiber and Slag Powder
###### Abstract  
Coal gangue, a by-product produced during the process of coal mining and washing, has a serious impact on the environment. Using coal gangue as a concrete aggregate has been proven helpful in potentially improving its value and reducing its environmental impact to a certain extent. However, the high water absorption and low strength of coal gangue aggregate cause a poor frost resistance of coal gangue aggregate concrete (CGAC), and thus limits its application in cold areas. This study attempted to modify the CGAC with steel fibers (including hooked-end, undulated, and copper-plated steel fiber) and slag powder, and investigated its frost resistance. Moreover, the impact that steel fiber and slag powder had on air-void characteristics of CGAC was also analyzed. The results show that when steel fibers were incorporated into CGAC, the compressive strength and splitting tensile strength of CGAC reduced significantly after freezing/thawing and that they experienced the smallest reduction when the content of the steel fiber was 1 vol.% and the undulated steel fibers worked best. However, the effect of slag powder on frost resistance of CGAC at an early age was not obvious, which may be related to the slower pozzolanic reaction of slag powder. Incorporating steel fiber or slag powder into CGAC can optimize its mesostructure and make the air-voids of concrete smaller, which is beneficial to its frost resistance. The results provide a good way to improve the performance of CGAC, expand its application in cold regions, and reduce the pollution caused by coal gangue.  
Keywords:coal gangue aggregate; steel fiber; slag powder; frost resistance; pore structures +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences
# Performance Evaluation and Noise Mitigation of the FY-3E Microwave Humidity Sounder
## 1 Introduction
The evaluation of instrument errors and biases has been given much attention by many researchers because of its great effect on data assimilation. The observation data of each instrument require meticulous error analysis before assimilation application. [PERSON] et al. [21] conducted a detailed evaluation of the Fengyun-3A microwave temperature sounder (MWTS) and found obvious frequency drift; [PERSON] et al. [22] compared the MicroWave Humidity Sounder 1 (MWHS-1) carried by Fengyun-3A with the Microwave Humidity Sounding carried by NOAA-18 and found that the two instruments have similar error characteristics in the upper-level sounding channels; [PERSON] and [PERSON] [23] discovered that the observations of the Fengyun-3B MWTS-1 Channel 4 are contaminated in a small latitude band (\(-30^{\circ}\)N\(\sim 40^{\circ}\)N) in the Northern Hemisphere; [PERSON] and [PERSON] [24] found that the brightness temperature simulated by the Community Radiative Transfer Model and Radiative Transfer for TIROS Operational Vertical Sounder (RTTOV) are different for FY-3D MWTS-2 Channels 4 and 11 and that the long-term bias weakly depends on latitude. As China's first early-morning orbit satellite, the observation times of FY-3E are different from those of the existing polar orbiting satellites. Therefore, clarifying the bias and error characteristics of its observations before data assimilation is particularly important. In this paper, the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasting (ECMWF) Fifth-Generation Reanalysis (ERA-5) is used as the background field [25], and RTTOV is selected as the radiative transfer model (RTM) to estimate the bias and error characteristics of FY-3E MWHS-2 over the Pacific Ocean under clear-sky conditions from September to October. The article is organized as follows. the channel characteristics of MWHS-2 are shown in Section 2. The brightness temperature in instrumental observations and model simulations are described in Section 3; the introduction to the RTM and its input variables are also included in this section. The biases and standard deviations of the \"O\(-\)B\", including their dependences on scanning angles and latitudes, are discussed in detail in Section 4. A brief introduction to the method that is used for separating observation noises and showing the extracted striping noises and along-scan noises is provided in Section 5. The improvement of the \"O\(-\)B\" after noise mitigation is also discussed in Section 5. A summary and conclusions are given in Section 6.
# A Comprehensive Survey of In-Band Control in SDN: Challenges and Opportunities
## 3 Survey Methodology and Statistics  
In order to comprehensively survey the topic of in-band control in SDN, we performed a manual search (in which all works were checked one by one) using Google Scholar. The core keywords used for this search were: _in band, in-band, SDN, Software-Defined Networking, Software-Defined Network, softwareized network, softwareization, control, communication_, and _survey_. In all performed searches, all works were manually inspected (mainly by reviewing title and abstract), from most to less relevant (according to the default Google Scholar resultant list), until the search provided around 10 consecutive non-related works: we considered that a specific search would not produce more related results. Only works in English and Spanish (these were the languages that the authors fully understand) were considered.  
The first lookup was executed in August 2021 and periodically repeated approximately every 3 months until the last one was performed at the end of January 2023, when this survey was finally sent for revision. Additionally, the authors subscribed to the topics _sdn survey \"in band\"-\"title:telemetry\"_ in Google Scholar to obtain alerts about newly published topics in the field. As it can be seen, the keyword _telemetry_ was avoided in our searches because it is not related to our survey, as mentioned in Section 2.  
Once the survey was finalised, in January 2023, we performed an additional search of keywords to have a quick overview of the current trends in the field. This search was automatic this time, looking for the keywords _SDN in-band_ in Google Scholar once again and counting the amount of published articles. The result is depicted in Figure 3, in which the blue line (with circles) represents the amount of works found in Google Scholar for those specific years. As it can be observed, the trend rapidly grows from 2012 to 2018 and stays stable in the later years. However, it is important to highlight that this is an automatic search and, as such, it might include as well works for in-band telemetry in some cases (as they were not explicitly excluded). In any case, it provides a clear overview of the trend.  
Additionally, based on the previously examined works, which were classified into four main topics (as detailed in Section 4, four additional searches were performed as well including those classification items: _SDN in-band recovery_, _SDN in-band routing_, _SDN in-band distributed_, and _SDN in-band bootstrap_. As illustrated in Figure 3, each of them covers almost half of the total articles in the automatic search.  
Finally, we measured the importance of the topic as the number of references each article had obtained. More specifically, Figure 4 depicts how many papers have a number of citations in the ranges 0, 1-10, 11-20, etc. As it can be observed, the majority of works have received few citations, between 1 and 10, or none at all.  
Figure 3: Trend of published articles related to SDN in-band.
# Improved Calculation of Load and Resistance Factors Based on Third-Moment Method
## 4 Comparison of the ASCE Method, the Existing 3M Method, the Proposed Method, and the Mori Method  
In order to investigate the accuracy of the proposed method further, the following example is considered (ASCE 7-10, C2.3.6) [13]:  
\[G(X)=R-D-L-S \tag{44}\]  
where \(R\), \(D\), \(L\), and \(S\) are the resistance, dead load, live load, and snow load, respectively.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Method** & \(\mu_{RT0}\) & \(\mu_{RT1}\) & \(\mu_{RT2}\) & \(\mu_{RT3}\) & \(\mu_{RT4}\) & \(\mu_{RT5}\) \\ \hline Existing formula & 3.07 & 3.25 & 3.30 & 3.31 & 3.32 & 3.32 \\ Proposed formula & 3.27 & 3.31 & 3.32 & 3.32 & 3.32 & 3.32 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} \(\mu_{RT1}\) means the \(k\)th iteration value of the target mean resistance.  
\end{table}
Table 2: Convergence of the existing formula and the proposed formula.  
Figure 2: Target mean resistance.  
The load combination is the same as ASCE 7-10 (combination 2 in 2.3.2). The details (the mean value, coefficient of variation, and skewness) of the basic variables are shown in Table 3. The distribution types are also provided in Table 3 for the Monte-Carlo (MC) simulation in Section 4.
# Wheat Germ Agglutinin--From Toxicity to Biomedical Applications
## 5 WGA Biomedical Perspectives  
### Advanced Drug Delivery  
Despite the WGA toxicity, glycosylation-targeted reactivity with biological molecules might have great potential for WGA application in modern biomedicine. Recent studies focus on the improvement of drug delivery systems. WGA-anchored nanoparticles improved nanoparticle adhesion onto cells [53]. Paclitaxel-loaded nanoparticles with immobilized WGA molecules demonstrated higher cytotoxicity to cancer cell lines than the paclitaxel alone [54; 55]. This efficacy improvement could be attributed to a more efficient cellularuptake via WGA-receptor-mediated endocytosis and isopropyl myristate-facilitated release of paclitaxel from the nanoparticles. This efficacy enhancement is observed with other chemotherapeutic agents, too, such as. docetaxel [56] or doxorubicin [57].  
Biotechnology synthesized macromolecular drugs are considered to be the future of the pharmacy. Good response to these drugs is limited due to poor absorption and high susceptibility to the loss of their activity. WGA as a polypeptide delivery mediator was tested with a fluorescein-labeled (F) bull serum albumin (BSA) complex on the Caco-2 cell line. Results indicated up to 8.7 times higher F-BSA/WGA complex binding to Caco-2 cells as compared with glycyl-F-BSA complex alone. Moreover, about 75% of F-BSA-WGA were bound specifically to Caco-2 cells [58]. More complex nanoparticles (liposomes) with a polymer-WGA surface conjugate led to an increase in the association between liposomes and lung epithelial cells enhanced systemic absorption of calcitonin model peptide improved bio adhesion to lung epithelia also significantly enhanced and prolonged the therapeutic efficacy of calcitonin [59]. WGA-functionalized carboxymethyl kappa-carrageenan microparticles with entrapped insulin molecules were protected from hydrolysis and proteolysis by stomach acids and enzymes. Microparticle interactions with intestinal wall cells and insulin absorption were improved by WGA grafts [60]. Technologically advanced systems with functionalized lectins demonstrate higher lectin efficacy than standalone lectins. Magnetic nanoparticles with immobilized WGA increased apoptosis in prostate cancer cells in vitro and in vivo in the presence of a magnetic field [61]. Lectin interaction with cell glycosylation points facilitated the internalization of chemotherapeutic compounds and magnetic particles, which results in higher targeted efficacy in cancer treatment. WGA was also used to develop a method for photodynamic inactivation of methicillin-resistant _S. aureus_ and _Pseudomonas aeruginosa_[62]. WGA-modified liposomes loaded with generation II photosensitizers exhibited considerably higher photosensitizers deliverance to the bacteria than the unmodified liposomes, demonstrating WGA-liposome complex use not only for antibiotic-resistant bacteria detection but also elimination. Table 2 summarizes various developed drug delivery systems utilizing WGA.
# Detection and Quantification of Damage in Metallic Structures by Laser-Generated Ultrasonics
## 3 Experimental Setup and Testing Structures
### Testing Structures  
Eight identical aluminum alloy plates with different sizes of artificial rectangular grooves on their surfaces as well as a twin-screw compressor body with actual sand inclusions and fatigue cracks on its connection transverse plane are introduced for verifying the feasibility of the damage detection technique.  
Figure 5: The schematic diagram of the laser-generated ultrasonics detection system; 1: Laser generator; 2: Galvanometric scanner; 3: Structure to be tested; 4: Transducer; 5:Three-dimensional transition stage; 6: Data acquisition system; 7: Data processing system.  
The aluminum alloy plates are fabricated out of 5052 aluminum alloy with a dimension of 150 \(\times\) 150 \(\times\) 10 mm\({}^{3}\), and the artificial rectangular grooves have the same depths of 0.1 mm but different widths, varying from 0.05 mm to 0.8 mm, as shown in Figure 6. Meanwhile, an actual twin-screw compressor body is introduced for the additional validation of the technique. The twin-screw compressor body is produced by casting with grey cast iron. The connection transverse plane of the body is turned for the purpose of assembly, and sand inclusions and fatigue cracks on its connection surface are explored.
###### Abstract  
Automatic signature verification has been widely studied for authentication purposes in real life, but limited data availability still poses a significant challenge. To address this issue, we propose a method with a denoising diffusion probabilistic model (DDPM) to generate artificial signatures that closely resemble authentic ones. In the proposed method, we modified the noise prediction process of the DDPM to allow the generation of signatures specific to certain classes. We also employed an auxiliary classification process to ensure that the generated signatures closely resemble the originals. The model was trained and evaluated using the CEDAR signature dataset, a widely used collection of offline handwritten signatures for signature verification research. The results indicate that the generated signatures exhibited a high similarity to the originals, with an average structural similarity index (SSIM) of 0.9806 and a root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.1819. Furthermore, when the generated signatures were added to the training data and the signature verification model was retrained and validated, the model achieved an accuracy of 94.87% on the test data, representing an improvement of 0.061 percentage points compared to training on only the original dataset. These results indicate that the generated signatures reflect the diversity that original signatures may exhibit and that the generated data can enhance the performance of verification systems. The proposed method introduces a novel approach to utilizing DDPM for signature data generation and demonstrates that the auxiliary classification process can reduce the likelihood of generated data being mistaken for forged signatures.  
handwritten signature recognition; image generation; denoising diffusion probabilistic model; auxiliary classification +
Footnote †: journal: Applied sciences  
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