## 3 Results  
The mean, median, and SD values of the residual endodontic smear layer volume present in the coronal, middle, and apical third of the RCS and the isthmus (mm\({}^{3}\)) are presented in Table 1 and Figure 3A-C.  
Figure 2: Reconstructed three-dimensional micro-CT images of (**A**) Negative control group, (**B**) Positive control group, (**C**) EV study group, and (**D**) EA study group. Residual smear layer volume present in the coronal, middle, and apical third of the root canal system (RCS) and the isthmus (red). The ANOVA test revealed statistically significant differences between the residual endodontic smear layer volume of the RCSs randomly assigned to the Positive control group at the coronal root third (0.42 \(\pm\) 0.26 mm\({}^{3}\)), compared to the EV study group (0.18 \(\pm\) 0.15 mm\({}^{3}\)) (\(p\) = 0.030) and Negative control group (0.21 \(\pm\) 0.15 mm\({}^{3}\)) (\(p\) = 0.026). Furthermore, the Kruskal-Wallis test showed statistically significant differences between the residual endodontic smear layer volume of the RCSs randomly assigned to the EA study group (0.48 \(\pm\) 0.24 mm\({}^{3}\)), compared to EV study group (0.18 \(\pm\) 0.15 mm\({}^{3}\)) (\(p\) = 0.016) and Negative control group (0.21 \(\pm\) 0.15 mm\({}^{3}\)) (\(p\) = 0.014) (Table 1, Figure 3A). However, the Kruskal-Wallis test did not show statistically significant differences between the study groups regarding the residual endodontic smear layer volume at the middle root third (\(p\) = 0.172) (Table 1, Figure 3B) or the apical root third (\(p\) = 0.079) (Table 1, Figure 3C). The mean, median, and SD values of the root canal system volume in the coronal, middle, and apical third of the RCS and the isthmus (mm\({}^{3}\)) are presented in Table 2 and Figure 4A-C. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & & **EV** & **EA** & **Positive Control** & **Negative Control** \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Coronal third} & \(n\) & 10 & 10 & 10 & 10 \\  & Mean & 0.18 & 0.48 & 0.42 & 0.21 \\  & Median & 0.15 & 0.52 & 0.42 & 0.15 \\  & SD & 0.15 & 0.24 & 0.26 & 0.15 \\  & Minimum & 0.00 & 0.12 & 0.03 & 0.01 \\  & Maximum & 0.40 & 0.79 & 0.84 & 0.48 \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Middle third} & \(n\) & 10 & 10 & 10 & 10 \\  & Mean & 0.24 & 0.41 & 0.37 & 0.18 \\  & Median & 0.22 & 0.42 & 0.35 & 0.13 \\  & SD & 0.26 & 0.32 & 0.29 & 0.18 \\  & Minimum & 0.01 & 0.00 & 0.01 & 0.04 \\  & Maximum & 0.90 & 0.89 & 0.84 & 0.58 \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Apical third} & \(n\) & 10 & 10 & 10 & 10 \\  & Mean & 0.17 & 0.09 & 0.12 & 0.05 \\ \cline{1-1}  & Median & 0.10 & 0.08 & 0.13 & 0.04 \\ \cline{1-1}  & SD & 0.18 & 0.06 & 0.08 & 0.05 \\ \cline{1-1}  & Minimum & 0.01 & 0.01 & 0.01 & 0.00 \\ \cline{1-1}  & Maximum & 0.51 & 0.18 & 0.25 & 0.15 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Descriptive analysis of the residual endodontic smear layer present in the coronal, middle, and apical third of the RCS and the isthmus (mm\({}^{3}\)) of the study groups. Figure 3: Box plot of the residual endodontic smear layer present in the coronal (**A**), middle (**B**), and apical third (**C**) of the RCS and the isthmus (mm\({}^{3}\)) of the study groups. The Kruskal-Wallis test revealed statistically significant differences between the RCS volume of the root canals systems randomly assigned to the Negative control group at the coronal root third (\(1.82\pm 1.17\) mm\({}^{3}\)), compared to the EV study group (\(5.04\pm 2.24\) mm\({}^{3}\)) (\(p=0.016\)), EA study group (\(6.42\pm 1.60\) mm\({}^{3}\)) (\(p=0.011\)), and Positive control group (\(5.28\pm 2.62\) mm\({}^{3}\)) (\(p=0.019\)) (Table 2, Figure 4A).