# Forest Fire Detection Using New Routing Protocol
## 2 Related Work  
Recently, many developers and researchers have had a significant interest in managing and monitoring forest fires to avoid disasters that result in much destructive damage that is perhaps irreparable. They have used several methods and different routing protocols such as those in [22; 23; 24; 25], where their methods aimed to improve the network performance of forest fire detection. Here, we review some recent methods used in the detection of wildfires. A detection system of forest fires relying on Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) was proposed in [26]. There are three main stages used in this system: the sensing stage, routing stage, and communication stage. In the first stage, two sensors called smoke and fire are used for sensing the physical change (i.e., methane, propane, and combstible gases) in the forest environment as well as for early detection of a forest fire. When these two sensors sense or detect something, they will transmit data to the master node through utilizing Radio Frequencies (RFs); this process is considered the second stage. In the third stage, the master node will analyze data received from all nodes, where if a node senses or detects a fire, the master node will communicate directly with the base station over a Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) modem. GSM is able to send and receive messages and can also be linked to a computer. Subsequently, the base station will be alerted where the user can reach it. Furthermore, OMNeT++ simulation software was used in this system for forest fire monitoring. However, the performance of this system was not assessed by PDR or EC. Another new approach was presented for forest fire detection by using different routing protocols of WSNs [27]. The routing protocols used in this method are EAQHSen, HDMRP, and Multilevel. This method aims to compare these protocols in four scenarios of forest fire detection as well as to evaluate their performance with respect to the network response time and the network lifetime. These routing protocols were performed by using the Castalia WSNs simulator, and the results showed that their performance was very similar with respect to the energy consumption with a small advantage for EAQHSen and HDMRP protocols. Furthermore, the performance of EAQHSenN and HDMRP protocols was faster than the Multilevel protocol with respect to the network response time. However, this method did not conclude which of these protocols achieved the best results in the detection of the forest fire. Additionally, there was no improvement for any type of these routing protocols. An energy-efficient technique was proposed for forest fire detection by using a WSN [28]. In this method, the authors used a scheme for three multi-sink sensor nodes. They aimed to amortize the network deployment cost with no adverse effects on the network performance. A node sends its sensed data to these three sink nodes by utilizing a data forwarding scheme. In addition, this method transmits the data by using three different modes: time-driven, event-driven, and hybrid mode. In the first mode, all nodes can sense relative humidity, temperature, and solar radiation. Subsequently, these data will be sent in a round-robin fashion to three sink nodes. In the second mode, a node uses a random transmission mode and responds only when the temperature is recorded above the threshold of 50 \({}^{\circ}\)C. Meanwhile, the third mode is a mixture of event-driven and time-driven modes. In other words, it works similar to the first mode in terms of data transmission in the form of a round-robin, and it works similar to the second mode when the temperature crosses the determined threshold. In addition, the third mode can transmit the data of wind direction, where the fire spread direction can be expected in the environment. According to the results, the hybrid mode achieved the highest lifetime of the network due to it using the best features of the other two modes.