## 7 Historical and Potential Modern Uses of Acorns in Medicine

Table 5: Studies on the biological activity of acorns of various _Quercus_ species. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline _Quercus Species_ & **Acorn Form** & **Application Form** & **Specified Biological Activity** & **References** \\ \hline _Q. brantii_ & extract from the acorns’ inner stratum with 80\% ethanol & O/W vaginal cream & antibacterial activity of acorn tannins & [129] \\ \hline _Q. castaneifolia_ & alcoholic and water extracts from acorns & in vitro experiment & anti-microbial effect of alcoholic extract on _Escherichia coli_, _Salmonella typhimurium_, _Shigella dysentirae_, and _Yersinia_ & [130] \\ \hline _Q. castaneifolia_ & extract from the acorn kernels with 70\% ethanol & in vitro experiment & inhibition of AChE and bChE—neuroprotective potential & [131] \\ _Q. coccifera_ & extract from the acorn kernels and acorn coffee substitute with 80\% ethanol & in vitro experiment & inhibition of AChE and bChE—neuroprotective potential & [123] \\ \hline _Q. fuginea_ & extract from acorn whole fruit, kernel, and pericarp with ethanol-water (1:1, \(v/v\)) & in vitro experiment & antioxidant and antibacterial activity of polyphenols, carotenoids, chlorophylls, and tocomberbels & [14] \\ \hline _Q. izc_ & extract from acorn whole fruit, kernel, and pericarp with ethanol-water (1:1, \(v/v\)) & in vitro experiment & inhibition of xanthine oxidase, high anti-proliferative activity on glioblastoma—antioxidant activity of polyphenols, anti-cancer potential & [132] \\ \hline _Q. izc_ & extract from acorns whole fruit, kernel, and pericarp with ethanol-water (1:1, \(v/v\)) & in vitro experiment & antioxidant and antibacterial activity of polyphenols, carotenoids, chlorophylls, and tocomberbels & [14] \\ \hline _Q. infectoria_ subsp. & extract from acorns with methanol & 10\% cream with glycerin—study on rats & increase in collagen synthesis and fibroblast and myofibblast activation & [124] \\ \hline _Q. liatontgensis_ & extract from dried acorn kernels with 75\% ethanol and microporous resins & in vitro experiment & antioxidant and anti-fibrotic activity of galloyl triterpenes & [133] \\ \hline _Q. nigra_ & extract from acorn whole fruit, kernel, and pericarp with ethanol-water (1:1, \(v/v\)) & in vitro experiment & antioxidant and antibacterial activity of polyphenols, carotenoids, chlorophylls, and tocomberbels & [14] \\ \hline _Q. robur_ & extract from powdered acorn kernels with potassium phosphate buffer solution 10 mM & in vitro experiment & inhibition of \\ \hline _Q. serrata_ & extract from acorns with 95\% ethanol & in vitro experiment & triterpenoids—antineuroinflammatory potential & [134] \\ \hline _Q. serrata_ var. & Q43 terpenoid isolated from ethanol (70\%) & in vitro experiment & inhibition of NO synthase and pro-inflammatory cytokines—antineuroinflammatory potential & [135] \\ _breviepticalata_ & acorn extract & antineuroinflammatory potential & [135] \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 5: _Cont._The high content of phenolic compounds is important for the health-promoting nature of acorns and products obtained from them. [PERSON] et al. [123] and [PERSON] and [PERSON] [131] indicated the relationship between the content of phenolic compounds in acorn extract and the inhibition of enzymes catalyzing the neurotransmitter degradation reaction: acetylcholinesteraseChinese(AChE) and butyrylcholinesteraseerase (BChE). [PERSON] et al. [137] indicate a particularly high ability of gallic acid for this type of inhibition. The results presented by the authors prove that acorns and products obtained from them can be supportive factors in maintaining the chemical stability of the brain through neuroprotective effects [123]. [PERSON] et al. [136], in research with _Q. variabilis_ acorn extract, confirmed the ability of polyphenols to inhibit \(\alpha\)-amylase, \(\alpha\)-glucosidase, and dipeptidyl peptidase IV enzymes.