## 2 Related Studies and Conceptual Framework
### Conceptual Framework  
The conceptual framework utilized in this study is shown in Figure 2 It showcases the integration of the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) and Protection Motivation Theory (PMT) along with external factors, namely perceived safety and buying impulse. The PMT factors (understanding safety, perceived risk, self-efficacy, and perceived severity) and TPB factors (perceived behavioral control, subjective norm, and attitude) are separated by broken lines in the figure. The PMT and TPB theories are treated as two parts, as it has been found that the PMT affects the TPB [53; 54; 55; 56]. In total, thirteen hypotheses were created to assess the factors influencing the intention of women to purchase self-defense tools; each was analyzed simultaneously using MLA (i.e., DT, RFC, and Deep Learning analyses). Figure 2: Conceptual Framework. Protection Motivation Theory (PMT) generally states that knowledge affects threat (e.g., perceived risk and perceived severity) and coping appraisal (e.g., self-efficacy). This theory is proven in numerous research papers [57; 58; 59], including that of [PERSON] et al. [60]. They stated that risk perception and self-efficacy involve the judgment of the stakeholder by estimating how much they have and can do to prevent such damage. [PERSON] et al. [61] expounded on how understanding safety can affect perceived risk and severity. It was seen that respondents would prepare positively or negatively based on the risk and severity of a certain calamity, similar to [PERSON] et al. [34]. [PERSON] et al. [62] presented that perceived risk and other antecedents, such as perceived severity and self-efficacy, can affect one's behavior from their understanding, implying that it results in an individual's intention to create preventive measures, similar to [PERSON] et al. [58]. This is proven by [PERSON] et al. [63] who noted that threat appraisal directly influences avoidance in the circumstances. Therefore, it was hypothesized that:  
**H1. **: _Understanding Safety is a significant factor affecting Perceived Risk influencing Purchase Intention._
**H2. **: _Understanding Safety is a significant factor affecting Self-Efficacy influencing Purchase Intention._
**H3. **: _Understanding Safety is a significant factor affecting Perceived Severity influencing Purchase Intention._  
The most frequently cited theory for human behavior is the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB). It presumes that behavior is predicted by behavioral intention forecasted by three components, namely, perceived control behavior, subjective norm, and attitude [53; 56]. In the paper of [PERSON] et al. [53], it was stated that the PMT affects the TPB. It stated that the precedents of PMT affected the TPB (e.g., perceived behavioral control, subjective norm, and attitude), which in turn, affected the respondents' intention to prepare for an emergency. [PERSON] et al. [54] expressed that perceived severity affected both perceived behavioral control and attitude, which was a key factor affecting the respondents' intention to prepare for a futuristic threat event. Moreover, [PERSON] et al. [55] explained how self-efficacy affected the domains of TPB and found to have a direct positive influence on the intention for adoption behavior. Considering this, it was hypothesized that:  
**H4. **: _Protection Motivation Theory is a significant factor affecting the Theory of Planned Behavior influencing Purchase Intention._  
Perceived Safety, defined as generalized judgments about the physical environment is connected to the TPB [64]. That statement has been proven multiple times and noted in various studies, including [PERSON] et al. [65]. It was stated that the involvement of safety affects a farmer's attitude which was determined to be a reliable predictor for them to engage in risky practices. Furthermore, it was noted that risk perception affected perceived behavioral control implying that an individual can take precautions based on their perceived safety. Other than that, [PERSON] et al.