## 3 Related Work  
Previous research efforts have extensively explored the integration of V2X technology with autonomous vehicles. Communication protocols such as DSRC and C-V2X have been investigated, along with various system architectures, including centralized and decentralized approaches. Researchers have explored applications of V2X technology in cooperative perception, platooning and intersection management [30]. Studies have focused on enhancing situational awareness, cooperative maneuvers and road safety through robust and reliable V2X communication. However, challenges such as communication reliability, security, scalability, and interoperability have been identified as key research areas for the successful deployment and adoption of V2X technology in autonomous vehicles [31]. A critical analysis of the intersection of the Internet of Vehicles (IoV) and sustainability is provided in [32]. The main contribution of the paper lies in the examination of the relationship between the IoV and sustainability, specifically focusing on the Environmental, Social and Corporate Governance (ESG) aspects. The paper highlights how IoV can positively impact environmental sustainability by improving traffic management, reducing emissions and enhancing fuel efficiency. It also discusses the social benefits, such as improved safety and increased accessibility, along with corporate governance considerations, including issues related to data privacy and security. By exploring these dimensions, it offers valuable insights into the potential advantages and challenges associated with the integration of IoV, offering a comprehensive perspective that can guide a responsible and sustainable implementation of the connected vehicle technologies. One of the most comprehensive overviews of DSRC standards in the USA was published in 2015 by [PERSON] et al. [33]. The authors discussed the technical aspects, the regulatory framework and the deployment challenges of DSRC-based V2X communication. Figure 1: V2X communications in a DSRC–cellular hybrid urban scenario [29]. Today, this work serves as a foundational reference for understanding DSRC technology and its applications in the context of intelligent transportation systems. With the emerging potential in cellular systems, [PERSON] et al. explored the potential of Cellular-V2X communication for future autonomous vehicles [34]. The work discussed the technical capabilities, performance and benefits of C-V2X compared to other V2X technologies, providing insights into the integration of C-V2X with cellular networks and its potential applications in autonomous driving scenarios. The importance of infrastructure communication through the Internet of Things for the integration of autonomous vehicles into traffic, highlighting various communication forms and potential challenges is discussed in [35]. The work suggests that investing in Vehicle-to-Infrastructure communication is crucial for ensuring safety, efficiency and energy conservation in autonomous vehicle traffic, proposing ideas and solutions to address these needs, including considerations for a new travel mode termed the Personal Transporter (PT). A more general overview was given by [PERSON] et al. on connected vehicles, including system architectures, protocols, and applications. The paper discussed the challenges and solutions related to connectivity, security and interoperability in V2X communication, aided by a comprehensive review of the state-of-the-art in connected vehicles [36]. Existing work and use cases in the domain also address the key modern technologies in V2X communication such as cloudlets, attribute-based access control, industrial smart vehicles and authorization frameworks.