# Analysis of Traffic Organisation in the Kiss-and-Fly Zone of Krakow Airport: Eye-Tracking Study
## 5 Confusion Points of K&F Zone of Krakow Airport
### Entrance to the K&F Zone
Even drivers from Group III could be confused a bit: during good visibility conditions, they paid attention only to arrows and only looked at them a few times probably to confirm their driving direction, while sunshine glare interference forced them (1) to observe the arrows more intensively (highly likely searching them because of their low visibility) and (2) to fix their eyes also onto the left edge line (probably because its 'new' continuous shape). Also, it should be added that the reliability of the presented data in Table 6 is relatively weak because of sample size--any overall conclusions about groups are not possible, but even a simple analysis allows us to identify and/or confirm a confusion point and its probable reasons. Amongst 23 drivers who took part in the experiment, only 1 participant from Group II chose the left entrance to the zone, which was really confusing for him and consequently should be discussed in detail. There were 28 fixations between the start of vehicle movement \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Group** & **All Drivers** & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Group I**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Group II**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Group III**} \\ \hline
**Weather Condition** & **Cloudy** & **Glare** & **Cloudy** & **Glare** & **Cloudy** & **Glare** & **Cloudy** & **Glare** \\ \hline Left edge line & 0.7 & 1.3 & 1.3 & 1.0 & 0.6 & 1.5 & 0.0 & 2.0 \\ Right edge line & 0.2 & 0.8 & 0.8 & 1.7 & 0.0 & 0.0 & 0.0 & 0.0 \\ Arrows & 2.3 & 1.7 & 2.5 & 1.3 & 2.1 & 0.5 & 3.0 & 5.0 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 6: Average number of fixations on road markings per driver. Figure 6: Road section with paver blocks leading to the K&F zone (places in the red rectangles were zoomed in the left side of images): (**a**) cloudy weather conditions; (**b**) sunny weather conditions with the presence of sunshine glare. from the left gate and the change in the lane to the right one, which could be nominally assigned to a few stages. The first 10 fixations can be associated with the orientation stage: the driver observed the road ahead searching for stimuli, which directed him to the K&F zone. During this stage, he also looked at road markings: in the beginning, he looked at the left edge line of the lane (fixation number 4) and then the arrow and the right edge line (fixation numbers 9 and 10). Here, two moments should be pointed out. Firstly, the driver started to move only after the fixation on the left edge line of the lane, which confirms again the importance of road marking for lane-keeping. Secondly, the arrow and the right dashed line, which looked like a continuous one because of sunshine glare conditions, guided the driver to move only straight ahead. Beside road ahead and road markings, there was no stimulus observed by the participants. The second stage can be called the confusion one and included eight fixations. Apart from road ahead observations, the driver focused on the horizon and surroundings to search again for indicators of the K&F zone. At the end of this stage, he looked again at the confusing road marking arrow and then highly likely took a decision to change lanes because the last fixation of the confusion stage was on a road ahead, where there was no stimulus and, at the same time, was the longest one (0.52 s). The last and final stage consisted of 10 fixations and was dedicated fully to the manoeuvre of lane changing. Most of the observations were concentrated on road surroundings and the right car mirror to avoid a collision with other vehicles moving from the right entrance gate. Here, it is important to point out that the last fixation of this stage was performed on the right edge lane directly before the moment when the car crossed it. This fact could suggest that the driver was still not entirely sure whether the manoeuvre of lane changing did not break any regulations. Summarising, this participant entered the K&F zone only at the last possible moment after previously searching unsuccessfully for signs or any information in all possible directions.