esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
###### Abstract  
This research explores the forefront of all-optical data processing systems through the utilization of carrier reservoir semiconductor optical amplifiers (CR-SOAs). Recent advancements have showcased the successful design and implementation of CR-SOA-based combinational systems, incorporating pivotal elements like half adders, half subtractors, digital-to-analog converters, latches, header recognition, and header processors. These breakthroughs signify a significant stride towards the realization of faster and more efficient optical logic systems. This study delves into the distinctive characteristics of CR-SOA-based Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) functioning as an XOR gate, emphasizing their transformative potential in information processing. By integrating them into the architecture of an all-optical 4-bit parity generator and checker, the research underscores the practicality of CR-SOA technology in all-optical processing, offering unprecedented speeds and facilitating enhanced data processing capabilities at a remarkable speed of 120 Gb/s return-to-zero pulses. In evaluating the performance of the proposed scheme, the research employs the quality factor metric. This assessment not only yields quantitative insights into the efficacy of CR-SOA-based logic systems but also establishes a critical benchmark for their practical implementation. The study further explores the impact of key data signals and CR-SOA parameters on this metric. The outcomes demonstrate the ability of the CR-SOA-based MZI to cascade and form more intricate logic circuits, thereby highlighting the versatility and potential of this innovative approach in advancing the landscape of all-optical data processing.  
all-optical parity generator; all-optical parity checker; carrier reservoir semiconductor optical amplifier; Mach-Zehnder interferometer; quality factor Article
## 7 Conclusions  
We have proposed an antenna pointing control system to realize a wireless relay system using a fixed-wing UAV with two-axis gimbals able to stay in the stratosphere. We have also clarified the motion of the UAV's onboard antenna and the antenna pointing error via simulation, in addition to evaluating the antenna's pointing error. Given the results of the simulation, we have confirmed not only that the antenna pointing control system worked well, but also that the antenna pointing control error is greatly reduced and can achieve the required antenna pointing control accuracy using high accurate RF sensor with a standard deviation of 0.01 degrees and the validity of the control system's design. The antenna pointing control system for wireless relay UAV is characterized by time varying commands, which are generated by the noisy attitude angle and the highly accurate antenna pointing accuracy, which is deteriorated by the commands, and it is greatly improved by using a highly accurate RF sensor, which measures antenna pointing deviation from the target ground station. In further research, we will prepare hardware, such as fixed-wing UAVs and two-axis gimbals, and we will demonstrate results through flight experiments.  
The HAPS will fly at an altitude of 20 km, with a temperature of \(-\)56 \({}^{\circ}\)C and an air density of 0.889 kg/m\({}^{3}\)[23]. The actual hardware to be developed must be within thermal operating range at that temperature and density. The antenna to be mounted on the aircraft will have a frequency of 31-31.3 GHz and a diameter of 22 cm, as defined in Chapter 4. For the demonstration experiment, the functionality of the antenna pointing control system will be verified first at low altitude.  
Methodology, M.U.; Software, K.Y.; Formal analysis, K.H.; Resources, H.K., M.M., J.A., K.I. and F.Y.; Writing--original draft, K.H.; Writing--review & editing, M.U., H.K., M.M., J.A. and K.I.; Project administration, M.U. and F.Y.; Funding acquisition, F.Y. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research received no external funding.  
Data Availability StatementData available on request due to restrictions e.g., privacy or ethical. The data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author. The data are not publicly available due to be used in future research.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 3 Test Results and Analysis
### Changes in Physical Properties
#### 3.1.2 Mass Changes  
Temperature and cooling methods often lead to changes in the internal particles of the samples, affecting the mass of it. In order to study effectively the influence of different cooling methods on the mass of high-temperature granite samples, the mass change rate m is introduced, to study the mass change of the samples [18]. As shown in Equation (1):  
\[\Delta m=\frac{m_{0}-m_{1}}{m_{0}}\times 100\% \tag{1}\]  
where \(m_{1}\) is the mass of sandstone samples under different high temperature, g; \(m_{0}\) is the mass of sandstone samples before different high temperatures, g.  
The changes of the sample mass after different cooling methods are shown in Figure 4. From Figure 4, we can see that the change in the sample mass under different temperatures is slight, which is mainly related to the dense particles in the granite sample and the small initial moisture content [4]. With the increase in temperature, the mass change rate of granite samples under natural cooling gradually goes up and the mass of samples gradually goes down. This change is connected to the state of water occurrence in different forms inside the rock. As the temperature goes up, the attached water and structural water inside the samples precipitate and dissipate to different degrees. The mass change rate of granite samples cooled by water gives a trend that firstly goes down and then goes up. When the temperature is 200, 300 and 400 \({}^{\circ}\)C, the mass of the sample cooled by the water gradually increases. It is caused by the evaporation of the water inside the samples, which have endured high temperature and the expansion of the space occupied by water under the action of thermal stress. When the samples are cooled by water, the water will quickly fill these spaces, bringing the increase in mass. When the temperature is 500 \({}^{\circ}\)C and 600 \({}^{\circ}\)C, the mass of the sample decreases stage by stage after soaking in water, and more microcracks are produced under the action of high temperature. When it is cooled by water, there is a certain degree of spalling with the samples, which is a bigger effect than when the water increases the mass.
## 1 Introduction
A visible-light-driven Z-scheme overall water-splitting system using Ru loaded Rh-doped SrTiO\({}_{3}\) (Ru/SrTiO\({}_{3}\):Rh) photocatalyst for H\({}_{2}\) evolution, BiVO\({}_{4}\) photocatalyst for O\({}_{2}\) evolution photocatalyst and a Tris (2,2\({}^{\prime}\)-bipyridine) cobalt(II)/Tris (2,2\({}^{\prime}\)-bipyridine) cobalt(III) used as electron mediator was achieved by [PERSON] and co-workers [13]. It is well known that, crystallinity is an important factor to influence photocatalytic activity. To achieve high crystalline quality, solid-state reaction is widely employed to synthesize semiconductor photocatalyst. However, the high-temperature synthesis process yields large particles and low surface area which is another important factor to consider. Several routes were taken to prepare SrTiO\({}_{3}\) nano particles via wet chemical route, including sol-gel synthesis and hydrothermal synthesis. It was reported that a variety of SrTiO\({}_{3}\) nanoparticles with specific morphologies such as nanocubes, nanowires, and porous structure can be fabricated via hydrothermal method [18]. In this paper, we present the synthesis of Rh-doped SrTiO\({}_{3}\) photocatalysts via a one-step microwave-assisted hydrothermal method. In the microwave-assisted hydrothermal process, heat was not only transferred from the outside to the inside of autoclave reactor as conventional heating, but also generated from the inside of SrTiO\({}_{3}\) due to its dielectric properties which led to a faster, and more efficient synthesis process [19]. By using anatase TiO\({}_{2}\) and TiCl\({}_{4}\) as titanium precursor, high crystallinity Rh-doped SrTiO\({}_{3}\) photocatalysts with different morphologies were synthesized quickly and efficiently, and no post treatment at high temperature was required. The influence of Ti precursors on the morphology of Rh-doped SrTiO\({}_{3}\) photocatalysts, as well as the photocatalytic activity for the Z-scheme overall water-splitting reaction under visible light irradiation were investigated. The results were compared with Rh-doped SrTiO\({}_{3}\) prepared by solid-state method and conventional hydrothermal method.
# Application of Fiber Bragg Grating Sensing Technology for Bol Force Status Monitoring in Roadways
## 3 Sensor Performance Experiment  
### Experimental Devices and Process  
To understand the relation between the external load applied to the sensor and the grating wavelength change, the sensor performance test system is shown in Figure 2. The FBGs of the FBG bolt force sensor in the experiment were made of ordinary single mode fiber using the ultraviolet light side writing technology. The connector was a universal optical fiber FC/APC jumper connector. The FBG center wavelength was measured using an SM125 FBG interrogator produced by Micron Optics, Inc., Atlanta, GA, USA, with an operating wavelength range of 1510-1590 nm, a wavelength resolution of 1 pm, a measuring precision of 1 pm, and a scanning frequency of 1 Hz. The test loading device was a C64.106 universal testing machine from MTS Systems Corporation, Eden Prairie, MN, USA, with a load range of 1000 kN and a stroke of 250 mm. The sensor was controlled in the range of 0-150 kN  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Symbol** & **Quantiy** & **Value** \\ \hline \(R\) & outer radius of cylinder & 54 mm \\ \(r\) & inner radius of cylinder & 12 mm \\ \(R_{0}\) & radius of diaphragm & 6 mm \\ \(r_{0}\) & radius of dowel bar & 1 mm \\ \(t\) & thickness of diaphragm & 0.5 mm \\ \(h\) & thickness of cantilever beam & 1.2 mm \\ \(b\) & free end width of the cantilever beam & 2 mm \\ \(l\) & length of cantilever beam & 7.5 mm \\ \(E_{1}\) & [PERSON]’s modulus of diaphragm & 1.93 \(\times\) 10\({}^{5}\) MPa \\ \(E_{2}\) & [PERSON]’s modulus of cantilever beam & 1.91 \(\times\) 10\({}^{5}\) MPa \\ \(\mu\) & [PERSON]’s ratio of diaphragm & 0.31 \\ \(\rho\) & density of diaphragm & 7.93 g/cm\({}^{3}\) \\ \(P_{e}\) & effective photoelastic coefficient of the optical fiber & 0.22 \\ \(\lambda_{\text{FBG1}}\) & initial wavelength of FBG1 & 1530.859 nm \\ \(\lambda_{\text{FBG2}}\) & initial wavelength of FBG2 & 1537.568 nm \\ \(\lambda_{\text{FBG}}\) & equivalent wavelength of FBGs & 1530.859 nm \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: The structural material parameters of the fiber Bragg grating (FBG) bolt force sensor.  
using the universal testing machine in the experimental process, and 15 kN was loaded each time. Loading was repeated three times in the room temperature environment in the experiment.
## 5 Results and Analysis
### Synchronization Time  
According to the literature and the performance of the synchronization loop, the expected friction coefficient of the synchronization process was set to be 0.08, and the moment of inertia of the synchronized part was 0.04 Kg\(\cdot\)m\({}^{2}\). The compensation control simulation and test were carried out under different initial shift speeds of the shift. The results of the simulation and test synchronization time with or without compensation were obtained, as shown in Figure 9. When the initial rotational speed difference of the shift was the same, the synchronization time used before the compensation in the test was longer than the compensation, and the regular was similar under different rotational speed differences. The shift speed difference was 600 r/min, the synchronization time used in the pre-compensation test was 0.86 s, and the synchronization time used after compensation was 0.74 s. The compensation time required after compensation was shortened by 0.12 s. The simulation results match the test results. The shift speed difference was 600 r/min. The synchronization time used for the  
Figure 8: Principle of compensation control.  
pre-compensation simulation was 0.70 s. The synchronization time used after compensation was 0.62 s. The compensation time required after compensation was shortened by 0.08 s. It can be concluded that the synchronization time can be significantly shortened by compensating the friction coefficient, to ensure its maintenance near the expected value.
## 3 Numerical Results
### Design of Experiment--Hybrid Algorithm Parameters Optimization  
The full factorial designs are widely used in similar studies [41]. On the other hand, fractional factorial DOEs greatly accelerate the analysis due to a limited amount of the required data (fraction of a full-factorial design), and the aliasing may be acceptable, knowing that high-order interactions between parameters are rarely observed [42]. However, the authors found that even though the mutual interactions are indeed limited, the nature of the main effects shows strongly nonlinear behavior. Therefore, rather than full- or fractional--factorial designs, the authors decided to utilize the full-quadratic response surface method (RSM) with Box--Behnken (BB) sampling. This type of sampling allows one to estimate the effect of each factor on three levels: \(-1\), \(0\), and \(+1\) (using coded units), without the need to run the three-level full-factorial design.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Numerical Tests on Linear Time-Invariant Individual System Models
#### 3.3.2 Simulation Results  
The simulation was executed using a time step \(\Delta t=1\;s\), while the number of time steps \(n_{t}=1800\). Figure 5 shows the trend of the solutions (analytical and simulated), respectively, for \(T_{HPfo}\) and \(T_{CPfo}\)  
It must be highlighted that the solution obtained with the proposed numerical technique is very close to the analytical one, even just a little less close to it if compared with the fully implicit one The absolute error is less than 2% for \(T_{HPfo}\) and less than 0.5% for \(T_{WT}\).
# Some Applications of ANN to Solar Radiation Estimation and Forecasting for Energy Applications
## 1 Introduction
Electricity must be produced by CSP and/or PV plants; the first ones convert the direct normal irradiation (DNI) into heat through focusing receivers and PV ones enable direct conversion of GHI into electricity through semiconductor devices [3; 17]. The literature shows that the most efficient methods for a forecast at a short time horizon from one hour (h+1) to six hours (h+6) are time series analysis and artificial intelligence methods [18]. If a large literature exists about the GHI forecasting [3; 17; 18; 19], this literature is poorer concerning DNI being more difficult to predict because its variations are deeper and more frequent [20; 21]. ANN predictive models are implemented to forecast hourly GHI and DNI from h+1 to h+6. Section 2 presents the data used in this paper (Bouzareah, Algeria for estimation purposes and Odeillo, France for forecasting purposes), the preprocessing used on this data, and the calculated error metrics to estimate the accuracy of ANN models. Section 3 gives some information on the ANN implementation for estimation and forecasting. In Sections 4 and 5, the main results on the estimation of 5 min-GHI from other meteorological parameters and of the 5 min-GTI from GHI measurements are presented. Section 6 shows the results of the ANN forecasting of hourly GHI and DNI for a time horizon from h+1 to h+6.
## 2 Distortion and Perceptual Measures
### Perceptual Measures in Information Theory  
To quantify the proximity between the reconstruction distribution and another probability distribution, several perceptual measures are widely studied in information theory. These include the total variation (TV) distance, the Kullback-Leibler (KL) divergence, and the Wasserstein distance.
# A Review of Flying Ad Hoc Networks: Key Characteristics, Applications, and Wireless Technologies
## 2 UAV Classification
The type of UAV for a selected particular application must meet various requirements, such as energy capacity, endurance, payload, and compliance with local regulations.
# System for Evaluation and Compensation of Leg Length Discrepancy for Human Body Balancing
## 2 Problem Description
### System Description  
With the goal of evaluating and compensating LLD through human body balancing, the system shown in Figure 4 was proposed. A system defined in this way offers more possibility for leveling the pelvis by using RASIS and LASIS markers, as it changes the height of the platforms a person is standing on, which is a significant technical improvement of the standing on blocks measuring method [8; 9]. It should be mentioned that the system's force plates also have adjustable height and angles so that excessive pronation and supination can also be corrected in future studies.  
The basic elements of the system shown in Figure 4 are as follows:  
* a mechanical set of two 3-RPS parallel manipulators with mobile force plates;
* an electronic system for control, measuring and communication with the PC;
* a vision system with two cameras; and
* a PC application used for control and data collection.  
A prototype of the mechanical set is shown in Figure 5a. It consists of two 3-RPS parallel manipulators mounted into the housing. The following prerequisites need to be fulfilled when choosing a manipulator from Figure 5a: small size, ability to manipulate high loads, lightweight, high accuracy and adjustable force plate height and angles. These requirements are met by 3-RPS parallel manipulators, which is why they were chosen for this system [22; 23]. Force plates are added to the 3-RPS parallel manipulator's moving platforms to determine the CoP of each leg and the CoM of the human body in the transverse plane.  
The electronic system for control, measuring and communication with the PC consists of one master device and six slave devices. The slave devices control the length of the electronic linear actuators, that is, the height and angle of the 3-RPS parallel manipulators. The master device processes the forces measured on the force plates and communicates with the slave devices and the PC.  
The vision system with two cameras films the person standing on the force plates, having one camera to record the person in the frontal plane and the other one in the sagittal plane. As mentioned above, the cameras use markers to follow specific anatomical positions and to give the diagnostic information on the correct posture of the human body.  
Figure 4: System for evaluation and compensation of leg ength discrepancy for human body balancing.  
The PC application makes it possible to adjust the height and angles of each 3-RPS parallel manipulator as necessary, and it also collects the data on the forces measured by the force plates. The collected data are shown in a graphic format and logged in a textual file for further processing. Figure 5b shows the application being used as the patient is standing on the moving force plates.
## 1 Introduction
Location-based applications can employ exact positioning data to deliver personalized suggestions, local information, and targeted adverts to users. This technology supports smart city projects by providing real-time information on transport, parking availability, surrounding amenities, and cultural events to city people, encouraging a more connected and comfortable urban lifestyle [8; 9]. 3. It improves the safety and security of the IoT ecosystem. Emergency response systems can quickly detect and assist persons in need during critical situations by correctly determining the position and motions of humans and assets. In addition, IoT-enabled security systems can benefit from smartphones with a GNSS/INS, which provide exact geolocation for tracing stolen devices, guarding restricted areas, and assuring human safety [10]. There are three various types of integration possible between the two systems to improve navigation data; loosely coupled (LC), tightly coupled (TC), and ultra-tightly coupled integration [11; 12; 13; 14; 15]. Over the past decade, the positioning techniques of smartphones and their ability to navigate using GNSSs have advanced significantly [16]. Nowadays, smartphones are equipped with more than 25 sensors, making it possible to use these sensors like gyroscopes and accelerometers to create a complete INS [3; 17]. Google announced in May 2016 access to raw GNSS measurements (RGNSSM) on all Android devices operating with Nougat Android (7.0) and higher [18]. RGNSSM processing enables new localization and navigation methods, one of which involves integrating smartphone GNSS technology with an INS [16; 19]. LC integration is the simplest integration technique with the least computational time. However, there are two Kalman Filters (KFs) used, one for the GNSS and the other for integration, which may cause cascaded filtering problems. Furthermore, as the number of available satellites decreases, the accuracy of the INS prediction degrades. Once the satellite count drops below four, the solution can no longer be updated using GNSS measurements. Such problems can be solved smoothly by the TC integration technique, which is called centralized integration and has a common master filter and GNSS pseudorange and pseudorange rate, and corresponding INS predicted values are used in the master KF to determine the accurate integrated solution. Therefore, the INS can use the remaining satellites, even if the number falls below four satellites, to continuously update its measurements [3; 20].