esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Semantic Similarity Based on Taxonomies
## 3 Methods for Computing Semantic Similarity between Concepts
### Information Content-Based Methods
IC_[33] to compute the IC of a concept: \[sim_{zhang\_1}(c_{1},c_{2})=1-log\left(2-\frac{2*ic(lcs(c_{1},c_{2}))}{ic(c_{1 })+ic(c_{2})}\right).\] (7)
* \(D_{k}\) _similarity_, proposed in [39] for IC-based similarity measures, which addresses the concept intended senses in a given context \(D_{k}\) (or application domain). In particular, the semantic similarity of the concepts \(c_{1},c_{2}\), indicated as \(sim_{D_{k}}(c_{1},c_{2})\), is defined by Equation (8): \[sim_{D_{k}}(c_{1},c_{2})=sim(c_{1},c_{2})*(1-\omega_{k})+sim(\mathcal{S}_{D_{ k}}(c_{1}),\mathcal{S}_{D_{k}}(c_{2})))*\omega_{k}\] (8) where \(sim\), in the original proposal, is any similarity measure between concepts based on IC, \(\omega_{k}\) is a weight, \(0\leq\omega_{k}\leq 1\), defined by the domain expert according to \(D_{k}\), and \(\mathcal{S}_{D_{k}}\) is a function, referred to as the _intended sense_ function, associating a concept with its meaning according to \(D_{k}\) (which can be another concept or itself). * _Hierarchical semantic similarity_ (\(sim_{HSS}\)) [40], which was originally conceived for computing the similarity between words. Due to polysemy, one word can refer to different concepts, each representing a sense of that word. Then, if we assume that a word can refer to only one concept in the taxonomy, the complexity of the method decreases. However, we present it according to its original formulation, in which \(w_{1}\) and \(w_{2}\) are the compared words (see Equation (9)): \[sim_{HSS}(w_{1},w_{2})=\sum_{l\in\mathcal{L}}\left(\frac{S_{<w_{1},w_{2}>\in l }}{|hypo(l)|^{2}}*\frac{|hypo(l)+1|}{|C|}\right)*\frac{1}{\frac{\sum_{l\in \mathcal{L}}S_{<w_{1},w_{2}>\in l}}{|hypo(k)|^{2}}}\] (9) where \(S_{<w_{1},w_{2}>\in c_{l}}\) is the number of pairs of senses of \(w_{1}\) and \(w_{2}\), i.e., concepts in the taxonomy having \(c_{i}\) as the _lcs_, and \(\mathcal{L}\) is the set of the _lcs_ of pairs of concepts representing senses of \(w_{1}\) and \(w_{2}\), respectively.
# Enhancement of ECE SuperPin Curved Reflex Reflector by the Use of Double Pins with Corner Cubes
## 1 Introduction  
Reflex reflectors, usually composed of cube-corner arrays [1], can reflect light back along vectors that are nearly parallel but with a direction opposite to the incident light [2; 3]. Reflex reflectors attached on cars or clothing can increase visibility in the dark for safety [4] and have been applied extensively in vehicle applications [5]. For instance, regular reflex reflectors [6; 7; 8], as shown in Figure 0(a), can diverge the reflected energy into multiple light beams with equal emitting angle intervals [9]. It is also the most commonly used retro-reflecting device for vehicles currently [7; 10]. In contrast to regular reflectors, the SuperPin reflex reflector not only reflects light beams but also concentrates them to amplify the light intensity of signals for observers, as shown in Figure 0(b)[11]. Owing to the highly effective retro-reflection ability, SuperPin retro-reflectors have been replacing regular retroreflectors in vehicle application markets [5; 12].  
According to regulations of the ECE (Economic Commission for Europe), vehicle signage needs to return light back to an observer located at 0.33 degrees above the light source [13], and the coefficient of luminous intensity \(\mathbf{R_{I}}\) should be greater than threshold values within 20\({}^{\circ}\) angle of light incidence [5; 14]. The vehicle signage performance \(\mathbf{R_{I}}\) is evaluated by the ratio of the strength of the reflected light (retro-reflected light intensity) to the amount of light that falls on the retro-reflector (incident light illuminance), as shown in Figure 1. \(\mathbf{R_{A}}\) is the measure of retro-reflection efficiency, defined as the ratioof the flux of incident light to the total flux of the reflected cone [12; 15]. Consequently, vehicle signage would be observed to be brighter as its \(\mathbf{R_{I}}\) value increases [13; 16].  
It is usual for reflex reflectors to have a curved shape; for example, to fit the corner of a vehicle [1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 17]. Cube-corner structures are, thus, distorted to complete the curve, so that their effective working area and reflection efficiency are affected, thus leading to the retro-reflector being against EU ECE regulations [5; 11; 17].  
In this paper, a curved reflex reflector with a new cube-corner structure is proposed and demonstrated. By using genetic algorithms for optimization, the angles and the positions of the pins, which serve as the building elements of corner-cube reflectors, play a role as the parameters to enhance the performance of a curved reflex reflector. Compared with conventional retro-reflectors, it is found that a 46% higher retro-reflection efficiency and 33% larger working area can be accomplished with our optimized design.
###### Abstract  
Traditional elastic correction methods fail to address the significant aeroelastic interactions arising from unsteady flow fields and structural deformations during aggressive maneuvers. To resolve this, a numerical method is developed by solving unsteady aerodynamic equations coupled with a rigid-flexible dynamics equations derived from Lagrangian mechanics in quasi-coordinates. Validation via a flexible pendulum test and AGARD45.6 wing flutter simulations demonstrates excellent agreement with experimental data, confirming the method's accuracy. Application to a slender air-to-air missile reveals that reducing structural stiffness can destabilize the aircraft, transitioning it from stable to unstable states during forced pitching motions. Studies on longitudinal flight under preset rudder deflection control indicate that the aeroelastic effect increases both the amplitude and period of pitch angles, ultimately resulting in larger equilibrium angles compared to a rigid-body model. The free-flight simulations highlight trajectory deviations due to deformation-induced aerodynamic forces, which emphasizes the necessity of multidisciplinary coupling analysis. The numerical results show that the proposed CFD/CSD-based coupling methodology offers a robust aeroelastic effect analysis tool for flexible flight vehicles during aggressive maneuvers.  
flexible flight vehicles; aerodynamics; flight dynamics; multidisciplinary coupling; aeroelastic Article
# Securing SCADA Energy Management System under DDs Attacks Using Token Verification Approach
## 1 Introduction
Accordingly, using PUF of hardware-based solution is a current trend because it has advantages over software-based solution. The authors of [15] proposed a lightweight PUF authentication technology, using simple bitwise operations along with a PUF circuit and a true random number generator (TRNG), avoiding the use of any encryption or hash functions, and passing challenge-response authentication protocol. However, PUF's lightweight security solutions usually lack security functions (such as vulnerabilities for Dos attacks) and are relatively costly. Therefore, the combination of software solutions (low cost) and hardware solutions (more secure) should be considered and applied in different situations at the same time. The solution we proposed is deployed in the actual field by using the trusted encryption verifier module (TEVM) to integrate between the SCADA server and the TCP-RTU converter. TEVM architecture can achieve scalability and does not affect the operation of existing systems. Adding to this, TEVM has both cost and efficiency merits. The system architecture proposed in this paper has been applied in the national infrastructure with strict requirements for security. Defenses against DoS attacks usually include attack inspection, traffic filtration, and multiple verifications. In order to address the aforesaid problems, this paper proposed an encrypted verification mechanism based on tokens and the transport layer security (TLS) protocol [16] to prevent hackers using the external internet to attack firewalls and Intrusion detection and prevention systems (IDPS), access the BEMS, and successfully use DoS attacks against the SCADA Server. The contribution of this paper has been applied and verified in the energy management system of a Smart Green Energy Science City in southern Taiwan; thus, it is proved that DoS attacks can be effectively defended by adding an encrypted verification mechanism. In addition, spending a bit more in the calculation, transmission, and storage can prevent the system's control system from failing to capture a device's response and sending repetitive requests, which may cause errors due to the inability to access device information and even overwhelm the system. According to experimental results, the security defense architecture proposed in this paper is effective in improving security and compatible with real field systems. Other parts of this paper are arranged as follows: the second part reviews relevant studies, the third part defines the problems to be solved, the fourth part introduces the trusted encrypted validator module (TEVM), which is based on the token authentication architecture proposed by this paper, and the fifth part reveals the experimental results and concludes the paper.
## 2 Results
### Performance of the ML Models Based on Different Number of Training Features  
Figure 1 depicts a whisker plot summarizing the accuracy scores of the models. Table 1 also summarizes the classification scores of all three models. With the MLP model, the SF datasets outperformed the AF dataset (99.321% vs. 98.464% accuracy). A similar trend was observed in the RF model, with a 0.343% difference between the SF and AF datasets accuracy. However, in the SVM model, the mean accuracies of the SF and AF datasets were statistically non-significant (\(p>0.05\)). As expected, all the models trained with the SF dataset had shorter processing times than those trained with the AF dataset. For instance, during training, the processing speed for the SVM model significantly decreased from 560.560 s in the AF dataset to 321.502 s in the SF dataset. Similarly, during testing (Supplementary Table S2), the SF models had shorter processing times (2.450 s, 44.81 s, and 86.163 s for the MLP, RF, and SVM models, respectively) than the AF-dataset-trained models (5.150 s, 81.225 s, and 132.158 s for the MLP, RF, and SVM models, respectively) when tested with 10 image datasets. This shows that the selected features did not only improve the performance of the classification models but also reduced the processing time by using important and informative features for training the models. For this reason, all the three models were trained with the SF datasets for segmentation in the subsequent analysis.
# A 245 GHz Real-Time Wideband Wireless Communication Link with 30 Gbps Data Rate
## 5 THz Front-End Module  
The THz front-end configuration is shown in Figure 6. A pair of sub-harmonics mixers (SHMs) are used on the transmitter and receiver side for frequency up- and down-conversion, with a typical conversion loss of 8 dB and noise temperature of 1200 K. Both SHMs are pumped by 130 GHz LO signals, which are generated from benchtop signal generators, and multiplied by Virginia Diodes (VDI) frequency multiplier chain modules. A power amplifier is applied at the transmitter end to increase the output power of THz front-end. The amplifier has a gain of 26 dB and a saturation power around +14 dBm around the frequency of interest, as shown in Figure 7.  
Figure 5: (**a**) Measured constellation of the IF loopback system, and (**b**) BER in relation to the system SNR.  
Figure 6: Schematic block diagram of the THz front-end modules.  
Figure 7: (**a**) Measured S-parameter of the THz power amplifier and (**b**) its saturated output power.  
BPF is a key component for THz communication for the purpose of noise suppression and image rejection. A 5-order inline BPF is developed and applied to the THz front-end system as shown in Figure 8a, with a designed passband of 235-260 GHz. The filter is designed based on bandstop resonator pairs, in the form of E-plane stubs that resonate at the lower and upper stopbands of the desired passband frequency. The bandstop resonators provide sharp roll-off and out-of-band rejection, and they can be controlled independently without introducing interference. Therefore, the proposed BPF has high design flexibility for different bandwidth requirements. Figure 8b shows the simulated and measured S-parameters' comparison of the 5 th-order BPF. The insertion loss is around 0.35 dB in the passband from 238 to 265 GHz, and the suppression in the mirror image frequency (270 GHz and above) is better than 30 dB.
# Compositional Analysis and Aroma Evaluation of Feijoa Essential Oils from New Zealand
## 4 Conclusions  
The extraction of feijoa essential oil was optimized using SD and HD and the volatile and aroma active compounds the essential oils from four New Zealand grown cultivars were characterized by GC-MS and HS-SPME-GC-O-MS, and aroma profiles of feijoa essential oils, with a comparison of the four cultivars, were established. HD, with a material to water ratio of 1:4 and an extraction time of 90 min, was the optimized extraction method for feijoa essential oil. The Wiki Tu cultivar produced the highest essential oil yield among the four selected cultivars, which could potentially be applied in commercial feijoa essential oil production. A total of 160 compounds were detected, among which 90 compounds, novel to feijoa essential oils, were reported. Significant differences were observed in the concentrations of the detected compounds, as well as the aroma intensity of the aroma active compounds, both of which could potentially serve as bio-markers to differentiate feijoa cultivars. PCA results revealed that the essential oils from the Opal Star and Unique cultivars varied from the Wiki Tu and Apollo essential oils, with regards to their correlations to aroma active compounds. Terpenes and esters were dominant compounds in feijoa essential oil composition and were also major contributors to feijoa essential oil aroma. Five aroma attributes, 'fruity and honey-like', 'herbal and woody','sweet and floral','metallic and pungent', and 'grassy and minty', were selected to generate the aroma profile of feijoa essential oils, among which, the 'fruity and honey-like' note had the largest impact on the overall aroma of feijoa essential oils. Among the four essential oils, differences were observed in the strength of each aroma attribute. This study is the first to provide evidence on the yield of essential oils, compositional difference, and aroma profile diversity of feijoa essential oils from different cultivars. However, further exploration would be required to reveal the unknown compounds detected in the essential oils and additional feijoa cultivars could be tested for commercial production of essential oils.  
Conceptualization, Y.P.; Methodology, Y.P.; Investigation, Y.P.; Data Curation, Y.P., Formal analysis, Y.P.; Writing--original draft preparation, Y.P.; Writing--review and editing, K.S.B. and S.Y.Q.; Supervision, K.S.B. and S.Y.Q.; Project administration, S.Y.Q. This research received no external funding.  
The authors are grateful for the kind supply of feijoa fruits from [PERSON] and [PERSON] and the technical support from [PERSON]. We also thank our olfactory team for their hard work and [PERSON] for her suggestion on the olfactory experiment. A special thanks to [PERSON] for assistance with the data.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Joint User-Slice Pairing and Association Framework Based on H-NOMA in RAN Slicing
## 3 Problem Formulation
### UE-Slice Association Sub-Problem  
First, we concentrate on the association of users to BSs to boost overall DL data rates and minimize uRLLC latency while considering the RAN capacity for each BS and guaranteeing the intra-slice and inter-slice isolation. The U-S. A solution can be obtained by solving the following optimization sub-problem:  
\[\text{O.P.T1}-\text{U}-\text{S. A}:=\max_{\{a\}}\left[F_{1}(a),-F_{2}(a)\right]^{ \text{T}}, \tag{19}\]  
\[\text{S.t}\hskip 142.26378 pt\text{(8), (16), (17),} \tag{20}\]  
\[\sum_{u\in U}a_{bu}^{nm}\gamma_{bu}^{m}\leq N_{b}^{s}\hskip 142.26378 pt\forall\ m\in\mathcal{M},\,s\in \mathcal{S},\,b\in\mathcal{B}, \tag{21}\]  
\[\sum_{u\in U}a_{bu}^{nm}R_{bu}\leq \mathcal{R}_{sb}^{rsv}\hskip 142.26378 pt\forall\ m\in\mathcal{M},\,s \in\mathcal{S},\,b\in\mathcal{B} \tag{22}\]  
\[\sum_{,\,b\in\mathcal{B}}a_{bu}^{nm}=1\hskip 142.26378 pt\forall\ m\in\mathcal{M},\,s \in\mathcal{S},\,u\in U \tag{23}\]  
\[\sum_{,\,\mu\in N_{b}^{s}}\Omega_{bu}^{nm}\leq 1\hskip 142.26378 pt\forall\ m\in\mathcal{M},\,s\in \mathcal{S},\,u\in U,\,b\in\mathcal{B} \tag{24}\]  
\[a_{bu}^{nm}\in\{0,1\}\hskip 142.26378 pt\forall\ m\in\mathcal{M},\,s\in \mathcal{S},\,u\in U,\,b\in\mathcal{B} \tag{25}\]  
\[f_{bu}^{m}\in\{1,2,\ldots,N_{b}^{s}\}\hskip 142.26378 pt\forall\ m\in\mathcal{M}, \,s\in\mathcal{S},\,u\in U,\,b\in\mathcal{B} \tag{26}\]  
where \(F_{1}(a)=\sum_{b\in\text{B}}\sum_{u\in U}\sum_{s\in S}\sum_{n\in N_{b}^{s}}a_{ bu}^{nm}\ R_{bu}\), that is, the overall data rate for eMBB and uRLLC UEs, and \(F_{2}(a)=\sum_{b\in\mathcal{B}}\sum_{l\in\mathcal{A}}a_{bu}^{nm}\ \overline{T}_{ll}\), that is, the overall mean transmitted packet latency for uRLLC UEs. Note that to reduce the goal using the minus sign in (19), initially, we neglect the superimposed time \(T_{ll}^{WT}=0\). Constraint (21) allows the attached UE to utilize the PRBs without bypassing the base station resource harvest. Condition (22) ensures the inter-slice interference isolation in each BS. Constraint (23) ensures that each UE is associated with one BS or not attached at most, while condition (24) specifies that each PRB per TTI is allocated to one UE is in the same service's slice to achieve intra-slice isolation. Condition (25) indicates that the connection indicators have possible binary values, as for (26) indicates that it should occupy integer values and not exceed the maximum number of PRBs at each slice's BS.  
Therefore, we observed that the O.P.T1 \(-\) U \(-\) S. A is a non-linear objective and complicated sub-problem due to the discrete features of the association indices. To solve the O.P.T1 \(-\) U \(-\) S. A sub-problem, we develop an algorithm for UE-slice association, in which the one-to-many matching game [36; 37; 39] is used, as described in Section 4.1.
## 4 Materials and Methods
### In Vivo Experiments  
For in vivo experiments, NOD-SCID IL2 Rgamma\({}^{-/-}\) (NSG) mice were kept in individually ventilated cages (IVC) under specific pathogen-free conditions (SPF). All animal experiments were performed in compliance with the national requirements and regulations. The A673 allograft assay was performed by injecting 1 \(\times\) 10\({}^{6}\) A673 cells per 100 \(\upmu\)L 25% Matrigel (BD Biosciences, Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA) subcutaneously into the flanks of NSG mice. Tumor volume was measured every 3-4 days with a caliper and calculated according to the formula \(V=\frac{4\pi}{3}\times\frac{length}{2}\times\frac{width}{2}\times\frac{height}{ 2}\). For PANC1 engraftment experiments, PANC1 cells were treated for 48 h prior to engraftment with DMSO or 0.3 \(\upmu\)M CK1D008 and analyzed for viability. Then, 1 \(\times\) 10\({}^{6}\) viable PANC1 cells per mouse were inoculated into BalbC Nu/Nu athymic mice and monitored for tumor growth. Tumor growth was calculated according to the formula \(V=\frac{\left(a\times b^{2}\right)}{2}\), where a and b correspond to the longest and shortest diameter of the engraftment. To control for the absence of irreversible toxic effects of compound pre-treatment at the time of harvest, pre-treated cells were further incubated under proliferating conditions for another 24 h without compound and re-analyzed for viability. Treatment with 0.3 \(\upmu\)M CK1D008 was not toxic to PANC1 cells at any timepoint and condition tested, yet highly efficient in preventing in vivo engraftment and tumor initiation of PANC1 cells.
# 3D Path Planning Algorithms in UAV-Enabled Communications Systems: A Mapping Study
###### Abstract  
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) equipped with communication technologies have gained significant attention as a promising solution for providing wireless connectivity in remote, disaster-stricken areas lacking communication infrastructure. However, enabling UAVs to provide communications (e.g., UAVs acting as flying base stations) in real scenarios requires the integration of various technologies and algorithms. In particular 3D path planning algorithms are crucial in determining the optimal path free of obstacles so that UAVs in isolation or forming networks can provide wireless coverage in a specific region. Considering that most of the existing proposals in the literature only address path planning in a 2D environment, this paper systematically studies existing path-planning solutions in UAVs in a 3D environment in which optimization models (optimal and heuristics) have been applied. This paper analyzes 37 articles selected from 631 documents from a search in the Scopus database. This paper also presents an overview of UAV-enabled communications systems, the research questions, and the methodology for the systematic mapping study. In the end, this paper provides information about the objectives to be minimized or maximized, the optimization variables used, and the algorithmic strategies employed to solve the 3D path planning problem.  
unmanned aerial vehicles; 3D path planning; heuristic algorithms; systematic mapping +
Footnote †: journal:  
00 2023 by the authors. Liconse MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ([[https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)]([https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/))).