## 1 Introduction  
Nowadays, traffic congestion is a major challenge, especially in large cities during rush hour [1]. It increases the delay time at intersections, increases fuel consumption, and reduces average speeds and discomfort when traveling [2]. Traffic congestion occurs when the travel demand exceeds the capacity of the available infrastructure. Many solutions can ease traffic congestion and balance the travel demand and road capacity. However, expanding the road network and increasing the number of lanes is very expensive and challenging in places where it is difficult to clear the ground, such as urban areas [3]. Much research has been conducted to upgrade transportation infrastructure and create new protocols using modern technologies to improve vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communication [4]. With the advancement of science and technology, cooperative intersection management (CIM) has helped automobile drivers significantly when traveling on the road [5]; for example, vehicles communicate with each other and with the infrastructure to select the optimal traffic management policy. Given the advantages of connected vehicles (CVs), they will become popular in the future with further advancements in science and technology [6]. In addition, emerging technologies in the automotive sector and wireless communication have increased the ability to improve vehicle maneuverability without expanding the existing road network [7]. CVs are a new solution to improve road capacity, reduce traffic congestion, and increase traffic speed in urban areas while retaining the current road network systems [8]. These new technologies facilitate drivers, improve traffic, and increase the level of service (LOS) at intersections. According to [9], CVs share V2V information directly with each other via wireless communication. This paper also indicated that the distance between CVs was smaller than that between regular vehicles (RVs). This was explained by the fact that CVs can promptly perceive information about surrounding vehicles (position, speed, acceleration), as well as V2I communication through the use of dedicated short-range communications (DSRC). Other papers also showed that using CVs brings significant benefits related to traffic measures of effectiveness (MOEs), passenger comfort, and pollution reduction. In recent years, many studies have also analyzed the effects of CVs on the road and proposed new car models based on existing models [10; 11]. These papers attempted to describe the behavior of CVs, such as conventional vehicles, but only under certain specific conditions, without providing a full generalization model. Another paper concluded that CVs provide a significant road safety benefit by increasing the proportion of CVs in the model [12]. It has been estimated that the rate of traffic conflicts can be reduced by up to 90% when the percentage of CVs is 100%. The introduction of vehicles equipped with adaptive cruise control (ACC) or cooperative adaptive cruise control (CACC) can considerably enhance driver assistance and improve the road's capacity. Many papers have focused on assessing the influence of vehicles equipped with CACC on reducing congestion and improving traffic efficiency. [PERSON] et al. [13] simulated and evaluated the impact of CACC market penetration on the capacity of the multilane freeway merge bottleneck. This system mainly controlled the longitudinal movement between the preceding vehicles based on the distance between the two vehicles and the difference in speed. Many algorithms related to CACC have been proposed to control vehicles in terms of safety and increase traffic efficiency. [PERSON] et al. [14] proposed an optimization tool to optimize the movements of vehicles equipped with CACC instead of the traditional management method. [PERSON] et al.