# Flexible Coated Conductive Textiles as Ohmic Heaters in Car Seats
## 6 Design of Heating Fabrics Seats and Thermo-Electric Response
Figure 13: Surface temperature of copper plated fabrics samples: step one at 5 V and 1 min for (**a**) Cu-NPs coated fabric, (**b**) Ag-NPs coated fabric (**c**) electro-plated copper for Cu-NPs coated woven cotton fabric, (**d**) electro-plated copper for Ag-NPs coated woven cotton fabric respectively, step two at 5 volt and 10 min. Reproduced with permission from [[PERSON]], [One-Step Fabrication of Stretchable Copper Nan-owire Conductors by a Fast Photonic Sintering Technique and Its Application in Wearable Device-es]; published by [ACS], [2016] [91]. [PERSON] et al. invented a seat heater based on flexible carbon conductive fabrics. They employed a textile sheet made up of carbon electrically conductive fibers as heating elements. As a result of its design, this technology guarantees a very homogenous distribution of thermal output, in addition to the advantage of greater mechanical comfort. It is possible to warm seats extremely uniformly with the aid of these well-known seat warmers, resulting in a pleasant temperature and eliminating any noticeable temperature variations in the seat. Despite having a set thermal capacity, these well-known seat heaters cannot rapidly reach this condition given the provided value of the seat's thermal capacity due to the heaters' total power requirements. Furthermore, a \"quick-heating eld\" is created by the unique characteristic for heating a specific portion of the sheet-type heating element with a higher heating density. This causes the thermal energy to focus on a small section of the entire seat, resulting in faster warming in that area. Therefore, the warming process will be felt by the passenger much more rapidly, for example, within the first few seconds after turning on the heater. The lower thermal output from the adjacent seat areas will not be bothersome. The following Figure 14A,B show a description of the designed seat heaters where the carbon-based conductive fabrics are connected with heating elements and electrodes [95]. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline
**Textiles** & **Depositing Element** & **Ohmic Heat Temperature Range (\({}^{\circ}\)C)** & **Voltage (V)** & **Reference** \\ \hline Cotton nylon & AgNPs & 34–98 & 1–5 & [89] \\ \hline Elastomers & AgNPs & 40 & 0.5–0.1 & [89] \\ \hline Poly (ethyleneerephthalate) & Cu-Ni NWs & 20–106 & 3–15 & [90] \\ (PET) & Cu filament & 89 & 5 & [91] \\ \hline Cotton & Copper & 118 & 10 & [92] \\ \hline Nylon & AgNPs & 30–140 & 10 & [38] \\ \hline Polyurethane (PU) & Cu-Ni NWs & 46–102 & 7 & [80] \\ \hline Polystyrene film & AgNPs & 52.3–180 & 4 & [93] \\ \hline Polyamide 6 & Cu-Ni NWs & 70 & 1.8 & [94] \\ \hline Cotton & AgNPs & 36.5–118.7 & 0.5–2.0 & [88] \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Various car seat covers and their heating response. Figure 14: (**A**) A seat heater with a sectored sheet-type heating element with electrodes that are woven in; (**B**) a seat heater with a continuous sheet-type heating element with one additional heating element with strand technology (redrafted from [PERSON], 2019 [95] MDPI). Figure 14A provides an illustration of a seat heater 60 featuring a pre-designed sheet-type heating element 62. This type of heating element is made up of electrodes 64A through 64G which are woven in the longitudinal direction of the sheet-type heating element 62, spaced apart from and parallel to one another. The sheet-type heating element 62 has a groove 66 between the two outer electrodes 64A and 64G for electric separation. This groove runs transverse to the electrodes. In addition, the electrodes 64C and 64E are separated in the area of the groove 66 to create additional electrodes. The seat heater 60 can be operated in such a way that a spatial concentration of thermal output is produced thanks to the electric separation of the sheet-type heating element 62 based on the groove 66 and separation of the electrodes 64C and 64E.