# Extreme Ground Snow Loads in Europe from 1951 to 2100
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Evaluation of Current and Future Trends at Selected Weather Stations
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline
**Station** & **Station** & **Lon** & **Lat** & **Alt.** & **FC** & **FC** \\
**Id.** & **Station** & [°] & [°] & **[m]** & **Obs.** & **Ensemble Mean** \\ \hline S01 & Angermünde & 13.99 & 53.03 & 54 & 0.72 & 0.81 \\ S02 & Arkona & 13.43 & 54.68 & 42 & 1.01 & 0.94 \\ S03 & Augsburg & 10.94 & 48.43 & 462 & 0.61 & 0.81 \\ S04 & Basel & 7.58 & 47.54 & 316 & 1.09 & 0.79 \\ S05 & Berlin-Dahlem (FU) & 13.30 & 52.45 & 51 & 0.79 & 0.78 \\ S06 & Bern & 7.46 & 46.99 & 553 & 0.86 & 0.86 \\ S07 & Bernburg/Saale & 11.71 & 51.82 & 85 & 0.84 & 0.94 \\ S08 & Brenen & 8.80 & 53.05 & 4 & 0.68 & 0.90 \\ S09 & Chemnitz & 12.87 & 50.79 & 418 & 1.10 & 0.90 \\ S10 & Cottbus & 14.32 & 51.78 & 69 & 0.72 & 0.82 \\ S11 & Elm & 9.18 & 46.92 & 958 & 0.80 & 0.92 \\ S12 & Essen-Bredeney & 6.97 & 51.40 & 150 & 0.87 & 0.69 \\ S13 & Freiburg & 7.83 & 48.02 & 237 & 0.68 & 0.75 \\ S14 & Geisenheim & 7.95 & 49.99 & 110 & 0.88 & 0.94 \\ S15 & Görlitz & 14.95 & 51.16 & 238 & 0.94 & 0.86 \\ S16 & Göttingen & 9.95 & 51.50 & 167 & 0.82 & 0.79 \\ S17 & Hamburg-Fuhlsbüttel & 9.99 & 53.63 & 14 & 0.77 & 0.85 \\ S18 & Hannover & 9.68 & 52.46 & 59 & 0.78 & 0.90 \\ S19 & Heinersreuth-Vollhof & 11.52 & 49.97 & 350 & 1.01 & 0.80 \\ S20 & Hohenpeißenberg & 11.01 & 47.80 & 977 & 0.87 & 0.86 \\ S21 & Jena (Sternwarte) & 11.58 & 50.93 & 155 & 0.87 & 0.93 \\ S22 & Kahler-Asten & 8.49 & 51.18 & 839 & 0.79 & 0.80 \\ S23 & Kaiserslautern & 7.76 & 49.43 & 271 & 0.64 & 0.78 \\ S24 & Kirchhoff/Poel & 11.43 & 54.00 & 12 & 0.93 & 0.86 \\ S25 & Kleve & 6.10 & 51.76 & 46 & 0.74 & 0.82 \\ S26 & Leipzig-Holzhausen & 12.45 & 51.32 & 138 & 0.73 & 0.90 \\ S27 & Lindenberg & 14.12 & 52.21 & 98 & 0.79 & 0.83 \\ S28 & Lingen & 7.31 & 52.52 & 22 & 0.67 & 0.76 \\ S29 & Locarno & 8.79 & 46.17 & 367 & 0.82 & 0.77 \\ S30 & Lugano & 8.96 & 46.00 & 273 & 1.05 & 0.74 \\ S31 & Magdeburg & 11.58 & 52.10 & 79 & 0.65 & 0.88 \\ S32 & Neuchotel & 6.95 & 47.00 & 485 & 0.76 & 0.91 \\ S33 & Neukirchen-Hauptschwenda & 9.41 & 50.89 & 500 & 0.79 & 0.77 \\ S34 & Oberstdorf & 10.28 & 47.40 & 806 & 0.84 & 1.00 \\ S35 & Regensburg & 12.10 & 49.04 & 365 & 0.96 & 0.81 \\ S36 & Rostock-Warnemünde & 12.08 & 54.18 & 4 & 0.88 & 0.83 \\ S37 & Schwerin & 11.39 & 53.64 & 59 & 0.97 & 0.82 \\ S38 & Sigmairegn-Laiz & 9.19 & 48.07 & 581 & 0.80 & 0.76 \\ S39 & Stuttgart-Echterdingen & 9.22 & 48.69 & 371 & 0.72 & 0.83 \\ S40 & Weissenburg-Emetzheim & 10.93 & 49.01 & 439 & 0.80 & 0.79 \\ S41 & Würzburg & 9.96 & 49.77 & 268 & 1.01 & 0.90 \\ S42 & Zurich & 8.57 & 47.38 & 556 & 0.91 & 0.76 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Comparison of FC of \(q_{k}\) in the time window 1981–2020 with respect to 1951–1990 obtained from the RCMs ensemble and the observations. In Table 3, results for single stations are reported for the FCs of \(q_{k}\) in the time window 1981-2020. It is important to highlight that observations and predictions give similar trends for the study area, in particular, the decreasing tendency in characteristic values of ground snow load predicted by the projections matches the observations. This decreasing trend for the investigated area is the result of a significant reduction of the mean value of annual maxima \(\overline{Q}\) which is combined with a contrasting increase in variability (\(\text{COV}_{Q}\)), and it is consistent with the theory illustrated by [PERSON] in [38] about the contrasting responses of mean and extreme snowfall to climate change. The increase in variability is often combined with an increase in the skewness of the distribution. It is important to recall that extreme events in a changing climate are much more sensitive to changes in the variability than on averages as first demonstrated by [PERSON] and [PERSON] in [63] and this sensitivity is relatively greater the more extreme the event. In fact,  
Figure 10: FC of mean annual maxima ground snow load \(\overline{Q}\) (**a**) and FC of coefficient of variation of annual maxima ground snow load \(\text{COV}_{Q}\) (**b**), for the investigated weather stations.