# AI-Based Intelligent Monitoring System for Estrus Prediction in the Livestock Industry
## 6 IMS for Livestock Industry
### Experimental Result  
The activity data collected through the intelligent monitoring system, which utilized image information, was applied through the classification of individual objects in the Hanwoo groups, as shown in Figure 10.  
The activity data of the individual Hanwoos, consisting of six Hanwoos, were collected. The ARM detected and indexed the Hanwoos of groups A and B. Group A has Hanwoos No. 1, 2, and 3, and Group B has Hanwoos No. 4, 5, and 6. Figure 8: Environment and image of a real barn. Figure 9: Operation of ARM: collection of activity data from Hanwoo and detection of mounting activities. Figure 10 shows the cumulative activities for monitoring times for the six Hanwoos. It is necessary to compare the changes in activity in a specific section (0-350 frames). When the activities of Group A with Hanwoos No. 1, 2, and 3 are compared with the activities of Group B with Hanwoos No. 4, 5, and 6, the graph for the Hanwoos that belong to Group A does not show large changes in general, whereas in Group B, the activities of Hanwoos No. 5 and 6 clearly show changes. For the prediction of estrus, the threshold (400-600 activities) for identifying the changes in activities can be compared through the reference area shown in Figure 10, and the threshold (\(k\)) can be changed for the different types of cattle through the experience and knowledge of livestock experts. According to a comparative study on the estrous characteristics of Hanwoo, it can be confirmed that Hanwoo is in estrus if her activity level exceeds 600. If activity levels are between 400 and 600, the probability of Hanwoo being in estrus is 60% or less. If the activity level is below 300, it can be determined that Hanwoo is not in an estrus state. Therefore, the range of activity data for estrous prediction can be set based on the characteristics of various target livestock species, as shown in Figure 10, when applying the estrous prediction system to various types of livestock. Additionally, considering the characteristics of the previous models (acceleration sensor, infrared sensor), and the concurrent system, it is not necessary to use wearable or implantable sensors to collect the livestock's activity information, so it can be collected in real-time and managed in a convenient manner, which can save the management time and effort of the worker. In addition, when the activities of individual Hanwoos in the measurement sections were compared, as shown in Figure 11, the activities of three Hanwoos in Group A were significantly lower than those of the Hanwoos in Group B. There is a Hanwoo that manifested estrus (Hanwoo No. 6) in Group B. The IMS specified two target Hanwoos that showed sharp changes in activity to determine estrus manifestation based on activity data among the three Hanwoos in Group B. The IMS can predict target Hanwoos for estrus manifestation on the basis of the acquired data and judgment criterion (threshold). The activity data of Hanwoos in Group A, as shown in Figure 11, show that Hanwoos No. 1 and 2 have low activities in general, whereas the activity of Hanwoo No. 3 increased at a specific time. When we observed the image in this section, feeding and other activities were identified. In contrast, among the Hanwoos in Group B, Hanwoo No. 4 does not have many sections in which the activity changes sharply in general. However, rapid changes in activity were observed in the entire data section for Hanwoos No. 5 and 6. As mentioned previously, one Hanwoo object in Group B was predicted to manifest estrus; thus, it was predicted that there would be a large activity change in Group B. This could be quantitatively determined by adjusting the threshold, as described previously, using the collected data. Furthermore, by examining the changes in activities of Hanwoos No. 5 and 6 in Group B, it can be found that the sections in which activity increases are similar. Figure 10: Activities of individual Hanwoos. Comparing the activities of the two Hanwoos (No.