# Agriculture 5.0 in Colombia: Opportunities Through the Emerging 6G Network
## 2 Background
### Current Frequency Bands Operating in Colombia  
In Colombia, the radio spectrum is managed by the ANE, and its regulation is defined by Law 1978 of 2019 [44]. It is considered a public good and, according to the country's Political Constitution, the State classifies it as inalienable, imprescriptible, and subject to State management and control [45]. Although each country is autonomous in the way it manages its spectrum and develops its own usage policies [46], it is important to follow the guidelines of the ITU to reduce the likelihood of interference among users and to coordinate its use at a global level. For this reason, Colombia adheres to the provisions  
Figure 3: Atmospheric attenuation and its impact on radio waves from 30 GHz up to 3 THz. Source: [41]. established by the ITU in Report SM.2012-6, aiming to regulate the use and exploitation of the spectrum [47]. Possibly due to the high number of users that can be served and the limited availability of frequencies, mobile telephony bands are among the most in-demand worldwide. Therefore, for several years, the Colombian government has employed the auction mechanism as a method for assigning spectrum to the various operators interested in providing mobile telephony services, thus ensuring a fair distribution while also maximizing economic returns. Table 5 shows the current frequency band allocation for the provision of mobile telephony services in Colombia. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Year** & **Frequency (MHz)** & **Amount of Spectrum Assigned** \\ \hline
2010 & 2500–2690 & 50 MHz \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{2011} & 1850–1852.5 & \multirow{2}{*}{5 MHz} \\  & 1930–1932.5 & & \\ \cline{2-3}  & 1852.5–1855 & & \\ \cline{2-3}  & 1932.5–1935 & & \\ \cline{2-3}  & 1867.5–1870 & & \\ \cline{2-3}  & 1947.5–1950 & & \\ \cline{2-3}  & 1885–1887.5 & & \\ \cline{2-3}  & 1965–1967.5 & & \\ \cline{2-3}  & 1887.5–1890 & & \\ \cline{2-3}  & 1967.5–1970 & & \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{2013} & 1710–1725 & \multirow{2}{*}{30 MHz} \\  & 2110–2125 & & \\ \cline{2-3}  & 1725–1740 & & \\ \cline{2-3}  & 2125–2140 & & \\ \cline{2-3}  & 1740–1755 & & \\ \cline{2-3}  & 2140–2155 & & \\ \cline{2-3}  & 2525–2540 & & \\ \cline{2-3}  & 2645–2660 & & \\ \cline{2-3}  & 2555–2570 & & \\ \cline{2-3}  & 2675–2690 & & \\ \cline{2-3}  & 2575–2615 & & \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{2014} & 835.02–844.98 & \multirow{6}{*}{25 MHz} \\  & 846.51–848.97 & & \\ \cline{2-3}  & 880.02–889.98 & & \\ \cline{2-3}  & 891.51–893.97 & & \\ \cline{2-3}  & 1875.0–1882.5 & & \\ \cline{2-3}  & 1955.0–1962.5 & & \\ \cline{2-3}  & 824.04–825 & & \\ \cline{2-3}  & 825.03–834.99 & & \\ \cline{2-3}  & 845.01–846.08 & & \\ \cline{2-3}  & 869.04–870 & & \\ \cline{2-3}  & 870.03–879.99 & & \\ \cline{2-3}  & 890.01–891.48 & & \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{2013} & 1850–1852.5 & \multirow{6}{*}{15 MHz} \\  & 1855–1860 15 MHz & & \\ \cline{2-3}  & 1935–1940 & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 5: Summary of the results of the spectrum auctions for mobile telephony service in Colombia. Source: [48; 49]. Table 5 reflects the evolution of radio spectrum allocations in Colombia between 2010 and 2023, demonstrating that the country has undertaken actions aimed at implementing advanced mobile technologies. The incorporation of low bands (such as the 700 MHz band) and mid-bands (1-3 GHz) is evident, both of which are fundamental for the expansion of mobile networks in rural and urban areas. However, the 2023 auction marks a turning point by including, for the first time, significant blocks in the 3500 MHz band, which is considered key for the deployment of 5G networks. With respect to the information presented in Table 6, it is important to highlight that the 2019 auction focused specifically on offering frequency bands for the exclusive operation of 4G, while in 2023 it was determined that the 3500 MHz band would be allocated for the provision of new IMT services, including 5G.