# Exploring the Feasibility of Autonomous Lighting Systems for Pedestrian Crossings in Off-Grid Areas
## 3 Simulation Results for Lighting Scenarios  
The presented waveforms show the dependencies of the analyzed parameters as a function of time during the period of solar radiation availability. The parameters are Consumed Daily Energy, which is the energy consumed by the LED luminaire; Output Power, which is the value of the power transferred to the LED luminaire; PV Power, which is the power generated by the PV installation; and Battery SOC, which is battery state of charge level. The simulations were performed over the entire calendar year (from 1 January to 31 December) in steps of 1 min. Figure 18 shows the results of the analysis for Scenario 1. The amount of energy consumed by the luminaire during the longest day of the year is 7.8 kWh, and the shortest is 3.52 kWh. By analyzing the waveforms in Figure 18 (Daily Energy and SOC Battery), it was found that the lighting system cannot operate as intended during the beginning and last weeks of the year. During these periods, there is a higher energy demand than production of energy, which is characterized by a reduction in operating hours. Requirements are not possible to fulfill. Figures 19 and 20 show the detailed results of the analysis during the beginning and final periods of the year. According to the analysis results for Scenario 1 (483.6 W), the correct operation of the lighting system can be achieved only between 97 th and 243 th day of the year. On the other days of the year, the system operates in an unstable manner. Figure 21 shows the results of the analysis for Scenario 2. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c p{284.5 pt}} \hline
**Scenario Number** & **Description of the Operation of the System in the Lighting Scenarios** \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{1} & The LED luminaires switch on an off in accordance with the specified timetable. During operation, the luminaire operates continuously at a constant power of 483.6 W. \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{2} & The LED luminaires switch on an off in accordance with the specified timetable. During operation, the luminaire operates continuously at a constant power of 459.84 W. \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{3} & The LED luminaires switch on an off in accordance with the specified timetable. During operation, the luminaire operates continuously at a constant power of 191.56 W. \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{4} & The LED luminaires switch on an off in accordance with the specified timetable. During operation, the luminaire operates continuously at a constant power of 83.56 W. \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{5} & The LED luminaires switch on an off in accordance with the specified timetable. When a pedestrian is recognized at the crossing, the power increases from 47.68 W to 83.56 W for 45 s. A total of 200 street crossings were simulated, and the full power operation time is 9000 s per day. \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 6: Description of the scenarios adopted in the analysis. Figure 19: Results of the analysis for Scenario 1 (beginning of the year). Figure 18: Selected results over a full calendar year for Scenario 1. Figure 21: Selected results over a full calendar year for Scenario 2. Figure 20: Results of the analysis for Scenario 1 (end of year). The amount of energy consumed by the luminaire during the longest day of the year is 7.4 kWh, and the shortest is 3.35 kWh. By analyzing the waveforms of Figure 21 (Daily Energy and SOC Battery), it was found that the lighting system cannot operate as intended during the beginning and last weeks of the year. During these periods, there is a higher energy demand than production of energy, which is characterized by a reduction in operating hours. The illumination requirements are not possible to fulfill. Figures 22 and 23 shows the detailed results of the analysis during the beginning and final periods of the year for Scenario 2. According to the analysis results for Scenario 2 (459.84 W), the correct operation of the lighting system is only feasible between 95 and 267 days of the year. For the other days of the year, the system operates in an unstable manner.