# Developing an I4.0 Cyber-Physical System to Enhance Efficiency and Competitiveness in Manufacturing
## 2 Literature Review
### Cyber-Physical Systems  
A series of studies highlighted the growing presence of cyber-physical systems (CPSs) in the context of I4.0. In [12; 13], [PERSON] et al. conducted comprehensive analyses of how CPSs and cyber-physical production systems (CPPSs) evolve with developments in manufacturing, science, and technology. These systems have emerged as key enablers of faster, more efficient, and optimised industrial processes. In [14], [PERSON] et al. suggested that the components that make up the CPS were the very components enabling the technological revolution. Their study aimed to develop a smart sensor using readily available and cost-effective resources that can help the industry. Smart sensors were identified as playing a major role in advancing I4.0 capability, with a focus on their functionality in the decision-making process. [PERSON] et al. demonstrated the construction of a smart sensor system that utilised a single-board computer (SBC), a sensing unit, and wireless communication modules. The smart sensor system was designed to monitor the energy consumption of industrial machinery. The system also had the capability of visually presenting the relevant information in a coherent manner, remotely and in real time, using a dedicated web server. Similarly, [PERSON] and [PERSON], in [15], discussed the continuous development of CPS, particularly the use of wireless sensor technologies, as an integral component of the CPS. They focused on the use of inexpensive and readily available components to develop a scalable product that offered relevant, real-time monitoring of data to help make better-informed decisions. Their proposed product used basic sensors, open-source software packages, and readily available micro-controller units (MCUs) with the capacity to create a wireless sensor network at an exceptionally low cost. The product was deemed compact and easy to use as well as to maintain. [PERSON] and [PERSON] further suggested the possibility of integrating other sensing modules relevant to various industries' needs, showcasing the customisation capabilities of their system. In a broader context, [PERSON] et al., in [16], presented the utilisation of CPS at the city level. Their study focused on the design of a system comprising simple microprocessors, a sensor network, and necessary wireless communication enabling components to allow full control of streetlights in a smart city. Similar to other literature, [PERSON] et al. demonstrated that these systems can be very easily created and developed thanks to the abundance of key enabling technologies at low cost, facilitated by the advent of the fourth industrial revolution. These systems also have the ability to present all the relevant information gathered from the sensors in close to real time. [PERSON] et al. highlighted that the availability and cost-effective approach to developing a CPS can enable teaching of the smart city paradigm and transform a system as vast and complex as city lighting into an extremely efficient system that can cut down costs when compared to traditional systems. According to [PERSON] in [17], CPSs are characterised by blurred boundaries between computing, networking, and physical components. This integration has revolutionised the manufacturing industry, moving beyond the traditional electromechanical relay systems. The pervasive adoption of computing and networking technologies across various industries has led to significant advancements. [PERSON] asserted that the combination of these systems and increasing the level of automation at all levels results in enhanced productivity, improved quality and reduced costs. [PERSON] acknowledged the shift from mass production to mass customisation, recognising the importance of adapting to the market's needs.