## 1 Introduction  
The electricity in the atmosphere in fair weather and thunderstorms makes it possible to expand our knowledge about meteorological phenomena, pollution, and air ionization. Long-term measurements of atmospheric electricity parameters can improve weather forecast models and enable the study of climate change and weather systems [1, 2]. Electric charges on ions are responsible for the flow of electric current in the atmosphere. They attach to aerosol particles. As a result, air pollution can be monitored by measuring air conductivity, electric field, and current [3]. The study of the structure of lightning discharges and the transport of electric charges can be used to design lightning protection systems [4]. Moreover, monitoring the atmospheric electric field can provide valuable data for studying space weather phenomena such as geomagnetic storms, solar flares, and interactions between the solar wind and Earth's magnetic field [5, 6, 7, 8]. Understanding these processes is critical to space exploration, satellite communications, and navigation systems. The issues presented in the paper, however, concern ground measurements of the electric flux through a near-surface, which is described by the general equation:  
\[q=\varepsilon\oint_{S}\stackrel{{\rightarrow}}{{\Box}}\varepsilon \hbar dS \tag{1}\]where \(q\) is the accumulated electric charge, \(\overrightarrow{E}\) is an electric field vector, \(\hat{n}\) is the normal unit vector perpendicular to the observation surface \(S\). Maxwell current measurements in atmospheric electricity, whether during a thunderstorm or in fair weather, are usually made with a piece of metal placed horizontally to the ground (this sensor is commonly referred to as a flat antenna or a Wilson plate for fair weather measurements) [9; 10; 11] or a long wire antenna [12; 13; 14]. An antenna isolated from Earth's surface constitutes an atmospheric capacitor. Depending on the parameters of the external measuring circuit attached to the sensor, it can measure parameters such as:  
* [noitemsep,topsep=0 pt]
* Derivate of the electric field \(dE/dt\);
* Electric field vector \(E\);
* The conduction current \(I_{cond}\);
* Displacement current \(I_{disp}\). The external measurement circuit, which is usually capacitive, will have a current of \(dQ_{surf}/dt\), where \(Q_{surf}\) is the charge on the measurement antenna, and \(dt\) is the observation time derivative. When there is a non-stationary electrical state in the atmosphere, the displacement current flows through the measuring circuit first and then the conduction current (e.g., the process of discharging the measuring capacitor). For quasi-stationary processes, the source of the displacement current density will be the change in space charge density over time, i.e., the change in the electric induction vector \(D\). In theoretical considerations of methods for measuring current in the atmosphere, Gauss and Ampere-Maxwell equations should be used. However, for a fixed sensor geometry, choosing appropriate sensor surfaces to integrate the electric charge on these surfaces or the road limiting this surface may prove difficult or impossible. A unique Gaussian surface should also be determined to calculate the electric field, and a specific Ampere loop should be used to determine the magnetic field and current density. A different approach was presented by [PERSON] and [PERSON] [9], who determined the Maxwell current (displacement component) in a thunderstorm environment from measurements at the ground using a flat antenna when the electric field concerning time equals zero. This method does not apply to measurements during fair weather conditions. We suggest using a spatial analysis of the distribution of the electric field (\(x\), \(y\), \(z\)) in the presence of a measurement sensor (Figure 1) because the components of the electric field vector \(E\) significantly change their direction and value when in contact with the sensor [15; 16]. Figure 1: Exemplary pictures of analyzed sensors: (**a**) flat shape, (**b**) ring shape.