## 3 Results and Analysis
### Stability Analysis of the NDVI in the Shanxi Section of the Yellow River Basin  
The coefficient of variation is calculated on a cell-by-cell basis and is divided into five levels based on the magnitude of the CV: low fluctuation change (CV \(\leq\) 0.05), lower fluctuation change (0.05 \(<\) CV \(\leq\) 0.10), medium fluctuation change (0.10 \(<\) CV \(\leq\) 0.15), higher change (0.15 \(<\) CV \(\leq\) 0.20), and high volatility change (0.20 \(<\) CV) (Table 3 and Figure 4). From 2001 to 2020, the NDVI variation in the Shanxi section of the Yellow River Basin has exhibited relatively high levels of variability, with areas having moderate to high variability accounting for 54.39% of the total area. High variability areas are primarily concentrated in the southern cities of Yuncheng and Linfen, as well as the northwestern city of Lvliang. When analyzing the variability in mining areas, the Huozhou mining area and Hebaopian mining area have a significant proportion of high variability areas, accounting for 17.87% and 38.85%, respectively. The remaining mining areas mostly fall into the category of moderate variability. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Study Area**} & \multirow{2}{*}{\begin{tabular}{c} **Extremely Significant** \\ **Degradation** \\ \end{tabular} } & \multirow{2}{*}{\begin{tabular}{c} **Significant Degradation** \\ \end{tabular} } & \multicolumn{2}{c}{\begin{tabular}{c} **Insignificant** \\ **Imovementment/Degradation** \\ \end{tabular} } & \multirow{2}{*}{\begin{tabular}{c} **Significant Improvement** \\ **Degradation** \\ \end{tabular} } & \multirow{2}{*}{\
\begin{tabular}{c} **Significant Improvement** \\ **Degradation** \\ \end{tabular} } & \multirow{2}{*}{
\begin{tabular}{c} **Extremely Significant** \\ **Imovement** \\ \end{tabular} } \\ \cline{2-2} \cline{6-11}  & **Fixed** & & & & & & & & & \\ \cline{2-2} \cline{6-11}  & **Number** & & & & & & & & & \\ \hline Shanxi section of the yellow river basin & 24,328 & 1.24 & 13,567 & 0.69 & 343,711 & 17.51 & 1,398,681 & 71.25 & 182,746 & 9.31 \\ Jindeeng & 2757 & 2.51 & 2248 & 2.05 & 43,016 & 39.20 & 50,247 & 45.79 & 11,467 & 10.45 \\ Lishi & 148 & 2.02 & 56 & 0.76 & 1122 & 15.31 & 5457 & 74.45 & 547 & 7.46 \\ Lulin & 47 & 0.11 & 49 & 0.11 & 1972 & 4.58 & 39,286 & 91.25 & 1697 & 3.94 \\ Qinyuan & 104 & 0.30 & 105 & 0.30 & 6074 & 17.37 & 25,581 & 73.13 & 3114 & 8.90 \\ Xishangiao & 409 & 0.99 & 268 & 0.65 & 4752 & 11.45 & 33,551 & 80.84 & 2521 & 6.07 \\ Xiangping & 57 & 0.08 & 61 & 0.09 & 3961 & 5.62 & 61,302 & 86.94 & 5128 & 7.27 \\ Hebaopian & 52 & 0.20 & 25 & 0.10 & 792 & 3.11 & 23,969 & 94.15 & 620 & 2.44 \\ Huozhou & 1634 & 1.50 & 771 & 0.71 & 13,949 & 12.79 & 85,938 & 78.78 & 6790 & 6.22 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} Note: extremely significant degradation (slope \(<\) 0, \(p\)\(\leq\) 0.01), significant degradation (slope \(<\) 0, 0.01 \(<\)\(p\)\(\leq\) 0.05), insignificant improvement/degradation (slope \(>\) 0, \(p\)\(>\) 0.05/slope \(<\) 0, \(p\)\(>\) 0.05), significant improvement (slope \(>\) 0, 0.01 \(<\)\(p\)\(\leq\) 0.05), and extremely significant improvement (slope \(>\) 0, \(p\)\(\leq\) 0.01).  
\end{table} 
Table 2: Statistics on the changing trend of the NDVI in the Shanxi section of the Yellow River Basin and various mining areas. Figure 2: Changes in the annual mean value of the NDVI in the Shanxi section of the Yellow River Basin and mining areas. Figure 3: NDVI variation trends in the Shanxi Section of the Yellow River Basin. (Extremely significant improvement (slope \(>\) 0, \(p\)\(\leq\) 0.01), significant improvement (slope \(>\) 0, 0.01 \(<\)\(p\)\(\leq\) 0.05), insignificant improvement (slope \(>\) 0, \(p\)\(>\) 0.05), insignificant degradation (slope \(<\) 0, 0.01 \(<\)\(p\)\(\leq\) 0.05), and extremely significant degradation (slope \(<\) 0, \(p\)\(\leq\) 0.01)).