## 1 Introduction  
With the increasing depletion of shallow mineral resources, people are aiming at the development of deeper mineral resources [1, 2, 3, 4]. The mining depth of coal in China shows an increasing trend each year. At present, the average mining depth has reached 700 m [5]. However, deeper mining faces more complex engineering geological conditions. In the process of coal mining, the deep surrounding rock is affected by the disturbance of high ground stress, and the frequency and intensity of disasters are increasing [6, 7, 8]. Especially in the deep excavation of the inclined shaft and chamber, it is easy for the surrounding rock to cause stress superposition or redistribution, which will lead to excessive floor heave and two-side displacement, resulting in large deformation and instability of the roadway. Accidents caused by large deformation and instability of the roadway account for a large proportion of the total accident coal, resulting in serious casualties and economic losses,which seriously restricts the safe and efficient mining of coal resources [9]. Studying the deformation and failure characteristics and mechanism of surrounding rock in a deep roadway is the basis for solving this kind of problem, which has important theoretical guiding significance and engineering application value to ensure the safe and efficient mining of a deep mine. At present, there are many studies on the damage and failure characteristics of surrounding rock in deep engineering. According to the existing research results, in-situ stress is the basic force causing the deformation and failure of surrounding rock, and it plays an important role in controlling the deformation and failure of the surrounding rock [10,11]. Some scholars have used theoretical calculation to study the deformation characteristics of coal seams and roadways under water pressure [12, 13, 14]. However, most of these studies are to analyze the shaft accidents under non-mining conditions and lack investigation of the deformation characteristics of surrounding rock in the normal excavation process of the roadway or chamber. In underground engineering such as a coal mine roadway, due to the unloading disturbance after roadway or chamber excavation, the original stress balance state of a rock mass formed by long-term geological movement is destroyed, resulting in the redistribution of surrounding rock stress [9,15]. In the process of constant stress adjustment, the surrounding rock of the roadway will slide along the joint fissures and open holes, resulting in large deformation and instability of the surrounding rock [16]. Moreover, with the increase of mining depth, the large deformation of the roadway's surrounding rock caused by excavation and unloading becomes more and more serious. Because the surrounding rock environment of the excavated roadway is complex, the theoretical calculation is difficult, and there are many influencing factors on engineering problems, it is a better solution to establish a physical model for numerical simulation. The numerical simulation method reveals the micro and macro mechanical behavior of the large deformation instability process caused by eccentric stress after roadway excavation [17, 18, 19, 20, 21]. For example, [PERSON] et al. conducted numerical simulation of roadways with different in-situ stress and rock mass structure based on a two-dimensional particle flow program (PFC2D) [22]. [PERSON] et al. established the equivalent post-peak strain softening model of jointed rock mass, and carried out numerical simulation by using FLAC3D software [4]. [PERSON] and [PERSON] created a physical model of the underground roadway in the horizontal stratum and monitored the surface displacement of the model using 2D digital image correlation technology [23]. [PERSON] et al. established a three-dimensional geological model of the mining area and numerically analyzed the influence of the combined mining of No. 3 and No.