# Exploring the Risks of Green Crowdsourcing in South Africa: The Case of Dilivari
## 5 Discussion
The findings of this study suggest that partnerships with stakeholders in urban and rural areas in South Africa would enhance the development of compatible applications. Partnerships for improved connectivity bringing together private and public-private actors would help toward the effective operation of green crowdsourcing in South Africa. A successful partnership requires holistic and comprehensive participation of the government, telecommunication companies, developers of the application, academia and community. Incorporating all the stakeholders is imperative for the effective and sustained improvement of green crowdsourcing in South Africa. The government plays a critical role in policy, legislation, crime management, and the provision of incentives for the private sector. Telecommunication companies are critical in the extension of connectivity. The communities and citizens both in rural and urban areas use green crowdsourcing applications. The developers of the application are critical in incorporating the critical requirements for addressing the technological improvements on the application. academia and researchers support in researching and providing insights on the need for improvements for an effective green crowdsourcing environment. In addition, green crowdsourcing applications have to be aligned with indigenous knowledge systems is critical for success. Integration of perspectives from diverse individuals from outside the business could incorporate varied skills, backgrounds and perspectives that are critical in the development of appropriate business solutions. Collaboration between the government and telecommunication companies can play a significant role in bolstering connectivity in townships and rural areas. The participants of the study made the point that internet access in these areas has a negative effect on the performance of green crowdsourcing in South Africa. Our study established that internet access has become a major risk to our new green crowdsourcing application in South Africa. This is supported by earlier studies that have emphasised the importance of internet access for the progress of crowdsourcing [1, 32]. [PERSON] [32] underscored the importance of internet access as a critical requirement for crowdsourcing. In addition, [PERSON] and [PERSON] [1] argued that the internet has revolutionised the concept of crowdsourcing. Previous studies confirm our findings on the risk of lack of internet access as a critical risk to crowdsourcing, as individuals and organisations cannot participate in such crowdsourcing without internetaccess. It is, therefore, imperative to the success of a green crowdsourcing application that access to the internet in townships and rural areas in South Africa is improved. We broaden the existing debate in relation to connectivity risks: load shedding, smartphone penetration and high data costs are current emergent phenomena in South Africa. The ability of communities in townships and rural areas to use the application is wholly dependent on connectivity when using data. Load shedding undermines the ability of those in townships and rural areas to use mobile phones. Furthermore, applications will not function because internet connectivity depends on the availability of electricity. In [106], it was observed that South Africa has failed for some time to resolve the electricity crisis. Furthermore, load shedding has affected all sectors of the economy and has affected green crowdsourcing as well. Low smartphone penetration was also found to pose a major risk to green crowdsourcing. Currently, smartphone penetration in South Africa stands at 10.7 percent and is estimated to increase to 37.96 percent [148]. This is still very low and has an impact on the use of green crowdsourcing. In addition, our study found that high data costs constituted a technological and connectivity risk to the performance of green crowdsourcing in this country.