esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Irradiation Conditions  
The three samples with different OH contents along with the additional H\({}_{2}\)-loaded and thermally treated _medium_-OH sample (hereafter indicated as _medium_-OH+H\({}_{2}\)+TT) have been exposed to a continuous X-rays irradiation at the MOPERIX facility located at the Hubert Curien Laboratory in Saint-Etienne, France. Here, a steady flux of photons with an average energy of \(\sim\)40 keV was delivered to the samples with a dose-rate of 6 Gy(SiO\({}_{2}\)) s\({}^{-1}\) (non-uniformity below 5% over the samples) up to a total accumulated dose of 300 kGy(SiO\({}_{2}\)) with an exception for the _medium_-OH one, which underwent to an irradiation up to 350 kGy(SiO\({}_{2}\)). All the samples are 1 m long and the irradiations were performed at room temperature.  
In these conditions, online RIA measurements have been performed monitoring the transmitted signal of a white light source (DH-2000 Ocean Optics, Orlando, FL, USA) before, during, and after the X-rays exposure with an Ocean Optics QE65000 spectrometer. The optical source and the spectrometer were located outside the irradiator and connected to the samples by MM radiation-hardened optical fibers that, in addition, have been shielded with \(\sim\)5 mm thick lead pieces inside the irradiator, making sure that only the samples under test were exposed to the X-rays.
# Design and Numerical Study of Induction-Heating Graphitization Furnace Based on Graphene Coils
## 3 Results and Analysis
### Effect of Coil Parameters
#### 3.4.2 Effect of Coil Position  
Figure 12 shows how the coil's temperature and the induction furnace's energy efficiency are influenced by the coil's distance from the graphite heater, represented by the coil diameter (\(\Phi\)) ranging from 0.8 m to 1 m. As the \(\Phi\) increases, the coil-heater gap widens, leading to a notable coil temperature drop after 20 h of heating--from 2561 \({}^{\circ}\)C to 1870 \({}^{\circ}\)C. Notably, at \(\Phi\) = 0.85 m, the coil temperature decreases to 2342 \({}^{\circ}\)C, falling within a safe usage range. Figure 11c reveals that the furnace's energy efficiency diminishes as the \(\Phi\) grows. The analysis indicates that a larger coil-heater distance reduces the electrical efficiency of the induction heating, impacting the overall heating performance. Hence, for the optimal energy efficiency and coil lifespan, a coil diameter of \(\Phi\) = 0.85 m is recommended for the model.
## 3 Experimental Results
### Comparative Evaluation of Inference Speed  
To verify the real-time processing capability of the proposed NSSRD model, the floating point operation (FLOP) values were calculated. The FLOP metric represents the number of FLOPs performed per second by each model. The FLOP results are summarized in Table 1. In the comparative experiment, the model of [PERSON] et al. [30], which uses the simplest structure with YOLO, exhibited a FLOP value of 28G. In contrast, the FLOP values of the model of [PERSON] et al. [16], which added preprocessing and super-resolution image enhancement modules, increased to 307G. However, despite including noise suppression and super-resolution image enhancement functions similar to the model of [PERSON] et al. [16], NSSRD exhibited a significantly lower FLOP value of 34G. This is approximately a 20% increase compared to that of the model of [PERSON] et al. [30] but is still within an acceptable range for real-time detection. Notably, the FLOP value of NSSRD was more than seven times lower than those of the other models, excluding the model of [PERSON] et al. [30], demonstrating balanced performance in terms of both detection accuracy and computational efficiency. Thus, NSSRD not only maintains a low computational load but also achieves superior detection performance compared to existing models, as confirmed in previous experiments. This demonstrates the potential of the proposed model for real-time application and its high efficiency.
# A 4.1 GHz-9.2 GHz Programmable Frequency Divider for Ka Band PLL Frequency Synthesizer
## 4 Conclusions  
A high operating frequency, ultra-wide-band MMD is presented in this paper. Theoretical analysis of high operating frequency prescaler, counter P and counter S is presented in the paper. The proposed MMD is designed and fabricated in 90 nm CMOS technology. MMD core occupies an area of 0.0091 mm\({}^{2}\). The measured result shows that it can have an operating range from 4.1 GHz to 9.2 GHz, with a power efficiency of 3.1 GHz/mW, which satisfy the demand of low power and wide band in the modern communication systems.  
Conceptualization, Y.Z. and Z.C.; methodology, Y.Z. and Z.L.; validation, Y.Z. and Z.L.; writing--original draft preparation, Y.Z.; writing--review and editing, X.L. and Z.C.; supervision, Z.C. and X.W.; project administration, Z.C. and X.W.; funding acquisition, X.L. and Z.C. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded by National Natural Science Foundation of China, grant number 61801027; China Postdoctoral Science Foundation, grant number 2018M631356; 111 Project of China, grant number B14010; Beijing Nova Program of Science and Technology, grant number Z191100001119078.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Electron Beam Characterization of REBCO-Coated Conductors at Cryogenic Conditions
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Electron Stimulated Desorption  
#### 3.2.1 Energy Dependence  
ESD measurements were performed on both investigated samples at 12 K in an intact as-received state. Similarly to the SEY, the ESD curves acquired here for the two REBCO-CCs, displayed in Figure 4, also resemble regular metal surfaces. This applies to comparing the electro-desorbed gas composition, desorption thresholds, and nominal ESD yields and their maximum to technical-grade UHV-cleaned metals, such as Cu previously studied on this cryogenic setup [36; 37] and other technical metals studied by other authors at ambient temperatures [48; 49; 50; 51; 52; 53]. The energy thresholds for desorption are in the typical 5-10 eV region characteristic of technical-grade metals, such as Cu measured on the same setup [36], or extrapolated by [PERSON] et al. [50]. The energy \(E_{max}\) of the peak desorption yield \(\eta_{max}\) of both samples lies in the 300-500 eV region. H\({}_{2}\) has the maximum yield and is followed by CO, CO\({}_{2}\), CH\({}_{4}\), and other UHV-typical (but less abundant) species. A sample storage more suitable for UHV components would likely lead to significantly lower ESD yields but similar energy and dose dependencies.  
A semi-empirical fit was used to approximate the acquired experimental data for ESD yields and energy dependencies. The fit consisted of a log-normal distribution with an energy offset and cutoff at the desorption energy threshold \(E_{thr}\), as described by the following equation.  
\[\eta(E)=\eta_{max}\cdot\exp\left(\frac{-\ln^{2}((E-E_{thr})/E_{max})}{2\sigma ^{2}}\right)\quad,\text{for}\quad E\geq E_{thr} \tag{4}\]  
The peak ESD value \(\eta_{max}\) at energy \(E_{max}\) was used to normalize the energy distribution, whilst the \(\sigma\) parameter determined its width. The legend in Figure 4 lists (for all measured gases) the relevant parameters necessary to reconstruct the energy dependence in the studied 0.1 keV region: \(E_{thr}\), \(\eta_{max}\), \(E_{max}\), and \(\sigma\). In practice, a constant was added to the parametric fit to model the non-zero background, which represents the detection limit of the used experimental setup.  
The uncertainties were evaluated for \(\eta_{max}\), as well as \(E_{max}\) values, and are plotted in Figure 4 at the ESD yield peak value \(\eta_{max}\). The bars represent a combined uncertainty of \(\sim\)30% at 1 \(\sigma\) confidence interval, corresponding to 68% probability of containing the true value.
# A Study on the Surrogate-Based Optimization of Flexible Wings Considering a Flutter Constraint +
## 3 Results
### Comparison and Discussion of the Results
It is important to note that the results at 130 m/s represent only the feasible solutions. As the cruise speed increases, the Pareto front tends to be narrower and shift toward lower \(C_{L}/C_{D}\) values, as expected. The results at 130 m/s present an evident distinction. Unlike the relatively distributed Pareto fronts at 30 m/s and 60 m/s, the solutions at 130 m/s are remarkably more clustered. This localized concentration indicates that, at this higher cruise speed, design solutions that avoid flutter are limited, especially within the limits of our design space. Moreover, these solutions at 130 m/s are characterized by relatively high masses and moderate \(C_{L}/C_{D}\) values. At higher speeds, the overly stringent constraint of flutter speed within our design space leads to results in which, to avoid flutter, the wing structure needs to be heavier, consequently compromising its aerodynamic efficiency. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l c c c c c c} \hline \hline \(V_{\text{cruise}}\) (m/s) & **Objective** & \(C_{L}/C_{D}\) (-) & **Mass (kg)** & **AR (-)** & \(\Lambda\) (deg)** & \(GJ\) (N.m2) & \(\kappa\) (deg) & \(\mathbf{V_{flutter}}\) (m/s) \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{30} & \(C_{L}/C_{D}\) maximization & 39.79 & 1043.46 & 15.97 & –2.10 & \(1.54\times 10^{6}\) & 4.27 & 127.89 \\  & Mass minimization & 27.13 & 392.17 & 6.00 & 28.7 & \(1.36\times 10^{6}\) & 5.13 & 188.10 \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{60} & \(C_{L}/C_{D}\) maximization & 36.16 & 927.06 & 14.20 & 0.72 & \(1.61\times 10^{6}\) & 6.14 & 92.23 \\  & Mass minimization & 21.56 & 392.32 & 6.00 & 32.92 & \(7.38\times 10^{5}\) & 7.03 & 188.92 \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{130} & \(C_{L}/C_{D}\) maximization & 13.71 & 1030.06 & 15.78 & 6.66 & \(9.37\times 10^{5}\) & 9.12 & 194.87 \\  & Mass minimization & 12.37 & 956.41 & 14.65 & 7.24 & \(8.80\times 10^{5}\) & 10.39 & 195.03 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 9: Optimization results across the analyzed cruise speeds.
###### Abstract  
Background: Advancements in pharmacology have led to the introduction of novel antiresorptive and antiangiogenic drugs, which are associated with the side effect of medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ). The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of different blood levels of vitamin D on the course of treatment, as well as the role of vitamin D supplementation during the treatment of primary diseases involving bisphosphonates or denosumab. Methods: The clinical trial involved 64 patients diagnosed with medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ) treated at the Department of Oral Surgery. Participants underwent baseline panoramic radiographs and Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) scans, with MRONJ severity categorized according to the AAOMS classification. This study included two groups: 37 patients (n = 37) in the experimental group received high-dose vitamin D supplementation (10,000 IU/day for 4 weeks, followed by a maintenance dose of 5000 IU/day), while 27 patients (n = 27) in the control group received no supplementation. Vitamin D levels were measured at baseline, 3 months, and 6 months, and the relationship between vitamin D supplementation and clinical outcomes, including MRONJ risk and healing, was evaluated. All participants received an antibiotic regimen pre- and post-surgery. Pain intensity was assessed at multiple time points using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS). Results: This study showed significant increases in serum vitamin D levels in the experimental group at 3 and 6 months (\(p<0.05\)). In the prophylactic context, Vitamin D supplementation prior to or during tooth extraction reduced the risk of developing severe MJRON (OR = 68.57; \(p<0.001\)). In the therapeutic context among patients with established MJRON, vitamin D supplementation did not significantly predict postoperative complications (\(p=0.079\)) or complete healing (OR = 2.34; \(p=0.051\)). However, overall healing rates were somewhat higher in the supplemented group, though they did not reach statistical significance. Antibiotic protection uses also reduced the need for further treatment (OR = 6.20; \(p<0.001\)). Conclusions: Prophylactic high-dose vitamin D supplementation may help prevent severe MRONJ in at-risk patients undergoing tooth extraction. Once MRONJ is established, however, vitamin D alone may not significantly alter immediate postoperative outcomes, although further research is needed to clarify its potential adjunctive benefits.  
ARD; bisphosphonates; denosumab; MRONJ; osteonecrosis; vitamin D +
Footnote †: journal: Applied sciences  
Article
## Materials and Methods
### Development of the Multiplexed SCAR Marker Assay and Monitoring of Commercial Herbal Medicines  
Primers specific for the four herbal medicines were designed after aligning the 24 sequences with ClustalW in BioEdit [29]. Several candidate SCAR forward primers specific to the four herbal medicines were designed, along with one common reverse primer, based on the unique indels and/or base substitutions of the aligned ITS1 region sequences. For verifying primer specificity, PCR amplification was carried out in 20 \(\mu\)L of reaction mix (a mix similar to the nrDNA-ITS reaction, but with 0.5 \(\mu\)M of each SCAR primer instead of the ITS1 and ITS4 primers). PCR amplification conditions were as follows: 95 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 5 min; 35 cycles of 95 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 1 min, 65 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 30 s, and 72 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 1 min; and a finalextension at 72 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 5 min. The PCR products were visualized using a 1.5% agarose gel to check the size and number of DNA fragments. To confirm the primer specificities, the DNA fragments were extracted and those sequences were compared with the original nrDNA-ITS sequences.  
For establishing a multiplex assay method, four forward SCAR primers and one reverse primer, which together amplify differently sized DNA fragments for each herbal medicine, were combined in a single PCR reaction, and optimal conditions were determined by altering PCR parameters such as annealing time and temperature, and the concentration of the template and primers. The amplified PCR products were analyzed using a 1.5% agarose gel to check the number and size of amplicons. To validate the multiplex-PCR method and adulteration of Adenophorae Radix in the markets, 37 commercially-processed Adenophorae Radix samples and adulterants were purchased, and their botanical origin was verified. Approximately 15 ng of total genomic DNA was used in 20 \(\upmu\)L multiplex-PCR assay mixtures consisting of 10 mM Tris-HCl (pH 9.0), 2.5 mM MgCl\({}_{2}\), 200 \(\upmu\)M of each dNTP, 10 mM (NH\({}_{4}\))\({}_{2}\)SO\({}_{4}\), 0.5 U Taq DNA polymerase (SolGent, Daejeon, Korea), and 0.5 \(\upmu\)M of each primer. PCR amplification parameters were as follows: 95 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 5 min; 35 cycles of 95 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 30 s, 65 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 30 s, and 72 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 1 min; and a final extension at 72 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 5 min. The PCR products were visualized using 1.5% agarose gel electrophoresis to check the size and number of DNA fragments.
# On Applicability of Network Coding Technique for 6 LoWPAN-based Sensor Networks
## 1 Introduction
The NC6 LoWPAN mechanism was implemented in Contiki Operating System (OS) [26] and it runs both on the IEEE 802.15.4-based Atmel AVR RAVEN and Tmote Sky sensor motes. The configuration attributes as well as the main parameters of the sensors are described in Section 4. The implementation of the NC6 LoWPAN in a real testbed shows a practical usage and verification of the NC technique in an IPv6-based WSN. Most of the papers, in dealing with the NC solutions for WSNs describe the simulation results. The remainder of the paper is organized as follows: Section 2 presents prior work related to the NC adoption in wireless ad-hoc networks, Section 3 describes the NC6 LoWPAN network coding technique and principles of its implementation in WSN mote, Section 4 depicts the testing methodology and presents the obtained results. Section 5 concludes this paper by summarizing the most relevant results and outlining possible future work.
## 2 State of the Art
### Prior Comparisons of FDM and SLA  
#### 2.1.1 Surface Finish and Accuracy  
Several studies compare the surface finish and dimensional precision achievable by FDM and SLA. FDM, which extrudes melted thermoplastic filament in discrete layers, tends to produce visible layer lines and moderate dimensional accuracy, often in the range of \(\pm 0.2\,\mathrm{mm}\) or higher [9, 10, 11]. SLA, on the other hand, relies on photopolymer resins cured by a focused light source, enabling finer layer thicknesses (often below \(50\,\mathrm{\SIUnitSymbolMicro m}\)) and smoother \"as-printed\" surfaces with significantly tighter tolerances [5, 12]. However, existing studies typically test these properties in isolation or focus primarily on surface roughness without offering a holistic view of performance under consistent build and post-processing conditions [13].  
Moreover, surface roughness and topography assessments in AM are heavily influenced by the measurement techniques used. Contact-based methods (e.g., profilometry) tend to underrepresent the roughness of highly irregular surfaces, whereas non-contact optical techniques (e.g., white light interferometry, confocal microscopy) provide more accurate 3D surface maps [14]. The choice of method can significantly impact reportedroughness values, especially for SLA prints with ultra-smooth surfaces that require high-resolution scanning. This discrepancy should be considered when comparing reported roughness metrics across studies.
# Reinforcement Learning in a New Keynesian Model +
## Appendix A Stability Analysis  
We have three possible models of expectations: rational (i.e., model consistent), boundedly rational with Euler learning and boundedly but with infinite-horizon learning. We denote these three cases by RE, EL and AU, respectively. In this section, we consider homogeneous expectations for which all agents (households and firms) form either RE or AU or EL expectations. In Section 5 of the main paper, we then allow for the possibility that households and firms are heterogenous across these groups (but retain intra-group homogeneity).  
In the numerical results below, we fix parameters at their priors used in the Bayesian estimation apart from the adaptive learning parameter \(\lambda_{x}\) which we set at unity. We make the following information assumptions: for observations of _aggregate_ output and inflation, \(j=1\), which is assumed in the EL approach. In the AU approach, we need to model observations of market-specific variables consisting of factor prices, profits and marginal costs. These we assume can be observed without a lag, and therefore, \(j=0\). Note this only applies to the EL and AU agents, but the RE equilibrium assumes perfect information where agents observe all current values of state variables. However, for rational agents, the stability conditions considered now can be derived from a perfect foresight equilibrium and are independent of the information assumption.  
Figure 11 compares the models in the \((\rho_{r},\theta_{\pi})\) space with \(\theta_{y}=0.3\) and \(\theta_{dy}=0\). Figure 11 sets \(\rho_{r}=1\) and compares the EL and AU models in \((\theta_{y},\theta_{\pi})\) space having re-parameterised the rule as \(r_{n,t}=\rho_{r}r_{n,t-1}+\theta_{\pi}\pi_{t}+\theta_{y}y_{t}\). Note that this rule reduces to a price-level rule when \(\theta_{y}=0\). The differences in the sizes of the policy spaces that result in a saddle-path stable equilibrium are significant. Furthermore, a clear ranking of the sizes of these spaces emerges with \(RE\supset EL\supset AU\). This means that, unless the policy rule is designed for the AU model, uncertainty as to which model of expectations is correct can lead to a rule that is unstable or has infinite multiple equilibria (i.e., is indeterminate).
## 6 Abuse Attack Techniques
### COMSPEC Environment Variable  
CPLS as a Primary C&C Communication Channel  
The BoxCaon backdoor, discovered by researchers at Checkpoint [98], abuses Dropbox as its C&C infrastructure. The backdoor employs the COMSPEC environment variable, which typically points to the command-line interpreter (cmd.exe), to execute malicious commands. The procedure works as follows: the attacker uploads files or commands to the Dropbox folder. The malware then fetches this folder and downloads all its contents to a working directory. If the file 'c.txt', which contains the attacker's command, is found in this working directory, the backdoor executes the command using the COMSPEC environment variable. The results of the command execution are then uploaded back to Dropbox, and the command is deleted.
Only at the end of each _collection interval_, will the itinerant sink roams around the sensing region and collects the data sensed by sensors. In contrast to the usual sensor networks, to emphasize the unattended WSN feature, this type of WSN consisting of sensors and an itinerant sink that periodically collects sensed data is termed as _unattended wireless sensor networks_ (UWSNs). In fact, UWSNs have been used in practical WSN applications [1,2]. In particular, the unattended sensor networks in [1] operate in an unmanned manner. For example, the nuclear emission sensor network could be deployed to monitor potential nuclear activity. In addition, another example is to deploy unattended sensors to detect underground sound and vibration, in order to be aware of troop movements, border crossings, and enemy's aircrafts as soon as possible. Trident systems [2] deploy the unattended ground sensors for providing reliable communication links. It is often used for transmitting timely message back to command and control centers. These sensors can be used in battlefield applications including perimeter defense, border patrol and surveillance, target acquisition, and situation awareness. The conceptional illustration is shown in Figure 1.  
Due to its inability to offload the sensed data in a real-time manner, sensors should keep the data sensed in the local memory within the collection interval between successive sink visits, incentivizing various attacks. The adversary may have different goals; it may be interested in learning the data sensed by a specific set of sensors, or want to prevent certain data from reaching the data sink. In this paper, we consider the adversary whose goal is to alter the sensors' data so that the falsified data can mislead the sink. In spite of the paramount importance of this authentication problem, only few solutions [3,4] are proposed. Specifically, in [3], a novel authentication function was proposed to deal with the authentication problem in a storage-efficient manner. Nevertheless, it is effective only against the _reactive adversary_ (described in Section 3.2) that is relatively weak and is easily to be overcame. In [4], two collaborative authentication schemes, CoMAC and ExCo, were proposed to defend against the stronger adversary, _proactive adversary_ (described in Section 3.2). Unfortunately, the simple collaboration among the sensors in CoMAC and ExCo incurs more attacks such as Path-Based DoS (PDoS) [5] and False-Endorsement DoS (FEDoS) [6] attacks (described in Section 4.1). In addition, the resilience of ExCo against sensor compromises is not as strong as [4] claims (described in Section 4.1). Furthermore, due to the lack of the proper use of sensors' position information, CoMAC and ExCo have relatively high energy consumption especially in a large scale network. The above reasons motivate us to develop a secure and efficient collaborative authentication scheme in UWSNs.