# Visual Selective Attention Analysis for Elderly Friendly Fresh E-Commerce Product Interfaces
## 2 Related Work
Visual cognition is a key element in achieving ease of use, efficiency, and enjoyment in age-friendly interactive interfaces, involving the integrated application of knowledge from cognitive psychology and ergonomics. In the interaction with internet products, elderly users primarily rely on visual perception to acquire interface information. Visual selective attention, as one of the cognitive mechanisms by which elderly users efficiently process critical information, also serves as an important means of self-regulating psychological resources. Visual selective attention refers to the process of concentrating limited psychological resources to perceive the most important information within a finite period [22]. Psychologist [PERSON] (1998) pointed out that individuals selectively focus on certain pieces of information when perceiving external visual stimuli [23]. This selective attention acts as an information filter, helping the brain connect visual sensations with perception during information processing. Due to the brain's limited capacity for information processing, visual selective attention allows individuals to selectively focus on important information, thereby enhancing cognitive efficiency. Visual selective attention plays a crucial role in visual cognition, and researchers have proposed various theoretical models to explain it. Early filter models emphasized information selectivity. [PERSON] (1957) proposed a filter model of visual selective attention, highlighting that individuals selectively focus on information relevant to their psychological goals to prevent information overload in the brain [24]. [PERSON]'s (1969) attenuation model suggested that all information is perceptible but only some is selectively attended to [25]. [PERSON] and [PERSON]'s (1963) late selection model posited that visual selective attention involves habitual and fine processing of information, regardless of the amount of information input [26]. [PERSON] and [PERSON]'s (1978) multimode model combined these earlier models, emphasizing three stages of visual selective attention: physical representation recognition, semantic representation matching, and information processing [27]. In summary, visual selective attention is a complex process influenced by multiple factors, including familiarity, physical representation, and semantic features. Familiar objects are typically prioritized, the physical attributes of information are more likely to capture attention than semantic attributes, and the selection of semantic attributes is influenced by their importance to the individual. Based on previous research, three cognitive models of visual selective attention have been summarized: spatial location priority, object feature priority, and contextual desiciveness. Visual attention prioritizes spatial locations as fundamental units for selective cognition, forming specific spatial \"beams\" through scanning and positioning, and then processing information deeply at those locations [28]. Additionally, there is an object feature priority cognitive model where visual attention selectively recognizes and contrasts information objects based on their object features, reinforcing attention to those features. In different visual environments, individuals choose spatial locations or object features as fundamental units depending on the complexity of the environment. Visual selective attention exhibits three fundamental characteristics: goal-directedness, interactivity, and human-centricity, which underscore its universality. This selective attention is driven by goals, where individuals actively focus on information relevant to their goals; once the goal is lost, the attention mechanism ceases. It encompasses both passive and active forms of attention, relying on the presence of external information, although not all information can capture attention--it depends on the match between information and user needs.