# A Secure and Efficient Authentication Scheme for Fog-Based Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks
## 2 Related Works
However, in fog-based VANETs, where many vehicles move simultaneously, real-time communication and data processing between vehicles and minimizing latency are essential. Therefore, the methods in [15,16] are unsuitable for fog-based VANETs. Many researchers have studied effective and practical authentication schemes based on fog-based VANETs to address the security and privacy protection demands of vehicle communication. [PERSON] et al. [17] proposed a novel AKA protocol without bilinear pairing to enable secure communication in fog-based VANETs. The protocol offers securely shared session keys, privacy protection, and mutual authentication. [PERSON] et al. [18] suggested a security-enhanced, three-party pairwise shared key agreement protocol for fog-based vehicular communication. They demonstrated that the protocol introduced by [PERSON] et al. [17] does not satisfy several vital security requirements and is vulnerable to security attacks. To address these challenges, they reduced the communication costs compared to the protocol by [PERSON] et al. [17] and improved security by defending against diverse attacks. [PERSON] et al. [19] introduced an authentication protocol based on fog nodes that adopts a multitrusted authority architecture, using operations based on ECC to achieve low communication and computational costs. They designed a robust and efficient authentication protocol using ECC and symmetric key encryption and decryption systems. [PERSON] et al. [20] designed an authentication key exchange scheme that enhances secure communication in fog-based VANETs with fog nodes as relay nodes. This approach leads to a secure and efficient third-party authentication key exchange scheme. The proposed scheme uses only a few simple operations, including the cryptographic hash function, exclusive OR (XOR), and ECC, considering the restricted computing capabilities of vehicle users and fog nodes. [PERSON] et al. [21] proposed a three-party AKA protocol for fog-based VANETs without depending on bilinear pairing. They used ECC to mitigate security threats in public wireless communication channels. Furthermore, they employed lightweight cryptographic operations for low computational and communication costs. [PERSON] et al. [8] introduced an efficient and secure authentication scheme using key agreement and management for a cloud-fog-device framework. This scheme applied symmetric trivariate polynomials,elliptic curve cryptography (ECC), and a fuzzy extractor for authentication. [PERSON] et al. [22] proposed a novel four-party AKA protocol for fog-based VANETs using only lightweight cryptographic techniques and ECC without utilizing bilinear pairing technology. These protocols [8; 17; 18; 19; 20; 21; 22] proposed an authentication protocol for fog-based VANETs. However, these protocols require high computational and communication costs in order for them to be utilized in a fog-based VANET environment and do not meet several security requirements. Therefore, we proposed a secure and efficient authentication scheme for fog-based VANETs to address these issues.