## 3 Related Works
It also produces more uniform chaotic sequences than the original model. Statistically, the Chi-square test, correlation coefficient and NIST SP800-22 suite analysis are performed. The research findings demonstrate that the algorithm is secure against statistical and cryptanalysis attacks. However, the throughput of the algorithm is low (around 22 Mbit/s), and this performance limitation would be challenging in many applications. As part of the recent progress in IoT security, an alternative lightweight cipher scheme (LoRCA) is proposed in [29]. This cipher is based on a dynamic, key-dependent structure that offers data secrecy using minimal resources. Statistically, the cipher successfully passed several tests, which suggests that it is resistant to statistical attacks. However, the cipher must be verified in terms of performance, as no performance results on the throughput of the algorithm are indicated. In [30], a unique resilient symmetric image encryption structure (IES) is introduced. IES generates a one-time session key by combining the image with a shared key. Statistically, IES is tested against entropy, PSNR and the correlation test. The results show that IES is secure against statistical attacks. However, its performance in terms of encryption throughput seems to be affected by the costly computations of chaos-based cryptosystems. Such performance makes IES suitable for highly secure applications that do not require high throughput rates. A stream cipher based on Linear Feedback Shift Register (LFSR) is proposed in [31]. The cipher aims to enhance the length of the sequence by integrating LFSR and a genetic algorithm (GA). The authors claim that the length of the generated sequence is more than the maximum length of LFSR. As for statistical analysis, key sequence, uniformity and autocorrelation analysis are performed. The results show that the proposed stream cipher is resistant to statistical and cryptanalysis attacks. Nevertheless, achieving a high encryption rate was not this work's main goal. Hence, it does not provide sufficient data on the performance of the stream cipher. An alternative stream cipher system based on an analogue-digital hybrid chaotic system is proposed in [32]. The hybrid model can generate digital chaotic maps without degeneration. It also ensures the synchronisation of analogue chaotic systems, which is necessary for effective decryption. Moreover, the stream cipher offers the advantages of a massive key space, near-indefinite cycle duration, and strong security. Statistically, NIST and TestU01 analyses are performed. The results show that the cipher is resistant to statistical attacks. However, no proofs are provided concerning the efficiency of the cipher in terms of encryption rate and throughput. In [15], a stream cipher based on a chaotic system in conjunction with two nonlinear feedback shift registers (NFSRs) is proposed. The cipher is presented as a lightweight encryption algorithm for devices with limited computational resources. Several statistical analyses are discussed, including NIST and entropy tests. The results indicated that the cipher is secure against statistical attacks. The evaluation of hardware resources and throughput demonstrates the model's capability to operate on resource-limited devices. However, the throughput of the cipher is less than 100 Kb/s, which makes it unsuitable for high-speed encryption. LESCA (LighttwEight Stream Cipher Algorithm) is a lightweight stream cipher proposed by [17]. The cipher comprises two major functions: a round function based on cryptographic primitives and a function for updating those primitives. The round function is responsible for converting each plaintext/output input sequence to word precision, while the updating function updates all primitives using permutation tables. The proposed cipher outperforms other lightweight stream ciphers. LESCA is also validated statistically; the statistical tests show that LESCA is secure against statistical attacks.