# Instagram and WhatApp in Health and Healthcare: An Overview
## 3 WhatsApp
Years of experience varied from 1 st year residents to senior consultants with up to 34 years of clinical experience. Fifty (out of 61) respondents were active in other Web-based forums, such as Facebook or other e-groups. The majority of participants agreed that WhatsApp was better for case discourse. [PERSON] et al. [32] assessed the impact of WhatsApp as an intradepartmental communication tool regarding (i) awareness of patient-related information; (ii) efficiency of the handover process; and (iii) duration of traditional morning handovers among orthopedic residents in a 300-bed tertiary care teaching center. Wide usage, low costs, availability and double password protection (phone lock and WhatsApp lock) made the group conversation feature an ideal tool for intradepartmental patient-related communication. Residents reported swifter and more efficient handovers with WhatsApp. The results indicated that WhatsApp can bring about an improvement in patient-related awareness, communication and handovers among orthopedic residents. [PERSON] et al. [33; 34] undertook a descriptive scoping review of the literature of WhatsApp in clinical medicine. They searched PubMed, Science Direct and Google Scholar, among others. Their inclusion criteria were papers that described the use of WhatsApp in a telemedicine context. Papers describing the use of WhatsApp for teaching or social support in weight loss, exercise or similar programmes were excluded. Abstracts were reviewed for relevance, duplicates removed, and the remaining full text papers read. After initial abstract review 58 papers were retrieved and 32 met inclusion criteria. They found that WhatsApp is used for group chats and doctor-to-doctor telemedicine. The literature they reviewed showed a lack of understanding of how information is transmitted and stored when using WhatsApp and of the problems this might create for patient confidentiality and data security. They concluded that WhatsApp has a role to play, particularly in the developing world, as it is freely available and widely-used outside of medicine, and that guidelines are needed to assist users in adequately tackling the associated medicolegal and ethical concerns. [PERSON] et al. [35] describe their use of WhatsApp to share clinical oral medicine information. This involved WhatsApp being used by dentists, physicians, hygiists, and patients to submit imagesand questions. For each submission, a clinical impression was registered and classified as traumatic, infective, neoplastic, autoimmune or uncategorized. Three hundred and thirty-nine images were received for 96 patients; 92 (95.8%) patients underwent clinicopathological examination, and 45 (49%) received a biopsy. Dentists (62%) and dental hygiists (26%) were the most frequent senders. The most common type of question was related to diagnosis (56%). The telemedicine impression agreed with the clinicopathologic assessment for 82% of cases. They concluded that multimedia messaging apps, such as WhatsApp, can support communication about oral conditions among clinicians and patients. Their experience showed that telemedicine consultation using WhatsApp can reduce geographic barriers to initial clinical consultation and encourage the significant majority of patients to pursue expert clinical examination. [PERSON] et al. (2016) report their findings of using WhatsApp to develop social presence among first-year undergraduate radiography students. An analysis was done using a validated tool specifically designed to identify categories of social presence, developed using the Community of Enquiry model. Students undertook the analysis. Six hundred posts (10% of total year's messages) were analyzed in the first-year student journey. WhatsApp was able to provide students with a platform to demonstrate characteristics relevant for the development of social presence. Furthermore, its immediacy seemed to offer advantages over embedded social media platforms, such as conventional discussion boards. Another study by [PERSON] et al.