## 2 Material and Methods  
The target object is shown in Figure 1. The opening (i.e., the spout) of the vase is small and low, slightly widened outward, and partially damaged or missing. In addition, the upper part of the vase body is wide, and the lower part becomes increasingly concave. The lower part of the spout and upper part of the heel are decorated with a lotus flower pattern, and there are clouds and cranes on the entire surface of the body. Notably, the design expressing the cranes' flying directions has the effect of extending space in all directions. High-resolution optical scanning was performed to precisely determine the external geometry of the vase (Figure 2a). The scanner device (HDI Advance R3X, LMI Technologies, Burnaby, BC, Canada) used for data acquisition employed the stereo vision method, wherein two high-resolution cameras capture white structured light projected onto an artifact to create a 3D geometric model. This device can scan at various resolutions by adjusting the distance between the camera lenses. In this study, two lenses with a focal length of 16 mm and separated by a distance of 400 mm were used. The point spacing indicates the distance between points in a polygon mesh created through the 3D scan. In this study, the scanning accuracy was 65 um and the point spacing for a single scan was 0.25 mm. Notably, raw data acquired via high-precision optical scanning do not have the same coordinates; thus, postprocessing is required to create a single 3D model, which has been reported in many studies [30]. Generally, this process involves aligning, registering, merging, filtering, and texture mapping; however, in this study, the filtering process was prioritized to remove registration errors and the unique diffuse reflection features of the artifact (Figure 2b,c). Only misaligned raw shape information was provided by each image acquired via the on-site scan. Therefore, the raw scan data were processed to complete the model. The reliability of a 3D model depends on the registering and merging results based on the iterative closest point (ICP) algorithm, and registration is the most important stage  
Figure 1: Replica of a prunus vase from the 12 th century Goryeo Dynasty in Korea. Figure 2: High-precision optical scanning. (**a**) Three-dimensional scan of prunus vase replica. (**b,c**) Filtering process employed to remove unique diffuse reflection features of artifact. in scan data processing. Therefore, registration was accomplished with an average overlap ratio of \(\sim\)60% and within an error vector of \(\sim\)50 \(\upmu\)m. Then, RGB textures were mapped to the final polygon mesh model after adjusting the brightness and chromaticity of the colors identified during the scan. The FlexScan software 3.3 (LMI Technologies, British Columbia, Canada) was employed to postprocess the acquired scan data. Although the precise external geometry and color of the vase were recorded through optical scanning, the internal geometry data could not be acquired because the light source could not reach inside owing to the vase's narrow spout. Notably, effective stereoscopic and multifaceted digital documentation of the vase was only possible if the entire internal and external geometries were recorded. Thus, X-ray CT was employed to obtain information about the internal shape of the vase (Figure 3). Notably, X-ray CT emits high-voltage radiation; hence, it was employed in a special room with lead shielding, and the acquired cross-sectional images were postprocessed in a general laboratory environment. The X-ray CT imaging equipment was a Bright 240/450 dual CT scanner (Dukin Corporation, Korea) equipped with a high-output dual tube.