esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Radiation-Assisted Synthesis of Polymer-Based Nanomaterials
## 5 Composite Nanomaterials, Polymer Nanocomposites  
Polymer nanocomposites consist of a polymer or copolymer having nanoparticles or nanofillers with at least one dimension in the range of 1-100 nm dispersed in a polymer matrix; therefore, they are composed of almost 95% polymers. One of the most interesting aspects of the use of nanofillers is the low concentration that needs to be added to the polymer system to obtain desired property improvements. These systems combine the best properties of each component through synergistic effect. The addition of low content nanofillers can lead to improvements in their mechanical, thermal, electrical, barrier and flammability properties without adversely affecting their processability. Among the most frequently used nanofillers, carbon nanotubes, graphene, nanoclays, nano-oxides, nanocellulose and metallic nanoparticles can be mentioned. In the previous sections, nanomaterials prepared by using CNTs, graphene and metal nanoparticles are were discussed. Among nano-oxides, TiO\({}_{2}\) and SiO\({}_{2}\) are the most frequently used nanofillers. Clays received particular attention as nanofillers due to their natural abundance, variety of types and ease of modification and processing. Montmorillonite (MMT) has been shown to be a very good nanofiller as the silicate layers are 1 nm thick with cross-sectional area of 100 nm\({}^{2}\). Clays are hydrophilic and incompatible with most commodity and engineering polymers, which are hydrophobic and nonpolar. To make these binary systems compatible, either clay particles must be rendered organophilic or polymers should be chemically modified (e.g., by incorporating maleic anhydride) to impart hydrophilicity or polarity. Ionizing radiation can be used in different ways for the preparation of polymer-clay nanocomposites. Gamma radiation can be used to initiate in situ polymerization of vinyl monomers in the presence of dispersed clay particles. Electron beam-induced reactive in situ modification of pristine MMT in polypropylene has been achieved by investigating the effect of electron energy and absorbed dose on the final structure of nanocomposites [63]. In a recent study, natural MMT was modified by first intercalating with a charged monomer and then radiation-induced in situ polymerization of monomer in between the silicate layers. Radiation modified clay was successfully used in the preparation of EVA-MMT nanocomposites [64]. Gamma-irradiated polypropylene was used as a compatibilizer in the preparation of short carbon fiber reinforced polypropylene composites. Shortened PP chains due to radiation degradation and simultaneous oxidation by air irradiation enhanced the interactions between the carbon fiber and pristine PP with the formation of the nanocomposite [65]. The mechanical and barrier properties of some polymer-clay nanocomposites can be improved by radiation-induced crosslinking of polymer matrix. A critical review recently published provides an overview of the preparation, properties and uses of polymer nanocomposites by using basically three major types of nanofillers [66].
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Research Framework and Data Processing  
There were three stages to be completed in this study (Figure 2): (1) analyzing the changing characteristics of the NDVI, (2) analyzing the changing characteristics of the LULC, and (3) exploring the response of NDVI changes to LULC changes.  
There are 5 years worth of data (2000, 2005, 2010, 2015, and 2020) on vegetation coverage (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index, NDVI) and land-use/land cover (LULC), which were obtained from the National Earth System Science Data Center (http://www.  
Figure 1: Study area. (**a**) Location of Guangdong Province in China, where ISM, EASM, and EAWM represent Indian summer monsoon, East Asian summer monsoon and East Asian winter monsoon, respectively [61; 62]. (**b**) Elevation of Guangdong Province; (**c**,**d**) annual average temperature and precipitation in coastal cities of Guangdong Province.  
geodata.cn/ accessed on 1 March 2024). The NDVI data are a part of China's Annual Normalized Difference Vegetation Index Spatial Distribution Dataset, which effectively reflects the distribution and changes of vegetation cover in various regions of the country on both spatial and temporal scales, based on continuous time series SPOT/VEGFATION NDVI satellite remote sensing data and generated using the maximum value synthesis method [65; 66]. The LULC data consist of 6 primary classifications and 23 subcategories and are a part of the China Multi-Period Land Use and Land Cover Remote Sensing Monitoring Dataset (CNLUCC), which uses Landsat remote sensing images from the United States as the main information source to construct a national scale of multi-period land-use/land cover in a thematic database in China through manual visual interpretation [67; 68; 69].  
The projection coordinate system of Asia_Lambert_Conformal_Conic was used for the data display in the ArcGS 10.8 platform. Origin2024 was used to draw other statistical charts.
# I-BIM Applied in Railway Geometric Inspection Activity: Diagnostic and Alert
## 4 Railway Inspection Activity
### Degradation of Railway Track Components
#### 4.1.2 Longitudinal Level and Alignment  
The railway track leveling is the geometric parameter responsible for the regularity of support for moving wheelsets and ensuring the vertical stability of vehicles (Figure 7a). The settling may occur on the railway track due to the pressure applied by the passage of the train composition with heavy loads and at high speeds [35]. However, longitudinal leveling of the rail is frequently influenced by the existence of stiffer regions in the track, due to differential settlements between the free track and the firmer [36]. This type of pathology leads to irregularities in wheelset support and abrupt vertical oscillations in the rolling stock. Settling can be developed simultaneously in both tracks or alternately in one and then the other [37].  
The railway track alignment is the parameter responsible for the quality of vehicle guidance and ensuring its lateral stability (Figure 7b). This leadership is accomplished by the contact of the flange of the wheelset with the inner face of the rail, known as the guiding face. The irregularities in the alignment of the controlling rail will directly affect the train's traveling quality, causing instability, especially at high speeds. The alignment defects induce transverse oscillation in locomotive and trailing vehicles [38].
## 6 System Development
### Microservices Interface
#### 6.2.1.  
This microservice exposes a series of POST methods for user authentication (/login and/register) and user authorization (/check-token).  
JavaScript Web (JWT) tokens are a common pattern used for providing stateless authorization based on a cryptographic token attached to each request. When the server detects a valid token attached to a request that needs an authorization check, it will serve that request. Otherwise, it will block any further interaction.  
A JWT token (Figure 13) is generated with the help of a one-way hash cryptographic function like SHA256 that uses a secret key to sign the token and an expiration date to invalidate it in the future. A JWT includes three parts: a header, a payload, and a signature. The header typically specifies the type of token and the signing algorithm.  
Figure 12: Multiple group consumer.  
Figure 13: The structure of a JWT token.  
The payload contains claims or statements about the subject, and the signature is created using a secret key, ensuring the integrity of the token. Together, these components form a base64-encoded string that can be used for secure information exchange and authentication between parties. The main benefit of JWT is the stateless approach. The security of the system relies on the cryptographic nature of the encoded information. Being stateless simplifies the application code needed to maintain the microservice because no records about the user auth state need to be maintained.  
Auth microservice has access only to the user's database and all the traffic to other domains records from the network is blocked. Exposing only the needed inputs and outputs is a common practice in microservices development ensuring the traffic flowing in the appropriate direction.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Method Validation Parameters
#### 2.6.3 Accuracy  
The accuracy, as the measurement of the closeness of experimental value to the actual amount, was established by injecting 3 standard solutions of known concentration (16.7 \(\mu\)g/mL) and reporting the practical concentration determined by the system to the theoretical one. The accuracy was expressed as percent recovery, where 100 \(\pm\) 10% was considered acceptable.
## 4 Experimental Results
### Orin Board
As predictions provided by GPT-4o are treated as GT, we measure the effectiveness of knowledge transfer by evaluating how well the student model can reproduce these predictions. Large language models such as GPT-4o are known to have an enormous number of parameters, often reaching the scale of trillions; while the exact parameter size of GPT-4o is not publicly available, its scale enables it to handle complex reasoning and diverse language tasks. For reference, GPT-3 has 175 billion parameters [51], highlighting the significant growth in model size and capacity in recent LLM advancements. Although we cannot directly compare them, Table 7 shows the parameter counts of the networks used in our experiments to demonstrate how efficiently they perform, offering a simple yet insightful measure of their effectiveness. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l l l l l l} \hline \hline
**Task (TRT)** & **Network** & **Mean** & **Std** & **P50** & **P90** & **P95** & **P99** \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{MC (int8)} & ResNet-18 & 0.0024 & 0.0007 & 0.0021 & 0.0035 & 0.0037 & 0.0039 \\  & ResNet-50 & 0.0054 & 0.0012 & 0.0050 & 0.0073 & 0.0076 & 0.0079 \\  & ResNet101 & 0.0076 & 0.0019 & 0.0069 & 0.0102 & 0.0107 & 0.0111 \\ \cline{2-8}  & ViT-S/16 & 0.0186 & 0.0016 & 0.0180 & 0.0186 & 0.0210 & 0.0229 \\  & ViT-B/16 & 0.0231 & 0.0029 & 0.0225 & 0.0250 & 0.0277 & 0.0298 \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{MC (fp32)} & ResNet-18 & 0.0052 & 0.0006 & 0.0049 & 0.0060 & 0.0062 & 0.0064 \\  & ResNet-50 & 0.0152 & 0.0035 & 0.0135 & 0.0192 & 0.0201 & 0.0209 \\  & ResNet101 & 0.0207 & 0.0030 & 0.0202 & 0.0239 & 0.0254 & 0.0265 \\ \cline{2-8}  & ViT-S/16 & 0.0194 & 0.0026 & 0.0204 & 0.0219 & 0.0222 & 0.0224 \\  & ViT-B/16 & 0.0262 & 0.0034 & 0.0242 & 0.0293 & 0.0322 & 0.0345 \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{MC (fp16)} & ResNet-18 & 0.0030 & 0.0007 & 0.0028 & 0.0037 & 0.0042 & 0.0046 \\  & ResNet-50 & 0.0053 & 0.0013 & 0.0049 & 0.0068 & 0.0075 & 0.0081 \\  & ResNet101 & 0.0117 & 0.0049 & 0.0099 & 0.0169 & 0.0201 & 0.0226 \\ \cline{2-8}  & ViT-S/16 & 0.0129 & 0.0018 & 0.0120 & 0.0157 & 0.0165 & 0.0171 \\  & ViT-B/16 & 0.0201 & 0.0034 & 0.0190 & 0.0258 & 0.0262 & 0.0265 \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{RG (int8)} & ResNet-18 & 0.0020 & 0.0004 & 0.0019 & 0.0024 & 0.0026 & 0.0029 \\  & ResNet-50 & 0.0051 & 0.0020 & 0.0040 & 0.0077 & 0.0084 & 0.0090 \\  & ResNet101 & 0.0062 & 0.0013 & 0.0058 & 0.0077 & 0.0083 & 0.0087 \\ \cline{2-8}  & ViT-S/16 & 0.0187 & 0.0016 & 0.0182 & 0.0189 & 0.0211 & 0.0230 \\  & ViT-B/16 & 0.0223 & 0.0027 & 0.0212 & 0.0244 & 0.0268 & 0.0287 \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{RG (fp32)} & ResNet-18 & 0.0055 & 0.0017 & 0.0049 & 0.0084 & 0.0090 & 0.0094 \\  & ResNet-50 & 0.0139 & 0.0024 & 0.0139 & 0.0167 & 0.0170 & 0.0173 \\ \cline{1-1}  & ResNet101 & 0.0201 & 0.0048 & 0.0185 & 0.0268 & 0.0290 & 0.0308 \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-8}  & ViT-S/16 & 0.0190 & 0.0018 & 0.0179 & 0.0217 & 0.0278 & 0.0219 \\ \cline{1-1}  & ViT-B/16 & 0.0262 & 0.0032 & 0.0248 & 0.0294 & 0.0323 & 0.0346 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 6: Statistic analysis of Orin board inference time.
## 3 Collaborative Monitoring Algorithms for Situational Assessment  
### Traffic Situational Awareness Approach  
The use of metrics evaluation has become a trend in various fields. In traffic situational awareness, there have been various evaluation approaches based on the numerical changes in the acquired traffic flow, differences in road conditions and the amount of data. Some quantify parameters such as traffic speed and traffic flow by the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method and then perform multi-level analysis; there are also traffic situation level conversions by calculating delay time ratio, congestion mileage and travel time, and such methods are commonly used for traffic situation sensing.  
Traffic flow is less often used as traffic data in evaluation specifications, and a frequent traffic parameter is road space occupancy to assess the traffic situation level. There is no approach to calculating traffic dynamics directly from the traffic flow. Therefore, in the collaborative monitoring approach proposed in this paper, the traffic flow is used to determine its corresponding situation level. First, there is a relationship between traffic flow and congestion state of a road section as follows: (1) When the traffic flow is shallow, the road is very unobstructed; when the traffic flow is very high, the roadway is very congested. (2) Furthermore, the congestion state from open to congested increases rapidly with the increase in traffic flow. (3) The closer the data are to both ends, the lower the change in congestion level.  
The mathematical properties of the Sigmoid function can link road traffic flow and traffic situational awareness. The Sigmoid function has three features: (1) the value domain is between \([0,1]\); (2) the slope of the function tends to 0 when the definition domain tends to \(+\infty\) or \(-\infty\); (3) the function is insensitive to the horizontal axis coordinates when they exceed a specific value. The function is shown in Equation (14).  
\[\text{Sigmoid}(x)=\frac{1}{1+e^{-x}} \tag{14}\]  
The _Sigmoid_ function is basically matched with the relationship between traffic flow and traffic congestion state, so the _Sigmoid_ function is chosen to calculate the traffic situation level of traffic flow in this paper. The formula for calculating the traffic situation level \(L\) is shown in Equation (15).  
\[L=5\times\text{Sigmoid}\left(\frac{10\times F_{\text{obtain}}}{F_{\text{max}}} \ -5\right) \tag{15}\]  
where \(F_{\text{obtain}}\) is the obtained traffic flow parameter, and \(F_{\text{max}}\) is the maximum traffic flow counted in the dataset. The result range of _Sigmoid_ is \([0,1]\). For the purpose of visual analysis, the result is expanded by a factor of 5 corresponding to the range of 5 situation levels to obtain the traffic situation level \(L\).
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Effect of Adsorption Conditions
#### 3.3.5 Adsorption Thermodynamics  
The effect of temperature on the adsorption of MB by CPP200 was studied by measuring thermodynamic parameters (Figure S3). The standard enthalpy (\(\triangle H^{\theta}\), kJ/mol), standard entropy (\(\triangle S^{\theta}\), J/K/mol) and Gibbs free energy (\(\triangle G^{\theta}\), kJ/mol) [45] calculated values are listed in Table S3. The negative values of \(\triangle G^{\theta}\) illustrated the spontaneous nature of MB adsorption onto CPP200. The positive value of \(\triangle H^{\theta}\) showed that the adsorption of MB was endothermic, which was consistent with previously discussed results (Figure S2) [46]. Usually, the value of \(\triangle H^{\theta}\) can be used to reveal the nature of an adsorption process. The \(\triangle H^{\theta}\) value (19.6 kJ/mol) fell within the range of 1-40 kJ/mol, indicating that physical adsorption via electrostatic attraction occurred at all testing temperatures [47]. The positive value of \(\triangle S^{\theta}\) indicated that the randomness at the solid-liquid interphase increased during the adsorption process.
# CoFi: Coding-Assisted File Distribution over a Wireless LAN
## 4 Implementation of CoFi
### Network Encoding and Decoding  
Although we opted to use a simulation to evaluate the performance of CoFi, real network coding is still needed because it serves as a checker for packet dependence. The implementation is based on C++ and consists of three parts: The coding queue, the encoding/decoding operation, and the elementary matrix operations in the Galois finite field \(GF\)(28).  
A coding queue is simply a finite buffer, whose size equals the batch size. The AP maintains separate coding queues for each client, while each client maintains a coding queue for its own packets, and for the overheard packets intended for other clients. A newly coming packet is put into the coding queue only if it is linearly independent from all existing packets in that queue. Independence checking and decoding operations are performed concurrently, using Gauss-Jordan elimination [27]. The encoding operation is simply a matrix multiplication over the finite field \(GF\)(28). Elementary arithmetic operations in \(GF\)(28) are implemented using a widely adopted lookup-table method [32; 33].
## 5 Conclusions  
In this paper, the property of nano hydrophobic silane silica modified asphalt in spring-thawing season was assessed according to the basic property test, DSR test, FTIR test and TGA test. The main conclusions are as follows:  
1. The basic properties test results showed that F-T aging process results in the significant aging process of asphalt; it makes the asphalt more brittle and harder, increases the viscosity and softening point of the asphalt, and reduces the penetration and ductility of the asphalt. Moreover, the addition of NHSS can effectively reduce the sensitivity of asphalt to F-T cycle.
2. The DSR test results showed that the rutting factor and complex modulus of modified and unmodified asphalt gradually increase with the increase of F-T cycle. In addition, the complex modulus and rutting factor variation of NHSSMA is smaller than that of BA, indicating that the incorporation of NHSS can inhibit the F-T aging process of asphalt.
3. From the FITR test, it was understood that the sulfoxide functional groups content index is more suitable for evaluating the aging degree of asphalt in the spring-thawing season. Moreover, the peak area and peak height of main functional group for NHSSMA did not change significantly  
Figure 19: TGA test parameters of BA, CBMA and NHSSMA with different F-T cycles. (**a**) TGA test parameters of asphalt binders without F-T cycles; (**b**) TGA test parameters of NHSSMA at different F-T cycles.  
at different F-T cycles compared to BA and CBMA, which indicated that NHSSMA was insensitive to the F-T aging process and had the highest property stability.
4. The TGA test of BA, CBMA and NHSSMA was carried out, and the influence of F-T cycle on the thermal stability of the asphalt was quantitatively based on the TGA parameters. It is found that NHSS can improve the thermal stability of asphalt, but the F-T aging process has a great influence on the thermal property of NHSSMA. This may due to the fact that NHSS is an inorganic material, and its connection with asphalt is more likely to be destroyed under F-T aging process  
**Author Contributions:** Data curation, W.G., W.C., Y.L., M.S. and W.D.; Funding acquisition, X.G. and W.D.; Investigation, W.G. and W.C.; Methodology, W.G.; Project administration, X.G.; Writing--original draft, W.G. and Y.L.; Writing--review & editing, X.G. and W.D.  
**Funding:** This research was funded by the National Nature Science Foundation of China (NSFC) (Grant No. 51178204).  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare that there are no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.
###### Abstract  
Background: Velocity-based training (VBT) requires measurement of the velocity at which the barbell is moved in the concentric phase with regard to different resistance exercises, which provides accurate, indirect estimations of 1 RM. However, for assessing punch performance, no study has been carried out to date. The purpose of this study was to analyse the reliability of the GymAware linear transducer for the measurement of barbell velocity during the landmine push throw (LPT) test using four loads. Methods: Twenty-five healthy, physically active male students, aged \(24.13\pm 2.82\) years, volunteered to take part in this study. The reliability of the LPT test was measured at two separate visits, with a 2-day interval between them. One series of the test protocol included four parts of the LPT test with progressively increasing loads (20, 25, 30, and 35 kg) and 5 min intervals for rests between loads. Results: For all four loads, excellent intra-rater and test-retest reliability was noted for the mean force variable (ICC = 0.97-0.99). Additionally, very strong and significant correlations were established between measurements (r = 0.96-0.99). Poor reliability was observed for barbell height and total work (ICC below 0.5). A trend of decreasing reliability was detected with increasing barbell load. Furthermore, measurements without the barbell throw were more reliable than those with it. Conclusions: These results support the use of the GymAware linear transducer to track barbell velocity during the LPT test. This device may have valuable practical applications for strength and conditioning coaches. Therefore, we suggest that the LPT assessed with the GymAware linear transducer may be a useful method for evaluating upper limb strength and power during boxing punches.  
reliability; GymAware linear transducer; landmine punch throw test; sport; training; punch strength +
Footnote †: journal: _Sciences_
## 3 Results
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Unit: mg/m3** & **-10 min** & **-20 min** & **-30 min** & **-40 min** & **-50 min** & **-60 min** \\ \hline Experimental results (near field) & 2.54 & 1.3 & 0.89 & 0.68 & 0.55 & 0.46 \\ Experimental results (far field) & 0.23 & 0.14 & 0.11 & 0.1 & 0.09 & 0.08 \\ CFD results (near field) & 1.12 & 0.63 & 0.44 & 0.34 & 0.28 & 0.24 \\ CFD results (far field) & 0.22 & 0.16 & 0.13 & 0.11 & 0.09 & 0.08 \\ ConsExpo model results & 0.24 & 0.17 & 0.13 & 0.11 & 0.09 & 0.08 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: Time-weight averaged aerosol concentration for experimental results in near field and far field, CFD results in near field and far field and ConsExpo simulation. Figure 7: The comparison results of experimental results, zero-dimensional spray simulation (ConsExpo simulation) and CFD simulation in near field and far field. (**a**) Far field comparison results, (**b**) near field—far field comparison results. Evaluation on the Feasibility of CFD for Inhalation Exposure Assessment Based on Experimental Results  
The measurement results of the concentration of aerosols at five locations and the CFD results at the same five locations were compared to solve the experimental problem of time/cost and to evaluate the possibility of inhalation exposure at various locations by using CFD. The five measurements are at positions other than the near field. The measurement data where the aerosol concentration rises the most at each measurement location were compared with the CFD results of the same time and location, as shown Figure 9.  
The aerosol concentrations by measurement position due to the aerosol propagation were calculated. The experiment was performed independently five times. The experimental result includes an error bar representing the minimum, mean and maximum with standard deviation. The CFD value at each measurement location is within the experimental error range. This means the CFD conditions such as mesh size, numerical schemes and modeling methods are set correctly. This showed that the concentration of aerosol exposure at various locations can be reasonably evaluated through CFD and that the CFD approach can be successfully applied to exposure estimation. Figure 8: The dynamic behavior of sprayed biocide aerosol over simulation time (**a**). Visualization of velocity contour and vector in chamber (**b**). The dynamic behavior of sub-micro aerosol is dependent on turbulence flow.