esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Interaction between the Cationic Modifiers and the Reactive Dyes
#### 3.2.2 Investigation of Dye-Polymer Precipitates through ATR-FTIR Spectroscopy  
From the previous discussion, it is evident that the electronic properties of the binary mixture deviate from those of the dye itself, which in turn suggests that any relevant experimental technique will in principle indicate the existence of the interaction between the reactive dye and the cationic polymer. Alterations in the respective vibrational modes may exist as well. To perform vibrational studies, such as ATR-FTIR spectroscopy, solid samples were obtained by setting the mixing dye/polymer charge ratio, D\({}^{-}\)/P\({}^{+}\), equal to unity. Under these conditions, as mentioned, a colored solid precipitate is formed, readily recovered through filtration.  
Figure 5a shows the ATR-FTIR spectra of the Novacron Ruby S-3B reactive dye, the cationic polymer P(VBC-co-VBCTEAM53), and their binary system, all in the solid state. The spectra are rather complicated; however, the bands in the 1400-1500 cm\({}^{-1}\) spectral range, are attributed to benzene/naphthalene and triazine ring deformations. Since these  
Figure 4: UV-Vis (**a**) and fluorescence (**b**) spectra of aqueous solutions of PVCTEAM, Novacron Ruby S-3B, and their binary system.  
All these spectral differentiations may lead to the early conclusion that changes happen in the counterion of the sulfate/sulfonate anionic groups of the dye molecules. The Na+ counterions of the dyes probably have been replaced by the quaternary N+ groups of VBCTEAM units of the polymers; the latter induces changes in the symmetry of these sulfate/sulfonate species affecting their vibrational behavior.  
The work of [PERSON] and [PERSON] [48] focuses on the comparison between experimental and calculated vibrational spectra of benzenesulfonate salts, which are molecular units similar to some of the most characteristic ones of the reactive dyes in the current work; therefore, their findings may be applied on the study of pristine dyes and their binary system with cationic polymers. The authors stated that bidentate species introduce splitting of the asymmetric SO3 vibrational band with the two generated modes well separated by >150 cm\({}^{-1}\). On the contrary, in more symmetric species, such as tridentate or dimers, the corresponding splitting is not so profound. The authors also described that for the organic sulfonic species, the coordination of sulfate/sulfonate ions with cationic counterparts is complex and depends on the environment. Considering the complexity of the dye molecules and their FTIR spectra it is ambiguous to explain the spectral alterations. Nevertheless, it is evident that the interaction of the reactive dyes with the cationic polymers involves an exchange of the cationic counterpart Na+ with the quaternary N+ groups of VBCTEAM units, which in turn critically affects the symmetry of the sulfate/sulfonate species.
## 5 Conclusions  
From the above analysis and simulation results, it can be proved that the combination of HPWM modulation and compensation modulation proposed in the HFLMC topology has the ability to withstand unbalanced loads perfectly. In the control strategy, the safe commutation of the bidirectional switch can be realized without other auxiliary detection circuits, which simplifies the system complexity,  
Figure 11: (**a**) Three-phase output voltage waveform; (**b**) three-phase output current waveform; (**c**) neutral line current waveform; (**d**) phase A voltage harmonic analysis; and (**e**) current waveform flowing through \(U_{\text{dc}}\).  
reducing the control cost. At the same time, the control idea of integrated current is adopted to change the problem that the previous HFL 3 \(\times\) 4 MC control strategy cannot eliminate the interference when the load fluctuates, which shortens the adjustment response time of the system during load switching, reduces the THD. In safe operation, the commutation process is a one-step adaptive commutation that is naturally accompanied by HPWM control, the electrical isolation of the high frequency transformer structure ensures the safety of the inverter and human body. In terms of overall machine efficiency, the fourth bridge leg compatible control idea improves energy utilization while reducing system losses. In addition, the topology is compact and reliable, reducing the size and weight of the system. The method is simple and efficient, reducing the complicated calculations in previous control strategies. Therefore, the proposed control strategy, with many advantages, is expected to provide a useful reference for the practical application of the HFL three-phase four-leg MC.  
**Author Contributions:** [PERSON] and [PERSON] conceived and designed the study. [PERSON] and [PERSON] performed the simulation research. [PERSON] and [PERSON] wrote the paper. [PERSON], [PERSON] and [PERSON] reviewed and edited the manuscript. All authors read and approved the manuscript. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
**Funding:** This research is funded by National Key R and D Program of China under grant number 2017 YFB0903300.  
**Acknowledgments:** Thanks to the lab partners for their simulation support and guidance.  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Pain Perception during Orthodontic Treatment with Fixed Appliances
## 5 Conclusions  
Most patients showed moderate pain following the studied orthodontic procedures.  
1. The period perceived as most painful by patients treated with fixed orthodontic appliances was during the first 3-4 days after placement.
2. Most patients required analgesic medication during the fixed orthodontic treatment, the most frequent being Nurofen, ketonal, and paracetamol.
3. The mean value of the pain sensation felt was significantly higher in the case of the male sex compared to the female sex in all four age groups. Patients suffer the intensity of perceived pain differently as they grow older.
4. The most painful procedure was represented by ring cementation in all age groups, with the highest pain intensity in the 18-24 age group.
5. In cases where the clinical situation and the treatment plan allow, the cemented rings should be replaced with orthodontic tubes. If not, we will have to recommend an analgesic medication, especially 3 to 4 days after putting in the fixed orthodontic appliance.  
Conceptualization, C.D.O. and S.-M.B.; methodology, S.-M.B.; software, E.S.B.; validation, M.P., S.-M.B. and D.G.F.; formal analysis, M.C.; investigation, C.D.O., E.S.B. and D.G.F.; resources, M.P.; data curation, M.C. and E.S.B.; writing--original draft preparation, S.-M.B.; writing--review & editing, S.-M.B.; visualization, M.C.; supervision, D.G.F. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research received no external funding.  
**Institutional Review Board Statement:** The study was conducted according to the guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki, and approved by the Ethics Committee of SC Algocalm SRL, Targu-Mures, Romania, 917/06.05.2021.  
**Informed Consent Statement:** Informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study. For minor patients, informed consent was obtained from one of the parents.  
**Data Availability Statement:** Data supporting reported results can be found by contacting [PERSON], [EMAIL_ADDRESS].  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 3 Results and Discussion  
### Changes in Volume  
The compatibility of the polymers with the ATFs with respect to volume change was tested initially for the time (168 h) specified in the ASTM D7216-15 standard [15]. In general, changes in volume depended more on the material type than on the oil used (Figure 1). The three structural materials (PEEK, PTFE, and PA66) experienced a slight reduction in volume. Although there are no specifications for the compatibility of these materials with ATFs, they seem to be quite reliable when in contact with these oils, according to the measured volume variations, which are around \(-0.5\%\).  
After longer ageing times (from 168 h upwards), PEEK and PA66 hardly changed in volume. The volume variations remained, in general, between 0 and \(-\)1%. On the other hand, PTFE showed greater volume variations than its counterparts. Although there are no specifications for these materials when aged in ATFs regarding the admissible changes in volume, it could be concluded that all the materials underwent negligible volume changes. These changes were negligible, not only during the time established in the standardised test, but also for longer time periods.
## 3 Higher-Layer Protocols: MAC & Routing
### Aloha  
The ALOHA protocol [18] is the simplest MAC protocol since it does not care about channel status or packet delivery success. So, it quickly reaches the network saturation point producing a huge number of collisions. This MAC approach is avoided in other network technologies due its lack of ability to proper order the access to a shared medium, but it does not requires handshaking exchange.
## 4 Discussion  
### Comparison of Three Approaches  
#### 4.1.1 Comparison between the Parameterization Approach with and without the CI  
To distinguish the different effects of direct and diffuse radiation, we added the CI into the parameterization approach. Figure 4 illustrates the general improvements in LUE and GPP. Typical examples of this improvement can be seen in IT-Isp, AU-Whr, CH-Cha and SE-St1. Table 4 lists more details of these sites. These sites cover the Northern (IT-Isp, CH-Cha, SE-St1) and Southern Hemispheres (AU-Whr) as well as humid (IT-Isp, AU-Whr, CH-Cha) and dry areas (SE-St1). They include 4 types of vegetation: DBF, EBF, GRA and WET.  
Figure 8: The distribution of Annual GPP (gC/m\({}^{2}\)/yr) produced by parameterization approach without the CI (**left upper**), parameterization approach with the CI (**right upper**), Cubist regression tree approach (**left middle**), and MOD17 GPP in 2014 (**right middle**), the difference between V2 and MOD17 GPP (**left lower**), and the histogram of global annual GPP in 2014 by four algorithms (**right lower**).  
Figure 9 shows the functions of the CI in the parameterization approach on the LUE estimation. Red dotted lines outline the key points; the 201 st and 273 rd days in IS-Isp; the 97 th and from the 121 st to 185 th days in AU-Whr; the 113 rd, 185 th and 273 rd days in CH-Cha; and the 73 rd and from 209 th to 225 th days in SE-St1. The CI at these points was less than 0.40, and some values were even below 0.30, which were much lower than the average value of 0.50. In these cases, the accuracy of the parameterization approach with the CI apparently surpassed that without the CI. A lower CI indicates more diffuse radiation, which outputs a higher LUE.
## 2 Field Observations and Experiments
### Experiments of Perforation Shape  
Since the hydro-jet fracture is difficult to observe in practical engineering, numerical simulation becomes more direct and effective in studying hydraulic fractures. Firstly, the shape of the perforation needs to be studied clearly as it determines the accuracy of the numerical simulation. It is reported that the jet perforation tunnel has the shape of a spindle in the reservoir. In the past, the shape perforations were obtained, and the successful implementation of a technique offering a valid, low-cost alternative to conventional perforating in a highly deviated well was achieved. The spindle-shaped shale perforation tunnel in artificial rock samples was also studied experimentally, and the results were used to simulate the hydro-jet pressurization process. It is worth noticing that the perforation shape of the shale rock with inhomogeneous characteristics is not clear. The specimen used was made up after considering the influence of casing and cement. After being processed under an 80 MPa abrasive hydro-jet, the slender spindle shape was obtained through a CT scan (Figure 2). The shape significantly affects the performance of SC-CO\({}_{2}\) hydro-jet fracturing. To guarantee the accuracy of numerical simulation, the FSI model was based on the spindle shape of the shale rock.  
Figure 1: Schematic representation of the supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO\({}_{2}\)) hydro-jet fracturing.
# Landslide Susceptibility Assessment Using the Geographical-Optimal-Similarity Model
## 4 Results
### Analysis of Landslide Susceptibility Evaluation Results  
Most of the study area is classified as a landslide-prone zone, with non-susceptible areas comprising only 12.43% of the total area (Table 5). Historical landslide points are primarily concentrated in moderate- and high-susceptibility zones, with 606 landslides representing 92.24% of the total number. Among them, the moderate susceptibility zone has the largest area at 3198.84 km\({}^{2}\), whereas the high-susceptibility zone has the highest landslide density of 0.15 points/km\({}^{2}\) among all susceptibility levels.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Susceptibility Level** & **Area by Zone (km\({}^{2}\))** & **Area Percentage (\%)** & **Landslide Count (Point)** & **Landslide Count (\%)** & **Landslide Density (Point/km\({}^{2}\))** \\ \hline Non-susceptible & 1202.94 & 12.43 & 9 & 1.37 & 0.01 \\ Low susceptibility & 2458.61 & 25.40 & 42 & 6.39 & 0.02 \\ Moderate susceptibility & 3198.84 & 33.05 & 183 & 27.85 & 0.06 \\ High susceptibility & 2817.61 & 29.11 & 423 & 64.38 & 0.15 \\ Total & 9678 & 100 & 657 & 100 & 0.07 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 5: Area statistics by zone.  
Figure 7: Receiver operating characteristic curve.  
From a spatial distribution perspective (Figure 9), the high-landslide-susceptibility areas are concentrated mainly in regions with high precipitation and low vegetation coverage. These areas have steep, southern-facing slopes, high curvatures, strong runoff erosion capacities, and weak rock properties, generating a higher likelihood of landslides. Low susceptibility and non-susceptible areas are primarily flat with high vegetation coverage, located far from fault lines, with rock formations comprising hard granite and diorite complexes, weak runoff erosion capacity, and a low likelihood of landslides.  
Figure 8: Uncertainty analysis of geographical-optimal-similarity prediction results.
# Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Rescue System Design and Traffic Model Planning
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Packing Problem of Container  
The International Standards Organization (ISO) standard dry cargo containers will be used to quickly transport a complete UAV disaster response system to a particular disaster area.  
In order to minimize unused space per ISO container, the need for buffer material was minimized. The following models are established:  
\[\begin{split}& minV_{b}=V_{0}-V_{s}-V_{c}-V_{m}\\ & s.t.\left\{\begin{array}{l}V_{s}=\sum\limits_{i=A}^{H}V_{si}, (i=A,\cdots,H)\\ V_{c}=\sum\limits_{i=1}^{2}V_{ci},(i=1,2)\\ V_{m}=\sum\limits_{i=1}^{3}\left(G_{i}\times V_{pi}\right)\times t_{m},(i=1,2,3 )\end{array}\right.\end{split} \tag{7}\]  
Among them, \(V_{b}\) is the volume of the buffer material, \(V_{0}\) is the volume of the ISO container, \(V_{s}\) is the volume of the unmanned aerial vehicle, \(V_{c}\) is the volume the unmanned aerial vehicle holds, and \(V_{m}\) is the volume of all medical packs.  
Standard ISO container dimensions are shown in Table 4. The packaging dimensions of the UAV hold are shown in Table 5.  
The total volume and space utilization rate of UAVs, UAV cargo bays, medical packages were calculated for the ISO cargo container; the formula is:  
\[V=V_{s}+V_{c}+V_{m}, \tag{8}\]  
where \(V\) is the total volume of items in ISO containers.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Evaluation of Yield Breeding Value of RppSLN  
The two NILs of N531_R and N531_S with SCR different resistance performances were used to evaluate the breeding value of the resistance locus of _RppSLN_. The resistant line N531_R, carrying the SCR-resistant allele of _RppSLN_, and the susceptible line N531_S, with the susceptibility locus, were crossed with the following four highly SCR-susceptible inbred lines: Chang7-2 (C7-2), Zheng58 (Z58), F35, and M35. This generated eight F1 hybrids (C7-2\(\times\)N531_R, C7-2\(\times\)N531_S, Z58\(\times\)N531_R, Z58\(\times\)N531_S, F35\(\times\)N531_R, F35\(\times\)N531_S, M35\(\times\)N531_R, and M35\(\times\)N531_S). To evaluate the yield performance of the hybrids in the field, all F1 hybrids were planted in Yacheng, Sanya City, Hainan Province, China (2020 HN, 18.36\({}^{\circ}\) N, 109.17\({}^{\circ}\) E), where the SCR is highly incident. The cultivation conditions for the F1 hybrids used for the yield assessment were the same as those for the F2 (N531_R\(\times\)F35) population. Yield components were measured as follows: the ear weight was determined based on the total weight of a single ear, the kernel weight per ear was calculated as the weight of all corn grains in a single ear, and the hundred-kernel weight was measured by randomly selecting 100 uniformly sized grains. Each component was taken for three biological replicates, and all test data were imported into SPSS for statistical analysis. Statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS software v27. Data normality and homogeneity of variances were assessed prior to analysis. Significant differences between treatments were determined using one-way ANOVA (analysis of variance), followed by [PERSON]'s HSD (honestly significant difference) post hoc test for multiple comparisons. For data that did not meet the assumptions of ANOVA, the Kruskal-Wallis test was applied, followed by [PERSON]'s post hoc test for multiple comparisons. A \(p\)-value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Additionally, a chi-square test was used to analyze categorical data and to test for independence between variables.
# Pareto Effect of LMI for Ship Propulsion
## 6 Results
### Conclusions for \(\gamma_{\infty}=2.1\)  
For coefficient \(\gamma_{\infty}=2.1\), during the complex manoeuvre, control time was obtained for all three speed components, where for rotational speed \(r\), control time of t = 180 [s] was achieved.  
* Oscillations are within the limits of the set value of control deviation only up to time t = 1047 [s], where after a time of 5 [s], the controlled quantity returns to the limits of control deviation and stabilizes. Nevertheless, the obtained value of maximum overshoot for rotational speed \(r\) was only 4.74 [%]. In addition, adjustment times of other speeds were short 118 [s] for longitudinal speed \(u\) and 104 [s] for lateral speed \(v\), respectively.
* For control waveforms of controlled devices, one can notice jumps in the controlled values at the moments of tasks of respective velocity components (t = 0; 400; 800 [s]). For lateral velocity task \(v\), there are disturbances, which are the source of oscillations of thruster waveforms (\(ssod_{c}\), \(ssor_{c}\)) and rotation angles of these thrusters (alfa d, alfa r ). In spite of this, thrusters gently change their state without consuming much energy. Oscillations of these quantities cease when speed-controlled quantity \(r\) returns into the limits of the set value of control deviation \(\Delta r\) (t = 1047 [s]). This is the beginning of stabilization of the control system. During the whole manoeuvre, the main propulsion system was not switched on, which is in line with the optimum use of the ship's propulsion and steering equipment.
* The ship's trajectory is correct. To sum up, for the complex manoeuvre, the overshoot value was 4.74 [%]. Additionally, the values of determined deviations were equal or close to zero. In connection with the above and with reference to the assumed test evaluation criteria, the dynamics of the tested system for \(\gamma_{\infty}=2.1\) meets the assumed criteria.
* Controller force allocation is acceptable in terms of the amount of energy required by by propulsion-control systems, and is in the range of [\(-\)60:60].
# Improved Autocollimator for Roll Angle Measurement with an Enlarged Measuring Range
## 1 Introduction
First, their measuring range is relatively small (maximum of only \(\pm\)20\({}^{\circ}\)) and some of them may be susceptible to crosstalk effects, which will limit the application occasions. Second, they are likely to require customized optics and complicated data-processing algorithms, bringing high cost and slow measurement. This paper proposes an improved autocollimator for measuring the roll angle, which can cover the whole range of 360\({}^{\circ}\). Moreover, it is immune to the crosstalk effect, does not require specially made optics, and has a simple data-processing algorithm because it receives only two circular light spots. The improved autocollimator maintains the optical structure of the classic one; the difference is that a wedge prism (WP) working in transmissive mode is incorporated as a roll angle sensing element to dissociate the collimated beam into two beams. By analyzing the moving paths of the two light spots on the photodetector, the roll angle of the WP can be acquired. In addition, an experimental prototype is established and its feasibility is verified. The other sections of this paper are structured as below. Section 2 outlines the measuring method. Section 3 presents the experiments and results. Finally, Section 4 recaps this paper and discusses possible improvement measures.
# Multi-Patch Time Series Transformer for Robust Bearing Fault Detection with Varying Noise
## 4 Deep Learning Models for Anomaly Classification
### CNN-Based Deep Learning Models  
For CNN-based deep learning models, we utilized the Fully Convolutional Network (FCN) [15], ResNet [16], InceptionTime [17], XceptionTime [18], and an Explainable Convolutional Neural Network (XCM) [19]. Each model offers unique approaches for handling time-series data:  
* Fully Convolutional Network (FCN) FCN is designed for time-series classification using convolutional layers exclusively. Unlike traditional CNNs, FCN removes fully connected layers, passing outputs through global average pooling, significantly reducing the number of model parameters while retaining performance.
* ResNet ResNet addresses the vanishing gradient problem in deep neural networks by introducing residual connections. These connections allow the output of one layer to bypass intermediate layers and feed directly into subsequent layers, enabling stable learning even in very deep networks.
* InceptionTime Inspired by the Inception module, InceptionTime utilizes bottleneck layers to reduce the dimensionality of time-series data before applying multiple convolutional filters of varying lengths in parallel. This architecture captures both short- and long-term dependencies, with MaxPooling applied in parallel to enhance feature extraction. InceptionTime is an ensemble of five Inception networks trained with different initial weights, improving robustness and accuracy.
* XceptionTime Based on InceptionTime and the Xception architecture, XceptionTime incorporates depthwise separable convolutions to improve efficiency. It applies multiple 1D filters to extract features of varying lengths and utilizes three depthwise separable convolution filters to process short- and long-term features in parallel. By separating input channels and recombining them, XceptionTime reduces computational overhead. Additionally, a bottleneck layer is used to decrease the dimensionality of input data, enhancing parametric efficiency.
* Explainable Convolutional Neural Network (XCM) XCM is designed for multivariate time-series classification, prioritizing both high prediction performance and interpretability. It employs 2D and 1D convolutional filters in parallel to extract observation-specific and time-dependent features, ensuring comprehensive learning without information loss. Grad-CAM is integrated into XCM to provide clear and precise explanations for prediction results, enhancing its applicability in scenarios where interpretability is critical.