## 1 Introduction  
Construction workers are consistently exposed to workplace stress and risk-prone environments. Despite ongoing efforts to enhance construction safety, the construction industry remains one of the most perilous sectors globally [1]. Bureau of Labor Statistics data indicate that over 25,000 fatal injuries were reported between 2016 and 2020 [2]. Falls, caught-in/between, struck-by, and electrocution are identified as primary causes of fatalities in the construction sector [3]. Fatalities associated with the Fatal Four alone surpassed 6000 between 2016 and 2020 [3]. The most common causes of incidents recognized by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) in the construction industry include falls, struck-by, caught-in/between, and electrocution hazards. Initiative programs like the Construction Focus Four program are pivotal tools that aim to improve hazard recognition to reduce injury and fatality rates [4]. The presence of safety programs and training assists in limiting accidents, injuries, and fatalities but the dynamic nature of the construction workplace is prone to a wide range of safety hazards that must be proactively identified and eliminated to establish a safer workplace for workers. However, the literature review suggests that construction workers tend to overlook significant safety hazards and fail to recognize 50% of work-related safety hazards in the United States construction sector [5]. Similar studies in Australia, the United Kingdom, and Israel reported failure to identify percentages of 33.5% and 57% for safety hazards [6; 7; 8]. Near-misses are incidents that can act as early warning signs for unidentified safety hazards that expose workers to an elevated risk of incidents and injuries, including life-threatening catastrophes. A near-miss is \"an incident where no property was damaged and no personal injury sustained, but where, given a slight shift in time or position, damage and/or injury easily could have occurred\" [9]. Therefore, construction near-miss recognition, a precursor to safety hazards, incidents, or injuries, is crucial for improving workplace safety.  
A crucial identifier of workplace safety is a reduction in unsafe acts on the job site that are driven by an individual's safety behavior. Safety behavior is defined as an individual's actions to sustain and promote health and safety in the workplace [10]. Construction workers typically operate in high-risk and stressful environments for extended periods, impacting their safety behavior and decision-making. Some studies suggest that various workplace stressors in construction can induce stress, leading to accidents and injuries [11]. Similarly, related studies state that task stressors, such as time pressure and mental demands, can adversely affect workers' cognitive processes and attention distribution [12].  
While previous studies have explored the impact of stressors on workers' safety behavior through hazard identification, the potential effect of workplace stressors, such as mental and auditory stress, on workers' near-miss recognition performance is rarely investigated using psychophysiological parameters. Therefore, this study evaluates workers' near-miss recognition performance using an eye-tracking experiment and psychophysiological parameters under different stressor conditions to bridge this gap. Results from this study will provide valuable insights into how workplace stressors can impair workers' near-miss detection capabilities and safety behavior within the construction enterprise.