## 1 Introduction  
According to forecasts that global energy consumption will go up by roughly 50% over the next 20 years, the world's energy demand is likely to continue rising in the future. The oil and gas industries are required to find a cost-effective strategy to recover remaining oil from reservoirs to fulfill the increasing global energy demand [1]. To extract the oil that primary or secondary recovery methods were unable to produce, EOR (enhanced oil recovery) techniques are utilized. The largest oil reserves in the world are found in sandstone reservoirs. A sandstone reservoir is a layer of sandstone that contains petroleum that may be extracted using existing technology. Sandstone reservoirs often contain fluid-filled pores, stable minerals, and supplemental minerals. Grains of sand must range in size from 1/8 to 2 mm for a rock to be referred to as sandstone [2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7]. Compared to oil-wet reservoirs, recovering oil from water-wet reservoirs is far simpler [8]. EOR is attracting increasing interest, since oil is in greater demand than ever before, hence the need to increase oil production [9]. Nanofluids, which are nanotechnology-based fluids containing nanoparticles, have emerged as a promising solution for enhanced oil recovery. The advancement of nanotechnology has led to the introduction of nanofluids as an economical, effective, and environmentally friendly replacement for existing chemicals [10]. Nanofluids might interact with the rock surface by chemical and physical mechanisms when they are injected into an oil reservoir. The rock's wettability can be altered from oil-wet to water-wet or intermediate-wet by the nanoparticles adhering to the surface and forming a thin layer. Better oil recovery is encouraged by this change in wettability because it strengthens the capillary forces between the fluid and the rock. A nanoparticle is one with a diameter of 1-100 nanometers (nm) [11]. A technique called \"nanofluid flooding\" is used in EOR operations to increase the efficiency of oil recovery by dispersing nanoparticles in a fluid and injecting them into oil reservoirs [12]. When creating a nanofluid, selecting the right nanoparticles is essential. For example, silica nanoparticles have demonstrated encouraging outcomes in modifying wettability and enhancing oil recovery. Because of their large surface area and ability to absorb the rock surface, these nanoparticles can facilitate oil displacement by lowering the interfacial tension between water and oil. Through several mechanisms, such as decreased interfacial tension and altered wettability, nanofluid flooding can enhance oil recovery. During the reduction of interfacial tension, the tension that exists between the oil and the injected nanofluid can be lessened by the presence of nanoparticles dispersed throughout the fluid. By lowering the interfacial tension, the oil can be more efficiently displaced by the nanofluid, increasing oil recovery. When oil and water come into contact, the nanoparticles group together to produce a stable layer that helps release trapped oil. The fluid's contact angle with the reservoir rock surface can be altered by nanoparticles. Wetness conditions may shift from oil-wet to water-wet or intermediate-wet as a result of this shift [13]. For decades, it was considered that injecting anything other than saline water into a reservoir could permanently destroy it, but we noticed that by reducing the salinity of injected water, trapped oil molecules can be more easily released from the surface of rock [14]. At the moment, the primary problem associated with enhanced oil recovery is wettability. The goal of the suggested EOR technique was to lower the oil's affinity and increase oil recovery by turning the reservoir from an oil-wet state to a water-wet. Wettability is important because the amount of oil recovered from water-wet reservoirs is higher than that from oil-wet reservoirs. Low-salinity water (LSW) flooding is a novel approach that has been effectively applied in several industries.