## 3 Results and Discussion
### Lean Construction Tools
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Tool** & **Description** & **Refs.** \\ \hline
5S & Sort, Set in Order, Shine, Standardize, Sustain. A process for eliminating workplace waste using visual controls. & [1; 2; 3] \\ \hline Concurrent Engineering & Parallel execution of multidisciplinary tasks to optimize engineering cycles for efficiency, quality, and functionality. & [1; 4] \\ \hline Check Sheet & A structured form is used to collect and analyze data on problem patterns, events, and causes. & [1] \\ \hline Construction Process Analysis & Updated process and flow diagrams using symbols to identify problems and improve analysis. & [1; 5] \\ \hline Six Sigma & A methodology for improving quality by eliminating defects and reducing variability in processes. & [1; 2] \\ \hline Pareto Analysis & A bar chart analyzing the frequency of causes or problems in processes, highlighting their importance. & [28] \\ \hline Failure Mode and Effects & A step-by-step approach to identifying, eliminating, and prioritizing failures in products or services. & [29; 30; 31] \\ \hline Continuous Flow & Operating continuously and progressively, generating or processing through sequential steps. & [32; 33] \\ \hline FIFO line (First In, First Out) & A method to manage work requests based on flow order, from first to last. & [32] \\ \hline Jidoka/Automation & Partial automation of the manufacturing process, allows operators to perform other tasks while machines run. & [32] \\ \hline Kanban (Pull System) & An information control process regulating resource flow, ensuring timely parts and supply requests. & [28; 32] \\ \hline Kaizen & An approach focused on improving quality and efficiency by eliminating waste. & [32] \\ \hline The Last Planner & The methodology ensures predictable workflow and reliable project outcomes by identifying obstacles in advance. & [34] \\ \hline Poka-Yoke (Error Proofing) & A mechanism designed to detect and prevent errors in processes, aiming for zero defects. & [28; 32] \\ \hline First Run Studies & Executing tests to determine the best means, strategies, and sequencing for a process. & [35; 36] \\ \hline Bottleneck Analysis & Identifying process bottlenecks that limit productivity and improving their performance. & [28; 37] \\ \hline Visual Management & A technique to enhance efficiency and clarity in processes through visual signals. & [32; 33; 35] \\ \hline Synchronize/Line Balancing & Leveling workload across all processes in a value stream to eliminate excess capacity and bottlenecks. & [32] \\ \hline Work Structuring & Designing and operating processes based on supply chain, resource allocation, and assembly for quality results. & [35; 38] \\ \hline
5 Whys & A problem-solving tool that repeatedly asks ‘why’ to find the root cause of a problem. & [35; 38] \\ \hline Fail-Safe for Quality & A method to detect defects and risks, similar to Poka-Yoke but focused on safety measures. & [35; 36] \\ \hline Daily Huddle Meetings & Daily team meetings promote communication, engagement, and problem-solving. & [35; 36] \\ \hline SMART Goals & Specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, and time-bound goals. & [37] \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: Lean construction tools based on literature review.