# Skilled Workers' Perspectives on Utilizing a Passive Shoulder Exoskeleton in Construction
## 3 Results
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{42.7 pt} p{42.7 pt} p{42.7 pt} p{42.7 pt} p{42.7 pt} p{42.7 pt} p{42.7 pt} p{42.7 pt} p{42.7 pt} p{42.7 pt}} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Work-Related Factors**} & \multirow{2}{*}{
\begin{tabular}{c} **Overall,** \\ **N = 41** \\ \end{tabular} } & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**Site A (ICD),**} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**Site B (Modular),**} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**Site C (Highwise Res.),**} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**Site D (Residential), n = 5**} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**Site E (Residential), n = 6**} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**Site F (Modular),**} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**Site G (Covili),**} \\  & & \multicolumn{1}{p{42.7 pt}}{n = 7** **} & \multicolumn{1}{p{42.7 pt}}{**n = 7** **} & \multicolumn{1}{p{42.7 pt}}{**n = 7** **} \\ \hline
**Trade of Workers** & & & & & & & & & \\ \hline Drywall finisher and plasterer & 1 (2.4\%) & 0 (0\%) & 0 (0\%) & 1 (14\%) & 0 (0\%) & 0 (0\%) & 0 (0\%) & 0 (0\%) \\ \hline Drywall, acoustic, and bathing applicator & 8 (20\%) & 6 (86\%) & 1 (10\%) & 1 (14\%) & 0 (0\%) & 0 (0\%) & 0 (0\%) & 0 (0\%) \\ \hline Electrician & 9 (22\%) & 0 (0\%) & 0 (0\%) & 4 (57\%) & 5 (100\%) & 0 (0\%) & 0 (0\%) & 0 (0\%) \\ \hline General carpenter & 14 (34\%) & 1 (14\%) & 9 (90\%) & 1 (14\%) & 0 (0\%) & 0 (0\%) & 3 (100\%) & 0 (0\%) \\ \hline Residential (low-rise) sheet metal installer & 2 (4.9\%) & 0 (0\%) & 0 (0\%) & 0 (0\%) & 0 (0\%) & 2 (100\%) & 0 (0\%) & 0 (0\%) \\ \hline Skilled laborer & 7 (17\%) & 0 (0\%) & 0 (0\%) & 0 (0\%) & 0 (0\%) & 0 (0\%) & 0 (0\%) & 0 (0\%) & 7 (100\%) \\ \hline
**Level of Practice** & & & & & & & & & \\ \hline Worker & 7 (17\%) & 0 (0\%) & 0 (0\%) & 0 (0\%) & 0 (0\%) & 0 (0\%) & 0 (0\%) & 7 (100\%) \\ \hline Apprentice & 23 (56\%) & 2 (29\%) & 10 (100\%) & 6 (86\%) & 4 (80\%) & 0 (0\%) & 1 (33\%) & 0 (0\%) \\ \hline Lead hand & 0 (0\%) & 0 (0\%) & 0 (0\%) & 0 (0\%) & 0 (0\%) & 0 (0\%) & 0 (0\%) & 0 (0\%) \\ \hline Journeyman & 8 (20\%) & 5 (71\%) & 0 (0\%) & 1 (14\%) & 0 (0\%) & 0 (0\%) & 2 (67\%) & 0 (0\%) \\ \hline Foreman & 3 (7.3\%) & 0 (0\%) & 0 (0\%) & 0 (0\%) & 1 (20\%) & 2 (100\%) & 0 (0\%) & 0 (0\%) \\ \hline
**Years of experience** & 5.5 \(\pm\) 7.2 & 9.0 \(\pm\) 5.2 & 1.9 \(\pm\) 0.8 & 3.4 \(\pm\) 2.2 & 3.4 \(\pm\) 3.4 & 31.0 \(\pm\) 2.8 & 10.0 \(\pm\) 4.4 & 1.7 \(\pm\) 2.1 \\ \hline
**Tenure (years)** & 1.79 \(\pm\) 2.38 & 3.50 \(\pm\) 3.84 & 0.44 \(\pm\) 0.41 & 1.86 \(\pm\) 0.75 & 2.35 \(\pm\) 2.42 & 6.00 \(\pm\) 1.41 & 2.00 \(\pm\) 2.60 & 0.24 \(\pm\) 0.42 \\ \hline
**Number of working hours per day** & 8.67 \(\pm\) 0.78 & 8.71 \(\pm\) 0.49 & 8.05 \(\pm\) 0.16 & 8.21 \(\pm\) 0.39 & 8.90 \(\pm\) 0.22 & 9.00 \(\pm\) 1.41 & 8.00 \(\pm\) 0.00 & 10.00 \(\pm\) 0.00 \\ \hline
**Number of working days per week** & 4.96 \(\pm\) 0.39 & 4.57 \(\pm\) 0.79 & 5.00 \(\pm\) 0.00 & 5.07 \(\pm\) 0.19 & 5.00 \(\pm\) 0.00 & 5.00 \(\pm\) 0.00 & 5.00 \(\pm\) 0.00 & 5.14 \(\pm\) 0.38 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Work characteristics of the study sample (N=41), categorized by worksite. (7%) disagreed that exoskeletons were easy to use. Over half of all participants agreed or strongly agreed that they felt less physically fatigued and exhausted at the end of the day after wearing an exoskeleton. Lastly, the majority of participants (70%) agreed that the exoskeleton had no hindrance to their performance and productivity; in fact, over one-third agreed or strongly agreed that the exoskeleton improved their performance and productivity. Those who opted out from wearing the exoskeleton for the second day (n = 6) did not have the same positive experience with the exoskeleton: they either found it to be uncomfortable, irrelevant to the tasks they were conducting, or to impede performance. Figure 3: Workers’ feedback on exoskeletons after the first day of wear (n = 41). Figure 2: Consistency of feedback between the first and second day of wear (n = 32).