## 2 Literature Review
It claimed to get a solution for finding maximal nodal remaining energy for all routes in selecting a path for end-to-end requirement. The protocol was specifically for route failures caused by lack of energy. The proposed protocol showed significant network performance improvement in terms of energy consumption, packet delivery and network lifetime. An extension to AOMDV routing protocol was proposed by [26]. It was channel adaptive routing protocol to accommodate channel fading. The proposed algorithm was called Channel-Aware AOMDV (CA-AOMDV). It used channel average nonfading duration as routing metric. Using this it selected stable links for path discovery by applying a pre-emptive handoff strategy. By doing this it was able to maintain reliable connections and exploit channel state information to ensure that the paths were reused when available, instead of being discarded. Simulation results were provided for downtime and lifetime multiple path system. The authors also provided theoretical expressions for network performance measures, and evaluated the differences in performance between CA-AOMDV and AOMDV. The Simulation results showed that CA-AOMDV gave better network performance than AOMDV). A Modified AOMDV (M-AOMDV) Routing Protocol for Maritime Inter-ship Communication [27] was proposed that provides routing recovery mechanism when a link breaks in an active route to reduce lost packets, this will reduce packet loss ratio and delay time. M-AOMDV applied to ship communications that are using UHF and VHF, these modifications use the existing AOMDV protocol and enhance the inter-ship communication by adding new recovery methods for a broken link. Normal AOMDV protocol uses one recovery method to recover from broken links; so if a link breaks, this will lead to packet loss and increases the end to end packet delay. In this modification there are two new recovery methods that will try to increase the recovery process and decrease packet loss and end to end delay. M-AOMDV has better performance results. The delay for the AOMDV protocol is more than M-AOMDV, and the delay of these two protocols are basically consistent with the fluctuating of the speed. The link repair mechanism of M-AOMDV can reduce delays, to a certain extent, by requesting routing entities to forward data packets as soon as possible in order to complete link repair to the destination node when the node detects that the link has been interrupted. The results show that M-AOMDV reduces average delay and packet loss ratio. Also, this proposed method increases the potential for the ad-hoc network mode to be applied to ship networks on shoreline areas. Another modified version of AOMDV was proposed in [28], called ant-AOMDV or ant colony optimization modification for AOMDV in MANET, in this research the writers uses the modified AOMDV for multipath routing using ant colony for mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). The final result is a comparison between ant-AODV and ant-AOMDV. The idea behind the working of ant-AODV and ant-AOMDV is that the RREQ message packets are sent to a single path in the case of ant-AODV based routing and to multiple paths in the case of ant-AOMDV based routing. RREQ message packets can be termed as a pheromone in terms of standard algorithm of ACO used by the ants. Parameters like Quality of Service (QoS) will suffer unless special schemes are developed to sustain such networks because of multi hop routing no default route is available. Each node acts as a router and forwards each other's packets to enable information sharing between mobile nodes. Ant Colony optimization falls into a class of biologically inspired algorithms that have recently been developed. The Ant Algorithm mimics the behavior of ants in nature while they are searching for food. Particle swarm optimization is inspired by the behavior of flocks of birds as they fly in search of food.