# End-Users' Augmented Reality Utilization for Architectural Design Review
## 3 Research Methodology
### Questionnaire and Measurement  
The first part of the questionnaire aims to compare subjects' perceived quality of visual presentation of the three display platforms for the design review task. The questionnaire is divided into categories of color, texture, size/location, naturalness, and scale [35; 39]. The categories for color, texture, and size/location directly deal with the specific characteristics of an element. \"Naturalness\" refers to the degree of how a user can naturally perceive or understand the model. Lastly, the scale measures the degree to which a user can judge scale and spatial volume from the model, which is associated with the overall impression or ambiance of the model. Specific items for visual presentation are summarized in Table 1, and a Likert scale was adopted for the questionnaire to rate each item from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). For the second part of the questionnaire, subjects' acceptability toward each display platform is measured. Based on the technology acceptance model (TAM) and extended research on TAM [40; 41; 42; 43], the questions are divided into six categories of physical comfort, mental comfort, perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, user satisfaction, and behavioral intention (Table 2). Based on [PERSON]'s (1988) descriptions on measuring perceived workload, physical and mental comfort can be defined as a relationship between the amount of mental/physical process resources and the amount that the task requires [41]. Perceived usefulness explains the degree to which a user believes that using technology would enhance job performance [40]. User satisfaction is defined as the level of satisfaction that users feel after using technology [42], and behavioral refers to a user's intention to use \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Category** & **Item** \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Color} & Is the color of the material easy to recognize? \\ \cline{2-3}  & Is the color of the material realistic and vivid? \\ \cline{2-3}  & Are you satisfied with the presentation quality of the color? \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Texture} & Is the texture of the material easy to recognize? \\ \cline{2-3}  & Is the texture of the material realistic? \\ \cline{2-3}  & Are you satisfied with the presentation quality of the texture? \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Size/Location} & Is the size of a specific element (e.g., window/door) easy to recognize? \\ \cline{2-3}  & Is the position of a specific element (e.g., window/door) easy to recognize? \\ \hline Naturalness & Overall, rate the naturalness of the environment to conduct a design review \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Scale} & Is it easy to review the suitability of the height of the area? \\ \cline{2-3}  & Are you satisfied with the space (area/volume) of the building? \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Questionnaire category and item for quality of visual presentation. Figure 3: Display platform for each subject group. technology [44]. Another category that measures user motivation for technology along with perceived usefulness is perceived ease of use, which measures the degree to which a user believes that using technology would be free of effort [40]. For the last part of the questionnaire, the user experience questionnaire (UEQ) was used to evaluate the user experience of the AR system. UEQ is an evaluation method used to collect the subjective metrics of user experiments quickly and directly in terms of pragmatic and hedonic quality [44]. UEQ measures six factors through 26 questionnaire items (Table 3). The scale of an item ranges from \(-3\) to \(+3\), with \(-3\) representing the most negative answer, 0 representing a neutral answer, and \(+3\) representing the most positive answer.