esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Model Experimental Study on De-Icing Method of Bridge Pylon Beam Based on Electric Heating
## 4 Results and Analysis of De-Icing Tests
### Anti-icing Tests
#### 4.1.4 Compensation Scheme  
According to the anti-icing tests in Sections 4.1.2 and 4.1.3, when the pre-heating time is short, the temperature on the top surface of the heating system may not reach the  
Figure 14: (**a**) Anti-icing effects under different environments; (**b**) variation of ice coverage ratio with ambient temperature and wind velocity.  
temperature required for anti-icing, resulting in a large amount of ice accumulation on the top. As the ice accumulation continues to increase, there is also a risk of falling ice. In order to solve this hidden danger, this section proposes an optimized compensation scheme, which is to move the upper CFHC to the top platform surface of the heating system (as shown in Figure 8), thereby accelerating the heat transfer. The anti-icing test was carried out under the conditions that the ambient temperature was \(-15\,^{\circ}\)C, the wind velocity was 0, the precipitation was 1 mm/min, and the pre-heating time was 3 min.  
After 120 min of spraying, the front and top surfaces of the heating system were not frozen. Compared with the solution before optimization, under the same short-time pre-heating conditions, the ice accumulation problem on the optimized heating system was significantly improved. It shows that by moving the CFHC to the top surface, the temperature supply rate can be accelerated, and the anti-icing effect can be achieved even under short-time pre-heating conditions. Therefore, increasing the supply rate of the temperature in the platform surface is beneficial for anti-icing. At the same time, according to the temperature rise rule recorded by the thermocouple B on the surface of the heating system (Figure 15b), it can be seen that after moving the heat source to a further distance from the thermocouple, the temperature rise trend at the thermocouple is still relatively close; both rise first and then tend to be stable, but the increase in temperature is significantly lower than before the adjustment. After 40 min of heating, the temperature difference before and after the adjustment was about 2 \({}^{\circ}\)C.  
The problem of ice accumulating on the heating system platform area can be effectively solved by adjusting the arrangement of the CFHC, but with the increase in heat source spacing, the temperature at a distance from the heat source will decrease; so, the thermal power density of the heating system should be determined later, according to the comprehensive consideration of the environment in which it is located.
## 3 Concept
### Propulsion
#### 3.3.1 Stator Type  
The determination of active motor components--whether in the pod, the track or both--is a critical decision. While energy recovery is possible, the propulsion system constitutes the largest portion of the system's energy demand, reaching up to several megawatts. In contrast, the energy requirements for other systems, such as levitation, vacuum or onboard electronics, are significantly lower, typically an order of magnitude less.  
Figure 4: Design decision tree for the propulsion system.  
Having the active part of the propulsion system onboard is called a short stator. This reduces the amount of copper along the track and enables pods with different velocities to form convoys. In the track, this requires a passive reaction rail and an inductive power supply system, like in the Transrapid [22]. The transferred power has to be significantly higher than for the Transrapid, to allow for high speed travel. Thermal management in the pod will be a large issue in this case, presumably solvable by sublimation cooling and therefore requiring special vacuum pumps along the track coping with water vapor in the tube. Phase changing thermal batteries exchanged in stations could be an alternative for the cooling problem.  
A long stator, on the other hand, handles the high-power electronics on the track side, and, therefore, does not require the extra step of first transferring the energy to the moving vehicle. Also, from a safety perspective, it can be beneficial to have the propulsion system centrally controlled from the infrastructure, while the pods only handle levitation. This makes simultaneous failures less likely and simplifies the requirements of the communication system. Additional energy transmission to the pod is possible if a linear generator is onboard.  
With a doubly-fed motor, featuring active windings in both the pod and the track, pods can achieve speed differences, which enable pods to join or leave a convoy at high speed, while keeping the advantages of relatively low heat production on board. It would also be possible to use this system as a short stator during low speed and only during high speed supply power from an additional track-based long stator. At high speed, the short stator can be used to generate energy from the track-based long stator. However, those additional functionalities are not required and, thus, do not justify the additional complexity.  
It was therefore decided to feature a long stator motor, supplying the system with grid power and directly accelerating the pod, instead of transferring the energy for acceleration.
## 3 Hybrid Network Implementation Using LoRaWAN and LoRaMESH
### Gateway LoRaWAN  
The LoRaWAN Gateway, shown in the Figure 16 allows long range communication, being able to use LoRa/CSS modulation with the ability to receive packets on up to eight channels simultaneously. In order to be used definitively, this module has buses for integration with Raspberry Pi, which has the processing and on-board computing of all the logistics of the LoRaWAN gateway as well as the communication via internet with TTN. Like the final device, the LoRaWAN gateway couples on top of the Raspberry Pi without the need for a shield. Additionally, this gateway has an antenna and GPS interface for geolocation also approved by ANATEL.  
This device is capable of connecting to end-nodes in urban areas around 3 km away and in open country up to 5 km. Network tracking features were implemented to monitor traffic and a broker Message Queue Telemetry Transport (MQTT) [130] to allow communication with IoT devices and a python code MQTT client via network. All LoRaWAN gateway specifications are presented in the Table 2 as described in its datasheet.  
For this work, the LoRaWAN architecture implements consite in a star topology network where the End-node is the communication device of the SM of the homes and the Gateway is the device responsible for collecting all this data sent by all the SMs within its coverage area and forwarding it to a network server that in this case was used TTN [123]. From TTN, the data will be forwarded to the application server which in this case is the Power BI, a tool for data visualization and analysis via dashboard and interactive reports [131]. In the Figure 17 this architecture is being represented in more detail.
## 3 Results
### Expression of Pectobacterium Virulence Genes in Response to Host Phenolic Extracts  
The expression of major virulence genes was assayed in the two bacterial strains in response to the studied plant phenolic extracts. The QS genes _expl_ and _expR_ were upregulated in PC16 in the presence of both host extracts, with higher fold change in response to calls lily extract. WPP14, showed higher expression levels of the QS genes only in response to the cabbage extract (Figure 8). The expression of _pel_ in PC16 was upregulated in response to calls lily extract, whereas the cabbage extract significantly reduced its expression. An opposite response was observed in WPP14, in which _pel_ expression was upregulated in the presence of cabbage extract and downregulated in the presence of calls lily extract. Unlike most of the responses described so far, the expression of _peh_ was downregulated in both strains and no host specific effects on _araF_ and _lnrL_ was observed. PC16 showed an increase in the expression of both _araF_ and _lnrL_ in response to both plant's extracts, while WPP14 presented higher expression of these genes only in response to the cabbage extract (Figure 8). The expression of the genes _expl_, _expR_, _pel_ and _peh_ was also evaluated in MM in the presence of both host extracts, to better mimic the plant ecosystem. Similar expression patterns were observed for these genes when the bacteria were grown in MM, however with lower fold change (Figure S5).  
Figure 7: Effect of phenolic extracts from calls lily or cabbage leaves on the biofilm formation ability of _Pectobacterium_ strains (**A**) PC16 and (**B**) WPP14. Biofilms were measured following the exposure of _Pectobacterium_ strains to a non-lethal volume (40 \(\upmu\)L extract/200 \(\upmu\)L LB) of each host extract (or extraction buffer as control) for 72 h at 28 \({}^{\circ}\)C in glass test tubes. Biofilms were quantified by measuring absorbance at 550 nm (crystal violet bound to biofilm cells). Experiments were repeated twice with six replicates for each experiment. Tukey–Kramer HSD test was used to test the differences, bars not labeled with the same letter (a-b) are significantly different from each other (\(p<0.05\); bar = mean \(\pm\) SE; \(n=12\)).
# Positioning by Multicell Fingerprinting in Urban NB-IoT Networks +
## 3 Proposed Fingerprinting System  
This section describes the proposed NB-IoT multicell fingerprinting system. Section 3.1 reviews the WkNN algorithm adopted in the online phase for position estimation, while Section 3.2 introduces the proposed fingerprinting strategies to be adopted for evaluating how well RP fingerprints match with the fingerprint of the target device.
## 3 Results
### Evaluation Method and Results  
The user requirements specification was based on a triangulation of user needs data: the SUS, the UD evaluation, and the persona descriptions. The goal of this early stage fully functional prototype was to create a MVP to assess acceptance and opinions of potential end-users and attract investors. Intended end-users include teachers, students, scholars, museum visitors, and tourists of all ages. A persona description was created to clarify typical end-user types, including goals, background, and behaviors.  
[PERSON] and [PERSON] [65] identified a lack of guidelines for AR design and evaluation, created seven Universal Design (UD) principles for mobile AR interfaces (Table 5, first column, shows the seven UD heuristics). They tested these new heuristics on educational AR apps, finding them effective in identifying usability flaws, addressing gaps in existing guidelines.  
The seven UD principles' heuristics were applied to the ChamAR app, yielding the usability findings and a severity score which can be seen in the final column in Table 5. Using a 1-5 scale (1 being serious, and 5 being cosmetic), the app scored 32/35. This summative score helps prioritize usability issues.  
The acceptance and opinions survey was conducted using the SUS. Sixteen participants (nine females and seven males) completed the survey, resulting in an average SUS score of 71/100. An online SUS survey was customized for the app, collecting demographic details and usability feedback from DCH teachers and developers. Invitations were sent via Facebook 3D developers and VR/AR chat groups. The respondents represented diverse end-users like teachers, students, and tourists. The survey collected 16 responses over two weeks. The average SUS score of 71 indicated good usability. Open-ended feedback highlighted the app's interactivity and engagement but noted concerns from older users about adopting new technology. Further research with more diverse age groups is needed to understand these issues in depth. Persona descriptions were created to clarify user types and backgrounds, including goals, behaviors, and needs.  
Figure 5: Cham Culture stone carving (**a**) and Cham Culture AR app (**b**).
# Removal of Methylene Blue from Aqueous Solution by Bone Char
## 2 Experimental
### Adsorption Thermodynamics  
The thermodynamics parameters regarding the adsorption of methylene blue by bone char, e.g., Gibbs free energy change (\(\Delta G^{0}\), kJ mol\({}^{-1}\)), enthalpy change (\(\Delta H^{0}\), kJ mol\({}^{-1}\)), and entropy change (\(\Delta S^{0}\), J mol\({}^{-1}\) K\({}^{-1}\)), were obtained through the following formulas [33; 34]:  
\[K_{d}=q_{e,mol}/c_{e,mol} \tag{11}\]  
\[\Delta G^{0}=-RT\ln K_{d} \tag{12}\]  
\[\ln K_{d}=-\Delta G^{0}/RT=\Delta S^{0}/R-\Delta H^{0}/RT \tag{13}\]  
where \(K_{d}\), \(q_{e,mol}\), and \(c_{e,mol}\) are the thermodynamic equilibrium constant, adsorptive capacity (mg mol\({}^{-1}\)), and equilibrium concentration (mg L\({}^{-1}\)), respectively. \(\Delta H^{0}\) and \(\Delta S^{0}\) can be calculated from the plot of ln\(K_{d}-1/T\).
# RFID Based Embedded System for Sustainable Food Management in an IoT Network Paradigm
## 3 RFID Food Management System  
This section aims to describe all the elements RFID Food Management system is composed of. Figure 1 shows the system scheme with the connection between hardware elements and the software tools setup.  
As a brief introduction, the main components are described below:  
1. **RFID System:** Is based on hardware elements, allowing the reading of RFID-labeled products to obtain the required item identification;
2. **Database:** Stores product, recipe, offer, and user information;
3. **Server:** Hosts the RFM APP and processes user requests;
4. **RFM App:** Is a software implementation that provides real-time information through a friendly-user interface.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Approach** & **Real-Time Inv.?** & **Nutri. Inf.?** & **Recipe Recon.?** & **Central. Arg.?** & **Multi-Platform?** & **Cabinets \& Shelves?** \\ \hline
**Samsung**[5] & No & No & No & Yes & Yes & No \\ \hline
**LG**[6] & No & Yes & Yes & Yes & Yes & No \\ \hline
**[PERSON] et al.**[7] & No & Yes & No & No & No & No \\ \hline
**Rouillard**[8] & No & Yes & Yes & Yes & Yes & No \\ \hline
**Hanshen and Doug**[9] & Yes & Yes & Yes & No & Yes & No \\ \hline
**RFID Food Management** & Yes & Yes & Yes & Yes & Yes & Yes \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: The radio frequency identification (RFID) Food Management provides more advantages than other authors’ approaches.
# Evaluation of the Effects of Hidden Node Problems in IEEE 802.15.7 Uplink Performance
## 3 IEEE 802.15.7 Overview
### MAC Layer  
Among the functions of the IEEE 802.15.7 MAC, the task of regulating optical medium access is the most important, allowing either scheduled or random access transmissions. Four random access methods are defined: unslotted random access, slotted random access, unslotted CSMA/CA and slotted CSMA/CA.
# [PERSON]: Extreme Plastic Pollution Pathways in Riparian Waterways
## 5 Discussion  
In this study, we designed, fabricated, and deployed a GPS-enabled tracker to understand the movement of a single-use plastic bottle, extending prior research [9; 16; 21], within the Saigon River's urban tidal environment. The tracker was developed to capture detailed movement data, including GPS location, speed, and orientation, augmented by gyroscopic, compass, and accelerometer readings. Field deployment involved releasing the tracker into the river system during Vietnam's Plastic Awareness Month, gathering data across multiple tidal cycles to capture the complex transport dynamics of plastic debris, which provides critical scientific evidence on how plastic waste is transported through urban waterways.  
The purpose of this study was to systematically track plastic waste movement and identify key retention zones in the Saigon River to support targeted mitigation strategies and generate high-resolution empirical data that reveal how plastic waste is transported, retained, and influenced by both natural and anthropogenic forces. This study highlights the broader problems [1; 2; 10] with the escalation of plastic pollution growth. Even now we have environmental problems in managing the current level of output into the oceans [3; 4; 11] and accumulation on shorelines [15; 19]. This research builds on data [9; 18; 20] and contributes to marine debris modeling more generally [8], adding information [19; 20] and building on prior work identifying threats to the river [2; 13; 21]. These findings indicate that plastic accumulation in high-retention areas is not random but governed by tidal reversals, vessel activity, and structural barriers. By analyzing the collected data, this study  
Figure 9: State Transition Process. Arrows indicate progression.  
provided critical insights into the transportation behaviors of plastic waste, highlighting the significant impact of tidal reversals, external disturbances, and localized environmental conditions on plastic movement and retention. As the first study of its kind in this region, we acknowledge that no comparative data sets exist; however, we have established a systematic tracking approach to address this gap. By illuminating the transportation of single-use plastic bottles in the riparian waterways of Ho Chi Minh City and beyond, this study achieves its purpose in highlighting where accumulation points are, which plays an important role in determining where best to begin to collect pollution and in collective efforts to understand plastic pollution and preserve aquatic ecosystems. The identification of these retention zones is crucial for eradicating plastic waste from this vital waterway and informing effective waste removal efforts.
## 4 Preclinical Studies
### In Vitro Studies
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{42.7 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt}} \hline \hline
**Ref.** & **Disease, Model** & **Animals** & **PDT Protocol** & **Main Results** \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{[159]} & Canine mammary carcinoma, cells were inoculated subcutaneously & \multirow{4}{*}{6 Mice} & **PS:** G-Ce6, 10 mg/kg, iv & \(\bullet\) & PDT-induced significant tumor \\  & & & **PS:** G-Ce6, 10 mg/kg, iv & \(\bullet\) & regrowth delay \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{3-5}  & & & **Light:** Diode laser, 100 J/cm\({}^{3}\), & \(\bullet\) & Widespread tumor cells appeared \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{3-5}  & & & 677 nm, 1 session & \(\bullet\) & necrotic, and fibrin thrombus formation \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{[159]} & Legend: 5-ALA, Aminolevulinic acid; AS\({}_{2}\)Pc, disulfonated aluminum phthalocyanine; BPD-MA, benzoporphyrin derivative monoacid ring A; G-Ce6 glucose-conjugated chlorin e6; HPD, hematoporphyrin derivative; ia, intra-arterial; iv, intravenous; m-THFC, meta-(tetra hydroxyphenyl) chlorine; MoLut, Motexfain lutetium; PS, PhotosensitiveZT; S1052 cyclohexane-1,2-diamino hyporeclin B derivative; SnET2 Tin (II) ethyl ethioppurpurin dichloride; WST109, palladium-bacterippehorbide; WST11, soluble palladium-bacterippehorbide; ZnPc\({}_{2}\) Di-sulfo-di-phthalimidomethyl phthalolocyanine zinc. \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{3-5}  & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 6: Cont. Canine transitional cell carcinoma cells, K9 TCC, were exposed to serial concentrations of 5-ALA to determine if PpIX production could cause lethal photovoltaic effects when exposed to 635 nm light. Photocytotoxicity was dependent on 5-ALA concentration and exposure time. Moreover, increased laser power density and energy density decreased cell survival [87]. Fifteen primary canine tumor cell lines, nine established from carcinomas and six from sarcomas, were submitted to 5-ALA (0.03, 0.1, 0.3 and 1 mM). The results suggested that 5-ALA fluorescence may be predictive of the therapeutic effects of PDT [64]. Two canine primary lung adenocarcinoma cell lines (HDC and LuBi) were submitted to 5-ALA-mediated PDT. Although intracellular PpIX levels before irradiation were similar between HDC and LuBi cells, the first showed a higher percentage of ROS-positive and apoptotic cells [167].
# An Enhanced Genetic Algorithm for Parameter Estimation of Sinusoidal Signals
## The Proposed EGA
### Adaptive Mutation Operator  
The mutation operator has a strong influence on population diversity and convergence speed, playing a significant role in GAs. Usually, mutation probability, \(P_{m}\), keeps constant throughout the whole iteration in the SGA and HGAs [16; 19; 36; 38; 41]. Although a constant mutation probability  
Figure 2: The two-step crossover operation for floating sequence.  
provides GAs a relatively stable performance, the problem of ever-increasing similar individuals cannot be effectively solved. To address this, an adaptive mutation mechanism that considers the evolutionary features of GAs at different stages is proposed in this work.  
At the beginning of an evolution, a small \(P_{m}\) is allocated for boosting the convergence [42]. As the processing progresses, the number of similar individuals increases rapidly, which causes the optimization to fall back to local optima repeatedly. In order to overcome this, a larger mutation probability is assigned at the intermediate stage so that the evolution can easily get rid of predicaments. In the final stage, a small probability is distributed again to ensure a global convergence [37].  
Inspired also by the characteristics of population dynamics, a combination of a general Logistic function [36] and its mirror is employed to support the proposed idea in its entirety. The function is expressed as follows:  
\[P_{m}=\left\{\begin{array}{l}a+\frac{b}{1+e^{-c(g-b)}},\delta\leq G\\ a+\frac{1}{1+e^{+c(g-b)}},\delta>G\end{array}\right. \tag{7}\]  
where \(a\) denotes the initial mutation probability, \(b\) is the maximum value of the original Logistic curve, \(e\) is the natural logarithm base, \(c\) describes the steepness of the curve, \(g\) and \(g_{0}\) are the evolution generation and the curve's midpoint, respectively. \(G\) is the total number of evolutionary iterations. Figure 3 shows the curves of the functions.