esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 4 Ground Evaluation Experiment
### Acceleration Noise and Resolution Evaluation
According to the power spectral density (PSD) of the relevant noise disturbance listed in Table 4, the duration of the data acquisition is about 10 min and the displacement resolution obtained by the calibration experiment is about \(7.2\times 10^{-11}\rm{m}/Hz^{1/2}\) as shown in Figure 12. Based on the principle of the spring oscillator model of the inertial sensor [44], the detection noise is expressed as:  
\[\Delta_{\rm{Dis}}=\frac{\rm{k}_{\rm{e}}\delta\rm{x}}{\rm{m}}\approx 6.8\times 10^{ -10}\rm{m}/s^{2}/Hz^{1/2} \tag{12}\]  
where \(\rm{k}_{\rm{e}}\) is the negative stiffness:  
\[\rm{k}_{\rm{e}}\approx-\frac{2\varepsilon_{0}\varepsilon_{\rm{r}}\rm{A}}{\rm{ d}^{3}}(\rm{V}_{\rm{p}}^{2}+\rm{V}_{\rm{d}}^{2})=-0.398/s^{2} \tag{13}\]  
and the driving noise is:  
\[\Delta_{\rm{Act}}=\frac{2\varepsilon_{0}\varepsilon_{\rm{r}}\rm{A}}{\rm{md}^{ 2}}(\rm{V}_{\rm{p}}\delta\rm{V}_{\rm{f}}+\rm{V}_{\rm{f}}\delta\rm{V}_{\rm{p}}) \approx 3.9\times 10^{-9}\rm{m}/s^{2}/Hz^{1/2} \tag{14}\]  
The total acceleration noise on the TM is listed in Table 5.  
Figure 11:0 Position resolution power spectral density (PSD) of the capacitance sensor. Finally, under the steady-state of the system closed-loop control, the data of the control voltage in the non-sensitive axis channel is collected. The acceleration data in the time domain are calculated with the voltage to acceleration conversion factor and converted into the PSD in the frequency domain by Fourier transform, then making the acceleration resolution PSD curve as shown in Figure 11:1  
According to the curve, the acceleration resolution in the interest measurement frequency band 0.1 Hz can reach \(7\times 10^{-7}\)\(\mathrm{m}/\mathrm{s}^{2}/\mathrm{Hz}^{1/2}\). The resolution is better than \(9.5\times 10^{-7}\)\(\mathrm{m}/\mathrm{s}^{2}/\mathrm{Hz}^{1/2}\) in the Taiji technology verification satellite's frequency band of interest between 10 mHz and 1 Hz, which corresponds to the non-sensitive axis of the IS under the current environmental conditions. As shown above, the noise of an inertial sensor in the ground environment is mostly from the seismic noise, which is in the order of magnitude of \(10^{-6}\sim 10^{-7}\)\(\mathrm{m}/\mathrm{s}^{2}/\mathrm{Hz}^{1/2}\) within the measuring frequency. Therefore, the test results can be improved by performing the test in an underground laboratory environment. The system resolution can reach \(3.96\times 10^{-9}\)\(\mathrm{m}/\mathrm{s}^{2}/\mathrm{Hz}^{1/2}\) without the influence of the seismic noise and the suspension fiber system stiffness, which meets the requirements of the space system. In addition, improving temperature control and machining technologies can also further increase the resolution of the IS.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Experimental Performance of EC
#### 3.2.1 Statistical Analysis and Modelling by RSM  
The findings of the experimental studies were analyzed statistically through analysis of variance (ANOVA). Table 5 shows the ANOVA models.  
The \(F\) and \(p\) values presented in Table 5 indicate that the fitted models are significant. The values of \(R^{2}\) and adjusted \(R^{2}\) in the Table 5 also reveal the high significance levels of the models.  
The quadratic regression model Equations (6)-(8) for Zn removal (Y\({}_{1}\)), Ni removal (Y\({}_{2}\)) and Cu removal (Y\({}_{3}\)) in terms of coded factors are given below.  
\[\begin{split}\text{Y}_{1}=+93.51\ +\ 7.05\text{X}_{1}\ +\ 10.35\text{X}_{2}-5.22\text{X}_{3}\ +\ 10.69\text{X}_{4}\ -\ 0.030\text{X}_{1}^{2}-7.46\text{X}_{2}^{2}+0.58\text{X}_{3}^{2}-6.74\text{X}_ {4}^{2}\\ +\ 0.039\text{X}_{1}\text{X}_{2}\ +\ 4.07\text{X}_{1}\text{X}_{3}\ -\ 4.70\text{X}_{1}\text{X}_{4}\ +\ 0.81\text{X}_{2}\text{X}_{3}\ -\ 0.60\text{X}_{2}\text{X}_{4}\ +\ 4.38\text{X}_{3}\text{X}_{4} \end{split} \tag{6}\]  
\[\begin{split}\text{Y}_{2}=+90.88\ +\ 9.06\text{X}_{1}\ +\ 12.42\text{X}_{2}\ -\ 5.53\text{X}_{3}\ +\ 10.75\text{X}_{4}\ -\ 2.14\text{X}_{1}^{2}-8.60\text{X}_{2}^{2}+0.069\text{X}_{3}^{2}-7.71\text{X}_ {4}^{2}\\ -\ 1.75\text{X}_{1}\text{X}_{2}\ +\ 1.35\text{X}_{1}\text{X}_{3}\ -\ 4.46\text{X}_{1}\text{X}_{4}\ +\ 10.1\text{X}_{2}\text{X}_{3}\ +\ 0.93\text{X}_{2}\text{X}_{4}\ +\ 2.24\text{X}_{3}\text{X}_{4}\end{split} \tag{7}\]  
\[\begin{split}\text{Y}_{3}=+97.05\ +\ 2.00\text{X}_{1}\ +\ 3.69\text{X}_{2}\ -\ 1.00\text{X}_{3}\ +\ 3.06\text{X}_{4}\ +\ 0.10\text{X}_{1}^{2}-2.19\text{X}_{2}^{2}+0.79\text{X}_{3}^{2}-1.55\text{X}_ {4}^{2}\\ +\ 0.081\text{X}_{1}\text{X}_{2}\ -\ 0.57\text{X}_{1}\text{X}_{3}\ -\ 1.25\text{X}_{1}\text{X}_{4}\ +\ 0.91\text{X}_{2}\text{X}_{3}\ -\ 0.16\text{X}_{2}\text{X}_{4}\ +\ 0.32\text{X}_{3}\text{X}_{4}\end{split} \tag{8}\]
## 4 Conclusions  
Our results show that the survival of \(L\). _rhammosus_ encapsulated by spray drying was negatively affected by the inlet air temperature, an effect that can be reduced when chia seed mucilage, flaxseed mucilage, or inulin were incorporated into the encapsulation solution. The optimal conditions of encapsulation (0.6% w/v of CM; 14.4% w/v of MD; 90 \({}^{\circ}\)C) improve the survival and viability of probiotics, achieving counts higher than recommended to exert consumer health benefits. Optimum encapsulation conditions allowed promising survival values (>91%) during spray drying and viability (>8.5 log CFU/g) during storage under refrigeration conditions (4 \({}^{\circ}\)C) of \(L\). _plantarum_, _B. infants_, and _B. longum_. The high viscosity of the aqueous solution of chia seed mucilage restricts its concentration in the encapsulation solution by spray drying. However, these results show the potential of chia seed mucilage to thermoprotect the integrity of probiotic cells against processing and storage conditions, which ensure an optimal probiotic efficacy in the end product. The incorporation of probiotic cells into food matrices is not easy, due to the wide range of detrimental processes that take place during food processing and storage. In this context, the results of this study can be used as a reference by the food industry, as the incorporation of chia seed mucilage as an encapsulating agent for probiotic cells by spray drying is a strategy that would surpass the obstacles related to the probiotics' lethality due to food processing and storage.  
Formal analysis, L.L.-M.; Investigation, M.B.; Resources, C.S.; Supervision, M.R.; Visualization, D.V. and R.C.-V.; Writing--original draft, M.B. All authors have read and agree to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was supported by the Agencia Nacional de Investigacion y Desarrollo (ANID) through FONDECYT project No. 11160249. This research was funded (partially) by the Direccion de Investigacion, Universidad de La Frontera, Chile.  
We also acknowledge the support of Direccion de Investigacion provided through GAP and to [PERSON] for her support in editing the English in the manuscript.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.  
Figure 4: Scanning electron microscopy images of spray-dried particles containing probiotics stored for 1 day at 4 \({}^{\circ}\)C. The spray-drying process was conducted with an encapsulating solution that contained maltodextrin (14.4% w/v) and chia seed mucilage (0.6% w/v) and dried with an inlet air temperature of 90 \({}^{\circ}\)C. (**a**) \(L\). _rhammosus_, (**b**) \(L\). _plantarum_, (**c**) _B. infants_, and (**d**) _B. longum_.
# Loosely Coupled GNSS and UWB with INS Integration for Indoor/Outdoor Pedestrian Navigation +
## 4 Test Setup
### Ground Truth  
In order to perform a validation in term of positioning accuracy of the estimated solution, a reference trajectory provided by direct observation is required. This trajectory, used as ground truth, must be of greater accuracy than the solution to be validated and, moreover, must be simultaneously acquired. Therefore, two total stations (the Leica MS50 of Leica Geosystems AG, Heerbrugg, Switzerland and the Trimble S7 of Trimble Geospatial, Sunnyvale, CA, USA) located on the vertices of a small georeferenced topographic network, autonomously locked and traced a moving 360\({}^{\circ}\) prism target (Leica GRZ122), mounted on the multi-sensor platform. Having georeferenced the network, the components of the position of the prism also appear to be in the same reference frame. The georeferencing of this network took place by locating two dual-frequency multi-constellation geodetic GNSS receivers (Leica GS14 and GS18), in static acquisition for several hours on the materialized vertices. The observations were subsequently post-processed with a differential approach and the network compensated in order to obtain the accurate coordinates of the points (cm-level accuracy) projected in a cartographic system (WGS84 reference system with the UTM32N projection). Table 2 shows the coordinates obtained.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Point** & **East (m)** & **North (m)** & **H Ellips. (m)** \\ \hline TS Leica & 394,547.830 & 499,0864.307 & 302.566 \\ TS Trimble & 394,540.988 & 499,0878.101 & 303.492 \\
0x6726 & 394,541.794 & 499,0871.963 & 305.888 \\
0x6119 & 394,535.877 & 499,0875.138 & 305.985 \\
0x617e & 394,541.642 & 499,0886.423 & 306.157 \\
0x6735 & 394,546.468 & 499,0883.866 & 305.827 \\
0x6765 & 394,550.462 & 499,081.682 & 305.869 \\
0x672d & 394,556.253 & 499,0879.496 & 305.554 \\
0x6840 & 394,554.713 & 499,0875.212 & 303.851 \\
0x617c & 394,551.317 & 499,0868.819 & 303.837 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Coordinates of the geo-referenced topographic network and UWB anchors in UTM-WGS84 32N.  
Figure 2: (**a**) Graphical representation of the test with the pedestrian path moving from an outdoor space to an indoor environment. The topographic network, the ultra-wideband (UWB) anchors location and the total stations position are also shown. (**b**) 3D visualization of the outdoor (blue) and indoor (green + red) environments.
## 3 Proposed Joint Resource Optimization for NOMA-Enabled Vehicular Networks
### Solution Variants for Reducing Computational Complexity
#### 3.3.1 Binary Relaxation  
The association and assignment relations are determined by binary variables in the proposed optimization problem, which makes the problem intractable. Although there are advanced algorithms that can efficiently handle binary and integer variables such as branch-and-bound and cutting planes [26; 27], the computational complexity increases sharply as the problem size increases. To reduce the complexity of the problem, we apply relaxation to the binary variables, \(\mathbf{X}\), in the first-phase problem formulation. If the problem satisfies the uni-modular property, the relaxed problem will still yield a binary solution [28]. If it does not, one of the following strategies can be employed:  
* The linear solutions as they are can be interpreted as the proportion of the time when the corresponding action is taken. For example, if \(x_{b\text{c}u}^{h}=0.7\), then \(70\%\) of the time the system will assume \(x_{b\text{c}u}^{h}=1\).
* The linear solutions can be rounded to yield binary solutions. However, the rounding operation may yield infeasible solutions, and thus, validation of the solution should be carried out after each rounding operation. This is the approach taken in this study.
* Iterative removal algorithm [29] can be used to effectively retrieve binary solutions.  
It is worth noting that in the relaxation approach, the second phase is still the same as the original formulation since it does not include any binary or integer variables and thus, it can be quickly solved with a computer solver.
## 3 Material and Methods  
### Polysaccharide Extracts and Commercial Mannoproteins  
As previously described [24], a first fraction of polysaccharides was obtained from the freeze-dried polysaccharides extracted from a _Carignan noir_ wine by two successive steps of anion-exchange [54]. Polysaccharides were loaded on a Fractogel EMD DEAE 650 (M) (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany) column (18 \(\times\) 24 cm\({}^{2}\)). An unbound fraction was recovered, and the bound polysaccharides were eluted as described [24]. The fraction eluted by 50 mM of NaCl on the Fractogel EMD DEAE 650 was loaded on a concanavalin A-Sepharose (Pharmacia, Sweden) column-equilibrated 50 mM sodium acetate buffer pH 5.6 containing 150 mM NaCl, 1 mM CaCl\({}_{2}\), 1 mM MgCl\({}_{2}\), and 1 mM MnCl\({}_{2}\), and the unbound fraction was collected, dialyzed against water, freeze dried, and named WPP (Wine-Purified Polysaccharides). A second fraction of polysaccharides was obtained from the wash water used by the distillery after draining the distilled wine pomace. It was concentrated, precipitated, and lyophilized as described [24] to obtain the DWRP fraction (Distilled Washing Residues Polysaccharides). A commercial product rich in mannoproteins (CM, commercial mannoproteins) and recommended for wine finning at bottling was supplied by Lallemand Bio S.L. (Logrono, Spain).  
These three extracts were characterized in terms of monosaccharide and PS composition, PS molecular weight distribution, and PS purity as described [24]. WPP showed the highest polysaccharide purity (89.7%), followed by CM (66.2%) and DWRP (40.6%) [24]. WPP was mainly composed of RG-II (74.7%) and small amounts of PRAG (14.7%), HG (6.9%), and glycosyl polysaccharides (GP) like celluloses and hemicellulose (3.2%), and DWRP was mainly composed of RG-II (51.1%), PRAG (26.0%), HG (19.1%), and small amounts of GP (2.7%). CM was mainly composed of MP (74.7%) and glucans (25.3%) [24]. HPSEC-RID was used to determine the molecular weight (Mw) distributions of the PS extracts. WPP was mainly composed of medium-Mw PS (71.2%) and low-Mw PS (28.8%). DWRP presented similar Mw distributions than WPP (53.8% of medium-Mw PS and 46.2% of low-Mw PS). Finally, CM was composed of low- (52.8%) and high-Mw PS (45.6%).
# RS-YOLOX: A High-Precision Detector for Object Detection in Satellite Remote Sensing Images
## 4 Experiments
### Experiment Results of Proposed Methods
#### 4.4.2 Effects of the ASFF Algorithm  
After adding ASFF [38] to the neck network in the YOLOX model, we obtained the results shown in Table 3.  
We tested ASFF on three datasets, and the accuracy of the model was greatly improved. However, the parameters and calculations increased and the time of model forward inference increased. Although it increases the number of parameters and computation to a certain extent, it is also a feasible method to improve the accuracy without the need to achieve real-time detection.
## 2 Gait and Balance Rehabilitation
### Rehabilitation Approaches and Training Modes
#### 2.2.1 Sitting/Lying-Type Rehabilitation Devices (Stationary Trainers)  
Recent works have stated that rehabilitation is more effective in the early stage after neurological damage occurs [64]. However, in the initial rehabilitation stage, patients may not be able to maintain their balance when standing by themselves or using a body weight support (BWS) system. Thus, the rehabilitation devices that require patients to be in a standing position are not suitable for them. In this context, stationary trainers are used. Stationary trainers are rehabilitation systems in which the patient is in a resting position (sitting or lying) next to the robotic device. Since the patient is in a resting position, these kinds of systems cannot provide direct gait rehabilitation, but they can prepare the patient for future gait and dynamic balance rehabilitation by strengthening lower-limb muscles as well as increasing joint mobility and movement coordination [41].  
Stationary trainers can be grouped into two types depending on the human-machine mechanical interface. On the one hand, there exist end effector-type stationary trainers, in which the connection between the patient and the rehabilitation system takes place at the distal segment of the patient (the foot). Lambda [65], NEUROBike [66], the design proposed by [PERSON] et at. [67], and the commercialized elliptical trainer MOTOmed(r) (RECK Group, Betzenweiler, Germany) are examples of footplate-based end effectors. In these systems, the objective is to rehabilitate the whole lower limb by increasing the muscle activity and hip--knee--ankle joint mobility. There also exist platform-based end effectors for exercising and restoring specific joints such as the human ankle [68] and knee [69]. Furthermore, end effector-type stationary systems like the Erigo(r)-Tilt Table (Hocoma, Volketswil, Switzerland) have also been developed for early-stage mobilization of the lower limbs and to gradually help the patient to maintain an upright position.  
On the other hand, there are stationary trainers based on exoskeletons or active orthosis. In these systems, the exoskeleton is attached to a stationary frame and guides the patient's leg according to a preprogrammed motion. The exoskeleton-based stationary trainers covered in the literature include Physiotherapot [70], MotionMaker [71], Supine [72], and iLeg [73]. Even though these robotic systems are not appropriate for gait or balance rehabilitation, as end effector-based stationary trainers, they provide an efficient strengthening of the lower-limb muscles.  
Finally, there also exist stationary trainers that combine footplate-based end effectors with passive orthoses. While the passive orthosis provides a proper support to the lower limbs and guides hip, knee, and ankle rotation, the footplate-based end effectors carry out rehabilitation trajectories. The ANKUR-LL II [74] and the mechanism proposed by [PERSON] et al. [75] are examples of this type of trainer found in the literature.
# Research Progress on the Influence of Thermo-Chemical Effects on the Swelling Pressure of Bentonite
## 3 Influence of Thermo-Chemical Effect on the Swelling Pressure
### Effect of the Pore Salt Solution Concentration on the Swelling Pressure
[48] proposed to distinguish the two swelling mechanisms by the pore ratio. Similarly, ignoring the temperature change, the swelling pressure of GMZ01 bentonite with 75% montmorillonite content was investigated, and the combined effect of double-layer swelling and crystal-layer swelling was distinguished from the swelling caused by the crystal-layer swelling effect with a critical pore ratio of 0.41. In the case of low porosity (less than 0.41), a diffusion double layer could not form [49], and the swelling pressure  
Figure 5: Comparison of the influence of the cation type on the swelling pressure of GMZ01 bentonite [26]. Figure 6: Effect of a salt solution at different concentration on the swelling pressure [24]. increased with the increasing concentration but was not particularly pronounced. Thus, the swelling pressure could be explained by the theory of crystalline-layer swelling with increasing cation valence, on the basis of which, Ca\({}^{2+}\) will lead to a greater crystalline-layer swelling compared to Na\({}^{+}\)[42]. The swelling pressure increased with the increasing pore solution concentration for pore ratios less than 0.5 [50]. Combined with the above analysis, this stage was considered to be the crystal-layer swelling control stage, and the swelling pressure was almost generated by the swelling between the crystal layers. The above study investigated the variation of the swelling pressure from the perspective of the pore ratio under the action of two swelling mechanisms, while some studies further analyzed the reasons for the variation of the swelling pressure from the perspective of the variation of soil-water interfacial forces. For illustration purposes, the concepts of accumulated wedging pressure (AWP) and dissipated wedging pressure (DWP) were used to determine the development of the swelling pressure in terms of the competition between the two pressures [35]. The wedging pressure results from the wedging of water molecules into the interlayer of montmorillonite, interparticle swelling, and the competition between the dissociation of the initially accumulated montmorillonite layer and aggregated particles, due to the continuous entry of water molecules and the deformation, damage, and dislocation of the bentonite block, leading to pressure dissipation. It manifests as small pore formation and large pore collapse when the latter process predominate [51]. The concept also links the flatness of the pore structure to the ultimate stabilization of the swelling pressure, the essence of which remains inseparable from the swelling mechanism of the mineral crystal layer and the interparticle double layer.
# Internet of Things (IoT) Cybersecurity: Literature Review and IoT Cyber Risk Management
## 3 The Four-Layer IoT Cyber Risk Management Framework
### IoT Cyber Ecosystem Layer
#### 3.1.4 Governments  
Government cybersecurity regulations are imposed on organizations to make the necessary investments to meet the minimum regulatory requirements. For example, the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA) was enacted to protect the security and privacy of healthcare information by creating national standards [62], and the Health Information Technologyfor Economic and Clinical Health Act (HITECH) of 2009 expanded the scope of privacy and security protections available under HIPAA [63]. These regulations significantly affect hospital data-sharing practices and potentially mobile healthcare operations.  
In the US, as of July 2020, various cybersecurity regulations have been enacted to safeguard organizations' computer systems and protect data from cyberattacks. For example, the Internet of Medical Things Resilience Partnership Act of 2017 (the Medical Things Act) (H.R. 3985, 115 Cong. (2017)) establishes a working group of private and public entities to develop voluntary guidelines and frameworks for the security of Internet of Medical Things devices [64]. The Internet of Things Cybersecurity Improvement Act of 2019 would require a supplier of IoT devices to meet specified criteria before a U.S. government agency buys devices [65].  
In Europe, the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) 2016/679 sets minimum levels of cybersecurity requirements for organizations to safeguard personal data they collect [66]. On June 7, 2019, the EU Cybersecurity Act was published in the Official Journal of the European Union [67]. This regulation proposes that the EU Cybersecurity Act establish a new mandate for the European Union Agency for Network and Information Security (\"ENISA\"), the EU Agency for Cybersecurity, and a European cybersecurity certification framework.  
As discussed, governments address security concerns related to the use of IoT services by enacting regulations and incentivizing security technology investments with various taxes. Organizations involved in IoT cybersecurity technologies, IoT products, services, or processes should monitor the evolution of the various government regulations, assess their impacts on their IoT systems development, and consider necessary investments.
# FLAME-VQA: A Fuzzy Logic-Based Model for High Frame Rate Video Quality Assessment
## 5 Results and Discussion
### Evaluation of the Model Output
As seen from the figures, a complex relationship between the input pairs and the predicted MOS exists. The subplot (a) shows how high frame rates cannot guarantee high MOS values if the level of video compression also remains high. This is somewhat expected, since the high compression levels introduce various video artifacts, adversely affecting the overall quality and user experience. In high-frame-rate videos (over 60 fps), the relationship between frame rate and temporal information becomes interesting, hence the subplot (b). With higher frame rates, there are more frames captured and displayed in a given time interval. This increase in frames leads to smoother motion and a more accurate representation of high-speed actions. This can be particularly important in videos with fast-moving subjects, sports events, or action scenes, which were included in the LIVE-YT-HFR dataset. High frame rates enhance the temporal information because the shorter time gap between frames captures rapid changes and motion more accurately. Figure 7b portrays this behavior which allows us to conclude that this complex relationship was successfully captured by the FIS of the model.