## 2 Materials, Methods, and Equipment
### Specimens Geometrical Dimensions, Manufacturing Parameters, and Experimental Procedures  
The empirical investigation involved the use of SolidWorks 2020, a 3D CAD software, for the design and creation of the test specimens. SolidWorks 2020 was utilized to design the model of the tensile test specimen, in compliance with the ISO 527-2:2012 standard [57], as depicted in Figure 1.  
Subsequently, the models designated for tensile testing were transformed into the STL file format. These files serve as the foundational input for configuring and fine-tuning the parameters within the 3D printing workflow. The Creality K1 3D printer (Creality, Shenzhen, China), utilizing FDM technology, and the HALOT-MAGE PRO 8K Resin 3D Printer (Creality, Shenzhen, China), employed for SLA technology, were utilized in the fabrication of the tensile test specimens. The printer parameters were adjusted using the Creality slicer software (v. 4.3.8.6984) for the FDM 3D printer ([[https://wiki.creality.com/en/Software-&-Firmware/Creality](https://wiki.creality.com/en/Software-&-Firmware/Creality)]([https://wiki.creality.com/en/Software-&-Firmware/Creality](https://wiki.creality.com/en/Software-&-Firmware/Creality)) \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l} \hline \hline
**Parameter** & **Value** \\ \hline Layer thickness (mm) & 0.05 \\ Colour & silver \\ Normal exposure time (s) & 2–3 \\ Off time (s) & 0.5–2 \\ Bottom exposure time (s) & 20–40 \\ Bottom layers & 3–6 \\ Z lift distance (mm) & 5–10 \\ Z lift speed (mm/s) & 2–6 \\ Z retract speed (mm/s) & 2–6 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: ABS-like resin specification [56]. Figure 1: Design of the tensile test specimen following the guidelines of the ISO 527-2:2012 standard. Slicing-Software/new-page/, accessed on 17 October 2023) and the ChituBox slicer (Version 1.9.5) for the SLA 3D printer ([[https://www.chitubox.com/en/download/chitubox-free](https://www.chitubox.com/en/download/chitubox-free)]([https://www.chitubox.com/en/download/chitubox-free](https://www.chitubox.com/en/download/chitubox-free)), accessed on 2 December 2023). Within the Creality slicer software, users can choose from four infill patterns: line, hexagon, triangle, and 3D infill. In this research, the 'Hexagon' infill pattern was consistently applied to all ABS tensile test samples, utilizing both 30% and 100% fill densities, as illustrated in Figure 2a. Upon configuring the requisite parameters in the Creality slicer software, as elaborated in Table 4, G-code was produced and then forwarded to the computer overseeing the 3D printer's operations. The configuration of parameters for the SLA 3D printer was performed in the ChituBox slicer software (Version 1.9.5), as shown in Table 5. In Figure 2b, ABS-like tensile test specimens are displayed, employing a \"Hexagon\" infill pattern with fill densities of both 30% and 100%. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l} \hline \hline
**Parameter** & **Value** \\ \hline Filament diameter (mm) & 1.75 \\ Infill pattern & Hexagon \\ Infill density (\%) & 30; 100 \\ Nozzle diameter (mm) & 0.40 \\ Base print speed (mm/s) & 300.00 \\ Travel speed (mm/s) & 500.00 \\ First layer maximum (mm/s) & 60.00 \\ Top solid layers & 3 \\ Bottom solid layers & 3 \\ Layer height (mm) & 0.15 \\ First layer height (mm) & 0.15 \\ Extrusion temperature (\({}^{\circ}\)C) & 250 \\ Bed temperature (\({}^{\circ}\)C) & 90 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: Main FDM 3D-printing parameters. Figure 2: Specim with “Hexagon” infill pattern: (**a**) in Creality slicer software and (**b**) in ChituBox slicer software. A total of 20 identical tensile test specimens were printed, with ten specimens produced for each material (Figure 3). Table 6 exhibits the recorded parameters during the 3D printing process of all ABS and ABS-like tensile specimens. The printing was conducted using both the Creality K1 3D printer and the Geetech Alkaid 2K mono LCD screen printer. All the 3D-printed specimens underwent testing in compliance with the ISO 527-2:2012 standard.