## 4 Conclusions  
This study presents a resilience-based seismic evaluation framework that extends the FEMA P-58 methodology by explicitly incorporating construction-specific attributes, particularly the prefabrication ratio and the types of prefabricated components. The proposed method introduces a dynamic repair scheduling logic that adjusts recovery sequences based on these inputs, allowing for a more accurate estimation of functional recovery timelines for both cast-in situ and precast concrete buildings. A case study involving three four-story prestressed concrete frame buildings (cast-in situ, 50 percent prefabricated, and fully precast with MT connection) demonstrated the framework's capability. Nonlinear time-history analyses and probabilistic simulations  
Figure 15: The repair schedule of PCaPC with MT for 5%-in-50-years hazard levels. (**a**) The median. (**b**) The 90 th percentile. were used to evaluate damage and derive recovery trajectories under multiple seismic hazard levels. Key findings include the following:  
* Mobilization delays, particularly for inspections, permits, and contractor deployment, significantly impact early recovery phases and total downtime. * Nonstructural components such as stairs, partitions, ceilings, and mechanical and electrical systems are primary contributors to the total repair time, exceeding the impact of structural damage in many cases. This underscores the benefit of using modular nonstructural components, such as precast stair units, to accelerate recovery. * Structural safety and building functionality are distinct performance objectives. Even when structural integrity is preserved under rare earthquakes, functional loss may occur under frequent, lower-intensity shaking, justifying the need for functionality-oriented design frameworks. * The results confirm that prefabrication significantly accelerates recovery. At the 5-percent-in-50-years hazard level, the partially prefabricated frame achieved a 40-day shorter median repair time than the cast-in situ building. The fully prefabricated frame with MT connections further reduced the median repair time by approximately 97 days, owing to its controlled damage regions and self-centering behavior. Compared to existing frameworks such as FEMA P-58 and REDi, the proposed method offers two significant advantages. First, it enables differentiated repair sequences based on construction strategy, rather than assuming a fixed sequence. Second, it distinguishes recovery paths even among buildings with the same prefabrication ratio but different prefabricated component types. These capabilities fill a critical gap in current resilience assessment methodologies. Practically, the framework serves as a decision-support tool for designers and policymakers. It enables the quantification of how prefabrication strategies and component modularity affect downtime, informing seismic design, retrofit, and construction planning. For example, stakeholders can evaluate whether increasing the prefabrication ratio or adopting specific precast components, such as modular stairs or facade panels, will meaningfully reduce the recovery time for a given project. While current model inputs rely on standard databases such as FEMA PACT, REDi, and F-Rec, future research should incorporate region-specific data on repair durations and mobilization factors for prefabricated components. Despite this limitation, the proposed framework provides a generalizable and practical tool for improving resilience evaluation in both precast and cast-in situ concrete structures, offering both methodological innovation and engineering relevance. Conceptualization, H.Z. and N.T. ; methodology, H.Z. and N.T. ; formal analysis, H.Z. and N.T. ; investigation, H.Z. ; writing--original draft preparation, H.Z. ; writing--review and editing, H.Z. and N.T. ; supervision, N.T. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. This work was supported by JST SPRING, grant number JPMJSP2114. Not applicable.