## 3 Results  
### Analysis of Digital Systems in Construction Management  
The AEC (Architecture, Engineering and Construction) industry exhibits large scale complexity and is subject to a diversity of risks as it contains many interdependent activities. Thus, the use of smart technologies to mitigate and reduce risks and help manage operations and activities is both welcomed and necessary [5]. By employing virtual environment operations in all phases of construction project implementation (such as building information modeling, virtual/augmented reality assistance, advanced analytics based on sensor data, etc.), project management relies on large amounts of data to improve the performance and decision-making processes [6]. It should be noted that the employment of digital twins in the management of the construction industry increases productivity, saves time in addition to reducing costs, and contributes to enhanced risk and process management, which in turn improves the quality and safety [7]. Projects that depend on modern technology are becoming more energy efficient and rely on sustainable innovation through the use of technologies such as robots, artificial intelligence, nanotechnology, etc. [8].  
The digital transformation in the construction industry reveals new principles and guidelines for exploiting previously untapped opportunities to improve the performance and quality and reduce the potential risks. In addition, these technologies, specific to the Industry 4.0 and Industry 5.0 approaches, also create niches for the use of big data within an Internet of Things approach that leads to advanced Building Information Modeling(BIM) [9]. Most of the aspects of addressing risk in construction projects using such digital means are represented below (see Figure 1):  
The digital twin is one of the modern technologies being used in many industries, providing support in modeling, simulation, analysis and prediction and improvement in performance [10]. The DTCP system consists of three basic components: the physical system, which includes the target AEC entity; the virtual system, which includes a computerized representation of the physical artefacts; and the medium, which represents the carrier environment and communication system, where the data are collected from the physical system and transferred to the virtual system for evaluation and timely decisions [2]. It should be noted that the digital twin combines the real-time and historical data as it supports analytics with a high degree of integration, which helps in rapid planning and predictions; thus, in addition to saving time and facilitating monitoring, it contributes to the process of sustainably improving the performance and removing anomalies over the lifetime of the project [11].  
The technology used in the sensors depends on the data they carry regarding some measurements such as movement, angle, speed, temperature, pictures, videos; these data are extracted and converted into information for displaying on computer screens to understand the processes or for performing some algorithmic analysis and digital processing [12]. This information can be used for examining construction site situations (both consistent and divergent with the plans), analyzing the movement of workers and machines or examining equipment condition and taking preventive measures, which helps to achieve security and occupational safety.