# Evaluation of Subway Emergency Evacuation Based on Combined Theoretical and Simulation Methods
## 3 Methodology
### Simulation Setup  
The personnel simulation parameters for this station are established based on six dimensions: gender, age, familiarity with the environment, positional context within the environment, personality traits, and walking speed. Of these dimensions, familiarity with the environment and personality traits are qualitative variables which pose challenges for direct incorporation into the simulation parameters. Consequently, it is necessary to modify walking speed to align with the requisite simulation criteria. 1. Personnel spatial parameters  
Personnel spatial parameters pertain to the vertical projected area occupied by individuals, which includes both static and dynamic contexts. The static spatial size is defined as the projected area occupied by individuals who are stationary. Researchers have undertaken studies on personnel spatial parameters, gathering data on the spatial dimensions associated with various categories of individuals in specific locales. In conditions of congestion, the four classifications of static spatial areas are delineated in Table 2. Additionally, the Tianjin Fire Research Institute in China conducted random sampling of 100 individuals, categorizing the shapes of their projected areas into elliptical, circular, and rectangular forms. The findings reveal that when the projected shape is classified as elliptical, the average projected area for passengers is 0.246 m\({}^{2}\). In cases where the shape is identified as circular, the average area is 0.268 m\({}^{2}\), and when classified as rectangular, the average area is 0.297 m\({}^{2}\). 2. Personnel category  
To categorize personnel, the initial step involves configuring the age and gender of the individuals. Drawing upon pertinent research in human behavior, individuals within the station are classified into distinct age groups: children (under 12 years), adolescents (ages 13-18), young adults (ages 19-40), middle-aged adults (ages 41-60), and seniors (ages 60 and above). Furthermore, given that young adults and middle-aged adults represent a significant demographic and that gender differences notably influence evacuation behavior, these two groups are further subdivided by gender. Consequently, evacuees are ultimately classified into seven distinct categories: children, adolescents, young adult males, young adult females, middle-aged adult males, middle-aged adult females, and seniors. The subsequent step involves analyzing the characteristics of passenger flow, which encompasses three primary aspects: stride length, stride frequency, and walking speed. Stride length refers to the distance between consecutive footprints during ambulation, while stride frequency denotes the number of steps taken within a specified timeframe. Walking speed is defined as the distance traversed in a given unit of time. Due to the inter-relationship among these three factors, a typical walking speed is often selected for \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Spatial Index** & **Actionable Area** & **Comfort Area** & **Non-Contact Area** & **Contact Area** \\ \hline Equivalent diameter (m) & 0.609 & 0.533 & 0.457 & 0.231 \\ Space area (m\({}^{2}\)) & 1.21 & 0.93 & 0.66 & 0.28 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Classification of static personnel spatial areas. the analysis of passenger movement characteristics. Based on relevant research findings, the walking speed ranges for various demographic categories during emergency situations are delineated in Table 3.  
The context of this study pertains to emergency evacuation, particularly in circumstances characterized by elevated passenger volumes. In these situations, individuals' anxiety levels tend to intensify, as there is a pressing need for passengers to exit the station swiftly. Consequently, when establishing walking speeds for the simulation, it is imperative to utilize higher values that accurately represent the conditions encountered during evacuation scenarios.