# A Survey of Game Theoretic Approaches to Modelling Decision-Making in Information Warfare Scenarios
## 2 Information Warfare
### Information Warfare Related Terms  
The term \"information warfare\" is often used interchangeably with other terms in the cyber security domain. We consider a number of these terms here and their relationship to information warfare: cyber-space, cyber-attack, cyber-warfare, and cyber-crime. As with the term \"information\", various definitions of cyberspace have been offered by the research community [29]. One comprehensive definition of cyberspace was offered by [PERSON] [29]. He argued that cyberspace includes more than just computer and digital information aspects. [PERSON] concluded that cyberspace includes four important aspects: an operational space, a natural domain, information based and interconnected networks [28; 29]. To reflect these aspects, [PERSON] [29] defines cyberspace as:  
_\"A global domain within the information environment whose distinctive and unique character is framed by the use of electronics and the electromagnetic spectrum to create, store, modify, exchange and exploit information via interdependent and interconnected networks using information communication technologies.\"_  
The difference between information- and cyber-based assets has also been discussed, including a discussion comparing information security and cyber security [30]. Unlike information security, cyber security has also been linked to non-information based assets such as human factors. An example is the case where cyber-bullying occurs. It is argued that being bullied in cyberspace does not constitute a loss of confidentiality, integrity, or availability of information. Rather, the victim of such attacks might be the user him/herself. Taking the definition of cyberspace [29] into account, [PERSON] et al. [28] offered a definition of cyber-attack, as: _\"An act in cyber space that could reasonably be expected to cause harm.\"_ Harm in the above definition was viewed in a broad context such as from the perspectives of economic, psychological and physical aspects. To reach a general definition that can describe any related cyber situation, two major components were considered by [PERSON] et al. [28]: (1) the actor, which is the one launching cyber-attacks; and (2) the intent of their attack. An actor can be a state, an individual, a group of terrorists, and so on. The intent, on the other hand, relates to the purpose of the attack performed by the actor. This component plays a key role in the definition. Some examples of common intents [28] include achieving military objectives (warfare), gaining personal benefit through illegal means (crime), causing psychological distress to another individual (bullying), and influencing a nation's policies through violence and fear (terrorism [31; 32]). By considering the two components, the definition extends to any cyber situation. For instance, if the actor is a nation and the intention of launching a cyber-attack is to reach a military objective, than such a situation is considered as cyber warfare. On the other hand, if the actor is an individual who launches a cyber-attack to cause shame, guilt, and depression to other individual, such a situation is likely to be considered as cyber-bullying. Using the above definition, cyber warfare was defined as: _\"The use of cyber attacks with a warfare-like intent\"_[28]. This paper adopts the definition of [PERSON] et al. [28], as it proposes a methodical approach that can distinguish any cyber events. However, we argue that the intent of cyber-crime may possibly go beyond what was described by [PERSON] et al. Rather, we adopt a broader view of cyber crime similar to [PERSON] [33], who defines cyber-crime as: _\"any illegal cyber activity or unlawful computer network action.\"_  
By using the above definition, we consider that cyber-crime consists of various activities in the cyberspace that can potentially cause harm and are against the law. Cyber-crime can, therefore, be seen as a broad domain which includes any cyber situations that are unlawful, such as cyber warfare, cyber-bullying, cyber-espionage, and so on.