esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Design of K-Band Power Amplifier with 180-Degree Phase-Shift Function Using Low-Power CMOS Process
## 2 Design of the CMOS Power Amplifier with LP Process
### Multi-Stage Structure for Wide Bandwidth  
In this study, wideband characteristics were secured by actively utilizing the four-stage structure. As shown in Figure 5a, superimposed staggered tuning techniques that optimize each stage to have a different frequency band are typically utilized to secure the wide bandwidth of the power amplifier [18; 19; 20; 21]. The superimposed staggered tuning techniques have been continuously improving in various ways, such as a superimposed dual-band structure [22]. In general, the superimposed staggered tuning techniques are mainly applied to amplifiers consisting of two or three stages. In order to apply the superimposed staggered tuning technique to the power amplifier of this study, the characteristics of each stage were first considered. In this study, a power-matching technique was used in the power stage, while the phase shift function was installed in the first driver stage. Therefore, the first driver and the power stages were designed to have a high peak gain at different frequencies rather than to widen the bandwidth. In addition, the first driver and power stages are designed to be responsible for gain in a relatively low frequency. Instead, for the second and third stages, it was designed to have wide bandwidth as well as secure the gains, as it only needs to be faithful to the role of securing the gains. Such wide bandwidth technique is shown in Figure 5b. The frequency with the highest gain for each stage was optimized though C\({}_{8,1}\), C\({}_{5,2}\), and C\({}_{8,3}\) of Figure 2.  
For the driver and power stages, it was designed with the conjugate-matching and the general power-matching techniques, respectively. Figure 6 shows the locations of impedance of the transistors used in this study. The transformer used for matching for each stage was interpreted as a simple \(T\)-model. In Figure 6a, \(L_{P,n}\), \(L_{S,n}\), and \(L_{M,n}\) show the self- and mutual-inductances of the primary and secondary windings of the transformer, respectively. Figure 6b shows a part of the Smith chart showing the trajectory of change in impedance for conjugate matching according to the matching components.  
Figure 5: Strategies to secure wide bandwidth in multi-stage structures: (**a**) typical and (**b**) proposed techniques.  
Figure 6: Conjugate matching for inter-stage: (**a**) schematic and (**b**) Smith chart.
# A Novel Multi-Cell Interference-Aware Cooperative QoS-Based NOMA Group D2D System
###### Abstract  
Nonorthogonal multiple access (NOMA), one of the favorable candidates of next-generation wireless networks combined with group device-to-device (D2D) networks, can sufficiently increase a system's spectral efficiency. In fact, in a cooperative scenario, successive interference cancellation (SIC) is used in NOMA receivers to reduce the complexity of relaying, as each user has to decode high-order user data. This work presents a quality of service (QoS)-based cooperative NOMA-aided group D2D system (Q-CNOMA). The Q-CNOMA system not only reduces the burden on the group transmitter by relaying the signal to a receiver in neighboring cells but also improves the overall system performance. In order to model the major components in a D2D scenario such as receivers clustering around a transmitter, the spatial distribution of D2D transmitters is modeled using a Gaussian-Poisson process (GPP). A closed-form expression of outage probability is calculated and benchmarked against conventional systems to prove the superiority of the proposed Q-CNOMA system.  
quality of service; device-to-device communication; non-orthogonal multiple access; stochastic geometry +
Footnote †: journal:  
Article  
A Novel Multi-Cell Interference-Aware NOMA Group D2D System  
communication network [11]. Furthermore, cooperative relaying combined with NOMA possesses a significant potential to enhance the network throughput. In particular, by employing cooperative relaying NOMA, the data rate of the far users would be expected to improve without the involvement of a base station [12]. Hence, introducing D2D communication along with NOMA relaying is of paramount importance.
## 2 Experimental Methods and Results
### Experimental Results  
A single pulse energy of 120 \(\upmu\)J was used in this experiment, and the laser beam scanned the same area several times at a scanning speed of 500 mm/s. The laser operation is shown in Figure 1b. The laser beam is first scanned in the \(x\)-direction, and then it does not stop and keeps the original speed of moving to the next line in the \(y\)-direction until the whole area is scanned. Therefore, the time between two scan lines is 8 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-5}\) s. After completing a scan, the laser beam returns to the starting point along the outer contour of the scanned area and repeats the motion of the previous scan until the set number of times is reached and the device stops. So, the time between two passes is 2 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-3}\) s. Figure 2a-d  
Figure 1: (**a**) The femtosecond galvanometer scanning system; (**b**) schematic of laser scanning.  
depicts the surface morphology of the micro-structure as scanned by SEM at various times. The surface morphology was scanned five times, as shown in Figure 2a. The nanoscale stripes are the most studied laser-induced periodic surface structure (LIPSS), while the micron-scale stripes have been found in related studies, and the depth between the micron-scale stripes is significantly deeper in this study. The dual-scale stripes produced various undulating states on the material surface, which influenced the subsequent laser action. At ten scans, a micro-hole appears in the scanned area, and the smaller diameter micro-hole begins to appear within two adjacent micron-scale stripes, and then new micro-hole continues to be induced around them, causing the micro-hole to appear in clusters. As the laser continues to scan, the entire scanned area is covered with micro-hole after 20 scans, but the size of the micro-hole varies in diameter and the undulating state at the pores is ununiform. Previous research linked the formation of microstructures to the Marangoni effect, which was caused by the surface melt flow and re-solidification process, so there would be some undulation on the material surface at the start of micro-hole formation [21]. At 30 scans, the micro-hole in the scanned area touch with a certain periodicity, as shown in Figure 2d, and the diameter of the micro-hole tends to be uniform, and the undulation at the pores in the area is more consistent. The depth difference between the pores and the bottom of the pores directly determines the roughness of the material surface, which directly determines the coating properties in the coating application of turbine blades. As a result, it is critical to be able to precisely control the depth of the pore opening and the pore bottom when the material's surface undulation is stable after the micro-hole generation.
## 2 The Study Area
### Reflectorless Total Station  
Certain points situated in the rocks on the front of the rock glacier were measured using a total station, which measured the distance without the need to place a reflector on the point to be measured. Data could be collected from the front of the glacier using TLS, but this was not useful in this case since it is an instrument that measures a great quantity of points and cannot be defined with precision on the same individual element for the annual observation.  
The aim of this measurement was to determine the dynamic behaviour of the front, and in order to do so the same points must be observed over the period in which the front is measured (2005-2019). In the first measurement in 2005, data (X,Y,Z) were recorded at 54 points, but in the last record (August 2019), of the 54 original points only 22 points were measured. The reason for this is that over the years many of these points disappeared as they became covered by the displacement of other blocks of rock material or rolled over, which rendered their measurement from the topographic base impossible. The measurement site at which the total station is established is permanent and stable. It is located in the frontal part of the rock glacier.  
The instruments used were able to identify and monitor the movements of points observed at the same time, as they take a general photograph of the point observed (Figure 3a) and another in great detail (Figure 3b-d). Therefore, this photography serves as a guide when locating these points in the measurements made in later years. The uncertainty of the measurement made by this total station and developing the radiation technique is \(\pm\)1 cm, which includes the error generated in stationing the instruments (\(\pm\)7 mm) and that of the instrument itself in measuring the distance without a prism, which is \(\pm\)3 mm.  
Figure 3: (**a**) Image (low quality) obtained using the total station with the position of the points measured on the front of the rock glacier. (**b**) Detailed image of point 29 in 2007, obtained with the total station. (**c**) The same point 29 in the year 2008. (**d**) Point 29 in the year 2009.
# Effect of Surface Mass Loading on Geodetic GPS Observations
## 4 Conclusions  
Considering the limitations of the RMS analysis--i.e., that it can only be used in the time domain--in this paper, WTC was applied to identify the correlation and relative phases between GPS height time series and AOH deformation time series in the time-frequency space. The results of the WTC-based semblance analysis indicate that AOH is not a complete representation of the driving force for the non-linear GPS site motions. AOH modelling errors (e.g., interpolation method), other geophysical effects (e.g., groundwater) and GPS system errors (e.g., local multi-path and tropospheric mis-modelling) can cause the phase asynchrony between GPS observations and AOH displacements. Furthermore, the impact of AOH corrections on noise estimates were investigated. The results showed that, for most sites, the velocity uncertainty is improved after AOH corrections, whereas the velocity uncertainty increases for some sites due to the large amplitude of noise and/or the decreased spectral index after AOH corrections. Overall, this indicates that the posterior mass loading model correction is potentially feasible but not sufficient. In conclusion, the wavelet coherence analysis is a useful exploratory tool to identify correlated behaviors and the time-variable relative phases between GPS observations and mass loading displacements.  
All the authors listed contributed equally to the work presented in this paper. This study is supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (KYCX18_0617), Postgraduate Student Research & Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province (KYCX18_0617). The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Detection and Optimization of Photovoltaic Arrays' Tilt Angles Using Remote Sensing Data
## 2 Methodology
### Optimization of Tilt Angle Based on Irradiance Simulation
Finally, effects from shadowing have to be considered between the modules, as well as the surrounding environment. The shadowing for a given \(PVM^{j}\in PVA^{i}\) in instance \(t\) is estimated with a discrete function \(H\). At first, for the given time-step \(t\), the grid \(G\) is adjusted, where the cells' heights are located within the 2D XY plane of a given \(PVM^{j}\). These cells can be found using the point-in-polygon algorithm. The height of such a cell is then estimated by bilinear interpolation of the 3D polygon's four vertices for a given \(PVM^{j}\), as follows:  
\[c_{i}.z=(1-c_{i}.x^{\prime})(1-c_{i}.y^{\prime})v_{1}.z+c_{i}.x^{\prime}(1-c_{ i}.y^{\prime})v_{2}.z+(1-c_{i}.x^{\prime})c_{i}.y^{\prime}v_{3}.z+c_{i}.x^{ \prime}c_{i}.y^{\prime}v_{4}.z \tag{20}\]  
where \(c_{i}.x^{\prime}=\frac{c_{i}.x-v_{1}.x}{v_{2}.x-v_{1}.x}\) and \(c_{i}.y^{\prime}=\frac{c_{i}.y-v_{1}.y}{v_{3}.y-v_{1}.y}\). Then, the shadowing for a given cell \(c_{u}\) within \(G^{\prime}\) that belongs to \(PVM^{j}\) is estimated for time instance \(t\), as follows [8]:  
\[H(j,t)= \begin{cases}0,&\text{if }\forall c_{i}\in PVM^{j}\,\exists c_{i}.z<c_{ k}.z-\frac{d(c_{i}.c_{i})\mathbf{s}(t).z}{\sqrt{\mathbf{s}(t).x^{2}+\mathbf{s}(t).y^{2}}},\\ 1,&\text{otherwise},\end{cases}  \tag{21}\]  
where \(c_{i}\) is a grid cell belonging to \(PVM^{j}\), and \(c_{k}\) is a cell along the path of the directional vector \(\mathbf{s}\) pointing to the relative position of the Sun (in Cartesian coordinates) for time instance \(t\). The main reason shadowing is estimated using grid \(G\) is to decrease computational complexity, as this operation presents the bottleneck of solar irradiance simulation that is executed on the Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) (see [48]).
## 2 The Evolution of Vehicle-Mounted Media
### Characteristics of Vehicle-Mounted Media Scenarios  
Considering both the internal and the external environments, the characteristics of vehicle-mounted media scenarios can be summarized in three aspects as follows:  
* **Limited cabin space for hardware**: Different from home and office scenarios, the cabin space is relatively enclosed and narrow. In terms of the wheelbase as an indicator, Class A cars represented by Toyota Corolla, Nissan SYLPHY, and Class B cars represented by BMW 3 Series, Audi A4L, and Passat, are only 2550-2700 mm and 2700-2800 mm width respectively. In such a small space, it consists of body, engine, electrical equipments and chassis, etc. Therein, the chassis also includes the systems of transmission, steering, driving, braking, etc. In view of the automobile structure, the increment of hardware is quite difficult, an high integration should be considered as the main  
Figure 1: Content arrangements of this paper.  
target for both front and rear vehicle-mounted media products, so as to achieve an excellent IVI audiovisual experience.
* **The restriction of traffic law**: It is very important to avoid diverting drivers' attention in any activity, i.e., the actions of distracted driving must be strictly prohibited. On the one hand, if the drivers enjoy IVI applications, their response may be not as quickly as usual and some negative effects occur more likely, e.g., delays or faulty operations. Therefore, the principle of enriching IVI function is that drivers strictly abide by the existing traffic rules to guarantee safe-driving. On the other hand, different from drivers, passengers could fully enjoy the IVI functions. In order to successfully construct the vehicle-mounted media scenario, the target users for IVI applications should be precisely pinpointed
* **Stability and mobility for user segment**: The effective audiences in vehicle-mounted scenario are actually drivers and passengers, who have the characteristics of stability and mobility. On the one hand, for private vehicles, users are often limited to the number of car-owners. In this case, this segment is relatively stable. IVI devices only need to understand the individual routing behaviors and provide services according to the timetable. On the other hand, for the shared or public vehicles, people take commercial vehicles or taxies by car-hailing or carpool. The user segment shows the properties of strong mobility and huge social diversity. According to the Uses and Gratification Theory, IVI equipments should cover the particular needs and interests of different user segments with the trend of demassification, and then render diversified and personalized IVI services in cabin space.
# A Survey on Unmanned Surface Vehicles for Disaster Robotics: Main Challenges and Directions
## 2 Groundwork
### Existing Surveys about USVs
[7] review works on Urban SAR, also referring to USVs only marginally. In a recent survey on multihop networks for aerial and aquatic robots, [PERSON] et al. [50] conclude that most works related to the topic focus on general applications, while disaster specific works lead those involving specific applications. In harsh post-disaster scenarios where the communication infrastructure (e.g., antennas, base stations, etc.) has been destroyed, IEEE 802.11 standards for ad-hoc networks and satellite technologies are eligible for use. However, the restrictions imposed by the latter--e.g., permissions, charges for use, among others--make IEEE 802.11 a more feasible solution to establish communication links between first-responders. We have identified a stronger focus on UAVs than USVs in the survey. However, the authors claim the networking strategies used for UAVs could be extended to USVs--except for lower layers where sonar, for instance, may play a role. The books from [PERSON] [18] and [PERSON] et al. [21] are key references for our work. Still, from the works above, only [21] focuses mainly on marine vessels for DM, but with a strong focus on the authors' projects. [PERSON] et al. [51] presents a chapter with excellent references and guidelinesfor SAR Robotics, where challenges involving training and testing are raised. The chapter includes some relevant work on USVs mentioned in this paper. Please note that key works on DM always treat USVs together with other robots. Figure 2 summarizes the current surveys involving unmanned systems and DM. There are no surveys dedicated to USVs where the focus is on DM, demonstrating the _novelty_ of this paper. This chart is organized in six categories:  
* Disaster management [7; 18; 19; 21; 49; 50; 51]
* General surveys regarding USVs and unmanned systems [23; 24; 25; 28; 31; 48]
* Guidance, Navigation and Control [22; 26; 29; 32; 33; 35; 36; 39; 40; 47]
* Higher-level autonomy [37; 38; 46]
* Structure inspection [41; 45]
* Environmental monitoring [30; 42; 43; 44]  
By and large, the present work highlights the massive presence of papers focusing on some kind of control over the USV or groups of USVs. Some works focus on general applications, while the few brief surveys related to DM do not have a strong focus on USVs. The presence of USVs for DM deserves an exclusive survey to isolate its importance in the hall of unmanned systems.
# Somatotropin Penetration Testing from Formulations Applied Topically to the Skin
## 3 Results
### Permeation Parameters of STH  
The permeation profiles of STH with added ALB at three ratios: 1:1, 1:2 and 1:5 (F-2-F-4), were compared with the permeation from the STH formulation without ALB, and the ALB formulations alone were compared with each other. The degree of STH permeation, AUC values and relative availability are shown in Table 2.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Formulations**} & **Total Permeated** & **AUC(0-6 h)** * & **Degree of Relative** \\  & **STH Amount (\%)** & **AUC(0-24 h)** ** **(\% h h-1)** & **Availability EBA (\%)** \\ \hline \multicolumn{4}{c}{Spectra/Por® Dialysis Membrane permeation} \\ \hline F-1 & 71.44 \(\pm\) 3.43 & 175.97 & 100.00 \\ F-2 & 44.96 \(\pm\) 0.102 & 152.30 & 86.55 \\ F-3 & 93.59 \(\pm\) 0.99 & 341.19 & 193.89 \\ F-4 & 86.78 \(\pm\) 7.41 & 320.05 & 181.88 \\ \hline \multicolumn{4}{c}{Pocrine skin permeation} \\ \hline F-1 & 80.37 \(\pm\) 10.78 & 164.24 & 100.00 \\ F-2 & 57.69 \(\pm\) 5.121 & 1521.25 & 926.24 \\ F-3 & 66.60 \(\pm\) 5.111 & 1687.97 & 1027.76 \\ F-4 & 46.7  
In a study of the permeation process of STH through a cellulose membrane, the most STH permeated from the F-3 formulation containing STH in a 1:2 ratio to ALB (93.59 \(\pm\) 0.99%), which was 23.5% more than from the formulation containing only STH (71.44 \(\pm\) 3.43%). The least STH permeated the formulation containing STH in a 1:1 ratio to ALB (44.96 \(\pm\) 0.1%), which was 37% less than the formulation containing STH without ALB. The largest area under the permeation curve, AUC\({}_{\text{(0-6 h)}}\), was characterized by formulation F-3, containing STH and ALB in a 1:2 ratio, and the smallest by formulation F-1, containing STH without ALB, indicating a significant effect of ALB on STH availability.  
The examination of the permeation process of STH through porcine skin confirmed that ALB significantly prolongs the permeation process of STH to at least 24 h, whereas from the formulation containing STH alone (F-1), the entire amount of STH permeated in 3 h. A prolongation of the STH permeation time was evident when ALB was added to the formulations at all ratios. In the porcine skin permeation study, the highest amount of STH also permeated from formulation F-3, with an STH to ALB ratio of 1:2 (93.22 \(\pm\) 6.83%), and this was approximately 14% higher than from the formulation without added ALB (F-1)--80.37 \(\pm\) 10.78%, from which STH permeated in the lowest amount. Slightly less STH than from the F-3 formulation permeated the other ALB formulations: from F-2, with a STH-ALB ratio of 1:1, approximately 4% less STH permeated (89.57 \(\pm\) 7.83%), and from the F-4 formulation, with a STH-ALB ratio of 1:5, nearly 10% less STH permeated (84.11 \(\pm\) 5.38). The largest area AUC\({}_{\text{(0-24 h)}}\) was characterized by the F-3 formulation, and the smallest by the F-1 formulation, which does not contain ALB, confirming the effect of ALB in increasing STH availability (Table 2).
# Path Planning for Laser Cladding Robot on Artificial Joint Surface Based on Topology Reconstruction
## 4 Generation of Laser Cladding Paths
### Generation of the Laser Cladding Interpolation Points
#### 4.2.3 Calculation of the Normal Vector of Cladding Point  
In order to facilitate the subsequent calculation of the position and pose of the robot TCP, the normal vector of vertex in the CAD model should be estimated first. The normal vector of each vertex was estimated by adding the normal vector of all triangles in which is located the center of gravity by area [25]. As shown in Figure 9, \(A_{j}\) denotes the area of the triangle, \(n_{j}\) denotes the normal vector of each triangle, \(V\) denotes the common vertex, and \(N\) denotes the normal vector of the common vertex \(V\). The normal vector \(N\) of vertex \(V\) can be estimated as follows:  
\[N=\sum_{j=1}^{m}\  
\(P\) denotes an interpolation point, \(P_{1}\) and \(P_{2}\) denote two vertices on the edge containing \(P\), and \(N\), \(n_{1}\) and \(n_{2}\) denote the normal vectors of \(P\), \(P_{1}\) and \(P_{2}\), respectively. The normal vector \(N\) of \(P\) could be calculated using the following equation:  
\[N=\frac{l_{1}}{l}n_{1}+\frac{l_{2}}{l}n_{2}, \tag{2}\]  
where \(l_{1}\), \(l_{2}\) and \(l\) denote the length of the line segment \(P_{1}P\), \(PP_{2}\) and \(P_{1}P_{2}\) respectively. If the slicing plane crossed exactly one vertex, then the normal vector \(N\) of \(P\) was equal to the normal vector of the vertex.
## 1 Introduction
The remainder of the article is organized as follows: in Section 2, the channel model of the IR link for conventional, sectored, and self-orienting receivers using angle diversity is presented; i.e., the Monte Carlo ray-tracing algorithm used to study the signal propagation in the indoor IR channel and mathematical models employed to describe the effective signal-collection area of three receivers are described. Furthermore, we present the expressions for calculating the signal to noise ratio for an angle-diversity receiver as a function of the combining technique employed. Finally, in Section 3, we present several simulation results for comparing the performance of the use of three non-imaging angle-diversity receivers in IR links operating at low bit rates.