## 1 Introduction  
Airflow blockage and recurrent respiratory symptoms are two characteristics of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) [1]. Despite being both preventable and treatable, COPD is one of the leading factors in morbidity and death around the globe [2]. Exposure to cigarette smoke is the main risk factor for COPD, although other variables, including exposure to air pollution and biomass combustion, have also been associated with the disease [1]. It is anticipated that COPD will remain a significant burden on both patients and healthcare professionals for the foreseeable future. Therefore, it is crucial to determine whether innovative anti-inflammatory drugs may stop or delay the decrease in lung function that is a hallmark of COPD, because it is a chronic inflammatory condition. Chronic inflammation can cause airway remodeling and constriction, which then contribute to a typical decrease in airflow and symptoms of cough, shortness of breath, and increased sputum production seen in COPD [3]. Most of the pathways upstream of COPD genes and targets are involved in immunological control [4]. For instance, higher levels of TNF-\(\alpha\), as well as higher phosphorylation levels of p38 MAPK and ERK1/2, have been noted in people with COPD; moreover, inhibitors of p38 MAPK and TNF-\(\alpha\) have been found to exhibit inhibitory effects on the inflammatory responses of COPD [5; 6]. The final etiology of COPD may, thus, be significantly influenced by the molecular mechanisms of inflammation. As a result, complementary and alternative therapies for the treatment of COPD are gaining popularity. Plant-derived compounds have demonstrated immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory characteristics by inhibiting the manufacture and function of cytokines, chemokines, and adhesion molecules [7]. Plant-derived agents could be utilized alone as anti-cytokine activators or in combination with existing known anti-inflammatory medications, thereby reducing potential costs and side effects while increasing effectiveness. Several herbal medicines have been used in the treatment of patients with COPD because of unsatisfactory treatment results and the side effects of existing drugs [8]. A herbal cure under the name Cheonwangbosim-dan in Korea, Tennohosintan in Japan, and Tian Wang Bu Xin Dan in China has been used for centuries in East Asia. Cheonwangbosim-dan (CBD) contains 15 medicinal ingredients: Acorus gramineus, Angelica gigas, Asparagus cochinchinensis, Coptis japonica, Liirope platyphyllla, Panax ginseng, Polygala teuifolia, Platydcodon grandiflorum, Poria cocos, Rehmannia glutinosa, Salvia miltiorrhiza, Scrophularia buergeriana, Schisandra chinensis Thuja orientalis, and Ziziziphus jujuba [9]. CBD has been used to treat conditions, such as heart dysfunction, neuroses, sleeplessness, and arterial or auricular flutter [10]. Numerous biological effects of CBD have been observed, including antihypertensive, vasorelaxant, and neurological effects [11]. Additionally, antioxidant [12] and antidepressant [13] effects of CBD, as well as effects on the central nervous system and cardiovascular system [10], have been found. According to research, the main environmental risk factors for COPD include cigarette smoking, biofuel exposure, industrial dust, and indoor and outdoor air pollution [14]. Numerous toxic components in cigarette smoke (CS) stimulate the respiratory system. Long-term smoking has an impact on the alveolar septa, alters the structure of the air duct walls, and results in interstitial fibrosis [15; 16; 17]. Smoking also causes obstructive bronchiolitis and increases mucous gland secretions, which exacerbate the advancement of lung tissue diseases [18; 19]. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is an endotoxin produced by Gram-negative bacteria that increases the production of proinflammatory cytokines and induces an influx of inflammatory cells, such as lymphocytes, neutrophils, and macrophages [20; 21].