## 1 Introduction  
From a macroscopic point of view, the generation of landslide surge is due to a certain volume of landslide at a certain velocity disturbing the deformation of the water. Landslide surge mainly includes landslide instability, slippage, surge generation, near- and far-field propagation, and other phases. It is a complex fluid-solid coupling process which involves engineering geology, landslide dynamics, geotechnical mechanics, hydrodynamics, and other disciplines [1]. As landslide surge is affected by water depth, the surge caused by a landslide entering the water at a high speed has wavefront intermittency with huge destructive power [2]. As a result, in recent years, there have been a growing number of studies on landslide surges in reservoir areas. The current methods of investigating landslide surges that are internationally recognized include the empirical formula method, numerical simulation method, and physical modeling experiment method. The empirical formula method is the earliest method used to study the characteristics of surge. It has the advantages of being simple and convenient with, however, many limitations. Additionally, it is unable to analyze complex river courses and complex landslides, making it difficult to reflect engineering reality. This method is mainly based on [PERSON]'s method, [PERSON]'s method, and the formula method of the Institute of Water Sciences. [PERSON]'s method [3] is based on the linearized gravity surface wave theory to obtain the theoretical approximation solution of the surge wave heights in the nonlinear region, which was first applied to assess the hazard of the Lituya Bay landslide surge that occurred in Alaska in 1958. Later, [PERSON] [4] predicted the maximum wave heights of onshore and alongshore surges based on the theory of wave generation and propagation, combined with the principle of reflection and superposition of nonlinear waves. [PERSON] et al. [5] proposed a method to calculate the far-field propagation of surge waves applicable to complex branching channels. This method is based on the theory of the diversion ratio of branching channels combined with the classical slip velocity analysis methods, such as the slanting bar division method and water resistance influence. Meanwhile, the formula method of the Institute of Water Sciences [6] considers that the sliding velocity and volume of reservoir bank landslides are the most important factors affecting the height of surges based on the observation results of several examples of landslide surges. The numerical simulation method has several advantages, including the capability of simulating a larger space and longer time, cost-effectiveness, and high repeatability, but its boundary conditions and the determination of landslide parameters are subjective, making the results deviate far from the engineering reality. [PERSON] et al. [7] proposed a method coupling the discrete unit method and particle semi-implicit solution method (DEM-MPS). [PERSON] et al. [8] coupled the discontinuous deformation analysis method and the smooth particle hydrodynamics method (DDA-SPH) to calculate the generation process of landslide surges. [PERSON] et al. [9] used discrete cells to simulate the particle system and solved the locally averaged N-S equation to simulate the fluid flow, thus achieving the simulation of landslide surges through fluid-solid coupling. [PERSON] et al. [10] simulated the generation and propagation of water waves induced by the landslide at Wangjiashan by coupling the particle flow model and the reformed group turbulence model in FLOW3D. The physical model test method is subdivided into two types: the generalized model test and the prototype physical model test. The generalized model test formula method simplifies and generalizes the slide body and the river channel. It also extracts a limited number of important impact parameters for calculation, which takes a relatively short time to complete.