## 4 Results and Discussion
### The Impact of HSR Network on Socio-Economic Growth
#### 4.1.1 SNCF Network (France)  
The SNCF network has the most significant influence, with an average impact of 0.51. Between Paris and Lyon, the first French HSR service (TGV) began in 1981. Subsequently,the network was stretched throughout the country and connected to networks in other nations. The social impacts of SNCF network found that the QoL had the most significant impact. This argument is borne up by an assessment of France's low-cost, high-speed train system, namely 'Ouigo', which has grown into a more desirable service than low-cost travel. Ouigo's services are primarily geared toward leisure travellers looking to prepare ahead. Moreover, TGV meets the enormous demand of travellers in the largest cities of France [86]. The services have been hailed for their superiority in journey time reduction versus aeroplane services. By utilising HSR services, passengers may save a half-hour on the security process at the airport. Therefore, it implies that the TGV service can save at least an hour on round trips [104,105]. Furthermore, HSR provides affordable services using many marketing strategies (i.e., early booking, return prices and promotional tickets). The research's outcomes indicate that the TGV has improved Trace's QoL, as demonstrated by the PCC score of 0.9. Figure 3: The PCC’s outcome of CR network. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Socio-Economic Factors** (**Abbreviation)**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Pillar**} & \multicolumn{6}{c}{**PCC’s Results**} \\ \cline{3-7}  & & **CR** & **SNCF** & **JR Central** & **Renfe** & **Korail** \\ \hline Population (PD1) & QoL & 0.97 & 0.97 & 0.94 & 0.93 & 0.93 \\ Age dependency ratio, (under 15) (PD2) & QoL & \(-\)0.03 & 0.75 & \(-\)0.94 & \(-\)0.88 & \(-\)0.27 \\ Age dependency ratio, (over 64) (PD3) & QoL & 0.89 & 0.97 & 0.88 & 0.95 & 0.92 \\ School enrolment, primary (ED1) & Education & \(-\)0.92 & \(-\)0.77 & 0.24 & \(-\)0.82 & 0.08 \\ School enrolment, secondary (ED2) & Education & 0.89 & 0.6 & 0.96 & 0.8 & 0.93 \\ School enrolment, tertiary (ED3) & Education & 0.94 & 0.94 & 0.92 & \(-\)0.37 & 0.94 \\ Secondary school advancement (ED4) & Education & \(-\)0.71 & 0.5 & 0.69 & 0.21 & 0.55 \\ Completion rate of primary level (ED5) & Education & \(-\)0.68 & \(-\)0.17 & 0.24 & \(-\)0.41 & \(-\)0.35 \\ Labour force (EC1) & Employment & \(-\)0.95 & 0.17 & \(-\)0.75 & 0.66 & 0.84 \\ Employment rate (EC2) & Employment & \(-\)0.96 & 0.34 & \(-\)0.78 & 0.62 & 0.38 \\ Unemployment rate (EC3) & Employment & 0.52 & 0.27 & \(-\)0.66 & \(-\)0.47 & \(-\)0.25 \\ Women’s representation in national & Employment & 0.89 & 0.9 & 0.6 & 0.91 & 0.89 \\ legislatures (EC4) & & & & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: The summarisation of PCC results among five HSR networks. Figure 4: The PCC’s outcome of the SNCF network. Figure 5: The PCC’s outcome of the JR Central network. Figure 6: The PCC’s outcome of the Korail network. Figure 7: The PCC’s outcome of the Renfe network. In terms of employment, the correlation coefficient among EC1, EC2, EC3, EC4 and HSR network growth is 0.42, showing a reasonably favourable link. The growth of high-speed rail stations in France has reduced travel times, increased mobility and benefited urban economies [106]. The shortened travel time may assist businesses in more easily distributing their products and services in France [107]. Reduced travel times, improved train frequency, and reasonable rates all contributed to expand accessibility to HSR services. For example, the current train journey time between Reims and Paris has been lowered from 1.35 h to 45 min, whereas the advance fare of \(\ell\)10.53 remains same [108]. According to various academics, TGV facilitated the establishment of new businesses in Paris, which had become an increasingly crucial component of business, notably in the sale of services [108]. This is because, as a consequence of increased activity and productivity, TGV services have enabled companies to expand their exposure and accessibility to customers.