## 3 Results
### Soil Microbial Biomass and Enzyme Activities  
The two sites restored with fabaceous species, Bel3 and Yao3 sites, had significantly higher soil microbial biomass levels than the non-restored sites (Table 2) with a maximum biomass of 1102 mg kg\({}^{-1}\). Regardless of the soil enzyme assay (Table 2) and the rehabilitated sites, soil enzyme activities showed strong significant differences between restored and non-restored sites. The total enzymatic activities (FDA) varied between 0.49 and 3.22 \(\upmu\)g\({}^{-1}\cdot\)h\({}^{-1}\) of fluorescein for Yao2 and Yao3, respectively. For dehydrogenase activity, the maximum activity was for Yao3 site, while the minimum was for the Bel2 site with a value of 5.80 mg kg\({}^{-1}\) and 0.34 \(\upmu\)TPF g\({}^{-1}\) soil h\({}^{-1}\), respectively. For the \(\upbeta\)-glucosidase activity, the Yao3 site had significantly the highest activity with 18.6 \(\upmu\)g pNP g\({}^{-1}\) soil h\({}^{-1}\), while the other sites had a relatively homogeneous activity. For urease activity, the highest value was measured for Yao3, then for Bel3 with 4.74 and 1.52 \(\upmu\)NH\({}_{4}\)\({}^{+}\)-N g\({}^{-1}\) soil h\({}^{-1}\), respectively. Acid \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Sites Characteristics** & **Bel1** & **Bel2** & **Bel3** & **Yao1** & **Yao2** & **Yao3** \\ \hline TOC (g\(\cdot\)kg\({}^{-1}\)) & 2.47 \(\pm\) 0.22 **a** & 5.84 \(\pm\) 0.34 **b** & 4.99 \(\pm\) 0.37 **b** & 3.88 \(\pm\) 0.03 **ab** & 3.51 \(\pm\) 0.23 **ab** & 15.58 \(\pm\) 1.4 **c** \\ C total (g\(\cdot\)kg\({}^{-1}\)) & 3.52 \(\pm\) 0.36 **a** & 9.54 \(\pm\) 0.73 **b** & 7.01 \(\pm\) 0.83 **b** & 6.01 \(\pm\) 0.32 **b** & 4.29 \(\pm\) 0.19 **a** & 22.88 \(\pm\) 1.51 **c** \\ N total (g\(\cdot\)kg\({}^{-1}\)) & 0.14 \(\pm\) 0.02 **a** & 0.45 \(\pm\) 0.01 **b** & 0.40 \(\pm\) 0.04 **b** & 0.40 \(\pm\) 0.02 **b** & 0.28 \(\pm\) 0.03 **ab** & 1.81 \(\pm\) 0.04 **c** \\ C/N & 2.514 & 21.20 & 17.52 & 15.02 & 15.32 & 12.64 \\ P total (g\(\cdot\)kg\({}^{-1}\)) & 0.13 \(\pm\) 0.01 **a** & 0.27 \(\pm\) 0.07 **b** & 0.17 \(\pm\) 0.02 **ab** & 0.21 \(\pm\) 0.01 **ab** & 0.18 \(\pm\) 0.01 **ab** & 0.75 \(\pm\) 0.03 **c** \\ pH & 5.3 \(\pm\) 0.1 **a** & 4.66 \(\pm\) 0.08 **b** & 5.00 \(\pm\) 0.03 **ab** & 5.26 \(\pm\) 0.2 **a** & 5.02 \(\pm\) 0.03 **ab** & 4.66 \(\pm\) 0.2 **b** \\ Clay\% & 7.05 \(\pm\) 2.7 **a** & 22.24 \(\pm\) 2.4 **b** & 21.26 \(\pm\) 1.5 **b** & 46.44 \(\pm\) 1.1 **c** & 24.26 \(\pm\) 0.5 **b** & 19.78 \(\pm\) 1.4 **b** \\ Fin silt\% & 18.62 \(\pm\) 2.1 **b** & 44.47 \(\pm\) 2.6 **d** & 17.68 \(\pm\) 3.5 **b** & 33.92 \(\pm\) 1.2 **c** & 10.10 \(\pm\) 0.3 **a** & 27.7 \(\pm\) 0.8 **c** \\ Coarse silt\% & 2.39 \(\pm\) 0.98 **a** & 21.39 \(\pm\) 0.92 **d** & 7.10 \(\pm\) 1.1 **b** & 7.57 \(\pm\) 0.45 **b** & 10.40 \(\pm\) 0.7 **c** & 7.8 \(\pm\) 0.5 **b** \\ Fin sand\% & 63.68 \(\pm\) 1.4 **e** & 2.67 \(\pm\) 1.1 **a** & 4.86 \(\pm\) 0.6 **a** & 8.59 \(\pm\) 0.49 **b** & 35.26 \(\pm\) 0.7 **d** & 14.17 \(\pm\) 1.35 **c** \\ Coarse sand\% & 7.41 \(\pm\) 0.33 **b** & 9.14 \(\pm\) 0.8 **b** & 49 \(\pm\) 5 **d** & 3.30 \(\pm\) 0.48 **a** & 19.30 \(\pm\) 0.5 **c** & 22.22 \(\pm\) 1.17 **c** \\ Fe (g\(\cdot\)kg\({}^{-1}\)) & 66.85 \(\pm\) 6.2 **b** & 44.4 \(\pm\) 2.8 **b** & 113.3 \(\pm\) 15.2 **a** & 65.04 \(\pm\) 10 **ab** & 75.7 \(\pm\) 12.9 **b** & 71.4 \(\pm\) 4.9 **b** \\ Al (g\(\cdot\)kg\({}^{-1}\)) & 16.54 \(\pm\) 2.12 **a** & 41.4 \(\pm\) 2.2 **a** & 25.6 \(\pm\) 2.15 **b** & 53.6 \(\pm\) 15.8 **b** & 76.4 \(\pm\) 4.8 **b** & 43.3 \(\pm\) 10.2 **b** \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: TOC: Total Organic Carbon, C\({}_{\text{tot}}\), N\({}_{\text{tot}}\), and P\({}_{\text{tot}}\): Total C, N and P, Total Fe, Al: Total Iron, Aluminum content, (\(n\) = 5, mean \(\pm\) SD). For each parameter, values followed by different letters differ significantly with \(p\) < 0.05 with Tukey HSD test. phosphatase activities were higher than for the other enzymes and significantly higher for the two restored sites and Yao2 than for the other non-restored sites.