# Smartwatch-Based Monitoring and Alert System for Factory Operators Using Public Cloud Services
## 1 Introduction  
In the modern industrial landscape, the integration of advanced technologies plays a critical role in enhancing operational efficiency and worker safety. Factories are increasingly adopting digital solutions to optimize processes, monitor equipment, and ensure timely interventions in case of anomalies. One such innovative approach involves the use of wearable devices, such as smartwatches, combined with cloud-based services to provide real-time monitoring and alerting systems for factory operators [1]. The following paragraphs will explore the digital transformation of manufacturing, the significance of Industry 4.0, the transition toward Industry 5.0, and the role of employee communication in optimizing industrial workflows. Additionally, we will examine the impact of smart devices in this context. Currently, the industrial revolution has increasingly highlighted the extensive interconnectivity that can be observed in any industrial process. As presented in [2], the digitization of manufacturing processes represents an opportunity to extend known technologies toward new innovations, thereby altering the familiar sequence of events within a factory. The way information is transmitted and managed--whether generated by productionprocess equipment or auxiliary events--was transformed with the transition to exhaustive digitization of manufacturing processes [3]. Through the introduction of new technologies in factories, the workflow has been exponentially improved, offering better monitoring and a higher quality of the resulting products. Moreover, these technologies have enabled factories to become more flexible and respond more efficiently to changing market demands [4]. Thus, it can be observed that through this technological transformation, factories have not only improved their efficiency but are also actively participating in a global production network, highlighting the importance of a well-prepared and adaptable workforce in the face of new technological realities. In addition to improving equipment, their connections, and the information they generate, Industry 4.0 has also supported employees by eliminating redundant tasks in the factory and focusing on the importance of individuals as facilitators of the process [5]. As a result, employees monitor activity, solve problems, and find solutions for process improvements, rather than performing tasks that can be handled by a smart device, robot, or a set of automated components. Although digitization in factories has primarily focused on equipment-to-equipment or human-to-equipment relationships, facilitating improved human-to-human communication through technology is also crucial. Even though there are subprocesses in factories that operate without human involvement, humans are present in all stages of the manufacturing process and require well-developed information systems to assist them in communication. By keeping humans involved in key decision-making loops, organizations can enhance accountability, optimize performance, and foster trust in emerging technologies, ensuring they align with real-world needs and values [6]. This methodology, referred to as Human in the Loop (HITL) [7], integrates human judgment within automated systems, ensuring decisions are guided by expertise, ethical awareness, and contextual understanding. Figure 1 illustrates how HITL acts as the central element in manufacturing interactions, bridging human-to-human (H2H), human-to-machine (H2M), and machine-to-machine (M2M) relationships. As depicted in the diagram, the outermost layer represents M2M automation, where independent systems communicate and operate without direct human input. Moving inward, the next layer highlights H2M interactions, where humans provide supervision and feedback. The H2H layer emphasizes collaboration, decision-making, and knowledge sharing among workers and stakeholders. At the core of the model lies HITL, ensuring that automation remains accountable, transparent, and aligned with human values.