esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Optimized Clustering Algorithms for Large Wireless Sensor Networks: A Review
## 3 Optimized Hierarchical Based Routing Protocols
### MPSICA  
MPSICA is an intelligent and fast routing recovery scheme based on PSO [58]. It was performed for heterogeneous WSN and should maintain K disjoint paths from each source node to the nearest super-node (CH) and the available path from super-nodes to the sink. MPSICA is highly fault tolerant to the failure of ordinary node paths or CHs paths, since traditional retransmissions can be decreased and the reliability can be improved with lower energy consumption and longer lifetime. In order to efficiently use the energy consumption, MPSICA is centralized and is performed by each of the super-nodes which have higher resources than simple nodes. Each node on MPSICA represents a particle where some nodes can form a particle sequence corresponding to a path until the sink. The proposed algorithm then optimizes for each node's particle sequence the optimal path by using an optimal fitness function on the super-node. MPSICA is compared to the clustering algorithm EEHC and the fault tolerant protocol for Inter-Cluster Communication (ICE). The results obtained have shown that MPSICA has the minimum ratio of energy depletion (the higher ratio of alive nodes) compared to the other two protocols. The results also showed that the proposed protocol presents a smaller delay of packet delivery.
# Stress Dispersion Design in Continuum Compliant Structure toward Multi-DOF Endoluminal Forceps
## 5 Conclusions  
In this study, we proposed a stress-dispersion design method for a multi-DOF continuum-compliant structure. Moreover, its effectiveness in designing endoluminal forceps was verified. The proposed method obtained the hinge thickness according to the thickness of the beam of uniform strength. The improved design dispersed the stress, and the maximum stress was substantially reduced compared to the initial design. Thus, a wide range of motion was achieved. In addition, we experimented with a prototype. The results confirmed that the radius of curvature was significantly improved. The proposed method could be a great advantage for endoluminal procedures in narrow lumens. The findings can be summarized as follows: (1) The proposed design method can efficiently determine the hinge thickness even with different hinge lengths. (2) A stress concentration could be prevented by changing the hinge thickness of each segment for a compliant joint based on the theory of beam of uniform strength. This versatile method could improve the design of other continuum robots relying on compliant hinges.  
Figure 10: Experimental image of lifting a simulated intestinal sheet using the improved forcepsThe proposed design method could be applied to various medical robots. For instance, in the tip bending of catheters and endoscopes, the proposed method could allow low-cost manufacturing with a smaller diameter than the conventional design. Moreover, by applying the proposed method to biomimetic robots, such as snakes and octopuses, it could be possible to enter into narrower spaces by downsizing.  
In the future, we will perform the experiments using a porcine stomach and colon. The grasping structure should be further improved. For instance, shape optimization can be performed using methods, such as topology optimization, FEA, and strength of materials. The improved forceps have a wide range of motion with a simple structure and is suitable for mass production. Thus, it can be manufactured at a low cost. Therefore, these forceps have the potential for ESD procedures, NOTES, ERCP (Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiomcreatography), and endoscopic hemostasis.  
Conceptualization, K.O., D.S.V.B. and J.A.; methodology, K.O.; validation, Y.N., T.A. and M.E.; investigation, K.O. and D.S.V.B.; resources, R.N., Y.N., T.A., M.E. and J.A.; writing--original draft preparation, K.O.; writing--review and editing, D.S.V.B. and J.A.; supervision, J.A.; funding acquisition, J.A. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research received no external funding.  
Not applicable.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 5 Simulation
### Performance Measure of Efficiency  
Efficiency is determined in terms of authentication accuracy. Thus, efficiency determines the system's ability to maintain security, performance, and resource efficiency while the number of nodes, users, or connections increases. This incorporates ground stations, satellites, user terminals, and routing paths. When the efficiency or scalability is higher, the proposed model provides secure access for millions of user terminals. Accordingly, efficiency (\(\epsilon\)) is mathematically calculated using the following:  
\[\epsilon=\frac{\mu_{auth}}{M}.100 \tag{16}\]  
In Equation (16), '\(\mu_{auth}\)' refers to the corrected number of satellite users authenticated as an attacker or detector, whereas '\(M\)' denotes the total satellite users considered as input for simulation work. The efficiency is estimated in terms of percentage (%).  
Table 10 and Figure 5 present testing results of authentication efficiency for different numbers of input satellite users using the developed MRFCO-ZTS approach and conventional ZTAP-HECC [1]. During the implementation, various numbers of satellite users in the range of 40 to 200 are used as an input to examine the performance of the proposed work for continuous authentication. As illustrated in the above tabulation and graphical representation, the developed MRFCO-ZTS approach achieves a higher authentication efficiency during satellite communication tasks. Also, the developed MRFCO-ZTS approach provides better authentication accuracy while assuming a larger number of satellite users when compared to existing ZTAP-HECC [1]. This is due to the usage of MRFCO and ZTS in our developed MRFCO-ZTS approach, contrary to existing research works. The MRFCO-ZTS model considers the cost function of satellite users for continuous authentication. Therefore, the developed MRFCO-ZTS approach increases the ratio of the number of satellite users rightly authenticated as attackers or detectors in satellite networks. Accordingly, the  
Figure 4: Graph of latency performance.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Number of Data** & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Latency (ms)**} \\ \hline
**Packets** & **Existing ZTAP-HECC** & **Proposed MRFCO-ZTS Model** \\ \hline
50 & 0.53 & 0.34 \\ \hline
100 & 0.65 & 0.52 \\ \hline
150 & 0.96 & 0.77 \\ \hline
200 & 1.38 & 0.96 \\ \hline
250 & 1.80 & 1.15 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 9: Simulation latency performance.  
developed MRFCO-ZTS approach achieves a 96.62% authentication efficiency while taking 250 satellite users as input, whereas existing ZTAP-HECC [1] attained 94.11%.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Effect of Photoperiod and Temperature  
Environmental elements, including factors like photoperiod and light intensity, play a crucial role in the growth of algae. However, their influence varies among species and is contingent upon the specific product under investigation [67; 68]. Additionally, light significantly impacts the growth and morphogenesis of callus by influencing the rate of cell division in various plants, directly regulating plant growth and development [69]. The impact of photoperiod (0 h and 12 h light) and temperatures (12 \({}^{\circ}\)C and 18 \({}^{\circ}\)C) on callus induction in meristem and stipe is shown in Figure 6. The highest callus induction (44.30 \(\pm\) 6.28%) occurred in stipe at 0 h photoperiod and 12 \({}^{\circ}\)C. Optimal development of _E. cava_ callus was observed at 12 \({}^{\circ}\)C, consistent with the findings of [PERSON] and [PERSON] [26]. Higher callus development was observed in complete darkness (0 h provision of light), possibly due to heterotrophic culture conditions overcoming growth inhibition challenges in light and aeration-dependent algal growth [70]. Subsequent experiments were conducted at 12 \({}^{\circ}\)C in dark.  
Figure 5: Effect of agar concentration on callus induction. Values are means \(\pm\) standard errors (S.E.) of 10 individual replicates per experiment (\(n=10\)). *: Indicates significant differences using [PERSON]’s HSD test using a one-way ANOVA test at \(p<0.05\).  
Figure 6: Effect of photoperiod and temperature on callus induction. Values are means \(\pm\) standard errors (S.E.) of 10 individual replicates per experiment (\(n=10\)). *: Indicates significant differences usingTukey's HSD test using a multiple-way ANOVA test at \(p\) < 0.05. The temperature alone had no statistically significant effect (\(p\) = 0.089) on callus induction in stipe explant. However, the photoperiod alone (\(p\) = 0.002) and the interaction between photoperiod (0 h) and temperature (12 \({}^{\circ}\)C) showed a significant effect (\(p\) = 0.049) on callus induction in meristem when checked using a multiple-way ANOVA test using SPSS.
## 4 Protocol Description
### Initialized Routing Structure
_delay\({}_{qmax}(sink,\)\(i)\)_ is the delay experienced from sink to \(i\) with the maximal delay on queuing. Then our delay estimate and realistic delay on the route path \(T\) satisfy: _delay_ (\(sink,\)\(i)\leq T\leq delay_{qmax}(sink,\)\(i)\). We can use _delay_ (\(sink,\)\(i)\) as a \"bound\" to guide the real-time routing forwarding selection. If the delay and _slack_ time (defined as time left for routing) meets the estimated delay time for data delivery, the packet has a high probability to arrive before deadline and thus ensures real-time communications.
## 1 Introduction
An \(H_{\infty}\) controller was designed to reduce the influence of noises and guarantees the asymptotical stability of the nominal system. Secondly, we design a robust control with the Leitmann method, which was combined with the \(H_{\infty}\) control to yield the new performances, uniform tracking boundedness (UTB) and uniform ultimate tracking boundedness (UUTB). In Section 4, the \(H_{\infty}\)/Leitmann approach is applied to the multi-variable tracking control design of a turbofan. The nominal system is obtained based on its component thermodynamic model [30], and the uncertainty covers the dynamic nonlinearity, the parameter disturbance, the modeling errors and the individual difference. The computer simulation results show that the resulting control can guarantee the desired tracking performances with respect to the noise and the uncertainty.
# A Hybrid User Mobility Prediction Approach for Handover Management in Mobile Networks
## 4 Handover Signaling Cost Analysis  
To investigate the impact of the proposed predictive handover procedure, we studied handover cost signaling for both the predictive and non-predictive (i.e., conventional handover procedure) cases. We assessed the handover signaling cost based on processing and transmission costs similar to that in [18; 24; 25].
# Measuring Torque and Temperature in a Rotating Shaft Using Commercial SAW Sensors
## 2 Materials and Methods
### SAW Sensors
The load cell was exposed to temperature sweeps, with 5 \({}^{\circ}\)C resolution, from 20 \({}^{\circ}\)C to 80 \({}^{\circ}\)C. Between each temperature step, there was a time interval of 45 min; a J-type thermocouple digital thermometer was used to measure the temperature directly on the load cell surface. At each step, the response of the sensors was recorded using the interrogation unit. Torque was measured with SENSeOR SSE E015 and SSE E017 strain gages. The thickness of each gage is 350 \(\upmu\)m, while the length and width are 9.0 and 5.5 mm, respectively, and the weight is \(\approx\)0.04 g. Figure 1c shows the detail of one of the gages with a clear view of the W.FL connector. Each strain gage consists of one resonator with a different resonant frequency--Table 1. The gages were fixed on the load cell surface using M-Bond 200 Glue and M-Bond 200 catalyst. In order to measure applied torque, a half-bridge configuration was used with the strain gages placed at a 45\({}^{\circ}\) angle with the load cell neutral axis--Figure 1d. The W.FL cables connected to each of the gages were connected (i) directly to the RF coupler or (ii) to the interrogation unit with an SMA coaxial cable. As can be seen from Table 1, the resonant frequencies do not overlap and simultaneous interrogation can be performed without the risk of spectral overlap.
# Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy Measurement Based on Fiber Optics for Biological Materials
## 1 Introduction
However, there remained the initial adjustment of the WDM unit because the excitation laser should be precisely coupled to the single-mode optical fiber by a lens in the WDM unit. [PERSON] et al. also developed an FCS system based on fiber optics [11]. A single-mode optical fiber with a mode field diameter of 3.3 \(\upmu\)m was used as a probe. The system was expected to be applied to remote measurements of fluid flow, particle size, or viscosity. They successfully demonstrated the system can apply to the measurement of fluorescence beads with a diameter of 13 nm. In the system, a dichroic mirror was used to eliminate scattered lasers. For this reason, an adjustment for excitation laser coupling to the single-mode optical fiber after the dichroic mirror was needed. Recently, we developed a full fiber-optic FCS (FF-FCS) system [12]. All of the optical components of the FCS system were replaced with fiber optics. The focusing lens was replaced with a lensed fiber. FCS instruments generally require pinhole adjustment before use. However, FF-FCS does not require any mechanical adjustment because the dichroic mirror was also replaced with a fiber coupler. Therefore, FF-FCS is more robust than conventional FCS systems. In addition, FF-FCS is compact and inexpensive compared to conventional FCS systems. However, the fluorescent sensitivity in our prior work was lower than that of conventional FCS systems because of the low numerical aperture of the lensed optical fiber. Furthermore, FF-FCS measurements on a solution of fluorescent dye monomers were difficult. Measurements of FF-FCS were limited to relatively bright samples, such as fluorescent beads and molecules labeled by multiple fluorescent dyes. This was a serious problem for biological and biomedical applications because measurement targets in such the field are usually fluorescent proteins or fluorescently labeled molecules. In this work, the FF-FCS system was improved by using an objective lens to focus the excitation laser. The new system is not \"full fiber-optic\"; however, the robustness of the system was still maintained. We demonstrate some FCS measurements of fluorescent dye solutions and fluorescently labeled proteins.
## 4 Experiments and Discussion
### Ablation Study
Figure 11 shows the curve maps of our training and validation with the ISPRS Potsdam dataset, where we can see that we chose the weight with the highest validation accuracy and number of epochs to apply in the test and output the result. **Ablation study of MSA channel reduction rate with the Potsdam dataset. ** To see the effects for different MSA channel reduction rates (\(d\)) with our proposed MSCSA-Net, we tested three channel reduction rates in the experiments on the ISPRS Potsdam dataset. Table 3 shows the segmentation results for MSA channel reduction rates \(d=1\), \(2\), and \(4\) with the Potsdam dataset. For the bigger objects, such as buildings and low vegetation, MSCSA-Net (\(d=1\)) had higher F1-scores than MSCSA-Net with \(d=2\) and \(d=4\). On the other hand, both MSCSA-Net (\(d=2\)) and MSCSA-Net (\(d=4\)) had higher F1-scores than MSCSA-Net (\(d=1\)) for smaller objects, such as trees and cars. We can conclude that each different MSA channel reduction rate has strengths for different sizes of objects.
## 3 Research Design and Implementation
### Research Design and Process  
This study includes a mix of qualitative and quantitative analysis and adopts the experimental \"unequal group pretest and posttest design\". As shown in Figure 1, the 18-week project course includes 8 weeks of programming (basic concepts, process control, and sub-programming) teaching, 3 weeks of preliminary exploration on the Internet of Things (IoT) (the sensor principle, IoT communication protocol, Arduino, and Android programming tools introduction), and 7 weeks of project creation (including pretest and posttest). The research design is shown in Table 1.  
The students of the experimental group and the control group followed the same basic programming course (X1) in the first 8 weeks (2 classes per week), and the basic programming course was followed by a programming learning effectiveness test (O1). From the 9 th week to the 12 th week, the control group was subjected to the DBL programming project course (X3), and the experimental group was subjected to the DBL programming and Arduino project course (X2). Immediately after the end of the experiment, a posttest (O2 and O3) was conducted for the two groups to determine the impact of integrating Arduino into the technical high school project course on the coding literacy of students' programming. At the end of the experimental course, every week, the students in the experimental group filled out a 20-min learning sheet and attended a semi-structured interview, expressing their views on the programming of the project theme and their learning status in the project course and programming. This formed the basis for the qualitative analysis of teaching strategies.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{128.0 pt} p{128.0 pt}} \hline \hline O1 & “programming learning effectiveness test and coding literacy” pretest of the experimental group and the control group. \\ \hline O2, O3 & “programming learning effectiveness test and coding literacy” posttest of the experimental group and the control group, respectively. \\ \hline X1 & the implementation of the basic programming course. \\ \hline X2, X3 & the implementation of a DBL programming and Arduino project course and a DBL programming project course, respectively. \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Research design.  
Figure 1: Research process.
## 2 State of the Art
### Heterogeneous Routing Protocols
#### 2.2.5 Delay-Tolerant Network (DTN) Routing Protocols  
Delay-tolerant routing protocols are proposed for networks with constant outages, partitions, and topology changes, such as FANETs. Thus, these protocols make use of the Store-Carry-and-Forward (SCF) technique when nodes lose connectivity. This technique eliminates the overhead since no control messages are transmitted but greatly increases the communication delay. The most widespread protocol of this group is Location-Aware Routing for Opportunistic Delay Tolerant (LAROD) [68]. LAROD is based on the combination of two approaches: SCF and Greedy Forwarding techniques, depending on the situation, and uses the beaconless strategy to reduce the overload of the network. In addition, within this category, it is worth highlighting the following algorithms: AeroRP [69], Geographic Routing Protocol for Aircraft Ad Hoc Network (GRAA) [70], Epidemic [71], Maxprop [72], Spray and Wait [73], and Prophet [74].  
Table 2 shows a summary of the different classes of routing algorithms, their subclasses in this section, and their algorithms.
## 3 Methodology
### Structure of IGWO-MALSTM  
The architecture of the IGWO-MALSTM model primarily comprises an input layer, three LSTM layers, an attention layer, a dense layer, and an output layer. The key innovation of this model lies in the use of the IGWO algorithm to optimize critical hyperparameters, including lookback period, number of neurons, dropout rate, batch size, and epochs.  
The IGWO algorithm serves as a crucial mechanism for optimizing neuron configurations within the LSTM and attention layers, including adjustments to neuron counts, structural hierarchy, and parameters. It employs an adaptive iterative process to select the optimal neuron configurations and parameters, thereby enhancing the network's overall performance. Initially, data are processed through the LSTM layers, which handle time series by integrating forward and backward information. This functionality enables the model to capture long-range dependencies within the sequence. The output of the LSTM layers, consisting of contextual information for each point in the time series, is then passed to the subsequent multi-head attention layer.  
In the multi-head attention layer, the model independently processes the LSTM layers' output using multiple attention heads, each focusing on distinct feature subsets. This mechanism allows the model to discern the internal structure of the data across different representational subspaces, providing a more comprehensive understanding of the data. Through this process, the model extracts information from various perspectives, enhancing the representation of critical features and ultimately producing more accurate and relevant results.  
The model first addresses temporal dependencies through the LSTM layers and then enhances features via the multi-head attention layer, integrating the strengths of both components to improve its ability to handle complex sequential data. The structure of the IGWO-MALSTM model is illustrated in Figure 4.  
Figure 5 presents a simplified framework diagram of the IGWO-MALSTM model, illustrating its data processing workflow.  
The IGWO-MALSTM model is constructed using algorithmically optimized parameters to enhance structural clarity and decision-making capacity. This optimization process highlights the rationale behind our parameter choices and model design, minimizing human intervention and improving the clarity of the model's structure and parameters.
# One-Dimensional Computation Method of Supercritical CO\({}_{2}\) Labyrinth Seal
## 3 Internal Flow Property of SCO\({}_{2}\) Labyrinth Seal
### Flow Discharge Coefficient C of SCO\({}_{2}\) Labyrinth Seal
#### 3.1.2 The Correlation of Flow Discharge Coefficient C in SCO\({}_{2}\) Labyrinth Seal
Fan experimented on SCO\({}_{2}\) critical leakage flow of single round-hole with different structures, in which the outlet pressure is atmospheric pressure and \(P_{out}/P_{c}\) is close to 0, and the critical discharge flow coefficient is maximum under this condition [17]. Table 4 shows the operation condition and results where \(w\) is the length of single round-hole and \(c\) is the diameter of single round-hole. Then, the experimental results of different \(w/c\) were further processed to obtain the variation curve of the maximum critical \(C\) with \(w/c\) (Figure 8). As \(w/c\) increases, the maximum critical \(C\) decreases but remains  
Figure 6: The single round-hole leakage experiment results given by [PERSON]. Figure 7: The variation curve of \(C\) with pressure ratio based on [PERSON]’s experiment. unchanged between 0.9 and 0.91 when _w/c_ is more than 5. Then, the correlation of maximum critical \(C\) can be concluded as Equation (15). \[ \begin{array}{l}\mbox{\it The maximum critical $C$}=\left\{\begin{array}{l}1-0.023(\frac{w}{c})^{0.875},\frac{w}{c}\leq 5\\ 0.9059,\frac{w}{c}>5\end{array}\right.,\frac{P_{out}}{P_{c}}\approx 0\end{array}  \tag{15}\]  
Equation (14) describes the change rule of flow discharge coefficient \(C\) with the pressure ratio and Equation (15) describes the change rule of maximum critical \(C\) with _w/c_. However, neither Equation (14) nor Equation (15) can represent the complete correlation of the flow discharge coefficient \(C\). Combining and extending the Equation (14) and Equation (15), the preliminary correlation of flow discharge coefficient \(C\) for SCO\({}_{2}\) labyrinth seals is proposed in Equation (16). \[ \begin{array}{l}\mbox{\it C}=\left\{\begin{array}{l}1-0.023(\frac{w}{c}) ^{0.875}-0.085(\frac{P_{out}}{P_{c}}),\frac{w}{c}\leq 5,\frac{P_{out}}{P_{c}} \leq 1\\ 0.9059-0.085(\frac{P_{out}}{P_{c}}),\frac{w}{c}>5,\frac{P_{out}}{P_{c}}\leq 1 \\ 0.915-0.023(\frac{w}{c})^{0.875},\frac{w}{c}\leq 5,\frac{P_{out}}{P_{c}}>1 \\ 0.82,\frac{w}{c}>5,\frac{P_{out}}{P_{c}}>1\end{array}\right.\end{array}  \tag{16}\]