# Internet of Things and Long-Range-Based Smart Lampposts for Illuminating Smart Cities
## 2 Related Works and Overview of IoT
### Related Works  
A smart city is a novel concept that is explored globally for establishing and enhancing the affordability and suitability of the lives of the inhabitants [21]. The concept is to utilize the emerging and advanced technologies for transforming each element in the city into an autonomous element. The autonomous elements will provide an opportunity to reduce the impact of environmental hazards by implementing eco-friendly and cost-effective technologies. The significance of information and communication technology (ICT) empowers the concept of smart cities for delivering services and amenities to the masses [22]. The leveraging of ICT also enables us to achieve the target of energy efficiency that is relevant throughout the world. As discussed earlier, energy management is possible by managing the streetlights efficiently, as streetlamps are consuming a major proportion of the energy consumption globally. The streetlamp and lamppost are the sources of light in the streets and roads during night. However, in many places, such as Florida (United states), the streetlamps continues to glow even in daylight and due to this, the amount of energy consumption increases and sometimes it leads to defects in the lamps and extreme conditions it is challenging for the respective authorities to switch off the streetlamps for avoiding the necessary damage to the streetlamps [23]. An innovative and smart light energy management system is an optimal solution for reducing the energy consumption and monitoring of the streetlamps [24]. \"Energy on demand\" is the concept under which the energy is provided when it is required [25]. The technology facilitates the implementation of intelligent street lighting that works on the sensing of individual vehicles and the dimming of the streetlamps accordingly. The energy savings rise more than 50% even in low-traffic areas. However, this kind of intelligent lighting system is not widely implemented practically because this kind of system is not cost-efficient [26]. The key aspect of the smart street lighting system is: (i) to light the streetlamps with the well-developed and integrated lighting system; (ii) to provide eco-friendly lighting which is also easy to maintain; (iii) to lessen power consumption and wastage of energy [27]. Basically, the energy savings of the lighting system are evaluated on the basis of standard formulated by European standards [28]. At present, EN 13201-1-5 explains the calculation of energy performance for road lighting installations. Moreover, these indicators are helpful for analyzing the energy performance of distinct road light solutions. Green Public Procurement organization is suggesting dimming the light by 50% for reducing the pollution and CO2 emissions [29]. With fast pace depletion of non-renewable resources and a negative impact on the environment, the need for smart streetlights is greater than ever. The model proposed here can be made more eco-friendly by adding a solar panel. Solar energy is eco-friendly because it does not generate CO2 and other gases during the generation of electricity. Moreover, solar energy is obtained from natural sources [30]. Furthermore, data from all the sensor nodes can be saved onto a central monitoring system for further use. Streetlights are an integral part of road safety and security on streets but we often find them lit up throughout the night and, due to lack of attention, they stay lit up during the day as well [31]. The target of the project is to come up with an intelligent system, which can reduce this waste of energy by making decisions for light control, either to switch lights on, off, or dim the light depending on the strength of ambient light [32]. The system allows the person who is monitoring the system to control in relation to the current intensity of light as well as predict monthly power consumption. The load sensing functionality of each unit allows us to detect whether the light is at fault [33].