esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# A Roadside and Cloud-Based Vehicular Communications Framework for the Provision of C-ITS Services
## 3 Roadside and Cloud Architecture
### Roadside Architecture  
The roadside architecture consists of the roadside infrastructure and, by extent, by all road users which are able to communicate with it. We can identify three types of entities, namely, RSUs, connected vehicles with OBUs, and VRUs.
# Transfer-Efficient Face Routing Using the Planar Graphs of Neighbors in High Density WSNs
## 4 Transfer-Efficient Face Routing  
In this section, we explain in detail the proposed face routing: transfer-efficient face routing (TEFR), which improves transfer efficiency by using the planar graph of the neighbor. Research on TEFR started with the notion that if a routing path can be known in advance within radio range, a message can be forwarded without travelling via intermediate nodes. Thus, if the routing path ABCDF can be determined in advance, it will be possible to efficiently send the message through a reduced number of hops by direct transmission from A to F. TEFR uses a local full planar graph that has been built with the planar graphs of neighbors to know the routing path within radio range in advance.  
TEFR goes through three phases. In the first phase, location information is exchanged between nodes. In the second phase, the local planar graph is built using the received node information, and the generated graph information is transmitted to the message transfer node. Finally, the message transfer node generates the full planar graph within radio range with the collected planar graph information, finds the remote node using this, and then transmits the message.  
TEFR is used in conjunction with greedy routing for message forwarding in void areas where greedy routing cannot deliver a message. We assumed that nodes are deployed randomly in a two-dimensional plane, that the link between nodes is reliable, and that their power status, their own position and the location of the source and destination of the message are known. We used a GG composed of a unit disk graph as a planar graph. We describe the exchange of location information between nodes and the construction of local planar graphs, and then we define the process of discovering the node to send a message to using the generated planar graphs of its neighbors. Finally, we analyze the performance of the proposed face routing.
###### Abstract
designed a forest fire monitoring system based on satellite data, which divides the time sequence of fire point identification from fuzzy to definite in three steps, allowing forest fire information to be processed at the same time as the satellite transit and overcoming the problem of the current meteorological satellite forest fire monitoring system being unable to monitor in real time [21]. [PERSON] et al. proposed a star-earth converged communication network architecture for forest fire emergency communication and constructed a linked multi-level information interaction network of \"fire field-mobile front finger-command center\" [22]. [PERSON] et al. combined the functional tasks of urban firefighting and rescue teams with typical forest fire cases to construct an integrated air-earth-ground satellite-unmanned aerial vehicle-ground communication system, which ensures the real-time capability of communication services, including voice, positioning, and image [23]. [PERSON] et al. analyzed the application of BeiDou terminals in forest fire early warning monitoring and described the application of the BeiDou system in a county (district) level forest fire precision monitoring technology system [24]. Aiming to solve the problem of being unable to communicate with the outside world during firefighting operations in forests due to the absence of public network coverage in large forest areas, in this study, we designed a vehicle-mounted emergency communication system using BeiDou RSMC, which consists of two parts: a local self-organized network terminal and a satellite communication network terminal. This system is intended to solve the emergency communication problem when a fire occurs in forest areas without a public network by allowing for a reliable communication link to be established between on-site firefighters and a remote command center. In Section 2.3, the team tested the system at the Experimental Forestry Farm of Maoer Mountain, Harbin City, Heilongjiang Province. The experiment simulated the whole process of a fire from onset to extinguishing, and a firetuck equipped with the vehicle-mounted emergency communication system completed the firefighting operation. At the end of the experiment, the reliability of the system was analyzed. However, a major shortcoming in this study was the lack of different types of geographic locations in the testing environment. Testing in only a single type of geographic environment may limit the broad applicability of the results, thus affecting the overall assessment of the system's performance under various environmental conditions in real-world applications. In future work, we will test the system with a richer set of geographic location variables.
## 3 Performance Analysis of TDOA Method and Beamforming Method Based on the Simulated Signals
### Performance Analysis of Beamforming Method  
The simulation signals received by the above 15 sensors are extracted. The accuracy of 10 mm is used for beamforming method (same below). The number of points to be scanned is 8181 (\(101\times 81\)), and the beamforming locating is performed, respectively, according to the sensor spacings of 50 mm, 100 mm, 150, mm and 200 mm. According to the method and operation steps introduced in Section 2.2, the localization results are shown in Table 4.  
It can be seen from the localization results in Table 3 that the localization of the beamforming method is very accurate. As the distance between the sensors increases, the localization is more accurate. However, this method needs to divide the plate, and each divided point must be scanned and calculated, which increases the calculation cost.
# A Dynamic Distributed Deterministic Load-Balancer for Decentralized Hierarchical Infrastructures
## 4 A Weight-Based Load-Balancer
Another Invariant which is maintained and is crucial for the load-balancing mechanism, involves the criticality \(c(p,q)=\frac{d(p)}{d(q)}\) of two brother nodes \(p\) and \(q\) (representing their difference in densities). The invariant guarantees that there will not be large differences between densities:  
**Invariant 3**. : _For two brothers \(p\) and \(q\), it holds that \(\frac{1}{c}\leq c(p,q)\leq c,1<c\leq 2\)._  
For example, choosing \(c=2\) we get that the density of any node can be at most twice or half of that of its brother. When an update takes place at leaf \(u\), weights are updated as described above. Then, the load-balancing mechanism redistributes the elements among leaves when the load between leaves is not distributed equally enough. In particular, starting from \(u\), the highest ancestor \(w\) is located that is unbalanced w.r.t. his brother \(z\), meaning that Invariant 3 is violated. Finally, the elements in the subtree of their father \(v\) are redistributed uniformly so that the density of the brothers becomes equal; this procedure is henceforth called _redistribution_ of node \(v\). The weight-based mechanism is slightly modified to be applied also in node updates. _Virtual size_\(S(v)\) is defined and the same mechanism is applied using invariants similar to Invariants 1 and 2. Moreover, a new invariant is defined, involving node criticality. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l} \hline \hline
**Symbol** & **Definition** \\ \hline \(w(v)\): weight of \(v\) & number of elements stored in the subtree of \(v\) (including \(v\)) \\ \(e(v)\) & number of elements residing in a node \(v\) \\ \(|v|\): size of \(v\) & number of nodes of the subtree of \(v\) (including \(v\)) \\ \(d(v)\): density of \(v\) & \(d(v)=\frac{w(v)}{|v|}\) represents the mean number of elements per node in the subtree of \(v\) \\ \(c(p,q)\): criticality & \(c(p,q)=\frac{d(p)}{d(q)}\) represents the difference in densities between brothers \(p\) and \(q\) \\ \(nc_{v}\): node criticality & \(nc_{v}=\frac{|w|}{|v|}\) represents the difference in size between a node \(v\) and its left child \(w\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Symbols and Definitions. **Invariant 4**. : _The node criticality of all nodes is in the range \(\left[\frac{1}{4},\frac{3}{4}\right]\)._  
Invariant 4 implies that the number of nodes in the left subtree of a node \(v\) is at least half and at most twice the corresponding number of its right subtree. The weight-based mechanism described above (and its slight modification) achieves an \(O(1)\) amortized cost for weight update and \(O(\log N)\) amortized cost for redistribution. It is general enough to be applied to other hierarchical tree-based structures and was proposed and thoroughly described in [15].
# Eigenmode Wavefront Decoupling Algorithm for LC-DM Adaptive Optics Systems
## 3 Materials and Methods
### Construction of the DM Eigenmode Matrix
In addition, since the eigenmodes are obtained by constructing the response function of the DM, which reflects the inherent characteristics of the DM, there is no fitting error when using the DM to generate the eigenmodes. Compared with the Zernike modes presented in Figure 2, no fitting error is observed for eigenmodes in theory. Hence, the DM eigenmodes can effectively lead to a decrease in fitting errors and improvement of the final correction accuracy.
## 2 Global Open Geo-Information and Integrated Framework
### Integrated Framework
#### 2.2.2 Methodology Integration  
Disaster assessments are the integrated products of component information on the extent and intensity of hazards, on the distribution and number of affected elements, and on the quantity and quality of damages incurred. For each component listed above, various methodologies and models can be used for analysis and extraction. For rapid damage estimations, affected populations, cities, and buildings are typically roughly assessed based on experimental methodologies by integrating the earthquake intensity, exposure population density, and population vulnerability data. For instance, affected population estimated methodologies developed by PAGER integrate the global scale ShakeMap, Landscan populations [39], and national level population vulnerability data for past earthquakes. After predictive damage assessments are conducted, the degree of damage to each element is typically derived from local post-disaster information for the validation of final outcomes. Degrees of damage are typically defined by integrating affected elements with damage level information by sampling post-quantitative damage information for certain points or small-scale areas through high resolution remote sensing, crowdsourcing information, or field surveys, and by then deducing the damages incurred to an entire area by extrapolation or interpolation. For this type of damage assessment, plenty of models and methodologies have been developed for almost all damage indicators. For comprehensive damage assessments, all information needed is available for integrated utilization. For some major disasters, all damaged physical elements have been surveyed through various means of damage assessment. Damage information derived from different approaches is synthesized and verified to guarantee the accuracy of the final results [40; 41; 42].  
Every methodology and model has unique application conditions, advantages, and limitations in terms of information availability levels, professional capabilities, and user requirements. Portals for categorizing related methodologies through guidelines, handbooks, or specifications are very helpful for integrated use and could define integrated approaches according to phases, scales, proceedings, or elements. The MapAction and Satellite Emergency Mapping guidelines are two of the best practices in this regard. The transfer of universal applicable methodologies into software tools through standardized programming and an explicit handbook for open use will dramatically assist countries with less geo-information available for professional purposes. At the same time, utilization feedback for different areas or conditions could facilitate the modification and refinement of methodologies. National cooperation and initiatives, global open promotion, and licensing are non-technical issues of integration promotion.
## 4 Experimental Stations
### Experimental Station Bernina  
The Experimental Station Bernina (ESB) is designed to pursue femtosecond (fs) time-resolved (tr) hard X-ray pump-probe (XPP) diffraction and scattering experiments in condensed matter systems [166]. Its main emphasis is on the electromagnetic response in correlated crystalline materials, but it is sufficiently flexible to host a variety of hard X-ray experiments that benefit from short pulses. Frequently in correlated systems many of the energy scales such as charge-transfer energy, magnetic exchange, Jahn-Teller splitting, hopping integral or Hubbard interaction, are of similar size (\(\sim\)0.15-4 eV). The ground states obtained by minimizing the total energy include ferro- and antiferromagnetism (FM, AFM), multiferroics, charge and spin density waves (CDW, SDW), high-T\({}_{c}\) superconductors (SC) and topological insulators. Due to the fine balance of all the energy scales new electronic and magnetic phases emerge with competing ground states. Small changes of external conditions such as temperature, pressure, magnetic or electrical fields, and carrier doping, can cause switching of ground states and large changes in functional properties. A new avenue is to dynamically excite the system with photons employing pump-probe photon-in and photon-out techniques. The spin, charge, orbital and lattice degrees of freedom can be coupled via electron-phonon and spin-lattice interactions. One way to understand the competing interactions and to clarify cause and effect in such coupled systems is to follow their different response in the time domain by selective pumping and probing of specific modes using tailored pulses, properly matched in time structure, wavelength, polarization and intensity. This allows new type of pump-probe experiments: selective excitation and probing of low energy electronic, magnetic and structural dynamics; photo-induced (non-thermal) phase transitions away from equilibrium (such as new metastable states and light induced symmetry breaking); coupling, control and switching in multiferroic systems; correlations and fluctuations in non-equilibrium systems. In a pump-probe experiment the time response--which for coherent excitation is oscillatory followed by dephasing and relaxation--is measured by precisely varying the time distance between pump and probe. The pump pulses are derived from an optical fs laser system. The sample is probed by fs X-ray pulses in SASE mode employing time-resolved resonant and non-resonant X-ray diffraction (tr(R)XRD), diffuse scattering (trDS), and resonant inelastic X-ray scattering (trRIXS).
# Insights into Membrane Damage by \(\alpha\)-Helical and \(\beta\)-Sheet Peptides
## 3 Results
### Experimental Investigation
#### 3.3.3 High Concentration  
In our simulations with up to 20 peptides, M04 did not form pore-like structures inside lipid membranes (Figure 2B), although the experiments in Figure 6A show water leakage at high concentrations. To test the consistency of MD models with the latter experiments, additional simulations were performed with 25 \(\times\) M04 peptides for 8 us. The accumulated number of water permeation events in this simulation is shown in cyan in Figure 6B, and this is compared with simulations performed with 20 peptides--red line reproduced from Figure 2B. At the time 7 us, water abruptly permeated the membrane in the simulation with 25 \(\times\) M04 peptides, as a pore-like structure was formed. The latter was surrounded by a high concentration of peptides that remained on the surface of both leaflets of the bilayer, without penetrating its dry core. By remaining on the surface, M04 peptides do not expose their last phenylalanine to water, as in Figure 4B. Thus, the membrane damage by M04 peptides at high concentration could also be modeled using MD simulations, although significant computational resources would be required for that purpose.  
Figure 6: Membrane disruption and water leakage. (**A**) Leakage assay quantifying water permeation induced by M03 (black) and M04 (red) peptides at different peptide-to-lipid (P:L) mass ratios. (**B**) Cumulative water permeation events from MD simulations with 20 (red) and 25 (cyan) M04 peptides. Cross-sectional views of the membrane are shown for simulations with 25 (top) and 20 (bottom) peptides.
# Modelling of a Non-Transferred Plasma Torch Used for Nano-Silica Powders Production
## 3 Equipment and Operating Conditions  
Figure 2 shows the plasma system used to synthesis nano-silica. A non-transferred DC torch was used to create extremely reactive gas species at a high temperature for the reaction of gas precursors and for the synthesis of nanoparticles. The torch was operated with nitrogen gas followed by a short mixing section where a SiCl\({}_{4}\) and carrier gas mixture (nitrogen and hydrogen) were introduced and heated in the plasma tail flame to about 1100 \({}^{\circ}\)C. This torch used a (10-30 kW) power supply at a pressure slightly above one atmosphere (4 atm). The electric arc was initially generated by applying a voltage varied between 80 and 200 V, and gases were flown around the arc column for heating via conductive, convective, and radiative heat exchanges. A typical non-transferred DC torch with a rod-type cathode produced a plasma jet with temperature in the interval of (2400-4800 \({}^{\circ}\)C) and few hundreds of m/s velocity at the torch exit. The temperature or velocity jet conditions were largely determined by the nozzle design and thus can be adjusted for an efficient manufacturing of nanomaterials. Table 3 summarizes the optimum operation conditions used to synthesis the silica nanoparticles.  
Figure 2: Plasma pilot for the synthesis of nano-silica.  
Different technics were used to characterize the silica nanopowder prepared by the thermal plasma. These techniques were X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The XRD patterns of silica nanopowder were determined with a Bruker D5005 diffractometer and using CuK\(\alpha\) radiation (\(\lambda\) = 1.78901 A). In the TEM characterization, the synthesized products were placed in EtOH, then the samples were immersed for 15 min in an ultrasonic bath, and in the last step a few drops of the resulting suspension containing the synthesized materials were placed onto a TEM grid.
# Penetration Analysis of SAR Signals in the C and L Bands for Wheat, Maize, and Grasslands
## 3 Data Analysis
### Temporal Behavior of C-Band for Maize  
In this section, the behavior of the C-VV over maize is investigated. As mentioned before, studying the behavior of the L-band over maize plots was not possible because the swath of ALOS-2 images does not cover the reference maize plots. The growth cycle of maize is composed into two main stages, namely, vegetative and reproductive stages. The vegetative phase comprises planting (late April early May), end of the production of leaf collars (mid-July), and tasseling (early August). The reproductive phase comprises silking (just after tasseling), milk and dough stages (early September-mid and late September), physiological maturity (starts in October), and harvesting (end of October).  
Figure 6 shows the temporal behavior of the C-VV (\(\theta\) of 39\({}^{\circ}\)) and NDVI over a maize plot. At the early stage (until the end of June), the C-VV is dominated by scattering from the ground and is sensitive to SSM variations. Indeed, the C-VV increases when the SSM increases following rainfall, then the C-VV decreases when SSM decreases during days without rainfall. For instance, the C-VV increases from \(-12\) dB on \(12/05/2018\) to \(-7.9\) dB on \(18/05/2017\) due to cumulative rainfall of \(17.1\) mm occurring in the hours before SAR acquisition on \(18/05/2017\). Between the end of July and the end of August the NDVI remains high (approximately 0.85) and the C-VV shows sensitivity to soil moisture. Again, the C-VV decreases with a decrease in the SSM during the time span without rainfall and increases as soil moisture increases following a rain event (green circle in Figure 6). For instance, the C-VV increases from \(-12.5\) dB on \(04/08/2017\) to \(-10.3\) dB on \(10/08/2017\) following two rainfall events occurring on \(07/08/2017\) (\(25.5\) mm) and on \(10/08/2017\) (\(10.7\) mm). The observed sensitivity of the C-VV to SSM for a well-developed maize canopy is due to the scattering along the soil-vegetation pathway that becomes significant under densely vegetated conditions [46; 47]. This significant soil-vegetation pathway scattering includes a soil moisture contribution and explains the observed sensitivity of the C-VV to soil moisture [48; 49]. The sensitivity of the C-VV to SSM in the presence of well-developed maize cover was reported in the study of [PERSON] et al. [26]. [PERSON] et al. [26] found that the SSM contribution to the C-band backscattering is notable even when the maize canopy is at peak biomass.
# A Multi-Objective Path-Planning Approach for Multi-Scenario Urban Mobility Needs
## 2 Preliminaries
### Dynamic Weight-Adjustment Mechanism
#### 2.3.1 Urban Commuting  
In urban commuting during peak hours, traffic congestion and commute time are the primary concerns for drivers. Therefore, the dynamic weight-adjustment mechanism assigns higher weights to travel time and congestion distance in the path planning, prioritizing routes that reduce traffic congestion. Through this strategy, path planning can provide efficient travel solutions under congested conditions, helping users avoid congested sections.