## 3 Results and Discussion  
### Dielectric Properties  
Dielectric properties of materials refer to their interaction with electric fields and their electrical conductivity. These properties determine the electrical insulating abilities, energy storage capacities, and other electromagnetic interactions of materials. When an electric field is applied, the charges in the material move or displace, creating a dipole moment. These dipole moments determine the permittivity of the material.  
The real permittivity and imaginary permittivity values fully describe the dielectric properties of a material. The real part of permittivity characterizes a material's ability to store energy when exposed to an electric field [11]. Materials with high real permittivity show greater resistance to the electric field and may have higher energy storage capacity [35]. The imaginary permittivity is a measure of the dissipated energy within materials and is primarily related to conductivity [36]. Materials with high imaginary permittivity can cause greater energy loss in the electric field.  
The study discovered that the \(\epsilon^{\prime}\) and \(\epsilon^{\prime\prime}\) of the samples increased across the entire frequency range used as the amount of carbon black in the composition increased. This results in interfacial polarization due to charge accumulation at the interface, so it contributes to the increase of \(\epsilon^{\prime}\) and \(\epsilon^{\prime\prime}\). For carbon black-filled samples, \(\epsilon^{\prime}\) values from 2.5 to 10 and \(\epsilon^{\prime\prime}\) values from 0.2 to 4. On the other hand, permittivity values of the graphite-filled samples are very close to each other, as shown in Figure 3. \(\epsilon^{\prime}\) values are in the range 2.5-3 in Figure 3a,b, while \(\epsilon^{\prime\prime}\) values are 0.1-0.2 in Figure 3c,d. The dielectric parameters of the samples, particularly those containing a relatively higher amount of carbon black, show a frequency-dependent behavior. This is because the movement of electrons under the electric field varies depending on the frequency [37]. The increment in permittivity with the addition of carbon black can be attributed to the formation of more conductive pathways within the sample, as evidenced by the frequency-dependent behavior of the imaginary part of the permittivity.  
For carbon black filled samples AC conductivity increases by the increasing amount of filler material, as expected. Conductive filler addition usually enhances electrical conductivity. These values are close to each other in graphite-filled samples, related to the imaginary permittivity values. At high frequencies, almost all the samples showed higher AC conductivity. It appears that the AC conductivity values increase almost linearly as the frequency increases for a single sample composition. The conductivity of a material is primarily controlled by the random diffusion of charge carriers through activated hopping at low frequencies. This results in a conductivity that remains constant regardless of the frequency. However, as the frequency increases, the AC conductivity demonstrates dispersion. It follows a power law relationship, gradually approaching linearity at higher frequencies [39]. The increased frequency can enhance the hopping ability of electrons, leading to their improved capability to move. In the high-frequency region, electrons tend to be highly stimulated and readily move or jump from one particle to another. These particles are either in contact or located near each other [25].  
Carbon black-filled samples let a higher AC conductivity than graphite-filled samples. AC conductivity is directly proportional to frequency for all cases in the 1-14 GHz range.