## 3 Results and Analysis  
### High Multipath Single Point Static Positioning and Antenna Effect  
This test was carried out on the roof top of the CCIT building of the University of Calgary, a high multipath environment. The units were mounted on a vertical pole and separated by 30 cm as shown in Figure 4, with the units' own antennas, referred to as \"internal\" antennas in the sequel to distinguish them from the use of an external geodetic antenna as will be reported later. The observation period was selected to have Galileo coverage of up to five SVs with a PDOP of 3 or better. The GPS and Galileo measurements were processed separately in epoch-by-epoch L1 and E1 unfiltered kinematic code mode (using RTKLib). The GPS and Galileo C/N\({}_{0}\) measurements of the 66 blue unit are shown in Figure 5. Cyclic attenuation of over 20 dB-Hz is characteristic of high specular multipath. Absolute C/N\({}_{0}\) differences between SVs are generally caused by SV elevation differences. The apparent higher attenuation of the limited Galileo constellation is due to its generally lower SVs elevation than many GPS SVs at this time. The corresponding GPS and Galileo epoch-by-epoch coordinates during the test period are shown in Figure 6a,b, respectively. GPSMap 66 GPS latitude, longitude and height RMS values are 6.5, 3.5 and 12.2 m for the blue unit and 4.5, 3.0 and 10.1 m for the green unit. The higher height RMS values are expected due to normal height observability limitation and high multipath environment. Corresponding Galileo RMS values are 6.6, 2.4 and 8.4 m for the blue unit and 6.6, 4.2 and 11.9 m for the green unit, hence not significantly different from the GPS values. Cyclic coordinate variations are due to multipath as in the case of C/N\({}_{0}\) measurements. Since the coordinates are based on single-frequency measurements, the effect of the ionosphere would affect the average mean differences. However, given the high noise level, it is not possible to confirm any significant ionospheric effect, even on the height component, the more so during the current period of minimum solar activity. This reference point was observed frequently with the dual-frequency Trimble R10 during the month long period of the tests. The data was processed successively in L1 and L1/L2 mode and the resulting coordinate differences, a direct measure of the effect of the ionosphere on coordinates, were consistently lower than 10 cm. No significant biases are observed between these coordinates and the ITRF 2014 reference coordinates of the observation point. Since the two GPSMap 66 units were collecting data at the same time, the results, within the noise level, should be the same. However, the units were separated in height by 30 cm and affected by different multipath. This spatial difference is the main reason for the slightly different results between the two units. Despite the limited number of Galileo SVs, the results are not significantly different from GPS results. Given the high multipath, the potential advantage of the higher number of GPS SVs is buried in noise. Figure 3: Quality of GPS L1 Doppler and delta ranges of Garmin GPSMap 66 (**left**) and Huawei P10 (**right**) in a low multipath environment. The P10 results for the above test resulted in discontinuous GPS positions and a limited number of Galileo SVs being tracked. Sub-optimal P10 GNSS data recording during the tests reported in this paper occurred frequently. A previous test, whose GPS results are shown in Figure 7, produced continuous results. In the high multipath environment shown in Figure 4, the P10 antenna is not as effective as the GPSMap 66 to deal with multipath and the resulting position coordinate noise is relatively high. Figure 4: GPSMap 66 and P10 testing in a high multipath environment. Figure 5: GPSMap 66 blue GPS and Galileo C/N\({}_{0}\) measurements in the high multipath environment shown in Figure 4.  
Figure 6: \(Cont\).