# A Survey of Game Theoretic Approaches to Modelling Decision-Making in Information Warfare Scenarios
## 4 Games for Representing Information Warfare Operations
### A Taxonomy of Information Warfare Games
#### 4.2.1 Command and Control Games  
Table 3 summarizes several examples of command and control games found in the literature. An example of a command and control game is the terrorist game. The terrorist game involves two rational players, the terrorists (attacker(s)) and the government (defender). The interaction between the two players is modelled as a static game of complete information. In this scenario, the terrorists capture hostages and force the government to provide their requirements. If their requirements are not accepted by the government, they threaten to explode the hostages and to attack the command, control, communication and intelligence infrastructure. The government, on the other hand, asks the terrorists to surrender to be kept in jail. The players have two strategies. Using the first strategy, the player accepts the suggestion of the other player (i.e., terrorist surrender or the government provides the ransom). Using the second strategy, the player rejects the suggestion of the other player (i.e., the terrorists blow up the hostages or the government refuses to negotiate). Simulation results show that to solve such a conflicting situation, a bold strategy is needed. Such an action will force the enemy to believe that the opponent will not accept the threats. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l l l l} \hline \hline  & **Operation Type** & **Offensive Actors** & **Defensive Actors** & **Goals(s)** & **References** \\ \hline Offensive & Command and control warf & I, T, G & G & 2,3 & [7,25] \\  & Physical destruction & I, T, G & C, G & 2,3 & [20] \\  & Physical attack & I, T, G & C, G & 2,3 & [34] \\  & Phycological warf & I, T & I & 3 & [7,20,24,25,34] \\  & Military deception & G & G & 2,3 & [20,24,34] \\  & Electronic warf & I, T, G & G & 1,2,3 & [7,20,24,26,34,35] \\  & Economic warf & I, T, G & G & 1,2,3 & [7,25] \\  & Information attack & I, T & I, C & 3 & [7,24,34] \\  & Semantic attack & I, T & I, C & 2,3 & [7,25] \\  & Hacker warf & I, T & I, C & 1 & [7,25] \\  & Hactivity & I, C & I, C, G & 1,2,3 & [26,36] \\  & Espionage & C, T & C, G & 1 & [7,9,26] \\  & Cyberterrorism & I, T & G & 1,2,3 & [37] \\  & Personal information warf & I & I & 1,2,3 & [79] \\  & Corporate information warf & I, C & C & 1,2,3 & [79] \\  & Global information warf & T, G & G & 1,2,3 & [79] \\  & Intelligence-based information warf & I, T, G & G & 1 & [25] \\ \hline Defensive & Information assurance & I, C & C, G & 6 & [34] \\  & Information-based warf & T, G & G & 4,5,6 & [7,25] \\  & Counter Intelligence & T, C, G & C, G & 4,5 & [26,34] \\  & Operation security & T, G & G & 4,5 & [24,34] \\  & Security measures & I, T, G & C, G & 4,5,6 & [34] \\  & Security programs & I, T & G & 4,5,6 & [34] \\  & Psychological counter operations & I, T & I & 6 & [34] \\  & Counter deception & I, T, G & G & 4,5 & [34] \\  & Electronic protection & I, T, G & G & 4,5,6 & [34] \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Summary of information warf operations. Another example of a command and control game is presented by [PERSON] et al. [47]. This paper considers a scenario where two conflicting forces (players), namely 'blue force' and'red forces', were involved in a military combat. The mission of the blue force is to attack the red force by damaging their weapons and infrastructure. The decision making process is made through a hierarchy of command and control. This command and control hierarchy consists of commanders who need to take a decision at each stage of the game. A non-zero sum dynamic game is used to analyze the best strategies that can be played by the two forces in such a scenario. The paper by [PERSON] [48] focuses on threat prediction in the command and control domain. This study considers the case where friendly and hostile forces, referred to as blue and red forces, involve in a military combat mission. Within this scenario, the Red force launches an attack by sending tanks and infantry from several directions to the Blue Force's base camp.