## 2 Materials and Methods  
### Laboratory Experiment  
A soil from a typical calcareous quarry (Hartuv, Beit Shemesh, Israel), which produces calcareous materials for construction, was used for the experiment. This soil-material is a product of rock crushing and screening. It uses for bedding of the unpaved roads in the quarry. A soil sample was transported to the laboratory for experiment. The soil sample characterized by fine-earth material and rock fragments up to size of 50,000 \(\upmu\)m in diameter (Figure 1a). The fine-earth material in the soil sample (after extraction of the rock fragments in the sample), which is potential of dust emission, was analyzed for particle size distribution (Figure 1b). It was done by the ANALYSETTE 22 MicroTec Plus (Fritsch, Idar-Oberstein, Germany) laser diffraction, which measures particles in the size range of 0.08-2000 \(\upmu\)m [15; 20]. Replicas (100 mg) were dispersed in Na-hexamvetaphosphate solution (0.5%) by sonication (38 kHz). The data was calculated using the Fraunhofer diffraction model with a size resolution of 1 \(\upmu\)m using MasControl software. Mineralogical and elemental compositions show high content of Ca-based components (Figure 1c,d), which obtained by the X-ray power diffraction (XRPD) and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) methods, respectively [21]. The soil that was brought to the lab from the quarry (Figure 1a) was sieved into size material size \(<\)8000 \(\upmu\)m in diameter, including fine-earth materials (\(<\)2000 \(\upmu\)m) and small rock fragments (2000-8000 \(\upmu\)m). The soil was placed in specific trays that fit the wind tunnel dimensions (see next section). The area of each ray is \(0.5\times 1.0\) m with height of 0.02 m. Three trays (replicas) were prepared for each soil treatment/product (Figure 2). Table 1 presents the various products and their application on the soil used for the laboratory experiment. The composition of the solution of each substance and the concentration of the solution to be applied by spraying on the soil surface were provided by the suppliers of the products. Note that the brine was supplied as a solution already, in which the concentration applied on the soil (1.5 L m\({}^{-2}\)) is typical in dust control application of Brine. Following this process, the amount of the solution (water content) was vastly different between the soil samples/applications. However, the soil samples left outside for a drying process of several days before the experiment to avoid the impact of soil water content on wind erosion and dust emission. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline
**Product/Sample** & **Type of Material** & **Application** \\ \hline Control & None & None \\ \hline Brine & \begin{tabular}{c} Hydrous magnesium chloride \\ (MgCl\({}_{2}\) + CaCl\({}_{2}\) + NaCl + KCl) \\ \end{tabular} & Sprayed 1.5 L m\({}^{-2}\) \\ \hline Lignin & \begin{tabular}{c} Organic polymer (Calcium \\ lignosulfonat) \\ \end{tabular} & Concentration 0.25 L m\({}^{-2}\) \\ \hline Resin & \begin{tabular}{c} Organic polymer (Emulsified tree \\ resin) \\ \end{tabular} & Concentration 0.25 L m\({}^{-2}\) \\ \hline Bitumen & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Petroleum bitumen (Asphal) \\ emulsion \\ \end{tabular} & Concentration 0.40 L m\({}^{-2}\) \\ \hline PVA &
\begin{tabular}{c} Synthetic polymer (Polyvinyl \\ acetate and acrylic polymers) \\ \end{tabular} & Concentration 0.11 L m\({}^{-2}\) \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: List of products for dust control used in the laboratory and field experiments. Note that the composition of the solution of each substance and the concentrations of the solution to be applied by spraying on the soil surface were provided by the suppliers. Figure 1: Characteristics of the soil sample used for the experiments: (**a**) size distribution of the soil product in the quarry obtained by mechanical sieving. (**b**) Particle size distribution of the fine-earth material (after extraction of the rock fragments in the sample) obtained by the laser diffractometer technique.