## 3 Data Analysis  
The data on the angular displacements generated from the Quintic Biomechanics system were used to determine the range of harvesting movement of the respective joints. It was defined as the motion of the joint to achieve a certain movement goal, such as the placement of the harvesting tool on the targeted FFB and push-and-pull harvesting  
Figure 4: Flexion and extension of the (**a**) shoulder joint and (**b**) elbow joint, and (**c**) radial-ulnar deviation of the wrist joint. Source: [PERSON] et al. (2010).  
Figure 3: One cycle of push-pull-cutting movement.  
movement in this study as illustrated in Figure 5. The range of the harvesting movement was calculated by using a simple mathematical equation as shown in Equation (2). The active range of the harvesting movement of flexion and extension movements of the shoulder and elbow joints, as well as the active range of harvesting movement for the ulnar and radial movements of the wrist joint, were calculated for every participant. In this study, the active range of harvesting movement was referred to as the range of harvesting movements after the placement of the harvesting tool on the targeted FFB. The range of the harvesting movements of the initial shoulder posture (the angular displacement between the standing position to the posture corresponding to the placement of the harvesting tool on the targeted FFB) and the maximum posture range of harvesting movements (the angular displacement between the standing position to the maximum angular displacement) were also measured.  
\[\theta_{\text{P,Active range of movement}}=\theta_{\text{P,$f$}}-\theta_{ \text{P,$i$}} \tag{2}\]  
where P is the phase (preparation, execution, and end), \(i\) is the initial, and \(f\) is the finish.  
For each of the studied joint motions, descriptive statistics such as means and standard deviations were computed to summarise the range of harvesting movements data of the twenty harvesters. To identify any age effects, participants were divided into three groups by age: 20-29 years of age, 30-39 years of age, and 40-49 years of age. Next, to examine the effect of the FFB target locations on the initial shoulder posture angle, the participants were divided into two posture angle groups according to their RULA scores. The RULA categorises the upper body postures using the positions 20\({}^{\circ}\), 45\({}^{\circ}\), 90\({}^{\circ}\) and above [27].  
Most of the range of the harvesting movements of the shoulder, elbow, and wrist joints obtained in this study followed a normal distribution according to the Shapiro-Wilk test. A two-step approach was applied to transform the continuous variables with non-normal distributions to normal distributions [28]. Firstly, the variables were transformed towards a statistical uniformity by calculating the percentile rank. Next, the inverse-normal transformation was performed on the results of the first step to establish normally distributed data for the variables. ANOVA and \(t\)-test analyses were performed to determine the effects of age, initial shoulder support, and dominant shoulder posture on the active range of harvesting movement of the joints at the three phases.