esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Wind Tunnel Experiments for CFD Model Validation
#### 2.2.1 Description of the Wind Tunnel and a Scale Model of NVD Building  
The experiments were carried out in a large BLWT at the ATB. The BLWT is 20 m long, 3 m wide and 2 m high with adjustable ceiling up to 0.25 m (Figure 2). The inlet of the BLWT is fitted with honeycombs (Sennur Camur, Bad Saeckingen, Germany) at the inlet nozzle and has a Prandtl tube sensor connected to a pressure transducer (MKS BaratronR Type 120A, MKS Instruments, USA) near the inlet to measure the inlet velocity. The inflow section between inlet and test section had a length of approximately 10 m and was equipped with roughness elements of different heights to generate a turbulent boundary layer. The outlet of BLWT is fitted with an axial fan of (diameter 2.8 m), which can provide a maximum wind speed of 20 m\(\cdot\)s\({}^{-1}\).  
A 1:100 scale model of the NVD building located in north-east Germany was built for the BLWT experiment as described in Figure 1. The dimensions of the scale model are 0.962 m (length) \(\times\) 0.342 m (width). The eave height and the ridge height are 0.042 m and 0.107 m, respectively (Figure 3a). This resulted in a wind tunnel blockage ratio of 1.72%, which is lower than the recommended maximum value of 5% for scaled model and wind tunnel experiments [24]. The inflow profile was fulfilled the criteria for a boundary layer over a moderately rough terrain according to the VDI guideline for Physical Modelling of Flow and Dispersion Processes in the Atmospheric Boundary Layer [25]. With the barn model height as characteristic length and the local velocities at the barn, a Reynolds number of \(\sim\)37.000 was achieved for the inside flow of the model, which is published in a previous study with the same model [26]. This meets the requirements of the internal Reynolds number independence on the flow within the model [27], making the wind tunnel results up scalable.  
Figure 1: Sidewall opening practices of the naturally ventilated dairy (NVD) barn in Dummerstorf, Germany in different seasons, (**a**) in summer, (**b**) in early spring and autumn, and (**c**) in winter.  
Figure 2: Schematic diagram of Boundary Layer Wind Tunnel (BLWT) (ATB, unpublished) and the experimental setup. All dimensions are in m.  
No interior partitions except elevated cow resting areas and a feeding alley were constructed in the scale model. The walls and roofs were made of transparent acrylic glasses (2 mm thickness) and were fixed onto the frame using smooth adhesive.
# Crack Propagation Behavior of Fused Silica during Cyclic Indentation under Incremental Loads
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Load-Displacement Curve Analysis
The spalling around the indents causes material removal from the surface, which decreases the resistance against the wedging, and in turn, increases the size of a pop-in. Moreover, there was a discrete displacement increase at the initial part of loading on later cycles of some incremental-load cyclic indentations, as shown in Figures 13d and 14d. Such displacement increase was not observed during the early cycles. For quantitatively evaluating the occurrence of the initial displacement increase, the ratio of \(P^{\prime}\) and \(P\) (\(P^{\prime}\): the load at the intersection point between two cycles; \(P\): the previous maximum load) was calculated as Figure 16, where the definition of the ratio is given in the subfigure. If the initial displacement increase is significant, \(P^{\prime}\) becomes lower since the loading curves are shifted to the right side. In Figure 16, the ratio increases and then decreases as the indentation cycle increases, indicating that the initial displacement increase occurs during the later cycles. It is noted that the standard distribution during later cycles in Figure 16 is bigger than that of early cycles. This is because as the indentation cycle increases, the divergence of crack generation pattern increases too. As confirmed in Figure 7d,e, even under the same conditions, different fracture patterns lead to significantly different shapes of load-displacement curves, as shown in Figure 14d,e. The big initial displacement increase in Figure 14d might be caused by the crush of the internal spalling fragments sandwiched by the indenter and sample. Figure 8:0 Load–displacement curves recorded during indentations by a cube-corner indenter at 100 mN: (**a**) single; (**b**) 2 cycles; (**c**) 5 cycles; (**d**) 10 cycles, corresponding to the SEM images in Figure 8:1
## 2 Experimental Procedures  
### Preparation of Specimens  
High-purity polycrystalline W bulk (purity: 99.95%) was purchased from Advanced Technology & Materials Co. Ltd (Beijing, China). It was made by powder metallurgy and stress-relieved by annealing at 1273 K for 1 h after hot rolling. The W bulk was 70 mm in diameter and 5 mm in thickness, and was placed horizontally in a commercial magnetron sputtering device (KYKY MP 650-A) as a target. This W bulk material was also used as the substrate for magnetron sputtering deposition. For the present experiments, the substrates were cut into 10 \(\times\) 10 mm\({}^{2}\) pieces, each 1 mm thick. Each substrate was mechanically and electrochemically polished until the surface was mirror-like before irradiation.  
Nanocrystalline W films were deposited in a magnetron system (KYKY MP 650-A) by dc sputtering of a tungsten cathode. The W films were prepared by sputtering of the W target mentioned above with 100 W dc power. The system was pumped down to a base pressure of less than 5 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-4}\) Pa. Argon (Ar) gas was introduced via a mass flow controller. Deposition was performed in an argon atmosphere at a pressure of 1 Pa. The substrate temperature was heated up to 773 K before deposition. Tungsten films with thicknesses of about 6 \(\upmu\)m were achieved, which were measured by a profilometer (Dektak 6 M, Veeco).  
Furthermore, the W film specimens were annealed at 1273 K for 1 h in a vacuum (<10\({}^{-6}\) Pa) to relieve material stresses and to reduce intrinsic defect concentration. After that, specimens were electrochemically polished to remove surface impurities. Prior to each implantation, the samples were ultrasonically cleaned in acetone, alcohol, and deionized water for 15 min.  
The density of the W film was measured by Archimedes' method, and it was about 17.5 g/cm\({}^{3}\) for the W film, corresponding to a relative density of 90%. The oxygen content of the W film was measured by a Nitrogen/Oxygen Analyzer (TC600, LECO, San Jose, CA, USA), and it was about 0.03 wt%. The carbon content of the film was characterized by an energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS, IE 300 X) and was about 0.05 wt%.
# Chitin and Chitosan in the Alcoholic and Non-Alcoholic Beverage Industry: An Overview
## 5 Final Remarks  
Chitosan is available in the market with different structural characteristics, mainly deacetylation degree and molecular weight. It could be used in the beverages industry for different purposes, as summarized in Table 1.  
Its application in the beverage industry is to extend shelf-life due to its antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. It could also be applied as a clarification agent associated with its positive charge to reduce turbidity by precipitating particles in suspension. However, only fungal chitosan (from _Agaricus bisporus_ or _Aspergillus niger_) is allowed to be used in the wine industry, as the crustaceans chitosan is restricted due to the allergenicity. Chitosan can be used to immobilize microorganisms and enzymes, allowing high cell densities, product yield improvements, lowered risk of microbial contamination, better control, and reproducibility of the industrial processes, as well as the possibility of reusing the immobilized systems for batch fermentation and continuous fermentation technologies, while enzyme immobilization, besides improving enzymatic reactions by protecting enzymes from chemical degradation, may be used to protect beverages from spoilage and consumers from undesirable fermentation metabolites. Aiming at achieving higher mechanical strength and crosslinking of chitosan beads, glutaraldehyde and genipin can be used. However, caution must be taken due to the possible health issues related to these kinds of compounds, namely glutaraldehyde. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l l l} \hline \hline \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Chitosan Origin/Type**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Beverage**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Activity/Advantages**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Reference**} \\ \hline Chitin and chitosan & Beer & Application of chitin (5 mg/L) and chitosan (5 mg/L) for clarification and haze removal in beer. & \\ Chitin and chitosan & Beer & Chitin and chitosan showed the ability to flocculate beer colloidal particles, being chitosan’s & [4] \\ Chitosanan (dexethylated: 95\%, molecular weight 100 kDa) & Green tea infusions & Chitosan casualates the anionic compounds (pectin, proteins, etc.) from the tea infusion, and chelate & \\ \cline{3-3} \cline{5-5
## 1 Introduction  
Breast reconstruction is a cosmetic option for patients receiving mastectomy. Since the introduction of breast implants as an option for immediate breast reconstruction following mastectomy in the 1960s, the use of prostheses has exceeded that of autologous tissue reconstruction in the early 2000s [1]. The most commonly practiced form of implant-based breast reconstruction to date is the two-stage rather than single-stage direct-to-implant reconstruction [2]. The two-stage prosthetic breast reconstruction process involves insertion of a tissue expander into the pocket created after mastectomy. The expander undergoes saline inflation to stretch the dimensions of the retained skin envelope and to avoid wound contraction during wound maturation. Once the skin is sufficiently stretched, the expanders are removed and replaced with breast implants. Moreover, the development of tissue expanders by Radovan has created new possibilities in immediate and delayed reconstructions [3, 4]. Currently, more than 70% of all breast reconstruction cases are implanted-based, which has become the most popular method of breast reconstruction following mastectomy [5, 6, 7].  
Post-mastectomy radiation therapy (PMRT) is often delivered to patients who undergo breast reconstruction using temporary tissue expanders (TEs). Most traditional TEs contain an injection port, which commonly consists of a metal needle guide and a central magnet that aids in locating the injection site. However, since dose distribution is calculated on computed tomography (CT), these high-density materials may lead to altered dosimetry and inaccurate dose distribution during RT planning [8]. Recently, TEs that make use of a radio frequency identification (RFID) port have been developed (Motiva Flora(r)), which have replaced ferromagnetic materials with copper rings and metal needle guides with plastic. Therefore, it can be assumed that these structural differences will reduce the distortion of CT images and improve the accuracy of the dose calculation algorithms. As such, there is a need to dosimetrically study strategies designed to reduce the effect of metallic ports.  
The purpose of this study was to compare the dosimetric effect of traditional metallic ports and RFID ports on post-mastectomy volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) planning for left-sided breast cancer.
# Quantum LDPC Codes Based on Cocyclic Block Matrices
## 4 Conclusions  
The coding method of massive data has important applications in the field of information transmission and big-data processing. With the rapid development of quantum computing, this class of coding construction becomes one of the research fields of quantum information. In this paper, based on a class of circulant permutation matrices, we presented quantum cocyclic stabilizer codes in terms of two long-length block matrices. Motivated by the advantage of convenient and low-complexity implementation, a special family of Jacket block matrices is applied to the generator construction of a stabilizer. The presented method can construct long-length quantum cocyclic codes based on the iterative coding process. If the involved parameters are designed appropriately, the gained quantum codes have no 4-cycles in their generators, and the LDPC codes have good performance. In terms of the analysis for marginal flip probability \(f_{m}\) about our proposed codes, the good performance of the sparse matrices that appeared with a bit error rate is shown in Section IV. Therefore, the obtained quantum cocyclic stabilizer codes can be potentially applied to the future quantum information field of processing massive data.  
**Author Contributions:** Methodology, Y.L.; Formal analysis, Y.G.; Writing--original draft, Y.L. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
**Funding:** This work is supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai (No. 19 ZR1420000).  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 4 Results and Discussion
### Corrosion Tests
#### 4.4.2. G galvanized Steel Plates  
The free corrosion potential and the polarization resistance of galvanized steel plates embedded in cracked concrete, as a function of wet-dry cycles, are reported in Figures 8 and 9, respectively. The electrochemical tests showed no significant increase in the corrosion rate of galvanized steel embedded in concrete mixtures containing recycled aggregate and/or FA. Indeed, the corrosion risk seems to be even lower in recycled aggregate concrete (see Rec-0.3 in Figure 8) than in the other mixtures.  
Figure 8: Corrosion potential of galvanized steel plates in cracked concrete vs. wet–dry cycles.  
Figure 7: Visual observation of the corrosive attack on the bare steel plates in reference natural aggregate concrete (Nat-0.6, on the left), in recycled aggregate concrete (Rec-0.3, in the middle), and high-volume fly ash concrete (Nat + FA-0.6, on the right).  
The visual observation of the interface between galvanized steel plates and concrete added unexpected information to that obtained by the electrochemical tests. Indeed, in the concrete without additions (Nat-0.6, Figure 10a), far from the crack apex, a Fe-Zn alloy appeared on the surface of the reinforcement, meaning total consumption of the \(\eta\) zinc layer due to the corrosive attack, as later confirmed by metallographic observation (Figure 10b). On the other hand, the galvanized steel plates extracted from recycled aggregate concrete (Rec-0.3) showed a less deep corrosive attack. Zinc grains were still visible on the galvanized surface after exposure to wet-dry cycles (Figure 11a). Moreover, the metallographic observation revealed that a continuous thick \(\eta\) zinc layer was still present on the metallic plate (Figure 11b). Similar results were observed when high-volume fly ash was added in the mix.  
Figure 10: Visual obs. (**a**) and metallographic cross section (**b**) of galvanized steel plate in Nat-0.6  
Figure 9: Polarization resistance of galvanized steel plates in cracked concrete vs. wet–dry cycles.
## 5 Experimental Results and Discussion
### Error Sequence Measurement Results
The BWA was trained with the error sequence that was generated by comparing the known binary sequence that was transmitted with the sequence that was  
Figure 8: Error sequence for 16-QAM (with laptop charger). Figure 9: Error sequence for 16-QAM (with a computer monitor). received. In addition, the assumed initial values defined in Equations (1)-(3) for the FMM parameters were used as inputs to the BWA. Following initialization, the BWA was trained using the FMM parameters, with the experimental error sequence functioning as training data.
# Competitive Detection of Volatile Compounds from Food Degradation by a Zinc Oxide Sensor
###### Abstract  
During the phenomenon of food degradation, several volatile organic compounds are generally released. In particular, due to lipid oxidation in stored and packed meat, hexanal is formed as a typical decomposition product. Therefore, its detection can provide an important indication of the quality and conservation of meat. Unfortunately, the simultaneous release of other compounds, such as 1-pentanol and 1-octen-3-ol, during the first phase of the degradation process can have an undesirable effect on the detection of hexanal. In this work, a metal oxide (MOX) sensor based on zinc oxide (ZnO) was prepared and tested for possible use in the monitoring of low concentrations of hexanal. The sensor was expected to detect the target volatile with minimum interference from all the others, when released all at the same time. For this purpose, the ZnO sensor was exposed to both pure and different mixtures of vapors of the main competing organic compounds. Comparing the results of the mixtures to the response relating to pure hexanal, it was highlighted that the presence of 1-pentanol and 1-octen-3-ol decreases the response of the sensor to hexanal in terms of the eR/R\({}_{0}\) ratio, especially at low concentrations (5-10 ppm), while at 50 ppm, the sensor response was comparable with the hexanal quantity, proving that its detection was less affected at higher concentrations.  
zinc oxide; gas sensor; hexanal; 1-pentanol; 1-octen-3-ol; MOX +
Footnote †: journal: Applied sciences
# DenseNet-Based Classification of EEG Abnormalities Using Spectrograms
## 4 Results  
### Performance Evaluation of DenseNet121 for EEG Classification  
In this study, to mitigate overfitting and ensure optimal results, early stopping is applied based on validation loss. Additionally, a model checkpoint is employed to save the best-performing model according to validation accuracy. Training is conducted for up to 100 epochs using both the training and validation datasets. Figures 3-5 illustrate the training and validation loss and accuracy curves for the signal image, spectrogram, and scalogram inputs.  
Figure 3: Training and validation loss and accuracy curves for signal image inputs.  
Table 5 shows the performance of the DenseNet121-based classification method for identifying normal and abnormal EEG signals using three different input types: signal images, spectrograms, and scalograms. Among these, spectrograms achieved the highest accuracy on the test set at 76.55%, compared to 69.53% for signal images and 74.56% for scalograms.
## 2 Experimental Procedures
### Mortar Bar Expansion Test  
In order to evaluate the stability of the converter slag after reaction with SCD, mortar bar expansion test was performed according to ASTM C 1260 Standard Test Method for Potential Alkali Reactivity of Aggregates (Mortar-Bar Method) [35]. Although this test procedure is designed to separate alkali reactive aggregate, the applicability of this test procedure to examine the expansion caused by free lime and periclase was proven by the earlier work [18] because the testing temperature is so high that it can accelerate the reaction of CaO and MgO.  
For this purpose, mortar bar specimens were prepared using the mix proportions shown in Table 2. Converter slag samples were sieved to meet the gradation requirements as specified in ASTM C 1260 [35]. Gradation of converter slag used in this work is shown in Table 3. The water-to-cement ratio was set at 0.47, and cement-to-fine-aggregate (here, converter slag) ratio was adjusted to 1:2.5 because, according to ASTM C 1260 [35], cement to fine aggregate (here, converter slag) ratio needed to be determined by the densities of the fine aggregate, considering the density of standard sand was 2.65 g/cm\({}^{3}\). The measured apparent density was used to calculate the cement to converter slag ratio.  
To prepare mortar specimens, materials were mixed by following ASTM C 305 Standard Practice for Mechanical Mixing of Hydraulic Cement Pastes and Mortars of Plastic Consistency [36]. Cement and converter slag were dry-mixed at low speed for 30 s using a planetary paddle mixer. After that, the water was added, and materials were mixed for 60 s. The mixture was allowed to rest for 30 s to scrape down the side and bottom of the mixing bowl. The mortar was mixed at medium speed for 60 s, and mixing was finished.  
After mixing, mortar was filled into 25.4 mm \(\times\) 25.4 mm \(\times\) 295 mm size brass mold. The mold was covered by plastic wrap in order to prevent evaporation of moisture for a day. After demolding, specimen was cured in tap water at 80 \({}^{\circ}\)C for a day. Zero reading was performed on 2-day-old specimen, and mortar bar specimens were immersed in 80 \({}^{\circ}\)C 1M NaOH solution until measurement was terminated. Mortar bar expansion was recorded every day until failure.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Test** & **Type** & **W/C** & **Water** & **Cement** & **Sand** & **Converter Slag** \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Expansion test} & As received & & & & 1607.98 \\ \cline{2-6}  & Reacted SCD & 0.47 & 284.46 & 605.23 & - & 1649.24 \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Compressive strength} & Plain & & & & 1521.90 & - \\ \cline{2-6}  & As received & 0.50 & 253.06 & 507.30 & - & 1797.07 \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-6}  & Reacted SCD & & & - & 1843.84 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Mix proportions of mortar specimen (kg/m\({}^{3}\)).
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Comparison between FDMAS and \(p\)-DAS  
The comparison between 2-DAS and FDMAS is seen through the results obtained with single plane wave imaging. First, the images obtained with a single plane wave on the numerical phantom are compared (see Figure 2b,c). Namely, the PSFs obtained with 2-DAS and FDMAS (Figure 7a,b) are compared for the point scatterer placed at (\(x_{0}=0\) mm, \(z_{0}=35\) mm). Their normalized lateral sections are plotted in Figure 7c. As a first observation, the main lobe is not flat any more when using 2-DAS beamforming rather than FDMAS beamforming. This explains the better lateral resolution for 2-DAS with respect to FDMAS (Figure 4b; 2-DAS, 0.53 mm; FDMAS, 0.58 mm). This enhancement is also seen in the experiment (Figure 4f; 2-DAS, 0.58 mm; FDMAS, 0.61 mm). Moreover, the relative enhanced side-lobe rejection of 2 dB observed for PSFs in Figure 7c leads to slightly better CR for 2-DAS than for FDMAS, for both simulation (Figure 4c; 2-DAS, 24.9 dB; FDMAS, 22.0 dB) and experiment (Figure 4g; 2-DAS, 19.9 dB; FDMAS, 17.3 dB). To explain these better performances, the role of the'signed' \(p\)-power in \(p\)-DAS rather than the 'unsigned' \(p\)-power is highlighted. A previous study by [14] demonstrated that images obtained with 2-DAS with unsigned \(p\)-power or with FDMAS are equivalent. Indeed, considering Equation (10) with the unsigned \(p\)-power with \(p=2\) leads to:  
\[\tilde{r}_{\text{unsignal,2-DAS}}(x,z)=\left[\sum_{n=1}^{N}\tilde{s}_{n}(x,z) \right]^{2}. \tag{15}\]  
Then, the rearranged algebraic expression  
is split between the DC component and \(2f_{0}\). However, using \(p\)-DAS (i.e., with the signed \(p\)-power) preserves the sign of the oscillations, and thus avoids splitting the frequency content of RF images. In this way, the band-pass filter selects the entire information maintained at \(f_{0}\), instead of just keeping the reduced part split at \(2f_{0}\), as for FDMAS.  
In summary, compared to FDMAS, 2-DAS avoids the flatenning of the main lobe and allows a slight better side-lobe rejection of 2 dB (Figure 7), which is consistent with the slight improved lateral resolutions and contrast ratios on the different numerical and experimental phantoms. Moreover, with the generalized formalism of \(p\)-DAS, the proposed beamformer can be tuned with the \(p\)-value to adjust the trade-off between the CR and the CNR. Finally, 2-DAS has a similar formulation as the real-time implementation of FDMAS proposed by [PERSON] et al. [21].