esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Analysis of Factors Affecting the Spread of HBNG Leakage under Normal Ventilation Conditions
#### 3.2.3 Different Pipeline Pressures  
A comparative study of cases 4, 8, and 9 was carried out to obtain the graphs of gas concentration changes for HBNG leakage under normal ventilation conditions with different pipeline pressures (Figure 10). The spatial distribution of HBNG in a pipeline at various pressures closely resembles the spatial diffusion pattern of HBNG under different conditions of leakage port aperture. An increase in leakage pressure will result in a corresponding increase in the flow and velocity at the leaking opening. This outcome leads to the HBNG jet possessing a higher momentum, enabling it to disperse more vigorously in all directions. Furthermore, the dispersion of jets is proportionally decreased due to the dissipation of turbulence on a small scale. At a particular time, as the pipeline pressure increases, the HBNG diffusion range is expanded accordingly, and the concentration of HBNG in the corresponding area is more likely to reach the LEL. The risk of accidents increases significantly if higher-pressure pipelines leak within a natural gas compartment. Therefore, it is essential to enforce more rigorous security measures for HBNG pipelines working under higher pressure.
## 1 Introduction
### Related Works
#### 1.1.1 Sparse-Indirect Methods  
Sparse-indirect methods implement preprocessing steps recovering sparse reconstructions. MonoSLAM, PTAM, ORB-SLAM, and OpenMVG are the most prominent works in this classification. MonoSLAM [22] was one of the first real-time monocular SLAM systems. Its key contributions included using large image patches as features, \"active\" feature matching based on uncertainty, and initializing by tracking known targets. However, MonoSLAM was limited to small workspaces and lacked loop-closing abilities. PTAM [23] introduced the concept of parallel tracking and mapping threads, with the map optimized via bundle adjustment over carefully selected keyframes. This configuration achieved excellent AR tracking in small spaces, but the PTAM lacked loop closing, and the relocalization was view-dependent. ORB-SLAM [24] significantly expanded PTAM's capabilities using ORB features for tracking, mapping, and loop closing via DBoW2 place recognition. The covisibility graphs enabled local mapping, while the pose graphs distributed loop closures globally. ORB-SLAM also introduced flexible keyframe insertion/deletion policies to improve mapping during exploration while reducing redundancy. This versatility enabled state-of-the-art performance across indoor, outdoor, handheld, and robotics datasets. OpenMVG is a C++ library that provides an interface to multiple view geometry algorithms for building complete 3D reconstruction pipelines from images implementing incremental and global SfM approaches. The OpenMVG SfM pipeline stores camera poses, landmarks, and observations, providing smooth data flow between OpenMVG modules. Overall, the OpenMVG enables flexible experimentation and the development of new techniques used for multiple implementations since 2016; however, it only allows recovering widely sparse reconstructions, which are unsuitable for many applications.
## 5 Conclusions  
In this paper, a ZnO/SiO\({}_{2}\)/diamond multilayer structure was proposed, and the effect of each structural parameter on the acoustic properties of the Rayleigh and Sezawa waves excited by this structure was analyzed using the COMSOL finite element method. When the ZnO piezoelectric film is h1 = 0.4 \(\lambda\), the SiO\({}_{2}\) temperature complementary layer is h2 = 0.2 \(\lambda\) and the electrode thickness is h3 = 0.08 \(\lambda\), while the characteristic frequency of the Sezawa wave is 2446 MHz, \(k^{2}\) is 4.9%, and \(v_{\rm p}\) is 4892 m/s. Because the characteristic frequency of the Rayleigh wave is 1388 MHz, \(k^{2}\) is 0.65%, and \(v_{\rm p}\) is 2776 m/s, the \(k^{2}\) and \(v_{\rm p}\) of the Sezawa wave are improved by 753% and 176% compared those of to the Rayleigh wave. Moreover, \(k^{2}\) and \(v_{\rm p}\) are increased by approximately 5 times and 1.5 times, respectively, compared to single-crystal ZnO devices. Eventually, the influence of aperture width and the number of IDTs on the admittance characteristics and the changing patterns of the Q values in a single-port resonator will be investigated. In conclusion, parameters can be judiciously selected based on specific requirements during the device fabrication process. This work provides an alternative approach for achieving high frequencies, favorable temperature stability, and miniaturization in ZnO devices, opening up possibilities for future applications in SAW sensors and filters.  
Conceptualization, G.C. and H.W.; formal analysis, G.C. and H.W.; funding acquisition, H.W.; investigation, P.Z. and H.W.; methodology, G.C. and P.Z.; resources, H.W. and P.Z.; software, G.C. and P.Z.; validation, G.C.; writing--original draft, G.C.; writing--review and editing, G.C. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. This research was funded by the Fundamental Research Program Shanxi Province (20210302 123034) and the Fund for Shanxi '1331 Project' Key Subject Construction (1331 KSC).  
Not applicable.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Item** & **Symbol** & **Value** \\ \hline Wavelength (um) & \(\lambda\) & 2 \\ ZnO thickness (um) & h1 & 0.4 \(\lambda\) \\ SiO\({}_{2}\) thickness (um) & h2 & 0.2 \(\lambda\) \\ Al electrode thickness & h3 & 0.08 \(\lambda\) \\ Metallization rate & MR & 50\% \\ IDT pairs & Nt & 130 \\ Aperture width (um) & W & 40 \(\lambda\) \\ Reflecting grating pairs & Ng & 25 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Design parameters used in this paper.  
**Informed Consent Statement:** Not applicable.  
**Data Availability Statement:** The data presented in this study are available in article.  
**Acknowledgments:** The authors are grateful for the support of the open project of the Key Laboratory of Instrumentation Science and Dynamic Measurement, Ministry of Education, North University of China.  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
## 1 Introduction
[PERSON] and others, addressing flood risk assessment, used an improved entropy weight method to calculate the relative weights of seven evaluation indicators and employed the k-means clustering algorithm to map flood risks in the study area [29]. [PERSON] and others introduced a red tide risk assessment method based on the CRITIC method and TOPSIS-ASSETS, using CRITIC to calculate the weights of each evaluation indicator [30]. [PERSON] and others established an energy system regarding combined cooling, heating, and power (CCHP) and proposed a new weight calculation method using CRITIC and [PERSON]'s entropy methods, determining the weights of various evaluation indicators [31]. Fuzzy MCDM methods have been applied across various industrial sectors; however, research within the domain of port crane safety evaluation has largely been confined to metal structural systems, where indicators are more readily quantified and analyzed. There is a notable dearth of studies on comprehensive safety evaluations that include human, mechanical, managerial, and environmental aspects. In response, this research will investigate effective integration of uncertainty and fuzziness into the MCDM approach, specifically tailored for the safety risk assessment of quayside container cranes, aiming to establish a robust framework that addresses the inherent challenges of fuzziness and imprecision in safety evaluations of port equipment. To achieve this, the remainder of the article is structured as follows: Section 2 presents fundamental notions pertinent to the safety evaluation index system for quayside container crane, the BWM, Pythagorean hesitant fuzzy sets, the VIKOR method, and the Pythagorean hesitant fuzzy VIKOR method. Section 3 proposes a safety risk evaluation method for quay side container cranes based on the Pythagorean hesitant fuzzy VIKOR method. Section 4 offers a case analysis to illustrate the practicability of the suggested approach. The article concludes with a summary in Section 5.
# Demystifying MLOps and Presenting a Recipe for the Selection of Open-Source Tools
## 5 Tooling in MLOps
### Tool Comparison
#### 5.2.21 BentoML  
The framework is focused on building and shipping high-performance prediction services, i.e., models serving the purpose of solving specific problems. With just a few lines of code, the model can be converted into a production REST API endpoint. Similar to MLflow models, it offers a unified model packaging format. It acts as a wrapper around the ML model for converting it into a prediction service. This approach is also followed up by the tool Seldon core. It offers an extensible API. There is support available for almost every major ML framework (Pytorch, Tensorflow, etc.). It currently does not handle horizontal scaling, i.e., spinning up more nodes for prediction service when required.
# Performance Prediction and Optimization of Multi-Mirror Combined Solar Dish Collector
## 3 Model Validation and Analysis Optimization
### Influence of Design Parameters on the Performance of Combined Dish System
The solid line in Figure 8 is the combined dish system, and the '+' sign indicates a typical single dish system of the same size with 5 mrad optical error. Under the same optical error, the optical efficiency of the combined system is lower than that of the common dish system. The average relative difference is 10.14%. However, at the same manufacture cost or method, the optical error of the ordinary parabolic dish system is significantly higher than that of the small mirror in the combined dish system. As shown in Figure 8, when the system optical error of the combined dish system is less than 5 mrad, the intercept factor of the system would be significantly better than the optical performance of a usual single dish system at 5 mrad. Therefore, at the same cost, the combined dish system possesses good optical performance. The advantages of the combined dish system were also demonstrated in the performance analysis of the ANU 'SG3' system [6]. Figure 6: Variation of the system intercept factor with the receiver radius under 6–10 m focus length of the system, when the optical error is 2 mrad (\(\rm f_{x}=f_{p}\)). length. When the optical error is fixed, the intercept factor of the combined dish system gradually increased to the maximum value with the increase in mirror focal length and then gradually decreased. When the optical error was 1 mrad, the maximum intercept factor was 98.70%, while the optimal mirror focal length was 6.9 m. With the optical error increasing from 2 to 5 mrad, the corresponding optimal mirror focal length values gradually decreased as follows: 6.8 m (system intercept factor 98.14%), 6.6 m (system intercept factor 96.94%), 6.4 m (system intercept factor 94.73%), and 6.3 m (system intercept factor 91.24%). It can be illustrated in Figure 8 that the system intercept factor is significantly affected by the mirror focal length. Therefore, especially in the mirror system design, an appropriate mirror focal length to maximize the intercept factor can be calculated using the proposed method, which has a great influence on the optical performance of the combined dish system.
## 2 Results  
Correlation between the Decrease in Cell Growth and Translation of Proteins Encoded by Polyamine Modulon in Response to Excess Spermidine  
As shown in Table 1, 20 members of the _E. coli_ polyamine modulon were classified according to three mechanisms for polyamine stimulation of protein synthesis under various conditions, and thirteen members were identified as transcriptional factors. The proteins encoded by polyamine modulon strongly contribute to cell growth at the logarithmic phase, and to cell viability at the stationary phase. We previously reported that _E. coli_ CAG2242, an SPD acetyltransferase-disrupted mutant, showed accumulation of SPD and subsequent decrease in cell viability in the late stationary phase when cells were cultured in the presence of SPD (0.5 mM to 2 mM) [18]. The overall change in cell growth was not altered by 2 mM SPD. To clarify the mechanisms underlying cytotoxicity of excessive accumulation of SPD in detail, _E. coli_ CAG2242 was cultured in the presence of 4 mM SPD. As shown in Figure 1A, growth of _E. coli_ CAG2242 was significantly inhibited by 4 mM SPD. The growth of parental _E. coli_ cell C600 was not influenced by 4 mM SPD (Figure 1A). Polyamine contents in the cells grown with or without SPD were then measured at the early (A\({}_{540}\) = 0.2) and the late logarithmic phase (A\({}_{540}\) = 0.6) (Figure 1B). Intracellular water space of _E. coli_ was estimated to be 2.9 \(\upmu\)L of cell volume/mg of protein [31]. In addition, most SPD (about 90% of the total) forms complexes with RNA non-covalently in cells [6]. When _E. coli_ CAG2242 cells were cultured without SPD, a normal amount of SPD (approximately 10 to 15 mM) was detected in the cells. When the cells were cultured with SPD, accumulation of SPD was observed from the early logarithmic phase. The amount of accumulated SPD in the cells was approximately 3- to 5-fold of that in the cells grown without SPD, whereas the level of PUT was decreased by the addition of SPD. These results suggested that the concentration of SPD in the cells was approximately 45 mM, and a high level of SPD as the sole polyamine in cells inhibited growth of CAG2242. It was confirmed that the synthesis of proteins encoded by members of polyamine modulon at the early to late logarithmic phase was significantly decreased by excess SPD, judging from the level of proteins (Figure 1C). In particular, the synthesis of proteins essential for cell growth (Fis, FeCI (\(\sigma^{18}\)), RpoN (\(\sigma^{54}\)), and OppA, but not H-NS) encoded by members of polyamine modulon that have the position of the SD sequence distant from initiation codon AUG in their mRNAs was significantly inhibited by excess SPD. However, the synthesis of the proteins (Cra, Cya, and RF2)
## 2 Related Work
FTSPEED reduces the impact of the void region, but the transmission path length maybe considerably long, which may ultimately cause the data packet failed to be sent to the sink node before deadline. Energy cost for setting up the routing path has been studied in [7; 8; 9; 10; 11; 12; 13; 14; 15]. Although the existing schemes [1-14,16-27] play important roles in improving WSN performance, real-time fault tolerant routing protocol design is still a challenging area in WSNs. In this paper, a dynamic jumping real-time fault tolerant routing protocol based on the research of other relevant protocols is demonstrated. The major difference between this work and the aforementioned protocols includes the following aspects:  
(1) In order to guarantee real-time and fault-tolerant characteristics, jumping transmission mode is adopted. When node failure, network congestion or empty region is detected, or the remaining transmission time of the data packet is near to deadline, jumping transmission mode will be used to reduce the transmission delay, thus ensuring the data packets are sent to the destination node in specified time limit. (2) Feedback mechanism is exploited to enhance the successful transmission ratio. Each node feeds back the information about node failure, network congestion and empty area to its upstream node and the message is forwarded to the data sources. Then the jumping probability can be dynamically adjusted by using the feedback information, which can prevent the subsequent transmission from the effect caused by failure node, network congestion or empty region. (3) When using the hop-by-hop transmission mode, the node in FCS with the minimum times of transmission is selected as the next hop node, through which the average energy cost of each node can be balanced. Therefore, the whole network life time can be prolonged.
# Mechanism and Application of Soilbags Filled with Excavated Soil in Soft Soil Subgrade Treatment
## 3 Application of Soft Soil Subgrade Treated with Soilbags  
### Design of the Soilbag-Treated Subgrade  
A two-lane rural roadway project located in Jiangsu Province, China, was designed to span a total of 5.2 km, with an assigned design speed of 20 km per hour. The region covered by this project is distinguished by the pervasive presence of soft soil. In the original design for addressing the soft soil subgrade in this rural roadway project, it was necessary to excavate and dispose of the surface clayey soil, which was expected to be subsequently replaced with granular soil, as depicted in Figure 1a. On top of the implemented granular soil cushion, two layers of conventional 5% lime soil cushion, with heights of 20 cm and 100 cm, were planned, with compaction degree requirements of no less than 92% and 95%, respectively. The culmination of the top pavement structure was designed to have a thickness of 37 cm. The original design aimed to effectively enhance the subgrade's bearing capacity through the substitution of the soft soil with granular soil. However, the scarcity of granular construction materials in the project's geographical location rendered the original design economically difficult. The obligation for the environmentally safe disposal of excavated soft soil further escalated costs, thus challenging the feasibility of the original design. Consequently, a redesign utilizing a soilbag-treated subgrade was conceived to mitigate these concerns, as depicted in Figure 1b.  
Figure 6: Undrained vane shear strength at depths of (**a**) soilbag-treated subgrade and (**b**) sand cushion-treated subgrade.  
In the soilbag-treated subgrade, two layers of large-sized soilbags were arranged atop the soft soil base. These large-sized soilbags, measuring 200 cm in length, 100 cm in width, and 30 cm in height, were engineered to accommodate clayey soil with a water content of 26.5%, consistent with the specifications employed in the model tests. To augment the deformation modulus of the soilbag-treated subgrade, two layers of common-sized soilbags, measuring 80 cm in length, 50 cm in width, and 10 cm in height, were situated above the large-sized soilbags. The latter were filled with a concoction of excavated soil and loess. Polypropylene, weighing 120 g/m\({}^{2}\), was the material chosen for the large-sized and common-sized soilbags, exhibiting tensile strengths of 25.7 kN/m and 22.3 kN/m in the warp and weft directions, respectively, and maximum elongations of 23.5% and 22.1%, respectively. On top of the soilbags, a conventional 5% lime soil cushion, with heights varying between 20 and 40 cm and a compaction degree requirement of no less than 95%, was situated. The pavement structure remained aligned with the original design.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Parameter Optimization  
The PEST method (model-independent parameter estimation and uncertainty analysis) is a nonlinear parameter optimization tool that operates independently of the model itself [41]. Initially developed for parameter optimization in groundwater models, it has since been widely adopted by researchers for calibrating the optimal values of ecophysiological parameters in the Biome-BGC model [10; 13; 42; 43; 44]. The PEST optimization method can be used for the global optimization of ecophysiological parameters, which can take into account the interaction between parameters in the optimization process and can optimize multiple parameters simultaneously with high optimization efficiency [45; 46]. The model is built on the Gauss-Marquardt-Levenberg (GML) algorithm, which adjusts the input parameters of the tuned model through several iterations, and eventually minimizes the difference between the output value of the tuned model and the actual observed value [47]. Its core algorithm is to seek the minimum value of the objective function (the difference function between the simulated and measured values of the model) [48]. In this study, the output results of parameter optimization were GPP and NEP, so the PEST algorithm objective function is represented as [49; 50; 51]:  
\[\Psi(\mathrm{F})=\Psi_{\mathrm{GPP}}+\Psi_{\mathrm{NEP}}=\sum_{i=1}^{n_{1}}w^ {2}_{\mathrm{GPP},i}(obs_{\mathrm{GPP},i}-sim_{\mathrm{GPP},i})^{2}+\sum_{ i=1}^{n_{2}}w^{2}_{\mathrm{NEP},i}(obs_{\mathrm{NEP},i}+sim_{\mathrm{NEP},i})^{2} \tag{3}\]where \(\Psi(F)\) is the objective function of the parameter set F to be parametrically optimized; \(obs\) is the actual observed value of the flux observation site; \(sim\) is the simulated value of the Biome-BGC model; \(w\) is the weight coefficient set for the observation; \(i\) is the time, which denotes the yearday (namely the \(i\)th day of the year) of the Biome-BGC model in this study; \(n_{1}\) and \(n_{2}\) are the number of the observed data, which is the number of daily scale flux observations in this study, with a value of 365; and the subscripts GPP and NEP are gross primary productivity and net ecosystem productivity, respectively.  
In the course of the calibration of optimal values of the missing measurement sensitivity parameters using the PEST method, we used the flux observed by GPP and NEP in 2007 for parameter optimization and the flux observations of GPP and NEP in 2008 for accuracy verification. This study was performed based on the latest version of PEST 17.3, and the model principles and applicability are detailed in the operational guide ([[http://www.pesthomepage.org/](http://www.pesthomepage.org/)]([http://www.pesthomepage.org/](http://www.pesthomepage.org/)), accessed on 13 November 2022) [51].
# Transcriptional Analysis of Masson Pine
###### Abstract  
To explore the molecular mechanism of the response of Masson pine (_Pinus massonia_), the main coniferous tree in southern China, to high CO\({}_{2}\) stress, transcriptome sequencing was carried out to analyze the genome-wide responses of annual seedlings under different durations (0 h, 6 h, 12 h and 24 h) of high CO\({}_{2}\) stress. The results showed that a total of 3080/1908, 3110/2115 and 2684/1483 genes were up-/down-regulated after 6 h, 12 h and 24 h of treatment, respectively, compared with control check group (CK, 0 h). Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis showed that most of these differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were enriched in energy metabolism, carbohydrate synthesis, cell wall precursor synthesis and hormone regulation pathways. For energy metabolism, the expression of most genes involved in photosynthesis (including the light reaction and Calvin cycle) was generally inhibited, while the expression of genes related glycolysis, the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and PPP pathway was up-regulated. In addition, the increase in the CO\({}_{2}\) concentration induced the up-regulation of gene expression in the sucrose synthesis pathway. Among all starch synthesis genes, _GPSS_ (granule-bound starch synthase) had the highest expression level. On the other hand, during the synthesis of hemicellulose and pectin (cell wall precursor substances), the expression levels of _GMD_ (GDP-mannose 4,6-dehydratase), _MGP_ (Mannose-1-phosphate guanylyl transferase) and _RHM_ (Rhamnose biosynthetic enzyme) were the highest, suggesting that the synthesis of the raw materials hemicellulose and pectin in Masson pine under stress were mainly supplied by GDP-Man, GDP-Fuc and UDP-Rha. Finally, stress inhibited gene expression in the ABA (Abscisic Acid) synthesis pathway and induced gene expression in the GA (Gibberellin), SA (Salicylic acid), BR(Brassinolide) and MeJA (Methyl Jasmonate) pathways. Stomatal switches were regulated by hormonal interactions. This experiment elaborated on the response and molecular mechanism of Masson pine to CO\({}_{2}\) stress and aided in screening carbon sequestration genes for the corresponding molecular research of Masson pine in the future.  
Keywords:Masson pine; _Pinus massonia_; CO\({}_{2}\) stress; transcriptional analysis +
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