# Synergies and Potential of Industry 4.0 and Automated Vehicles in Smart City Infrastructure
## 3 Results
### Smart Cities and Autonomous Vehicles in Practice
At the level of 4/5 AVs: In 2022, the first fully autonomous taxi service project was launched. Autonomous trucks are being tested on highways. Singapore has ambitious plans to develop autonomous transport. However, what can be compared between these two cities is the increase in market size between 2024 and 2031. This comparison is illustrated in Figure 5. In 2024, the market size in Singapore is approximately USD 692.7 Mn; in 2030, it is assumed that the market size will be approximately USD 1865.9 Mn--this is a massive increase in market size [48]. According to the available data, the market size in Barcelona in 2024 is approximately USD 453.8 million, and in 2030, the market size is expected to reach USD 1303.8 million [49]. Figure 5: Autonomous/self-driving cars market (2024–2030). Own processing according to research data. Available online: [https://www.6 wresearch.com/industry-report/austria-autonomous-self-driving-cars-market](https://www.6 wresearch.com/industry-report/austria-autonomous-self-driving-cars-market) (accessed on 15 March 2024) [50]. In order to compare how these cities are ahead of the competition in terms of the number of automated vehicles, the authors added in Figure 5 also Austria, which is considered to be very advanced in the field of automated vehicles, electric vehicles, and ecology, in general, where it can be seen that in 2024, their market size is USD 178.1 Mn and in 2030, the market size will be USD 427.4 Mn [50]. On the basis of this comparison, it can be concluded that Barcelona and Singapore are leaders in this area; however, the market size in 2030 will, of course, also depend a lot on the policies of individual states, and these are only estimated values. In any case, in 2024, the statistics rank them among the leading smart cities in this area. In this respect, it should be emphasized that while Barcelona and Singapore are leading smart cities, other governments are also gradually allocating more resources to the development of Smart Cities. An example is Italy and its GHOST program, funded by the Italian Ministry of Education, whose main objective is to focus attention on and progressively improve smart city governance. As the authors point out, at least the cities of Cagliari and Florence are benefiting from this program and are adapting urban strategies and planning based on data and data generated through smart city governance. In this way, they are able to adapt to their needs, for example, in the tourism sector, and maximize the benefits and profits for the city while giving tourists an optimal experience [51]. The development of the smart cities concept within Italian cities is also confirmed by other studies that highlight the development not only in the field of smart city governance but also in the development of smart transport, which includes smart public transport, cycle paths, bike sharing, and car sharing [52]. As can be seen from the analysis in question, both Barcelona and Singapore are leading smart cities, but Italian cities are by no means lagging behind either. Combined, automated vehicles and smart cities provide dynamic and innovative solutions towards a more sustainable, safer, and more efficient urban environment for all its inhabitants [53]. However, authors should not forget the challenges that are associated with this integration, such as employee acceptance of digital transformation in smart cities and the ability of employees to adapt to it [54].