## 1 Introduction
Energy harvesting on a vehicle by transforming low-frequency vibrations from the rotating motion into electrical power were also presented. Identifying regions with high saving potential allows for targeted marketing and transition-supporting incentives for reducing greenhouse gas emissions [29; 30; 31]. According to current news reports, micro-mobility is being used to reduce energy consumption in the transportation sector, and smart cities are also transforming energy consumption. For instance, bicycle lanes or pavement in smart cities can be used to generate electric power with energy harvesting systems; this power can then be employed for electrical equipment and lighting systems in the area, resulting in energy savings and improved road visibility. This is consistent with the ideas discussed in this study. In this study, piezoelectric energy harvesting was used to convert mechanical energy into electrical energy. The energy produced from vibrations, which occur in almost every activity, can be used to generate green energy. Recently, many researchers have studied the use of piezoelectric energy harvesting technologies [32; 33; 34; 35; 36; 37; 38; 39]. A hybrid energy harvesting system under a various excitation was also reported [40; 41; 42; 43; 44; 45; 46; 47; 48; 49; 50; 51]. The materials focused on energy harvesting, and the piezoelectric materials considered in the modeling and optimization of the load in order to generate maximum power were reviewed [52; 53]. Thus, the application of piezoelectric materials for energy conversion is gaining popularity among researchers worldwide owing to the impressive characteristics of these materials. In particular, this study focused on energy harvesting with piezoelectric materials to convert mechanical energy into electrical energy. Several studies were conducted to explore the feasibility of constructing piezoelectric-powered pavements and evaluate the limitations of such equipment when practically installed [54; 55; 56; 57; 58; 59; 60; 61; 62; 63]. Several studies thus far have demonstrated that piezoelectric materials are impressive and possess the potential to create energy-generating floors that can convert decayed energy from ambient to electrical energy. Accordingly, in this study, an energy harvesting system using piezoelectric materials was employed for a bicycle lane; this system harnessed the energy accumulated in a battery during the day to illuminate the lane during periods of insufficient lighting to ensure safe driving. The subsequent section describes the design of the piezoelectric module and energy harvesting circuit, including the implementation of the system, to evaluate the factors determining the amount of energy that can be harvested. An overview of this working system is presented in Figure 1.  
We hypothesized that a piezoelectric energy harvesting system could convert the naturally occurring energy of cycling to electricity in a form that sufficiently facilitated the cycling area. That is, the vibrations generated would be converted to electrical power with a piezoelectric energy harvesting system. The pedestrians would be aware of and observe the cyclists in the illuminated bike lane area. We hypothesized that once the actual installation was carried out and the energy generated could be used, the experimental set would modify the spring mounting structure to develop higher harvestable power. Subsequently, the bicycle usage factors, such as driving speed and cyclist weight, were reviewed to determine the effect on the energy harvested from the experimental set. The conversion of free energy into electrical energy that can be employed for low-power electrical appliances and its adaptability for use in systems with higher energy consumption will be addressed in a future study. Laboratory and field studies were performed to evaluate the actual power output of piezoelectric energy harvesting. Table 1 summarizes the laboratory field study scenarios and method used for piezoelectric energy harvesting from pavement in previous research.