# Blockchain-Enabled NextGen Service Architecture for Mobile Internet Offload
## 6 Conclusions  
In this paper, an offloading framework is presented with its several advantages and infrastructural benefits. It can facilitate MNOs to allow their subscribers to benefit from third-party operator high-speed infrastructure for a particular time period. Our proposed framework deploys smart contracts for authentication, thereby allowing the subscriber to offload, and utilizes blockchain transactions to record and generate invoices. The MNO and private WiFi provider both authenticate the subscriber and their mobile number to rule out any spamming of the system. All the transactions are verified by each participating entity, and new blocks are added using a PoA consensus mechanism to minimize the mining effort. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Parameters** & **Use Cases** & **Deployment** & **Successful Offloading** & **Rejected Offloading** \\ \hline Total requests & 1 & 538 & 311 \\ Average Compute Units & 1.9 & 4.95 & 4.34 \\ Median Response (ms) & 19 & 21 & 20 \\ Min Transaction Fee (Ether) & 1.067369019 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-8}\) & 3.96528108050540 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-4}\) & 4.35436518074810 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-4}\) \\ Max Transaction Fee (Ether) & - & 6.04122568830420 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-4}\) & 6.00562306691220 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-4}\) \\ Min Gas Price (Gwei) & 43.370762893 & 14.970103747 & 16.448946739 \\ Max Gas Price (Gwei) & & 19.635407054 & 19.526036567 \\ Min MEMPOOL Time & 00:00:08 & 00:00:07 & 00:00:03 \\ Max MEMPOOL Time & - & 00:00:30 & 00:00:35 \\ Average MEMPOOL Time & - & 00:00:17 & 00:00:20 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Performance Evaluation Results of the Deployed Blockchain. The proposed framework was simulated using ns-3, and the Ethereum blockchain was integrated into the simulation environment using Docker containers. A total of five case studies, i.e., global average speed, 5G, 4G-LTE, 4G, and 3G to WiFi offloading, were tested. The offloading delivered 100% of packets because of improved bandwidth availability. It is found that even 3G customers can enjoy improved flow duration if offloading services are provided to them. For example, a 500 MB file is delivered in just 0.49 s for the offloaded customer, compared with 339.11 s for the non-offloaded customer. The results show improved delay sums of 45.34, 16.95, 16.75, 16.42, and 16.42 for the global average, 5G, 4G-LTE, 4G and 3G, for the offloaded traffic. Similarly, jitter sums of 0.53, 0.16, 0.23, 0.28, and 0.28 s are obtained for the global average, 5G, 4G LTE, 4G and 3G, respectively, for the offloaded traffic. The final analysis shows that offloading results in improved packet delivery ratios and reduced total flow duration, total delay, and total jitter. These parameters suggest that offloading can help in enhancing end users' quality of service experience. At present, Internet speeds vary geographically as well as between operators. A user has no choice but to switch operators if they need higher speeds or services that cannot be provided by their operator. Our proposed offloading framework can be a great leap forward for subscribers who can enjoy higher bandwidth speeds on an on-demand basis. There is a need for more research on the scalability part of the proposed offloading scheme, so, in the future, challenges such as the scalability of blockchain transactions, simultaneous subscriber load, etc. can be analysed. The performance of the proposed scheme has not been tested for a varying load of users' offloading requests; hence, a time lag analysis of the high load of subscriber offloading requests can also be carried out. In addition, the same offloading framework can be investigated in relation to the automated switching of network traffic from high-congested channels to low-congested channels. This automated and agent-based framework could support load balancing and the optimization of next-generation network infrastructure.