# Effectiveness of Driving Simulators for Drivers' Training: A Systematic Review
## 3 Results
### Characteristics of the Eligible Research Articles  
Although the search was conducted for articles published in both Spanish and English, the 15 eligible articles were published in English. The selected papers were published  
Figure 2: PRISMA diagram for this systematic review. between 2003 and 2021, which is in accordance with the recentness and novelty of the subject matter of the study. In addition, there were key geographical clusters grouping most of the research, defined in this study on a country basis. The studies were conducted in multiple geographical regions. In this sense, there was representation from eight countries located on three continents. Specifically, the selected studies were distributed among the United States (\(n=6\)), France (\(n=3\)), Italy (\(n=1\)), United Kingdom (\(n=1\)), Canada (\(n=1\)), Switzerland (\(n=1\)), the Netherlands (\(n=1\)), and Korea (\(n=1\)). After assessing the studies selected for the analysis phase of this systematic review, the studies were classified according to their core features, e.g., year of publication, objectives, methodological approach, main outcomes, and key acknowledged limitations, if applicable. These data were tabulated in order to determine their interpretability and comparability, as suggested by the PRISMA guidelines. Table 1 shows the general characteristics of the analyzed original research articles. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{56.9 pt} p{56.9 pt} p{56.9 pt} p{56.9 pt} p{56.9 pt}} \hline
**Author/s, Year, and Country** & **Objectives** & **Methods and Sample** & **Results (Main Outcomes)** & **Key Limitations** \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{[PERSON] et al. (2020)[64]} & & The participants were & Novice drivers reduced all risky & \\  & & 21 novice drivers, & behaviors except for lane & Only simulator \\  & To evaluate driving risk & 16 senior drivers, and & 21 commercial drivers. & Older drivers reduced only & driving was evaluated, so the \\  & behaviors with the introduction of substitute safety & All underwent a simulator training & & & \\  & measures (SSM) in & program using SSM, and the results in terms of reducing risk & & & \\  & simulator training. & & & & \\  & behaviors were evaluated. & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{[PERSON] et al. (2016)[65]} & & Participants were & & & \\  & & 106 drivers over 70 & & & \\  & To compare the & years of age (with or without simulator & & & \\  & effectiveness of two & & & & \\  & cognitive driving & experience). Cognitive assessments and an & & & \\  & simulator training & on-road driving & & & \\  & programs. & assessment were & & & \\  & & completed before and & after training. & & \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{[PERSON] et al. (2011)[66]} & & To evaluate the driving & Each group consisted & & \\  & skills of novice drivers & of 12 participants. Five & & & \\  & with traditional & accident scenarios were & & & \\  & training, novices with & presented via simulator. & & & \\ \cline{1-1} France & early simulator & Response time, speed, & & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & training, and & and vehicle lane & & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & experienced drivers. & position were analyzed. & & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & & & \\ \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Records of the general characteristics of the chosen studies. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt}} \hline
**Author/s, Year, and Country** & **Objectives** & **Methods and Sample** & **Results (Main Outcomes)** & **Key Limitations** \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{[PERSON] et al. (2021) [67]} & To examine the differences between driving behavior and level of mental workload, manifested in a (low-cost) simulator and actual driving. & The participants were 21 drivers who drove on a real route and an identical virtual route on which they were free to drive. & The driving speed in simulated conditions resembled that of real driving. & Lateral control measurements were not collected.