## 1 Introduction  
In recent times, additive manufacturing (AM) was established as a promising technique for manufacturing huge, intricate designs and multiple layer deposition of dense objects. The AM technique has great potential for numerous industrial applications, which is advantageous over traditional manufacturing techniques [1]. AM performed using gas metal arc welding (GMAW) allows for the manufacturing of parts through multiple-beadmulti-layer deposition, which depends on the process variables such as wire feed rate, voltage, gas flow rate, torch speed, and selection of welding path. Surface characteristics, dimensional precision, and mechanical properties of the specimen are affected by the overlapping observed between the adjoining weld beads [2; 3]. The parts deposited using this process cannot be used in their original state, owing to the requirement of further post-processing, such as grinding or milling whose specifications are set according to the final part. To increase the effectiveness of wire-arc additive manufacturing (WAAM), it becomes essential to reduce post-processing. The buy-to-fly ratio depicts an estimation regarding the productivity of the WAAM process, which can be evaluated by the proportion of erosion of raw materials needed to obtain the finished components and the amount of used material [4]. [PERSON] et al. [5] reviewed 3D metal printing techniques off wire-based and wire-arc techniques. Their detailed review suggested that GMAW-based WAAM is convenient and easier for implementation as the process makes use of continuous wire spools with the welding torch. Other techniques, such as plasma arc welding and tungsten inert gas welding, require an external wire feed machine to source the additive materials. [PERSON] et al. [6] carried out a comparative study of WAAM processes and concluded that the proper selection of design variables and parametric optimization of the WAAM process reduces the residual stresses and distortion. [PERSON] et al. [7] compared the performance measures of different AM-based processes. They revealed that the GMAW-based WAAM technique is largely suitable for the fabrication of larger size components with reduced costs. Several materials including titanium alloys, low alloy steels, bronze, nickel alloys, aluminium and many others can be utilized to make components. WAAM consists of three key requirements, such as an arc generator and movement system, a wire feed system, and a substrate for accuracy [8; 9]. [PERSON] et al. [10] evolved a procedure path that was meant to be embedded as a system used for defence platforms that were further used by scientists in an argon recovery equipment, fixed gas distribution system and heat treatment mechanism for research. To relieve the vibration issues, the scientists tried module synchronization so that the component size and jig size were handled properly. On the other hand, design guidelines and evaluation methods for manufacturing aero structure parts and recognizing build aspects were presented by [PERSON] et al. [11]. The desired results were obtained by using a thicker substrate plate produced via double-sided WAAM deposition. In order to remove the stress observed at the corners and for uninterrupted deposition, rounded corners were recommended. Even after such practices, it was later deduced that the WAAM technique was inadequate for intricate 3D lattices. Similarly, [PERSON] et al. [12] studied a system that was focused on positional beading, deposition process optimization strategy and multi-directional carving, which has its applications in architecture. To obtain favourable path geometry and welding parameters, a parabola model was developed, which proved to be fruitful in determining that low value and low power of wire feed speed and travel speed will result in superior quality and productivity. Thus, the selection of process parameters along with their required levels is mandatory to deposit multiple layers for WAAM.