esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Risk Factors Associated with Cusp Fractures in Posterior Permanent Tenth--A Cross-Sectional Study
## 3 Results
### Uni- and Multivariate Analyses  
Univariate analysis showed a significant association with the following variables: type of fracture, arch, presence of restoration, restorative material, faces involved, fracture height, and number of cusps (Table 2).  
Figure 2: Relative frequency of variables related to teeth characteristics. Groups with the same lowercase letters indicate absence of statistical difference (\(\alpha\) = 0.05; [PERSON] exact test).  
In the multiple model, only the type of fracture and fracture height were significantly associated, with total fractures being about 3.2 times more likely to be in lingual cusps than partial fractures, while subgingival fractures are about 3.62 times more likely to be in lingual cusps than supragingival fractures (Table 3).  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline  & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Fracture of Lingual Cusp**} \\ \hline
**Variables** &
\begin{tabular}{c} **Odds Ratio** \\ **CI (95\%) * \\ \end{tabular} & \(p\) \\ \hline Age & & \\ (ref) \textless{} 20 & 1.41 (0.30–6.60) & 0.66 \\ 20–50 & 0.88 (0.17–4.32) & 0.86 \\ \textgreater{}50 & & \\ \hline Gender & & \\ (ref) Male & 0.79 (0.42–1.48) & 0.47 \\ Female & & \\ \hline Arch & & \\ (ref) Mandibular & 0.44 (0.23–0.82) & \textless{}0.01 ** \\ Maximillary & & \\ \hline Tooth type & & \\ (ref) Molar & 0.80 (0.41–1.58) & 0.52 \\ Premolar & & \\ \hline Endodontic treatment & & \\ (ref) Yes & 1.03 (0.56–1.89) & 0.91 \\ No & & \\ \hline Fracture type & & \\ (ref) Partial & 3.82 (1.88–7.77) & \textless{}0.01 ** \\ Total & & \\ \hline Teeth Condition & & \\ (ref) Restored & 0.25 (0.05–1.36) & 0.11 ** \\ Unrestored/caries or & & \\ Higid tooth & & \\ \hline Isthmus & & \\ (ref) \textless{}1/3 & 1.26 (0.61–2.58) & 0.53 \\ \textgreater{}1/3 & & \\ \hline Restorative material & & \\ (ref) Resin & 0.57 (0.28–1.13) & 0.11 ** \\ Amalgam & 0.90 (0.32–2.62) & 0.85 \\ Temporary filling & & \\ \hline Restored Surfaces & & \\ (ref) 1 surface & 0.52 (0.22–1.26) & 0.15 ** \\ 2 or more surfaces & & \\ \hline Clinical Symptoms & & \\ (ref) Yes & 0.95 (0.43–2.09) & 0.90 \\ No & & \\ \hline Causes of Cusp Fracture & & \\ (ref) Hard food & 0.64 (0.31–1.32) & 0.23 \\ Soft food, unknown causes, and others & & \\ \hline Fracture height & & \\ (ref) Supragingival & 4.33 (1.94–9.65) & \textless{}0.01** \\ Subgingival & & \\ \hline Number of cusp & & \\ (ref) 1 cusp & 1.70 (0.77–3.73) & 0.19 ** \\ 2 or 3 cusps & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} \({}^{*}\)CI 95% = Confidence interval 95%. **\(p\) \textless{} 0.20.  
\end{table}
Table 2: Univariate logistic regression correlated with the fracture of the lingual cusp.
## 3 State-of-the-Art Solutions  
### 12-Pulse Thyristor Rectifier (12-TR)  
The multi-pulse thyristor rectifier is one of the most mature and prominent solutions in high-power rectification applications. The block diagram of a 12-pulse thyristor rectifier (12-TR) is depicted in Figure 4. A three-winding wye-delta-wye LFT is connected to eliminate the 5 th and 7 th order harmonic currents. Then, two 6-pulse thyristor rectifiers are connected to the two secondary windings of the LFT. The electrolyzer current can be regulated by adjusting the firing angle \(\alpha_{f}\) of the dual thyristor rectifiers. A large firing angle \(\alpha_{f}\) is generally adopted for low-power operating conditions, leading to more harmonic and reactive components. The power factor and total demand distortion are pretty dependent on the firing angle, and a large firing angle leads to a lower power factor and more waveform distortion. Consequently, it is mandatory to compensate for these harmonic currents and reactive power at the connection point. Passive trap filters tuned at the 11 th and 13 th order of line frequency are commonly used for P2H converters based on this 12-TR topology. Moreover, a shunt-passive, high-pass filter may also be implemented to bypass those high-order current harmonics. Besides, a static VAR compensator or static synchronous compensator shall also be mandatory to provide significant reactive power due to the large firing angle operation of 12-TR [16].
## 3 Materials and Research Methods
### Testing Strategy  
The data collection process is invoked when there is a change in the data read by the IoMT sensors to avoid sending the same data and reduce bandwidth overload. Throughout the testing, the network infrastructure remained constant, undergoing no changes that could influence the results. Key sizes for AES were 128, 192, and 256 bits, compared to RSA with key sizes of 1024, 2048, 4096, 7936, and 8192 bits, and for message integrity and digital signature, SHA 256 was used. During the testing, the room windows and doors were opened occasionally to test the air quality and blow on the heat and humidity sensing sensors to observe changes in temperature and humidity readings. Also, the IoMT device was moved, and the device was approached to test the functions of the alerting and evidence-collection aspects.
## 4 Optimization Problem Modeling
### Dynamic Task Offloading and Computation Scheduling Problem Modeling and Solving  
With the transmission scheduling strategy for data tasks established, the relay satellite's buffer queue status is known for each time slot. Due to the relay satellite's limited buffer capacity, dynamic satellite-ground links, and the random arrival of IoT device computation tasks, the task offloading and computation scheduling problem becomes highly complex and dynamic.  
This complexity makes traditional optimization methods less effective, as they may not efficiently handle the high-dimensional and stochastic nature of the problem. Therefore, we model the problem as a Markov Decision Process (MDP). By formulating the problem as an MDP, we can employ reinforcement learning techniques to find optimal policies. Specifically, we utilize the Deep Q-Network (DQN) algorithm, which integrates deep learning with Q-learning. DQN is adept at estimating the state-action value function in high-dimensional spaces, making it suitable for our model. The algorithm leverages deep neural networks to approximate the optimal Q-values and incorporates experience replay and target networks to enhance learning stability and efficiency.  
The application of DQN enables the agent (relay satellite) to learn optimal task offloading and computation scheduling strategies through interactions with the environment, ultimately minimizing the long-term system cost in the face of uncertainty and dynamic conditions.  
Consider the function \(\tilde{U}_{t}\) as indicative of the cost associated with the relay satellite's activities in managing the offloading of tasks and scheduling of computational procedures at time instance \(t\). The function \(\tilde{U}_{t}\) is defined mathematically as follows:  
\[\tilde{U}_{t}=\mu_{1}E_{t}+\mu_{2}Q_{t} \tag{31}\]  
The challenge surrounding the optimization model for dynamic task offloading and computation scheduling is formulated by the following:  
\[\min_{z^{i}_{m,t^{\prime},k,t^{\prime}},x^{i}_{m,t^{\prime},k,t^{\prime}},y_{ m,t^{\prime},k,t^{\prime}},z}\lim_{T\to\infty}\frac{1}{T}\mathbb{E}\left[ \sum_{t=1}^{T}\tilde{U}_{t}\right],\quad s.t.\quad\eqref{eq:20},\eqref{eq:20}, \eqref{eq:20},\eqref{eq:20} \tag{32}\]  
Through solving the above-stated Equation (32), it becomes possible to determine the strategic approach for selecting computation modes by the relay satellite, denoted as \(z^{i}_{m,t^{\prime},k,t}\). Additionally, this leads to the identification of strategies for offloading mode selection by the ground station, represented by \(\lambda^{g}_{m,t^{\prime},k,t}\), along with determining the computation scheduling strategy denoted by \(y_{m,t^{\prime},k,t}\).
# Interference Challenges and Management in B5G Network Design: A Comprehensive Review
## 4 Interference in B5G Networks
### Ultra-Dense Networks (UDNs)
#### 4.3.3 Related Work in UDNs
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt}} \hline \hline
**Issue** & **Methodologies** & **Advantages** & **Limitations/Future Work** & **Ref.** \\ \hline Minimize both the co- and cross-tier ICI and optimize the load balance between MSs and SCs in HUDN. & A coverage analysis technique based on IA-COMP scenario & Supply a more precise upper bound and is hence more useful for practical scenarios. & The suggested technique resulted in difficult performance analysis because of the complexity of hexagonal networks. & [133] \\ \hline Manage ICI and improve per-user throughput for UDN. & A location-aware self-optimization (LASO) scheme. & Significant SINR gain and enhanced per-user-throughput. & Increasing the number of UEs resulted in an increase the interference level, which caused a reducing the capacity of the system. & [134] \\ \hline Increase total throughput, predict inter-user interference in two-tier downlink UDNs. & Centralized user-centric merge-and-split coalition formation game with Supplemental allocation algorithm (SAA). & One common sub-channel can be associate with several users, which caused a massive CCI and minimized the total throughput for the proposed system. & [135] \\ \hline Mitigate both frequency handover and ICI in dynamic virtual-cell-based UDNs. & Dynamic user-centric virtual cell (DUVC) scenario. & Better performance in terms of resource allocation fairness. & The SINR decreased significantly with the increment of the vehicle hotspot size. & [136] \\ \hline To aid the implementation of optimal resource allocation and thereby reduce inter-user interference and co-channel interference. & Conflict graph strategy based on machine learning. & Network auto-adjustment and optimizing intelligent RA. & The effect of CCI in this strategy was found to be severe due to the reuse of the severe due to the reuse of the intelligent R.A. & [137] \\ \hline Minimize cross-tier interference and co-channel interference. & SIC detection scheme in clustering scenario based on an interference graph. & Maximize the average capacity and spectrum efficiency. & The average capacity of the proposed system was decreased significantly due to the number of FBS users in overlapping areas. & [138] \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: The summary of related works of UDNs in the literature.
## 4 Remote Sensing Platforms Used in Peatland Research
### Multiple Platforms  
Incorporating ground-based measurements, field surveys, and integrating multiple data sources can enhance the accuracy and reliability of remote sensing-based assessments. Furthermore, interdisciplinary approaches that combine remote sensing with ecological modelling, biogeochemical analyses, and on-the-ground observations are essential to advance our understanding of peatland ecosystems and their responses to environmental changes. Table 7 includes the studies which combined multiple remote sensing platforms.
# Sparsity-Inducing Super-Resolution Passive Radar Imaging with Illuminators of Opportunity
## 2 Parametric Passive Radar Imaging Model
Equation (14) implies that the returned signal can be parameterized as a summation of \(K\) sinusoids with unknown amplitudes and frequencies. Moreover, in the passive radar imagery, strong scatterers often only take up a fraction of the two-dimensional imaging scene. Therefore, passive radar imaging can be regarded as a sparse reconstruction problem, and, thus, we propose the following passive radar super-resolution imaging algorithm with a CS technique.
# Muscle Activity and Biomechanics of Sprinting: A Meta-Analysis Review
## 3 Results
### Main Findings
#### 3.2.2 Gluteus Maximus Contribution Is Crucial  
The gluteus maximus plays a significant role in hip extension, particularly during early stance. Its activation was highest at speeds exceeding 90% of maximal sprinting velocity, indicating its role in power generation during ground contact.
# Design, Manufacture and Wind Tunnel Test of a Modular FishBAC Wing with Novel 3D Printed Skins
## 6 FishBAC Static Structural Test  
The robustness of the FishBAC was verified by performing a benchtop mechanical loading test. The structure was loaded discretely using point masses. A total of 6.25 kg in hanging masses (i.e., 1.25 kg at each 200 mm along the span) were attached to the FishBAC (Figure 18). This loading was selected based on the maximum root bending moment that the FishBAC will experience at the test speed of 30 m s\({}^{-1}\), at its maximum camber deflection and highest expected lift coefficient, with a factor of safety of 1.5. Additionally, the FishBAC was actuated to its maximum upper and lower deflections while the weights were still in-place, to verify the device's structural robustness. Since the structure successfully resisted this proof load test, the devices were said to be safe for wind tunnel testing at 30 m s\({}^{-1}\).  
Additionally, to assess the structural and actuation behaviour of the FishBAC wind tunnel wing model in the absence of aerodynamic loads, an actuation test was performed to estimate the transverse deflections that different actuation inputs generate. An Intertum ICA-3D-1000-03 UVX 2-camera stereo video gauge point tracking system was used to track the displacement along the trailing edge of the FishBAC. Nine 5.6 mm diameter tracking target stickers were attached to the trailing edge, with a spacing of around 50 mm between each one of them. All three actuators were run in a synchronous way, with actuation inputs ranging from \(-30^{\circ}\) to \(+30^{\circ}\) in increments of \(10^{\circ}\).  
The point tracking system tracks the position and displacement of each target point. Figure 19 shows the transverse displacement at the spanwise edge in the absence of aerodynamic loads. It can be observed that transverse deflections of approximately \((z/c)\approx\pm 0.045\) can be achieved. This deflection range matched the desired output, which was chosen based on previous work on optimal deflections for minimising power requirements on the B0-105 rotor system [32]. It is worth mentioning that due to measuring volume limitations of the point tracking system, the full span could not be recorded, instead a 400 mm section of the span was used.  
Figure 19: Transverse displacement at the trailing edge in the absence of aerodynamic loads.  
Figure 18: FishBAC device loaded with point masses (proof load). The wing was clamped by the span using two vices.
# MCST Scheme for UAV Systems over LoRa Networks
## 2 LoRaWAN Network Architecture
Figure 2: Three classes of LoRaWAN MAC; (**a**) Class A, (**b**) Class B and (**c**) Class C.  
In this paper, we intend to investigate network capacity improvement with the mixture of concurrent and sequential transmission (MCST) scheme in the LoRa network. Only the LoRa network with the connection between the end devices and the gateway is considered for network capacity via the transmission scheme, which is different from the existing research approach in the LoRa network. Therefore, the objective is to study how the MCST scheme influences the performance of the LoRa network to maximize the throughput with minimum energy consumption. The scope of this research work is to focus on the performance investigation of the MCST scheme without considering the underlying physical layer of the LoRa network. Our contributions to this paper are as follows:  
1. It is possible to utilize the MCST scheme and the optimal throughput with minimum latency and energy consumption can be accomplished in the LoRa network. 2. The proposed modified MCST scheme over the LoRa network (mMCST/LoRa) further optimizes the performance of the MCST scheme regardless of the frame payload size and the number of nodes in the network. 3. The simulation result reveals that the performance of the LoRa network in terms of throughput, latency, and energy consumption can be optimized through the transmission scheme. It should be noted that this paper is an updated version of [23] which was presented as a preliminary network capacity study of the MCST over the LoRa network. The structure of this paper is organized as follows. Section 3 describes the system model, and Section 4 discusses the MCST scheme. MCST scheme over the LoRa network is discussed in Section 5. Then, Section 6 describes the numerical simulations to describe the capacity improvement of the MCST scheme over the LoRa network, and the conclusion is drawn in Section 7.
## 6 Conclusions  
In this study, 99 concrete mixes were designed and applied to assess the mechanical and durability performance of fibres reinforced high-strength concrete containing NS and SP. For this aim, SF and PPF were used at six-volume contents: 0%, 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4% and 0.5%. Furthermore, NS were used at four contents: 0%, 1% and 2%. In addition, SP was used at three ratios by weight (0%, 5% and 10%). Therefore, the slump, compressive and splitting tensile strength, modulus of elasticity, water absorption and electric resistivity of the specimens were measured. Based on the experimental results, the following conclusions could be drawn:  
1. Slump decreased by increasing the NS and SP contents. In addition, the influence of SP on decreasing the slump is greater than that of NS. In addition, adding fibres had a negative influence on the workability of HSC mixes and the reduction influence of PPF on the slump was greater than SF;
2. Adding SF and PPF improved the compressive and splitting tensile strengths of HSC and strengths were further enhanced with increasing fibres contents. Conversely, the optimal content of NS and SP was obtained by 1% NS and 10% SP in terms of maximum compressive and splitting tensile strengths;
3. The initial modulus of elasticity is raised by increasing the SF content, as well as that of NS and SP. Additionally, using PPF improved the initial modulus of elasticity. Using NS and SP resulted in raising the modulus of elasticity by around 7%, 10%, 15%, 21% and 27% by using 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4% and 0.5% PPF, respectively;
4. Using SF increased the water absorption. Adding 10% SP significantly increased the water absorption of SF reinforced HSC. Oppositely, 5% SP reduced the value of this property while using 1% NS increased water absorption considerably when less than 5% SP was used;
5. Using 1% NS had a substantial impact on ERT results: this property was enhanced by using NS at up to 2% while employing it at more than 1% resulted in a drop. On the other hand, increasing the value of SP did not have a significant influence on this property. Increasing PPF content considerably enhanced the electric resistivity. ERT results were also significantly improved when both PPF and 1% NS were used.  
Conceptualization, M.G. and J.d.B.; Formal analysis, M.G. and M.E. Investigation, A.K. and M.E.; Methodology, A.K. and M.G.; Software, A.K. and M.E.; Supervision, J.d.B.; Writing--original draft, A.K., M.G. and M.E.; Writing--review and editing, J.d.B. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research received no external funding.  
Not applicable.  
The raw/processed data required to reproduce these findings cannot be shared at this time as the data also forms part of an ongoing study.  
The authors gratefully acknowledge the support of CERIS (Civil Engineering Research and In-novation for Sustainability) and FCT (Foundation for Science and Technology).  
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
## 3 Materials and Methods  
### Description of Tunnel Characteristics  
A two-lane unidirectional motorway tunnel was investigated. It is less than 1000 m (i.e., 850 m) long, straight, flat, with two sidewalks, and without emergency lanes. The tunnel is assumed to be open to traffic, with the refurbishment works that are still in progress for making it comply with the minimum safety requirements of the Directive [1]. In particular, the hydrants inside the tunnel for fighting a fire have not yet been provided, which implies the need to verify the potentiality of another fire-fighting system that should be temporarily provided (e.g., the presence of rescue personnel at the tunnel portals with an emergency vehicle equipped for contrasting fires). The two sidewalks, which will be used for the people evacuation process from the tunnel in the event of a fire, have not yet been completed, and thereby at this stage of works they are not yet available as escape routes for tunnel users. The emergency exit, located in the middle of the tunnel length, is also supposed to be temporarily not available being still under construction. The circumstances mentioned may often be encountered with reference to Italian motorway tunnels that have not yet achieved the minimum safety requirements; more especially if it is not possible to close the one-way tunnel tube by using the adjacent tube for bi-directional traffic (e.g., this might happen if the other tube is also affected by works) and/or because there are no alternative traffic itineraries.  
Figure 1 shows the cross-section of the investigated tunnel, with the presence of safety barriers for protecting men at work from traffic conflicts.  
Figure 1: Cross-section of the investigated tunnel.  
The tunnel is not equipped with a mechanical ventilation system but is only naturally ventilated. In order to simulate, in our numerical study, worse fire scenarios in the tunnel investigated, we almost neglected the influence of natural ventilation due to the piston effect of vehicles in motion. In fact, only a pressure difference of 0.5 Pa was assumed to be applied between the entrance portal (portal A) and the exit one (portal B).  
The tunnel walls are made of currently used concrete and with a thickness of 0.4 m. Since the thermal properties of the concrete employed were not known, these were taken from the literature. In this respect, [PERSON] et al. (2014) consider, for common concrete such as in our case, that the thermal conductivity is 1.67 W/m/K, the specific heat is 0.94 kJ/kg/K, the density is 2585 kg/m\({}^{3}\), and the emissivity is 0.9.