## 3 Results with Case Study  
Thirty patents for 3D printing and peripherals were selected for this experiment. It is assumed that the user tries to improve the problem of 3D printing, and defines the problem as \"continuous printing\", \"automatic calibration\", and \"fault detection\". We first select several evolutionary trends that may be applicable to improve the above problems: space segmentation (S2), boundary breakdown-space (S9), geometric evolution-linear (S10), nesting structure-downward (S12), dynamization (S13), action coordination (T32), mono-bi-poly(various)-interface (I15), controllability (I28) and human involvement (I29). Through the correlation between the evolutionary benefits of the above evolutionary trends and patents, it is used as a reference for recommending patents. Taking the patent _US08970867_: _Secure management of 3D print media_ as an example, the texts based on the dependency analysis of the patent text include \"structural integrity\", \"further convenience\", \"other device\", \"based system\", \"system forms\", \"system access\". As shown in Figure 8, for example, \"structural integrity\" is related to evolutionary benefit \"structural strength\", which show in the evolving stage of geometric evolution (S10). Therefore, the patent _US08970867_ can be used as a reference for patent recommendation for product design that geometric evolution (S10) is applied. In addition, we use the patent _US10073424_: _Intelligent 3D printing through optimization of 3D print parameters_ as another example to observe the result and explain its rationality. Through the similarity comparison with the keyword thesaurus of evolutionary benefits,  
Figure 8: Result of similarity calculation greater than 1.55 (partial). Figure 7: Flowchart of evolution benefits and patent text analysis. the text keywords identified based on the semantic similarity above 1.55 are \"lower parts\", \"single object\", \"fluid dynamics\", \"higher quality\", \"system causes\", \"operation adjust\", \"total failure\", \"single device\", \"single processor\", \"optical device\", \"solid device\", and the above words correspond to several evolutionary benefits, as partially shown in Table 4 below. For example, with \"lower parts\", the corresponding evolutionary benefits are \"reduced packaging\" and \"reduced number of systems\", and which are set in the evolutionary trend I15 Mono-Bi-Poly (various). Therefore, we may correlate S10073424 with I15, and the rest are inferred accordingly. As summarized in Table 5, the correlation between the thirty patents and the selected evolutionary trends can be obtained through the similarity comparison of evolutionary benefits. Among these thirty patents, patent recommendation can be provided based on the trend lines that are applied. In such a way, users may utilize these relevant patents to help improve their product design. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Patent** & **Identified Keywords** & **Relevant Evolutionary Benefits** \\ \hline \multirow{8}{*}{US10073424} & lower parts & reduced packaging \\  & & reduced number of systems \\ \cline{2-3}  & fluid dynamics & improve flow distribution \\ \cline{2-3}  & & improve strength properties \\  & & improve surface area \\  & & improve compatibility with real world effects \\  & & improve structural strength \\  & & increased material strength \\  & & increased component flexibility \\  & & increase reliability \\  & & increase efficiency \\  & & improve safety \\  & & increased accuracy \\ \cline{2-3}  & system causes & increase ability to change system characteristics \\ \cline{2-3}  & operation adjust & increase operation flexibility \\ \cline{2-3}  & total failure & reduced error/catastrophic failure \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: The result of similarity comparison for patent US10073424.