esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# A New Compact Double-Negative Miniaturized Metamaterial for Wideband Operation
## 6 Conclusions
###### Acknowledgements.  
This work was supported by the Ministry of Education (MOE) under Fundamental Research Grant Scheme Top Down, Code: FRGS TOP DOWN/2014/TK03/UKM/01/1 and Research Universiti Grant, Dana Impak Perdana Code: DIP-2015-014.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Structure**} & \multirow{2}{*}{\begin{tabular}{c} **Frequency** \\ **(GHz)** \\ \end{tabular} } & \multirow{2}{*}{\begin{tabular}{c} **Rotation** \\ **Angle** \\ \end{tabular} } & \begin{tabular}{c} **Value of** \\ **Permitivity** \\ **(\(\epsilon\))** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} **Value of** \\ **Permability** \\ **(\(\mu\))** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} **Value of** \\ **Refractive** \\ **Index (\(\mu\))** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} **Refractive** \\ **Index** \\ **Bandwidth** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} **Metamaterial** \\ **Type** \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline Unit cell & 8.79 & \begin{tabular}{c} 0-degree \\ 90-degree \\ \end{tabular} & \(-6.43\) & \(-34.16\) & \(-24.91\) & \(3.61\) GHz \\ \hline \(1\times 1\) & \multirow{2}{*}{8.60} & \begin{tabular}{c} 0-degree \\ 90-degree \\ \end{tabular} & \(-5.45\) & \(-29.83\) & \(-13.19\) & \(3.96\) GHz \\ Array & & 90-degree & \(-2.31\) & \(-35.08\) & \(-9.06\) & \(4.05\) GHz \\ \hline \(2\times 2\) & \multirow{2}{*}{8.60} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} 0-degree \\ 90-degree \\ \end{tabular} & \(-0.68\) & \(-45.04\) & \(-5.55\) & \(2.68\) GHz \\ Array & & 90-degree & \(-2.63\) & \(-34.47\) & \(-9.53\) & \(3.90\) GHz \\ \hline \(4\times 4\) & \multirow{2}{*}{8.60} &
\begin{tabular}{c} 0-degree \\ 90-degree \\ \end{tabular} & \(-4.17\) & \(-31.75\) & \(-12.80\) & \(4.10\) GHz \\ \cline{1-1} Array & & 90-degree & \(-4.66\) & \(-31.01\) & \(-12.94\) & \(3.74\) GHz \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Real values of \(\varepsilon\), \(\mu\), and \(\eta\) in the resonance frequency band for the unit cell and array configuration at 0-degree and 90-degree rotation.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Author Name**} & **Year** & **MMs Shape** & **Array Analysis** \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. [14] & 2013 & U & \(1\times 1\), \(2\times 2\) orthogonal array \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. [18] & 2014 & H & \(1\times 1\), \(2\times 2\) array \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. [19] & 2015 & G & \(2\times 2\) open \& interconnect array \\ \hline Proposed Design & 2016 & Z & \(\begin{array}{c}1\times 1\), \(2\times 2\), \(4\times 4\) open array for \\ 0-degree \& \(90\)-degree rotation \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: Comparison of the proposed metamaterial array structures with the previous array analysis.  
**Author Contributions**: [PERSON] made substantial contributions to conception, design, and analysis.** [PERSON] participated in the critical revision of the article for important intellectual content. [PERSON] and [PERSON] provided necessary instructions for experimental purposes.  
**Conflicts of Interest**: The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 4 Conclusions  
A method estimating the TE impedance from a multiple bus system such as the Korean power system and for calculating the VSM in real time was proposed herein. The VSM could be computed using the TE circuit. A nose curve was constructed based on TE circuit using the TE voltages and impedances. In addition, to calculate the TE impedance and circuit modeling was applied. The index indicating system stability using the TE impedance was introduced. These indicators were used throughout the proposed process and calculated by the PMU data through the measured voltage and current waveforms. Thus, the calculated voltage instability index could be used as a useful index by system operators in critical decision making. Additionally, the performances of the proposed method were tested using time-domain simulations of the Korean power system, and the results demonstrated the effectiveness of the TE impedance estimation method.  
Future research work will focus on the applied smart grid technology. The smart grid, where information communication technology is being integrated on the conventional grid, enables the exchange of real-time power information between a power supplier and consumer bi-directionally. Hence, to control the power system that changes hourly, a monitoring system is highly important. As such, the monitoring system should be more powerful, fast, accurate, and robust. The development of this study can contribute to the establishment of an optimal control strategy to prevent wide-area power outages and create more efficient power systems.  
[PERSON] conceived and designed the research, conducted simulations, and wrote the paper. [PERSON] contributed analysis tools and analyzed the data, improved the theoretical part, and supervised the research.  
This work was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea [2017R1D1A1B0304460] and Korea Electric Power Corporation [Grant number: R18 XA06-65].  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 1 Introduction
### Contribution and Paper Organization  
The highlights and contributions of this study are:  
1. A detailed model of an SH is developed whose components include an EV, a micro-CHP system, a BESS, and an RES. The RES includes solar and wind energy conversion systems. The SH is connected to a bidirectional utility for which two typical types of tariffs (i.e., flat and variable tariff) are considered.
2. Since the EV has special characteristics (i.e., it is a heavy electric load which raises electric demand significantly without affecting the thermal loads), there are several charging techniques to harmonize its impacts on the system. A comprehensive comparison of four charging methods is presented in this work.
3. An optimization model for the IHEMS is defined, and the constraints are modeled for the components of a SH. The problem is designed to apply the real coded genetic algorithm (RCGA) which optimizes the scheduling and use of energy resources and responsive loads.
4. To model and explain the role of various components of the SH, a comprehensive set of six case studies is developed. The simulation results demonstrated the interesting features of the optimization process and the developed model. The necessary conditions for optimal operation of the energy resources are also explored.  
The paper is organized as follows: Section 2 is devoted to the model development of the SH with its various components. Section 3 defines the optimization problem and the constraints associated with the loads and the components of the SH. A description of the RCGA and its application to the proposed model is explained in Section 4. The test cases and simulation results are discussed in Section 5. Finally, Section 6 concludes the paper.
## 4 Discussion  
The methodology emphasized the island's autonomy from the mainland grid and aimed to optimize specified targets within specific constraints, resulting in independence from the mainland grid, pursuing, at the same time, sustainability and smooth operation over the project's 20-year lifespan. However, the calculated CAPEX relied on assumptions such as constant MCP values, stable fuel and hydrogen prices, and unlimited demand for industrial hydrogen. Any deviation or flexibility in these assumptions could result  
Figure 24: Capital expenditure for the RES system’s expansion and hydrogen system’s installation.  
Figure 25: Estimated annual cashflows for 20 years of operation.  
in a negative NPV. Moreover, despite the failure to achieve carbon-neutral operation, the proposed system could only meet one of the three requirements since the estimated CAPEX exceeds the total funding for projects related to RES and hydrogen systems in Crete ([46; 47]). Therefore, the proposed methodology is infeasible under the specified conditions. However, the methodology presented in this paper for achieving net zero carbon emissions in a microgrid transcends the specific case study and offers a versatile framework applicable to a broader spectrum of microgrid configurations. Its strength lies in its ability to integrate existing energy sources, like RES, hydrogen, and conventional units, with a customized fuel mix of various emission factors. The implementation also extends to future advancements in diversified energy generation and the emerging hydrogen market. This adaptability acknowledges the dynamic nature of the energy landscape, where new, environmentally friendly sources are constantly developed. By incorporating these potential additions, the methodology can be continuously optimized to maintain zero carbon emissions in microgrids with diverse energy mixes (e.g., biomass and geothermal energy) and fluctuating fuel prices.  
Future research will focus on pursuing the three specified requirements by introducing a hybrid storage system comprising lithium batteries and green hydrogen storage. This approach would allow for increased penetration of RES without the high costs associated with PV and WT installations or significant amounts of rejected energy. This is also crucial for the investigation of any financial feasibility to map the current market state of hydrogen supply and demand, as well as current supply routes and methods. Additionally, a more detailed estimation of carbon absorption on the island would lead to more precise environmental targets and evaluation metrics. Moreover, carbon capture and storage (CCS) technologies should be explored as more reliable alternatives to carbon sequestration for achieving a net-zero carbon footprint on islands, aiming to enhance the logistical sustainability of the system.
## 5 Conclusions  
This paper presented a study involving the modeling, simulation, and testing of surface generation considering the motion accuracy of the polishing device. A theoretical model was developed to predict and simulate the effect of different normal errors on surface generation. The simulation results showed that when the normal error increased from 0\({}^{\circ}\) to 1\({}^{\circ}\), the removal topography of the material changed from perfect axisymmetric distribution to severe unilateral collapse, and the material removal along the inclined side increased significantly.  
A series of surface polishing tests was conducted by combining robotic machining technology with CCOS technology to verify the theoretical model under different normal-error conditions. The experimental data reasonably agreed with the simulation results. The results also indicated that as the normal error increased from 0\({}^{\circ}\) to 0.5\({}^{\circ}\) and 1\({}^{\circ}\), the peak-to-valley (PV) values of the surface profile of the optical element decreased from 5.42, 5.28, and 4.68 \(\upmu\)m to 3.97, 4.09, and 4.43 \(\upmu\)m, respectively. The corresponding convergence rates were 26.8%, 22.5%, and 5.3%. The root mean square (RMS) values decreased from 0.754, 0.895, and 0.678 \(\upmu\)m to 0.593, 0.620, and 0.583 \(\upmu\)m, with corresponding convergence rates of 21.4%, 30.7%, and 14.0%, respectively. Furthermore, the improvement of the mid- and high-frequency errors was significantly weakened. Therefore, the influence of the robot motion accuracy on the surface integrity of the polished workpiece needs to be further examined in future research, and it is necessary to study robot motion control strategies to improve the surface convergence efficiency.  
Figure 9: PSD curves for the normal errors of (**a**) 0\({}^{\circ}\), (**b**) 0.5\({}^{\circ}\), and (**c**) 1\({}^{\circ}\).  
Author Contributions:Conceptualization, Y.-T.C. and Z.-C.C.; methodology, M.L. and Z.-C.C.; software, Y.-T.C.; validation, Y.-T.C. and Z.-C.C.; formal analysis, Y.-T.C. and M.L.; investigation, Y.-T.C. and M.L.; resources, Z.-C.C.; data curation, Y.-T.C.; writing--original draft preparation, Y.-T.C.; writing--review and editing, M.L. and Z.-C.C.; visualization, Y.-T.C. and M.L.; supervision, Z.-C.C.; project administration, Z.-C.C.; funding acquisition, Z.-C.C. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded by the Key Projects of Tianjin Science and Technology Support Program, grant number 18 JCZDJC38900.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Survey of Dense Video Captioning: Techniques, Resources, and Future Perspectives
## 5 Evaluation Protocols and Metrics
### Key Metrics
#### 5.1.1 Bleu  
BLEU (Bilingual Evaluation Understudy) is a metric commonly used in machine translation and has been adapted for video captioning evaluation [8]. It measures the \(n\)-gram precision between the generated caption and the reference captions. BLEU scores range from 0 to 1, with higher scores indicating better performance. However, BLEU has limitations in capturing the semantic similarity between captions and may penalize models for generating grammatically correct but semantically different captions from the references.  
The core idea behind BLEU is to compute the precision of \(n\)-grams (sequences of n consecutive words) between the candidate text and the reference texts. BLEU calculates a weighted geometric mean of the \(n\)-gram precisions for different values of \(n\), typically up to 4. Additionally, BLEU incorporates a brevity penalty to penalize candidate texts that are too short. The BLEU score is calculated using the following formula [8]:  
\[BLEU=BP\cdot exp(\sum_{n=1}^{N}\omega_{n}logp_{n}), \tag{1}\]  
where \(BP\) is the brevity penalty, \(N\) is the maximum \(n\)-gram length (typically 4), \(\omega_{n}\) is the weight for \(n\)-gram precision, typically set to \(\frac{1}{N}\) for uniform weighting; \(p_{n}\) is the modified \(n\)-gram precision for length \(n\).  
The brevity penalty (\(BP\)) is defined as:  
\[BP=\begin{cases}1&\text{if }c>r\\ e^{(1-r/c)}&\text{if }c\leq r^{{}^{\prime}}\end{cases} \tag{2}\]  
where \(c\) is the length of the candidate text, \(r\) is the effective reference length, calculated as the closest reference length.
# High-Performance QC-LDPC Code Co-Processing Approach and VLSI Architecture for Wi-Fi 6
## 4 Implementation Results  
The Register Transfer Level (RTL) models for the proposed preprocessor and postprocessor hardware architecture are designed with Verilog HDL and synthesized with the Semiconductor Manufacturing International Corporation (SMIC) 55 nm Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) process. A summary of the implementation results is presented in Table 3. It can be seen from the table that the preprocessor accounts for 95.8% of the overall resources, the internal resources of the processing module are mainly distributed to IB, OB, and BS modules, and the GC module accounts for a relatively small amount. The maximum clock frequency of the co-processor is 1 GHz, and the theoretical maximum throughput rate is 16 Gbps. This far exceeds the maximum standard throughput rate of 2401.9 Mbps (resource block RU = 2 \(\times\) 996, protection interval GI = 0.8 us) of dual-stream 1024 QAM, so there is no throughput rate neck.
# Design and Performance Evaluation of a Cherry Tomato Calyx Remover
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Removal and Damage Rates of Cherry Tomatoes  
The cherry tomato calyx removal rate by design factor (1) is the ratio of the number of cherry tomatoes from which the calyx has been removed to the number of added cherry tomatoes, and the damage rate (2) is the ratio of the number of damaged cherry tomatoes to the number of cherry tomatoes injected. All experiments were conducted in triplicate, and the average value was used.  
\[\text{Eliminate ratio}\left(\%\right)=\frac{Number\ of\ Eliminate\ samples}{Number\ of\ Input\ samples}\times 100 \tag{1}\]  
\[\text{Damage ratio}\left(\%\right)=\frac{Number\ of\ Damage\ samples}{Number\ of\ Input\ samples}\times 100 \tag{2}\]  
The damaged cherry tomatoes were photographed with a smartphone camera (Galaxy A31, Samsung, Seoul, Korea). After removing the background and shade, as shown in Figure 3. In the processed photographs, pixel values of the total area of cherry tomatoes were measured using image programs (Image J, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA). After converting to 8 bit-color, the pixels of the cherry tomato epidermis were measured. The degree of damage was calculated as shown in Equation (3) by dividing the pixel value covered by cherry tomatoes from the pixel value covered by damage among all pixels.  
\[\text{Damage rate}\left(\%\right)=\frac{P(Damage\ area)}{P(Cherry\ tomato\ area)}\times 100 \tag{3}\]  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Factors** & **Level 1** & **Level 2** & **Level 3** \\ \hline Transport velocity & & & \\ (mm/s) & 210 & 280 & 350 \\ Brush length & & & \\ (mm) & 70 & 80 & 90 \\ Brush clearance & 20 & 22 & 24 \\ Brush diameter & & & \\ (mm) & 0.8 & 1.0 & 1.2 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Controllable factors and their levels for conveyor-type calyx remover.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{3}{*}{**Test No.**} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**Combinations of Factors**} \\ \cline{2-5}  & **Transport** & **Brush Length** & **Brush** & **Brush Diameter** \\  & **Velocity (mm/s)** & **(mm)** & **Clearance (mm)** & **(mm)** \\ \hline
1 & 210 & 70 & 20 & 0.8 \\
2 & 210 & 80 & 22 & 1 \\
3 & 210 & 90 & 24 & 1.2 \\
4 & 280 & 70 & 22 & 1.2 \\
5 & 280 & 80 & 24 & 0.8 \\
6 & 280 & 90 & 20 & 1 \\
7 & 350 & 70 & 24 & 1 \\
8 & 350 & 80 & 20 & 1.2 \\
9 & 350 & 90 & 22 & 0.8 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: Taguchi orthogonal array (L\({}_{9}\)(3\({}^{4}\))) to analyze the effect of change in control factors.  
After the calyx removal process, the criterion for sorting damage to cherry tomatoes was determined based on if the damage pixel value ratio was 0.1% or more.
# Context-Based Dynamic Meshed Backhaul Construction for 5G Heterogeneous Networks
## 2 Traffic Adaptive Dynamic Meshed Backhaul Construction For Outdoor Dynamic Crowd
### Traffic Adaptive Mesh Construction
#### 2.3.1 Initial ON/OFF Status Selection  
The step determines tentatively ON/OFF status of each SC-BS with the goal to reduce the mmWave meshed backhaul network's power consumption as much as possible. For that purpose, under the constraint of UEs' traffic demand, we attempt to offload as much traffic as possible to the LTE macro cell whose available bandwidth is restricted by \(W_{\text{LTE}}\). As a consequence, mmWave SC-BSs without connecting UEs via U-plane can be efficiently deactivated. Let us assume each UE has the closest mmWave SC-BS working as its anchored AP. The \(i\)th anchored SC-BS i.e., \(S_{i}\) then has an aggregated traffic demand \(T_{i}\) as the summation of all traffic demand of all UEs in this anchored AP. The required LTE bandwidth to accommodate \(T_{i}\) such that \(S_{i}\) can be deactivated, can be then approximately given by \(w_{i}=T_{i}/\log_{2}(1+\Gamma_{i})\), where \(\Gamma_{i}\) is the effective average SINR (Signal to Interference and Noise Ratio) of signals from LTE macro BS to the \(i\)th SC-BS \(S_{i}\) assuming merely path loss attenuation, knowing that interference come from the other macro cell BSs. At this step, the determination of tentative ON/OFF status of SC-BS turns into the determination whether \(T_{i}\) should be offloaded to LTE (if there is enough resource) or otherwise mmWave SC-BS. Let us denote \(i\in\mathcal{G}_{k}\) as the former state that \(T_{i}\) is accommodated by the \(k\)-th sector of the LTE macro BS, the optimization problem can be solved separately for each sector of the macro LTE as follows:  
\[\text{find}: \quad\text{a group }\mathcal{G}_{\forall k\in\{1,2,3\}}\text{ s.t.}\] \[\text{maximize}: \quad|\mathcal{G}_{k}|\] \[\text{subject to}: \quad\sum_{i\in\mathcal{G}_{k}}w_{i}\leq W_{\text{LTE}},\]  
where \(|\mathcal{G}_{k}|\) denotes the cardinality of the set \(\mathcal{G}_{k}\). As a consequence, if \(i\in\mathcal{G}_{k}\), the SC-BS \(S_{i}\) can be deactivated for power consumption reduction. Otherwise i.e., \(i\
otin\mathcal{G}_{\forall k}\), all the 3 sectors of the SC-BS \(S_{i}\) will be turned on.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Cell Viability after Printing  
The optimized cell mixing procedure was combined with an established printing method [12] using a G20 cylindrical print head (100 kPa, pre-incubation at 37 \({}^{\circ}\)C, cooling for 40 min) and the incredible+ 3D printer (CELLINK). We printed 1.8 \(\times\) 1.8 cm grids (\(\sim\)120 \(\mu\)g, 6 \(\times\) 6 strands) and crosslinked the ionic-dependent gelling agent alginate with 100 mM CaCl\({}_{2}\) for 20 min in six-well plates (working volume 2 mL, bioink with 5 \(\times\) 10\({}^{5}\) cells\(\cdot\)mL\({}^{-1}\)). The grids were then incubated in DMEM supplemented as above plus 50 \(\mu\)g\(\cdot\)mL\({}^{-1}\) gentamicin (Capricorn Scientific) at 37 \({}^{\circ}\)C in a 5% (\(v/v\)) CO\({}_{2}\) atmosphere. Cell viability was initially evaluated by trypan blue staining as reference and subsequently by live/dead staining with 8 \(\mu\)g\(\cdot\)mL\({}^{-1}\) fluorescein diacetate (Sigma-Aldrich) to detect viable cells and 20 \(\mu\)g\(\cdot\)mL\({}^{-1}\) propidium iodide to detect dead cells (Sigma-Aldrich) for 5 min in the dark. After five washes in 2 mL 100 mM CaCl\({}_{2}\), images of representative grid sections were captured using a DMI6000 microscope (Leica Microsystems) with an HCX PL FLUOTAR 10.0x/0.30 dry objective in combination with L5 (excitation 480/40 nm, emission 527/30 nm) and N3 (excitation 546/12, emission 600/40 nm) filter cubes. Thereby, we focused the microscopic system to obtain sharp edges of each strand in the transmitted light image, roughly representing the middle of the analyzed strand. A similar exposure time (29.6 ms) gain (2.0) and gamma (0.8) were used for each image, with an existing protocol as basis [17]. We used a Photofluor II light source (Chroma Technology, Rockingham, VT, USA). Images after 14 d cultivation time were captured in a similar manner, but the exposure time was reduced to 24.3 ms. Images were captured from three different regions of each grid and were processed using ImageJ v1.52a (National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA). The background was subtracted (rolling ball radius = 100 pixels), followed by channel splitting and threshold adjustment. Finally, the separated green channel (viable cells) and red channel (dead cells) were analyzed by counting from 40 \(\upmu\)m\({}^{2}\) to infinity for the green channel and from 0 to 13 \(\upmu\)m\({}^{2}\) for the red channel. The counted areas were used to calculate viability after comparing them with representative cytoplasm/nucleus areas within each image:  
\[\text{Viability [\%] = cell count green-(cell count green + cell count red)}^{-1}\cdot\text{100 [\%]} \tag{4}\]
# Variance-Triggered Two-Step GPS Acquisition
## 2 Conventional Serial Acquisition
When \(L>1\), i.e., when more than 1 ms of the signal is used, the acquisition of weak signals improves, but the computational complexity increases. In this paper, we have fixed \(L=1\). Although slower than methods that perform acquisition in the frequency domain, the SA is quite advantageous in terms of hardware requirements. It requires basically integer multipliers and adders, as Figure 1 shows. This is especially helpful in embedded systems and/or those systems restricted by energy consumption. This is the main rationale for research that aims to improve SA's overall performance.