## 5 Conclusions  
This study investigated the distribution of contact pressure between the human body and a seat cushion integrated with a pneumatic spring using the finite element method (FEM). A half-symmetry modeling approach was adopted to balance computational efficiency with experimental fidelity while ensuring broad applicability. Simulations were conducted using MSC.Marc software, incorporating validated material models for polyurethane foam, latex membranes, and fabric tape, which were experimentally tested and compared against real-world results. The findings demonstrated a strong correlation between simulated and experimental data, confirming the model's reliability in predicting contact pressure distribution and peak pressure variations across different pneumatic spring conditions. The ability to modify peak pressure will serve as a foundation for further research aimed at enhancing automotive seat comfort.  
The scientific contribution of this study lies in its integration of advanced material modeling and precisely defined boundary conditions, enhancing the accuracy of computational simulations in occupant-seat interactions. Additionally, this study introduces validated hyperelastic and viscoelastic material models, improving the representation of seat cushion behavior under static loads. From a practical perspective, the FEM model provides a cost-effective and efficient tool for optimizing seat cushion designs, enabling real-time adjustments to pneumatic spring pressure and cushion stiffness. The findings have direct applications in automotive, aerospace, and medical seating systems, where ergonomic optimization and fatigue reduction are essential.  
This research also bridges the gap between computational modeling and real-world seating applications, laying the foundation for next-generation adaptive seating solutions. By enabling personalized seat adjustments based on real-time occupant posture and pressure feedback, this novel approach advances seating comfort, durability, and overall performance.  
Future research will extend this work by incorporating dynamic loading conditions, such as vibration effects and transient forces, to better simulate real-world driving scenarios. The integration of biomechanical models will offer deeper insights into postural shifts, entry-exit movements, and long-term seat use [1], refining pressure distribution analysis. Furthermore, expanding experimental validation to diverse demographic groups will support the development of adaptive seat adjustment algorithms, allowing real-time pneumatic spring modulation for personalized comfort optimization. These advancements will drive the evolution of user-centric, intelligent seating systems, enhancing both ergonomic performance and occupant well-being across various industries.  
Conceptualization, X-T.T.; Methodology, X-T.T. and D.-T.N.; Software, X.-T.T.; Validation, D.-T.N.; Formal analysis, V.-H.N.; Investigation, X.-T.T. and D.-T.N.; Resources,V.-H.N.; Data curation, X.-T.T.; Writing--original draft, X.-T.T.; Writing--review & editing, D.-T.N.; Visualization, V.-H.N.; Supervision, D.-T.N.; Project administration, X.-T.T. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This work was financially supported by the Ministry of Education and Training, Vietnam under the grant number B2023-SKH-03.  
The original contributions presented in this study are included in the article. Further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author.  
The authors sincerely acknowledge the financial support from the Vietnam Ministry of Education and Training under Vietnam M. B2023-SKH-03. The Faculty of Mechanical Engineering at Hungyen University of Technology and Education is also gratefully acknowledged for providing the necessary facilities and support to conduct this research.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.