## 3 Results
### Surface Properties (Roughness, Topography and Wettability)  
Regarding surface roughness, it was found that this parameter depends on the concentration of the compounds. In general, the incorporation of zirconia nanoparticles increased the surface roughness of resins [13; 14; 30; 33], making this effect more evident with increasing concentration [14; 33] and subjected them to aging [14; 15]. Also, the surface topography changed from flat in the non-loaded resins to having peaks after the incorporation of 0.25% of graphene nanoparticles [14] and 2% of silver-enhanced mesoporous silica nanoparticles (Ag/MSN) [15]. Nevertheless, there were no statistically significant differences in surface roughness between the control group and the groups with nanodiamonds [36] (Table 2).  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Study** & **Surface Properties** & **Mechanical Properties** & **Antimicrobial Properties** & **Biocompatibility** \\ \hline [PERSON] et al., 2023 [13] & Roughness: increased & & CFU number: & Cell proliferation: \\ ZrO\({}_{2}\) NPs & Roughness: increased & & decreased & increased \\ \hline Selva-Otaolaurruchi & & & & \\ \(\text{et al., 2023}\)[32] & & Fracture strength: & & \\ \(\text{Graphene oxide}\) & & increased & & \\ \(\text{[PERSON] et al., 2023}\)[33] & Roughness: increased & Hardness: decreased as & & \\ \(\text{GNPs}\) & Roughness: increased & & concentration increased & \\ \(\text{as concentration}\) & & Flexural strength: & & \\ \(\text{[PERSON] et al., 2022}\)[14] & increased Topography: & & Flexural strength: & Adhesion of C. _albicans_: & Biocompatibility: no \\ \(\text{GNPs}\) & control = flat; 0.25\% of graphene nanoplatelets & & decreased as & decreased & differences \\ \(\text{= peaks of about 1 }\text{ }\text{\upmu m}\) & concentration increased & & & \\ \(\text{[PERSON] et al., 2022}\)[15] & Roughness: increased & & & \\ \(\text{Ag/MSN}\) & \(\text{control = flat, Ag/MSN}\) & & & \\ \(\text{2\%}\) = irregularity & concentration & & & \\ \(\text{increased, decreased}\) & & & & \\ \(\text{after aging}\) & & Hardness: decreased & & \\ \(\text{[PERSON] et al., 2022}\)[30] & Roughness: increased & & & \\ \(\text{2022}\) NPs & Roughness: increased & & & \\ \(\text{2\%}\) & & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Comparation of outcomes reflecting the relation of incorporated resins with compounds and the control group without compound loading.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Study** & **Surface Properties** & **Mechanical Properties** & \begin{tabular}{c} **Antimicrobial** \\ **Properties** \\ \end{tabular} & **Biocompatibility** \\ \hline \hline \multirow{4}{*}{\begin{tabular}{c} [PERSON] et al., 2022 [31] \\ ZrO2 NPs \\ \end{tabular} } & \multicolumn{2}{c}{\begin{tabular}{c} Hardness: increased as \\ concentration increased \\ Flexural strength: \\ dependent on the \\ printing direction \\ \end{tabular} } & \multicolumn{1}{c}{\
\begin{tabular}{c} \\ **Properties** \\ \end{tabular} } & \multicolumn{1}{c}{
\begin{tabular}{c} **Eti** number: \\ decreased \\ \end{tabular} } \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & & \\ \cline{1-1}  &  
The wettability was assessed by analyzing the contact angle. The contact angle was lower in resins containing nanodiamonds [37] or zwitterionic materials, even after the thermocycling process [19] (Table 2).