## 2 Materials and Methods
### Monitoring Methodology
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**No.**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Type**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Area [m\({}^{2}\)]**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Storey**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Orientation**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Glazing-to-Floor**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Heat Transfer**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Heat Transfer**} \\  & & & & & **Ratio [\%]** & **Coefficient** & **Coefficient** & **Coefficient** \\  & & & & & **(shell) [W/K]** & **(ventilation) [W/K]** & **(total) [W/K]** \\ \hline A1 * & M4 & 46.73 & V of V & \begin{tabular}{c} N\(\mathrm{m}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{-}\mathrm{SSW}\) \\ (30\({}^{\circ}\) S of W) \\ \end{tabular} & 20.88 & 52.56 & 21.96 & 74.52 \\ \hline A2 & M2 & 31.90 & II of XII & \begin{tabular}{c} SSW \\ (27\({}^{\circ}\) S of W) \\ \end{tabular} & 22.67 & 22.83 & 15.54 & 38.33 \\ \hline A3 & M4 & 62.20 & X of XII & \begin{tabular}{c} N\(\mathrm{m}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{-}\mathrm{SSW}\) \\ (27\({}^{\circ}\) S of W) \\ \end{tabular} & 18.20 & 27.43 & 46.48 & 73.91 \\ \hline A4 * & M4 & 46.73 & XI of XII & \begin{tabular}{c} N\(\mathrm{m}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{-}\mathrm{S}\) \\ (2\({}^{\circ}\) S of E) \\ \end{tabular} & 20.88 & 45.90 & 21.96 & 67.85 \\ \hline A5 & M1 & 24.91 & XII of XII & \begin{tabular}{c} N\(\mathrm{m}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{-}\mathrm{S}\) \\ (2\({}^{\circ}\) S of W) \\ \end{tabular} & 19.01 & 28.06 & 11.32 & 39.38 \\ \hline A6 * & M4 & 46.73 & III of XII & \begin{tabular}{c} N\(\mathrm{m}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{-}\mathrm{S}\) \\ (2\({}^{\circ}\) S of E) \\ \end{tabular} & 20.88 & 22.43 & 21.96 & 44.39 \\ \hline A7 & M2 & 30.74 & III of XII & \begin{tabular}{c} S \\ (2\({}^{\circ}\) S of E) \\ \end{tabular} & 19.77 & 14.30 & 14.98 & 29.28 \\ \hline A8 ** & M3 & 46.72 & III of V & \begin{tabular}{c} N\(\mathrm{m}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{-}\mathrm{SSW}\) \\ (16\({}^{\circ}\) S of E) \\ \end{tabular} & 10.51 & 22.44 & 25.53 & 47.97 \\ \hline A9 & M4 & 57.67 & III of V & \
\begin{tabular}{c} N\(\mathrm{m}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{-}\mathrm{SSW}\) \\ (16\({}^{\circ}\) S of W) \\ \end{tabular} & 13.06 & 23.81 & 28.16 & 51.97 \\ \hline A10 ** & M3 & 46.72 & III of V &
\begin{tabular}{c} N\(\mathrm{m}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{-}\mathrm{SSW}\) \\ (16\({}^{\circ}\) S of W) \\ \end{tabular} & 20.88 & 26.59 & 22.13 & 48.71 \\ \hline \end{tabular} * the same floor plan. ** the same floor plan.  
\end{table} 
Table 2: Basic features of the observed apartments: location and thermal properties. All recorders had individual power supplies and could be connected to a PC with a USB cable for programming or data reading. Readouts were made every 15 min. The first temperature recorders were installed on the 28 th of June in apartment A1. It was followed by installation in apartments A3 to A7 on the 6 th of July, A8 on the 7 th of July, A2 on the 10 th of July, A10 on the 13 th of July, and A9 on the 19 th of July. Different starting dates were connected with the holiday leave of the residents. The data loggers were mounted in bedrooms and living rooms or spaces most often occupied, avoiding places with direct sunlight. The rule was accepted that in the apartments facing two directions, the data loggers were placed in the rooms on opposite sides. The measurements ended on the 12 th of September (apartments A1, A2, A6 to A10) or on the 3 rd of October (apartments A3 to A5). Between that time, climate loggers and reed switches were fixed for a shorter time in the chosen flats because of the limited number of devices. Residents were also asked to fill in a questionnaire concerning their daily routines of presence or absence in the dwellings, the use of electric devices, and window opening and shading (Table 4). Based on the interviews, internal gains per m\({}^{2}\) were calculated with the use of [8]. They included heat emitted by residents, lighting, and everyday use of domestic equipment. In apartments A4 and A5, 50-litre water boilers were installed, raising inner gains. Generally, in the larger apartments, the average internal gains per square metre were smaller (Figure 7), and the values ranged from 5.7 to 11.7 W/m\({}^{2}\).