# Smart Pedestrian Crossing Management at Traffic Light Junctions through a Fuzzy-Based Approach
## 4 Performance Evaluation
### Simulation Results  
The matrices of vehicle and pedestrian traffic flows have been acquired through different simulations, statically setting the cycle of the traffic light at 84 and 94 s, respectively. Furthermore, the installation of the cameras has been simulated to apply the fuzzy logic controller through the external interface module provided by Vissim, where the operating code has been written. Even in this case, the fuzzy-based approach proposed in this paper has been applied with cycles of 84 and 94 s that, nevertheless, have been dynamically changed. Precisely, micro-simulations have been performed in the following time frames:  
* 07:00 a.m. \(\div\) 09:00 a.m.;
* 01:00 p.m. \(\div\) 02:00 p.m.;
* 05:00 p.m. \(\div\) 06:00 p.m. These time slots correspond to vehicular flow and pedestrian peaks corresponding to the entry/exit of influential offices and schools in the investigated area. The measured values for the distribution of flows, shown in Table 8, according to the significant pedestrian crossings ad maneuvers, have allowed evaluating the different types of maneuvers. The obtained values, in terms of number of vehicles (_VEHS_), average queue length (_QLEN AVG_), max queue length (_QLEN MAX_) and number of stops (_STOPS_), show that the change in the overall traffic light cycle, with an increase from 84-94 s, raises the length of the stop queue, and this involves a higher propensity of the infrastructure to the congestion. This situation leads to lower levels of LOS and reduces the comfort and safety of pedestrians and passengers. Figure 7 shows how the output of the Vissim software allows evaluating the occurrence of a more significant congestion in the arms by switching from a traffic light cycle of 84-94 s, without employing the fuzzy-based approach introduced in this paper. On the contrary, as shown in Table 9, applying the FLC proposed in this paper, concretely better results can be achieved. In fact, the measured values are almost lower than the those depicted in Table 8. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**Traffic Light Cycle 84 s**} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**Traffic Light Cycle 94 s**} \\ \hline
**Arcs** & **VEHS** & **QLEN AVG** & **QLEN MAX** & **STOPS** & **VEHS** & **QLEN AVG** & **QLEN MAX** & **STOPS** \\ \hline
1-3 & 100 & 14.14 & 104.82 & 0.73 & 100 & 24.19 & 109.24 & 0.91 \\
1-4 & 151 & 14.14 & 104.82 & 0.75 & 152 & 24.19 & 109.24 & 0.96 \\
2-1 & 145 & 3.39 & 59.38 & 0.52 & 145 & 2.32 & 55.00 & 0.39 \\
2-4 & 63 & 1.21 & 28.96 & 0.41 & 63 & 0.78 & 28.99 & 0.29 \\
2-3 & 36 & 0.91 & 23.61 & 1.23 & 35 & 0.68 & 24.55 & 0.96 \\
3-1 & 144 & 44.78 & 111.48 & 1.54 & 92 & 86.50 & 111.62 & 2.86 \\
3-4 & 98 & 44.78 & 111.48 & 2.28 & 62 & 86.50 & 111.62 & 4.11 \\
4-1 & 72 & 7.15 & 90.15 & 0.84 & 71 & 4.73 & 82.26 & 0.61 \\
4-3 & 172 & 7.15 & 90.15 & 0.56 & 171 & 4.73 & 82.26 & 0.42 \\ \hline
**Total for** & \multirow{2}{*}{981} & \multirow{2}{*}{15.29} & \multirow{2}{*}{111.48} & \multirow{2}{*}{0.98} & \multirow{2}{*}{891} & \multirow{2}{*}{26.07} & \multirow{2}{*}{111.62} & \multirow{2}{*}{1.28} \\
**intersection** & & & & & & & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 8: Obtained distribution of flows without the proposed fuzzy-based solution. The same analysis has been carried out from a pedestrian point of view, through Viswalk, a tool provided by Vissim, and the results are shown in Tables 10 and 11. Even in this case, the application of the FLC implies an improvement in performance since the values presented in Table 11 are almost lower than those in Table 10 concerning the average queue length and stops. A better understanding of the average queue length can be obtained by analyzing the values shown in Figure 8. The variation in green and red times for the two traffic light cycles is more efficiently managed with the use of the fuzzy-based solution introduced in this paper. In fact, the values of the average queues are lower.