## 1 Introduction  
Explosives have been utilized for centuries to achieve construction projects, clear land, and break rock. However, the use of explosives can have significant negative effects on the environment, i.e., blast-induced seismic effects, fly-rock, and air blasts. Among these effects, seismic effects are considered the ones with the highest importance [1]. Thus, it is crucial to control these negative effects to comply with existing regulations and laws. The impact of blast-induced seismic effects on buildings involves three essential steps: estimation of ground motion, analysis, and the establishment of permitted PPV (peak particle velocity) limits [2]. Today, due to technological progress, only approach to achieving results differs. Many scholars have developed equations to predict ground vibration, which are summarized by [PERSON] et al. [3]. Some of them are adapted to specific geological conditions and areas. For example, [PERSON] proposed different equations for different zones and geological conditions within the \"Istanbul, Kadikoy-Kartal Railway Mass Transport System\" project [4]. ISEE gave the equation for the 95% confidence line for typical data from quarry blasting [5]. A similar equation for the 95% confidence line has been given by [PERSON] et al. for measured PPV during blasting works in magnesine mines [6]. [PERSON] proposed a prediction equation developed from measurements during Bengal Quarry blasting [7]. [PERSON], in his thesis \"Blast vibration studies in surface mines\", proposed an equation for the \"Jindal Power Open Cast Coal Mine\" [8]. [PERSON] conducted his research on numerous blasting sites in deposits with different GSI (Geological Strength Index) [9]. Moreover, damage characteristics in a rock mass have been extensively studied [10]. [PERSON] modified the scaled distance equation using the superimposition factor of vibration waves [11]. Most of the published articles about blast-induced seismic effects are based on a significant amount of measured values gathered during a particular project or quarry development. These data are then analyzed using statistical analysis or ANN (Artificial Neural Network) [12, 13]. Considerable quantities of open-pit blast-induced seismic effects measurements can be collected to give a regression curve. Civil works usually do not have this quantity of measured data; hence, the execution of the initial test blast is fundamental for developing an equation for the safe execution of blasting works [14]. Guidelines exist for measuring instruments and installation methods during measurement [15]. To increase the precision of blast-induced seismic effect measurements, we established a research program and have performed several studies according to it. A greater number of monitoring points were used in a single measurement line [16], positioning of measurement instruments at relevant predetermined distances [17], and detecting and excluding atypical values to achieve more accurate input data and, thus, consequently, more precise results [18]. For contractors and owners, ensuring the safety of surrounding buildings during blasting works is of utmost concern [19]. In this regard, the power of an explosive is a key factor in determining its effectiveness and safety. To allow for a standard comparison of explosive power, the concept of TNT equivalent has been introduced, which enables professionals to make informed decisions in blasting operations. The TNT equivalence, which is a common engineering tool, is one of the potential tools for improving the effectiveness of blasting and the precision of blast-induced seismic measurement results that has been widely investigated [20]. It is used to relate the effects of the yield of a certain explosive to that of TNT (or another reference explosive). It is established mainly empirically by different types of experiments, which often do not yield the same TNT equivalence values. The most used tests are the Trauzl test, plate dent, ballistic mortar, sand crush, and air blast test.