## 5 Proposal for an Asset Concealment Ontology
### Financial Ontologies  
The publication of ontologies has become a constant since sharing the same model between different systems has great potential to facilitate future interoperability processes. After an extensive literature search, three ontologies of the financial domain were selected to be analyzed: the Financial Industry Business Ontology (FIBO) [124], the Suggested Upper Merged Ontology (SUMO) [125] with its specific domain ontology SUMO Financial (SUMOF), and the ONTO-FIC ontology [126].  
The Financial Industry Business Ontology is a standardized model created by the Enterprise Data Management (EDM) Council in collaboration with the Object Management Group (OMG) [124]. It formalizes the concepts and relationships that define the structure and meaning of terms widely used across the financial industry. The core purpose of FIBO is to offer a unified language and structure for financial institutions to represent their data, which is essential for regulatory compliance, risk management, and improving operational efficiency. The interoperability that FIBO offers allows different systems within and between organizations to communicate more effectively, thanks to a common framework that facilitates data exchange and understanding. This feature is particularly beneficial for financial institutions that must aggregate and analyze data accurately and promptly for risk management purposes.  
FIBO is structured into ten ontologies encompassing various aspects of the financial industry. These ontologies belong to the following domains: FIBO Business Entities, Business Processes, Corporate Actions and Events, Financial Business and Commerce, Foundations, FIBO Indices and Indicators, FIBO Loan, Market Data, and FIBO Securities. In addition to the base ontology (Foundations), many of the additional ones have concepts related to the domain under analysis, such as the Financial Business and Commerce and FIBO Business Entities ontologies. Some of the main entities of FIBO Foundation's ontology are presented in Figure 4.  
Figure 4: Elements of FIBO Foundation’s ontology.  
The Suggested Upper Merged Ontology is a comprehensive and formal ontology that serves as a foundation for building domain-specific ontologies [125]. Within SUMO, various domains, including finance, can be represented and structured semantically richly. SUMO Financial specifically addresses the concepts, relationships, and operations that define the financial domain, allowing for a more precise and standardized representation of financial data, processes, and entities. By incorporating SUMO Financial, it is possible to create a unified understanding of financial concepts such as assets, liabilities, transactions, and economic events. SumoF can represent the payment of a financial transaction or transfer of funds, assets, or services in the financial domain. It conceptualizes several elements of the financial domain, such as deposits, payments, withdrawals, investments, real estate, and pension plans.  
Onto-FIC is a domain ontology for interbank transactions in the SWIFT network. It was built upon extracting knowledge from financial articles for populating a Know Your Customer ontology for banks [126]. This ontology enables the modeling of SWIFT transactions and clients. It also has a fraud detection approach that complements tools used by organizations to prevent and detect financial fraud. The concepts defined in this ontology are organized into three categories: the customer, the financial institution, which is an agent, and the financial transactions. The complete set of Onto-FIC concepts is presented in Table 12.