## 1 Introduction  
Following the UK Government's recommendation to de-carbonise the industry in 2010 [1] and the launch of its Construction Strategy in 2011 [2], the UK sector has witnessed a building of momentum in the adoption and implementation of BIM that facilitates the digital transformation of the construction sector and the wider built environment. Based on the UK NBS National BIM 2020 Report [3], the rate at which the industry has managed to implement BIM on 100% of its projects increased from 22% in 2019 to only 23% in 2020. Accordingly, 56% of the UK AEC community attributed the shy implementation rate to a lack of in-house skills/expertise, and 48% to the 'lack of training'; both remain two of the top three reported key barriers to the successful adoption of BIM and digital transformation. The Construction Manager Annual BIM Survey 2020 similarly reported the main organisational barrier to the adoption of BIM, or further adoption, as the lack of digital skills (64%) [4]. However, these figures do not necessarily mean there is a lack of BIM-enabled professionals, but rather a potential deficiency in the organisational upskilling/re-skilling, and in continuing professional development that confounds the nature of the barriers and issues reported. Amongst research on BIM adoption and implementation [PERSON], [PERSON] & [PERSON] [5] state there is little interest in lessons learned and knowledge exchange. Moreover, they stated that the reported inadequacy in BIM skills is the responsibility of organisations and their associated learning strategies, which should dictate the right training material to the right target audience. Furthermore, the NBS National BIM 2018 report forecasted a 16% growth in the adoption of BIM over the following three-to-five years [6]. However, by 2020 the adoption rate remained relatively similar with just a slight increase of 2%. Therefore, progressing at this pace undermines the ability of the UK AEC industry to develop the fundamental capability needed to saturate the implementation of BIM and digital transformation in preparation for achieving the vision of the Digital Built Britain (DBB) strategy by 2025 [7] and delivering the key recommendations of the National Infrastructure Commission's 'Data for the Public Good Report', e.g., a National Digital Twin comprised of an ecosystem of connected digital twins to foster better outcomes from the built environment [8]. The slow uptake of the industry's adoption and implementation of BIM and digital transformation is not only prevalent in the UK, but also globally [9; 10]. Hence, the overall effectiveness of adoption and implementation is not fully established due to several associated barriers [11; 12; 13]. According to extensive studies, it is widely accepted that the most influential barrier to the uptake of BIM is the lack of individual competency pertaining to knowledge, skills, abilities, experience, behaviours and attitude [13; 14; 15; 16]. Furthermore, such studies collectively acknowledge the need for education and training as a resolution, albeit from distinct and limited perspectives. These perspectives mainly focus on integrating BIM education and training within Higher Education (HE) with very little emphasis on the role that organisations play in upskilling/reskilling their in-house culture to drive effective adoption. For instance, [PERSON] et al. [15] touched upon education and training as the responsibility of Higher Education Institutes (HEIs), stating that current curricula are unsatisfactory for industrial needs, while disregarding the fact that the skilled professionals needed to structure the curricula, are scarce in first place. Alternatively, while investigating the benefits, risks, and challenges of BIM implementation, [PERSON] et al. [11] concluded that the slow uptake in the implementation of BIM is impeded by traditional educational trends, whereby educators should rethink new means of teaching and evaluating BIM competencies.