## 2 Materials and Method
### Specim Preparation
The reduced available calcium hydroxide would also provide a less-alkaline environment, which is crucial for pozzolanic reactions and clay mineral modification, while the lower Ca\({}^{2+}\) availability could affect the cation exchange processes that contribute to soil stabilization. Despite these limitations, the lime and cement combination still demonstrated the effectiveness of stabilization in our study, though optimal dosages and performance metrics might differ from those achievable with higher-purity lime. This finding actually provides practical relevance, as many construction projects, particularly in developing regions, may encounter similar quality variations in locally available lime. The environmental concerns regarding cement production are valid, as cement generates approximately 0.9 tons of CO\({}_{2}\) per ton produced. However, soil stabilization requires substantially lower cement quantities than conventional construction, with optimal performance at only 4-6% content by dry weight, representing a fraction of cement needed for traditional foundation systems when dealing with poor soils. The stabilization approach utilizes existing in situ materials rather than requiring excavation and replacement with imported aggregates, reducing transportation emissions and site disturbance. Enhanced durability extends service life compared to untreated soils requiring frequent repairs, while improved the load-bearing capacity eliminates the need for over-excavation and thick granular layers, resulting in overall material savings over the project lifecycle. Contemporary developments in supplementary cementitious materials such as fly ash, slag, and silica \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l} \hline \hline
**Chemical Constituent** & **Composition of Cement (\%)** & **Composition of Lime (\%)** \\ \hline SiO\({}_{2}\) & 19.3 & 3.5 \\ Al\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{3}\) & 3.67 & 1.25 \\ Fe\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{3}\) & 3.44 & 1.14 \\ Na\({}_{2}\)O & 0.26 & \\ K\({}_{2}\)O & 0.78 & 0.09 \\ CaO & 62.62 & 50.5 \\ TiO\({}_{2}\) & 0.597 & \\ PbO & 0 & \\ MgO & 3.39 & 1.21 \\ SO\({}_{3}\) & 3.21 & \\ SrO\({}_{2}\) & - & \\ P\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{5}\) & 0.0897 & \\ NiO\({}_{2}\) & - & \\ MnO & 0.237 & 0.05 \\ ZnO & - & \\ CuO & - & \\ Cr\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{3}\) & - & \\ BaO & 0 & \\ Cl & 0.03 & \\ \hline LOI & 2.38 & 42.32 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Chemical composition of the lime and cement. fume offer pathways to reduce carbon intensity while maintaining effectiveness. Additionally, emerging alternative binders including geopolymers and bio-based stabilizers present opportunities for more sustainable soil improvement. The research establishes a fundamental understanding of stabilization mechanisms that can inform the development of these environmentally preferable alternatives while maintaining demonstrated structural performance benefits. Method of the Test  
The testing methodology adhered to several ASTM standards to comprehensively evaluate the mechanical and hydraulic properties of the lime-cement stabilized clay. The primary tests conducted included physical property, unconfined compression, and consolidation tests. The compaction test followed the procedures outlined in ASTM D698-12 [22]. This test was crucial in determining the stabilized soil mixtures' optimal moisture content and maximum dry density. The standard Proctor test was employed, using a 944 cm\({}^{3}\) mold and a 2.5 kg rammer dropped from a height of 305 mm. The soil was compacted in three layers, each receiving 25 blows. This allows the development of the compaction curve and the identification of the optimal moisture content for the soil. The UCS test was conducted following ASTM D2166 [20]. This test evaluated the stabilized specimens' axial load capacity and strength characteristics. The specimens were carefully extruded from the molds and positioned in the testing apparatus.