# An Overview of the Public Health Challenges in Diagnosing and Controlling Human Foodborne Pathogens
## 6 Control of Foodborne Microbial Pathogens
### Probiotics  
There is compelling evidence that the probiotics that are living bacteria and yeasts carry positive effects for humans as well as animals [252; 253]. It has been emphasized by WHO and FAO that probiotics reflect the position of living organisms which, when taken in appropriate amounts, can exert a beneficial effect upon the body. Probiotics are among the most commonly distributed species in the intestine of both humans and animals. The majority of them enhance the intestinal microbiota equilibrium of the host animal or alter the characteristics of the native microflora in the intestine of the host [254; 255]. Due to the growing number of diseases and the aging of our population, it is becoming more and more important to apply knowledge about the microbiota of the digestive tract and the positive effects of probiotic bacteria in the digestive tract in an effort to combat these diseases [256]. The ingestion of preprocessed meals (fast food) is one of the factors that adversely affect the human gut microbiome, as they regularly contain enormous quantities of fat and inadequate amounts of vegetables, which are both factors that negatively affect the gut microbiome [256]. As far as we are concerned, there is now no doubt that gut microbial populations are highly significant to overall health and protection. That is why probiotic formulations and products can increase the number and diversity of gut bacteria as well as protect individuals from gastroenteritis [256]. Human health can be greatly improved by probiotics because of their wide range of beneficial effects. There are several advantages to these agents, which primarily relate to their impact on the growth of the microbiota that lives inside the organism, thereby ensuring the dynamic balance between bacteria and pathogens that is necessary for the organism to function normally [257; 258]. These agents are able to act in a preventive manner to prevent the proliferation of pathogenic bacteria, while at the same time ensuring that the growth of beneficial bacteria is not hindered. This helps to maintain a healthy balance of both beneficial and pathogenic bacteria within the organism, allowing it to function normally. Food ingredients and preserved food products can be produced using live microorganisms that meet the necessary requirements. A natural microbiota is restored to the system after the patient receives antibiotic medication, which has the effect of restoring its beneficial effects [259]. Furthermore, it functions as an inhibitor to the activity of gut microbiome that have been brought into the body as a result of pollution in the environment and the consumption of incorrect foods. It has been shown that probiotics can effectively limit the growth of harmful bacteria, such as _Clostritium perfringens_[260], _Campylobacter jejuni_[261], _Salmonella enteritidis_[262], _Escherichia coli_[263], _Shigella_ species [264], _Staphylococcus_ species [265] and _Yersinia_ species, [266] in order that foodborne diseases can be avoided. Several studies have been conducted showing that probiotics improve the digestive process, relieve food allergies [267], decrease Candida infections [268] and reduce tooth decay [269]. The B vitamins (such as B9 and B12) are produced naturally by probiotic bacteria such as _Lactobacillus plantarum_ and _Lactobacillus reuteri_ as well as _Bifidobacterium adolescentis_ and _Bifidobacterium pseudocatenulatum_. The bacteria feed on the carbohydrates in the food we consume, and in the process, they produce B vitamins. These vitamins are then absorbed into the bloodstream and used by the body for various metabolic processes. In addition to these benefits, they also enhance the absorption of minerals and vitamins, boost immune system effectiveness, and increase organic acids production, as well as increase amino acids production [270; 271].