## 3 Emission Reduction Measures at Ports
### Quayside and Yardside  
The main emission sources at port quayside and yardside are the cargo handling equipment and facilities, such as quay cranes, yard cranes, internal moving vehicles, and \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt}} \hline \hline
**Measures** & **Cases and Effect** & **References** \\ \hline Carbon capture and storage & LNG carrier; Mitsubishi Shipbuilding; 70–90\% CO\({}_{2}\) reduction & www.ukpandi.com; www.potterlarkson.com (accessed on 10 December 2023) \\ \hline
**Fuel and energy** & & \\ \hline LNG & Various vessels; 15–20\% CO\({}_{2}\) reduction & [24] \\ \hline LPG & Very large gas carriers; 17\% CO\({}_{2}\) reduction & [21] \\ \hline Wind-assisted propulsion systems & Fruit juice tanker by Bound4 Blue; 10\% CO\({}_{2}\) reduction & [25] \\ Nuclear-powered ship & Icebreaker; Cargo ships; be carbon neutral & [26] \\ \hline Biodiesel & Various vessels; 25–100\% GHG reduction & [20,27] \\ \hline E-LNG & MSC Cruises; 98\% CO\({}_{2}\) reduction & [21] maritime-executive.com (accessed on 10 December 2023) \\ \hline E-Diesel & Ferries; 90–99\% CO\({}_{2}\) reduction & [21]www.mtu-solutions.com (accessed on 10 December 2023) \\ \hline E-Ammonia & Under development; 98\% CO\({}_{2}\) reduction & [21]www.zerocarbonshipping.com (accessed on 10 December 2023) \\ \hline E-Methanol & Containership; 99\% CO\({}_{2}\) reduction & [21,28] \\ \hline Hydrogen; Battery & Ferries; tugs; 100\% CO\({}_{2}\) reduction & [21,29]www.wartsila.com (accessed on 10 December 2023) \\ \hline
**Infrrastructural** & & \\ \hline Port infrastructure to supply electricity & Gothenburg; Seattle; Vancouver; Antwerp; Southampton; support onshore power- and battery-powered vessels & [15]www.wartsila.com (accessed on 10 December 2023) \\ \hline Port infrastructure to handle captured CO\({}_{2}\) & Immingham in UK; support carbon capture storage and utilisation & www.ukpandi.com (accessed on 10 December 2023) \\ \hline Bunkering facilities & Many major ports; support refuelling alternative fuels & [30]: bunkperay.co.uk; maritime-airtraffic.org (accessed on 10 December 2023) \\ \hline
**Digitalisation** & & \\ \hline Automated mooring systems & Port of Santander; reduce CO\({}_{2}\) emission by 76\% & [15,22] \\ \hline Mobile satellite communication & Immarsat; Ensure seamless connectivity across the globe & https://sinayai (accessed on 10 December 2023) \\ \hline Metocean Data Analysis & Sinay; Simulate and understand weather patterns & https://sinayai (accessed on 10 December 2023) \\ \hline
**Policy \& collaboration** & \\ \hline EEDI; EEXI & All ships above 400 gross tonnage; One-time certification on vessel energy efficiency & www.imo.org (accessed on 10 December 2023) \\ \hline CII & All ships above 5000 GT; Annual requirement to calculate ship’s carbon intensity indicator & www.imo.org (accessed on 10 December 2023) \\ \hline SEEMP & All ships above 5000 GT; Ship management plan to meet CII requirements & www.imo.org (accessed on 10 December 2023) \\ \hline EU ETS & All ships above 5000 GT entering EU ports; Define maximum GHG emission & climate.ec.europa.eu (accessed on 10 December 2023) \\ \hline Green Flag Program & Los Angeles; Long Beach; 15–25\% port fee reduction for reducing vessel speed & [15] \\ \hline Green Passports Scheme up to 10\% port fee reduction & Amsterdam; Hamburg; Rotterdam; Antwerp; Bremen; Le Havre; Meet Environmental Ship Index threshold & [15] \\ \hline World Ports Climate Action Program & A total of 12 major ports across the world; Accelerate alternative fuels uptake & hellenischippingnews.com (accessed on 10 December 2023) \\ \hline Port green incentives & A total of 28 of the 100 world’s largest ports; Incentive for environmentally friendly ships & [31] \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 5: _Cont._reefer plugin charges. Cranes and vehicles traditionally use diesel fuels, whereas reef plugin charges consume a significant amount of electricity.