## 3 Results and Discussion
### Physicochemical Stability of Vitamin-Loaded Nanoemulsions
#### 3.1.4 Storage Stability of Vitamin-Loaded Nanoemulsions  
All BC and VE enriched nanoemulsions were kept at 25 and 40 \({}^{\circ}\)C over 30 days of storage in order to explore the influence of storing temperatures on the retention of BC as well as of VE. A smooth declining trend in the concentration of BC was reported for all nanoemulsions except NE2 that disclosed a sharp declining trend on storage at 25 \({}^{\circ}\)C, and only 2.34% BC was retained over 30 days storage as depicted in Figure 4A. Loading of VE in NE4 and NE6 based on MCT provided greater BC retention around 35.17% and 33.89%, respectively, in comparison with NE2 nanoemulsion (Table 1). NEI nanoemulsions encapsulating (TFO and BC) showed the greater BC retention around 42.98% throughout storage, and further loading of VE in NE3 and NE5 nanoemulsions encapsulating (TFO and BC) reduced the BC retention. It seems that reduction in BC was reported contrarywise relational to VE concentrations. Higher amounts of 3% \(w/w\) VE resulted in a greater reduction in each oil phase, and this behavior is in accordance with our findings of oxidation as highlighted in Section 3.1.3. Although MCT showed superior oxidative stability, further assessment of BC retention explored that oxidation study is not so reliable standard to observe the stability of any system. However, further experiments are needed to explore the real providence of bioactive. As TFO has a larger molecular structure, allowing it to hold up a higher quantity of BC, but at a similar moment, it displayed very poor solubility in the direction of oxidation that might be owing to its higher unsaturation degree. Though, in earlier research, [PERSON] and co-workers had reported a great BC retention loaded inside MCT and stabilized via OSA-MS. The most suitable reason for higher BC retention could be due to the usage of a higher quantity of OSA starches (>30%) to stabilize emulsions rather than the present study (2%). At 40 \({}^{\circ}\)C, the results of BC retention could be due to the sensitivity of BC at higher temperatures. The greater declining trend in BC loss was observed even in the occurrence of VE that might be owing to the sensitivity of TFO with respect to oxidation. As our oxidation findings of nanoemulsions also showed greater oxidation for those nanoemulsions that comprise TFO alone or combined with VE, as presented in Figure 4A,B. However, NE4 and NE6 nanoemulsions framed with MCT had displayed 34.98% and 31.22% BC retention after 30 days of storage, respectively. This behavior of MCT-based nanoemulsions indicated that the existence of VE had successfully provided protection to the BC contents, but this trend was not observed for TFO-based nanoemulsions. The VE-loaded nanoemulsions were further stored at 25 and 40 \({}^{\circ}\)C in order to access the VE retention. Nanoemulsions equipped with 2% \(w/w\) of VE concentrations exhibited greater VE retention at 25 \({}^{\circ}\)C. After 30 days of storage at 25 and 40 \({}^{\circ}\)C, NE4 nanoemulsion encompassing MCT showed supreme retention behavior of VE about 94.3% and 90.1%, respectively, as highlighted in Figure 4C,D. On the other hand, NE5 nanoemulsion enclosing TFO showed 88% and 79.8% at 25 and 40 \({}^{\circ}\)C, correspondingly. The minimum retention of VE loaded inside the TFO-based nanoemulsions could be due to the sensitivity of TFO with respect to oxidation, as covered in Section 3.1.3. Though, this study indicated superior retention for VE -80% throughout storage at 40 \({}^{\circ}\)C, exhibiting that VE is less sensitive toward oxidation than BC. Our findings of greater VE retention inside the MCT-based nanoemulsions were in accordance with an earlier study [54]. Figure 2: Effect of storage conditions on MPS of vitamin-loaded nanoemulsions; (**A,C**) 25 \({}^{\circ}\)C and (**B,D**) 40 \({}^{\circ}\)C. NE1–NE12 are given codes to the produced nanoemulsions, as illustrated in Table 1. Values with different letters are significantly different (\(p<0.05\)).