## 1 Introduction  
Every disaster demands effective management to safeguard people and property [1; 2]. Thankfully, the rise of Internet of Things (IoT) technology brings new possibilities for handling emergencies across various fields, including universities equipped with smart technology systems [3; 4; 5]. Smart campuses are often seen as scaled-down versions of smart cities, functioning as living laboratories for the research, development, and adoption of smart technologies [6]. Hence, taking advantage of integrated IoT technologies, smart campuses can efficiently respond to and mitigate the impact of emergencies [7]. In essence, this network of sensors can be used for early warning systems that constantly monitor environmental factors and seismic activity [8]. By identifying potential disasters early, automated alerts and notifications can be sent to the right people. This proactive approach strengthens the smart campus's ability to prepare for and respond to emergencies. The IoT takes disaster management to a new level with its data analysis and prediction capabilities [9]. Inter-organizational communication and coordination have long been of great interest in emergency management [10], and the IoT can serve as a facilitator [11]. It can facilitate real-time communication between individuals, emergency responders, and campus authorities, ensuring the rapid dissemination of critical information during emergencies, including safety exits and emergency procedures [12]. Furthermore, IoT devices can play a crucial role in enhancing campus safety by enabling real-time tracking and location data of individuals. This capability is particularly valuable during emergencies, as it allows authorities to quickly identify the whereabouts of students, faculty, and staff, facilitating efficient rescue operations [13; 14]. Such a flood of information from IoT devices can be sifted through to uncover patterns, trends, and potential threats [15]. Machine learning can be used to create models that predict the chance and intensity of disasters, allowing for proactive steps to be taken [16; 17]. Data analysis is also valuable after a disaster, helping to develop plans for future prevention and recovery [18; 19]. It is important to consider that IoT devices can be connected to existing systems like fire alarms, security gates, and cameras to make the whole smart campus better more prepared for emergencies [20]. This allows everything to work together in real time, so the system can automatically react to situations. For instance, during a fire, IoT devices could turn on sprinklers, call firefighters, and show people the quickest way out [21]. By combining these systems, the campus creates a powerful network that makes disaster management much more effective. Therefore, using IoT for disaster management in a smart campus is a game-changer for safety, response, and recovery [22]. Imagine a network of devices, sensors, and data analysis all working together to spot trouble early, share information quickly, make smart decisions, and keep the campus prepared [23]. However, there are still hurdles to jump, like data privacy, security, and making sure all the systems work together [24]. With careful planning and ongoing improvements, though, IoT disaster management has the potential to make smart campuses much safer and better able to handle emergencies. In a previous work [25], we explored the use of a people-counting system within a smart campus to enhance emergency management processes. The aim of this research is to leverage an existing low-cost people-counting system as a foundational component to develop a support tool specifically designed for emergency management within smart campuses. The rationale behind this approach is twofold. On the one hand, by building on an existing people-counting system, we are able to optimize resources and reduce costs, making the emergency management support tool more accessible and feasible for implementation in various smart campus environments.