# Cybersecurity Comparison of Brain-Based Automotive Electrical and Electronic Architectures
## 9 Results
#### Comparison of Automotive E/E Architectures  
Table 3 presents a comparison between the four E/E architectures in terms of various attributes, that will be detailed in the following. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Attributes** & **Traditional** & **One-Brain** & **Two-Brain** & **Three-Brain** \\ \hline
**Architecture** & Distributed & Centralized & Zonal & Zonal \\ \hline
**Performance** & Low & Medium & High & Higher \\ \hline
**Cost** & Low & Medium & High & Higher \\ \hline
**Wiring Complexity** & Higher & Low & Medium & High \\ \hline
**Scalability** & No & No & Yes & Yes \\ \hline
**Redundancy** & Very Low possibility & Low possibility & Medium possibility & High possibility \\ \hline
**Load-Balancing** & Very Low possibility & Low possibility & Medium possibility & High possibility \\ \hline
**Vulnerability** & Low & Medium & High & Higher \\ \hline
**Trouble Shooting** & Higher effort & Lowest effort & Medium effort & High effort \\ \hline
**Repairability** & Highest effort & Lowest effort & Medium effort & High effort \\ \hline
**Memory Management** &
\begin{tabular}{c} No specific \\ management required \\ \end{tabular} & Yes & Yes & Yes \\ \hline
**Weight** & Heaviest & Lightest & Heavy & Heavier \\ \hline
**Software Update** & Mostly Manual & Automated (OTA) & Automated (OTA) & Automated (OTA) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Comparison Representation of Different E/E Architectures. 1. Architecture: In the traditional architecture, the ECUs are located in different areas of the vehicle, and these ECUs (fully/partially) are able to communicate via a communication network to achieve a specific objective or goal. Thus, the architecture is distributed. In a one-brain architecture, there is only one brain that has control over the entire network and components connected to it. Thus, the one-brain architecture is centralized. Zone architecture means that depending on how many HPCs we have and their location, there can be two zones, as in the two-brain architecture, or three zones, as in the three-brain architecture. However, a zone-based architecture offers the advantage of having control of the vehicle functions on specific zones. To do this task, sometimes additional ECUs are connected to the brain architectures between the HPCs and the sensors/actuators. 2. Performance: The term performance is defined as the qualitative level of a critical property at any considered point in time [11]. Therefore, in the vehicle architecture performance is one of the most important parameters, and can be measured in terms of cache size, memory size, and processing power. The performance in a traditional architecture is low, since it possesses low performance ECUs to host very few functions. The performance of a one-brain architecture is more than traditional architecture as it has one HPC and is able to host more functions than the traditional architecture with many ECUs. The performance of a vehicle with two-brain architecture is more than a vehicle with one HPC. The performance of a vehicle with three-brain architecture is more than the performance of a vehicle with two-brain architectures. By adding more HPCs, it is possible to increase the performance of a vehicle. 3. Cost: The cost considered here is the expenditure required to realize a vehicle architecture. The cost to implement the traditional architecture is low because the ECUs are not expensive as compared to HPCs. Even though one hundred ECUs are used, the overall cost will be lower when compared to a single HPC. In a one-brain architecture, the cost is medium, since it has only one HPC. Similarly, in the two-brain system and three-brain system, the cost is high and higher, since these architectures have two HPCs and three HPCs, respectively. The functions are hosted accordingly to each HPC and the cost of the vehicle increases when it has more HPCs and more functions. 4. Wiring complexity: The wiring complexity is very high in a traditional system, since it does not have HPCs.