## 4 Discussion
### Black Carbon
Burning biofuels produces roughly 20%, fossil fuels produce 38%, and open biomass burning in forests and savannah produces 42% black carbon [54]. A variety of human activities, including industries, cars, biomass burning, forest fires, brick-making, and cook stoves, contribute to the pollution. When BC is released into the atmosphere as a result of these operations, it has the potential to travel vast distances (sometimes into the mountains) and settle on top of glaciers and snow. Once there, the BC lowers the snow's light- and heat-reflective capability, causing it to melt when the temperature rises due to the absorbed heat energy. The melting of snow and glaciers is accelerated as a result. BC deposition is responsible for up to 50% of the global increase in glacier and snow melt [48]. To address these glaciological concerns, it is necessary to have a good understanding of the feedbacks between climatic forcing and glacier reactions [17]. As a result, substantial data on glacier distribution, volume, mass-balance gradations, and landscape elementsimpacting ablation are necessary. In the examined area, the connection between black carbon concentration and WSA was anticipated to be inverse, with an increase in existing BC increasing glacier melt. Many studies have shown that BC concentrations can reduce albedo, which can accelerate snow/ice melt and trigger albedo feedback [9; 44; 49; 51; 52; 55; 56; 57; 58]. In recent years, BC has been identified as one of the most important forcing agents driving regional climate change and general air circulation in recent years, measuring this effect is difficult due to uncertainty [52; 59; 60; 61]. Black carbon particles are mostly derived from fossil fuels and biomass [9]. Black carbon can warm the surroundings due to its capacity to absorb sun light at certain wavelengths. Some estimates suggest that BC has a significant impact on climate, such as reductions in precipitation and positive shortwave radiative forcing in the atmosphere, as the second-strongest climate warming forcing agent after carbon dioxide [8; 9; 60; 61; 62]. Other BC particles could have large-scale environmental implications, such as melting of glaciers in the Himalayas and elsewhere [49; 51; 57; 63]. It is likely that even a small amount of BC deposited on a glacier's surface, whether by dry or wet processes, could reduce radiative forcing efficiency and cause glacial melt via lowering WSA. The Hindukush, Himalayan, and Karakoram glaciers are melting at a pace of 0.3 m per year in their western parts. In the east, the retreat is three times faster than in the west [49]. According to one study, glaciers around Everest may shrink by 39% to 52% by 2050. Even if we halted global warming immediately, we would lose 20% of Asia's glaciers [2]. Rapid glaciers and snow melt will cause natural disasters and threaten livelihoods in the mountains and downstream. Changes in hydrology, timing, and water quantity directly affect natural environments. This transformation has increased the vulnerability of wild species and communities in the region. Rapid glacier and snow melt has caused natural disasters and ecological disturbances in the mountains and downstream. The high level of biomass usage and increasing energy demands from coal-fired power plants in South Asia are increasing the quantity of BC circulating through the HKH mountain ranges and threatening to hasten glacier melt [5; 19; 48; 52]. Several studies, including those by [PERSON] et al. [52] and [PERSON] et al. [64] have found that rapid glacier melt may result in an increase in yearly discharge of 11.6 to 33.9 percent if white-sky albedo reduces by 2.0 to 5.2 percent as a result of BC depositions in the HKH region. This process would be accelerated further if melting exposed additional pollutants at the glacier surface or if the melt season were extended as a result of global warming or macroscale air circulations [43; 65].