# Statistics on Typhoon Intensity and Rice Damage in Vietnam and the Philippines
## 5 Conclusions  
From 1970 to 2018, only 22% of the typhoons that affected Vietnam resulted in rice damage, while the corresponding figure for the Philippines was 11%. Based on landfall wind speeds, tropical storms and Category 1 typhoons often caused rice damage in both countries. In Vietnam, rice fields in Nghe An, Khanh Hoa, Phu Yen, Quang Nam, Quang Tri, and Thanh Hoa provinces were often affected by typhoons. Typhoon hotspots in the Philippines include Cagayan, Tarlac, Nueva Ecija, Albay, Aurora, Bulcan, Isabela, Pangasinan, Zambales, Camarines Sur, Iftugao, and Pampanga. Our findings suggest that rice damage was not primarily due to strong winds, as the typhoons with the highest wind speeds did not cause the most damage to rice crops. In addition, we complemented our analysis with Accumulated Cyclone Energy (ACE), another wind-based metric for assessing typhoon intensity, and the results confirmed that wind was not always the determining factor for rice damage. As heavy rain had influenced agricultural damage in previous studies, the role of typhoon-induced rainfall should be evaluated in future studies. In addition, the growth stage of the rice crop should also be considered in future research as rice plants were particularly prone to damage at the heading and flowering stage. We are aware that the information we compiled had accounting, geographic, and systemic biases as the primary sources we draw upon have similar ambiguities [37]. Besides a lack of data from 1970 to 2000, we encountered problems related to a lack of disaggregated crop and locational data. To address uncertainties and provide high-quality data for researchers, policymakers, and other users, clear guidelines and standard procedures should be developed. Thereafter, these protocols should be implemented across the various agencies and stakeholders involved in collecting disaster data [37]. The FAO Damage and Loss methodology is one recent standardized approach for recording agriculture-related impacts under precise impact categories. Ultimately, end-users of disaster data must be cognizant of existing errors and uncertainties inherent in the impact values reported and acknowledge these limitations in their analyses. **Supplementary Materials:** The following supporting information can be downloaded at: [[https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/geohazards5010002/s1](https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/geohazards5010002/s1)]([https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/geohazards5010002/s1](https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/geohazards5010002/s1)). Table S1. Summary table of DesInventar Sendai, EM-DAT, NatCatSERVICE and Sigma databases [9; 11; 38; 41]. Supplementary Table S2. Descriptive summary for two national damage databases in the Philippines. Database 1 is maintained by the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council. Database 2 is the Disaster Response Operations Monitoring and Information Centre (DROMIC) by the Disaster Response Management Bureau. Supplementary Table S3. Descriptive summary of two national damage databases in Indonesia - Data Dan Informasi Bencana Indonesia and Geoportal Data Bencana Indonesia. The two databases are maintained by Badan National Penngugulangan Bencana or the Indonesian National Board for Disaster Management. Supplementary Table S4. Descriptive summary of a national damage database in Malaysia - Portal Bencana Pusat Kawalan Bencana Negara. The database is maintained by the National Disaster Command Centre (NDCC). Supplementary Table S5. Descriptive summary of two national damage database in Vietnam. Database 1 is by The Office of Central Steering Committee for Natural Disaster Prevention and Control. The database is maintained by the Vietnam Disaster Management Authority under the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development. Database 2 is by the General Statistics Office. Supplementary Material S1 and S2. **Author Contributions:** [PERSON] and [PERSON] came up with the idea for this project. [PERSON] wrote the manuscript with discussions and improvements from all co-authors.