# Textural Properties of Bakery Products: A Review of Instrumental and Sensory Evaluation Studies
## 3 Results
### Characterization of the Studies  
The products evaluated were varied as depicted in Figure 1 but with a prevalence of studies focusing on bread (n = 49), cakes (n = 44), cookies (n = 21) and biscuits (n = 8). Other works focused on specific cakes, for example, 18 studies about a muffin and four about sponge cakes (Figure 4). The products were characterized in terms of having or not having a harder crust when compared with the core of the product, and it was found that 57 products analyzed had a harder crust, like bread, while 87 did not, such as cookies. Figure 4: Word cloud for the products analyzed in the different studies. Figure 3: Analysis of co-authorship links between authors, considering those that occurred at least two times. Table 1 presents the number of studies according to journal and product type. The number of studies about bread is high (n = 49) as well as about cakes (n = 44) and bisciuits/cookies (n = 29). The articles focusing on bread appear in most of the journals listed, with a particular incidence in the Journal of Cereal Science (n = 8), Journal of Texture Studies (n = 9) and LWT--Food Science and Technology (n = 8). Most studies about cakes are in these two last journals as well (n = 10 and n = 15, respectively), and the same for the studies about biscuits/cookies (n = 8 for Journal of Texture Studies and n = 9 for LWT). Of the 133 articles in the review, part of these reported only instrumental measurement of textural properties (62 studies), while others focused only on sensory evaluation of textural attributes (14 studies). However, there were many studies in which both evaluation methods were used (57 studies) (Figure 5). The flow diagram in Figure 5 further shows that a high number is about bread or cake from the articles that report instrumental tests. In contrast, in the articles that report both types of evaluation for the textural properties, a high number refer to biscuit/cookie. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Journal Name**} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**Type of Product**} \\ \cline{2-5}  & **Bread** & **Pie** & **Cake** & **Biscuit/CookieOthers** \\ \hline Acta Chimica Slovaca & & & & 1 & 1 \\ Annals of Agricultural Sciences & 2 & & & 2 \\ Bioactive Carbohydrates and Dietary Fibre & & & 1 & & 1 \\ Brazilian Journal of Food Technology & 1 & & 2 & & 3 \\ Chemistry Research Journal & 1 & & & 1 \\ Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory Systems & 1 & & & 1 \\ Ciencia Rural & & & 1 & & 1 \\ Food and Bioproducts Processing & & & 1 & 1 \\ Food Bioscience & 2 & & 1 & 3 \\ Food Chemistry & 3 & & 2 & 3 & 8 \\ Food Chemistry: X & & 1 & & 1 \\ Food Hydrocolloids & 1 & 3 & 1 & 5 \\ Food Hydrocolloids for Health & & & 1 & 1 \\ Food Microbiology & 1 & & & 1 \\ Food Quality and Preference & & & 1 & 1 \\ Food Research International & 2 & & 1 & 3 \\ Food Science and Technology—Campinas & 2 & & & 1 & 3 \\ Future Foods & & 1 & 1 & 2 \\ Innovative Food Science \& Emerging Technologies & 2 & 3 & 1 & 6 \\ International Journal of Biological, Biomolecular, & 1 & & & 1 \\ Agricultural, Food and Biotechnological Engineering & & & 1 & \\ International Journal of Gastronomy and & 2 & 1 & & 3 & 6 \\ Food Science & 8 & & 1 & 9 \\ Journal of Culinary Science \& Technology & 1 & & 1 & 2 \\ Journal of Food Engineering & 1 & 1 & & 2 \\ Journal of Food Measurement and Characterization & 1 & & & 1 \\ Journal of Hygienic Engineering and Design & 1 & & & 1 \\ Journal of International Scientific Publications & & & 1 & 1 \\ Journal of Texture Studies & 9 & 10 & 8 & 27 \\ Journal of the Saudi Society of Agricultural Sciences & & 1 & & 1 \\ LWT—Food Science and Technology & 8 & 15 & 9 & 32 \\ Millenium & & & & 1 & 1 \\ Revista Chilena de Nutrición & 1 & & & 1 \\ Revista Cientifica—Maracaibo & & & & 1 \\ Revista Lasallista de Investigacion & & 1 & & 1 \\ Trends in Food Science \& Technology & 1 & & & 1 \\ \hline
**Total** & **49** & **1** & **44** & **29** & **10** & **133** \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Number of studies according to journal and product type.