## 1 Introduction  
With the rapid development of technology, innovations have increasingly illuminated the field of clinical studies. Various techniques are rapidly advancing for the detection of heart rate (HR) and pulse rate (PR), which is particularly crucial in hospitals for the prevention of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Heart attacks and strokes are examples of CVDs, contributing to up to 85% of such cases [1]. Both individuals with CVD and those at high cardiovascular risk due to factors like high blood pressure, obesity, or preexisting conditions require early detection and prevention through appropriate counseling or medication. In many medical devices, such as pulse oximeters, photoplethysmogram (PPG) technology stands out as one of the most commonly used methods. Typically, oximeter readings are obtained using finger-mounted probes. However, a pulse oximeter may be ineffective in measuring blood oxygen levels if a patient's blood circulation is abnormal. Moreover, the cost of disposable probes is on the rise. On a different note, patients in pediatric intensive care units, particularly premature babies in incubators, are highly susceptible to infections. Few researchers have highlighted that a single PPG waveform can be used to evaluate heart rate and blood pressure (BP) [2]. This is because there exists a relationship between heart rate variability (HRV) and PPG [3], and PPG features also exhibit correlations with BP [4]. An elevated heart rate is often associated with increased blood pressure, though it is important to note that the relationship between heart rate and blood pressure can vary depending on the location [5]. It is also possible to estimate blood pressure by applying both PPG and ECG through a modified data handling technique [6], as there is coherence between the two [7]. [PERSON] et al. have demonstrated the use of PPG alone to estimate BP, extracting several features from the first and second derivatives of the PPG waveform [8]. Arterial blood pressure (ABP) waveforms can be predicted from photoplethysmogram signals, and these waveforms remain essential for diagnosing cardiovascular diseases such as arterial stiffness and atrial fibrillation [9]. High blood pressure is the most significant risk factor for early cardiovascular disease and is a major public health concern, commonly affecting blood vessels. Globally, high blood pressure is a contributing factor in 54% of all strokes and is observed in 47% of patients suffering from ischemic heart disease [10]. Blood pressure is a biological parameter subject to active fluctuations that occur over short or long time periods. These fluctuations are a result of interactions involving posture, stress, and bodily states that influence blood pressure regulation mechanisms, which contribute to \"homeostasis\" [11]. There is evidence that understanding the factors responsible for these fluctuations holds significant health importance, as increased blood pressure is linked to a higher risk of cardiovascular events and mortality [12]. Regular blood pressure measurements are crucial for preventing hypertension and cardiovascular diseases. Therefore, the aim of this research was to derive blood pressure measurements by utilizing a combination of different features extracted from PPG and ECG signals in relation to ABP. Several researchers have explored PPG, including contactless solutions that can offer valuable insights, especially in sensitive situations [13]. The possibility of remote heart rate (HR) monitoring using minimal medical devices, thus minimizing the risk of infection, is gaining attention. Surprisingly, despite recent studies focusing on remote HR measurement through the analysis of subtle color variations and body movements in face images and videos, this method is not yet available in clinical settings [14]. Some researchers have even gone a step further by developing algorithms to estimate continuous blood pressure (BP). These approaches often combine data mining techniques with traditional mechanism-based models [15].