## 4 Discussion
In cases in which the former activity increases in excess, oxidative stress may develop, giving rise to metabolic disturbances that can be reflected in significant reproductive pathologies, including infertility [1,36]. Here, we confirmed the oxidative potential of CC, which may have been involved in the observed sperm and spermataid anomalies. However, on the contrary, we showed the protection against this damage exerted by GJ, including significant antioxidant potential, probably related to the effect of the constituents of GJ. This property agrees with similar observations in somatic cells [15], and may support the observed beneficial capacity in cadmium-induced sperm damage. The relevance of fertility failures has raised the importance of constantly developing preventive and curative measures to cope with the problem. In this effort, in addition to clinical advances, a number of reports with plant extracts have shown specific improvements in cadmium-affected spermatogenesis or hormonal production failures. Examples of these extracts include species from the families Moraceae, Polygalaceae, Moringaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Amaryllidaceae, Morcellaceae, and Spirulinaceae [37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43]. In regard to plant juices, publications on the matter are scarce; however, studies on goat semen cryopreservation for insemination purposes have shown improvements in sperm motility and acrosome and membrane integrity, as well as reduction in sperm abnormalities with the addition of pineapple and orange juices to semen extenders [44]. Additionally, _Anmonia muricata_ juice used for the same purpose in rooster semen has shown antioxidant capacity and improvement in spermatozoid motility [45]. In addition, a report by [PERSON] et al. (2014) [46] showed that pomergnate juice protected against the carbon tetrachloride depletion of rat testicular hormones, improved the level of antioxidant enzymes, and reduced sperm deformities, and two reports by [PERSON] et al., in 2015 and 2017 [47, 48], have shown that commercial grape concentrate given to rats for at least 50 days alleviated the histological testicular and epididymal disruption caused by CC and improved the sperm count and structure. Our present report with GJ confirms these useful attributes, in a significantly lower time, determining the importance of its antioxidant capacity and showing for the first time a correlation between sperm damage inhibition and antigenotoxic effects. The chemical composition of GJ and its health-beneficial attributes suggest that its effects could be extended to other disruptive reproductive agents, and this is confirmed by the report by [PERSON] et al. (2013) [49], showing that rat-induced sperm head anomalies and testicular histological alterations by the administration of the antiarrhythmic drug amiodarone were ameliorated by a 5-week administration of the juice. Regarding GJ's properties, it is relevant to mention that a number of its specific components have been reported to have antioxidant, antigenotoxic, or curative human health disease properties. This has been demonstrated with respect to vitamins A and C, to the flavonoids naringin, naringenin, quercetin, and hesperetin, to various funcocumarins, mainly bergamottin, sterols such as beta-sitosterol, and to the carotenoids lycopene, beta-carotene, zeaxanthin, and lutein, among other chemicals [50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58]. Vitamin C in particular is known to protect spermatogenesis from various toxins by preventing sperm agglutination, restoring damaged sperm and testes, and increasing testosterone synthesis (U.S. Department of Agriculture 2020b) [58]. The present report and others suggest that the beneficial effect on reproductive health of GJ relies on its strong antioxidant effect and that GJ's chemical composition and its specific effects could give rise to a synergistic interaction subjacent to the origin of the observed protective effect.