# Investigation of Static and Kinematic Surveying Performance of Handheld GNSS Receiver +
## 3 Performance Analysis Results and Discussions
### Static Scenario
The reason for this is that the CSRS-PPP service uses only L1 and L2 frequencies, while it does not use L5 data. Figure 3: (**a**) The differences between Garmin relative solutions and known coordinates for G-only; (**b**) for G&R combination. As a result of all these findings for static trial, the following concluding remarks could be stated:  
* It was seen from Figure 1c that the number of visible satellites varied between 2 and 12 for GPS (9 on average) and between 1 and 7 (5 on average) for GLONASS. In the combination of GPS and GLONASS, the maximum number of satellites reached to 18, and the average number of satellites increased by 55% when compared to G-only and 180% compared to R-only solutions, reaching 14. As seen here, multi-constellation systems significantly increased the number of satellite observations compared to single systems. * When examining the PDOP values given in Figure 1d, it was seen that the G-only PDOP value reached a maximum of 7 (with an average of 2), and there were large fluctuations in the R-only PDOP values. Additionally, the G&R combination did not provide a significant contribution to PDOP values compared to GPS-only solutions. * It is seen that from Figure 1e, the majority of SNR values were above 35 dBHz, which was accepted as the limit value [21]. When we looked at the code multipath values, it was seen that the L1 multipath values were in the order of 1-2 dm, whereas the L5 signals had high values, up to the meter level. * According to Figure 3, for both G-only and G&R combinations, ambiguity-fixed solutions could be obtained in relative solutions with all occupation times of 2 h and more for a 5.1 km baseline length. This situation was similar for 1-h occupation times, with a few exceptions. The results for the 73.2 km baseline length were relatively poor, especially when the 1, 2, and 4-h sessions were used. For the 73.2 km long baseline length, a minimum of 4 h of measurement was required for the ambiguity-fixed solution. In general, it was observed that 1-2 h of occupation time can provide an ambiguity-fixed centimeter-level solution for short baselines. For a long-baseline solution, it should be made the observations at least 4 h or more occupation time for an ambiguity fixed solution. Furthermore, the G-only solutions results were found comparable to those obtained with the G&R combined solutions. Figure 4: The differences between CSRS-PPP Garmin PPP solutions and known coordinates for G & R combination. When the static PPP solution results given in Figure 4 were investigated, it was seen that 24-h occupation time was required to achieve 2D position accuracy at the cm-level. For other subgroups (1, 2, and 4-h sessions), differences in the order of meters-to-decimeter level were obtained. The most probable reason for such poor results in the PPP solution was that although the Garmin receiver collects GPS L1&L5 and GLONASS L1 signals, the CSRS-PPP service does not use the L5 signal and provides a solution using the L1 frequency only (i.e., single frequency solutions).