# Challenges of Using Blockchain in the Education Sector: A Literature Review
## 3 Results
### Challenge 8: Financial Barriers
However, this means more data load that could also slow down the system. Furthermore, the transfer of an entire database and the related processes from a centralized structure to a decentralized framework entails its own costs [18]. It is also necessary to acquire new hardware and software resources. This also implies the cost of educating and training the education staff in all departments, not only those in the IT team, to ensure that they are aware and informed [12]. The cost of employing a developer to develop a blockchain application is determined by their location, skill level, and project scope [19]. A blockchain developer is expected to possess two different skill sets. On one side, the developer must be familiar with building blockchain frameworks, such as Ethereum and Hyperledger. In addition, knowledge of blockchain programming languages, such as Vyper, Solidity, and Sophia is needed. On the other hand, to develop a mobile or web application that provides blockchain logic, expertise in programming languages and frameworks, such as JavaScript, NodeJS, and Golang is vital [19]. _Challenge 9: Lack of Management Commitment and Support_  
This review identified two articles [9; 11; 20] suggesting that the lack of awareness and involvement of senior management may hamper an organization's willingness to use blockchain technology. According to [PERSON] and [PERSON] [20], the commitment of the top management is critical for adopting blockchain and, in some cases, senior management fails to make the long-term commitment necessary to facilitate and implement new technology. A lack of top management commitment causes an obstacle to blockchain adoption because the consistency of sustainable educational blockchain system processes could be affected [11]. In addition, this will affect resource management and spending decisions that could affect the availability of the necessary support for blockchain adoption [20]. The commitment of educational stakeholders to collaboration is the first requirement for integrating the blockchain in the education sector [73]. For a variety of reasons, the open exchange of information is not something that stimulates all organizations since information can be private or can be considered a competitive advantage [73]. Therefore, the educational stakeholders should be dedicated to the open exchange of information, as the blockchain essentially facilitates information transparency. In addition, the lack of enthusiasm around blockchain technology is related to its novelty and complexity; ethical and privacy issues could hinder the blockchain's adoption by educational institutions [9]. According to [PERSON] and [PERSON] [74], staff will feel more empowered as the level of organizational support for blockchain technologies grows, and if the upper-level staff shows clear leadership, organizations will be less reluctant to implement blockchain implementation. In addition, according to the status quo bias theory, individuals may become reluctant to adopt new technology because of their bias or tendency to remain loyal to their current technology [74]. The status quo bias entails evaluating the potential costs and benefits of moving to a new technology vs. their present status, as well as the cost of adoption [74]. For example, as the range of blockchain benefits increases, this will have a strong impact on the adoption of blockchain technology since users will be aware of the possibilities that may be available [74]. The organizational support for the transition to a new blockchain system is identified as the support of an organization that simplifies the adaptation of blockchain technology [74]. The transition from the status quo needs rules and guidance from the administration to make enabling the change simpler for personnel. If the required rules and standards are in place, and the educational institution displays support and adoption of blockchain technology, administrators' resistance will be reduced [74].