## 4 Glyphosate and AMPA in Foods
### Detection and Quantification
[106] developed a method for detecting GLYP and AMPA in tea leaves using a GLYP dummy molecular synthesized polymeric template by SPE-coupled LC-MS/MS, which exhibited high sensitivity and specific detection (R\({}^{2}\): 0.999 and 0.991) of GLYP and AMPA (0.05 to 4 \(\upmu\)g/mL), with good GLYP (98-106%) and AMPA (79-83%) recoveries, and RSD values of 0.81-1.18% and 6.40-7.45% for GLYP and AMPA. According to the authors, the synthesized template exhibited more binding sites for GLYP absorption (28.6 \(\upmu\)g/mg). [PERSON] and [PERSON] [72] used LC-MS/MS for GLYP and AMPA quantification from 30 breakfast cereal samples. The LOQ was 5 ng/g (R\({}^{2}\): 0.9989) for GLYP and 49 ng/g (R\({}^{2}\): 0.9987) for AMPA; moreover, they reported LOD values (detected but not quantified) from 1 to 5 ng/g. According to the authors, the developed method could be applied for screening commercially available oat-based products. [PERSON] et al. [83] used LC-MS/MS for GLYP quantification in corn and rice samples; moreover, they used a GLYP isotope (10 \(\upmu\)g/mL as standard) and phosphate buffer as the mobile phase. The recovery was 70 to 105% for both samples with acceptable precision (RSD: <20%), good linearity (R\({}^{2}\): 0.9982), and adequate LOD (0.01 mg/kg). Previously, GLYP and AMPA were detected in soybean samples by HPLC using 3,6-dimethoxy-9-phenyl-9H-carbazole- 1-sulfonyl chloride as a fluorescent labeling reagent (R\({}^{2}\): 0.999), with LOD values of 0.02 ng/mL for GLYP and 0.01 ng/mL for AMPA and recovery values higher than 95%. [PERSON] et al. [101] developed a fast method for GLYP and AMPA detection and quantification in edible oils using LC-MS/MS by electrospray ionization in negative mode. They reported an LOQ of 10 \(\upmu\)g/kg for GLYP and 5 \(\upmu\)g/kg or AMPA (R\({}^{2}\): 0.996), with \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Food Sample** & **GLYP/AMPA** & \begin{tabular}{c} **Analytical** \\ **Methodology** \\ \end{tabular} & **LOD** & **LOQ** & **Recovery (\%)** & **RSD\%** & **R\({}^{2}\)** & **Ref.** \\ \hline Cow milk, liver & & & & & & & \\ (borvine), kidney & GLYP/AMPA & LC-ESI-TQ- & NI & 0.01–0.02 & 70–120 & \(\leq\)20\% & & [109] \\ meat/egg chicken. & & MS & & & & & \\ \hline Maize and rice & GLYP & LC-MS/MS & \begin{tabular}{c} 0.002 and \\ 0.004 mg/kg \\ \end{tabular} & 0.01 mg/kg & 70–105 & \(<\)20\% & 0.9982 & [83] \\ \hline Edible oils & GLYP/AMPA & LC-MS/MS & NI & \
\begin{tabular}{c} 10 \(\upmu\)g/kg \\ 5 \(\upmu\)g/kg \\ \end{tabular} & 81.4–119.4 & \(<\)20\% & 0.996 & [101] \\ \hline Honey, fish (bass) and & & & & & & \\ bovine muscle & GLYP/AMPA & IC-HBMS & NI & 4.30–9.26 ng/g & 75–100/75–96 & 7–13/2–12 & & [98] \\ \hline Soybean & GLYP/AMPA & HPLC &
\begin{tabular}{c} 0.002 mg/kg \\ 0.001 mg/kg \\ \end{tabular} & NI & 85.4–94.1/87.3–95.2 & 3.1–4.7/3–4.4 & 0.999 & [110] \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}  
NI: No information.  
\end{table} 
Table 5: _Cont._recoveries from 81.4 to 119.4% and RSD values less than 20%. [PERSON] et al. (2017) quantified GLYP and AMPA using UPLC-MS-QQ without derivatization steps. They reported a low-cost and rapid method with high sensitivity and specificity and high recovery percentages (58.48-109%) for GLYP and AMPA detection and quantification (LOD: 0.1 and 0.2 \(\upmu\)M; LOQ: 0.2 and 1 \(\upmu\)M) in corn samples. Furthermore, LC-ESI-MS/MS has been used to quantify GLYP and AMPA in baby formula and bovine liver and kidney with an LOQ of 10-25 \(\upmu\)g/kg and recovery values of 104% (RSD: 5-25/11-38%, respectively) [28]. During GLYP and AMPA analysis, it is possible to use methodologies based on under-ivatized and derivatized processes aimed at increasing the sensitivity, selectivity, accuracy, reproducibility, and robustness of the method.