esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Field Test and Results
The spectrum of rail surface roughness was measured three months after initial measurement to observe any changes in rail surface corrugation due to train operations, as shown in Figure 9. When using two and three sensors, the sensor positions shown in Table 1 were used as in the previous measurement, while single-sensor measurements were not used as there were many cases of distortion, as shown in Figure 8.  
Figure 8: Spectral analysis of longitudinal rail roughness in operational field track: (**a**) Section A, (**b**) Section B.  
Figure 7: Sensor measurement values of rail surface roughness at operational field track sections. The measurement results show that surface spectral size due to train operations decreases in the relatively short wavelength band in both sections while the spectral size increases in some long wavelength bands (\(\lambda\) = 200-250 mm). Of particular note is the large change in the spectral magnitude of short wavelengths in three-sensor measurement. Corrugation with a wavelength of 30 mm slightly increases in Section A, while the relatively wide band of corrugation expanded even more in Section B. The measured values of Section A and Section B over time show an increasing spectrum of the 200-250 mm wavelength region, but with no large difference in measured values with different numbers of sensors. In conclusion, using a single sensor when measuring rail corrugation generates an excessively amplified wavelength domain. Using three sensors in a short wavelength domain of 10 mm or less shows a somewhat higher spectral size than when using two sensors.
## 3 Results
### Nanoparticle Structure and Size Distribution  
The size distribution of magnetite nanoparticles was measured before and after peptide conjugation. This was obtained by calculating the core diameter from transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images, as well as the hydrodynamic diameters obtained from dynamic light scattering (DLS) (Figure 1C,D) [25]. Both MNPs and LHRH-MNPs exhibited spherical shapes, as revealed by TEM, with an average core diameter of approx. 30 nm (\(31.9\pm 2.4\) nm for MNPs and \(32.1\pm 2.1\) nm for LHRH-MNPs) (Figure 1D). The average hydrodynamic diameter was measured using a particle size analyzer to be of \(58.1\pm 0.3\) nm for MNPs and \(59.3\pm 0.6\) nm for LHRH-MNPs (Figure 1C). Since hydrodynamic diameter measures the combined size of both nanoparticle core and the surrounding solvent molecules, the hydrodynamic diameters are slightly bigger than the measured core diameters. In addition, the organic layer coating (i.e., PEG) is transparent to the electron beam in TEM, leading to the discrepancy between core size and hydrodynamic diameter of the nanoparticles. The hydrophilic PEG coating facilitated the dispersion of MNPs and LHRH-MNPs in aqueous solution. The polydispersity index (PDI) for MNPs and LHRH-MNPs was measured to be \(0.07\pm 0.01\) and \(0.09\pm 0.01\), respectively, indicating that the nanoparticles were uniformly dispersed, as shown in Figure 1C,D. These results suggest that MNPs and LHRH-MNPs are monodisperse in water, without aggregation or clustering during LHRH conjugation. Lastly, the zeta potential was found to be \(2.9\pm 0.3\) mV for MNPs and \(4.9\pm 0.6\) mV for LHRH-MNPs.
## 3 Results: APDs  
We obtained the APD at each location of each environment by, first, averaging the measured CIR for each antenna pointing direction to obtain the PDP and, then, by incoherently integrating the PDP over the delay. As an example, we show in dashed red line in Figure 5 the result of averaging the measured CIRs. As our sampling interval was shorter than the sounder resolution, we had to down-sample to get the PDP (Figure 5, blue solid line). We also show in Figures 6-9 examples of the azimuth and elevation APDs at several locations from the four environments. The higher received power level corresponded to the Tx antenna pointed towards the Rx (0\({}^{\circ}\)).  
Figure 8: APDs for suburban environment (**a**) azimuth and (**b**) elevation.  
Figure 6: Angular power distribution (APDs) for open environment (**a**) azimuth and (**b**) elevation.  
Figure 7: APDs for wooded environment (**a**) azimuth and (**b**) elevation.  
In Figures 6-9, we can clearly see that the power is clustered in the angular domain in the form of SLs, defined in reference [40] as the contiguous spread of energy arriving in the azimuth and elevation directions. The number of SLs was low. For most cases, there was a single SL both in the azimuth and in the elevation planes. In Table 3, we summarize the angular results of the four environments, where we just considered signals up to 10 dB below the maximum peak power. We first give the mean, \(\mu\), and standard deviation, \(\sigma\), of the number of SLs found in each environment. For the open environment, the total number of SLs was just 1 in all the cases. The mean number of SLs increased from 1 to 1.4 and 1.71 in the suburban, urban, and wooded environments, respectively. This indicates that the number of different propagation paths between Tx and Rx increased as the environment complexity increased, with the presence of more obstacles where radiowaves could be scattered. The standard deviation also exhibited this trend, as it increased with the complexity of the environment. The mean number of SLs in the urban environment was similar to the 1.6 value reported in reference [32] for NLOS at 28 GHz, but less than the 2.5 value reported at 73 GHz.
## 5 Results and Analysis
### Scaling Robustness Analysis  
In compliance with the fitting methodology delineated in Section 3.4, this section examines the scaling robustness of PGA, Arias intensity, and \(I_{\rm c}\). Since the scaling factors  
Figure 11: The value of \(\zeta\) with different IMs and DMs.  
Figure 12: The value of \(\zeta\) under each IM with \(R_{\rm E}\) as the DM.  
Figure 13: Proficiency ranking under different DMs.  
for other IMs remain constant, they are excluded from this analysis. Based on numerical simulations, when PGA exceeds or is equal to 0.5 g, the structural compression damage output, as simulated in ABAQUS, surpasses 0.9 and accelerates with increasing ground motion intensity. This phenomenon weakens the independence between DM and the scaling factor, making it challenging to evaluate the scaling robustness of IMs. Therefore, this section confines the investigation to a range of 0.03 g to 0.45 g for each IM. Figure 14 presents a regression analysis plot of the natural logarithm of \(\ln(\theta_{\text{max}})\) and \(\ln(\text{Scale Factor})\) corresponding to PGA, Arias intensity, and \(I_{\text{c}}\). At a PGA of 0.45 g, the \(p\)-values for these IMs are 0.07, 0.068, and 0.069, respectively--all exceeding the 0.05 threshold. To provide a comprehensive view of how \(p\)-values change with IM amplitude modulation, Table 4 lists the \(p\)-values for the three IMs at PGA levels ranging from 0.03 g to 0.45 g. Notably, all the \(p\)-values surpass 0.05, confirming that the selected IMs satisfy the criteria for scaling robustness, and the structural dynamic response is minimally affected by the ground motion scaling factor.
## Appendix A  
The thermal noise level in underwater acoustic systems is typically quantified in terms of power spectral density (PSD). For receiver electronics, thermal noise follows the Johnson-Nyquist formula:  
\[N_{0}=kT\ (in\ \mathrm{W/Hz}) \tag{1}\]  
where \(k=1.38\times 10-23\,\mathrm{J/K}\) (Boltzmann's constant) and \(\mathrm{T}\) is the equivalent noise temperature. At room temperature (\(T=290\) K), \(N_{0}\approx-174\ \mathrm{dBm/Hz}\).  
In acoustic terms, this translates to an equivalent pressure spectral density depending on the hydrophone sensitivity and system noise figure. For practical underwater acoustic systems operating in the 10-50 kHz range, the thermal noise level (electronic) typically ranges between 30-50 dB \(\mathrm{re\ \upmu Pa^{2}/Hz}\).  
This assumption aligns with standard practice described in the underwater acoustic communication literature [22; 23; 24], where Gaussian noise models are widely adopted for tractable BER analysis. For precise values, system-specific parameters (e.g., hydrophone sensitivity, preamplifier noise figure) should be measured or modeled.
# Measurements of Acoustical Parameters in the Ancient Open-Air Theatre of Tymdaris (Sicily, Italy) +
## 5 Discussion
### Applicability of the ISO 3382-1  
Performing acoustic measurements at archaeological sites is a challenging task and researchers often face a number of practical issues that may require some deviations from standardized protocols [18]. In particular, ISO 3382-1 is meant for roofed performance spaces, thus its straightforward applicability to open-air ancient theatres is problematic at least. Table 8 reports some key recommendations mentioned in different sections of ISO 3382-1 and a brief comment on whether (if applicable and to what extent) those were implemented in the current study. A similar analysis was conducted in [25] and the emerging issues are comparable.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Theatre**} & _Cavea_ & **Seating** & _Cavea_ & _Scaenae_ & _Scaenae frons_ & \multirow{2}{*}{_Porticus_} & **RTmid** \\  & **Diameter (m)** & **Capacity** & **Slope** & _frons_ & **Height (m)** & & **(s)** \\ \hline
**Tyndaris** & **76** & **7000** & **27\({}^{\circ}\)** & **No** & **-** & **No** & **0.57** \\ Syracusae & 105 & * 10,000 & 20–25\({}^{\circ}\) & No & - & No & 0.78 \\ Aspendos & 98 & 15,000 & 33\({}^{\circ}\) & Yes & 26.0 & Yes & 1.68 \\ Jerash & 63 & * 3000 & 43\({}^{\circ}\) & Yes (part.) & 8.5 & No & 1.19 \\ Taormina & 109 & * 5500 & 39\({}^{\circ}\) & Yes (part.) & 20.0 & No & 1.16 \\ Delphi & 50 & 5000 & 28\({}^{\circ}\) & No & - & No & 0.50 \\ Segesta & 63 & 4000 & 26\({}^{\circ}\) & No & - & No & 0.45 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}  
* Current conditions.  
\end{table}
Table 7: Main characteristics of the theatre investigated in this work (in bold) compared with other ancient theatres.  
Figure 12: Gmid averaged 0.5–1 kHz measurement results, for all the receivers and sources. Comparison with measurement in real theatres [7; 25].  
The application of ISO recommendations to the open-air case study is questionable in the evaluation of the correct decay curves, of the measurement uncertainty (using Integrated Impulse Response method) and of the repeatability of the IRs. Thus, it seems fair to assume that the ISO 3382-1 and its parameters, although referred to performance environments, are not completely applicable to open-air spaces. A specific standard for the acoustical measurements in open-air conditions should probably be taken into consideration and added as a further part to the ISO 3382 series.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt}} \hline \hline
**ISO 3382-1 Section** & **Recommendation** & **Implemented** & **Notes** \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{4. Measurement conditions} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{In the case of inter-measurement temperature change, the recommended deviation that allows for accurate measurements of room acoustic parameters is 2 \({}^{\circ}\)C [30].} \\  & \multicolumn{3}{c}{In the case of inter-measurement temperature change, the recommended deviation that allows for accurate measurements of room acoustic parameters is 2 \({}^{\circ}\)C [30].
# Precoded Generalized Spatial Modulation for Downlink MIMO Transmissions in Beyond 5G Networks
###### Abstract  
The design of multiple input multiple output (MIMO) schemes capable of achieving both high spectral and energy efficiency constitutes a challenge for next-generation wireless networks. MIMO schemes based on generalized spatial modulations (GSM) have been widely considered as a powerful technique to achieve that purpose. In this paper, a multi-user (MU) GSM MIMO system is proposed, which relies on the transmission of precoded symbols from a base station to multiple receivers. The precoder's design is focused on the removal of the interference between users and allows the application of single-user GSM detection at the receivers, which is accomplished using a low-complexity iterative algorithm. Link level and system level simulations of a cloud radio access network (C-RAN) comprising several radio remote units (RRUs) were run in order to evaluate the performance of the proposed solution. Simulation results show that the proposed GSM MU-MIMO approach can exploit efficiently a large number of antennas deployed at the transmitter. Moreover, it can also provide large gains when compared to conventional MU-MIMO schemes with identical spectral efficiencies. In fact, regarding the simulated C-RAN scenario with perfect channel estimation, system level results showed potential gains of up to 155% and 139% in throughput and coverage, respectively, compared to traditional cellular networks. The introduction of imperfect channel estimation reduces the throughput gain to 125%.  
B5G; generalized spatial modulation (GSM); precoder design; massive multiple input multiple output (MIMO); quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) constellations +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Soft 2020, 10, 6617; doi:10.3390/app10186617
## 4 Discussion
Agricultural productivity in this region is highly reliant on irrigation, and the increase in irrigation area has led to the overdraft of groundwater and, therefore, falling groundwater tables and land degradation [67]. The intensification of agriculture has caused water tables to drop continuously at a rate of 0.5-2 m year\({}^{-1}\) in the North China Plain, and this situation has become more serious with a decline in annual precipitation of 15% over the past decades [68]. This might lead to more serious environmental problems. Moreover, increasing cropland productivity also relies on the extensive use of fertilizers and pesticides, which have caused severe non-point pollution and soil degradation [69]. According to the national soil pollution report, about 19% of China's agricultural soils have been polluted [70]. The above problems have reducedthe sustainability of cropland productivity and food security [71; 72], as well as ecosystems [73; 74]. Therefore, a balance should be reached between cropland productivity and ecosystem services [20]. Fortunately, the Chinese government has recognized the resource constraints and challenges in sustainable development. China has been following a new agricultural development approach, that is, Cang-liang-yu-di (storage food in land) and Cang-liang-yu-ji (storage food in technology) [7]. Cang-liang-yu-di not only considers the current production, but also focuses on the production capacity in the long term. Cang-liang-yu-ji emphasizes the role of technology in food security. To achieve these goals, China aims to scale back the use of chemical fertilizer rather than promote its use to raise crop yields, as in the previous strategy. China plans to achieve \"zero discharge\" of agricultural waste by 2030. In addition, China strives to preliminarily curb the worsening of soil pollution by 2020 and to comprehensively improve the soil environment and quality by 2050 [21]. These measures are conducive to the sustainable development of China's agriculture. The main challenge in China's agriculture has changed from a quantity deficiency to structural problems due to changes in cropland productivities [75]. Rice accounts for about 60% of residents' ration consumption, and its proportions are gradually rising; however, paddy fields (rice planting area) in the south are falling sharply, and the total supply of rice will be restricted for a long time [76]. Therefore, China has committed to stabilizing the rice planting area based on the \"National Structural Adjustment Plan for Planting Industry (2016-2020)\". The potential cropping intensity has increased as a result of climate warming in the past decades [77; 78]. Therefore, if food security is threatened in the future, China can increase production by increasing cropping intensity in southern China.
# Slotted E-Shaped Meta-Material Decoupling Slab for Densely Packed MIMO Antenna Arrays
## 2 Methodology of Design and Measurement Analysis
### Antenna Array with Metamaterial Decoupling Slab  
The slotted patch antenna was fabricated using meta-material with negative permittivity and permeability [12; 13; 14]. It was constructed by using \(2\) E-shaped slits etched in a rectangular microstrip patch. The patch has an open circuited stub with a high impedance at the bottom. The two E-shaped slits are designed to be at an identical distance from  
Figure 3: The fabricated \(2\times 1\) antenna microstrip patch antenna array without decoupling slab. (**a**) Simulated and measured S-parameters results. (**b**) Array photo.  
a vertical axis at the center of the distance between them [15]. The capacitive nature of the E-shaped slit and the inductance of \(\frac{1}{4}\) wavelength impedance stub can be used in the slotted E-shaped metamaterial decoupling slab for densely packed MIMO antenna. Figure 4 shows the design of the MTM-DS that is proposed in this research. Dimensions are given in Figure 4 and each patch is individually fed by a microstrip feedline.  
Figure 5 shows the isolation improves with MTM-DS, which limits the mutual coupling between the two radiators. MTM-DS was implemented on FR-4 lossy substrate with h = 1.6 mm, \(\varepsilon_{r}\) = 4.5, and tan \(\delta\) = 0.025.  
Figure 4: Geometry of \(2\times 1\) microstrip patch antenna array with MTM-DS.  
Figure 5: Current density of \(2\times 1\) microstrip patch antenna array with MTM-DS.  
Figure 6a shows the simulated and measurements parameters of the MTM-DS antenna array. The isolation is \(-27.5\) dB and the operating frequency is from 9.3:10.5 GHz with a bandwidth equal to 1.2 GHz. Figure 6b shows the fabricated array of antenna.
# Physicochemical Properties and In Vivo Hepatoprotective Effect of Polysaccharides from Grape Pomace
## Materials and Methods
### Antioxidant Properties
#### 2.5.3 Hydroxyl Radical Scavenging Activity  
According to the previously reported method [26], 1 mmol/L ferrous sulfate solution (FeSO\({}_{4}\)), 9 mmol/L hydrogen peroxide solution (H\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{2}\)) and 3 mmol/L salicylic acid-ethanol solution were successively added to GPPs at different concentrations (0, 0.625,1.25, 2.5, 5 and 10 mg/mL). Then, the samples were allowed to react in a 37 \({}^{\circ}\)C constant temperature water bath for 30 min and cooled to room temperature, and the absorbance of the samples was measured at 510 nm. VC and distilled water were used as positive and blank controls, respectively, and the clearance rate was calculated as follows: OH\({}^{-}\) scavenging activity (%) = [1 - (A\({}_{1}\) - \(A\)\({}_{0}\))]/A\({}_{2}\)\(\times\) 100%, where A\({}_{0}\)--absorbance without sample; A\({}_{1}\)--absorbance of the added sample; and A\({}_{2}\)--absorbance of distilled water.
# Development of Analytical Model for Bonding of CFRP Rod in Concrete Subjected to Cyclic Loads
## 4 Experimental Double Pull-Out Test on G40 Concrete and UHPFRC  
The pull-out test on prototypes prepared with Grade 40 concrete and UPHFRC was conducted to assess the bonding between CFRP and concrete. Various factors can influence the data and results, potentially leading to inaccurate or unreliable outcomes. The concrete material itself is a critical element that can impact bonding strength. The excessive use of coarse aggregate with sharp or irregular shapes can create significant voids between the interlocking contact points of the concrete and CFRP, resulting in weak bonding. The more homogenous the concrete composition, the better load transfer that can occur.  
In addition to concrete material, the rate of loading, which corresponds to the amplitude, also plays a significant role. The amplitude must be gradually increased to avoid sudden pull-out or push-in effects that could compromise the test results. The presence of any existing flexural or shear cracks can also lead to premature failure. Other factors such as environmental conditions, laboratory setup, and even geometry can also influence the test outcomes.  
This test was specifically designed to examine the CFRP bonding without the assistance of additional methods, such as using epoxy binders. Subsequently, a cyclic pull-out test was performed to assess the force required to debond the CFRP or cause the CFRP material to reach its tensile yielding point. Since the ACI does not provide specific guidelines for this type of procedure, the JSCE C1.101 guidelines were utilised for the design and construction of concrete structures reinforced with fibre materials [24].  
The experimental setup employed the RILEM/CEB/FIP (1994) [25] arrangement, involving the fabrication of two cubic specimens. The top cube measured 400 \(\times\) 400 \(\times\) 430 mm, while the bottom specimen measured 700 \(\times\) 700 \(\times\) 430 mm. Both specimens were prepared by embedding a CFRP rod in both the top and bottom concrete, enabling the execution of a cyclic pull-out test. To validate the experimental results, comparisons were made with the outcomes obtained from FEM software simulations.  
The initial design for a double pull-out test for G40 concrete and UHPFRC prototypes was conducted under a cyclic loading actuator, as illustrated in Figure 9. The concept involves a CFRP rod embedded in both the top and bottom concrete blocks. The bottom concrete was fully restrained on the ground using bolts and nuts, while the top concrete was attached to a dynamic actuator that performed the pulling action.
## 3 Bridge Type, SNR and Multipath in Geodetic Deflection Measurements  
### Typical GPS/GNSS Accuracies  
GPS (GNSS) is known to permit coordinate differences even of sub-mm level. Still, this precision is confined to static measurements, deriving from a kind of averaging coordinates of survey points (in fact of antennas) for relatively long intervals (static analysis). Estimation of the movement (including oscillations) of a point in which a GNSS antenna is clamped, is based on kinematic analysis techniques, i.e., assuming instantaneous changes of coordinates. High accuracy measurement of moving antennas is derived from the comparison of the recordings to the moving antenna relative to a nearby fixed reference GNSS antenna/receiver (differential kinematic solution) or to a large number of antenna/receivers spread over a large region (Precise Point positioning, PPP-technique). The sampling rate of GPS/GNSS was in the past 1 Hz, but it gradually reached 10 Hz and even climbed to 100 Hz [15], while the accuracy of isolated measurements of displacements/oscillations with frequencies up to 4 Hz is better than 20 mm for simple differential and for PPP post-processing techniques [25]. These accuracies are of course possible under normal conditions, when measurements are not affected by specific types of systematic errors described below. Important to notice that accuracy is different from precision. Accuracy means the difference of an estimate from its \"true\" value, while precision means how various estimates are close to their mean value.