esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 4 Experiments
### Experiments of Keypoint Detection with Boundary Removal
#### 4.1.2 Results of Keypoint Detection with Boundary Removal  
To determine if a location is a boundary point, we choose neighboring points within a radius of 4 mr (the support radius) and assign different \(L_{th}\) values. Figure 5 depicts the boundary points of the point clouds indicated in Figure 4 under various \(L_{th}\), with the red points representing boundary points and the green points representing the original point clouds in Figure 4. Figure 5 clearly shows that the number of boundary points is the minimum, and the boundary points are discrete when \(L_{th}\) is set to \(\pi\). There are more boundary locations when \(L_{max}\) is between \(\pi/2\) and \(\pi/4\). When \(L_{th}\) is set to \(\pi/3\) or \(\pi/4\), the boundary points overlap and create many clusters. In subsequent studies, we set \(L_{th}\) to \(\pi/3\), recognizing that too many boundary points reduce the time efficiency of finding keypoints and that too few boundary points reduce the effectiveness of keypoint detection.  
After acquiring boundary points for a point cloud, we may use our offered keypoint detector to extract original keypoints and delete boundary keypoints. In Figure 6, columns (a) and (c) illustrate keypoints detected by our keypoint detector for the various point clouds indicated in Figure 4, with red points representing keypoints and green points representing original points. After retrieving the original keypoints, we shall eliminate any keypoints that are less than 5 mr from the nearest boundary point. Columns (b) and (d) in Figure 6 show the current keypoints after deleting the boundary keypoints from the original keypoints. When compared to keypoints in columns (a), (b), (c), and (d) in Figure 6, it is obvious that our approach for keypoint detection with boundary removal can yield keypoints on non-boundaries, which is critical for generating feature descriptors and matching point pairs between a pair of point clouds.  
Figure 4: Samples of point clouds from our dataset.  
Figure 5: Boundary points under various differences between adjacent included angles.  
Figure 6: Keypoints on different point clouds. (**a**) Keypoints illustrator 1 with boundary point retained. (**b**) Keypoints illustrator 1 with boundary point removed. (**c**) Keypoints illustrator 2 with boundary point retained. (**d**) Keypoints illustrator 2 with boundary point removed.
# Online Street View-Based Approach for Sky View Factor Estimation: A Case Study of Nanjing, China
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Study Area and Experimental Data  
Our case study is situated in the Qinhuai District, Nanjing, China as delineated in Figure 4. Operating as one of the eight principal urban districts in Nanjing City, the Qinhuai District serves as a vital nexus for finance, business, culture, and science. By the year 2020, the district comprised 12 streets and 104 communities, spanning a total area of 49.11 km\({}^{2}\), accommodating a resident population of 740,809. The Qinhuai District, characterized by low hills, showcases elevations decreasing towards the southeast and increasing towards the northwest. The minimum elevation is \(-40\) m, while the maximum elevation reaches 54 m, with an average elevation of 12.82 m. The topography of the area features clearly undulating terrain, highlighting two dominant landforms--plains and hills. Additionally, the region boasts numerous surface water systems and flat terrain.  
The core datasets for this study revolve around 3D buildings and urban transportation lines. The Gaode Map API facilitated the acquisition of 3D buildings and urban roads in 2019, providing crucial details and parameters currently limited to building footprints and the number of floors. The estimation of building height involved multiplying a value of 3 m per floor by the total number of floors [42; 43; 44]. Urban roads were categorized into four types: arterial road, branch road, expressway and trunk road, based on predefined criteria. To furnish a comprehensive understanding of the spatial distribution of buildings in the Qinhuai District, buildings were categorized into five distinct classes: low-rise building (3-9 m), multi-story building (9-21 m), middle-rise building (21-30 m), high-rise building (30-100 m) and ultra-high-rise building (>100 m), aligning with the standards outlined in the Code for Design of Civil Building--an authoritative and widely recognized standard (see Table 1).  
Figure 3: BMapSVF system architecture.
## 2 Related Work on Diacritics Restoration
### Deep-Learning-Based Approaches
A similar character classification problem was solved in [40] for the Romanian language. The architecture of this offered system has three different input paths: for characters (to represent the window of characters around the target character), words, and sentences (in which the target character appears). The character input path is represented by a BiLSTM encoder for character embeddings, the word input path by the FastText word embeddings, and the sentence input path by the BiLSTM encoder applied on concatenated FastText word embeddings. The authors tested their approach with different combinations of input paths (only character input, character input with the word input, etc.) proving that the best accuracy can only be reached with all the three input paths. The sequence classification tasks were also solved for the Arabic, Vietnamese, and Yoruba languages [41]. The authors tested the Temporal Convolutional Network (TCN) (in which information flows from the past to the future, as in the LSTM) and the Acousal TCN (A-TCN) (where information flows in both directions, as in the BiLSTM) approaches, and compared them to the recurrent sequential models, i.e., the LSTM and the BiLSTM. The A-TCM approach yielded a significant improvement over the TCM and had a competitive performance over the BiLSTM. The hybrid approach (as the three-stage stacked pipeline) for the Arabic language [42] integrates a character classifier as the first language-independent component. The other two components, namely, the character-level deterministic rule-based corrector and the word-level statistical corrector, are already language-dependent, but help to increase the accuracy even further. Another research direction for the diacritics restoration problem is the sequence-to-sequence (seq2 seq) methods. The seq2 seq architecture consists of an encoder (converting an input sequence into a context vector) and decoder (reading the context vector to produce an output sequence) blocks as separate DNNs. Such a seq2 seq approach, with the RNN-based core, was successfully applied to the Turkish language [43], and, with the LSTM-based core, to Vietnamese texts [5; 44]. In [45], Romanian authors investigated four different encoder-decoder architectures operating on the character level: one-layer LSTMs, two types of stacked LSTMs, and the CNN-based method (three-layer CNN with the concatenated output of the encoder and decoder, processed with another two-layer CNN), and determined that the CNN-based approach was the most accurate. Moreover, they compared their seq2 seq approaches with the classification-based approach. The first approach is a hybrid of the BiLSTM (operating on the word level) and the CNN (operating on the character level); the second is described in [38] and requires additional language resources (a language model). The comparative experiments revealed the superiority of seq2 seq methods.
# Preparation of Co-Ni Alloy Coating with Stable Composition by Jet-Electrodeposition
###### Abstract  
Cobalt-Nickel (Co-Ni) alloy coatings were prepared by jet electrodeposition on brass substrate under different Co\({}^{2+}\)Ni\({}^{2+}\) ratio contents (M = 2:1, 1:1, 1:2 and 1:3) and solution flow rates (from 2.0 to 4.5 L/min). The surface morphology, element content, and phase structure of the coating were observed by scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS), and X-ray diffractometer (XRD). The hardness and wear resistance of the coatings were also measured. The results showed that the Co content in coatings was greater than 70%, no matter at what flow rate and concentration. With an increase of the flow rate, the Co content in the coating increases, and the grain size on the surface of the coating decreases, which leads to increased hardness of the coating. However, the flow rate of the plating solution has little effect on the grain growth orientation, and the phase structure is dominated by the elemental content of the coating. The coatings are in a single phase of hexagonal close-packed (HCP) when the Co content is more than 80%, while the coatings are in dual phases of the HCP and face-centered cubic (FCC) when the Co content is less than 80%. With an increase in the Co content, the grain size decreases, and consequently, the hardness and wear resistance of the alloy increase. A Co-Ni alloy coating with stable composition can be obtained when the ratio of Co\({}^{2+}\) to Ni\({}^{2+}\) is 2:1.  
Co-Ni coating; flow rate; jet-electrodeposition; microstructure +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Physics Letters
## 5 Experiment
### Result
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l l} \hline \hline
**Attention** & **Call** & **Internet** & **SMS** \\ \hline STDenseNet (baseline) & 21.18 (1.49) & 177.84 (30.67) & 37.30 (2.73) \\ MVSTGN & 20.92 (1.32) & 123.10 (4.65) & 39.67 (1.70) \\ \hline ADNet w. 3 \(\times\) 3 Spatial & 20.53 (1.56) & 179.90 (26.17) & 36.98 (2.84) \\ ADNet w. 5 \(\times\) 5 Spatial & 21.42 (1.19) & 180.06 (16.51) & 36.86 (2.26) \\ ADNet w. 7 \(\times\) 7 Spatial & 21.05 (1.26) & 183.25 (26.30) & 37.96 (1.84) \\ \hline ADNet w. Channel & 20.62 (3.31) & 172.85 (37.87) & 36.88 (2.69) \\ \hline ADNet w. 3 \(\times\) 3 CBAM & **19.06 (5.01)** & 159.06 (49.11) & **34.09 (5.89)** \\ ADNet w. 5 \(\times\) 5 CBAM & 19.52 (3.49) & 162.38 (44.28) & 35.30 (2.35) \\ ADNet w. 7 \(\times\) 7 CBAM & 21.26 (1.26) & 163.93 (35.41) & 35.94 (3.21) \\ \hline ADNet w. 3 \(\times\) 3 Triplet & 20.32 (2.25) & 173.22 (29.90) & 36.66 (3.30) \\ ADNet w. 5 \(\times\) 5 Triplet & 19.65 (2.01) & **157.56 (32.89)** & 34.10 (4.00) \\ ADNet w. 7 \(\times\) 7 Triplet & 19.72 (2.47) & 169.
# Multi-Source Data Fusion for Vehicle Maintenance Project Prediction
## 3 Method
### Baseline Models And Evaluation Metrics  
The main task of the experiment is to predict the (\(T+1\))-th maintenance projects based on the vehicle's first \(T\) maintenance projects, mileage, and vehicle base information, which is a multi-label classification problem. For this task, the evaluation metrics are weighted \(F_{1}\) score (\(w\)-\(F_{1}\)) [21] and R@_k_[21]: \(w\)-\(F_{1}\) calculates \(F_{1}\)-score for each project code and reports their weighted mean; R@_k_ is an average ratio of desired project codes in top \(k\) predictions by the total number of desired project codes in each maintenance, which measures prediction accuracy. In order to compare our proposed method with state-of-the-art models, we choose the following method as a comparison experiment.  
* Traditional machine learning method: MLP [7].
* Traditional deep learning methods: CNN [9], RNN [10], and LSTM [11].
* Models based on RNN and attention: RETAIN [16] and Dipole [17].
* Model based on dynamic graph and context-aware: Chet [21].
* Typical methods for vehicle maintenance predicting: SLFN [26], DBN [27], and EFSAE-LSTM [28].
* Typical deep learning methods for data fusion: MIFDELN [29], MFDL [30], and IKN-ConvLSTM [31].  
In the experimental process, MLP indicates that only historical maintenance projects are input into the model for prediction, MLP\({}_{*}\) indicates that historical maintenance projects, mileage, and vehicle base information are fused for prediction and so on.
# Modeling and Optimization of NO2 Stations in the Smart City of Barcelona
## 5 Computational Results
### Behavior of Measured NO\({}_{2}\) Concentrations
Stations X4 and X8 form one cluster in the southern part of the city at an altitude of 47 m within a high-traffic area. The other cluster consists of station D5, located in the northern region at an altitude of 415 m and away from heavy traffic. Figure 8: Cluster in different stations. (**a**) Air quality stations. (**b**) Meteorological station. Figure 7: Wind rose for each station. In the case study of Barcelona, there are fewer meteorological stations than air quality stations. Therefore, the KNN algorithm is employed to classify and predict meteorological variables at each station. The goal of applying this algorithm is to obtain meteorological variables for all air quality stations. The results are presented in Table 3.  
The descriptive study highlights the importance of the location of air quality stations, as NO\({}_{2}\) concentrations largely depend on traffic in the area. It is crucial to distinguish whether the station is situated in a city center or a residential neighborhood, as these characteristics influence both the average and maximum concentrations recorded at each station. Additionally, traffic patterns not only affect concentration levels but also the dynamics of variations in NO\({}_{2}\) concentrations. Furthermore, it has been shown that weather conditions vary depending on the location within the city, which can also influence the distribution and effectiveness of air quality stations. These factors underscore the importance of correctly locating each station to accurately represent the real pollution situation in the city.
###### Abstract  
The edible brown seaweed, _Ecklonia cava_, is highly valued for its bioactive compounds, and is widely used in food supplements and functional foods. The increasing demand for this seaweed in the food industry emphasizes the necessity for sustainable cultivation practices. This study focused on inducing callus in the meristem and stiep of _E. cava_ using different culture media: Provasoli's enriched seawater medium (PESI), enriched artificial seawater medium (ESAW), artificial enriched seawater medium (ASP2), or [PERSON]'s enriched seawater medium (VS). Various abiotic stress factors (photoperiod, agar concentration, and temperature), growth regulators, carbon sources, polyamines, and plasma treatments were explored for their impact on callus induction. Both stiep and meristem explants developed callus within three to six weeks across all media except ASP2. Callus development was favored at temperatures between 8 to 13 \({}^{\circ}\)C and in the absence of light. Stipe explants showed a higher callus induction rate (up to 65.59 \(\pm\) 6.24%) compared to meristem (up to 57.53 \(\pm\) 8.32%). Meristem explants showed optimal callus induction in PESI medium with a low concentration of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA; 40.93 \(\pm\) 8.65%). However, higher concentrations of IAA and 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) reduced meristem callus induction. Stipe showed high induced-callus (up to 50.37 \(\pm\) 5.17%) in PESI medium with low concentrations of IAA, NAA, and 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP). Both stiep and meristem explants induced largest callus at 2% sucrose, but higher carbon source concentrations reduced callus induction. Spermine (Spm) at 1 \(\upmu\)M resulted in high induced calluses; however, increasing Spm concentrations decreased callus induction. This tissue culture technique not only supports mass cultivation of _E. cava_, but also holds potential for extending to other seaweed species, contributing to the sustainability of seaweed stocks for the food industry.  
abiotic stresses; callus; functional food material; laminariales;phaeophyta; seaweed; tissue culture +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences
## 2 Electromechanical Resonators and Experimental Setup  
The membrane resonators used in this work are commercial [74], high tensile stress (0.7-0.9 GPa), stoichiometric SiN square drums with lateral dimension 500 \(\upmu\)m and thickness 100 nm, deposited on a Si frame with lateral dimension 5 mm and thickness of either 200 or 500 \(\upmu\)m. As described in [57] and depicted in Figure 1a,b, three corners of a Si chip were glued by application and curing of a small dab of UV-resist (OrmComp, Micro resist technology GmbH) onto a piezoelectric ring actuator with 6 mm inner diameter (Noliac NAC2123) to which both dc and ac voltages can be applied. Following the method of [40], double-membrane arrays were made by gluing the two chips together either on top of each other (Figure 1c), so that the intermembrane separation was given by the Si frame thickness (200 \(\upmu\)m in this case), or with a spacer in between the SiN films setting the separation between the suspended membranes to be \(\sim\) 8.5 \(\upmu\)m (Figure 1d).  
The vibrations of the membranes can then be measured by monitoring the transmission of monochromatic light (\(\sim 900\) nm) issued from an external cavity diode laser through a linear Fabry-Perot interferometer constituted by the membrane--or membrane array--and a 50:50 beamsplitter mirror positioned parallel to the membranes at a distance of approximately 7 mm (Figure 2). The fluctuations of the transmitted light are detected with a fast photodiode and analyzed with a narrow resolution bandwidth spectrum analyzer. The wavelength of the light is chosen so as to maximize the sensitivity of the interferometer to the displacement of the membrane modes  
Figure 1: (**a**) Top view schematic of the membrane chip mounted on a piezoelectric ring actuator. (**b–d**) Sideview schematics of the single- or double-membrane electromechanical resonators studied. The purple arrows inside the piezoelectric transducer (PZT) indicate the direction of the compressive force for a positive voltage difference between the outer and inner electrodes.  
considered [40]. The mechanical resonance frequencies can be determined by Lorentzian fits to the thermal noise spectrum, typically recorded with a resolution bandwidth (RBW) of 0.5 Hz and averaged 500 times. The mechanical quality factors are determined either from the results of the Lorentzian fits to the thermal noise spectrum, or by performing ringdown spectroscopy of the resonantly excited mode [40; 58].
## Appendix A Alice's Attack for Binding of QBC  
1. The Schmidt decomposition of \(|0\rangle\), \(|1\rangle\) and the polar decomposition of \(\sqrt{\rho_{1}^{B}}\sqrt{\rho_{0}^{B}}\)  
For the entangled states prepared by [PERSON], there is an orthogonal basis set of \(2k\) dimensions for subsystems \(A\) and \(B\). Therefore, \(|0\rangle\) can be written as  
\[|0\rangle=\sum_{i,j}\theta_{ij}|i\rangle_{A}\otimes|j\rangle_{B}, \tag{1}\]  
where \(i,j\in\{0,1,...,2^{2k}-1\}\), and  
\[\theta_{ij}=\sum_{l}\alpha_{IA}\langle i|e_{l}\rangle_{AB}\langle j|\Psi_{ \tau_{l}}\rangle_{B}. \tag{2}\]  
The entries \(\theta_{ij}\) compose \(2^{2k}\times 2^{2k}\) matrix \(\Theta\). \(\Theta\) can be decomposed by the singular value decomposition as \(\Theta=UDV\), where \(D\) is a diagonal matrix with positive elements, and \(U\) and \(V\) are unitary matrices.  
\[|0\rangle=\sum_{i,j,l}u_{il}d_{ll}v_{lj}|i\rangle_{A}\otimes|j\rangle_{B}. \tag{3}\]  
Define \(|x_{l}\rangle_{A}=\sum_{i}u_{il}|i\rangle_{A}\), \(|y_{l}\rangle_{B}=\sum_{j}v_{lj}|j\rangle_{B}\), and \(\lambda_{l}=d_{ll}\), the state \(|0\rangle\) becomes  
\[|0\rangle=\sum_{l}\lambda_{l}|x_{l}\rangle_{A}\otimes|y_{l}\rangle_{B}, \tag{4}\]  
where \(\{|x_{l}\rangle_{A}\}\), \(\{|y_{l}\rangle_{B}\}\) form two orthogonal basis sets. Similarly,  
\[|1\rangle=\sum_{l}\lambda_{l}^{\prime}|x_{l}^{\prime}\rangle_{A}\otimes|y_{l} ^{\prime}\rangle_{B}. \tag{5}\]  
For \(\rho_{1}^{B}\) and \(\rho_{0}^{B}\), the related polar decomposition is  
\[\sqrt{\rho_{1}^{B}}\sqrt{\rho_{0}^{B}}=\left|\sqrt{\rho_{1}^{B}}\sqrt{\rho_{0 }^{B}}\right|T. \tag{6}\]  
There is an orthogonal basis set with which \(\rho_{0}^{B}\) and \(\rho_{1}^{B}\) are in block-diagonal form [62] and blocks have a general expression, so that we can give the entries of matrix \(T\) based on this orthogonal basis.  
2. Solving \(U_{A}\). Based on the proof of [PERSON]'s theorem given by [PERSON] [67], we have  
\[|v\rangle=\left(I\otimes\sqrt{\rho_{0}^{B}}T^{\dagger}\right)\sum_{i}|x_{i}^{ \prime}\rangle_{A}\otimes|y_{i}^{\prime}\rangle_{B}. \tag{7}\]It can be seen that there is a local unitary transformation \(U_{A}\) for [PERSON] to transform \(|0\rangle\) into \(|v\rangle\). According to Equation (100), \(\rho_{0}^{\text{B}}=\sum_{i}|\lambda_{i}|^{2}|y_{i}\rangle_{BB}\langle y_{i}|\), it gives  
\[\begin{split}|v\rangle&=\left(I\otimes\sqrt{\rho_{0 }^{\text{B}}}T^{\text{T}}\right)\sum_{i}|x_{i}^{\prime}\rangle_{A}\otimes|y_{i }^{\prime}\rangle_{B}\\ &=\sum_{i,j}|x_{i}^{\prime}\rangle_{A}\otimes\lambda_{j}|y_{j} \rangle_{BB}\langle y_{j}|T^{\dagger}|y_{i}^{\prime}\rangle_{B}\\ &=\sum_{j}\lambda_{j}\left(\sum_{i}\ _{B}\langle y_{j}|T^{\dagger}|y_{i}^{ \prime}\rangle_{B}|x_{i}^{\prime}\rangle_{A}\right)\otimes|y_{j}\rangle_{B}. \end{split} \tag{101}\]  
It can be seen that  
\[U_{A}|x_{j}\rangle=\sum_{i}\ _{B}\langle y_{j}|T^{\dagger}|y_{i}^{\prime} \rangle_{B}|x_{i}^{\prime}\rangle_{A}. \tag{102}\]  
Then, [PERSON] can get all elements of \(U_{A}\) from this equation.
###### Abstract  
With the aim of determining the damage characteristics and a reasonable positional arrangement of the surrounding rock in a bottom-pumping roadway influenced by mining in a high-gas mine, the boundary equation for the plastic zone of the surrounding rock in a circular roadway under an unequal compressive stress field was adopted to analyze the relationship between the distribution characteristics of the plastic zone of the bottom-pumping roadway and the stability of the rock surrounding the bottom-pumping roadway under different bidirectional stress ratios. This was carried out in the bottom-pumping roadway of the working face of Licun coal mine 3301 as the engineering background, where the nature of the coal seams mined is bituminous coal, and the absolute gas outflow is 0.5 m\({}^{3}\)/min\({}^{-1}\). A numerical simulation was used to analyze the distribution characteristics of the surrounding rock stress and the bidirectional stress ratio, as well as the deformation and damage characteristics of the surrounding rock at different positions in the bottom-pumping roadway. A numerical simulation was applied to analyze the distribution characteristics of the surrounding rock stress and the two-way stress ratio, as well as the deformation and damage characteristics of the rock surrounding the bottom-pumping roadway when the bottom-pumping roadway was arranged in different locations. The results show that, with an increase in the bidirectional stress ratio, the plastic zone of the perimeter rock in the bottom-pumping roadway shows nonuniform \"butterfly\" distribution characteristics, which seriously affects the stability of the rock on the perimeter of the roadway; the stress on the bottom plate of the working face after excavation can be divided into four areas according to the size of the bidirectional stress ratio and the stress loading and unloading states. In addition, the size of the perimeter rock deformation can be sorted into four areas according to the damage range of the perimeter of the rock plastic zone in the bottom-pumping roadway. The size of the deformation in the surrounding rock can be sorted as follows: unpressurized high-stress ratio > unpressurized stress ratio stable area > pressurized low-stress ratio area > original rock stress ratio area. Accordingly, we found that the reasonable location of the bottom-pumping roadway is arranged at the 15 m position outside the hollow area below the coal pillar, along the limestone upper medium-grained sandstone layer along the bottom. The study's results were applied to the field. The industrial experiments on the site show that the deformation of the surrounding rock is reasonable when the bottom-pumping roadway is dug along the limestone roof and arranged 15 m outside the fault of the mining hollow area below the coal pillar.  
bidirectional stress ratio; bottom-pumping alley; reasonable location; surrounding rock deformation damage characteristics +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences