## 4 Communication Networks and Technologies in NMGs
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline
**Connection Type** & **Coverage** & **Data Rate** & **Applicability** & **Advantages** & **Disadvantages** & **Application** \\ \hline
**Wireless Technologies** & & & & & \\ \hline
5G & Up to 50 km & Up to 20 Gbps & WAN, FAN & \begin{tabular}{c} High data rate and reliability, \\ low latency \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} Costly \\ infrastructure, \\ security issues \\ \end{tabular} & Data exchange between MGs \\ \hline ZigBee (IEEE 802.15.4) & Up to 100 m & Up to 250 kbps & HAN & \begin{tabular}{c} Affordable, low \\ complexity \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} Limited coverage \\ distance, low data rate, slow \\ processing rate \\ \end{tabular} & Home automation \\ \hline Bluetooth (IEEE 802.15.1) & Up to 100 m & Up to 721 kbps & HAN & \begin{tabular}{c} Affordable, \\ power efficient, \\ low complexity \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} Short coverage \\ distance, low data \\ rate, poor security \\ \end{tabular} & Home automation \\ \hline LoRaWAN & Up to 15 km & Up to 50 kbps & WAN, FAN & \begin{tabular}{c} Wide coverage \\ distance, \\ affordable and \\ secure \\ communication \\ \end{tabular} & Low data rate & \begin{tabular}{c} Monitoring of \\ electricity transmission towers \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.11 b/g/n) & Up to 1 km & Up to 600 Mbps & WAN, FAN, HAN & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Effective in short \\ range, affordable \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} Limited coverage \\ distance \\ \end{tabular} & V2G \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: _Cont._ \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline
**Organisation** & **Location** & \begin{tabular}{c} **Communication** \\ **Technology** \\ \end{tabular} & **Scale** & **NMG Component(s)** & **Reference(s)** \\ \hline Schneider Electric & Grenoble, France & \begin{tabular}{c} IoT (e.g., ZigBee) and \\ Cloud \\ \end{tabular} & 450 kW & PV, micro-CHP, Battery & [36] \\ \hline NEDO & Hachinohe, Japan & \begin{tabular}{c} Ethernet and Fiber-optic \\ cables \\ \end{tabular} & 600 kW & PV, Wind, Bio-gas, \\ Battery & & & & & \\ \hline NEDO & Kyoto, Japan & Ethernet & 650 kW & PV, Wind, Bio-gas, \\ Battery & & & & & \\ \hline Hitachi Europe Limited & Isles of Scilly, England & \begin{tabular}{c} IoT (e.g., 3G), Ethernet \\ and Cloud \\ \end{tabular} & 800 kW & PV and Battery & [40; 41] \\ \hline Schneider Electric & Fairfield, CT, USA & \begin{tabular}{c} IoT (e.g., ZigBee) and \\ Cloud \\ \end{tabular} & 3.25 MW & \begin{tabular}{c} PV, Fuel Cell, Natural \\ Gas \\ \end{tabular} & [42] \\ \hline Commonwealth Edison & Bronzeville, IL, USA & \begin{tabular}{c} Fiber-optic cables, \\ ZigBee \\ \end{tabular} & 7.5 MW & PV, Bio-gas, Battery & [43; 44] \\ \hline United Kingdom & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Orkeney, Scotland \\ Research and Innovation \\ \end{tabular} & 4G, Wi-Fi and Cloud & 8 MW & PV, Wind, Tidal, Battery & [45; 46; 47] \\ \hline Horizon Power & Onslow, Australia & 4G & 11 MW & PV and Battery & [48] \\ \hline Scottish and Southern &
\begin{tabular}{c} Shetland, Scotland \\ \end{tabular} & IoT and Cloud & 12.5 MW & Wind, Tidal and Battery & [49; 50] \\ \hline Siemens & Tampere, Finland & Ethernet, Cloud, ZigBee & 16 MW & PV, Fuel Cell, Battery & [51; 52] \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Real-life NMG Deployments and the Communication Technologies used. control data from distribution sites, such as electricity substations, and transmitting them to customer premises. The area coverage of FANs varies from a few meters up to 10 km, and the data rate ranges from 100 kbps to 10 Mbps. WiMAX, cellular, power line communication (PLC), RF-Mesh, Bluetooth, ZigBee, and Ethernet are communication technologies in FANs for NMGs [54; 55]. The smallest type of network for NMGs are HANs, also called BANs. These types of network represent homes and buildings where small-scale NMGs are deployed. They cover short distances and facilitate low-bandwidth technologies. Smart meters in HANs enable local-level control data collection for NMGs [56].