## 3 Results
### Gene Expression, Immunohistochemical Markers, and Clinicopathological Features
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{3}{*}{**Characteristics**} & \multirow{3}{*}{**Number**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**ARSB Gene**} & \multirow{3}{*}{**\(p\) Value**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**TP53 Gene**} & \multirow{3}{*}{**\(p\) Value**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Maspin Gene**} \\  & & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Expression**} & & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Expression**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Expression**} \\  & & **RQ** & & **RQ** & & **RQ** & & **RQ** & **PQ Value** \\ \cline{2-10}  & & **\textless{1}** & **\textgreater{1}** & & **\textless{1}** & **\textgreater{1}** & & **\textless{1}** & **\textgreater{1}** & \\ \hline Age & & & & & & & & & & & \\ \(\leq\)60 years & 17 & 12 & 5 & 0.0462 \(\star^{1}\) & 16 & 1 & 0.0726 \(\star^{1}\) & 14 & 3 & \\ \(>\)60 years & 53 & 25 & 33 & 39 & 14 & & 29 & 24 & 0.0412 \(\star^{1}\) \\ \hline Gender & & & & & & & & & & \\ Male & 43 & 21 & 20 & 0.5148 \(\star^{1}\) & 32 & 11 & 0.2852 \(\star^{1}\) & 28 & 13 & \\ Female & 27 & 16 & 11 & 23 & 4 & & 19 & 8 & 0.8560 \(\star^{1}\) \\ \hline Macroscopic aspect & & & & & & & & & & \\ Vegetant-ulero-vegetant & 27 & 18 & 9 & 0.0164 \(\star^{2}\) & 22 & 5 & 0.6382 \(\star^{2}\) & 21 & 6 & 0.3514 \(\star^{2}\) \\ Infiltrative–ulicro infiltrative & 43 & 16 & 27 & 33 & 10 & & 29 & 14 & \\ \hline Microscopic aspect & & & & & & & & & & \\ G1 & 16 & 7 & 9 & 12 & 4 & & 13 & 3 & \\ G2 & 20 & 5 & 15 & 0.0018 \(\star^{2}\) & 14 & 6 & 0.6020 \(\star^{2}\) & 10 & 10 & 0.1451 \(\star^{2}\) \\ G3 & 34 & 25 & 9 & 27 & 6 & & 14 & 10 & \\ \hline Localization & & & & & & & & & & \\ Proximal & 26 & 12 & 14 & & 23 & 3 & & 20 & 6 & \\ Distal & 28 & 15 & 13 & 0.3593 \(\star^{2}\) & 22 & 6 & 0.6169 \(\star^{2}\) & 19 & 9 & 0.5818 \(\star^{2}\) \\ Rectal & 16 & 11 & 5 & 13 & 3 & & 10 & 6 & \\ \hline LNR & & & & & & & & & & \\ \(<\)0.15 & 59 & 31 & 28 & 0.4977 \(\star^{1}\) & 49 & 10 & 0.9207 \(\star^{1}\) & 39 & 29 & 0.8615 \(\star^{1}\) \\ \(\geq\)0.15 & 11 & 7 & 4 & 9 & 2 & & 6 & 5 & \\ \hline pT stage & & & & & & & & & & \\ \(\leq\)T2 & 4 & 4 & 0 & 0.0587 \(\star^{1}\) & 4 & 0 & 0.3488 \(\star^{1}\) & 4 & 0 & 0.2622 \(\star^{1}\) \\ \(\geq\)T3 & 66 & 34 & 32 & 54 & 12 & & 50 & 16 & \\ \hline Budding & & & & & & & & & & \\ G1 & 23 & 8 & 15 & 19 & 4 & & & & & \\ G2 & 19 & 8 & 11 & 0.0456 \(\star^{1}\) & 14 & 5 & 0.3789 & 7 & 16 & \\ G3 & 28 & 19 & 9 & & 25 & 3 & & & & \\ \hline Maspin IHC & & & & & & & & & & \\ Positive & 38 & 26 & 12 & 0.0097 \(\star^{1}\) & 29 & 9 & & & & \\ Negative & 32 & 12 & 20 & 0.0097 \(\star^{1}\) & 27 & 5 & 0.4010 \(\star^{1}\) & 8 & 24 & \textless{0.0001}\(\star^{1}\) \\ \hline ARSB IHC & & & & & & & & & & \\ Positive & 47 & 34 & 13 & 0.0026 \(\star^{1}\) & 33 & 14 & 0.4770 \(\star^{1}\) & 33 & 14 & 0.0309 \(\star^{1}\) \\ Negative & 23 & 8 & 15 & 18 & 5 & & & & 10 & 13 & \\ \hline TP53 IHC & & & & & & & & & & \\ \(<\)50\% & 43 & 10 & 34 & 0.0019 \(\star^{1}\) & 15 & 28 & 0.0014 \(\star^{1}\) & 12 & 31 & 0.0005 \(\star^{1}\) \\ \(>\)50\% & 27 & 16 & 11 & 20 & 7 & & & & 19 & 8 & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} \({}^{1}\) Chi-square (\(\chi^{2}\)) test, \({}^{2}\) [PERSON]’s exact test, significant differences are marked with \(\star^{1}\). G1: well differentiated, G2: moderately differentiated, G3: poorly differentiated.  
\end{table} 
Table 2: Correlation between ARSB, TP53, and Maspin gene expression and pathological aspects of colorectal cancer. (\(p\) = 0.0164). Additionally, a significant difference in ARSB gene expression was identified across microscopic stages (G1 vs. G2 vs. G3), highlighting its potential role in tumor differentiation and progression, with 35.7% of the cases showing low ARSB gene expression (RQ < 1). In terms of tumor budding, both ARSB (\(p\) = 0.0456) and Maspin (\(p\) = 0.0165) gene expressions showed significant differences, with consistent results observed across G1, G2, and G3 stages. This finding underscores the potential involvement of these genes in the process of tumor invasion and metastasis.