# Modeling Wicking Fabric Inhibition Effect on Frost Heave
## 3 Frost Heave Test of the Soil Column
### Experimental Setup  
Figure 4a is a schematic diagram of a frost heave test device installing WF. Two thermostatic baths, which circulate an anti-freezing liquid at a specific temperature, are used to control the temperature of the upper cooling plate and lower cooling plate independently. The porous metal plate at the bottom of the device is connected to a water tank, to maintain a constant groundwater level (GWL) for the device. At the height of 150 mm from the pedestal, on one side of the model, a sliding opening of 100 mm in width and 0-2.5 mm in height is installed to place the geotextile. The specimen is installed with five moisture sensors (ECH2O soil moisture sensor), five thermal sensors (T-type thermocouples), and two suction sensors (tensiometers) to measure temperature, saturation, and suction at the observation point in the freezing process. The soil surface temperature is measured using a platinum resistance temperature detector. Moreover, the displacement transducer is used to measure the specimen frost heave. The applied load represents the forces acting on the subgrade in the actual pavement structure.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Abbreviation/** & **Parameter** & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**Value**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Unit**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Unit**} \\
**Symbol** & & & & & \\ \hline \(C_{s}\) & \multicolumn{2}{c}{Volumetric heat capacity of the soil particles} & \(1.8\times 10^{6}\) & \(1.3\times 10^{6}\) & \(8.59\times 10^{5}\) & J/m\({}^{3}\)-K \\ \hline \(\lambda_{s}\) & Thermal conductivity of the soil mixture & 1.61 & 0.83 & 1.61 & W/(m\(\cdot\)K) \\ \hline \(\chi\) & \multicolumn{2}{c}{Material parameters accounting for the particle shape effect} & 0.75 & 0.75 & 0.75 & W/(m\(\cdot\)K) \\ \hline \(\eta\) & \multicolumn{2}{c}{Material parameters accounting for the particle shape effect} & 1.2 & 1.2 & 1.2 & 1 \\ \hline \(\rho_{d}\) & Dry density of soil particles & 1400 & 1460 & 1200 & Kgm\({}^{-3}\) \\ \hline \(n\) & Porosity & 0.45 & 0.455 & 0.55 & 1 \\ \hline \(T_{m}\) & \multicolumn{2}{c}{Final freezing temperature at atmospheric pressure} & 272.95 & 272.90 & 273.05 & K \\ \hline \(\alpha_{cg}\) & \multicolumn{2}{c}{Van Genuchten–Mualem fitting parameter} & 93.2 & 1.904 & 25.02 & MPa\({}^{-1}\) \\ \hline \(\lambda_{cg}\) & \multicolumn{2}{c}{Van Genuchten–Muale fitting parameter} & 1.596 & 1.865 & 1.54 & 1 \\ \hline \(S_{s}\) & \multicolumn{2}{c}{Saturated degree of saturation} & 96.7 & 100 & 95.1 & \% \\ \hline \(S_{r}\) & \multicolumn{2}{c}{Residual degree of saturation} & 37.8 & 18.5 & 33.5 & \% \\ \hline \(k_{s}\) & \multicolumn{2}{c}{Saturated water hydraulic conductivity} & \(1\times 10^{-8}\) & \(5\times 10^{-10}\) & \(9.16\times 10^{-9}\) & ms\({}^{-1}\) \\ \hline \(\alpha_{Tu}\) & \multicolumn{2}{c}{Thermal expansion coefficient} & \(1.2\times 10^{-5}\) & \(1.2\times 10^{-5}\) & \(1.2\times 10^{-6}\) & K\({}^{-1}\) \\ \hline \(E\) & \multicolumn{2}{c}{Young’s modulus of soil} & 40 & 12.5 & 8.5 & MPa \\ \hline \(H\) & \multicolumn{2}{c}{Modulus related to matric potential} & 7653 & 7653 & 7653 & m \\ \hline \(v\) & \multicolumn{2}{c}{Poisson’s ratio} & 0.4 & 0.33 & 0.4 & 1 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: List of soil parameters.