## 4 Results and Discussion
### The Impact of HSR Network on Socio-Economic Growth
#### 4.1.2 Rentfe Network (Spain)  
In the case of the Spanish HSR network, it also has considerable social benefits, showing a PCC average of 0.47. Rentfe entirely operates the Spanish HSR system, and it is well-known as AVE service. The network has received a large volume of investment on infrastructure and operations. Moreover, the Spanish government had launched a plan to enlarge the project across countries that would require a large amount of investment [109].  
Concerning this point, many experts believed that the AVE network could not offer social benefits to Spanish speakers. Some scholars studied the financial and social viability of four main AVE routes. The accessibility to railway services has been improved since the  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**HSR Network** & **SNCF** & **Renfe** & **CR** & **Korail** & **JR Central** \\ \hline QoL & 0.9 & 0.53 & 0.61 & 0.34 & 0.08 \\ Education & 0.22 & 0.43 & \(-\)0.01 & \(-\)0.12 & 0.41 \\ Employment & 0.42 & 0.47 & \(-\)0.13 & 0.43 & 0.14 \\ \hline Average & 0.51 & 0.47 & 0.13 & 0.22 & 0.21 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 4: The summarisation on PCC results in QoL, education and employment of each HSR network.  
Figure 8: The summarisation of three pillars by networks.  
AVE services have been operated [13; 28]. After analysing the spatial distribution, the result shows that the accessibility value of AVE had improved by almost 50% [6]. Additionally, the study discovered that AVE services benefited territorial cohesiveness, EU's development priorities. A seamless connection can also reduce disparities between regions. Similarly, the outcomes of this study imply that AVE services benefit large regions more than small nations. On the Renfe network, the median PCC score for QoL is 0.53. Additionally, the research reveals that while older groups (PD3) profited positively, showing a PCC score of 0.92, the network is unhelpful to young persons (PD2).  
Our findings reveal that the employment pillar (EC1-EC4) has a PCC-value of 0.47, a very high correlation. According to studies, the Renfe network's mobility influences the labour supply. As found in the study of four urban cities in Spain, the AVE network was associated with temporary migration, particularly for short-term and consultancy jobs [110]. Additionally, station placement encourages labour mobility and broadens the labour market. As a result, it revealed a positive effect on the local tourism business [111].  
There has been no research highlighting the educational advantages of rail networks in Spain. Additionally, the average PCC value for the education pillar is 0.43. Indeed, Spain's employment rate has been increased in recent years as a result of rising educational enrolment. Around 60% of the unemployed lack formal education or are low-skilled workers. Additionally, the bulk of them has prior experience in the building sector [112]. Renfe network offers regular service at low prices to fit employees' schedules. As a result, the Renfe network has helped the entire population of all pillars as mentioned earlier.