esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# A Prototype Mechatronic Device for Upper Limb Rehabilitation and Analysis of Its Functionality
###### Abstract  
A prototype device was developed as a simple yet effective tool for the rehabilitation of individuals with upper limb genesis resulting from stroke. The primary objective of the design process was to create a portable rehabilitation device that could be remotely controlled by a therapist via a Bluetooth protocol. The device enables the execution of upper limb rehabilitation exercises and integrates essential modules for assessment, reporting, and user feedback (biofeedback). It comprises a base and three movable arms, each fitted with a container at its distal end. The central arm, positioned at the midpoint of the device's housing, holds a storage container from which specific objects are retrieved by the user. This arm features an adjustable reach. The remaining two arms are equipped with task-specific containers mounted at their ends. The conceptual framework is based on the execution of various tasks displayed on a screen. The user retrieves objects from the central storage unit and places them into either the left or right container, as indicated. The target container is highlighted both visually on the screen and via an illuminated LED indicator. Pre-programmed sequences for object retrieval and placement are presented on the display, offering clear guidance for the correct positioning and ordering of blocks within the designated containers. The device includes 12 dedicated blocks varying in shape, colour, material, and texture. A mechatronic control system governs the container positioning and arm inclination, enabling a precise adjustment of range of movement according to the exercise's requirements. A dedicated software system has also been developed for control and management. Functional testing of the prototype was conducted to assess the device's effectiveness and practical applicability in rehabilitation settings.  
rehabilitation device; upper limb rehabilitation; control rehabilitation; mechatronics control; mobile mechatronic systems Article
## 2 System Description
### Clarke and Park Transformations
#### 2.2.2 Park Transformation
Figure 3: The flow chart of incremental conductance MPPT method. If the value \(\Delta\mathrm{I}/\Delta\mathrm{V}=-\mathrm{I}/\mathrm{V}\) is different from zero, we must find the signal by comparing it with zero. If the result is positive, it means that the operating point is situated to the left of the maximum power point, making it necessary to increase the filling factor. This is accomplished by adding the value 0.01 to the input adjustment signal. If \(\Delta\mathrm{I}/\Delta\mathrm{V}+\mathrm{I}/\mathrm{V}\) is negative, we do the opposite. Once the maximum power point is found, the adjustment signal is not disturbed until a new change in voltage or current is detected. The output signal is a value between 0 and 1 controlled by the saturation block corresponding to the variation of the filling factor between 0 and 100% [17]. Then the obtained signal goes to the PI controller, giving the current in regulated form. The equation for time-domain PI controller is shown below [18]:  
\[u(t)=K_{p}\;e(t)+K_{i}\int_{0}^{t}e(t)dt \tag{16}\]  
The combination of proportional and integral factors is important not only to increase the speed of the response but also to eliminate the steady-state error. Here \(K_{p}\) is the proportional gain and \(K_{i}\) is the integral gain of the controller. Error signal is \(e(t)\). The signal obtained from the inverse Park transformation is fed to the PWM generator to generate a switching signal for the inverter [18]. In Figure 5, we have the PLL circuit (implemented in Simulink) for synchronization with the grid. The synchronous frame (\(dq\)) PLL converts the oscillating grid voltage and its emulated orthogonal component (\(\alpha\beta\)) to DC quantities (\(dq\)) using \(\alpha\beta\)-\(dq\) transform. Then a  
Figure 4: The Simulink circuit of incremental conductance method. proportional integral controller can be used to regulate either Id or Iq to be zero so that the phase of the d or q component can be locked [19]. The PLL synchronization loop also can provide sufficient phase information to the controller to generate reactive reference current. So it allows the inverter to have the ability to control the flow of reactive power [19].
## 4 Results and Discussion
### Analysis of Potential Reasons and Future Work Plan  
Although there are notable errors in the obtained positioning accuracy results, they still meet the geometric positioning accuracy index without control points (230 m) proposed by official satellites [25]. Most of the Chinese SAR satellites, such as GF-3, C-SAR/01, C-SAR/02, etc., adopt the RPC mode, so the main parameters affecting the positioning accuracy of level 1B products are the RPC parameters [28]. In the process of generating these parameters by satellite data producers, due to the special imaging mechanism of SAR, its geometric accuracy will be affected by various complex error sources, such as the performance of the sensor itself, the satellite platform, the imaging processing, the observing environment, and the observing targets in the ground observation process. Moreover, since data producers provide a large number of data products, it is not fully guaranteed that the generated RPC parameters are applicable to images from various regions and modes.  
The main factors affecting the geometric positioning accuracy of spaceborne synthetic aperture radar (SAR) can be summarized as sensor instability, platform instability, signal propagation effect, terrain height and processor-induced errors [1]. However, these reasons are rather mixed and expressed only in the form of RPC parameters in the end, so we can only hope to analyze them to some extent by comparing the parameters of different data. Different imaging satellites have different sensors, platforms and processors. Figure 17 shows the differences in positioning accuracy between the different satellites, and it can be seen that the errors of the three satellites are not significantly different. This part of the error is related to the electronic delay of the satellite sensors, the drift of the space clock, and the position and velocity errors of the platforms. Since our experimental area is the same experimental area and most of it is flat grassland, the influence of the terrain is ignored, and the accuracy of the latitude, longitude and elevation data of the corner reflector is guaranteed by the iRTK equipment, so these errors are not considered for the time being. For the orbit, we only analyze it from the perspective of the orbit direction, and according to Figure 19, it can be seen that the errors of the ascending orbit data are all positive, and the errors of the descending orbit data are all negative, which indicates that there is still some systematic bias in the satellite orbit data, which needs to be eliminated.  
In the subsequent work, we will conduct more ground experiments and acquire more images. The Range-Doppler model will be constructed based on the current validation work to confirm these assumptions and optimize them step by step. We will also correct the model error by considering the atmospheric delay and using the corner reflectors as control points to obtain higher geometric accuracy results.
# Optimization Design Study of Pipe Curtain Freezing Scheme for Sanya Estuary Submarine Channel
## 5 Optimal Design of Freezing Scheme and Analysis of Numerical Simulation Results  
The analysis of the temperature field and the thickness of the permafrost curtain reveals that the initial design for the active freezing in 40 d at \(-10\)\({}^{\circ}\)C stipulates a curtain thickness of 5.22 m, which exceeds the predefined design standard of 3.5 m. Considering the economic aspect, the original design is deemed conservative, leading to significant waste. To enhance the project's economic efficiency and ensure that the permafrost curtain thickness intersects with the \(-1\)\({}^{\circ}\)C and \(-10\)\({}^{\circ}\)C isotherms within the predetermined design standards, we employed the control variable method. This approach involved optimizing the design by reducing the number of freezing tubes from the original scheme. Two alternative schemes were developed, and the subsequent development of the permafrostcurtain thickness following this reduction was meticulously studied. The optimal solution that not only meets the design specifications but also ensures economic viability was then selected. The optimized freezing solutions are illustrated in Table 3 and Figure 8.
## Materials and Methods
### Passage Detection by LRF
#### 2.3.1 Adaptation to Barrier-Free Environment  
In the conventional method, a passage width of 1.2-2.5 m is assumed, and an LRF with a range of 4 m is used. However, in recent years, construction of barrier-free buildings such as hospitals and welfare facilities has increased, and it is now a requirement to widen the passage widths of public facilities [20]. The Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare, through the Social Security Council (Medical Subcommittee), have put up a requirement that medical facilities should have a passage width of at least 2.7 m for those undergoing prolonged medical [21].  
Therefore, in this study, the maximum value of the passage width and LRF range were set to \(w_{\text{max}}=3.5\) m and 10 m, respectively so that passage detection could be performed even in a barrier-free environment such as a hospital.  
Figure 6a shows the result of passage detection at the environment as shown in Figure 1 using the wheelchair coordinate system and an LRF. This environment includes a passage measuring more than 2.7 m in length. \((X_{p}^{w},Y_{p}^{w})\) represents center coordinates of the detected passage. Furthermore, we confirmed that a passage can be detected at a distance of about 8 m from the wheelchair.
# Performance Evaluation of the Current Birmingham PEPT Cameras
## 5 Results
### MicroPEPT  
Figure 7 shows the data rates measured from MicroPEPT using a central \({}^{11}\)C source of varying activity. The MicroPEPT data acquisition system can record up to 3.4 M events/s (prompt + delayed coincidences)--for a central source this limit is reached at an activity of approximately 50 MBq, and above this activity the true coincidence rate drops as random coincidences gradually take a larger fraction of the available rate.  
At low activity, the rate data are consistent with a sensitivity of 5.4% for a central source. As the activity increases, the effective sensitivity (trues rate as a fraction of source activity) gradually reduces due to increasing dead-time, and the data also contain a significant fraction of random coincidences, but reliable tracking is still possible.  
Using the Birmingham PEPT algorithm to process the point source data measured at low activity, optimum precision of location was found with a value \(f\approx 0.50\), and corresponds to an effective value of \(w\approx 3\) mm. Almost identical results were found even at activities up to 20 MBq (data rates up to 1 MHz).  
Using the formulae derived in Section 2, these values imply that a 20 MBq tracer can be located with an uncertainty of around 0.25 mm every 0.25 ms if moving at 1 m/s, and with an uncertainty of around 0.6 mm every 6 ms if moving at 10 m/s.  
Figure 6: Data rates measured from SuperPEPT for a central \({}^{11}\)C source of varying activity. The upper set of points shows the total coincidence rate, the lower set the delayed coincidence rate, and the middle set the rate of true coincidences given by the difference prompt minus delayed. The dotted line corresponds to a sensitivity of 22%.
## 3 Results and Analysis
### Data Processing and Analysis  
In GPS/GALILEO RT PPP, the position filter is considered to have converged when the absolute values of the positioning errors in East and North directions reach 0.1 m and keep within 0.1 m for consecutive 20 epochs (ten minutes) in dual-frequency static and kinematic cases. Given that the RT PPP errors in the single-frequency case are larger than those of dual-frequency case, the definition of the convergence of the single-frequency cases is enlarged to 0.3 m in the East and North directions. The convergence time is the period from the first epoch to the converged epoch. We compare the station coordinates calculated from different methods with coordinates supplied by IGS weekly solutions and calculate the RMS in three directions of them.
## 4 Analysis of Security and Performance
### Security Analysis
#### 4.1.5. Message Authentication and Confidential Communication  
In the construction of a set of neighbors, the pairing value between two vehicles that have a common secret is calculated mutually. The pairing value is calculated as \(\hat{\text{e}}\)\((PR_{Vix}\), \(PK_{Vj})\) or \(\hat{\text{e}}\)\((PR_{Viy}\), \(PK_{Vi})\), where \(PR_{Vix}\) and \(PR_{Viy}\) have a common secret. The pairing value will be used for message authentication or confidential communication. Based on the ECDLP, they know \(d_{Vix}\) or \(d_{\text{Viy}}\), but they do not know the value of \(SP(d_{Vix})\) or \(SP(d_{Viy})\) in the secret pool of TA or RSU. If two vehicles do not have a common secret, but they have a common trusted neighboring vehicle, then they can communicate confidentially through the mutually trusted vehicle, or make message authentication from rebroadcasting message.
# Numerical Study of Aircraft Wake Vortex Evolution under the Influence of Vertical Winds
## 3 Results  
This chapter primarily focuses on analyzing the downstream flow field resulting from the numerical simulations conducted in Section 2. It involves several key objectives. The numerical simulation results are rigorously compared with the Hallock-Burnham theoretical model and radar data from the existing literature. This comparative analysis is essential for validating the accuracy and reliability of the numerical simulation findings. The chapter then calculates the vorticity distribution at various cross-sectional positions under different wind directions and speeds. This visual representation aids in qualitatively assessing how wind direction and speed impact the structure of the tail vortex. Furthermore, a quantitative analysis investigates how tail vortex parameters evolve as the axial distance increases. This analysis includes parameters such as vorticity, vortex core position, axial velocity, and vertical velocity, and it is performed under varying wind directions and speeds. In addition to these analyses, the chapter explores the occurrence of secondary vortices within the tail vortex.  
Through these analytical processes, this chapter provides an in-depth understanding of the numerical simulation results, their accuracy through comparison, and how different wind conditions influence them. This information is crucial for comprehending the behavior of tail vortices under diverse environmental circumstances.
# Assessing the Stress Induced by Novel Packaging in GaN HEMT Devices via Raman Spectroscopy
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Method  
Micro-Raman spectra were collected along the cross-sections of both HEMT-B and HEMT-PD samples to assess the spectral changes induced by the residual stress [26] across the layers of the devices under test. Measurements were carried out at room temperature (RT) using an NT-MDT NTEGRA Spectra confocal micro-Raman system working in reflection mode. The system is based on a MS3504i spectrometer provided by SOL Instruments Ltd., Augsburg, Germany, and equipped with a 2400 lines/mm grating blazed at 400 nm. A 30 mW linear polarized DPSS laser operating at 532 nm (Nd:YAG laser mod GLK 3250 T01, LASOS Lasertechnik GmbH, Jena, Germany) was employed as excitation source. A neutral filter was introduced in the laser path to limit the maximum power, impinging the sample surface down to \(\sim\)400 \(\upmu\)W. This precaution is needed to prevent any displacement of the Stokes peak induced by the temperature increasing [27]. An IDUS-401 CCD camera provided by Andor, Oxford Instruments Italia s.r.l., Milan (MI), Italy and cooled with a triple Peltier stage was used as detector. For the purpose of this study, we investigated the spectral range between 500 and 600 cm\({}^{-1}\) with a resolution well below 1 cm\({}^{-1}\). A 100\(\times\) objective with a working distance of 6 mm and a numerical aperture of 0.75 was used to focalize the laser beam on the surface of the sample with a spot size of \(\sim\)350 nm. All measurements were carried out in backscattering geometry using the microscope objective to capture the scattered light. The samples were positioned with their cross-section facing upwards, taking advantage of a homemade sample holder set-up, as depicted in Figure 4. In our experiment, the spring exerted no force on the device, and it only kept the sample in its position. For each sample, 128 micro-Raman spectra were collected along the direction orthogonal to the layers' growth with a step size of 78 nm, thus covering a 10 \(\upmu\)m path and crossing through the GaN heterostructure (see Figure 2).  
Figure 3: (a) SEM image of the cross-sectional view of the device as obtained after ion milling, (b) the result of the SEM zoom measurement obtained from the region contained within the red square in image (a). The different layers composing the device are clearly visible and identified.  
Each spectrum was acquired with an exposure time of 30 s, and the entire collection process took 64 min.
## 2 Trends on ICT Adoption
In summary, some of the discussed studies highlight that not all the DMs who receive information actually implement it, and both technical, but most of all, behavioral barriers undermine information implementation. Further, even when ICT information is implemented and put into action, quantitative studies highlight that in many occasions there is a lack of benefits from ICT-aided decision processes. This poses serious limits for ICT development in agriculture because investments are not easily justifiable and returns doubtful [4]. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Authors** & **Journal** & **Field of Application** & **Case Study Location** & **Type of Information** & **Benefits** & **Barriers** \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{[26]} & Journal of Environmental & \multirow{3}{*}{Water quality} & \multirow{3}{*}{Netherlands} & \multirow{3}{*}{Earth observations} & \multirow{3}{*}{0-0.4 mflc} & Quality of information; uncertainty on reliability: DM’s prior expectations; lack of confidence on informed actions; political barriers \\ \cline{2-2} \cline{6-6}  & Regional & & & & & \\ \cline{2-2} \cline{6-6}  & Environmental & \multirow{3}{*}{Agriculture} & \multirow{3}{*}{Southeastern United States} & \multirow{3}{*}{Climate information} & \multirow{3}{*}{0-3.4 mfls} & Agricultural sector; region; use of discrete-type forecasts \\ \cline{2-2} \cline{6-6}  & & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{[28]} & Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics & \multirow{3}{*}{Agriculture} & \multirow{3}{*}{Australia} & \multirow{3}{*}{Seasonal forecasts} & \multirow{3}{*}{0-55 \$/ha} & Quality of information; \\  & & & & & & \\ \cline{2-2} \cline{6-6}  & Agricultural Systems & Crop plan & U.S.A. & Weather forecasts & & & \\ \cline{2-2} \cline{6-6}  & & & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{[29]} & Climatic Change & Agriculture & U.S.A. & Decadal climate variability & & & \\ \cline{2-2} \cline{6-6}  & & & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{[30]} & Water & \multirow{3}{*}{Irrigation} & Denmark, Portugal, Spain, Greece Italy & Crop water requirements & & & \\ \cline{2-2} \cline{6-6}  & & & & & & \\ \cline{2-2} \cline{6-6}  & Water & \multirow{3}{*}{Water management in agriculture} & \multirow{3}{*}{Italy} & Long- and short-term crop water requirements & & & \\ \cline{2-2} \cline{6-6}  & & & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{[31]} & European Journal of Astronomy & \multirow{3}{*}{Sugarcane irrigation} & \multirow{3}{*}{Australia} & \multirow{3}{*}{Seasonal forecasts} & \multirow{3}{*}{0-200 \$/ha} & Quality of information; uncertainty on reliability; type of forecast \\ \cline{2-2} \cline{6-6}  & Agricultural water management & & & & & \\ \cline{2-2} \cline{6-6}  & & & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{[32]} & Agricultural water management & \multirow{3}{*}{Cotton} & \multirow{3}{*}{China} & Weather forecasts and crop stress & & \\ \cline{2-2} \cline{6-6}  & & & & & & \\ \cline{2-2} \cline{6-6}  & & & & & & \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Examples of estimation of benefits from information implementation.
# Development of Analytical Model for Bonding of CFRP Rod in Concrete Subjected to Cyclic Loads
## 3 Development of Finite Element Model for G40 Concrete and UHPFRC Using Non-Interface Element  
Numerical analysis via the Finite Element Method (FEM) is conducted to evaluate the bond strength between Carbon-Fibre-Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) and concrete in the absence of interface elements. The FEM software Abaqus/CAE v. 2022 is utilised to model the CFRP pull-out test for both Grade 40 concrete and Ultra-High-Performance Fibre-Reinforced Concrete (UHPFRC). Additionally, a microanalysis of the pull-out test was performed, considering scenarios with and without an interface element, as analytically formulated in this study.
## 3 Overall Architecture of DMPN
### Virtual-Reality Mapping
#### 3.1.1 Data Capture  
All the functions of the cyber-layer monitoring system are directly or indirectly based on data acquisition, so data acquisition runs through the life cycle of the whole system. The collected data can be roughly divided into system data and dynamic data. System data refer to the fixed parameters in the production process, such as equipment parameters, communication parameters, operation parameters and so on. Dynamic data refer to the parameters that are constantly changing in the production process, and this part of the parameters is real-time data.  
According to the mode of communication, industrial field equipment can be divided into Ethernet equipment and serial port equipment. PAG has two-channel Ethernet and three-way RS485, which supports both Ethernet communication and serial communication. Each PAG and Ethernet device has a unique IP address, which can be accessed by any device in the network through the IP address. PAG sends EPA messages to devices with the corresponding IP addresses through EPA communication function block NETR to obtain variable data for each variable area of the equipment. At the same time, PAG can connect the field devices as slave devices by serial communication, and serial communication instructions can map the variable areas of the slave devices that are found by the controller.