# APTM: A Model for Pervasive Traceability of Agrochemicals
###### Abstract  
As the world population increases and the need for food monoculture farms are using more and more agrochemicals, there is also an increase in the possibility of theft, misuse, environmental damage, piracy of products, and health problems. This article addresses these issues by introducing the agrochemical pervasive traceability model (APTM), which integrates machine learning, sensors, microcontrollers, gamification, and two blockchains. It contributes in two dimensions: (I) the study of the environmental, product piracy and regulatory of agrochemical control; (II) the technological dimension: application of an adequate set of sensors collecting multiple data; modeling and implementation of a system via machine learning for analyzing and predicting the behavior and use of agrochemicals; development of a scoring system via gamification for reverse use of agrochemicals; and presenting a record of transactions in a consortium of two blockchains, simultaneously. Its main advantage is to be a flexible, adaptable, and expansive model. Results indicated that the model has positive aspects, from detecting the agrochemical, its handling, and disposal, recording of transactions, and data visualization along the reverse supply chain. This study obtained a round trip time of 0.510 ms on average; data transfers between layer one and its persistence in the database were between 4 to 5 s. Thus, blockchain nodes consumed only 34 to 38% of CPU and recorded transactions between 2 to 4 s. These results point to a horizon of applicability in real situations within agricultural farms. reverse supply chain; blockchain; agrochemicals; IoT; multi-sensor; gamification 2021  
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damage should be noted. The agricultural production chain and its logistics are pretty long. In particular, the chain of commercialization and agrochemicals usage is reversed (the employed packaging must be returned to the manufacturer). Also, producers do not receive proper training in the use of agrochemicals, nor are they dedicated to reading leaflets and labels [6]. Notwithstanding, a series of minor problems can affect the production chain as a whole, such as: improper handling, application, and theft of agrochemicals; lack of detailed monitoring of the application and return of packaging; lack of location information of a specific product within the production chain; absence of control not only from the producer but also from the state (both need to have confidence in transactions and eventual audits); absence of mechanisms to indicate that the product is operating in its respective productive chain within the regulation. Among the problems mentioned, agrochemical theft is well-mentioned [7], which indicated the need for greater attention and training via government extension offices. The piracy of chemicals is an additional problem on the regulatory bodies' agenda, suggesting that more action is needed by the agencies and the development of strategies to reduce environmental damage. However, the technological issues are relatively neglected [8]. The Internet of Things (IoT) devices are dispersed to cyber attacks due to their vast exposure in farm environments; the study outlines a multi-level security architecture for precision agriculture [9]. The use of pirated products is also a risk, whose control is a state's responsibility, as well as meet the demand for up-to-date information on the use of these products [10]. In other areas of logistics, frameworks have already been developed to track the textile supply chain, but without the adoption of blockchain or IoT [11]. The packaging return process has gaps in the case of not counting on the social responsibility of those involved (even in an agricultural cooperative) [12]; there is also a responsibility gap, later, when they are recorded in a private blockchain, which allows full tracking of agrochemicals packages movement.