# Impact of Intersection Left Turn Guide Lines Configuration on Novice Drivers' Behavior
## 3 Results
### Impact Analysis Based on Eye-Tracker Data  
Eye-tracker data analysis revealed that guide line configuration influences the attention of novice drivers. In Scenario 6, without guide lines, gaze points are scattered, mainly concentrated in the upper-left area (Figure 15). Introducing one guide line maintains scattered gaze points, now predominantly in the middle-left area. Full guide lines concentrate gaze points in the lower-left area, specifically on the roadway surface between the guide lines, demonstrating a significant guiding effect on drivers' attention. Table 6 presents the statistical results of driver gaze time in different areas of interest, denoted by T (in milliseconds) and P (as a percentage). The proportional distribution of driver gaze points across various scenarios is visually depicted in Figure 16. AOI 2 consistently receives the least attention in all scenarios, with some instances showing gaze points close to or at 0%, such as in Scenarios 1-A, 1-B, 1-C, 2-B, 2-C, 3-C, 4-C, 5-B, 5-C, and 6-C. This aligns with typical driving behavior, where drivers tend to focus more on the left side of the field of view during left turns at intersections. Upon analyzing sub-scenes with various guide line settings across the six major categories, it is apparent that within each major category, the increase in the number of guide lines leads to a notable decrease in the proportion of driver attention points in AOI 1, AOI 2, and AOI 5. In Scenario 5, for instance, proportions in AOI 1 for no guide line (5-A), one guide line (5-B), and full guide lines (5-C) are 53.78%, 4.81%, and 3.25%, respectively. Corresponding proportions in AOI 2 are 5.46%, 0.78%, and 0.00%, and in AOI 5 are 14.25%, 1.12%, and 0.62%. Conversely, the proportion of driver gaze points in AOI 3 significantly increases, with proportions in Scenario 5 being 9.04%, 20.81%, and 91.53% for no guide line (5-A), one guide line (5-B), and full guide lines (5-C), respectively. AOI 3 emerges as an effective area guided by guide lines, underscoring their substantial impact on the areas  
Figure 14: Speed difference distribution during left turn in scenarios: (**a**) Scenario 4; (**b**) Scenario 5; (**c**) Scenario 6. Figure 15: Distribution of drivers’ gaze points during left turn in Scenario 6.  
commanding driver attention during left turns and providing clear guidance for left-turn driving behavior. In comparing the six major scenarios, the absence of guide lines results in a relatively small and consistent proportion of driver gaze points in AOI 3, ranging from 8% in 1-A to 12% in 2-A. Introducing one guide line leads to significant variation, ranging from 34% in 1-B to 12% in 6-B. Full guide lines show a substantial increase, ranging from 72% in 1-C to 94% in 6-C, particularly in large intersections with three left-turn lanes (6-C), where the majority of gaze points fall within AOI 3, underscoring the impactful role of guide lines. Examining the same guide line settings across different intersection sizes, without guide lines, the likelihood of driver gaze points falling in AOI 1 increases with intersection size. With one guide line, the probability is generally small but slightly larger in larger \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Scenarios**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**AOI 1**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**AOI 2**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**AOI 3**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**AOI 4**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**AOI 5**} \\ \cline{2-11}  & **T (ms)** & **P (\%)** & **T (ms)** & **P (\%)** & **T (ms)** & **P (\%)** & **T (ms)** & **P (\%)** & **T (ms)** & **P (\%)** \\ \hline  
& 161.59 & 3.02 & 0.00 & 0.00 & 5002.58 & 93.65 & 162.21 & 3.04 & 15.62 & 0.29 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 6: Statistical results of driver gaze time in different areas of interest. Figure 16: Distribution of driver’s focus in different AOI in different scenarios. intersections.