## 1 Introduction
### Contribution in CO2 Emissions
The significant increase in demand for EVs and the corresponding rise in EV charging infrastructures have led to extensive discussions among research institutions and energy supply companies on how to mitigate the strain on local electrical networks. This is due to the expanding number of EV charging stations [14; 15]. EV charging stations can potentially leverage renewable energy sources such as wind and solar power to assist local electricity networks in compensating for any deficiencies. Several key global factors are contributing to the swift growth of EVs. The progress in electric motor and electronic control system technologies has led to the direct control of EV propulsion. Additionally, there have been notable advancements in supporting technologies for EVs, including grid-to-vehicle (G2V) and vehicle-to-grid (V2G) systems [16]. An increasing public awareness and commitment to addressing climate change have been observed [17]. Commercial vehicle electrification is a crucial area of research due to its potential to significantly reduce CO\({}_{2}\) emissions [18; 19]. The primary focus of commercial vehicle research in the field of electrification has been on hybridization. This is primarily due to considerations such as battery capacity, EV range, and the limited availability of public charging infrastructure [20; 21]. Light-duty trucks (LDTs) demonstrated a successful conversion without significant alterations to travel behavior [22]. As a result, they have become the primary focus for the initial implementation of zero-emission commercial electric vehicles (CEVs), such as electric trucks (ETs). Advancements in lithium battery technology [23] have facilitated the technical and economic feasibility of electric trucks when compared to diesel and alternative-fuel trucks [24]. In their study, [PERSON] et al. [25] introduced a hybrid optimization model that aims to effectively manage battery storage in order to maximize the utilization of power generated by a solar PV array, while simultaneously minimizing the operational expenses associated with the control system. In their study, [PERSON] et al. [26] investigated the underlying factors contributing to the premature failure of a storage battery within a solar photovoltaic (PV) array system installed in a commercial building. The wind-energy-driven charging station (CS) is advantageous for EVs due to its availability both during the day and at night. A plethora of papers pertaining to this field can be found [27; 28; 29]. The infrastructure and control mechanism for PV, wind, and fuel-cell-based EV charging are detailed in Reference [30]. In their study, [PERSON] and [PERSON] [31] discussed the significance of renewable energy in ensuring the sustainable future of EV charging stations. In their study, [PERSON] et al. [32] successfully charged solar-powered vehicles using a high-powered bidirectional EV charger. The charger in question does not support AC charging. In their study, [PERSON] et al. [33] incorporated a three-port converter for the purpose of establishing a connection between a photovoltaic array and an EV charger. The design of the charger did not take into account the distortions in the grid current. [PERSON] et al. [34] have introduced a modified z-source converter that can be utilized in the development of a PV array/grid-connected EV charger. However, the charger was not designed to operate in island mode. Due to its limitations, the system lacks the capability to facilitate EV charging in off-grid locations. The PV-array-based charging station was introduced by [PERSON] et al. [35] to offer various functionalities in vehicle-to-grid (V2G) systems. These functionalities include the provision of a charging facility, reactive/active power support, active power filtering, and the enabling of vehicle-to-home operation. In their study, [PERSON] et al. [36] constructed a grid-tied photovoltaic (PV) array system designed specifically for residential applications and integration with EVs.