# A Novel Method to Determine the Optimal Location for a Cellular Tower by Using LiDAR Data
## 4 Results and Discussions
### Determination of the Strength of the Signal
#### 4.1.4 Validation  
For the validation, the fitted equation is being tested for the 500 testing points. For these testing points, the RMSE error is 5.48. While comparing a list of values of 500 points  
The determination of the Z coordinate of cell phone tower: The Z parameter is required to be determined for finding the optimal height of the cell phone tower. For estimating the Z value, X and Y are fixed at the center of an area, and Z keeps on varying [4]. The Z parameter is determined in reference, which signifies that the height of a cell phone tower is set equal to or more than the height of the highest building in the area. For determining the Z of cell phone tower, the tower is initially kept at an X and Y centroid of that area and then the height of the tower starting from 0, 5, 15, 20, 30, and 35 m is taken one by one (described in the supplementary file as Figures S3-S5). Determination of the X and Y coordinates of the cell phone tower: After getting the height estimation of the tower, the final optimum location X and Y of the tower are determined by the following steps given below:  
Step 1: Taking the required project area of RGIPT where the deployment of the tower is processing, which is shown in Figure 10. Then, we have to inscribe the area in a rectangle named \"ABCD\", as shown in Figure S6a. After this, there is a need to determine the building's edges and corners, which is discussed in [4]. The determined buildings are then plotted in MATLAB over the project area of the RGIPT campus, as shown in Figure S6b. Step 2: For the placement of a cell phone tower, there is a need for a space from (2 m \(\times\) 2 m) to (5 m \(\times\) 5 m). Therefore, here we make partitions of the area in several blocks (5 m \(\times\) 5 m), shown in Figure S7a. For the optimal location, there is a need to have some random user locations to check the signal strength. Random points are generated for each block that is found in step 2. For these random points, signal strength will be calculated, and the log sum of these values gives the final value of signal strength to that block. Now the question is, how can we choose the number of random points to be generated. Therefore, we check the final signal strength value of block for 3 points, 5 points, 7 points, 10 points, and come up with the results that if we have 4 corners of a block it is the least accurate to choose points that are less than 4. For the rest, there is little difference in the final signal strength value when we talk about 5, 7, and 10, as shown in Figure S7b. Therefore, we choose 5 points for a block. Step 3: For the deployment of a cell tower in a project area. The area fitted in a rectangle \"R\" (ABCD) is now ready to locate one cell phone tower at the centroid of the rectangle \"R\", as shown in Figure S8. \"C\" is the centroid of rectangle \"R\". The calculated \"C\" is not accurate for the uneven area, so we choose a square taking \"C\" as Centroid. The dimensions of the square taken here are decided on the basis of different types of areas mentioned. Step 4: For the deployment of a cell tower in a project area. Different shapes are taken for choosing the area dimension of the buffer near the centroid region. The establishment of the finest grid (2 m \(\times\) 2 m) of \"mg\" numbers, (xl, yl) for every mg grid is calculated (l ranges between 1 to mg, mg being the total number of grid cells). L-shaped area (100 m \(\times\) 100 m)--We fit the rectangle in an irregular-shaped area. Find out the centroid and the distance of the centroid from the outer wall of the irregular area. For the initial case, the dimension is taken as 30 m \(\times\) 30 m, and we divide the area into blocks of dimensions (2 m \(\times\) 2 m) as a cell phone tower requires this much area to establish. Now for each block, there is a centroid named c1, c2, c3 \(\ldots\) cn, as shown in Figure S9. Now the whole area is L-shaped, which is now divided into several blocks as mentioned earlier, i.e., 5 m \(\times\) 5 m dimension.