# State of the Art Review about Bio-Inspired Design and Applications: An Aerospace Perspective
###### Abstract  
The field of bio-inspired design has tremendously transitioned into newer automated methods, yet there are methods being discovered which can elucidate underlying principles in design, materials, and manufacturing. Bio-inspired design aims to translate knowledge from the natural world to the current trends in industry. The recent growth in additive manufacturing (AM)methods has fueled the tremendous growth of bio-inspired products. It has enabled the production of intricate and complicated features notably used in the aerospace industry. Numerous methodologies were adopted to analyse the process of bio-inspired material selection, manufacturing methods, design, and applications. In the current review, different approaches are implemented to utilize bio-inspired designs that have revolutionized the aerospace industry, focusing on AM methods.  
bio-inspireddesign; additive manufacturing; aerospace +
Footnote †: journal: Applied  
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Footnote †: journal: Applied  
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initial steps focus on extensive research and laying the groundwork for existing biological systems and methods. These were further extended to specific areas where bio-inspired design was targeted and the methodologies it can follow for further scope. The entire framework was based on the process, structure, property, behaviour, which can further be elaborated for AM. These were expanded into the design spaces for the method of design of additive manufacturing (DFAM) [8]. One of the key examples was the wings of a beetle. It was chosen due to its large wingspan. After the study and research, experimentation is conducted to replicate this using a scotch yoke mechanism. This was used in drones and aerofoil structures. Subsequently, DFAM methods such as FEA (finite element analysis) and initial CAD (computer aided design) design were applied for manufacturing. The further scope for research emphasizes bio-inspired materials, which was combined with the plan for the optimization of parts [9; 10]. The benchmark of design has evolved to a bio-inspired strategy to create artificial solutions with natural capability [11; 12; 13; 14; 15; 16]. Systematic design literature and its methods have developed over the years, being much more relevant in today's world due to the approach of finding ecologically sustainable solutions. Figure 1 shows the different methods to implement the bio-inspired design, involving a top-down or bottom-up approach. The bio-inspired method [11] identified the unmet needs and translated these into the feasibility of an application. The bio-inspired method [15] used the biological functions to enable iterative solutions used to extract the neutral solutions, the combination of biology and mechanics followed by constraints. The Aalborg Method emphasized integrating the bionic design process that selected the natural system and evaluated the environmental factors [17]. The spiral design method [18] led to the development of a design brief that focused on the human need, with natural modes, and explored inventive principles to build ideas. The problem method analysed the micro to macro levels, to reframe the solution with parallels between the systems and components.  
The replacement of conventional materials in aerospace with bio-inspired materials, techniques, and methods can damage tolerance, strength, and durability. The applications vary from specific rudder parts to aerofoil designs in aeronautical parts. Figure 2 shows the methodology adopted to review the bio-inspired design.  
Figure 1: The bio-inspired design methods [19].