esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# ODIN112-AI-Assisted Emergency Services in Romania
## 5 Discussion  
### Automatic Speech Recognition  
Table 8 introduces the results for each model trained on a specific dataset, as well as the overarching results when the model was tested on all datasets. Each dataset obtained the best test scores when trained on the same dataset, except for the model trained on all data which performed better on the test subset of SWARA.  
The model trained using the Echo dataset outperforms the others to the extent that results are consistent across all test sets and the WER is between 4% and 5%; in contrast, SWARA obtains error rates between 3% and 35%, RSC between 4% and 14%, and the merged collection (i.e., All) between 3% and 6%. This argues that the model trained using the Echo dataset generalizes better, which is a direct result of the higher data quality and a larger diversity of transcripts.  
The \"Echo\" and \"All\" models have similar error rates, with \"All\" outperforming \"Echo\" on SWARA and RSC, while \"Echo\" outperformed \"All\" for \"Echo\" and \"All\" datasets. Even though the difference between the two is within 1%, the model trained on all the recordings has the potential to outperform all of the other ones as the neural network used at this moment may be too shallow to learn from all the data offered as input. Nevertheless, our results are comparable to the best previously published results for the Romanian language, namely: a 3.27% WER [4] reported on the RSC dataset for a similar TDNN model, but using a Recurrent Neural Network language model; a WER of 2.79% [43] obtained also using an RNN-LM trained on the RSC and SSC - the Spontaneous Speech Corpus, summing up to over 225 h of recordings.  
In addition, we rely on a simple processing of transcripts that considers only the words for training the model, without any punctuation or letter casing; this is normally handled by the language model. We will consider improving these aspects together with the language model's accuracy in future iterations of our solution.
# A Study of Forest Phenology Prediction Based on GRU Models
## 1 Introduction
Based on different irrigation conditions, the GRU model was separately trained for prediction, and the accuracy of the results under different irrigation conditions was discussed. These results can assist forestry and water resource management personnel in better understanding the growth and irrigation needs of forest areas, thus enabling more precise development of management and protection strategies, thereby improving forest productivity and water resource utilization efficiency.
## 1 Introduction
The main contributions of this paper are as follows:  
1. A predefined-time control strategy based on RBFNNs is proposed, effectively approximating external disturbances through RBFNNs, thereby enhancing the robustness and approximation performance of the system. 2. The introduction of predefined-time control technology ensures that tracking errors converge to a neighborhood of zero within a predefined time, offering better convergence speed and performance compared to traditional methods. 2. By decoupling the control model into driven and non-driven subsystems, the control law derivation is simplified, and the unmodeled parts of the system are effectively compensated, thereby improving the stability and adaptability of the control system. Compared with existing strategies, the proposed approach guarantees that the tracking error converges to a neighborhood of zero within a predefined time, improving the system's convergence speed and tracking performance. This approach facilitates the derivation of model-parameter-free control laws, compensates for unmodeled parts using predefined-time adaptive techniques, and estimates external disturbances through RBFNNs, effectively mitigating their adverse impact on the system. The structure of this paper is organized as follows: the Section 1 presents the mathematical modeling of the underactuated AUV and decouples the model; the Section 2 designs a virtual control law based on backstepping, followed by the design of a predefined-time adaptive control law, with RBFNNs used to compensate for the effects of unknown disturbances; the Section 3 provides stability analysis, proving that the virtual control law, predefined-time control law, adaptive law, and weight update rule all satisfy the [PERSON] stability theorem; the Section 4 presents the experimental results, demonstrating the effectiveness of the proposed method through simulations; and the Section 5 concludes the paper.
###### Abstract  
Steel slag is a byproduct generated as waste during the steelmaking process and can be considered a cost-effective and environmentally acceptable alternative to replace natural aggregates. Using steel slag aggregates (SSA) to produce asphalt mixtures promotes sustainability and circular economy principles by using an industrial byproduct as a raw material. Thus, this work mainly aims to design more sustainable asphalt mixtures with high amounts of SSA that fit the circular economy expectations. This work developed two asphalt mixtures with SSA for surface (AC 14 surf) and binder/base (AC 20 bin/base) courses. Initially, the excellent wearing and polishing resistance of SSA and their good affinity with bitumen demonstrated the potential of this byproduct to be used in asphalt mixtures. Then, when analyzing the influence of using two different SSA incorporation rates (50% and a percentage close to 100%) in both asphalt mixtures, it was concluded that the use of SSA should be limited to 75% to avoid excessive air void contents and durability problems. The importance of considering the different particle densities of SSA and natural aggregates was highlighted during the mix design by defining a relationship between an effective and equivalent binder content. Finally, the mechanical performance of AC 14 and AC 20 with 75% SSA incorporation was compared to identical conventional mixtures produced with natural granite aggregates. The results obtained showed that the asphalt mixtures with 75% SSA have some workability problems due to the rough and porous surface of SSA. However, they present an excellent water sensitivity and permanent deformation resistance, surpassing the performance of the conventional asphalt mixtures.  
steel slag aggregates (SSA); mix design; asphalt pavements; mechanical performance; circular economy +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences  
Article  
Viability of Using High Amounts of Steel Slag Aggregates to Improve the Circularity and Performance of Asphalt Mixtures
## 3 Results and Analyses
### Area Monitoring Results  
The GEE cloud platform was used to create features for Sentinel-2A images, and the random forest classification method was used to find areas in Huinong District where maize could be grown from 2017 to 2021. This approach enables the efficient data pre-processing of remote sensing photos. The researchers were able to efficiently analyze and depict the geographical arrangement of maize cultivation regions inside Huinong District. Figure 6 displays the spatial distribution map of the maize-growing area in Huinong District from 2017 to 2021. The data shown in the figure indicate that the distribution of maize is primarily concentrated in the Yellow River impact plain located in the central and southern regions of Huinong District. Additionally, there are some maize planting places seen along the course of the Yellow River. The western region is characterized by the presence of a steep terrain, primarily attributed to the Helan Mountain range. Consequently, this area exhibits a greater abundance of mountainous hills. On the other hand, the northern region is characterized by a flooded, sloping plain situated on the eastern slopes of Helan Mountain. This particular  
Figure 4: Evaluation of overall classification accuracy.  
Figure 5: Kappa coefficient evaluation.  
location is home to numerous industrial parks, resulting in a relatively lower prevalence of maize cultivation. Remote sensing technology has revealed a noticeable increase in the maize sown area in Huinong District, as shown in Table 4. This growth trend aligns with the statistical records on maize cultivation provided by the Bureau of Statistics of the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region.
## 2 Related Work
On the other hand, our paper proposed an all-in-one system of USVS, which includes video surveillance, scalable video streaming, Cloud computing, a middleware platform (SOUL) for a smart city, and a smart city paradigm (UTOPIA), and dealt with image processing for object detection with MapReduce using USVS. [PERSON] et al. [23] present fog computing based resource-efficient distributed video summarization over a multi-region fog computing paradigm for IoT-assisted smart cities. In comparison, our paper dealt with a cloud-based system, but [PERSON] et al. deal with a fog-based system, they use Spark but we used MapReduce, they do not mention smart city middleware but we proposed an all-in-one system, USVS, of video surveillance, a middleware platform (SOUL) for a smart city, and a smart city paradigm (UTOPIA). [PERSON] et al. [24] present an intelligent video surveillance framework using the deep learning algorithm with convolution neural networks. In comparison, their framework is not a general purpose framework for a smart city and their paper focuses on the deep learning algorithm with convolution neural networks, but our middleware platform was a general purpose middleware platform, and we dealt with MapReduce for object detection using USVS. [PERSON] et al. [25] present their approach for abnormal visual event detection in smart city surveillance with edge computing, multi-instance learning, and the autoregressive integrated moving average model. In comparison, they do not mention any smart city middleware but we proposed an all-in-one system of USVS, which includes video surveillance, scalable video streaming, Cloud computing, a middleware platform (SOUL) for a smart city, and a smart city paradigm (UTOPIA), and dealt with image processing for object detection with MapReduce using USVS. They use edge computing, but we used Cloud computing. They deal with abnormal visual event detection, but we dealt with object detection. SOUL is going to support edge computing soon.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Mathematical Formulation of the Distribution Network Reconfiguration Problem
#### 2.1.3 Formulation of Constraints  
The various constraints related to the voltages of the network nodes and to the transits of the currents in the lines are called security constraints.  
* _Voltage constraints_  
The voltage constraint is expressed in an optimization algorithm in the following manner [25]:  
\[V_{i}^{min}\leq V_{i}\leq V_{i}^{max} \tag{4}\]  
where  
\(V_{i}\) is the voltage at node '\(i\)' of the network.  
\(V_{i}^{min}\): minimum voltage, \(-10\%\) of nominal voltage (1 pu).  
\(V_{i}^{max}\): maximum voltage, \(+10\%\) of nominal voltage (1 pu).  
* _Currents constraints_ In addition to the voltage constraints, the currents transmitted through the branches require special attention from distribution network operators. These currents must not exceed the steady-state thresholds. This constraint can be expressed mathematically (5) [25]:  
\[\text{I}_{\text{ij}}\leq\text{I}_{\text{ij}}^{\text{max\_adm}} \tag{5}\]  
where \(\text{I}_{\text{ij}}\) represents the electrical current transited in a branch (i, j), and \(\text{I}_{\text{ij}}^{\text{max\_adm}}\) represents the maximum current in the branch (i, j). These currents were calculated for each topology using the load-flow program [25].
* _Topological constraints_ When looking for a topology that meets the aforementioned criteria, a set of topology constraints must be observed in addition to security constraints. The desired radial topology must be equivalent to a spanning tree that models the general structure of a network when topology constraints are translated into a graph theory. To ensure compliance with these constraints, it is mandatory that this spanning tree must adhere to the following:
* _Contain (\(N-1\)) edges, where \(N\) is the total number of vertices in the graph;
* _Include all the graph's vertices (we must then ensure that the graph is connected);
* Be characterized_ by the absence of loops The topological constraints are given by (6) and (7) \[Nb_{\text{closed lines}}=N-1\] (6) \[\forall x_{i},x_{j}\in N,\exists\{C_{i}\cup C_{j}\},\text{ let }\prod_{k}^{n}Z_{k}.\prod_{k}^{n}Z_{k}=1\] (7) \[Nb_{\text{closed lines}}\text{: number of closed network branches.}\] \[N\text{: total number of nodes.}\] \[C_{i}\cup C_{j}\text{: unique path connecting node i and node j.}\] \[Z_{k_{r}},\ Z_{jk}\text{: topological states (}0/1\text{) of the }n\text{ branches that constitute the path }C_{i}\cup C_{j}.\] \[k\text{: index of the branches that constitute the path. }\]
## 1 Introduction
### Contributions  
To the best of the authors' knowledge, the performance of a dual-hop DF relaying system with beamforming using adaptive transmission techniques in \(\kappa-\mu\) shadowed fading environment has not been analyzed in the literature. Therefore, in our work, we evaluate the performance of a dual-hop DF relaying system with beamforming using adaptive transmission techniques in \(\kappa-\mu\) shadowed fading environments. We use a relay with a single antenna for communication between two nodes (i.e., the multiple-antenna source and the multiple-antenna destination). We considered a dual-hop relaying system, where mobile equipment (i.e., a relay with a single antenna) assists other transceivers by relaying signals. A similar system design is considered for adaptive and non-adaptive transmission systems in [22] and [34; 35; 36; 37; 38; 39; 40; 41; 42; 43; 44], respectively.  
Our key contributions are summarized as follows:  
* We obtain new and exact results in an analytic form for the OP and average capacity using adaptive transmission techniques, such as optimal power and rate adaptation (OPRA), optimal rate adaptation with a constant transmit power (ORA), truncated channel inversion with a fixed rate (TIFR), and channel inversion with a fixed rate (CIFR).
* Using the obtained analytical results, we analyzed the system performance for various combinations of source and destination antennas and for different shadowing and fading parameters.
* It should be noted that all the obtained analytical expressions are general for \(\kappa-\mu\) shadowed fading scenario, and we can therefore easily transform these expressions into some special cases, namely, Nakagami-\(\hat{n}\)/Nakagami-\(\hat{n}\), \(\kappa-\mu/\kappa-\mu\), Rayleigh/Rayleigh, Rician-shadowed/Rician-shadowed, Rician/Rician, and mixed Rayleigh, \(\kappa-\mu\), Rician-shadowed, Nakagami-\(\hat{m}\), and Rician fading links. These fading arrangements can occur in various applications including satellite, micro-/macro-cellular, and/or hybrid satellite/terrestrial communication systems.
* Our results can efficiently be used to investigate the behavior of various channels like the ones in land mobile satellite systems, underwater acoustic communications, body centric communications, and other different wireless communication applications.  
The rest of the paper is organized into six sections. Section 2 gives the descriptions about our considered system model and the channel model. The OP expression and average capacity expressions, which are derived using adaptive transmission techniques in the considered system, are given in Section 3. In Section 4, some special cases, obtained from our derived expressions, are discussed. The simulation results and numerical results, based on our obtained expressions in analytic form, are provided in Section 5, and finally, in Section 6, this paper is summarized and concluded.
# Distributed Management Systems for Infocommunication Networks: A Model Based on TM Forum Framework
## 1 Introduction  
Unlimited growth of network traffic, processes of convergence of networks and network devices and the need for new business models determine the growing importance of new methods of reducing operating costs, making efficient use of network resources, and reducing risks in managing digital businesses. However, the existing management systems for networks and communication services [1; 2; 3; 4; 5] are able to render next-generation infocommunication services with the required level of flexibility, management and cost-saving only in part.  
The Tele Management Forum (TM Forum) [6], an international non-commercial association of telecommunication companies and their suppliers, is directing its partners towards a successful implementation of digital companies. TM Forum experts proposed the idea of open digital architecture (ODA) [7], which is expected to replace traditional operation support systems/business support systems (OSSs/BSSs) as well as to simplify dramatically and automate main business processes (BPs). ODAfunctionality is intended to execute business processes without any human interference using advanced technologies, including artificial intelligence (Figure 1). As its key principle, the ODA involves the component approach with the logic of microservices and open APIs (Application Programming Interfaces). The main design concepts of such architectures, and also the new virtualization approaches for the physical resources of next-generation infocommunication networks, were described in the ITU-T Recommendations, see the Y.3000-Y.3499 series [8]. More specifically, services are formed through the integration of program components represented by the elements of a distributed system; services are abstracted from network resources and their arrangement, thereby implementing network virtualization: multiple services-single network. The business processes implementing the main services of a communication company are the integration base for program components (PCs). In other words, management system design involves a set of interconnected PCs that are intended to perform separate partial tasks for BP execution. The resulting adaptive management system can be easily reconfigured to any BP. The set of PCs matches the Enhanced Telecom Operations Map (eTOM) library modules: all necessary actions for creating a new service are implemented by the PCs connected with each other through the corresponding business processes.
# Effect of Lateral End Plates on Flow Crossing a Yawed Circular Cylinder
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Pressure Distribution on Cylinder Wall
#### 3.3.1 Non-Slip Boundary Condition  
The pressure profiles on the nine circular circumferences at three yaw angles are shown respectively in Figure 11a-c. On the frontal wall up to about an azimuthal angle of \(60^{\circ}\), the pressure distribution is of no axial variation. However, on most portion of the rear wall of the cylinder except the region around the trailing edge, the pressure is axially increased from the base end to the tip end, i.e., a positive axial pressure gradient is formed from the base side to the tip side, which increases with the yaw angle. Thus, separation of the above axial flow attached on the rear surface of the cylinder should be ascribed to the positive axial pressure gradient. In the region around the trailing edge, a convex pressure spike emerges at the base side and is more obvious for large yaw angles. The pressure spike engenders a positive pressure gradient in the base side and initiates the secondary axial flow around the trailing edge at the base end.  
Figure 10: Sampling scheme of pressure distribution on cylinder wall.  
Figure 9: Streamline development for three yaw angles under periodic boundary condition.
# Occlusion Vehicle Target Recognition Method Based on Component Model
## 2 Occlusion Vehicle Target Segmentation and Recognition Scheme Design  
Aiming at the problem of vehicle target recognition under complex backgrounds, illumination change, and occlusion in urban traffic environments, the visual saliency mechanism is introduced to filter out the complex background. The Swin Transformer, receptive field expansion, and attention mechanism are used to reliably extract the vehicle target components. The Mask Decoder component is introduced to recognize the occluded vehicle in the component area distribution. The designed two-stage net VSRS-VCFM structure of occluded vehicle recognition is shown in Figure 1.  
The VSRS-VCFM (Visual Salient Region Segment-Vehicle Component Feature Mask) network recognition method is mainly divided into two modules. First, in the Visual Salient Region Segment Module, the improved U-NET is used to detect the visual salient region of the detected image. Foreground objects, such as vehicles from the image, are segmented. The Vehicle Component Feature Mask module consists of four parts: the Swin Transformer unit, component perception enhancement unit, efficient attention unit, and CMR Unit. These modules can be used to extract the target low-contrast parts of the vehicle, filter out irrelevant areas, remove the feature areas of damaged parts, and provide effective data for classification. Vehicle identification is realized according to component distribution characteristics.