# A Novel Method to Determine the Optimal Location for a Cellular Tower by Using LiDAR Data
## 4 Results and Discussions
### Determination of the Strength of the Signal
#### 4.2.2 Urban Area (Shahganj Area of Agra City, India)  
The urban area consists of a big population, more buildings, and difficulty in finding the best possible location for a cell phone tower. For the determination of the best location in the Shahganj area of Agra city (3 km), as shown in Figure S19a. The area itself consists of 5 Jio network towers, as shown in Figure S20a. However, the signal strength from these towers is not that accurate and adequate. There is a need for the best location for these towers.  
1. Two-dimensional mapping of Agra city area: The Shahganj area of Agra city has five (JIO network towers), which are shown in Figure S20a, and the signal strength due to these towers is shown in Figure S20b. After applying the algorithm to an area of Agra city, the proposed locations for five towers have come in different sets of combinations. Out of these combinations, one has to be chosen that gives the best result. These positions are shown in Figure S21a, and the signal strength map is shown in Figure S21b. For the city location, LIDAR data are generated, which are shown in Figure S19b. For the generated LIDAR data shown in Figure S19b, DEM is created, which is shown in Figure S19c.
2. Three-dimensional mapping of Agra city area: 3D map for the previous tower at Shahganj area is shown in Figure S23a, and a 3D map for the proposed tower location is shown in Figure S23b. While determining the signal strength due to the four proposed towers, the dB m lies between \(-\)53.73 and \(-\)88.58 (dB m) and is shown in Figure S20b.
3. Effect of towers at Building: A building is taken out from the Shahganj area, and the effect of cell phone towers on that particular building is shown in Figures S21a and S24a. This is done for two cases of previously installed towers and proposed towers. It is clearly shown in Figure S24b that signal strength is improved in the case of proposed cell phone tower locations.
4. Percentage improvement in the signal strength: Analysis is performed to find the changes that occur in the signal strength map. 1. Two cases are taken; one is when a previously installed cell phone tower is considered, and the other one is a proposed cell phone tower position. From the above Figure S24a,b, the improvement is noticeable by the signal strength legend. There is a need to calculate the average increase and decrease in signal strength. Therefore, for both cases, the map is a plot in 2D, as shown in Figure S25a,b. 2. The two signal strength maps show that the worst value obtained is \(-\)100.68 dB m at a previously installed cell phone tower location. According to the survey, for achieving an adequate signal strength, it should be not less than \(-\)85 dB m. For the above two, it is very clear that signal strength is improved in the proposed approach. 3. The min value of an increase in strength from case 1 (when the cell phone tower is at the original location) to case 2 (when the cell phone tower is at the proposed location) is 3.548 dB m. The max value of an increase in signal strength from case 1 to case 2 is 17.819 dB m. The average increase in the scenario is 6.845 dB m. 4. Min value of the decrease in signal strength from case 1 to case 2 is 0.1428 dB m. Similarly, the max value of the decrease in signal strength from case 1 to case 2 is 9.415 dB m. The average decrease in the scenario is 2.157 dB m. 5. Even the signal strength due to the proposed tower \"4\" instead of the proposed tower \"5\" is more than that of signal strength due to the pre-installed tower. It is clear from Figure S22b that instead of the proposed tower \"5\", tower \"4\" can be installed to save costs.