# Building Realistic Mobility Models for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks
## 5 Battlefield Simulation Model
### Real-World Battlefield Behaviour  
In order to build a realistic model of battlefield behaviour, it is necessary to understand the tactics commonly used in this scenario. Military tactics have been developed to cover a wide range of battlefield situations, from large-scale open field battles to a single building and even single room offensives. These are documented to a high level of detail in military training manuals, such as those produced by the US Army (US Army, 2002, [183]), which are freely available under freedom of information-related laws. Other countries are less transparent with such materials, but anecdotal evidence from serving British soldiers and veterans indicates that the British Army's tactics are effectively the same. The example scenario in Figure 1, consists of a single-floored building, and this section provides a brief outline of the relevant tactics for such an offensive. The typical organisation of troupes comprises groups of four soldiers, called squads or fire teams, led by a corporal. Each fire team will have a set of one or more objectives to achieve during the operation, or it may have a specialised task, such as an explosives team. The coordination of the fire teams is done via a bridge head secured in an appropriate location at the edge of the battlefield. Having isolated the targeted building, the preferred tactic is to take control from the top, moving down. This is for basic practical reasons, because firing a weapon and throwing grenades upwards carry considerably more risk. It also forces the enemy down and out of the building where additional support roupes can engage. Entry to a particular room can be via the doorway, via a window (assuming appropriate access can be gained from outside the building), or via a \"mouse hole\". A mouse hole is a hole deliberately blown in the wall between two rooms by the attacking army. In a building offensive, a fire team will first secure a room, then a specialist team will enter and set and detonate the explosives. Either the same fire team or an additional fire team will then enter the new room through the resulting hole in the wall. The explosives team will move to their next target via any of the safe (already secured) routes available. An alternative approach is to have an explosives expert within a fire team. Once room entry has been gained, the fire team will deploy in a standard pattern depending on the layout of the room and, in particular, the location of the entry point. The key objectives are to maintain a clear line of sight whilst also having a clear line of fire, which does not cross friendly lines. As an example, consider a rectangular room with the entry gained via a doorway in the corner (see Figure 1). Soldier number 1 will enter and immediately step right, clear of the entry. He will visually check the room, eliminate any immediate threat, and possibly lay down cover fire in a fan pattern across the room. He will then progress along the wall to the right. Number 2 will enter, step left, and do the same. Number 3 goes right, following number 1, and takes up a position just to the side of the door, with number 4 doing the same to the left. All units will fire in fan or triangular patterns, such that they do not shoot across their team's paths. As the room is secured, the soldiers are situated on either side of the door in pairs with clear views of the room and in dominating positions to control the whole room. The corner diagonally opposite the door does not have an attacking soldier in it, as this position would be in line of fire from all of the fire team. Variations on this pattern are used when the entry is in the middle of the wall rather than a corner of the room (see Figure 2). In a larger building, such as an office block, fire teams move in parallel to secure the corridor and the rooms so that the attacking soldiers cannot be out flanked by defenders from either the corridor or the rooms on either side. There are also variations on the attack pattern depending on the ultimate objective.