## 5 Discussion
The temporal analysis shows an increasing trend in disaster occurrences until the early 2000s, followed by a decline, suggesting improvements in global disaster management practices [126]. However, the continuing high frequency of certain disaster types, such as floods and industrial accidents, indicates that ongoing efforts are necessary to address these persistent risks [127]. The temporal analysis of natural and man-made (technological) disasters over 10-year intervals from 1900 to 2024 reveals significant trends and shifts in the frequency and distribution of disasters, providing valuable insights into how these patterns have evolved over time. During the early 20 th century (1900-1940), disaster events were relatively scarce, with a stable yet gradually increasing trend. From 1900 to 1910, the rate of disaster occurrences remained stable, predominantly driven by natural disasters. However, the period from 1910 to 1920 saw a noticeable increase in total disaster events, marking the onset of an upward trend. This trend persisted through the 1920s and 1930s, with both natural and man-made (technological) disasters contributing to the rise. Technological advancements and increased industrial activities during these decades likely played a role in the rise of man-made (technological) disasters [128]. Rapid urbanization and population growth, especially in the latter half of the 20 th century, have increased the exposure and vulnerability of populations to disasters [129]. Urban areas, with dense populations and critical infrastructure, often face higher risks, leading to the observed peaks in disaster events during these periods [130]. The improvement in early warning systems and communication technologies has likely contributed to the decrease in disaster events post 2005, enabling better preparedness, timely evacuations, and effective disaster response, thus reducing the overall impact and frequency of disasters [131]. The changing communication strategies for warnings (e.g., impact warnings) also attempt to achieve more adequate prevention measures by their target group [132]. In the meantime, great efforts are being made to make warnings comprehensible and to formulate vulnerabilities and recommendations for action [133; 134; 135; 136]. The mid-20 th century (1940-1970) experienced a significant surge in disaster events. The decade from 1940 to 1950 witnessed a substantial rise in both natural and man-made (technological) disasters. This increase is attributed to the rapid industrialization and urbanization that characterized the post-World War II era. The growth of industrial activities and technological development led to higher incidences of industrial accidents and other man-made (technological) disasters [137; 138]. However, they also lead to new risks and the need to redefine socially accepted risk [139]. Additionally, the rise in natural disasters could be linked to environmental changes and improved reporting and documentation of such events [140]. The influence of climate change is evident in the increasing frequency and severity of natural disasters such as floods, storms, and extreme temperatures in the late 20 th and early 21 st centuries [140]. Climate change adaptation and mitigation strategies are crucial to addressing these challenges and reducing future disaster risks [141]. Additionally, different regions experience varying types of disasters, influenced by geographical, climatic, and socio-economic factors [92]. This highlights the importance of localized DRR strategies tailored to specific regional needs and vulnerabilities rather than a one-size-fits-all approach [142; 143]. The late 20 th century (1970-2000) marked the highest increases in disaster events, particularly in the 1980s and 1990s. This period saw a peak in both natural and man-made (technological) disasters, indicating heightened vulnerability and exposure to various hazards.