Oral Microbiota's Composition and Diversity--The Alterations in Oral Microbiota That Occur with Oral Illness  
An alteration in the symbiotic connection between the oral microbial community and the host may be the result of a disturbance in the composition and function of the indigenous oral microbiome. This disturbance may have repercussions for the oral and general health of the individual. By disrupting the delicate equilibrium that exists among the microorganisms within the host--a phenomenon known as dysbiosis--pathogenic bacteria can exert their capacity to cause illness and establish pathological conditions [12]. While it is generally difficult to ascertain which oral bacteria are important for maintaining health and which are associated with oral diseases, there are indications that healthy individuals' oral microflora consists primarily of aerobes and obligate anaerobes belonging to the following genera: _Streptococcus, Veillionella, Actinomyces, Neisseria, Candida_ spp., and _Rothia mucilaginousa_[13; 14]. At the same time, a disrupted abundance of _Fusobacterium, Neisseria, Streptococcus mutans, Porphyromonas gingivalis_, and _Lactobacillus_ spp. is associated with dental diseases [15; 16];therefore, daily and therapeutic maintenance of oral microbiome hemostasis is critical for proper oral hygiene. Chronic bacterial infections may cause dental caries, widely acknowledged as the most prevalent oral disease. Changes in the populations of oral bacteria in individuals with and without caries have been correlated to adverse outcomes, even for very young children [17], including children as young as three years and before clinical caries detection [18]. In one report, [PERSON] et al. showed that there was a greater presence of _Streptococcus mutans_ in children with a high number of cavities compared to those who were cavity-free. At the same time, there was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of other species or functional genes [19]. In other studies, _Prevotella_ and _Leprotrichiia_ genera were noted to be significantly higher in children with cavities at 6.5 years of age [18]. Aside from these groups, _Lactobacillus, Actinomyces_, and _Propionibacterium_ are also thought to have a role in the formation and progression of caries [20; 21]. Importantly, despite some inaccuracies between reports, it is more widely recognized that significant shifts in oral microbiome occur not only during caries development but also in the preclinical phase, offering the possibility to utilize this phenomenon as a biomarker for early diagnosis and prediction of caries [22]. Periodontitis is a prevalent bacterial disease that poses a risk for some systemic illnesses, including cardiovascular diseases [23], diabetes [24], and cancer [25]. Due to their proximity to the gingival vasculature, the periodontal pockets, which contain potentially inflammatory periodontal flora, can be disseminated to distal anatomical sites [26]. In a recent study, 10 genera, including _Moraxella, Freitbacterium_, and _Trepenema_, were noted as predominant in periodontitis, justifying the screening of periodontitis through an analysis of the composition of the oral microbiota [27]. Other studies demonstrate the significance of _P. gingivalis_, _Bacteroides forystthus_, and _Trepenema danticola_ for the development of this pathology and justify bacteria-targeting treatment of periodontitis using antimicrobials [28]. Specifically, _P. gingivalis_ was found to stimulate macrophages, leading to the creation of an inflammatory milieu defined by the production of cytokines (TNF-\(\alpha\), IL-1B, IL-6), prostaglandandins, and metalloproteinases (MMPs), thereby contributing to tissue destruction, which is characteristic of periodontitis. Differences in the oral microbiome were also detected for individuals with oral implants developing peri-implantitis [29]. Several mucosal diseases (e.g., oral leukoplakia, lichen plants) and some oral cancers have also been connected to the imbalance of the oral microbiota [30].