# The Effects of _Anthyllis vulneraria_ Hydroalcoholic Leaf Extract as an Adjuvant in Wound Healing
## 3 Results
### Experimental Animal Study  
#### 3.2.1 Assessment of Wound Contraction  
The Shapiro-Wilk test indicated that the data were normally distributed amongst the groups (\(p>0.05\)).  
After analyzing the HA between the four groups using the one-way ANOVA test, significant differences between the groups were observed for HA on day 5 (HA5) (\(p=0.001\)) and HA on day 7 (HA7) (\(p=0.018\)), with no significant differences for HA3, HA10, and HA14 (\(p=0.127\); 0.392; respectively, 0.125).  
For the measurements on day 5, significant differences were seen between the negative control and EG1 (\(p<0.001\)) and EG2 groups (\(p=0.002\)), as well as between the positive control and EG1 (\(p=0.007\)) and EG2 groups (\(p=0.038\)). Thus, EG1 showed the highest healed area, followed by EG2, with both values being significantly higher than the control groups. Although relatively widespread, the data showed a substantial benefit of the EG1 and EG2 cream on the healing speed on the 5 th day of the experiment. The graphic representation can be seen in Figure 4a.  
For the measurements on day 7, significant differences were seen between the EG1 and negative control (\(p=0.003\)) and positive control groups (\(p=0.012\)), while there were no differences between EG2 and either control groups (\(p=0.352\) and \(p=0.155\)). The highest value was seen in the EG1 group, suggesting a positive influence on the healing process. For the EG2 group, however, the healing capacities declined and there was no significant difference between the EG2 and the controls. The graphic representation can be seen in Figure 4b.  
Figure 4: Wound healing activity of _A. vulneraria_ hydroalcoholic leaf extract cream, measured by the wound surface area reduction (HA value, mm\({}^{2}\)), on the: 5 th (**a**); and 7 th (**b**) days of treatment. The box plot compares the four groups: NC (negative control, sample size = 8), PC (positive control, sample size = 8), EG1 (experimental group 1, sample size = 8), and EG2 (experimental group 2, sample size = 8). * \(p<0.05\) and ** \(p<0.001\), all groups vs. NC; # \(p<0.05\) all groups vs. PC.  
In Figure 5, the macroscopic aspect of the wound can be seen. We chose one representative photo from each group on day 7, because on day 7 there were significant differences between the groups. The photographs were correlated with the microscopic images on day 7.  
The measurements taken on subsequent days revealed no significant differences between the experimental groups and the control group. These findings suggest that _A. vulneraria_ may have adjuvant properties during the initial stages of the healing process; however, no additional benefits were observed during the later phases of healing.  
In our study, we assessed wound-healing progress based on changes in the wound area. However, some rats exhibited a negative HA, due to the unseen necrosis, which  
Figure 5: Macroscopic aspect of different wound skin samples from day 7: (**a**) negative control; (**b**) positive control; (**c**) experimental group 1; and (**d**) experimental group 2.  
appeared in the first days after the burn wound was created, thus increasing the total area of the wound and rendering the HA as negative.