## 1 Introduction  
The global mean temperature has increased by about 1 \({}^{\circ}\)C during the last 150 years [1]. Furthermore, in the future, heatwaves, \"periods of extreme heat, which are differently defined in health, agriculture and climatology based studies\" [2] will be more frequent, more serious, much longer [3], and associated with more environmental hazards than presently [4]. Heatwaves affect lung functions and blood flow in the human body, cause cardiovascular diseases and increase population mortality [5]. The mortality effects of heatwaves are higher in urban areas than the rural area. In Helsinki as a representative of urban areas in the Nordic countries, during four recent intensive heatwaves, the heat-related mortality risk was 2.5 times higher than in the ambient rural areas [6]. Buildings are at the forefront of the challenges of warming climate from two points of view. First, it is estimated that, for a developed nation, about 25%-40% of energy-related emissions of carbon dioxide which leads to climate change can be attributed to buildings. Thus, the energy efficiency of buildings is an important factor for mitigating climate change in the political and technical European agenda [7]. Second, due to the negative effects of climate change on human health, it is crucially essential to investigate the risk of overheating under climate change and see its effects on the thermal comfort and well-being of the occupants. Since using cooling systems is not common in residential buildings in Nordic countries [6], the risk of overheating is higher than in commercial or public buildings. Previous studies about the energy efficiency and overheating risk of residential buildings under changing climate and the efficiency of different strategies for reducing the demand for energy or peak power can be categorized into two groups. The first group has considered average climatic conditions using test reference year (TRY) climatic data, while the latter has focused on heatwaves of the current climate. Both groups, reviewed below, include studies for a range of current and projected future climatic zones [8; 9]. In the first group of studies in which average climatic data is used, in the hot and humid climate, research by [PERSON] and [PERSON] [10] in Brazil has used TRY climatic data of the 2020s, 2050s, and 2080s of three cities in Brazil to investigate the impact of climate change on heating and cooling energy demand in dwellings. The results showed that passive strategies can reduce up to 50% of the future annual cooling and heating energy demand. Future trends of cooling energy of residential buildings in Taiwan are investigated in the study by [PERSON] and [PERSON] [11], using TRY climatic data of the 2020s, 2050s, and 2080s. It showed that the combination of several passive strategies can significantly reduce the increases in the cooling energy usage caused by the effect of climate change. In Hong Kong, [PERSON] et al. [12] examined the passive design strategies for residential buildings under the different future climate change scenarios. The results showed that the combination of passive strategies can reduce annual and peak cooling load up to 56.7% and 64.5% under climate change, respectively. [PERSON] et al. [13] investigated the overheating risk in modern dwellings in Myanmar under changing climate. They found a high overheating risk in the dwellings by 2070. In the desert climate of the United Arab Emirates, warming by 5.9 \({}^{\circ}\)C was estimated to result in an increase of 23.5% in the energy used for cooling buildings [14]. [PERSON] et al. [15] in Australia, investigated the effects of different envelope designs on the energy efficiency of residential buildings in an area having a hot-summer Mediterranean climate. They concluded that with climate change, heating becomes significantly less important in modern better-insulated buildings. Thus, to cope with the impact of climate change, it is important to focus more on measures that reduce cooling load.