# Zeroize: A New Method to Improve the Utilization of 5G Networks When Running VoIP over IPv6
## 2 Related Work  
The bandwidth obstacle has slowed the propagation of VoIP for some time. Many solutions have been proposed to overcome this obstacle and accelerate the adoption of VoIP. One of the first solutions suggested is collecting the packets sharing the same path and encapsulating them in one header, known as the packet or frame aggregation standard. Some of these methods have been designed to aggregate the frames at layer two in one \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**VoIP Packet** & **Packet Length** & **Voice Data Length** & **Apportioned Bandwidth** \\ \hline IPv4/G.728 & 50 & 10 & 80\% \\ IPv6/G.728 & 70 & 10 & 85.7\% \\ IPv4/IPC & 54 & 14 & 74\% \\ IPv6/LPC & 74 & 14 & 81\% \\ IPv4/G.723.1 & 60 & 20 & 66.7 \\ IPv6/G.723.1 & 80 & 20 & 75\% \\ IPv4/G.726 & 70 & 30 & 57.1 \\ IPv6/G.726 & 90 & 30 & 66.7 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Apportioned bandwidth of different voice codes. header, whereas others have been designed to aggregate the packets at layer three in one header. Performing the aggregation at layer two accomplishes better bandwidth utilization. Maximizing the number of aggregated packets, which is based on the parameters of the environment, saves more bandwidth [3; 16]. [PERSON] et al. presented one of the best aggregation methods in 2018. [PERSON]'s method works in the IEEE 802.11n wireless networks. At the transmitter, several layer two frames (i.e., multiplexing MAC protocol data units (MPDUs)) are grouped in one aggregation (A-MPDU). If one of the grouped MPDUs is spoiled, then it causes the resending of only that MPDU. The frames in the suggested method are split into three groups: voice, video, and streaming groups with priority queuing (PQ), which assumes scheduling. The A-MPDU's allowable length fluctuations adapt in accordance with the urgency delay (UD), which is the remaining period to dequeue the frame. The frame with the minimal UD is the first frame added to the A-MPDU. The allowable aggregation time of the A-MPDU is set on the basis of the remaining UD of this frame. In addition to frame aggregation, a new scheduling mechanism is suggested to handle the drawbacks of the PQ scheduler under saturated conditions. The analysis of the suggested technique showed a more advanced throughput rate with minor delay and packet loss than the other comparable methods [16]. Another established solution for the bandwidth snag is compacting the header of the packet, known as header compression, by eliminating some of the header's fields. The other end of the call can obtain their values by using simple derivations because they are following certain patterns. The header is compacted up to two bytes when using IPv4, which greatly conserves the bandwidth. [PERSON] designed one of the recent compression methods in 2020, which was named \"Session Bridging\". This method is a new customization of header compression that reduces bandwidth poverty. It splits the links into end chunks marked by distinct protocol instances using standard headers. A chunk segment between them conveys voice data with compressed headers. This method takes the benefit of multiprotocol label switching and virtual Ethernet connections in current networks. The analysis of certain networks proves that session bridging is viable for latency-sensitive applications (e.g., VoIP and gaming) [17]. Some VoIP developers have suggested creating other VoIP-specific protocols, such as the Inter-Asterisk Exchange (IAX) protocol. Although IAX can carry all types of streaming media, it is mainly developed for voice calls over IP commuter networks. IAX uses its 4-byte mini-header to carry the digital voice data and replace the 12-byte RTP protocol, which saves good bandwidth. The IAX protocol supports trunking, in which voice data from several sessions are combined in one stream of packets. This condition saves a huge share of bandwidth consumed by the IP header without extra delay [18].