esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 4 Results and Discussion
### Compaction-Induced Stress in Grs Mass
#### 4.2.1 Effect of Compaction Loads and Procedures on Cis  
The distribution of lateral stresses along the centre line of the hypothetical GRS mass induced by compaction loads \(q\) of 44 and 70 kPa during the GRS mass construction stage is presented and compared in Figure 10. The numerical simulation of the compacted procedures, that is, Type-I, II and III (with a strip load width \(w\) of 0.7 m only) were identical to that simulated in the SGC mass.  
The lateral stresses with and without considering the compaction-induced stresses (CIS) are shown in Figure 10. It is seen that the lateral stress without considering the CIS is slightly larger than the lateral stress at rest, that is, the \(K_{0}\) condition, in the top 4.5 m from the top surface of the GRS mass, thereafter, it reduces to values slightly smaller than the \(K_{0}\) stress.  
Figure 8: Effect of compaction procedures on lateral displacement of SGC mass for case of \(p=1000\) kPa and \(q=44\) kPa.  
The compaction operation was simulated by loading and unloading the surface/surfaces of each compaction lift, depending on the compaction procedures as shown in Figure 9b. Thus, the zigzag profile of the lateral stress profile was induced by the compaction of each of the 0.2 m thick soil lift. The results clearly show that, for all the three simulated compaction procedures, Figure 10a-c, as expected, the larger the compaction load, the larger the corresponded compaction-induced stress was. In addition, there are significant differences in the values of the CIS associated with the three simulated compaction procedures: Type-I, II, and III. In general, compaction procedure Type-II produced the lowest CIS profile, whereas compaction procedure Type-III generated the highest CIS profile. The magnitude of the stress level of the CIS corresponded to the magnitude of the open face lateral displacement, albeit very small, as shown in Figure 8. The compaction procedure Type-III amplified the lateral stress by a \"nominal average value\" of approximately 140% when the compaction load was increased from 44 kPa to 70 kPa, compared to that of 120% and 110% when, respectively, compaction procedures Type-I and II was adopted.  
Also depicted in Figure 10 is the distribution of the net lateral stress induced by compaction, which is the net difference between the lateral stresses induced by compaction and the \(K_{0}\) stress, \(\Delta\sigma^{\prime}_{CIS(44)}\) and \(\Delta\sigma^{\prime}_{CIS(70)}\), that is, net CIS generated by compaction load \(q=44\) and 70 kPa, respectively. These results show that the larger the compaction load, the greater the net lateral stress was. The results clearly show that it is of paramount importance to consider CIS in the numerical simulation of GRS mass.  
Figure 9: (**a**) Schematic diagram and configuration of the back-to-back Geo-synthetic Reinforced Soil (GRS) mass. (**b**) Heavy compaction procedures for GRS wall mass adopted in FE analysis.
## 2 IT/OT Infrastructure in the Coal Mine
In addition to typical process control systems, e.g., stabilization of the key variables, we must mention remotely operated vehicles, automatic transportation systems, and robots. The widespread utilization of advanced Internet of Things (IoT) technology and artificial intelligence allows for the coordination and control of all mentioned devices automatically and remotely [37; 50; 53]. 6. Advanced monitoring and alarm systems will provide the immediate notification of hazards and ensure safety for employees. They include devices used to constantly monitor the pivotal parameters of the environment, e.g., unacceptable methane concentration in the air or rising water levels. Additionally, the likely collapse of wall and ceiling supports can be signaled [53; 54; 55]. In addition to being connected with each other, the consecutive components of the system may send information externally, which greatly increases vulnerability to cyberattacks. If key IT/OT network elements are attacked, automatic and remote equipment control and the online monitoring of current conditions may be impossible. For example, a cyberattack on the SCADA system, the communications network, automatic control units, or monitoring, security, and alarm systems is likely to badly disrupt the mine's operation. Staff health and life can be in danger within the most critical situation. On the one hand, the increasing use of interconnected network systems, as well as automatic control and monitoring units, is very beneficial for optimal mine operation. On the other hand, unfortunately, the more complex the IT/OT infrastructure, the higher the risk of cyberattacks. Figure 2: IT/OT infrastructure in mines. In the mine considered in this work, information in the OT network is mainly exchanged over the Modbus TCP protocol. Hence, the research focuses on this protocol. However, the software testing and development approach presented next is universal and can be successfully applied to other TCP/IP-based communication protocols such as BACNet/IP, S7, Profinet or DNP3.
## 6 Discussion
### Theoretical and Practical Implications  
Overall, the findings of this research have the potential to benefit both researchers and practitioners in the field of software engineering by providing a better understanding of how the selection of Index variant affects the perception of the maintainability of software systems.  
One of the theoretical implications of this study that could be further exploited in software-engineering-related research is the insight into the characteristics of the evaluated variants when applied in different contexts, which was gained through the empirical evaluation and comparison of different variants of the Index. These findings contribute to the body of knowledge about software maintainability and are of interest to software researchers. Researchers should carefully examine which Index variants should be used in their studies, as the results can be impacted by the choices made. Furthermore, this study identified some research gaps and suggested some possible directions for future research efforts. For instance, Index variant thresholds for object-oriented software should be refined in the future while also considering the specifics of the Index variant used for maintainability assessment. For non-object-oriented software systems, an Index value below 65 indicates poor maintainability, between 65 and 85 indicates medium maintainability, and above 85 indicates high maintainability [10]. However, as [PERSON] et al. [19] already noted, these standard threshold values are inappropriate for object-oriented software since the classes tend to be generally smaller than in conventional software. Moreover, there is no clear scheme of Index thresholds for object-oriented systems. We add to this finding that the Index variant used for assessing maintainability should be taken into account when setting the thresholds. This would ensure that the threshold values appropriately reflect the software's maintainability characteristics.  
In terms of practical implications, software practitioners can use the results of this research to guide their selection of the most-appropriate Index variant for assessing the maintainability of their software systems in an efficient and effective manner. By better understanding Index variants and the importance of the context in which an Index variant is used, practitioners can select the variant that best fits their specific needs and goals. Ignoring which Index variant is used to assess maintainability could lead to misleading perceptions. Additionally, by having a better understanding of the characteristics that contribute to maintainability and how they can be measured by different Index variants, practitioners can also make informed decisions about how to prioritize and focus their efforts to improve these aspects of their software during development, leading to improvements in software quality and the long-term sustainability of their software systems.
## 3 Analysis of Traffic Characteristics
### Road Capacity  
The quantity of the collected data was very large. Figure 2 only shows an example for a 5 h period, which is approximately representative of the characteristics of the traffic during the entire study. As can be seen from the figure, the traffic volumes on the contraflow and normal lanes seldom reached the capacity of the road. This enabled the detailed analysis of both free and saturated flow states. The maximum traffic volumes on the contraflow and normal lanes are indicated by the dashed lines in Figure 2.  
The traffic capacities of the normal and contraflow lanes were 1296 and 927 veh/h/L, respectively. In other words, for the four-lane dual carriageway, the outbound road capacity was increased by nearly 36% by reversing one of the inbound lanes. This shows that full capacity cannot be achieved on a reversed lane when using the contraflow strategy, agreeing with the findings of previous studies. The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) [1] found that reversing one and two lanes increased the outbound capacity by 30% and 67%, respectively, while [PERSON] [9] reported 31% and 83%, respectively. There are a number of possible reasons for these observations. First, the fixed bottlenecks at the entry and exit points of the contraflow lanes significantly limit their traffic capacity. In the present study, drivers were observed to decrease their speed by 25-35 km/h to enter and exit the contraflow lanes, as summarized in Table 1. Second, drivers were unfamiliar with the reversed direction in which they drove on the contraflow lanes and tended to be more careful and cautious to observe the road conditions and signs. Moreover, the inbound and outbound lanes in the contraflow section were only separated by traffic cones, with the vehicles moving in the opposite direction affecting the drivers.  
Figure 2: Traffic volumes on the contraflow and normal lanes observed over 5-min intervals.  
As shown in Figure 2, before the maximum level was attained, the traffic volume of the normal lane was higher than that of the contraflow lane, specifically by more than 23.34%. This suggests that most drivers preferred to use the normal lanes rather than the contraflow lane, possibly because the former were more familiar and safer. However, there was a dynamic balance between the normal and contraflow lanes when the traffic volume approached the road capacity. Because most drivers chose the normal lanes, the traffic density of the normal lanes steadily increased at a faster rate than that of the contraflow lane. Eventually, as the normal lanes saturated, drivers began to opt for the contraflow lane for faster movement. The traffic density of the contraflow lane thus began to increase at a faster rate until it exceeded that of the normal lanes, and drivers eventually began to once again prefer the normal lanes. This cycle was continuously repeated. This dynamic variation in the traffic density under the contraflow strategy can be observed from Figure 2, where the dashed circles highlight how the traffic peak of the contraflow lane trails that of the normal lanes.
# Transmission Tower Re-Identification Algorithm Based on Machine Vision
## 4 Conclusions  
We introduced a novel system tailored for transmission tower re-identification, delineated by the ensuing attributes:  
1. For transmission tower detection, we devised two derivative architectures grounded on YOLOv5n: YOLOv5n-C2f head and YOLOv5n-conv head. Empirical evidence underscores the superior efficacy of YOLOv5n-conv head, achieving a 1.7 ms reduction in detection time compared to YOLOv5n on Server 1;
2. Within the matching network, three disparate backbone architectures--MobileNet (d = 128), MobileViT (d = 128), and Inception-Resnet-v1 (d = 128)--witnessed enhancements in both convergence velocity and rank-1 matching precision upon the assimilation of an online triplet sample generation strategy. Notably, leveraging Inception-Resnet-v1 (d = 128) as the backbone culminated in a pinnacle rank-1 matching precision of 89.32%;
3. Harnessing GPS to restrict the matching ambit augments both matching accuracy and efficiency. Instituting a GPS preliminary filtering scope of [\(-\)0.05, +0.05] yields a superior outcome. Employing Inception-Resnet-v1 (d = 128) as the backbone elevates matching precision, yet trims the matching time by approximately 37 ms;
4. In the absence of GPS signals, this matching network can also achieve identity matching for transmission towers with a success rate of 89.32%, but the matching time will increase by 37 ms.  
After a comprehensive assessment of our research findings and their implications, we acknowledge the following limitations in the transmission tower re-identification algorithm that we propose:  
1. The datasets leveraged for object detection and matching in this study are constrained in size. Amassing a dataset could fortify the model's adaptive capacity;
2. The system's matching accuracy falls below that of nameplate recognition and POS localization. Furthermore, its inference time is longer compared to POS localization;
3. Without GPS data, the model experiences an increase in inference time. Additionally, the inference speed of the model proportionally increases with the number of images in the template database. For mobile applications, reducing the system's inference time during the inference phase is crucial.  
Conceptualization, L.C. and Z.Y.; methodology, Z.Y. and F.H.; software, Z.Y. and J.L.; validation, Y.D. and R.L.; formal analysis, L.C. and Z.Y.; investigation, J.L., L.C. and F.H.; resources, Y.D., R.L. and L.C.; data curation, Z.Y., L.C. and F.H.; writing--original draft preparation, L.C. and Z.Y.; writing--review and editing, Y.D., R.L., Z.Y. and L.C.; supervision, F.H.; project administration, F.H. and L.C. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded by Guangxi Science and Technology Major Special Fund (Guike AA23062024).  
Not applicable.  
The data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author. They are not publicly disclosed to protect the extensive intellectual and proprietary investments made during the dataset's meticulous curation.  
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
# The Combined ASTER MODIS Emissivity over Land (CAMEL) Part 2: Uncertainty and Validation
## 2 Data
### Ancillary Data
#### 2.2.3 Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer Land Cover  
NASA's Earth Observing System MODIS instrument is used to provide monthly global IGBP land cover classification on a 0.5\({}^{\circ}\)\(\times\) 0.5\({}^{\circ}\) grid resolution. The land cover product used is MCD12Q1 and is made available by the Global Land Cover Facility online at [[http://glcf.umd.edu/data/lc/](http://glcf.umd.edu/data/lc/)]([http://glcf.umd.edu/data/lc/](http://glcf.umd.edu/data/lc/)). More information can be found in [7; 8]. There are 17 land cover types as defined by the IGBP classifications.
# A Preemptive-Resume Priority MAC Protocol for Efficient BSM Transmission in UAV-Assisted VANETs
## 1 Introduction
### Contributions  
This paper primarily focuses on the information partitioning aspect, specifically centered around BSMs. The main contribution of this study is the proposal of a criterion for prioritizing vehicle speeds and the utilization of UAV assistance within the context of VANETs to provide services on unidirectional highways. Regarding priority partitioning, this paper presents an innovative preemptive approach and designs a MAC layer protocol based on the CSMA/CA protocol of 802.11P. Furthermore, this work incorporates queuing theory to calculate delays and control the feedback of information quantities. The key contributions of this paper can be summarized as follows:  
1. Based on the ground VANET system, a model is established, and vehicles are divided into different groups based on their speed ranges as priorities. The signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and delay of the uplink transmission are calculated according to the relative position and angle between the vehicle and UAV.
2. A MAC layer protocol with preemptive priority and an arbiter is designed based on the CSMA/CA protocol of 802.11P, and the MAC layer delay is calculated accordingly.
3. A Preemptive-Resume Priority M/G/1 queue analysis is proposed for this model, which provides the average waiting time and average packet transmission delay for each class of packets. The time interval for sending BSM within the coverage range of the UAV by the vehicles is also calculated.  
The remaining parts of this paper are as follows: Section 2 introduces recent research results in this field. Section 3 describes the network model and presents the main assumptions of the proposed model. Section 4 provides the calculation method for performance metrics. Section 5 conducts numerical simulations and analyzes the results. Section 6 concludes this paper.
## 2 LIG-Based Wearable Systems for Multifunctional and Intelligent Health Care
### Self-Alarm Health-Monitoring System  
Every year, numerous deaths are caused by sudden illnesses such as cardiovascular diseases and sleep apnea, which can occur unexpectedly in daily life. While wearable health monitoring systems can track important physiological signals of the user in real-time, they lack the ability to provide feedback or warnings. This issue may result in patients missing vital opportunities for rescue.  
To address this problem, [PERSON] et al. developed a LIG-based dual-functional wearable system that not only monitors physiological signals, but also has a self-alarm function [14]. The functional diagram of the self-alarm system is shown in Figure 3, where LIG-based strain sensors and acoustic devices are used to monitor sleep respiration and to warn of abnormalities. In this system, the LIG-based strain sensors and acoustic devices were all realized by using the laser direct writing technique on a PI substrate.  
Figure 2: Electronically enhanced paper-based green wearable system. Reproduced with permission from [11]. Copyright 2022 American Chemical Society.  
When used as strain sensors, these LIG-based devices are capable of detecting pulse signals on the human wrist, revealing clear percussion (P), tidal (T), and diastolic (D) waves. Additionally, when used as a sensor on a facial mask, it can continuously monitor respiration signals during sleep. With its high sensitivity, the strain sensor is able to accurately detect muscle movements and voices with high resolution. When attached to the human throat, the sensor can distinguish different words spoken by the wearer while recoding laryngeal movements such as coughing and swallowing. When used as an acoustic device, the LIG-based device can emit sound with a wide frequency range (200-20 kHz) under the excitation of alternating voltage based on the thermoacoustic effect of graphene, and the sound pressure level (SPL) can reach over 60 dB between approximately 15 and 20 kHz.  
With excellent mechanical and acoustical characteristics, the dual-functional LIG-based wearable system can monitor respiration during sleep and the pulse during daily life. When symptoms of sleep apnea or cardiac arrest are detected, the system will sound an alarm through the LIG-based acoustic device to alert the wearer and those around them to intervene. The integration of physiological signal monitoring and alarm functions opens up possibilities for the creation of all-in-one daily health monitoring systems.
## 1 Introduction
Further, the minimum error method [27] is mostly used for off-line fault diagnosis, and its accuracy depends on the completeness of data samples. A core principle of equivalent space method is to use the residual between the input and output of the analytical model of the system as a consistency criterion. Using hardware redundancy, multiple redundant sensors are set up and residuals are derived from the measurement model for analysis. Although this method is simple and easy, it also requires multiple redundant sensors, so its cost is high. As a consistency criterion of the core diagnosis idea, an analytical redundancy relations (ARRs) method builds the residual indirectly through an analytical mathematical model. Using a power bond graph and relying on the energy conservation law, this method has some drawbacks, including parameter uncertainty, sensor measurement uncertainty, environmental impact, and noise. As a result, the residual generated by the system will fluctuate, leading to misdiagnosis and missed diagnoses. It is necessary to incorporate system uncertainty robustness into the bond graph model to improve this problem. Bond graph-linear fractional transformation (BG-LFT) is the most effective solution to this problem. On the basis of this technology, [PERSON] [28] proposed a fault diagnosis method based on interval analytical redundancy relationships in order to avoid the interference of system uncertainty on diagnosis results. [PERSON] [29] designed a robust diagnosis observer for hybrid systems, and combined BG-LFT and proportional integrator to realize robust fault diagnosis and estimation, which improved the detection effect. [PERSON] [30] believes that all uncertainties are cumulative in the diagnosis threshold of node residual. In this way, uncertainty interaction will be ignored, which may lead to overestimation of the diagnosis threshold. The previous literature [31] mainly focuses on evaluating the system's health after fault detection. This paper is an application-oriented innovation that focuses on detecting faults accurately, so that the process of fault detection can be improved. On the basis of the uncertain interference factors, this paper addresses the goal of accurately detecting the preset faults of the landing gear R/E hydraulic system. Figure 1 illustrates the analysis process and train of thought. Contributions include:  
* When studying fault diagnosis for dynamic system models, various uncertain interference factors must be taken into account. For this reason, bond graph linear fractional transformation and interval analytical redundancy relations are used together. * Preliminarily, the relevant landing gear R/E hydraulic fault parameters are detected and isolated using the fault signature matrix (FSM). * Asymmetric interval thresholds have better detection accuracy and sensitivity than absolute thresholds, according to fault case analyses. Overview of Landing Gear Retraction/Extension Hydraulic System and Its Traditional Diagnosis Bond Graph
# Convolutional Neural Networks: A Roundup and Benchmark of Their Pooling Layer Variants
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Let the Pooling Begin
#### 2.3.15 Spectral Pooling  
While most other methods process the input in the spatial domain, spectral pooling [30] takes it to the frequency domain, pools the input, and then, returns the output back to the spatial domain. One of the main advantages is that information is preserved better--compared to other common methods such as Max pooling--since lower frequencies tend to contain that information and higher frequencies usually contain noise.  
The application of this type of pooling is rather straightforward, applying a Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) to the input, cropping a predefined size window from the center, and returning it back to the spatial domain by using the inverse DFT.  
Obviously, a significant issue is the computational cost, since the DFT is required--both forward and inverse. That overhead though can be minimized when the FFT is used for the calculation of the convolution in the previous layer, thus limiting its use only to such scenarios. [PERSON] et al. [31] suggested an alternative implementation based on the Hartley transform, which might require less computational power while retaining the same amount of information.