## 1 Introduction  
Desertification is a global ecological problem [1]. China has the world's largest desertification area, the most affected population, and the most severe wind and sand hazards, with the desertification land area reaching 1533 million km\({}^{2}\), accounting for 15.9% of the total national land area [2]. Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region is located on China's northern border, and is the largest and most comprehensive ecological function area in the north of China. It is also one of the provinces with the highest concentrations of desertification and sandy land, as well as the most severe harm, with the majority of the region being in arid, semi-arid, and subtropical arid climate zones. Within the distribution area of Badangilin, Tengger, Ulanbu, and Kubuchi's \"four deserts\" and Mawusu, Hunshandake, Horqin, and Hulunbeier's \"four sands\", desertification land covers 914 million mu, accounting for 23.3% of the national desertification area, the area of sandy land is 612 million mu, accounting for 23.7% of the national sandy land area, and the ecological environment is extremely fragile [3; 4; 5]. At the moment, as a significant ecological barrier along China's northern border, the impact of human activities on the ecological environment has exacerbated land desertification, severely impeding the healthy and sustainable development of human society and the improvement of the ecological environment suitable for human habitation [6; 7]. As a result, scientifically sound and accurate data on the desertification status can serve as a critical foundation for desertification research and control [8]. Thus far, several researchers have used remote sensing and GIS techniques in their research on desertification [9; 10; 11]. [PERSON] et al. assessed the environmental sensitivity of the Agri basin in southern Italy at the watershed scale using GIS and remote sensing data [12]. [PERSON] et al. examined the change process of the desert transition zone in the Asian region from 1982 to 2008 and concluded that Asia is more vulnerable to desertification disturbances under global or regional warming conditions [13]. [PERSON] et al. evaluated the extent of land desertification in Italy based on the ESAI framework [14]. [PERSON] et al. and [PERSON] et al. analyzed the causes of land desertification in the Tarim Basin and Loess Plateau region [15; 16]. [PERSON] et al. analyzed the dynamic change characteristics of wind-eroded desertification areas in northwestern Shanxi using a transfer matrix [17]; [PERSON] et al. used MODIS data to monitor the degree of desertification in Mongolia dynamically [18]. In addition, the widely used desertification evaluation indicators in current remote sensing monitoring of desertification are vegetation cover, net primary productivity, surface albedo, soil texture, crop yield, and water erosion [19; 20; 21]. After a thorough examination of the causes, development process, and manifestations of desertification formation, it was determined that vegetation is the most active and significant influencing factor on the surface, as well as the most sensitive to changes in environmental factors such as topography, landform, soil, hydrology, and climate, which can be used as the primary basis for remote sensing monitoring of desertification [22]. For example, [PERSON] et al. used NDVI to evaluate the process of land desertification on the Mongolian plateau [23]. [PERSON] et al. used Albedo-NDVI feature space to assess the desertification of the Loess Plateau [24]. [PERSON] et al. estimated the vegetation cover using an image element dichotomous model on the MOD13Q1-NDVI dataset and then examined the status of land desertification in Kenya [25]. [PERSON] et al. analyzed the degree of desertification and spatial and temporal changes in the Loess Plateau region using GIMMS AVHRR NDVI data, concluding that the majority of the Loess Plateau is covered by moderate to severe desertification area, with the degree of desertification generally decreasing [26]. [PERSON] et al.