# Authentication-Based Secure Data Dissemination Protocol and Framework for 5G-Enabled VANET
## 2 Related Work  
Rapid emergence of ITS-based technologies has attracted researcher's attention towards communication between vehicles as road safety and development of transportation efficiency [13]. Specifically, for a long time, VANET has been under the spotlight for this purpose [14]. VANET uses DSRC technologies [5; 15]. However, it has its own limitations such as dynamic topology and intermittent network connectivity [5]. The problem remains unsolved due to high-speed mobility of vehicle and currently incomplete infrastructure, leading to reliability of services and connection in VANET being vulnerable. IoV architecture was first proposed in [16] but it had limited communication facility. Little later, researchers in [17] came up with five-layered architecture comprising different communications such as V2V, V2I, Vehicle-to-Roadside Unit (V2R), Vehicle-to-Sensors (V2S), Vehicle-to-Personal devices (V2P), and Vehicle-to-Mobile station (V2M). However, both these IoV layered structures did not discuss possible security issues. Various researchers in [18; 19; 20; 21] progressed in ensuring privacy in VANETs. However, the security in these schemes depend only on the private key of the trust authority which could lead to security flaws. The authors in [22] suggested a dual authentication and key management method using the hash code and biometric identity to avoid malicious users to use the secret key for VANET applicants. However, the scheme finds limited applicability in the way that intruders can track the vehicles' location. In [8], authors proposed a message authentication protocol to improve performance results in VANETs, but the execution cost is high, and this scheme is vulnerable to impersonation, man-in-the middle, illusion, modification, and plain-text attacks. Ultimately, most of  
Figure 1: A model of vehicular scenario. these protocols need high execution time, communication overhead, and storage cost. Thus, these schemes consume more energy during the implementation. Under agreed communication protocol and data interaction, standards, wireless communication, and exchange information are conducted for IoV between vehicle-to-anything (V2X) such as another vehicle and road infrastructure [3]. The authors in [23] proposed a risk driven authentication approach dependent on discrete events. It used Petri networks to execute the validation, which lead to further increased in communication overhead. The investigation of [24] proposed a technique for using Rivest-Shamir-Adleman (RSA) encryption and Message-Digest algorithm 5 (MD5) hash capacity to encode information before transferring it on a cloud domain to keep up its information security. Their plan leveraged the use of RSA to scramble information and hash functions are determined using MD5 cryptographic hash capacities. In addition, authors in [25] proposed a safe hashing capacity which creates a variable length of 128, 160, 192, 224, or 256 bits at the output. Their investigation holds the underlying information square of 512 bits together with the original compression function for preparing its inward activities. The authors in [26] proposed another technique to improve the security of the hashed passwords by using the 6 bits saved in a transmission control protocol (TCP) whenever this Message-Digest value is being sent over a medium. In [27] a batch verification scheme for IoV is proposed to reduce the message verification time, but it takes a high amount of time to authenticate the messages at the receiver side because it uses high-cost operations in the message confirmation scheme. In most of the proposed schemes, the verification process is carried out through batch verification of signatures. In batch verification, the recipient of the messages verifies multiple signatures simultaneously, rather than sequentially. From the literature review, we understand that most of the schemes are vulnerable to various threats.