## 1 Introduction and Literature Review
[7] examined fluid flow and heat transfer in porous heat sinks with TPMS structures under free convection conditions. They addressed this using TPMS structures as heat sinks, focusing mainly on gyroid, diamond, and primitive TPMS structures. This approach aligns with the works of [PERSON] et al. [3] and [PERSON] et al. [4]. [PERSON] et al. [8] compared the thermal and hydraulic performance of porous block and gyroid structures. These structures, produced using 3D-printing technology, were investigated through experimental methods and numerical simulations using the COMSOL Multiphysics software, version 6. The research revealed that the gyroid structure provided a better thermal performance and lower pressure drop. The complex geometry of the gyroid was reported to enhance heat transfer by extending the flow path and increasing turbulence. With increasing flow rates, the heat transfer coefficient increased in both structures, but the gyroid structure was observed to provide a more uniform temperature distribution. These findings suggested that TPMS structures, especially the gyroid geometry, could be more advantageous in heat sink applications than conventional porous structures. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [9] investigated the thermo-hydraulic performance of heat exchangers with Schwarz-P and gyroid structures, analyzing TPMS structures with different porosity ratios using numerical and experimental methods. The results showed that the gyroid structure provided a higher heat transfer performance and lower pressure drop than the Schwarz-P one. They increased the porosity ratio and thus enhanced heat transfer while reducing pressure drop. An increase in the Reynolds number was reported to increase both the heat transfer coefficient and pressure drop. The study demonstrated that the gyroid geometry exhibited a better thermo-hydraulic performance than conventional heat exchangers and could offer significant advantages in energy efficiency and compact heat exchanger design. [PERSON] et al. [10] investigated flow characteristics in metal foams using experimental and numerical methods. Airflow through metal foams of varying porosities was analyzed using particle image velocimetry (PIV) technique and Computational FluidDynamics (CFD) simulations. The research results showed that, as the porosity of metal foams increased, the flow resistance decreased, while lower porosity foams generated a higher turbulence intensity. The complex structure of metal foams was observed to enhance heat transfer by extending the flow path and increasing turbulence. Increasing the Reynolds number was found to improve the turbulence intensity and heat transfer. The study emphasized that the structural properties of metal foams significantly affect the flow characteristics and heat transfer performance, providing insights for optimizing the use of metal foams in applications such as heat exchangers and heat sinks. [PERSON] et al. [11] numerically observed that the presence of grooves inside the pipe of a heat exchanger has a significant effect on increasing the efficiency. Additionally, it was demonstrated that using nanofluids enhances the heat exchanger's energy efficiency. Furthermore, four different grid models were developed to select the optimum grid (GM) with the least computation time and highest accuracy. [PERSON] et al. [12] examined various types of heat exchangers used in the industrial and engineering fields to increase the heat transfer rate (HTR). The article discussed active, passive, and hybrid heat transfer enhancement techniques, mentioning using nanofluids as one of the passive methods to increase the HTR. The governing equations of nanofluid flows were presented, comparing single-phase models (SPMs) and two-phase models (TPMs). Their analysis did not conclusively verify which model is superior. [PERSON] et al. [13] investigated the convective heat transfer performance of TPMS structures used to develop high heat-dissipating devices.