## 4 Discussion  
SSA indicates that eastern coastal districts in Odisha are highly susceptible to amplification. This is because of the widespread deposits of unconsolidated sediments with nonuniform thickness in association with low groundwater levels. The SSA map obtained from this study considered slope (35%), curvature (32%), elevation (23%), and lithology with amplification factors (10%) as the conditioning factors with predefined weights [47]. According to the periodogram and STFT simulation, the PGA ranged between 0-0.9, whereas the PGV ranged between 0-15 (cm/s). The districts with a velocity of 0-3 (cm/s) are Rayagada, Kandhamal, Ganjam, Gajapati, and Keonjhar. This demonstrates that lower PGA values could be attributed to less complicated structural features, with strong basement and rock types. The areas with PGVs between 6 to 10 (cm/s) are the major basins of Odisha, including the Mahanadi basin, where there are thick unconsolidated layers of deposits. However, the highest PGV was observed in the eastern coastal districts, ranging from 10-15 (cm/s). This is due to the Mahanadi river delta and Brahmani river delta, as well as the Bay of Bengal basin. The northern and central parts of Odisha accommodates the Talchir basin, Rengali Province, and IB basin at the north of EGMB, all of which fall under moderate PGA characterized by larger structural faults. Several studies on seismic microzonation [48; 49; 47] have explained ground shaking. Yet few researchers have employed litho-dynamic, stratigraphic, and topographic influencing factors when assessing ground-shaking amplification [50]. Moreover, [PERSON] et al. [51] used geological and geomorphological factors to estimate the susceptibility index for seismic amplification in Italy. Therefore, Odisha is seismically active because of periodical NOBF reactivation. Therefore, the next step probability assessment was conducted to show the highest probability in northwestern Odisha. The probability map was obtained from the study denotes a very high to high probability in the northwestern parts of the state and decreases towards the central and coastal areas. There is a transition zone of moderate to low probability in between that can be perceived. However, all earthquakes in Odisha are intraplate shallow-focus earthquakes. Mahanadi graben is situated as an interior active region of Odisha that is relatively stable compared to the Himalayan region and Java Sumatra subduction zone. Clustering of earthquakes gives a pattern with foreshocks, mainshocks, and aftershocks, which were not studied in this work, as not many events like this experienced in Odisha. Furthermore, earthquakes do not always follow patterns, which makes it less common to estimate probability. Mostly, a significant number of earthquakes originated at shallow depths of 70 km within the state, while deep-focus earthquakes were experienced within the Bay of Bengal. Therefore, the leading cause of probability in Odisha could be the active NOBF system. As we observed, the seismic amplification was higher in the Mahanadi graben and coastal parts of Odisha, experiencing a few small-magnitude events. Therefore, the coastal parts are not highly probable  
Figure 9: (a) Prediction rate curve by RNN; (b) unpredicted earthquakes based on RNN. for future events because of less complicated structural features, low height, and more sediments than stressed rocks. Moreover, some specific areas are prone to swarms, such as geothermal areas, including hot spring locations. However, in Odisha, hot springs are associated with the Mahanadi Shear Zone, which is not presently active. Sometimes, a particular location has several small earthquakes before a larger event. Therefore, we believe that the events in western Odisha could be the foreshock. However, these events do not look like foreshocks and cannot be considered as such until overtaken by mainshocks. In addition, earthquake size is dependent on fault type, length, depth, and fault slip.