## 3 Results  
### Global Indicators  
Before addressing the results to apply them to the OEE model, we will explain the overall indicators to give a general idea of the use of LUZs in the period analysed. Table 3 provides a summary of the loading and unloading operations observed in the areas. A total of 1582 loading and unloading operations were recorded across the entire area, of which 1092 were in the LUZ areas under analysis. The remaining 490 operations occurred outside these designated areas: 329 were carried out in double rows, and 161 were carried out illegally (in front of garage doors, on pedestrian crossings, or on intersection islands). This can be seen in Table 4. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Zone** & **Length Zone** & **Street Width (Lanes)** & **Parking Type** & **Reservation Time** & **Reservation Hours** \\ \hline Zone 1 & 13 & 1 with double width & Free & 9–12/14–17 & 6 \\ Zone 2 & 10 & 6 lanes & Regulated & 8–11 & 3 \\ Zone 3 & 18 & One line & Free & 7–12/14–17 & 8 \\ Zone 4 & 10 & One line & Free & 9–12/14–17 & 6 \\ Zone 5 & 8 & One line & Free & 9–12/14–17 & 6 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Characteristics of each street and each zone. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Day** & **2** & **5** & **6** & **7** & **8** & **9** & **12** & **13** & **14** & **15** & **16** & **19** & **20** & **21** & **22** & **23** & **26**  
As the article focuses on calculating OEE for LUZs, we will disregard double parking and illegal occupation operations, and only analyse data observed in LUZ operations during their authorised hours. Data referring to the number of operations can be found in Table 5.  
From this table, we can draw an initial conclusion: only 51.44% of operations were carried out correctly within the time allowed. This information is in line with the findings of [PERSON] et al. (2012), whose research carried out at delivery points in the study area of the city of Bologna showed that more than 50% of delivery points were occupied illegally. In this case, the correct use of the LUZ only considers operations that have been carried out within the time allowed, although subsequently, when calculating availability, the first 30 min are counted as correct, with any time after the 31 st minute being considered illegal. For a better understanding, Figure 3 shows the daily distribution of the use  
Combining Tables 3 and 4, the Figure 4 reflects the proportion of operations carried out in the LUZ, classified into five categories: correct use, excessive time, unauthorised vehicles, double parking, and illegal occupation outside the authorised zone. This visualisation reinforces the urgency of adopting corrective and control measures to improve efficiency and legality in urban distribution. Another interesting fact, whose impact on the OEE calculation is referenced in the weighted time calculation formula, is the type of vehicle used for unloading. It has been observed that only in very few cases are LUZs used by vehicles exceeding 3.5 tonnes of maximum authorised mass MMA, with double parking normally being used to unload such large vehicles. In the case of unloading at the supermarket or 'dark store' in the area, the unloading operation includes lowering the pallets from the truck with a tail lift and then walking to the delivery point by dragging the pallet with an electric pallet truck along the road and pavement, with the consequent risk to the delivery driver, other road users and pedestrians. Table 6 shows the total operations recorded by type of vehicle, including those carried out in the LUZ, double parking, and illegal parking. The Figure 5 shows the number of operations recorded according to the type of vehicle used. Delivery vans (33.1%) and small vans (30%) account for the majority of operations, highlighting the predominance of light vehicles in urban goods distribution.