## 3 Results for the Example of Ancient Antioch  
For modeling Ancient Antioch, the Roman period (40-350 CE) was chosen. First, the structures to be modeled were chosen, and resource information was obtained. To this end, [PERSON] (1961) [32] and [PERSON]'s (1996) [33] maps displaying Ancient Antioch were taken as a basis (Figure 2).  
First, maps were started to be collected to create a 3D terrain model of Ancient Antioch. For this purpose, historical hand-drawn engravings, maps, and sketches were examined. The first topographical and cadastral studies in the region were started by the French in 1922. Those maps and updated 1/25,000 military topographic maps were compared and evaluated. In addition to these, historical and current satellite images were also used to ensure the accuracy of the data. As part of the Project, high resolution satellite images were used to support the general description of the ancient city under study and for the reconstruction of their topographies.  
The results of this study include the creation of a composite historical database using ancient references and first topographical maps (1937 by France and later 1958), Landsat MSS (Multispectral Scanner System 1973, 1978, and 1988), Panchromatic Ikonos image (2018) data, and Sentinel1 (2018 and 2019) data. In this study, the data has been analyzed using the ArcMap 10.4 software.  
The digital 2d maps were transferred to AutoCAD 2020 software. If there were deviations or distortions in the contour curves, they were checked and corrected. In this stage, AutoCAD software was used as a transmitter with a better 2D point control system. Later, these maps were converted into 3D terrain in 3D max 2020 software. Then, this terrain model was transferred to Vue 3.0 software and texture operations were performed (Figure 3). Vue 3.0 software is high photorealistic, and the animation controls are easy and fast., This software has been favored especially because it can quickly create crowded scenes as procedural with the ecosystem module.  
Figure 2: (a) [PERSON]’s (1961) map and (b) [PERSON]’s (1996) map of Ancient Antioch.  
The satellite images contribute little to the reconstruction of the Orontes River of the area of the Ancient Antioch; they merely show the current situation, with short water courses descending from the Sillipus mountain situated a little way to the East, perhaps following the same route as they did in ancient times. In the ancient city, we have more information about some important buildings, identity, location, and design information. Therefore, these structures were modeled in more detail. Of the structures in the city, the following were modeled: Colonnaded Street, the Imperial Palace, the Hippocamp, Nymphaeums, aqueducts, city walls, city gates, theater buildings, the amphitheater building, the stadium-arena, Tetrapol, the baths, and villas and houses (Figure 4).  
Figure 4: Model of Ancient Antioch (shown from South to North).  
Figure 3: 3D terrain model construction stages of ancient Antioch.  
The most important structures of Antioch city (e.g., the palace, circus, stadium-arena, and the Tetrapol) are situated on an island formed by the Orontes (Asi) River (Figure 5).