# Functional and Antimicrobial Properties of Propolis from Different Areas of Romania
## 3 Results  
### Landscape Complexity  
A land use analysis was conducted in the localities from which the samples were sourced with the objective of establishing potential links between land use, the quality of the raw propolisols, and its properties. For each apiary, the percentage of land classes within a radius of 1200 and 3000 m surrounding the apiary was calculated (Table 2). The number and percentage of land classes identified in each area varies depended on the radius and complexity level. With regard to the C1 apiary, it can be observed that within the 1200 m radius, there are only three land classes. Of these, 77.73% represents discontinuous urban fabric, 20.71% non-irrigated arable land, and 2.56% pastures. However, for the 3000 m radius, a considerable number of land classes are found. The dominant land class remains discontinuous urban fabric, which accounts for 61.82% of the total area, followed by broad-leaved forest (14.8%), green urban areas (7.17%), pastures (5.51%), industrial or commercial units (4.47%), and complex cultivation patterns (4.14%). Among the remaining surfaces, coniferous forests account for 0.80%. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & & & & & & & \\ \hline
**CLC** & **Land Class Description** & **C1** & **C2** & **A** & **S** & **H** \\ \hline
112 & Discontinuous urban fabric & 76.73 & 27.82 & 6.13 & 18.53 & 0.00 \\ \hline
121 & Industrial or commercial units & 0.00 & 48.86 & 0.00 & 0.00 & 0.00 \\ \hline
133 & Construction sites & 0.00 & 2.09 & 0.00 & 0.00 & 0.00 \\ \hline
211 & Non-irrigated arable land & 20.71 & 7.83 & 0.00 & 5.32 & 0.00 \\ \hline
222 & Fruit trees and berry plantations & 0.00 & 3.50 & 8.65 & 0.00 & 0.00 \\ \hline
231 & Pastures & 2.56 & 0.00 & 27.68 & 24.46 & 27.40 \\ \hline
242 & Complex cultivation patterns & 0.00 & 9.90 & 19.49 & 29.96 & 0.00 \\ \hline
243 & Land principally occupied by agriculture, with significant areas of natural vegetation & 0.00 & 0.00 & 16.30 & 15.84 & 0.00 \\ \hline
311 & Broad-leaved forest & 0.00 & 0.00 & 6.39 & 5.89 & 29.05 \\ \hline
312 & Coniferous forest & 0.00 & 0.00 & 3.43 & 0.00 & 0.00 \\ \hline
313 & Mixed forest & 0.00 & 0.00 & 0.00 & 0.00 & 28.39 \\ \hline
321 & Natural grasslands & 0.00 & 0.00 & 0.00 & 0.00 & 13.98 \\ \hline
324 & Transitional woodland-shrub & 0.00 & 0.00 & 0.00 & 0.00 & 1.17 \\ \hline
411 & Inland marshes & 0.00 & 0.00 & 11.93 & 0.00 & 0.00 \\ \hline
112 & Discontinuous urban fabric & 61.82 & 46.20 & 4.56 & 5.15 & 0.00 \\ \hline
121 & Industrial or commercial units & 4.47 & 13.36 & 0.00 & 1.11 & 0.00 \\ \hline
133 & Construction sites & 0.01 & 3.42 & 0.00 & 0.00 & 0.00 \\ \hline
141 & Green urban areas & 7.17 & 0.90 & 0.00 & 0.00 & 0.00 \\ \hline
211 & Non-irrigated arable land & 0.99 & 12.12 & 27.27 & 9.89 & 0.00 \\ \hline
222 & Fruit trees and berry plantations & 0.02 & 16.19 & 1.40 & 0.34 & 0.00 \\ \hline
231 & Pastures & 5.51 & 1.38 & 47.65 & 31.32 & 20.51 \\ \hline
242 & Complex cultivation patterns & 4.14 & 5.57 & 4.15 & 17.04 & 6.38 \\ \hline
243 & Land principally occupied by agriculture, with significant areas of natural vegetation & 0.00 & 0.19 & 6.05 & 6.42 & 0.00 \\ \hline
311 & Broad-leaved forest & 14.80 & 0.27 & 2.53 & 23.92 & 26.90 \\ \hline
312 & Coniferous forest & 0.80 & 0.00 & 1.62 & 0.00 & 1.86 \\ \hline
313 & Mixed forest & 0.00 & 0.38 & 0.00 & 0.00 & 14.29 \\ \hline
321 & Natural grasslands & 0.00 & 0.00 & 0.00 & 0.00 & 25.94 \\ \hline
324 & Transitional woodland-shrub & 0.00 & 0.00 & 0.00 & 4.80 & 4.12 \\ \hline
411 & Inland marshes & 0.00 & 0.00 & 4.78 & 0.00 & 0.00 \\ \hline
511 & Water courses & 0.27 & 0.00 & 0.00 & 0.00 & 0.00 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Land cover expressed as a percentage for each land class identified in the 1200 and 3000 m radius areas. A different situation is identified in apiary C2 as follows: for the 1200 m radius, a total of six land classes are identified, with 48.86% representing industrial or commercial units.