# ChatGPT in Education: A Systematic Review on Opportunities, Challenges, and Future Directions
## 1 Introduction  
The rapid advancement of artificial intelligence (AI) has significantly transformed various sectors, including education. Among AI-driven tools, chat generative pre-trained transformer (ChatGPT), developed by OpenAI, has gained prominence due to its ability to generate human-like text, assist in tutoring, content creation, and interactive discussions, and support students and educators in diverse learning environments [1] with significant benefits, including personalized learning, automated assessments, and administrative efficiency. However, its integration into education also raises concerns regarding academic integrity, data privacy, AI biases, and its long-term impact on pedagogy [2]. Although the governance and ethical implications of ChatGPT in education remain underexplored [3], some researchers argue that AI could enhance critical thinking and engagement, while others warn of plagiarism risks, misinformation, and the erosion of teacher authority [4]. Additionally, disparities exist in institutional AI consistency in its use across educational settings [5]. To address these complexities, this study conducts a systematic review using the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) framework, evaluating ChatGPT's role in teaching, learning, governance, and policy challenges. By analyzing both its opportunities and risks, the study provides insights into best practices for responsible AI integration in education. Despite its transformative potential, the integration of ChatGPT in education presents several critical challenges that require urgent attention. One of the most pressing concerns is that students increasingly rely on ChatGPT for assignments and assessments, raising risks of plagiarism and reduced critical thinking skills [6]. Educational institutions must establish clear guidelines to ensure AI is utilized as a learning aid rather than a substitute for independent intellectual engagement [7]. Another major challenge is bias and misinformation in AI-generated content. Since ChatGPT is trained on vast datasets, it can sometimes produce inaccurate, misleading, or biased responses, which may reinforce harmful stereotypes and misinform students [8]. To mitigate this risk, continuous refinement of AI models and AI literacy programs is necessary, equipping students with critical evaluation skills when engaging with AI-generated content [9]. Additionally, privacy and ethical concerns surrounding AI adoption in education remain significant. ChatGPT processes large amounts of user data, raising concerns about data security, student privacy, and compliance with regulatory frameworks [10]. However, the absence of standardized AI governance policies further complicates responsible AI integration in educational settings [11]. Addressing these issues requires the development of robust ethical guidelines and governance structures to ensure the safe, transparent, and equitable use of AI in education. Furthermore, educators face difficulties in adapting to AI-driven teaching methodologies. While AI can automate administrative tasks, its effective classroom integration demands teacher training and institutional support. Without proper training, educators may struggle to leverage AI while maintaining pedagogical effectiveness. Research must explore how AI literacy and professional development programs can empower educators to maximize AI's benefits while mitigating its risks [12; 13]. Moreover, to address these complexities, this study explores the following research questions:  
1. How has ChatGPT been applied in education? 2. What are the major governance and policy challenges associated with its adoption? 3. What future research directions can optimize its effectiveness while ensuring ethical implementation? By investigating these questions, this study aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of ChatGPT's role in education, offering insights into its applications, challenges, and future implications.