esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Investigating the Effect of Screw Size on the Stress Level in MERO Joint for Space Frame Structures
## 3 Results and Discussion  
The present study evaluated three MERO joints with diameters of 98, 110, and 132 mm under the same tensile-compressive loading condition. In all numerical analyses, the first layer of the ball joint was loaded in one tensile force and the second layer in tow simultaneous compressive and tensile forces. All the simulations were performed in ANSYS v.14.0 software and the results were presented in three parts. In the first part, the effect of changing the screw size on the maximum stress level created in the double layer ball joint, under 8 axial tensile-compressive loads of 5 tons, was evaluated. Then, the maximum stress levels were calculated in three sizes of the ball joints for the applied loading conditions and for each screw size, in the second part. The last part was dedicated to the factor of safety (FOS) for different sizes of MERO joint, which was examined for different screw sizes under the same loading conditions. Finally, the optimal screw sizes were proposed for each MERO joint from multiple perspectives.
## 2 Materials and Experimental Testing
### Experimental Testing
#### 2.3.5 Durability Test  
The durability of CEB is one of the main aspects that must be considered for any material used for construction.  
The dry abrasion resistance test was performed on the specimens. It was carried out according to the AFNOR, XP P13-901 [41] made for CEBs, by measuring the removed quantity of material from the blocks after 60 back and forth brush sweeps using a steel brush. During the test, the steel brush was used to brush the block surface (roundtrips) once every second for 1 min without exerting any additional vertical force on the brush. Brushing was performed along the entire length of the block, and at least half of the brush surface remained in permanent contact with the surface of the block during the entire test to avoid a cantilever that would put too much stress on the edges of the block. At the end of the brushing, the block was cleaned of the elements that had become detached. A coefficient of abrasion in cm\({}^{2}\)/g assessment was based on Equation (5):  
\[\text{Ca}=\frac{\text{S}}{\text{m}0-\text{m}1} \tag{5}\]  
where m0 is the mass before brushing, m1 (g) is the mass after brushing (g), and S is the brushed surface (cm\({}^{2}\)).  
The erosion resistance was evaluated on the samples to check the effect of water on the CEBs according to the New Zealand Standard NZS 4298 [46]. This test consisted of allowing 100 mL of water to drop continuously onto the exposed surface of each block which was inclined 30\({}^{\circ}\) from the horizontal axis, from an elevation of 40 cm. The time taken for 100 mL to drip from the container was 40 min (adapted from the mentioned standard of between 20 and 60 min), and the pit depth was measured. The erodibility index was concluded from its value according to the aforementioned standard, and the CEBs were suitable if the pit depth was less than 5 mm. With a pit depth between 5 and 10 mm, the material was considered erosive and corresponded to class 3. At pit depth between 10 and 15 mm, the erosion was assigned to class 4 and the block was considered as very erosive.  
Figure 9: Thermal property measurement.  
Finally, for a pit depth of more than 15 mm, the erosion was assigned to class 5 and failed the test.
## 4 Experiments and Results Analysis  
### Data Collection  
We selected two areas under LOS (line of sight) scenarios for the experiments. The first experimental scenario has an area of approximately 9 \(\times\) 4 m\({}^{2}\), with 50 reference points and 15 test points, totaling 65 points. In Figure 7a, reference points are represented by blue solid circles, and test points by green triangles. The reference points are 1 m apart, with the bottom-left corner as the coordinate origin, defining coordinates for each point. The second experimental scenario is a narrow corridor area, measuring approximately 20.4 \(\times\) 2.4 m\({}^{2}\), with 30 reference points and 15 test points selected, totaling 45 points. In Figure 7b, reference points are denoted by stars and test points by crosses. A Xiaomi 4C router is used as the access point (AP). A Dell Inspiron 3543 laptop, equipped with an Intel 5300 network card and version 4.2 of the CSI-tools software, serves as the data collection platform. It runs on the Ubuntu 14.04 LTS operating system. The AP is positioned at a height of 0.5 m above the ground, and the data collection platform at a height of 0.8 m, with both devices located approximately 1.5 m outside the experimental area. The collection frequency is set to 10 Hz, with the experimenters standing still at each point for 20 s, collecting 200 samples. Table 1 shows the detailed parameters of the transmitting and receiving devices.  
Figure 6: Flow chart of the IPSOGWO-MSVR positioning algorithm.
# Penetration Analysis of SAR Signals in the C and L Bands for Wheat, Maize, and Grasslands
## 2 Study Site and Dataset Description  
### Study Site  
The study site is a relatively flat area located in the Occitanie region in the southwest of France (centered on 3.80\({}^{\circ}\) E and 43.67\({}^{\circ}\) N, Figure 1). The climate of the study site is Mediterranean with a rainy season between mid-October and March and an average cumulative rainfall of approximately 750 mm. The average air temperature varies between 3 \({}^{\circ}\)C and 29 \({}^{\circ}\)C. The study site is composed mainly of forest, vineyard, grassland, maize, and wheat. In total, 30 reference plots (11 grassland, 14 wheat, and 5 maize plots) between 0.6 and 9 ha in area were selected to perform our study. The topsoil texture of the reference plots is sandy loam [33] ([[https://www.gissol.fr/donnees/cartes/la-texture-des-horizons-superieurs-du-sol-en-france-metropolitaine-1883](https://www.gissol.fr/donnees/cartes/la-texture-des-horizons-superieurs-du-sol-en-france-metropolitaine-1883)]([https://www.gissol.fr/donnees/cartes/la-texture-des-horizons-superieurs-du-sol-en-france-metropolitaine-1883](https://www.gissol.fr/donnees/cartes/la-texture-des-horizons-superieurs-du-sol-en-france-metropolitaine-1883))). A total of 12 ALOS-2/PALSAR-2, 49 Sentinel-1 (S1), and 24 Sentinel-2 (S2) images acquired between January 2017 and August 2018 were used in this study. In addition, in situ campaigns were conducted simultaneously with SAR acquisitions to collect in situ measurements of SSM in the reference plots.
# Review on Structural Health Evaluation with Acoustic Emission
## 2 Signal Attenuation
### Survey of Ultrasonic Attenuation of Metallic Alloys
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline
**Material** & **Type** & **\(\alpha\)-p 1** & **\(\alpha\)-t 1** & **Method 2** & **Condition 3** & **Reference** & **Ref. No.** \\ \hline Al & 1100 (2S) & 0.16 (5), 1(10) & & Q & & [PERSON] (1957) & [82] \\ Al & Al (99.99\%) & & 28 (6.3) & E & Anneal 200 \(\lx@math@degree\)C 1 h & [PERSON] (2003) & [76] \\  & 2017 (175T) & 5.6 (5) & 13.1 (4) & Q & GS-0.23 mm & [PERSON] (1947) & [26] \\  & 2017 (175T) & 2.6 (5) & 7.9 (5) & Q & GS-0.13 mm & [PERSON] (1947) & [26] \\ Cu & Cu (99.99\%) & & 88 (2.3) & E & GS-35 um & [PERSON] (2003) & [76] \\ Brass (360) & 45.7 (10) & 286 (5) & Q & GS-49 um & [PERSON] (1965) & [43] \\ Mg & – & 32.3 (10) & Q & QS-0.2 mm & [PERSON] (1948) & [83] \\ AZ31 (PSI) & 6.9 (10) & 4.1 (10) & Q & GS-0.12 mm & [PERSON] (1948) & [83] \\ Nb & Nb & 280-510 (5) & GS-43-124 μm & [PERSON] (2010) & [84] \\ Ni & Grade A & 115 (3.5) & 240 (2) & Q & GS-55 um & [PERSON] (1965) & [43] \\  & [PERSON] & & 51 (4.5) & E & solution + aged & [PERSON] (2004) & [75] \\ Fe & Fe-0.004\%C & 339 (8.2) & & GS-50 um & [PERSON] (2000) & [85] \\  & Fe-0.02\%C & 300-1350 (10) & & GS-18-137 μm & [PERSON] (1981) & [70] \\  & Fe-0.06\%C & 46–101 (5) & & GS-22-30 μm & [PERSON] (1980) & [68] \\ Steel & Fe-0.15\%C & 33-60 (5) & & GS-14-40 μm & [PERSON] (1980) & [68] \\  & Fe-0.15\%C & & 116 (5) & E & GS-49 um & [PERSON] (2003) & [76] \\  & Fe-0.2\%C & 220-340 (5) & & GS-120-29 μm & [PERSON] (2000) & [85] \\  & Fe-0.25\%C & 45-91 (5) & & GS-12-29 μm & [PERSON] (1980) & [68] \\  & Fe-0.0\%C & 83–237 (5) & & GS-50-120 μm & [PERSON] (1980) & [68] \\  & Fe-0.4\%C & 53 (5) & & GS-12-20 μm & [PERSON] (1980) & [68] \\  & Fe-0.4\%C & 86-127 (5) & & GS-50-65 μm & [PERSON] (1980) & [68] \\  & 4150 & 78-7 (10) & & RHC: 14 & [PERSON] (1952) & [27] \\  & 4150 & 19.7 (20) & & RHC: 61 & [PERSON] (1952) & [27] \\  & 4145 & 14.5 (5) & Q & VHN:746 & [PERSON] (1957) & [28] \\  & 4145 & 22.5 (5) & Q & VHN:265 & [PERSON] (1957) & [28] \\  & 3140 & 21.2 (10) & Q & RHC: 45 & [PERSON] (1960) & [30] \\  & 4150 & 21.2 (10) & Q & RHC: 54 & [PERSON] (1960) & [30] \\  & 4150 & 12.2 (10) & Q & pearle-bairair & [PERSON] (1960) & [30] \\  & 4150 & 6.4 (20) & & Q & martensite (M) & [PERSON] (1964) & [29] \\  & 4150 & 11.0 (20) & & Q & tempered M & [PERSON] (1964) & [29] \\  & 1C-Mo-V & & 33 (5) & E & tempered M & [PERSON] (2002) & [77] \\  & 2.25 Cr-1 Mo & & 25.6 (3.9) & E & annealed & [PERSON] (2006) & [78] \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Ultrasonic attenuation of engineering alloys
# Performance Analysis of D2D Communication with Retransmission Mechanism in Cellular Networks
## 4 Queuing Model and Feedback Strategy
### Embedded Markov Chain Approach  
The queuing process was represented by a single dimension discrete time Markov chain, and the state set was denoted as \(\{X(t),t\geq 0\}\). We adopted the embedded Markov chain to analyze the packet state of the D2D buffer. The corresponding probability transition matrix is expressed as:  
\[\mathbf{P}=\left[\begin{array}{cccccc}p_{0,0}&p_{0,1}&0&0&\cdots&\cdots& \cdots\\ p_{1,0}&p_{1,1}&p_{1,2}&0&\cdots&\cdots&\cdots\\ 0&p_{2,1}&p_{2,2}&p_{2,3}&0&\cdots&\vdots\\ 0&0&p_{3,2}&p_{3,3}&p_{3,4}&\cdots&\vdots\\ \vdots&\vdots&\ddots&\ddots&\ddots&\ddots&\vdots\\ \vdots&\vdots&\ddots&0&p_{L_{\max}-1,L_{\max}-2}&p_{L_{\max}-1,L_{\max}-1}&p_ {L_{\max}-1,L_{\max}}\\ 0&0&0&\cdots&0&p_{L_{\max},L_{\max}-1}&p_{L_{\max}}L_{\max}\end{array}\right] \tag{10}\]  
where \(p_{i,j}\) denotes the transition probability of the queue length state from \(i\) to \(j\).  
For the diagonal of matrix \(\mathbf{P}\), when \(1\leq i\leq L_{\max}\), the transition from state \(i\) to \(i-1\) occurred only when the data were successfully transmitted and there was no data packet arrival. If the packet was sent for the \(K^{\text{th}}\) time, it left the queue regardless (that is, whether successfully transmitted or not).  
\[p_{i,j}=\left[p_{suc}\sum\limits_{k=1}^{K-1}p_{state}^{k}+p_{state}^{K}\right] \left(1-q\right),\quad\ 1\leq i\leq L_{\max},j=i-1 \tag{11}\]  
When \(1<i<L_{\max}\), the transition from state \(i\) to \(i\) occurred in two conditions: First, the packet failed to be sent, and there was no data arrival with the probability \(1-q\). Second, a packet was successful sent, while a new packet arrived with the probability \(q\). The transition probability is described as follows:  
\[p_{i,j}=\left\{\begin{array}{l}\left[\left(1-p_{suc}\right)\sum\limits_{k= 1}^{K-1}p_{state}^{k}\right]\left(1-q\right)+\left[p_{suc}\sum\limits_{k=1}^{K- 1}p_{state}^{k}+p_{state}^{K}\right]q,\quad\ 1\leq i<L_{\max},j=i\\ 1-q,\quad\quad\quad i=j=0\end{array}\right. \tag{12}\]  
Specifically, when \(i=j=L_{\max}\), the transition occurred as long as the packet in the sending state from State 1 to \(K-1\) failed to be sent because of the limited buffer.  
\[p_{i,j}=\left(1-p_{suc}\right)\sum\limits_{k=1}^{K-1}p_{state}^{k}+\left[p_{suc }\sum\limits_{k=1}^{K-1}p_{state}^{k}+p_{state}^{K}\right]q,\quad\ i=j=L_{\max} \tag{13}\]  
When \(1\leq i<L_{\max},j=i+1\), the transition of the queue length from \(i\) to \(i+1\) occurred only if the packet failed to be sent and a packet arrived with probability \(q\).  
\[p_{i,j}=\left\{\begin{array}{l}\left[\left(1-p_{suc}\right)\sum\limits_{k= 1}^{K-1}p_{state}^{k}\right]q,\quad\ 1\leq i<L_{\max},j=i+1\\ q,\quad\ \ i=0,j=i+1\end{array}\right. \tag{14}\]
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Changes in pH and Instrumental Color  
Table 2 presents the pH values and color coordinates for the sous vide-cooked samples. The pH values of the control group and sous vide-cooked meat ranged from 6.20 to 6.40. The L* values ranged from 46.41 to 48.70, a* values from 13.60 to 16.95, and b* values from 12.96 to 14.31. The pH values in all treatment groups, except for the 65 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 12 h treatment group (6.34), were significantly higher than those in the control group (6.20). Meat pH generally increases after cooking, owing to the fragmentation of bonds involving sulfhydryl, imidazole, and hydroxyl groups; the alterations in the electric charge of the acidic groups; the separation of the peptide chain; and the production of new alkaline compounds during cooking ([PERSON] et al., 2018). There were no significant differences in L* values between the control and treatment groups. However, the L* values among the treatment groups were influenced by the cooking temperature (\(p\) = 0.0037) and cooking time (\(p\) = 0.0479). A significant difference in the L* value within the treatment group was found, with the L* value of the 65 \({}^{\circ}\)C for the 24 h treatment group being higher than that of the 70 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 18 h treatment group. The high L* value of meat cooked at a low temperature may be due to increased free water remaining on the surface of the sliced sample prior to the color analysis ([PERSON] et al., 2018). Samples cooked at low temperatures, thereby preserving increased moisture, exhibited water release on the surface during slicing for color analysis, whereas samples that lost a great amount of moisture during cooking appeared to have low exuded water levels on the surface ([PERSON] et al., 2018). The a* values in the 70 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 18 h (13.84) and the 70 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 24 h (13.60) treatment groups were significantly lower than those in the control (16.95) and the 65 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 12 h (16.29) treatment groups. The a* values among the treatment groups were affected by the cooking temperature (\(p\) < 0.0001) and cooking time (\(p\) = 0.0194). These findings suggest that myoglobin degradation increases with the cooking temperature. Studies have reported a decrease in redness as the cooking temperature increases for beef ([PERSON] et al., 2018), pork ([PERSON] et al., 2018), and lamb ([PERSON] et al., 2018). The extent of myoglobin denaturation was found to be associated with the cooking temperature, which resulted in an increased degree of myoglobin denaturation, consequently leading to decreased a* values ([PERSON] et al., 2018; [PERSON] et al., 2018).
# Risk-Based Hybrid Light-Weight Ship Structural Design Accounting for Carbon Footprint
## 6 Cost-Benefit Analysis  
The risk-benefit analysis requires an optimisation of design solutions in supporting the ship's functionality subjected to progressive corrosion degradation and ship hull structural collapse, conditional to environmental pollution and energy efficiency.  
Figure 8: Cost of structural measure.  
Figure 7: Accidental spill cost.  
To balance the repair cost against the benefits and the repair time needs to minimise the risk accounting for the probability of failure and expected consequences accounting for the total expected cost for recovering the structures as a result of the repair calculated as per unit time. Two periods of ship operations can be distinguished. The first one is when the ship arrives at its planned repair time, \(t_{r}\). The second one is when the ship terminates the operation.  
The repair cost per unit of time is estimated as \(C_{r}(t_{r})\)[55; 56] calculated as a sum of the cost of the ship repair before failure, \(C_{bf}\) multiplied by the probability of non-failure, \(P_{nf}(t_{r})\) and the cost of failure, \(C_{af}\) multiplied by the probability of failure, \([1-P_{nf}(t_{r})]\) normalized to the ship service duration, \(t_{r}\) leading to the following:  
\[C_{r}(t_{r})=\frac{C_{bf}P_{nf}(t_{r})+C_{af}[1-P_{nf}(t_{r})]}{t_{r}P_{nf}(t_ {r})+\int_{0}^{t_{r}}tf(t)dt} \tag{21}\]  
where \(P_{nf}(t_{r})=1-P_{f}(t_{r})\) is the probability of non-failure. The target beta index, \(\beta_{t}\), of the ship hull structures' may vary between 1.25 and 5 [57; 58] during the service life. The repair costs per unit of time are shown in Figures 9 and 10.  
The target reliability index for repair and repair time minimises the total cost per year as a function of progressive structural degradation and collapse, conditional to the consequence cost involving environmental pollution cleaning. The optimum/target reliability index at the first repair for the different ship structural designs can be seen in Table 3.  
Table 3 identify that the best design solution from the three ones analysed here, accounting for all event that may occur during the service life, is AHS1, in which the inner steel shell plates of a bulk carrier ship are replaced by aluminium honeycomb panels enhancing the corrosion degradation resistance. The gained less lightweight is used to transport more cargo by keeping the same needed engine power and fuel with a shipping cost similar to AHS2 and lower than 11% of the steel solution. However, the use of aluminium honeycomb panels is limited in the present study to replace the steel inner side shell, which may be extended for other structures of the ship hull with an expectation of more benefit in weight reduction and the consequent impact on the reduction of the environmental pollution and more transported cargo. Such kind of extended use will require more profound studies of the use of the honeycomb panels subjected to multiaxial and dynamic loading.
# Integrated System for Official Vehicles with Online Reservation and Moving Path Monitoring
###### Abstract  
Companies have official vehicles for the convenience and time efficiency of employees to carry out official duties. However, private uses, false reports of fuel consumption, and excessive use by users may harm the company's finance and reputation. Moreover, it is difficult to quantify and manage the use of official vehicles as they are used by different groups in the company. Locating vehicles also is a problem that is caused by inappropriate management. To solve these problems, an online monitoring and management system of official vehicles is proposed in this study. The system includes a set-top box (STB), key cabinet unit, line bot, and backstage management system in four major units with GPS and moving path tracking functions. The STB functions include GPS mobile tracking, power management, and Wi-Fi communication. The key cabinet unit manages key storage for the STB and detects the location of the set-top box. The backstage management system stores general information and GPS locations of vehicles. Line Bot allows online management, and the backstage management system provides administrators with information on official vehicle uses. The test result of the system shows successful monitoring of the vehicles on identifying moving paths, mileage, and locations with an accuracy of 5 m. The system prevents doubled reservations and informs the exact location of the vehicles. It helps the administrator of the official vehicles monitor and analyze the data of uses of the vehicles to improve the management efficiency and prevent misuse of the vehicles. The system also provides a solution for sharing economy of vehicles.  
company car management; GPS positioning; path tracking; line bot
# \"In Vivo\" Validation of 3D-Printed Innovative Surgical Template for Lumbar Spinal Arthrodesign.
## Materials and Methods
### Collected Data and Statistics  
During the trial, data were collected before, during, and after surgery. An example of the data sheet is included in Online Resource 1. The complete datasheet is presented in Online Resource 2.  
Online Resource 1 (OR1) TEMPLATE OF THE PATIENT DATA SHEET  
Online Resource 2 (OR2) PATIENT DATA SHEETS  
Both objective and subjective data were collected to perform the comparison with and without the use of the template and to validate the template itself.  
Data collected were:  
1. Surgery times: 1. starting from the vertebra's exposure to titanium rods implantology; and 2. starting from screws implantology to end of screws implantology;
2. X-ray shots during single-vertebra surgery;
3. Kirshner wire positioning error; and
4. Screw positioning error (requiring a screw repositioning).  
Qualitative data were organised in a synoptic table including:1. The post-surgery evaluation of the final trajectories with scores from 1 to 5 depending on the correctness of the trajectory obtained [13];
2. Qualitative evaluation of the whole operation to evaluate the mental load and the physical effort of the surgeon.
## 3 Results and Discussion  
### Optimisation of the UPLC-MS/MS Method  
Due to the similar molecular weight, similar chromatographic behaviour, and corresponding characteristics, loratadine was chosen as the IS without interfering with the detected Hu7691. Hu7691 and Loratadine (IS) are more sensitive and stable than negative electrospray ionisation under positive electrospray ionisation. The full scan spectra of Hu7691 and Loratadine mainly produce protonated ion [M +H]+ at _m/z_ 415.11 and _m/z_ 383.08, respectively. The major fragment ions of its products were at _m/z_ 196.09 and _m/z_ 267.02. Therefore, the MRM mode was acquired using the ion transitions of _m/z_ 415.11\(\rightarrow\)196.09 for Hu7691 and _m/z_ 383.08\(\rightarrow\)267.02 for the IS. Other MS detection conditions were also optimised. The optimisation results are displayed in Table 1.  
Various UPLC columns with different particle sizes, apertures, and column lengths were selected. The ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18 trifunctionally bonded alkyl column was selected after preliminary tests because the target compounds showed acceptable chromatographic peak shapes. Meanwhile, elution methods were screened using methanol, acetonitrile, or isopropanol and formic acid, ammonium formate, or ammonium acetate in water as the mobile phase. The data showed that the use of acetonitrile and 0.1% formic acid could improve the separation of the analytes. The retention times of Hu7691 andloratadine were 1.91 and 2.28 min, respectively.
# Tradeoffs in Key Rotation Strategies for Industrial Internet of Things Devices and Firmware
## 2 Representative Architectures for Secure Boot
### Immutable Bootloader with Secondary Bootloader (B)  
This scenario builds on the last. In this case, we develop the primary bootloader as intended (it cannot be written to during operation). However, its only function is to validate the signature of the secondary bootloader (e.g., MCUboot or wolfBoot) [20]. The secondary bootloader is compiled with a separate public key (or certificate) that is used to validate the firmware. In this scenario, we can rotate the firmware signing key through a firmware update. However, we are still unable to rotate the key used to sign the secondary bootloader as it is immutable after operation. Considering the attributes in Table 1, the most obvious benefit is that we can now change the public key in the secondary bootloader, which means that we can now rotate the key used to validate the firmware. This improves the attribute labeled \"Rotate\" in Table 1 (as shown in Figure 5). We are still likely to keep a short Boot Time and Dev Time, and we also have opportunities to improve the functionality of the device independent of the defaults associated with microprocessor platform (\"Independence\" in Table 1). Refer to Table 3 for the tradeoffs of this approach.