# Human Factors and Ergonomics in Industry 5.0--A Systematic Literature Review
## 3 Results
### From Operator 4.0 to 5.0  
With the continuing evolution of technology and the increasing need to adapt industrial processes to human values and sustainability, the role of the operator in the manufacturing environment is constantly evolving. The operator is no longer just a passive user of technology but becomes an active partner in the interaction with advanced autonomous systems in the production process. Operator 4.0 is a human worker in the era and the work conditions according to Industry 4.0 principles, defined as \"an industrial worker whose cognitive, sensorial, physical and interaction capabilities are enhanced by the close interplay with Industry 4.0 technologies\". The value-sensitive design (VSD) methodology is proposed as one way that Operator 4.0 technologies can be designed for these human values [8]. Technologies enhancing the operator's cognitive capabilities are cloud computers, simulation, virtual reality, and artificial intelligence; those enhancing the operator's sensorial capabilities are health monitoring sensors, personal activity trackers, posture sensors, and IoT; those enhancing the operator's physical capabilities are collaborative robots, exoskeletons, actuators, and control devices, and teleoperated systems; and those enhancing interaction capabilities are human-machine interfaces, augmented reality, mobile devices, and personal intelligence assistance [9]. Because there is a distinction between machine-readable knowledge and tacit knowledge, it is suggested that rather than seeking to automate a human activity, workplace automation should be developed so that human intelligence and knowledge-based activity are placed at the center of a systems development effort, which is how humans can take advantage of machines [10]. With that said, additional approaches define the characteristics of Operator 4.0 as augmented and virtual operators (extended reality (XR) technologies), healthy operators (smart wearable solutions related to health metrics), smarter operators (intelligent personal assistant and softbots), social operators (social networking services in real-time), and analytical operators (big data analytics to prevent mistakes and decision support) [8]. The novel concept raises demand for Operator 5.0, a reconsideration of Operator 4.0 by the human-centric principles on which human factors and ergonomics have a direct influence. Along with the flexible architecture that enables the integration from different data sources in terms of the Industry 5.0 human-centric system, the human dimension must be incorporated to increase business value creation. Human-centered processes are typically designed to address a specific business issue, as most of these workflows are related to team collaboration. They see the value in the fusion of wearable devices connected to human biosensing dimensions, so they enhance the need for the standardization of integrated business processes that involve both automated and human-driven operations [1]. Similarly to Operator 4.0, Operator 5.0 should collaborate with the equipment according to their physical, sensorial, and cognitive capabilities to provide a safe environment and optimal utilization of equipment. This approach not only takes into account the operator's individual capabilities but also integrates modern technologies to provide real-time information. These technologies allow the operator to make accurate decisions and adapt work processes to the current conditions and needs, thereby increasing overall efficiency and safety. Research in the field of technologies adapted to human needs focuses on the development of networked sensors with low-level intelligence (to reduce network overload and allow for the exchange of important data), the creation of digital twins (for production monitoring and prediction), virtual training (to avoid a dangerous situation in training and education),and artificial intelligence (for machines and robots to learn from humans) [8].