## 6 Conclusions  
With this study, we show the retrospective analysis of the case study of the recent 2023 Turkey EQs, to which we applied our methodological multiparametric and multiplatform approach, consisting in the analyses of data from the different geolayers (lithosphere, atmosphere, and ionosphere) involved in the coupling during the preparation phase of significant-magnitude EQs. We recognise two possible kinds of LAIC channels established when all anomalies coming from all geolayers were placed in chronological order. The comprehensive accumulation of all anomalies has two possible kinds of trends: one is exponential and the other is oscillating/intermittent. When we remove the ionospheric anomalies that occur before atmospheric ones, the fluctuations around the exponential cumulative number of anomalies almost disappear, in agreement with [80]. The two behaviours represent two modes of LAIC processes that act almost independently, one from the other: one of a thermodynamic type with diffusive/delayed character, while the other probably electromagnetic, with an oscillating and intermittent trend. The results of the analyses from the case study were very interesting, confirming the power of our Geosystems approach [62] in detecting LAIC effects before large EQs. We also attempted to give a little deeper insight into the phenomena that could occur in the earthquake enucleation zone, focusing on the chemical role of fluids in the processes of the generation of the coupling between the lithosphere and lower atmosphere. **Author Contributions:** Conceptualisation, G.C., M.C., A.D.S. and L.P.; formal analysis, G.C., A.D.S., A.P., C.F., D.S., M.O., S.A.C., M.D.C. and M.S. ; funding acquisition, A.D.S. and L.P.; investigation, G.C., A.D.S., A.P., S.D., C.F., D.S., M.O., L.P., M.D.C. and M.S. ; methodology, G.C., A.D.S., A.P., C.F. and L.P.; software, G.C., A.D.S., A.P., C.F., L.P., S.A.C. and M.S. ; writing--original draft, G.C., M.C., A.D.S., A.P., S.D., C.F., D.S., M.O., L.P., S.A.C., M.D.C., A.N. and M.S. ; writing--review and editing, G.C., M.C., A.D.S., A.P., S.D., C.F., D.S., M.O., L.P., S.A.C., M.D.C., A.N. and M.S. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. **Funding:** This research was funded by the Italian Space Agency (ASI) through Limadou Scienza+ Project (CUPF19C20000110005 OB.FU. 1066.010) and the Italian Ministry of Research and University (MUR) through Pianeta Dinamico INGV Project (CUP D53J19000170001) and FURTHER INGV Earthquakes Department Project (CUP D83C22001980006). **Data Availability Statement:** The original data presented in the study are openly available in the following: Earthquake Catalogue; Kandilli Observatory ([[http://www.koeri.boun.edu.tr/new/en](http://www.koeri.boun.edu.tr/new/en)]([http://www.koeri.boun.edu.tr/new/en](http://www.koeri.boun.edu.tr/new/en))); ECMWF ERA5 ([[https://www.ecmwf.int/en/forecasts/dataset/ecmwf-reanalysis-v5](https://www.ecmwf.int/en/forecasts/dataset/ecmwf-reanalysis-v5)]([https://www.ecmwf.int/en/forecasts/dataset/ecmwf-reanalysis-v5](https://www.ecmwf.int/en/forecasts/dataset/ecmwf-reanalysis-v5))); ESA Swarm Mission Data ([[https://swarm-diss.ee.esa.int/](https://swarm-diss.ee.esa.int/)]([https://swarm-diss.ee.esa.int/](https://swarm-diss.ee.esa.int/))); CSES Mission Data available upon request and formal approval at [[http://www.leos.ac.cn/](http://www.leos.ac.cn/)]([http://www.leos.ac.cn/](http://www.leos.ac.cn/)); NOAA ([[https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/stp/satellite/poes/dataaccess.html](https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/stp/satellite/poes/dataaccess.html)]([https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/stp/satellite/poes/dataaccess.html](https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/stp/satellite/poes/dataaccess.html))); Nicosia (Cyprus) Ionospheric Observatory ([[https://giro.uml.edu/](https://giro.uml.edu/)]([https://giro.uml.edu/](https://giro.uml.edu/))); and GIRO Group ([[http://spase.info/SMWG/Observatory/GIRO](http://spase.info/SMWG/Observatory/GIRO)]([http://spase.info/SMWG/Observatory/GIRO](http://spase.info/SMWG/Observatory/GIRO))).