esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Revisiting Low-Resolution Images Retrieval with Attention Mechanism and Contrastive Learning
## 3 Results
### Datasets  
We report performance on three popular datasets widely used for category-level image retrieval. CUB200-2011 [43] dataset contains 11,788 images representing 200 bird classes. CARS196 [44] dataset consists of 16,185 images corresponding to 196 classes. Stanford Online Products [45] contains 120 k online product images of 22,634 categories. Such data are prone to fine-grain tasks, especially CARS196 and CUB200-2011, which contain many images that share the same properties of an object across categories such as shape and color. In the contrastive learning framework, we apply an identical augmentation for all three datasets. First, we randomly crop part of the input image with the ratio ranges from 0.5 to 1, then apply Gaussian kernel to generate two blurred images originated from the same source; the kernel size is set to 23, but the variance is randomized from 1 to 5 to generate multiresolution samples. At the end of the preprocessing step, we resize the augmented images to a fixed size of \(224\times 224\). The training and testing set for each dataset are separated as per the default settings provided in the datasets package. We further split 20% from the training set to form a validation set. The sampling strategy is similar for all the three datasets. In the retrieval phase, the samples from the test set without blurry augmentation are used to form a gallery and samples from the evaluation set with the above augmentations are used as queries.
## 2. Commutation and Power Loss Equalizing Degree of Coil Array  
For MLPM with moving coils, its activated coils are invariant. Yet for MLPM with moving magnets, its activated coils are always varying because these coils have to be switched smoothly along with the movement of the mover. Their electromagnetic forces and torques both originate from the interactions between the current-carrying coils and the magnetic field of permanent magnets, i.e., Lorenz forces. Thus, hereafter, a being-studied MLPM with moving coils [11; 12; 19; 20] is taken as an example to set up the commutation method. This MLPM is composed of a large area planar stator and a long x-y travel mover. It is initially designed such that the mover of 1 kg mass can obtain acceleration of 1g in x or y direction at a maximum gap of 2 mm; enough energy can be provided for the real-time control of all DOF motions. Figure 2a,b show the configurations and design parameters of the stator and mover, respectively. The designed parameters and their final dimensions after being manufactured are shown in Table 1.  
As Figure 2a shows, the stator of MLPM is a Halbach permanent magnet array whose magnetic energy is concentrated on one side of the stator. Its magnetic flux density distribution in 3-dimension Euclidean space as a whole can be set up as a harmonic model. As Figure 2b shows, the mover of MLPM consists of four forcers arranged in a centrosymmetric order; each forcer contains five ironless coils. Twenty coils of coil array are activated respectively by 20 DC power amplifiers. The force generated from each activated coil located in the permanent magnetic field can be calculated by the Lorenz volume integral method. The two forces of each forcer generated are the summation forces of five coils generated. The three forces and three torques of the mover generated are the summation forces and torques of four forcers generated.  
Figure 2. Cont.
# A Tiered Control Plane Model for Service Function Chaining Isolation
## 5 Protocol and Interfaces
### Orchestration Interfaces
#### 5.1.4 Provision VNFs  
A VNF provisioning message goes between the providers' orchestration plane. This message is also constructed as NSD, but in this paper it is simplified to a pseudo-YAML format (Figure 16). When all Service Providers have provisioned their services according to the NSD, each Compute Node will inform the related controllers about VNFs' locations. Therefore, it is only the origin Service Provider that needs to know the SFC. The other controllers only provision the VNF. For the VNF encryption services, the Preshared Key (Key) is also attached.  
Figure 15: SFC provisioning message from the orchestration layer.
## 5 Field Tests and Discussion on Results
### Implementation of the DSM Program  
Testing for the implementation of the DSM program is carried out by involving residential, commercial, and industrial consumers. Before their inclusion into the DSM program, their willingness was taken. SACs' thermostat settings were set at 25 \({}^{\circ}\)C and 27 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 9 and 5.5 min, respectively. In phase I of this setup, five conventional and nine inverter-based air conditioners were used. The daily load profiles of each type of consumer are discussed in the subsequent subsection.  
Comparison of Power Consumption Profiles of Residential, Commercial, and Industrial Consumers with Actual and Demand Side Management Control Technique  
The daily power consumption profiles of residential, commercial, and industrial consumers by considering actual power consumption profile, with a 3 \({}^{\circ}\)C temperature rise and then after implementing the DSM program, are investigated. Results illustrated in Figures 11-13 show three types of load profile plots: typical power consumption profile, influence of 3 \({}^{\circ}\)C temperature rise, and after the implementation of the DSM program. It can be clearly observed that a rise in temperature causes an increase in power consumption for all three types of consumers. It is also evident from the results that the DSM program reduces the daily power consumption profiles quite effectively. The attributes of three types of consumers are given as,  
1. Residential Consumers: The daily load profile of transformer supplying power to residential consumers is shown in Figure 11. The peak hours of residential consumers are in the morning time with a peak at 8 AM due to preparation of professionals for offices and kids for schools. The second peak is in the evening time between 5 and 8 PM due to the availability of all residents in their homes. The implementation of DSM program reduces the overall power consumption to 19.23% with 33% during the peak hours;  
Figure 11: Daily load profile of transformer supplying to residential consumers.  
2. Commercial Consumers: The daily load profile of transformer supplying power to commercial consumers is shown in Figure 12. The peak hours of commercial consumers are between 1 PM and 6 PM due to the opening of commercial shops. The implementation of the DSM program reduces the overall power consumption to 14.71% with 22.22% during the peak hours;
3. Industrial Consumers: The daily load profile of transformer-supplying power to industrial consumers is shown in Figure 13. The peak hours of industrial consumers are between 1 PM and 6:30 PM due to operation of the working units. The implementation of DSM program reduces the overall power consumption to 10.5% with 20% during the peak hours.  
Figure 12: Daily load profile of transformer supplying to commercial consumers.  
Figure 13: Daily load profile of transformer supplying to industrial consumers.
## 4 Results and Discussion
### MRS Analysis  
The micro-Raman spectra reported in Figures 6-8 for the \"Noto\", \"Comiso\", and \"Mendicino\" stones, respectively, are representative of 15 different measurements collected on different spots of the surface exhibiting similar profiles, in the wavenumber range between 100 cm\({}^{-1}\) and 2000 cm\({}^{-1}\).  
Furthermore, for the \"Noto\" stone, the detected micro-Raman profile shown in Figure 6 revealed the typical vibrational peaks of calcite (CaCO3), from the observation of a fierce peak at \(\sim\)1084 cm\({}^{-1}\) along with tiny features at \(\sim\)158 cm\({}^{-1}\), \(\sim\)273 cm\({}^{-1}\), and \(\sim\)713 cm\({}^{-1}\), which is related to the normal modes of the most stable polymorph of the calcium carbonate structure. Indeed, the strongest band of the spectrum, centered at \(\sim\)1084 cm\({}^{-1}\), corresponds to the symmetric stretching of the CO3 group, while the Raman peak at \(\sim\)713 cm\({}^{-1}\) can be ascribed to symmetric CO3 deformation and the asymmetric stretching of the carbonate unit, respectively. Moreover, bands at \(\sim\)158 cm\({}^{-1}\) and \(\sim\)273 cm\({}^{-1}\) can be attributed to lattice vibrations involving translations and rotations of the carbonate groups within the crystal [60].  
Figure 6: Representative micro-Raman spectrum recorded on the “Noto” stone in the wavenumber range between 100 cm\({}^{-1}\) and 2000 cm\({}^{-1}\).  
In addition, the micro-Raman spectrum for the \"Comiso\" stone as reported in Figure 7, again revealed a composition mainly based on calcite, from the observation of the peak at \(\sim\)1084 cm\({}^{-1}\), along with a tiny feature at \(\sim\)277 cm\({}^{-1}\)[61].  
Lastly, the micro-Raman profile of the \"Mendicino\" stone, shown in Figure 8, suggested a composition also mostly made of calcite, from the observation of a fierce peak at \(\sim\)1084 cm\({}^{-1}\), along with tiny features at \(\sim\)158 cm\({}^{-1}\), \(\sim\)280 cm\({}^{-1}\), and \(\sim\)710 cm\({}^{-1}\)[62].  
The MRS results are in very good agreement with the XRD ones. Both methods clearly identify the presence of calcite, whereas the MRS does not detect any significant amount of other mineralogical phases, probably due to the small laser spot size (25 \(\upmu\)m), together with the intrinsic limitations of the MRS technique, which can only provide surface-level information.
# A Flower-Shaped Miniaturized UWB-MIMO Antenna with High Isolation
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Far-Field Properties  
The UWB-MIMO antenna was tested in an anechoic chamber for its radiation patterns, and the results are presented in Figure 10. By stimulating port 1 and terminating port 2 with a matched load, the corresponding radiation patterns were measured. It can be seen from Figure 10a,b that the antenna almost achieved omnidirectional radiation on both the XOZ plane and the YOZ plane at low frequencies (5.4 GHz and 6 GHz). At 8 GHz from (c), the radiation direction of the antenna on the XOZ surface was mainly distributed between 180\({}^{\circ}\) and 360\({}^{\circ}\), and the maximum radiation gain reached 4.4 dB at approximately 255\({}^{\circ}\), while on the YOZ surface, the maximum radiation direction was approximately 0\({}^{\circ}\) and 180\({}^{\circ}\). At 11.2 GHz, the XOZ surface achieved almost omnidirectional radiation characteristics, while on the YOZ surface, the radiation gain obtained its maximum value at approximately 90\({}^{\circ}\). However, at high frequency, it can be seen from Figure 10e that the radiation pattern of the XOZ plane was not as good as that of the YOZ plane. According to these results, the antenna had acceptable radiation characteristics on the XOZ (E-plane) and YOZ (H-plane) at frequencies of 5.4, 6, 8, 11.2, and 14.6 GHz, and the measured results are consistent with the simulated results.  
The proposed MIMO antenna's radiation efficiency and peak gain are shown on Figure 11. As the radiators of the proposed MIMO antenna were structured symmetrically, the following values are shown for only one radiator. The radiation efficiency varied from 85 to 93 percent, implying that the majority of the energy was radiated away. The maximum gain of a single antenna at 5.4 GHz was 5.35 dBi, whereas the peak gain values at 6.4-7.6 GHz were relatively low, in the range of 2.5-4 dBi. Throughout the whole operational frequency range, the proposed MIMO antenna showed a positive gain value. Based on the results described above, the proposed UWB-MIMO antenna system offers promising radiation features.  
Figure 9: Simulated and measured S-parameters.
# Research on Application of Improved Quantum Optimization Algorithm in Path Planning
## 3 Bloch Sphere Quantum Bee Colony Algorithm  
### Bloch Coordinate Coding of Nectar Source  
Firstly, encode the nectar sources using Bloch coordinate encoding. The coding approach is similar to the quantum genetic algorithm. The coordinates of nectar source are determined by defining a point \(p\) for each pair of parameters \(\theta\) and \(\varphi\), and any qubit corresponds to a point on the spherical surface. Finally, \(P_{i}\) which is the \(i\)th food source in the population, is obtained, and three feasible solutions in the corresponding space are calculated.  
The original nectar source is coded with Bloch coordinates of qubits directly, and the \(i\)th individual \(R_{i}\) in the population is encoded as follows:  
\[R_{i}=\begin{vmatrix}\cos\varphi_{i1}\sin\theta_{i1}\\ \sin\varphi_{i1}\sin\theta_{i1}\\ \cos\theta_{i1}\end{vmatrix}\cdots\begin{vmatrix}\cos\varphi_{ij}\sin\theta_ {ij}\\ \sin\varphi_{ij}\sin\theta_{ij}\\ \cos\theta_{ij}\end{vmatrix}\cdots\begin{vmatrix}\cos\varphi_{in}\sin\theta_ {in}\\ \sin\varphi_{in}\sin\theta_{in}\\ \cos\theta_{in}\end{vmatrix}, \tag{23}\]  
\[\begin{cases}\varphi_{ij}=2\pi\times rand(0,1)\\ \theta_{ij}=2\pi\times rand(0,1)\end{cases}, \tag{24}\]  
where \(1\leq i\leq m\), \(1\leq j\leq n\), \(m\) is the population size, and \(n\) is the spatial dimension.  
Each food source \(R_{i}\) consists of three chains, each corresponding to a feasible solution \(x_{ix}\), \(x_{iy}\) or \(x_{iz}\) in the original solution space.  
\[\begin{cases}x_{ix}=(x_{i1}^{(1)},x_{i2}^{(1)},\dots,x_{in}^{(1)})\\ x_{iy}=(x_{i1}^{(2)},x_{i2}^{(2)},\dots,x_{iy}^{(2)})\\ x_{iz}=(x_{i1}^{(3)},x_{i2}^{(3)},\dots,x_{in}^{(3)})\end{cases}, \tag{25}\]
## 1 Introduction
[27] took the shallow unsymmetrical loading tunnels constructed by the CRD method as the research object, and found through numerical simulation that the shallow-side-first excavation is more capable of guaranteeing the safety and structural stability of tunnel construction. The excavation sequence of the shallow unsymmetrical loading tunnel was analyzed by [PERSON] et al. [28], who concluded that the 'deep first then shallow' approach is better. [PERSON] et al. [29] conducted a simulation analysis of the continuous arch tunnel, and found that the deeper-side-first excavation was found to be the superior construction option when using the three drifts method and the up-and-down bench methro drift. [PERSON] et al. [30] conducted numerical simulations on various excavation sequences for shallow unsymmetrical small clearance tunnels with different unsymmetrical angles, spacing, and buried depths. Their findings suggest that excavating the deeper side of the tunnel is safer when the unsymmetrical angle is larger, the tunnel spacing is below 0.5 times the diameter of the tunnel, and the buried depth is less than 1 times the diameter of the tunnel. Conversely, excavating the shallower side of the tunnel first is considered safer when the spacing is above 0.75 times the diameter of the tunnel and the depth of burial exceeds 1.5 times the diameter of the tunnel. When constructing a super-large-span shallow tunnel using the double-side drift method, the excavation of the left and right drifts can affect the load of the middle drift, and the degree of influence varies under different working conditions. The proportion of drift on both sides also affects the stability of the surrounding rock and supporting structure differently [31]. The findings indicate a lack of consensus regarding the excavation sequence for shallow unsymmetrical tunnels, specifically in terms of whether'shallow first, then deeper' or 'deeper first, then shallower' is preferable. Moreover, super-large-span tunnels exhibit more complicated structural deformation and stresses compared to other tunnels. The construction of large-span tunnels is typically executed using divisional excavation methods, with the ratio of drifts emerging as a critical factor influencing tunnel stability [27; 32]. This paper presents the results of a field test on the deformation law of a shallow super large-span tunnel portal with unsymmetrical loading. And through the use of FLAC3D numerical simulation software, the excavation sequence and drift ratio were analyzed, and the stability control technology was proposed.
# Designed on 0.18 um CMOS Process Small Size Broadband Millimeter Wave Chip Antenna
## 3 Results  
In order to verify the design results, we measured the reflection coefficient of the antenna. Figure 14 shows the antenna measurement state diagram taken using a high magnification lens. The instrument for this measurement is shown in Figure 15. The Agilent E7350A vector network analyzer is used for measurement, with a measurement range of 2 GHz to 110 GHz. Using a GSG probe feed to measure the reflection coefficient, the probe spacing is 50 \(\upmu\)m. As shown in Figure 16, the measured operating frequency is 62-100 GHz at the \(-10\) dB reflection coefficient standard. The trend of simulation and measurement results is generally similar, but the measured results have a better reflection coefficient compared to the simulation, presumably due to the impedance matching effect when the probe is inserted.  
Figure 14: GSG connector and actual measurement diagram.  
Figure 13: An amount of 64 GHz surface current of chip antenna.  
Figure 17a,b illustrates chip antenna E plane and H plane views at 64 GHz. As shown in Figure 17a, at an operating frequency of 64 GHz, the E plane field type has a maximum gain of \(-\)0.4 dBi at a Theta of 0 deg. Figure 17b shows the radiation field pattern of the antenna in the H plane, with a maximum gain of \(-\)0.4 dBi when Phi is 0 deg. From the above results, it can be seen that the chip antenna proposed in this article radiates upward and has a good radiation field pattern.  
Figure 16: Reflection coefficient of simulation and measurement of chip antenna.  
Figure 15: Measurement environment setup.
## 3 Results and Analysis
### Probability Distribution  
Probability distribution functions (PDFs), such as precipitation rate distribution and precipitation volume distribution as a function of precipitation rate, provide an effective way to study the precipitation characteristics. PDFs offer an insight into the error dependence on the precipitation rate and the potential error impact on hydrological applications [42]. Figure 5 shows the 3-hourly mean precipitation PDFs of occurrence (PDFc) and the cumulative distribution of rainfall rates in terms of volume (CDFv), which are applied to characterize TMPA's ability in detecting the rainfall of different intensities. The 3B42V7 gives a better agreement with the gauge observations than 3B42 RT regarding the occurrence of moderate rainfall rates (1\(\sim\)4 mm/h). Both 3B42 RT and 3B42V7 underestimate the occurrence of light rainfall rates (\(<\)1 mm/h) and overestimate for high rainfall rates, especially for 12-24 mm/h (Figure 5a). The rain rates (\(<\)24 mm/h) account for almost 98% of the total volume for 3B42 RT and 3B42V7 while just about 85% of the volume for rain gauge measurements. This fact suggests that 3B42 RT and 3B42V7 have a poor detection of very intensive rainfall (\(>\)24 mm/h).  
Figure 4: Time series rainfall over (**a**) entire HBT domain; (**b**) Beijing; and (**c**) rainfall center.  
Considering the data samples are limited, this result might not represent the general performance of 3B42 RT and 3B42V7. However, this conclusion is suitable at least in this case.
## 3 Experimental Phenomena and Analysis  
### Bearing Capacity Experimental Results  
The main data and bearing capacity test results for each specimen group are shown in Table 5.  
As shown in Table 5, among the nine experimental groups, the highest average bearing capacity (Nu) of 3544 kN was observed in the C8-X-20/1 group, while the lowest was 1400 kN in the C4-X-40/0 group, consistent with the UHPC material test results in Table 4. The average load of the C8-X-40/0 specimen group was 3146 kN, while the average loads for the C8-X-20/1 and C8-X-40/2 groups were 3544 kN and 3282 kN, respectively. The latter group with a higher steel fiber and coarse aggregate content exhibited significantly higher load-bearing capacity compared to the C8-X-0/0 group without additional materials, indicating that the appropriate addition of coarse aggregate and steel fibers to the in-filled UHPC can effectively improve the specimen's load-bearing capacity. Considering the three types of steel pipes, the highest average loads were observed in the C4-X-20/2, C6-X-0/2, and C8-X-20/1 groups, respectively. It can be inferred that a steel fiber content of 1-2% and a coarse aggregate content of 0-20% in the in-filled UHPC provide the greatest enhancement in load-carrying capacity.  
In this paper, the strength indexes of 27 steel pipe UHPC in the test range from 1.10 to 1.37, and the specimen improvement coefficients are all greater than 1.1, indicating that the steel pipe in the test can play a better role in restraining and improving the core steel slag microwdder UHPC. When the steel fiber dosage of 1%, doped with 20% of coarse aggregate UHPC constraint capacity improvement effect, is the best, its specimen's overall bearing capacity enhancement coefficient is also the highest.  
The size of the steel pipe UHPC strength index depends on the deformation of the steel pipe and concrete together under pressure in the specimen under pressure, due to the steel fiber and coarse aggregate control and limiting the development of cracks close to the shear surface so that the combined component has a greater deformation capacity, greatly improving the shear capacity of the cracked surface, which strengthens the composite role of the steel pipe and the concrete core, so as to obtain a better cross-section performance, so  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Specimen** & \multirow{2}{*}{\(\mathbf{D}/\mathbf{t}\)} & \multirow{2}{*}{\(\mathbf{\rho}\)} & \(\mathbf{A_{C}}\) & \(\mathbf{A_{s}}\) & (**X = 2**) & \multirow{2}{*}{\(\mathbf{SI}\)} & (**X = 3**) & \multirow{2}{*}{\(\mathbf{SI}\)} & (**X = 4**) & \multirow{2}{*}{\(\mathbf{SI}\)} & (**X = 4**) \\
**Number** & & & & (mm\({}^{2}\)) & & & & & & \\ \hline C4-X-0/1 & 27 & 0.166 & 7.85 & 1.306  
that the core UHPC compressed in three directions, which effectively improves the ultimate load of the specimen.
# Numerical Simulation of Flow Field of Submerged Angular Cavitation Nozzle
## 2 Numerical Calculation Method  
### Physical Model of Angular Cavitation Nozzle  
The physical model of the angular cavitation nozzle is composed of four parts: the inlet contraction section, the cylinder section, the outlet expansion section, and the external flow field cylinder, as shown in Figure 1. The length \(a\) of the external flow field cylinder is 20 mm, and the diameter \(b\) is 40 mm. The structure of the angular cavitation nozzle is used for the classical \"leach & walker\" model [14]. On this basis, the length \(Lc\) of the nozzle contraction section is uniformly set to 26 mm, and then the diameter \(d\) of the cylinder section is set to 2.5 mm according to the rated pressure of 20 MPa and the rated flow of 43 L/min of the high-pressure piston pump, and the other nozzle structural parameters are designed to analyze the nozzle contraction angle \(\alpha\), length \(Ld\) of the cylindrical section, length \(Le\) of the expansion section, and expansion angle \(\beta\) on the effect of jet cavitation. For the authenticity of the simulation, a 3D model is used.