## 3 Results  
The mean values and standard deviations for all measurement parameters are given in Table 2. In five instances, the Shapiro-Wilk tests indicated a non-normal distribution of measurement values (Table 2). Only in three comparisons between implant types, a significant difference could be observed (Table 2).  
Slightly higher insertion torque (\(p\) = 0.772), strain development (\(p\) = 0.893) and implant stability (\(p\) = 0.642) were seen in Straumann implants but did not significantly differ from Astra implants. As expected, bone mineral density in the cortical (\(p\) = 0.466) and trabecular (\(p\) = 0.360) area did not differ between groups.  
Significantly greater bone to implant contact was observed in Straumann implants, both in cortical (\(p\) = 0.014) and trabecular (\(p\) = 0.016) areas. However, Astra implants caused a significantly greater number of microcracks in cortical bone (\(p\) = 0.020). No further significant differences with respect to bone damage were observed between the groups.  
In general, only a few and weak correlations were seen between the different parameters recorded (Table 3). In Straumann implants, insertion torque correlated with bone to implant contact in the cortical area (\(p\) = 0.029), while in trabecular bone, the number of macroracks correlated with bone to implant contact (\(p\) = 0.029). In Astra implants, a correlation between insertion torque and bone to implant contact in the trabecular area was found (\(p\) = 0.007) as well as a correlation between the number of macroracks in trabecular  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**ASTRA**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Straumann**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Welch \(t\)-Tests** (\(p\)-Value)**} \\ \hline  & **Mean** & **SD** & **Mean** & **SD** & \\ \hline
**Torque** & 29.76 & 26.893 & 34.08 & 17.428 & 0.772 \\ \hline
**Strain** & 383.38 & 299.860 & 410.84 & 284.754 & 0.893 \\ \hline
**ISQ** & * 79.20 & 11.339 & 81.80 & 2.842 & 0.642 \\ \hline
**BMDc** & 0.894 & 0.025 & 0.872 & 0.058 & 0.466 \\ \hline
**BMDt** & 0.486 & 0.099 & 0.434 & 0.065 & 0.360 \\ \hline
**BICc** & 0.756 & 0.059 & 0.868 & 0.054 & **0.014** \\ \hline
**BICt** & 0.428 & 0.064 & 0.600 & 0.101 & **0.016** \\ \hline
**microC** & ** 92.204 & 26.241 & 49.732 & 7.318 & **0.020** \\ \hline
**microT** & *** 44.484 & 18.810 & **** 45.034 & 23.733 & 0.969 \\ \hline
**macroC** & 10.862 & 1.443 & 11.020 & 2.073 & 0.893 \\ \hline
**macroT** & 5.494 & 0.976 & 6.286 & 3.045 & 0.600 \\ \hline
**defC** & 0.592 & 0.504 & 0.326 & 0.195 & 0.320 \\ \hline
**defT** & 0.368 & 0.161 & **** 0.418 & 0.226 & 0.699 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} \(p\)-values of Shapiro-Wilk tests indicating a non-normal distribution of measurement values: * 0.014; ** 0.019; *** 0.050; *** 0.028; **** 0.004. Abbreviations and units: Torque [Ncm]: implant insertion torque; Strain [\(\mu\)m/m]: strain development on buccal bone; ISQ [no physical unit]: implant stability quotient; BMDc [%]: bone mineral density in the cortical area; BMDt [%]: bone mineral density in the trabecular area; BICc [%]: bone to implant contact in the cortical area; BICt [%]: bone to implant contact in the trabecular area; microC [quantity]: total number of microcracks detected in cortical bone; microT [quantity]: total number of microcracks detected in cortical bone; macroT [quantity]: number of macroracks detected in cortical bone; macroT [quantity]: number of microcracks detected in trabecular bone; defT [quantity]: total number of deformed bone areas detected in cortical bone; defT [quantity]: total number of deformed bone areas in trabecular bone.  
\end{table}
Table 2: Descriptive statistics and pairwise comparisons of the two implant types investigated. Significant differences between groups (\(p\) < 0.05) are written in bold.  
bone and implant stability (\(p=0.016\)). Additionally, in the area of cortical bone, the number of macroracks correlated with bone to implant contact (\(p=0.019\)).