## 5 Simulation and Experimental Results
### ECC-Based Authentication for the Trusted Authority (TA)  
The parameters that are considered for this analysis concerning the number of vehicles are energy efficiency, packet delivery ratio, overhead, and packet loss. Figure 9 shows the graphical representation of the energy efficiency for the methods such as S-AODV, ES-AODV, ECC-ACCO-AODV, and the proposed ECC-GA-PASR. The results stated that the proposed ECC-GA-PASR outperforms the earlier works in terms of energy efficiency, which is achieved with the concept of optimal RSU distribution. For the process of optimal RSU distribution genetic algorithm is used, which helps to reduce the energy utilization in the network, which reflects in the increase in energy efficiency. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Parameters** & **Values** \\ \hline Simulator Version & NS-2.35 \\ Simulation Time & 200 ms \\ Simulation Coverage Area & 1500 \(\times\) 1500 m \\ MAC interface & MAC/802.11 \\ No of Vehicles & 500 vehicles [37] \\ Malicious Vehicles & 50 Vehicles [37] \\ Network Speed & 50 to 250 (KM/Hr) [37] \\ Channel & Channel/Wireless \\ Radio Propagation Model & Two-Ray Propagation Model \\ Connections & Multiple \\ Mobility Model & Random Mobility Model \\ Antenna Type & Omni-directional Antenna \\ Queue Type & DropTail \\ Data Packet Size & 512 bytes \\ Traffic Agent Type & Transmission Control Protocol \\ Traffic Application Type & Constant Bit Rate \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 6: Simulation Parameters. Figure 9: Efficiency Energy Calculation based on number of vehicles. Figure 10 shows the graphical representation of the packet delivery ratio calculation. The performance achieved by the proposed ECC-GA-PASR is high when compared with the earlier works. It is attained by using private and public-based authentication processes through ECC-based authentication. It greatly prevents the network from malfunctions and improves the packet delivery ratio of the network. Figure 11 shows the graphical representation of the overhead calculation. The results confirmed that the proposed ECC-GA-PASR produces lower overhead when compared with the earlier research. Hence, in the proposed ECC-GA-PASR, GA-based RSU distribution is conducted, and ECC-based security is provided. Through the optimal RSU distribution process, all the vehicles are able to get access to the RSU without any time delay and routing overhead, and through the ECC-based security, the packet loss in the network is greatly reduced. Both ideas are combined here; as a result, the overhead of the network is reduced. Figure 12 shows the graphical representation of the packet loss calculation. The output proves that the packet loss of the proposed ECC-GA-PASR is lower than that of the earlier works, and it is reached by the process of ECC-based key generat  
Figure 10: PDR Calculation based on number of vehicles. data transmission between the vehicles. To a great extent, this method protects the network from malicious activities, and that reflects in the reduction of packet loss in the network. According to the number of vehicles, the efficiency achieved by the proposed ECC-GA-PASR is 95.17%, whereas the earlier works, such as S-AODV, ES-AODV, and ECC-ACO-AODV achieved the efficiency of 76%, 82%, and 89%, respectively. Therefore, the proposed ECC-GA-PASR achieves 10-20% better efficiency when compared with the earlier