## 1 Introduction
### Dynamic Glazing System  
Dynamic glazing systems are pivotal in modern architectural design and cities, offering tailored control over light and heat entering a building [15; 17]. There are several types of dynamic glazing systems, such as thermochromic [18], suspended particle device (SPD) [19], photochromic [20], and liquid crystal glazing (PDLC) [21]. Among these, electro-trochmic (EC) glazing stands out for its capacity to fine-tune daylight usage and improve visual comfort [22; 23]. These innovative systems adapt their optical properties to balance solar heat gain and minimize glare, thus maintaining a regulated indoor environment that still preserves visual access to the outdoors. Specifically, EC glazing changes its shade to manage the indoor illuminance in response to external sunlight intensity and internal demands, enhancing energy efficiency and the comfort of occupants. The mechanism of EC glazing operates by applying a low-voltage electrical current which triggers a reversible change in the optical properties of the glass, transitioning from transparent to tinted states. This transition allows for precise control over the amount of light and heat passing through, based on real-time environmental conditions and occupant preferences [24; 25]. This technology is particularly beneficial in spaces such as mosques, where the interplay of light is crucial to the spiritual and aesthetic ambiance. Incorporating EC glazing into mosque architecture can revolutionize environmental control, supporting sustainable building practices while upholding the tranquil and sacred atmosphere of the prayer areas. A hypothetical presentation of daylight penetration of different EC glazing states is depicted in Figure 2.  
Figure 1: Daylighting strategies integrated in the 3D section example mosque. Studies evaluating the performance of EC glazing in buildings from a daylighting perspective affirm its substantial benefits. Research has demonstrated that EC glazing can significantly reduce energy consumption for artificial lighting and cooling, leading to improved thermal and visual comfort levels within interior spaces. For example, [PERSON] et al. (2020) confirms this by demonstrating how smart EC glazing windows can lead to marked energy savings by reducing reliance on artificial lighting and climate control systems ([PERSON] and [PERSON] (2007)). [PERSON] and [PERSON] (2007) provide evidence that the strategic combination of electrochromic windows with overhangs can result in improved energy efficiency and visual comfort through optimized daylight use and minimized solar heat gain ([PERSON] and [PERSON] (2013)). Further supporting these findings, [PERSON], [PERSON], and [PERSON] (2013) illustrate that split-pane electrochromic windows, managed for daylighting while maintaining visual comfort, offer substantial energy savings in lighting without compromising occupant comfort ([PERSON] et al. (2008)). [PERSON] et al. (2008) confirmed that EC windows could improve UDI which is enhancing occupant satisfaction with the indoor lighting environment; they also found that the EC glazing provides the greatest energy benefit for those cases of integrating photovoltaics (PVs) into opaque vertical facades at the lower end of the experienced range in total annual vertical irradiation ([PERSON] and [PERSON] (2013)). Collectively, these studies and Table 1 reinforce the notion that EC glazing is a potent tool for enhancing the quantitative and qualitative aspects of building performance, aligning with broader sustainability goals in the built environment sector. In the context of mosques, which are architectural embodiments of spiritual and cultural expression, the incorporation of EC glazing can be particularly advantageous. The deployment of EC glazing in mosques can harmonize daylighting with spiritual functions, allowing for an ambient light quality that supports focus and introspection.