## 1 Introduction  
Carbon-fiber-reinforced plastic (CFRP) is used in various applications owing to its strength, heat resistance, and corrosion resistance, in addition to its weight advantage over other materials [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]. A trend in aerospace applications is to increase the proportion of composite structural parts for aircraft weight reduction and corrosion resistance. In leisure and sporting goods industries, it is widely used in the production of golf shafts, tennis racquets, skis, and snowboards owing to the above advantages. However, despite these advantages, CFRP may not be suited for some structures exposed to large amplitude vibration, owing to its low damping capacity [5]. Recently, various studies have been performed to improve the vibration damping ability of CFRP and studies on functional composite materials that can absorb vibration energy have been drawing more attention. Recently, particles with nano and micro dimensions have been used as reinforcing materials to enhance the reinforcing effect; they have been added to the polymer matrix for composites to provide better performance. Multifunctional materials containing piezoelectric material such as lead zirconate titanate (PZT) and shape memory alloy (SMA) could increase the damping capacity by converting the vibration energy into heat energy. These materials, referred to as active materials, can convert a non-mechanical input into a mechanical output, or vice versa. The mechanical response of these materials to a non-mechanical input is several orders of magnitude larger than the thermal expansion. Piezoelectric material converts mechanical energy into electrical energy, and vice versa [6]. Electrical energy is generated by deformation of piezoelectric ceramic particles during vibration of the composite material, which can lead to current flow if a proper resistance circuit is present [7]. As Joule heat emerges from the generated current as it passes through the resistor, the vibration energy is converted into thermal energy, which increases the vibration damping ability of the material [8]. [PERSON] [9] demonstrated that the carbon-fiber-reinforced composite material itself can function as a proper resistor. Accordingly, the vibration damping mechanism of the piezoelectric ceramics can be applied to enhance the vibration damping. He applied a trial and error method to find the optimal content of piezoelectric ceramic particles. The vibration damping capability of composites increases with the introduction of piezoelectric ceramic particles owing to the electrical connections of the piezoelectric ceramic particles and carbon fibers, acting as resistors. [PERSON] [10] enhanced the vibration damping ability of composite materials with piezoelectric ceramic particles, used as functional particles accelerating the loss of the vibration energy. [PERSON] et al. investigated damping behavior of highly loaded PZT/Polyurethane particulate composite [11]. They fabricated thermoplastic polyurethane elastomer (TPU) composites containing up to 70 vol% PZT particles for increasing damping of composites. SMA is a type of hyperelastic material, which could restore its shape when a particular temperature is reached. When the shape of the material is deformed, its phase and crystal structure change, leading to a conversion of the mechanical energy into thermal energy [12; 13; 14; 15; 16]. Studies have been performed to enhance vibration damping of composites utilizing SMA particles [17; 18]. [PERSON] and [PERSON] investigated the damping behavior of SMA for various frequency and temperature conditions [19]. [PERSON] et al. demonstrated that nanoscale SMA particles are effective for ultra-high mechanical damping [20]. [PERSON] et al. reported that with a dispersion of PZT ceramic particles on the prepreg in a single layer, the vibration damping ability was improved. Because the contact area between PZT and carbon fiber increases, electrical heat losses results in more efficiency [8].