# Ergonomic Assessment of Physical Load in Slovak Industry Using Wearable Technologies
## 3 Results
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Joint**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Movement**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Green Area [\%]**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Orange Area [\%]**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Red Area [\%]**} & \\ \hline  & & \(E_{\text{NA}}\) & \(E_{\text{NA}}\) & \(\Delta E\) & \(+\)/ & \(E_{\text{NA}}\) & \(E_{\text{EM}}\) & \(\Delta E\) & \(+\)/ & \(E_{\text{NA}}\) & \(E_{\text{NA}}\) & \(\Delta E\) & \(+\)/\(-\) \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{neck} & flexion/extension & 10.0 & 19.7 & 9.7 & + & 26.8 & 51.2 & 24.4 & + & 63.2 & 29.1 & \(-\)34.1 & \(+\) \\  & lateral flexion/extension & 54.6 & 54.9 & 0.3 & + & 44.3 & 40 & \(-\)4.3 & \(-\) & 1.1 & 5.1 & 4 & \(-\) \\  & rotation right/left & 56.2 & 44.4 & \(-\)11.8 & \(-\) & 32.2 & 42.2 & 10 & \(-\) & 11.5 & 13.5 & 2 & \(-\) \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{lower back} & flexion/extension & 100 & 97.8 & \(-\)2.2 & \(-\) & 0 & 2.2 & 2.2 & \(-\) & 0 & 0 & 0 & + \\  & lateral flexion/extension & 97.4 & 95.4 & \(-\) & \(-\) & 2.6 & 4.1 & 1.5 & \(-\) & 0 & 0.5 & 0.5 & \(-\) \\  & rotation right/left & 89.5 & 95.3 & 5.8 & + & 9.3 & 4.7 & \(-\)4.6 & + & 1.2 & 0 & \(-\)1.2 & + \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{right shoulder} & rotation external/internal & 87.0 & 79.0 & \(-\)8 & \(-\) & 11.7 & 16.5 & 4.8 & \(-\) & 1.3 & 4.5 & 3.2 & \(-\) \\  & vertical rotation & 90.1 & 78.7 & \(-\)11.4 & \(-\) & 9.6 & 20.4 & 10.8 & \(-\) & 0.3 & 0.9 & 0.6 & \(-\) \\  & horizontal rotation & 60.6 & 50.0 & \(-\)10.6 & \(-\) & 33.6 & 42.3 & 8.7 & \(-\) & 5.8 & 7.7 & 1.9 & \(-\) \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{left shoulder} & rotation external/internal & 85.6 & 78.6 & \(-\)7 & \(-\) & 11.7 & 17.4 & 5.7 & \(-\) & 2.7 & 4.0 & 1.3 & \(-\) \\  & vertical rotation & 85.5 & 68.6 & \(-\)16.9 & \(-\) & 11.3 & 23.6 & 12.3 & \(-\) & 3.2 & 7.8 & 4.6 & \(-\) \\  & horizontal rotation & 67.5 & 69.9 & 2.4 & + & 25.9 & 25.4 & \(-\)0.5 & + & 6.6 & 4.7 & \(-\)1.9 & \(+\) \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{right hip} & flexion/extension & 100 & 100 & 0 & + & 0 & 0 & 0 & + & 0 & 0 & 0 & + \\  & abduction/adduction & 99.1 & 97.8 & \(-\)1.3 & \(-\) & 0.9 & 2.2 & 1.3 & \(-\) & 0 & 0 & 0 & + \\  & rotation external/internal & 77.4 & 70.3 & \(-\)7.1 & \(-\) & 22.5 & 27.5 & 5 & \(-\) & 0.1 & 2.2 & 2.1 & \(-\) \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{left hip} & flexion/extension & 100 & 92.6 & \(-\)7.4 & \(-\) & 0 & 7.4 & 7.4 & \(-\) & 0 & 0 & 0 & + \\  & abduction/adduction & 100 & 99.7 & \(-\)0.3 & \(-\) & 0 & 0.3 & 0.3 & \(-\) & 0 & 0 & 0 & + \\ \cline{1-1}  & rotation external/internal & 20.6 & 10.5 & \(-\)10.1 & \(-\) & 77.1 & 69.9 & \(-\)7.2 & + & 2.3 & 19.6 & 17.3 & \(-\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Results from the comparative motion measurements with the Captiv system: for one worker when working without exoskeleton STAND (\(E_{N_{A}}\)), and with exoskeleton EXO (\(E_{W_{A}}\)). The results obtained correspond to the level of exposure to the risk divided in three zones—green, orange, red. \(\Delta E_{A}\)—is the difference value to compare both types of experiments, \(E_{W_{A}}\)—is the ratio between durations of times when the observable occurs in one of three risk zones for measurement EXO, \(E_{N_{A}}\)—is the ratio between durations of times when the observable occurs in one of three risk zones for measurement STAND. The signs \(+\)/ = in the next column declare positive (\(+\)) or negative (\(-\)) influence of a particular change in the risk. working time, with the exoskeleton 69.9% time in orange and raised from 2.3% to 19.6% in the red zone; uncertainty and mistrust of a person in the equipment are visible here. A kind of training might be necessary to improve the worker's movement to the right table to pick up a part and then insert the assembled product. We provided tests with four different persons. The results were statistically evaluated. The STAND, EXO measured data file normality was verified using the Shapiro-Wilk normality test (Table 4).