esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 2 Data Overview and Pre-Processing
### Data Overview  
From 2005 to 2012, the sea navigation test and land mooring test named \"wave retrieval technology of Shipborne X-band Marine radar\" were carried out in Bohai Sea area and East China Sea area by the research group of Harbin Engineering University. In this experiment, the wave monitoring equipment was developed and the performance of this equipment was tested. In order to further verify the accuracy of the wave monitoring equipment, a large number of sea experiment data and weather data were collected by the research group in the ocean observation station of Haitan Island in Pingtan County from 2013 to 2015. The experimental site and radar equipment are shown in Figure 1.  
The rainfall data is automatically recorded by the rain gauge of the observation station, and the accuracy of the rain gauge is 0.1 mm. With reference to the actual radar image, the micro rain less than 0.1 mm is set as 0.05 mm.  
The radar image in this article is the actual measurement data collected by X-band marine radar in August 2013, and the configuration of the radar is given in Table 1. The rotatory period of the radar antenna is about 2.5 s, and the pulse repetition frequency is 2 kHz. The time interval between adjacent radar image sequences is 85 s, and each of the radar image sequence consists of 32 images. The sector area with azimuth from 50\({}^{\circ}\) to 90\({}^{\circ}\) and radial from 80 to 600 points is selected as the occlusion area of the radar image.
## 4 Coexistence Solutions for Sync-FT Operation
### Switching to Another CW Set  
This feature is inspired by the multi-user mode of enhanced distributed channel access (MU-EDCA) in 802.11 ax [18], which penalizes an STA for channel access after it is given a channel access opportunity by a trigger-based transmission. The AP of a BSS assigns a pair of CW sets, denoted by set A and set B, to its associated STAs, where set B has CW minimum (CWmin) and maximum (CWmax) values that are the same as or higher than those of set A. The STAs perform their BOs based on CW set A by default. After an STA is given a channel access opportunity by a trigger-based transmission, it switches to CW set B. A similar approach can be adopted for MLO, as illustrated in Figure 14. We refer to the corresponding solution as _Switch_. After a link is given a channel access opportunity by free riding, we switch the link to CW set B so that it has to wait longer on average for channel access due to its own BO completion. A timer (\(t_{switch}\)) is started when the link switches to CW set B. When the timer expires, the link switches back to CW set A. Switching from one set to another is not affected by the transmission result, and the CW value is reset to the CWmin of the current set.  
Figure 11: Repicking a backoff count (Repick). (**a**) STR MLD, (**b**) Non-STR MLD.
# Multigraphene Prepared by One-Pot Pyrolysis of Diatomite/Polypropylene Composites
## 1 Introduction  
Due to its excellent physical, mechanical, optical, electrical, and thermal properties, graphene is considered to be an ideal filler used in functional composites [1; 2; 3; 4; 5] and is also attractive for applications of graphene-based materials, such as wastewater treatment [6; 7], CO\({}_{2}\) adsorption [8; 9], and energy storage [10; 11] applications, as well as for condensed matter research [12; 13; 14; 15]. However, graphene's high production cost restricts its application in these fields. Thus, the mass production of high-quality graphene using a low-cost approach is still a big challenge.  
Graphic exfoliation in liquid media by shear exfoliation [16] as well as using ultrasound- and plasma spray-assistant techniques [17; 18] are versatile graphene production techniques. In this case, the utilization of many toxic organic solvents with a high boiling point makes it difficult for industrial production, and the exfoliation efficiency has yet to be satisfied [19]. [PERSON]'s method and chemical vapor deposition (CVD) are two other large-scale production methods. For [PERSON]'s method, the harsh preparation conditions could lead to the produced graphene oxide (GO) having irreparable structural defects. Recently, other advanced CVD methods have been developed for the mass production of graphene, such as low-temperature CVD growth [20], bubbling-assisted growth [21], and rapid thermal CVD growth [22]. However, most of these methods use gaseous carbon sources, and their graphene yield was not satisfactory because of the low catalytic efficiency. Many solid carbon sources have been used to improve graphene growth on various substrates [23; 24; 25], but the obtained graphene flakes always had more than 10 layers, and this system's growth mechanism is still not clear.  
Diatomite (DM), a natural material composed of silica with a unique combination of physical and chemical properties [26], has been widely used as a filler in the plastic and fiber fields [27; 28; 29]. Recently, it has also been reported as a template for graphene growth [30]. Inspired by this, diatomic/polypropylene (DM/PP) composites were used as the feedstock for graphene preparation in this paper. The influence of the DM content and pyrolysis temperature on the graphene yield and structure was explored, and a possible graphene formation mechanism is proposed.
# Time to First Fix Robustness of Global Navigation Satellite Systems: Comparison Study
## 4 Discussion
### Galileo
* Galileo is the GNSS that exhibits the lowest number of tracked satellites by far, mainly due to the fact it has not yet reached its full operational capability and therefore the number of operational satellites in orbit is lower compared to the other GNSSs.
* The signal power offered by Galileo in optimal conditions is lower than the one provided by BeiDou, similar to that of GLONASS and higher than that of the GPS one. As long as attenuation increases, its SNR values outperform those of GLONASS and equalize with BeiDou, but are surpassed by the signal power of GPS.
* The TTFF outcome of Galileo is the worst of all GNSSs, affected by the low availability of satellites. In this sense, Galileo implemented in August 2023 an improvement in its navigation message (I/NAV) that reduces the TTFF [35], but it is common that low-cost receivers are not updated with this new capability yet. However, regarding positioning accuracy, in those cases where a fix is achieved, the horizontal error obtaine is solid, providing values that are more precise than those of BeiDou, but larger than the GPS ones.
# Cooperative Power-Domain NOMA Systems: An Overview
## 2 Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access
### Advanced Channel Coding and Modulation
#### 2.3.2 Modulation and Spreading  
The point distribution of the QAM constellation is widely known to be not at all Gaussian. Although QAM's generation and its demodulation are easier than those of many other modulations, it is not the best option in terms of capacity. Satellite communications and a variety of broadcasting networks have both employed amplitude-phase shift keying (APSK). APSK is particularly resistant to the power amplifier's non-linearity. In comparison to other modulation techniques, APSK can tolerate more phase noise. As a result, APSK might be used for high-frequency communications at THz and deep mmWave frequencies.  
Figure 5: Representation of a conventional two-user NOMA system where user-N assists user-F.  
Modulation and channel coding can sometimes be implemented together, as in the case of Trellis codes. When modulation and channel coding are created separately and detection and decoding are conducted individually, information loss between the two can be minimised by using joint coding and modulation that is well designed. When SNR is high, the performance boost is more obvious. One crucial factor is receiver complexity, which should be kept under control, i.e., not significantly higher than that of the conventional receiver. Faster-than-Nyquist (FTN) [55] signalling is a suitable contender for an extremely high SNR operating point and raises spectral efficiency. However, it has the drawback of introducing inter-symbol interference (ISI), which must be muted or eliminated. FTN is comparable to non-orthogonal transmission in this regard. NOMA can leverage symbol-level spreading [56] to support numerous concurrent users on the network.
# Responses of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants to Engineered Nanoparticles +
## 4 Effect of Metal-Based NPs on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants
### Copper-Based NPs
#### 4.2.2 Elicitor Effect  
Foliar application of 0.5 g/L CuNPs effectively enhanced the levels of camphene, \(\alpha\)-phellandrene and limonene in _Mentha piperita_ L plants, while a dose of 1.0 g/L increased the concentrations of menthol, menthone, and menthofuran (133). _Allium fistulosum_ plants grown 80 days at greenhouse conditions in soil spiked with 150 mg/kg CuO NPs showed higher contents of Cu, Ca, and Fe in roots, and higher Ca and Mg content in bulb than plants exposed to bulk CuO or CuSO\({}_{4}\). Moreover, plants of Chinese scallion plants cultivated in soil supplemented with 75-600 mg/kg CuO NPs showed higher levels of allicin in leaves (56-187%) than the control, suggesting that CuO NPs have potential to be used as nanofertilizer for onion production (208).  
Crystalline monoclinic cubic CuO NPs with mean size 47 nm applied to MS media for direct organogenesis of _S. rebaudiana_ from nodal segments at a dose of 10 mg/L pronouncedly increased shoot organogenesis (88.5%), shoot length, mean number of shoots per explant, and fresh weight, as well as the content of glycosides, rebaudioside A, and stevioside [209]. The NPs of bimetallic alloys of Cu and Au (Cu:Au = 3:1) applied at a dose of 30 ug/L together with 0.5 mg/L naphthalene acetic acid were found to stimulate biomass accumulation on the 27 th day of log phases, increased the radical scavenging activity, and enhanced TPC and TFC in submerge adventitious root cultures of _S. rebaudiana_ ([PERSON].) [210]. Uncapped and polyethylene glycol (PEG) or PVP capped CuO NPs applied to the growth medium of in vitro cultured _S. rebaudiana_ plants were able to increase the production of commercially important secondary metabolites. Regarding shoot organogenesis, increased growth parameters and higher content of steviol glycosides and non-enzymatic antioxidants (TPC, TFC) in shoots were observed at treatment with polymer-capped CuO NPs compared to uncapped ones [211].  
Using cell suspension cultures of _Gymema sylvestre_ ([PERSON].) R. Br and CuO NPs as elicitor (3 mg/L for 48 h), the yields of gymnemic acid II, TPC, and TFC were considerably enhanced, and the cultures exhibited significant antioxidant, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer activities [136]. _Bacopa monmieri_ (L.) [PERSON] herb treated in vivo with Cu-based NPs (CuNP/CuO NPs) applied at doses 0-100 mg/L showed biphasic dependence of total contents of saponins, alkaloids, phenolics, and flavonoids on the concentration of used NPs. While at lower Cu/CuO NPs concentrations, the content of secondary metabolites increased; at higher concentrations, their strong reduction was observed. Besides enhancement of secondary metabolism, the CuNPs applied at sub-toxic doses also improved the antioxidant capacity in _Bacopa monmieri_ herb via ROS-mediated defense response [212].
# Oscillation Suppression Method of Digital Proportional Valve Based on Fuzzy Intelligent PID Control
## 5 Simulation Results and Discussion
### Analysis of Spool Oscillation  
The Fourier transform results of the control results of the fuzzy intelligent controller and the full-bridge PID controller for step response are shown in Figure 16. We eliminated the vibrations with frequencies ranging from 0 to 60 Hz, which improved the oscillation of the valve spool at the steady-state position.
# Hydraulic Analysis of a Passive Wedge Wire Water Intake Screen for Ichthyofauna Protection
## 3 Results
### Head Loss When Flowing through the Cylindrical Wedge Wire Screen with and without Deflectors  
During the experimental study, head losses were measured when flowing through a cylindrical wedge wire screen without and with deflectors in place. The values of head loss were determined based on measurements of the water table level in the flume and the vacuum at the screen outlet. The head loss at a flow rate of 275 dm\({}^{3}\)/min (\(\sim\)4.6 dm\({}^{3}\)/s) through the tested water intake screen without a deflector installed was 0.183 m, at the same flow rate but with a deflector with equally sized openings, 0.207 m, and with a deflector with unequal opening diameters and at a slightly lower flow rate of 270 dm\({}^{3}\)/min (4.5 dm\({}^{3}\)/s) was determined to be equal to 0.218 m. As can be seen, the measured values of head loss in all cases were relatively low and close to each other. Putting on a deflector with equal openings resulted in an increase in head loss of only about 13 percent and a deflector with unequal openings by about 19 percent.
## 6 Conclusions  
In this paper, we have presented and evaluated a semi-supervised data collection pipeline which leverages the audios and minutes of plenary sessions of the Basque Parliament to train domain-adapted models. We have also presented the main features of a fully bilingual ASR system for Basque and Spanish, based on the integration of acoustic, lexical and language models. Our ASR system is able to deal with code switching events in a natural and computationally efficient fashion, and yields remarkable ASR performance in the domain of the Basque Parliament plenary sessions. Global Word Error Rates (WER) reduce (on average) from 16.57% (baseline) to 4.41% (realigned models, first iteration) and 4.02% (realigned models, second iteration), meaning 73.4% and 8.8% relative WER reductions, respectively. Focusing on Basque (the low-resource language this work is targeted at), the average WER goes from 16.57% (baseline) to 5.51% (realigned models, first iteration) and 5.13% (realigned models, second iteration), meaning 66.7% and 6.9% relative WER reductions, respectively. Finally, as a byproduct of the process, a new bilingual database for Basque and Spanish is obtained, consisting of a training set (998 h long), a development dataset (17 h long) designed for cross-validation experiments and a fully bilingual language model (adapted to the Basque Parliament domain) featuring close to 16 million trigrams. Future work involves extending the development dataset for the Basque Parliament domain and trying to export the data collection pipeline to other domains.  
All the authors have contributed equally to the work described in this paper, though they have worked on different tasks. Conceptualization, methodology, investigation, resources, data curation, writing--review and editing, all the authors; software, experiments, G.B., A.V. and M.P.; writing--original draft preparation, L.J.R.-F.; visualization, M.P. and L.J.R.-F.; project administration, A.V. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This work was partially funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (OPEN-SPEECH project, PID2019-106424 RB-I00) and by the Basque Government under the general support program to research groups (IT-1704-22).  
The datasets described in this paper will be released through a public repository once the paper is accepted. Software recipes will be also released to reproduce some of the experiments reported in the paper.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript; or in the decision to publish the results.
## 4 Three-Phase Inverters
### Modes of Operation
#### 4.2.1 Grid Forming Inverters  
Grid forming inverters are typically used in small isolated networks, and their main objective is to regulate the network voltage and frequency [29; 36; 37; 38; 39; 40; 41; 42; 43]. To this end, grid forming inverters are controlled as voltage sources, with fixed voltage amplitude \(|E|\) and frequency \(\omega\). The active power \(P\) and reactive power \(Q\) are not directly controlled, and are determined by the interaction of the inverter with the network. Typical applications are standby UPS systems, and islanded microgrids. Since the frequency \(\omega\) is set, the inverter usually cannot operate in parallel to other grid forming inverters, unless an additional mechanism is used to match the frequencies. In power flow studies, a grid forming inverter may be viewed as an infinite bus, and is represented as a reference bus, with a constant voltage amplitude \(|E|\) and angle \(\delta=0\). Grid forming inverters are also called Voltage Source Inverters (VSI).
# PV-Powered Electric Vehicle Charging Stations: Preliminary Requirements and Feasibility Conditions
## 2 Charging Infrastructures for Electric Vehicle  
The charging infrastructures rely on the relations between driving needs, charging equipment usage, EV stock, and technical capabilities. Population density, driving range, and charging behavior are specific factors that have direct implications on the geographical location of the EV supply equipment and on the charging rates, for electric low-duty vehicles. Two charging modes, slow and fast charging [30; 31], are presented in this paper, which denotes the charging rate for an EV.  
Slow charging is mostly rated at 3 kW, but in reality, it is ranged between 1.8 kW and 6 kW. Charging time depends on the charging rate and the EV energy capacity, thus, a full charge takes 6-12 h for 3 kW. Slow chargers are common for most EVs, they can be found everywhere, e.g., at home, workplace, and public places. EV users tend to charge at home overnight for long charging.  
Fast charging is typically rated from 7 kW up to 22 kW (single or three-phase 32A), where charging an EV with 40 kWh capacity takes 4-6 h with 7 kW and 1-2 h with 22 kW. The majority of fast chargers provide AC charging, however, some infrastructures are equipped with 25 kW DC chargers with CHAdeMO connectors. Fast chargers can be found in public places, such as shopping centers, car parks, workplaces, supermarkets, train stations, and airport parking.  
The sizing and characteristics of PV-powered EV charging stations depend on the PV installation (parking shade or building-integrated PV), solar irradiation potential, stationary storage, and the adopted business model. The viability of well-designed PV-powered EV charging stations depends on social acceptance, PV benefits, and the business model.  
Private chargers stand for 90% of global EV chargers in 2019, as profitability, convenience, and various supports and incentives are the main motivations of the universality of private chargers [32]. The preferred locations are home and private workplaces to charge the EV. The infrastructure for home charging is a compatible electric socket and charge plug, which already exists in homes. Nearly 60% of EV users have access to private chargers in China based on The China EV Charging Infrastructure Promotion Agency recent report in 2019 [31]. The EVs consume approximately 75% of energy from private charging at home and at the workplace, in the United States, United Kingdom, and the European Union [33].
## 2 Materials and Methods  
FeCrCoNiTiAl\({}_{0.6}\)(at.%) high entropy alloy coating which was prepared in the laboratory was used to study the effect of laser remelting processing on microstructure and wear behavior. The coating was prepared by HVOF on ASTM A572 steel substrates. The spraying process, parameter and characterization of the powder and coating was introduced in our former study [26]. In this study, the coating was grinded and cleaned by ethanol before laser remelting. A YLS-6000 fiber laser (IPG Laser GmbH, Burbach, Germany) with a Gaussian energy distribution in the laser-beam was used to remelt the coatings. A multi-pass laser surface remelting with linear scanning was conducted. The parameters are as follows: laser power of 800 W, overlapping ratio of 50%, scanning speed of 12 mm/s, beam diameter of 2.5 mm. In order to prevent oxidation, high-purity argon gas (10 mL/min) Guangzhou yuejia gases Co. Ltd, Guangzhou, China) was used during laser remelting processing. Specimens with dimension of \(15\times 15\) mm\({}^{2}\) were prepared and preheated to 200 \({}^{\circ}\)C before remelting to avoid cracking.  
The phase compositions of the HVOF coating and the laser remelted coating were characterized using an Ultima IV X-ray diffractometer with a Cu target (Rigaku corporation, Shibuya Tokyo, Japan). The microstructures of the coatings were studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) using TM4000 PLUS tabletop microscope from Hitachi Ltd. (Tokyo, Japan), equipped with a Model 550i energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDS, Hitachi Ltd., Tokyo, Japan).  
The microhardness of the coatings was measured via a Vickers microhardness tester (Laizhou Huayin Testing Instrument Co., Ltd., Shandong, China). The measurement was conducted in the cross-section of the samples, which were grinded and polished before test with a load of 0.982 N and a dwell time of 15 s.  
The wear behavior of the coatings was studied using a MS-T3001 Friction & Wear tester by Lanzhou Huahui Instrument Technology Co., Ltd. (Lanzhou, China) without lubricant in air environment at room temperature. In order to get a condition mainly for abrasion wear, an Al\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{3}\) ball with a diameter of 4 mm was used as counter body. A normal load of 5 N, measurement radius of 2.5 mm at a sliding speed of 382 rpm/min and measurement duration of 83 min were used in wear tests. The measurement was conducted on the surface of the coatings, which were ground and polished before the tests.  
The friction coefficient of the samples during the tests was recorded automatically. The volume loss of the coating was measured by using a confocal scanning laser microscope (CSLM, LEXT OLS4100, Olympus corporation, Japan). The wear rates were calculated by dividing the volume loss by normal load and sliding distance. The surface and cross-sections of the wear track were investigated by CSLM, SEM and EDS.
# Initial Student Attention-Allocation and Flight-Performance Improvements Based on Eye-Movement Data
## 1 Introduction
### Objectives and Assumptions  
Through the collection of flight-performance data and eye-movement data from flight instructors, standards for attention-allocation courses were established during this study. These courses were then applied to an experimental group of pilots, while a control group received traditional training courses. The flight-performance and eye-movement data from both groups were compared to evaluate the effectiveness of the attention-allocation training courses for improving trainee flight-performance and attention-allocation skills, with the ultimate goal of enhancing the quality of flight training. It was hypothesized that the flight-performance and eye-movement indexes of the experimental group, which underwent eye-movement training, would be closer to those of the instructors than those of the control group would be.