# Advanced Strategies for Mitigating Particulate Matter Generations in Poultry Houses
## 3 Factors Affecting Dust Generations
### Effect of Ventilation System  
PM emissions depend on the housing systems and ventilation types. Most of poultry housing systems are mechanically ventilation system that applies maximum ventilation in summer for removing extra heat and uses minimum ventilation in winter for moisture removing, which can improve air quality inside the house [66]. Poultry house ventilation rate affects the PM concentration [9]. Similarly, ventilation changes as affected by seasons that winter season has the highest concentration of PM among all four seasons [37]. Oppositely, increased ventilation during the summer dilutes the PM concentration [62]. Besides seasonal effect, housing style (e.g., natural ventilation vs. mechanical ventilation), ventilation types (e.g., negative vs. positive ventilation), and fan selection could also affect PM generations (Table 5). Measurements of PM in natural ventilation systems have higher variations as wind directions and speed are varying over time.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**PM Size** & **Fall** & **Winter** & **Spring** & **Summer** & **References** \\ \hline PM\({}_{1}\) & 0.01 & 0.03 & N/A & 0.02 & [63] \\ \hline PM\({}_{1}\) & 75.6 \(\pm\) 14.1 & 136.0 \(\pm\) 12.8 & 53.5 \(\pm\) 6.3 & 14.9 \(\pm\) 1.2 & [64] \\ \hline PM\({}_{1}\) & N/A & 0.12 \(\pm\) 0.00 * & 0.09 \(\pm\) 0.00 * & N/A & [65] \\ \hline PM\({}_{2.5}\) & 81.6 \(\pm\) 15.1 & 144.2 \(\pm\) 14.5 & 58.1 \(\pm\) 6.9 & 15.8 \(\pm\) 1.1 & [64] \\ \hline PM\({}_{2.5}\) & 0.05 & 0.10 & N/A & 0.07 & [63] \\ \hline PM\({}_{2.5}\) & 0.09–0.11 * & 0.09–0.20 * & 0.07–0.12 * & 0.06–0.10 * & [61] \\ \hline PM\({}_{2.5}\) & 0.29 \(\pm\) 0.22 & 0.43 \(\pm\) 0.27 & N/A & 0.067 \(\pm\) 0.055 & [38] \\ \hline PM\({}_{2.5}\) & 0.23 \(\pm\) 0.15 * & 0.30 \(\pm\) 0.19 * & 0.81 \(\pm\) 0.87 * & 2.46 \(\pm\) 2.04 * & [37] \\ \hline PM\({}_{2.5}\) & 0.04 \(\pm\) 0.02 & 0.06 \(\pm\) 0.03 & 0.04 \(\pm\) 0.03 & 0.08 \(\pm\) 0.04 & \\ \hline PM\({}_{2.5}\) & N/A & 0.16 \(\pm\) 0.006 * & 0.10 \(\pm\) 0.00 * & N/A & [65] \\ \hline PM\({}_{4}\) & 0.32 \(\pm\) 0.23 & 0.48 \(\pm\) 0.31 & N/A & 0.074 \(\pm\) 0.060 & [38] \\ \hline PM\({}_{10}\) & 0.10 & 0.24 & N/A & 0.15 & [63] \\ \hline PM\({}_{10}\) & 0.51–0.69 * & 0.71–0.88 * & 0.24–1.01 * & 0.15–0.21 * & [61] \\ \hline PM\({}_{10}\) & 94.8 \(\pm\) 15.6 & 385.2 \(\pm\) 16.6 & 183.0 \(\pm\) 18.5 & 30.1 \(\pm\) 1.9 & [64] \\ \hline PM\({}_{10}\) & 0.53 \(\pm\) 0.35 & 0.69 \(\pm\) 0.4 & N/A & 0.119 \(\pm\) 0.011 & [38] \\ \hline PM\({}_{10}\) & 2.73 \(\pm\) 1.91 * & 2.82 \(\pm\) 2.42 * & 2.23 \(\pm\) 2.08 * & 2.51 \(\pm\) 2.08 * & [37] \\ \hline PM\({}_{10}\) & 0.50 \(\pm\) 0.31 & 0.49 \(\pm\) 0.43 & 0.16 \(\pm\) 0.09 & 0.14 \(\pm\) 0.08 & \\ \hline PM\({}_{10}\) & N/A & 0.49 \(\pm\) 0.02 * & 0.63 \(\pm\) 0.02 * & 0.56 \(\pm\) 0.02 * & [65] \\ \hline TSP & N/A & 2.22–4.96 * & N/A & 0.34–0.48 * & [61] \\ \hline TSP & 147.8 \(\pm\) 18.3 & 983.2 \(\pm\) 86.1 & 413.2 \(\pm\) 39.8 & 49.6 \(\pm\) 3.6 & [64] \\ \hline TSP & 4.16 \(\pm\) 2.19 & 4.98 \(\pm\) 2.29 & 4.41 \(\pm\) 2.14 & 4.00 \(\pm\) 1.94 & [43] \\ \hline TSP & 1.93 \(\pm\) 0.82 & 3.29 \(\pm\) 1.68 & 2.35 \(\pm\) 1.15 & 1.76 \(\pm\) 0.84 & [43] \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}  
* \({}^{\text{a}}\) g day\({}^{-1}\)AU\({}^{-1}\),
* \({}^{\text{c}}\) Kgpn1000 bird\({}^{-1}\)pc\({}^{-1}\)(pc = production cycle),
* \({}^{\text{a}}\) mg/m\({}^{3}\), N/A—Not available or not found.  
\end{table}
Table 5: Emission of PM due to various ventilation systems used in the housing system.