## 4 Discussion  
This review examined six randomized controlled trials exploring the effects of cueing interventions--auditory, visual, and somatosensory--on gait, balance, and stability in individuals with Parkinson's disease (PD) [PERSON] et al. (2015); [PERSON] et al. (2015). The findings support the consistent efficacy of cueing, particularly auditory stimuli, in improving temporal gait parameters  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Author** & **Year** & **PEDro Score** & **RoB-2 Domains** \\ \hline \hline \multicolumn{4}{c}{**Randomization**} \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. (2015) & 2007 & 07-ott & Low risk \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. (2017) & 2011 & 06-ott & Some concerns \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. (2013) & 2013 & 04-ott & High risk \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. (2015) & 2015 & 04-ott & Some concerns \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. (2019) & 2019 & 08-ott & Low risk \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. & 2020 & 08-ott & Low risk \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} Legend: PEDro score: physiotherapy evidence database score, RoB-2: risk of bias 2 tool.  
\end{table}
Table 2: Quality assessment using PEDro and RoB-2 scales. PEDro scores and detailed risk of bias (RoB 2) assessment across five domains for six studies included in the review.  
like walking speed and step length [42; 43]. Improvements in dynamic balance were also observed, although the effects on the static balance and quality of life were less conclusive [44; 45; 46].  
Gait improvements: Across the studies, rhythmic auditory stimuli emerged as the most effective cueing strategy for improving walking speed, step length, and regularity. For instance, [PERSON] et al. (2007) [30] and [PERSON] et al. (2011) [37] demonstrated significant increases in walking speed and step length with structured, auditory cue-based programs. The ability of auditory cues to synchronize motor rhythms likely explains their superiority over visual cues, which primarily guide spatial components of gait.  
Balance and stability: Cueing interventions were particularly effective in enhancing dynamic balance, as indicated by improvements in outcomes like the Berg Balance Scale (BBS) and Functional Gait Assessment (FGA) ([PERSON] et al., 2019 [34]; [PERSON] et al., 2020 [35]). However, the effects on static balance--such as single-leg stance or functional reach--were inconsistent, suggesting that cueing predominantly benefits postural control during movement rather than stationary tasks. This distinction highlights the need for complementary interventions to address static balance deficits in PD patients.  
Quality of life: Although gait and balance improvements were evident, their translation into measurable changes in quality of life was limited. Only one study evaluated quality of life outcomes, reporting non-significant changes ([PERSON] et al., 2007) [30]. This finding underscores the importance of multimodal approaches that combine cueing interventions with psychosocial or cognitive strategies to achieve broader benefits for patients. Although cueing interventions demonstrated improvements in motor outcomes, their impact on quality of life remains limited and underexplored. Only one study ([PERSON] et al., 2007) [30] assessed the quality of life, reporting non-significant changes. This highlights a critical area for future research, as improved motor function does not necessarily translate into enhanced well-being. Comprehensive assessments of quality of life, including physical, psychological, and social dimensions, are needed to fully understand the broader implications of cueing interventions for Parkinson's disease patients.