# Space Efficiency in European High-Rise Timber Buildings
## 1 Introduction
It was worth mentioning that in Europe, the demographics of investors involved in the construction of high-rise timber buildings exhibit a diverse profile [15], influenced by multifaceted considerations. Typically, these investors encompass a spectrum ranging from visionary institutional entities, such as pension funds and real estate investment trusts, driven by long-term sustainability goals and the potential for robust returns on investment, to innovative private equity firms and venture capitalists seeking early-mover advantages in burgeoning markets. Moreover, government-backed entities and development agencies play pivotal roles, leveraging policy frameworks incentivizing timber construction to foster urban regeneration and environmental stewardship. Collaboratively, these stakeholders navigate intricate financial landscapes, integrating risk assessment models tailored to novel materials and construction methodologies while championing sustainable urban development paradigms across the continent. As a pioneer in mass timber skills, Europe has numerous advantages that make it a leading international hub for building tall wooden constructions. This dominance stems from several key factors. First, Europe has well-managed forests subjected to rigorous oversight, ensuring a consistent and sustainable timber supply essential for mass timber projects [16]. Additionally, the area possesses a strong structure of stringent ecological rules, highlighting a dedication to sustainable construction methods and conscientious resource utilization [17]. Given these favorable conditions, it is unsurprising that Europe holds a remarkable two-thirds share of the high-rise timber residential market worldwide. North America, including the United States, has witnessed a burgeoning interest and substantial investment in the development of tall wooden structures, mirroring a broader global change towards sustainable building practices [18; 19; 20]. This region is well-known for its long-established tradition of wooden construction [21]. The momentum behind the growth of high-rise wooden towers is driven by a confluence of environmental, economic, and technological factors. From an environmental perspective, these structures present a substantial reduction in carbon footprint when compared to traditional concrete and steel constructions, as wood acts as a carbon sink, sequestering carbon dioxide during its growth. This sustainability aspect aligns with the increasing global efforts to combat climate change. Economically, the advancements in engineered wood products, such as cross-laminated timber (CLT) and glued laminated timber (glulam), have significantly enhanced the feasibility and cost-effectiveness of constructing high-rise timber buildings. These materials offer superior strength and versatility, making them viable alternatives to traditional building materials. Technologically, innovations in fire-resistant treatments and structural engineering have successfully addressed historical concerns regarding the safety and durability of wooden high-rises. These advancements have paved the way for regulatory changes and the adaptation of building codes to accommodate and promote timber construction. Notable projects exemplify this trend, including Europe's tallest timber tower, the 18-story Jostarnet in Norway, which has served as a source of inspiration for similarly ambitious projects in the United States. Among these is the 25-story Ascent in Milwaukee, which stands as a testament to the potential of high-rise timber construction. These projects not only highlight the technical and economic viability of timber structures but also underscore a growing commitment to sustainable building practices in the architectural and construction industries. The choice of timber structures for residential purposes significantly enhances positive environmental impacts because of numerous pivotal considerations deeply grounded in sustainability and human well-being.