# Lacase in Biorefinery of Lignocellulosic Biomass
## 5 Applications of Lacases  
Lacases are versatile, nonspecific enzymes involved in a wide range of biological processes, including lignin degradation, pigment synthesis, and the detoxification of toxic compounds. Lignin is a complex polymer found in plant cell walls that gives plants their structural support. Lacases are involved in the breakdown of lignin, which is important for the recycling of plant material and the release of components back into the environment [6]. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Serial No.** & **Microorganisms** & **Bioprocess Type** & **Titers of Enzyme** & **Application** & **Reference** \\ \hline \multicolumn{5}{c}{**Bacteria**} \\ \hline
**1.** & _Bacillus sp._ & \(\mathrm{PCH94}\) & SmF & 0.27 IU/mL &
\begin{tabular}{c} Lignin \\ depolymerization \\ \end{tabular} & [51] \\ \hline
**2.** & _Aquisalibacillus elongatus_ & SmF & 8.02 U mL\({}^{-1}\) &
\begin{tabular}{c} Biowaste \\ deliberation \\ \end{tabular} & [52] \\ \hline
**3.** & _Bacillus subtilis_ & \(\mathrm{LP2}\) & SmF & 140.4 U/mg &
\begin{tabular}{c} Bioremediation process \\ \end{tabular} & [53] \\ \hline
**4.** & _Bacillus toughness_ & \(\mathrm{SN4}\) MTCC 11828 & SmF & 18,356 nkats/ml &
\begin{tabular}{c} Degradation of residual \\ lignin in kraft pulp \\ \end{tabular} & [54] \\ \hline
**5.** & _Bacillus safrenis_ & \(\mathrm{DSKK5}\) & SmF & 10.51 U/mL & - & [55] \\ \hline
**6.** & _Gebacillus thermocotentialus_ & \(\mathrm{MS5}\) & SmF & 1.52 U/mg & - & [56] \\ \hline
**7.** & _Pesalomonas aeruginosa_ & SmF & 0.038 U/ml & - & [57] \\ \hline
**8.** & _Pseudomonas desmolytticum_ & \(\mathrm{NCIM}\) 2112 & SmF & 0.012 \(\pm\) 0.0003 U/mg & - & [58] \\ \hline
**9.** & _Pseudomonas putida_ & \(\mathrm{F6}\) & SmF & 573 U/mg & - & [59] \\ \hline
**10.** & _Azospirillium liprofarum_ & SmF & 0.9 U/mg & - & [60] \\ \hline
**11.** & _Centrorhiza l hydrophilic_ & SmF & 154 U/mL &
\begin{tabular}{c} Textile dye and \\ printing processes \\ \end{tabular} & [61] \\ \hline \multicolumn{5}{c}{**Fungi**} \\ \hline
**12.** & _Tametes versicolor_ & \(\mathrm{SSF}\) & \(77.88\pm 5.62\) U/g &
\begin{tabular}{c} Pre-industrial \\ procedures to produce \\ \end{tabular} & [62] \\ \hline
**13.** & _Pyenporus sanguineus_ & \(\mathrm{SSF}\) & \(130.95\pm 2.20\) U/g &
\begin{tabular}{c} Pre-industrial \\ procedures to produce \\ \end{tabular} & [62] \\ \hline
**14.** & _Tametes gibbosa_ & \(\mathrm{SmF}\) & \(55.83\pm 0.28\) U/L & - & [63] \\ \hline
**15.** & _Vanderylia frazinea_ & \(\mathrm{SmF}\) & \(77.96\pm 1.60\) U/L & - & [63] \\ \hline
**16.** & _Perennial pioricola_ & \(\mathrm{Han}\) 202 & SmF & \(443.33\pm 15.49\) U/L & - & [63] \\ \hline
**17.** & _Coriolopsis trogii_ & \(\mathrm{Han}\) 474 & SmF & \(686.57\pm 16.49\) U/L & - & [63] \\ \hline
**18.** & _Tametes versicolor_ & \(\mathrm{Han}\) 1504 & SmF & \(162.04\pm 11.33\) U/L & - & [63] \\ \hline
**19.** & _Pleurrotus floridanus_ & SmF & \(80.45\pm\) 0.132 U/mL &
\begin{tabular}{c} Bioprocess for de-oiled \\ microalgal biomasses \\ \end{tabular} & [64] \\ \hline
**20.** & _Ganoderma leuconcellatum_ & SmF & \(855\) U/L & - & [65] \\ \hline
**21.** & _Trichoderma harzianum_ & \(\mathrm{S7113}\) & SmF & \(391.38\pm 9.51\) U/L & - & [49] \\ \hline
**22.** & _Tametes trogii_ & \(\mathrm{SSF}\) & \(2.1\) U/g & - & [66] \\ \hline
**23.** & _Pyenporus cinnobarirus_ & SmF & \(280\) U/L &
\begin{tabular}{c} Degradation of the \\ disazo dye \\ \end{tabular} & [67] \\ \hline
**24.** & _Tametes pubescens_ & SmF & \(333,000\) U/L & - & [68] \\ \hline
**25.** & _Neurospora crassa_ & SmF & \(10,000\) U/L &
\begin{tabular}{c} Bioremediation of \\ phenols \\ \end{tabular} & [69] \\ \hline
**26.** & _Tametes versicolor_ &
\begin{tabular}{c} \(\mathrm{SSF}\) (Immersion, \\ nylon sponge) \\ \end{tabular} & \(229\) & - & [70] \\ \hline
**27.** & _Tametes hirsuta_ &
\begin{tabular}{c} \(\mathrm{SSF}\) (Tay, \\ grape seeds) \\ \end{tabular} & \(18,715\) U/L & - & [71] \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}