# A Comprehensive Digital Model Approach for Adaptive Manufacturing Systems
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Methodology
Block C--Verification and Validation of the Model:  
In this part, the accuracy and reliability of the digital model are assessed. Verification involves checking whether the model was built correctly according to the defined specifications. Validation, on the other hand, involves ensuring that the model accurately represents the real system's behavior. This is typically achieved by comparing the model's outputs with real-world data or benchmark scenarios. This phase is crucial to ensure that the digital model is a trustworthy representation of the adaptive manufacturing system. The overarching goal of this block was to ensure the credibility and accuracy of the digital model of the selected adaptive system. Through the process of verification and validation, we had the opportunity to test and confirm that the digital model is capable of accurately simulating and predicting the behavior of the system under diverse circumstances. Despite the measures taken to ensure the precision and reliability of the model, it is crucial to acknowledge that every model simplifies reality and may possess limitations and imperfections. Therefore, it remains important to continue the verification and validation of the model in the future, potentially updating or enhancing it based on new insights. Throughout these steps, rigorous attention was given to the identification and rectification of logical discrepancies. The simulation model underwent segmentation to isolate individual code components, ensuring clarity and simplifying error detection. Monitoring the ongoing results and their comparison with anticipated outcomes allowed for the identification of discrepancies and potential areas of refinement. Additionally, the comparison of model-generated data with real-world data served as a pivotal method to verify the model's alignment with actual circumstances. Finally, an innovative aspect involved the verification process for a hypothetical system, a technique enhancing the overall robustness of the model validation process. C1: Elimination of logical errors: In this initial step, a meticulous review of the digital model was conducted to identify and rectify any logical errors. This process ensured that the model's underlying algorithms, equations, and computations were consistent  
Figure 4: Methodology of creating adaptive manufacturing system blocks C and D.  
and accurate. The aim was to eliminate any inconsistencies or contradictions that could potentially lead to erroneous simulation results. C2: Segmentation of the simulation model and isolation of individual codes: To enhance clarity and simplify the identification of errors, the simulation model was divided into distinct segments or components. This segmentation allowed for a focused analysis of each component's functionality and interaction with others. Isolating individual codes made it easier to identify any bugs or inconsistencies within specific sections, which could then be addressed more effectively. C3: Monitoring of interim outcomes and comparison with expectations: Throughout the simulation process, interim results were continually monitored and compared to expected outcomes. This step aimed to detect any unexpected deviations or discrepancies between the model's predictions and the anticipated behavior of the system. Any disparities that arose were investigated and addressed to ensure the model's accuracy. C4A: Comparison of model data with actual data: This step involved comparing the data generated by the digital model with actual data obtained from the real-world system. By juxtaposing model-generated data with real measurements, researchers could validate the model's predictive capabilities. Any disparities could indicate areas of improvement or fine-tuning to enhance the model's accuracy. C4B: Verification of a non-existing real system: An innovative approach was the verification of the model's predictions against a hypothetical system that does not exist in reality.