# On Deploying the Internet of Energy with 5G Open RAN Technology including Beamforming Mechanism
## 2 5G as the Network of the IoE
Therefore, the use of interference management mechanisms to control access to the medium to avoid inter-channel interference should exclude critical 5G usage scenarios, also in IoE. Another, third way to increase the capacity (and transmission rate) is to increase the cell density, thanks to the installation of many microcells (and even picocells in a millimetre-wave band). By reducing the size of the cells, the number of users served in a given band is reduced, which allows for an increase in the capacity per user. The downside of this is the potential increase in interference, however, this problem is addressed by the control and selection of frequencies used at the cell boundary; neighbouring cells do not use the same bandwidth for users located near the cell boundary. Other disadvantages of microcells (or at least challenges) include frequent (potentially) switching connections (to ensure their continuity), the inability to provide MIMO techniques in such reduced areas, and the need to provide distributed access to radio in the cloud. Another solution that allows handling the increased traffic exchanged inside the cell is to use direct transmission between devices (D2D--Device-to-Device), in particular concerning connections between terminals that are in close proximity to each other. This will allow the traffic load of the base station to be reduced, at least during the information exchange phase, after the connection is established. D2D is one of the options to improve coverage while reducing the needed power of the transmitted signal. **1000-fold increase in the number of connected devices (\(\geq\)1 M devices/km2):**  
The number of devices that use connectivity offered by cellular networks has grown exponentially in recent years. The technological advances that caused this growth have been the development of mainly \"narrowband\" technologies. Until recently, IoT used other short-range (and medium) wireless technologies, such as Bluetooth, ZigBee, Wi-Fi, or LoRa, as it was not possible to use cellular networks, such as LTE/LTE-Advanced due to the relatively high price of calls in these networks. In the case of a narrowband service, the connection price drops sharply at the expense of increased latency. However, higher latency is accepted by most IoT applications. The project of a narrowband IoT network implemented within LTE, called NB-IoT, takes into account the unique M2M type communication for devices with low volume and low required data transfer speed (up to 200 kbps) and low mobility (it is assumed that IoT devices using NB-IoT are mostly stationary). The NB-IoT standard also provides connection switching, however, mobility management and IoT communication interruptions cause significant energy consumption. The main advantage of NB-IoT is the considerable range compared to short-range wireless technologies, and the low cost and low power consumption compared to LTE. The advantages of NB-IoT in IoT connections also relate to the significant improvement in security. As is known, mobile networks guarantee secure communication based on shared keys (operator's equipment and infrastructure) for authentication and authorization, and the communication is encrypted between the terminal and the base station. Moreover, such communication is more reliable because NB-IoT uses a licensed bandwidth, which limits the amount of interference. In 5G networks, narrowband connectivity will be improved, particularly concerning energy-saving functions. Battery life in IoT devices will reach 20 years. Mechanisms such as sleep mode (the device is in a very low power state when it is not sending data) and discontinuous reception (the device can only receive data at certain times) will be enhanced in 5G (Release 17 is expected at the middle of 2022). Another aspect of note is that massive Machine Type Communication (mMTC) may or may not be tightly linked to the 5G network; this will be ensured by improved public/subscribe platforms.