## 2 Literature Review
Their work highlights the spatial heterogeneity of freight networks and the need for region-specific infrastructure planning. Building on this, [PERSON] et al. [26] further demonstrated how optimized freight hub layouts in Melbourne significantly influence route efficiency and emissions, emphasizing the systemic impact of spatial configurations. Complementing these approaches, [PERSON] et al. [27] analyzed Cartagena's freight logistics, showing how historical urban layouts and functional clustering constrain operations and public perceptions. Collectively, these studies affirm that freight systems are co-shaped by vehicle mobility and regional functional roles, yet a unified framework to integrate HDT operational diversity with freight-oriented land use classifications remains absent, which is the second key gap that our research aims to fill. Urban freight management has historically favored uniform regulatory measures, such as city-wide access restrictions and standardized emission standards, without adequately accounting for the diverse operational characteristics of HDTs or the spatial-economic roles of their destinations. This undifferentiated policy paradigm often leads to inefficiencies, compliance challenges, and unintended consequences [28]. For instance, [PERSON] and [PERSON] [9] stress the importance of embedding freight concerns in urban planning processes, yet their Norwegian case studies reveal fragmented governance models that lack tools to classify regions by freight functions. The lack of dedicated resources and expertise within local authorities further hampers the development of nuanced freight policies. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [29] similarly observe that many municipalities lack dedicated personnel or frameworks for freight planning, resulting in policies misaligned with sector-specific demands. Recent spatial analyses, such as the hub optimization models of [PERSON] et al. [26], illustrate how policies tailored to logistics corridors or industrial peripheries could mitigate inefficiencies, yet most frameworks remain siloed, addressing either vehicle types or spatial functions. For example, electrification mandates often overlook charging infrastructure gaps in industrial zones, while access restrictions in commercial districts disrupt time-sensitive deliveries. A systematic framework that can connect micro-level HDT behaviors with macro-level freight-oriented land use classifications has not yet been developed. This persistent disconnect between vehicle-specific behaviors and spatial-functional classifications in both research and policy formulation constitutes the core problem that our study addresses. In summary, existing research on urban freight systems has largely overlooked HDT behavior heterogeneity and its spatial interactions with freight functional zones. The diverse operational patterns of HDT types are deeply linked to regional economies, yet these connections remain understudied. Failing to integrate such heterogeneities and spatial dynamics results in an incomplete understanding of how urban industries and freight mobility interact. Moreover, moving beyond descriptive analyses to contextual embeddedness is critical for evidence-based governance: without this, policies risk misalignment with real-world dynamics, exacerbating inefficiencies and environmental costs. Prioritizing HDT heterogeneity and spatial-functional interactions is therefore essential for holistic, sustainable freight systems.