esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 4 Algorithms to Determine the Diameter of the DG Tree and Minimum Delay for Data Aggregation
### Algorithm to Determine Diameter of a Data Gathering Tree  
In this subsection; we present an algorithm (see Algorithm 5 for the pseudo code) to compute the diameter of a data gathering tree; using the MaxBNW-DG tree as reference. The algorithm can be used to determine the diameter of any DG tree rooted at a particular node. We perform Breadth First Search (BFS) [26] on the edges of the DG tree to determine the diameter of the tree as well as the level (distance) of the vertices from the root node of the tree. As part of this procedure; we use the auxiliary variables; _Neighbor-List_ storing the neighbors of each of the vertices in the DG tree; _Nodes-Explored_ storing the list of nodes whose neighborhood is already explored as part of BFS; _Candidate-Nodes-List_ containing the list of nodes (maintained in a First-in First-out basis; the front vertex in the list is extracted using a dequeue operation) that are visited while exploring the neighborhood of some other vertices; but their own neighborhood is not yet explored; and _Node-Level_ that stores the level (distance) of a node from the root node of the DG tree. In addition to the _Diameter_ of the DG tree; the algorithm outputs the _Child-Nodes-List_ that contains the list of child nodes (if any) for each node in the DG tree and a two-dimensional data structure referred to as _Nodes-At-Levels_ that stores a list of nodes at each level of the DG tree. The _Node-Level_ for the root node/leader node is 0. In each iteration of the BFS algorithm, we remove (dequeue) the vertex in the front of the _Candidate-Nodes-List_ and add it to the _Nodes-Explored_ list as well as explore its neighbors. If a neighbor node \(v\) that has not been visited (explored) so far is visited for the first time as part of the exploration of the neighborhood of a node \(u\); we add node \(v\) to the _Candidate-Nodes-List_ and _Nodes-Explored_ list as well as set _Node-Level\([v]=\) Node-Level\([u]+1\)_ and set node \(u\) to be the parent node for node \(v\) in the DG tree. We also add node \(v\) to the list of nodes at level _Node-Level\([v]\)_. If the value for _Node-Level\([v]\)_ is greater than the currently known diameter of the DG tree; we set the diameter of the tree to _Node-Level\([v]\)_; implying we have found a node that is farther away from the leader node of the DG tree. The complexity of the algorithm to determine the diameter of a DG tree is the complexity incurred with running the BFS algorithm on the \(|V|-1\) edges of the DG tree spanning over all the \(|V|\) vertices of the graph. Hence; the time complexity of the algorithm to determine the diameter of a DG tree is \(\Theta\) (\(|V|\)).
# Application of Molecularly Imprinted Polymers in the Analysis of Waters and Wastewaters
## 5 Application of MIPs for the Detection of Different Classes of Contaminants
### Dyes
 & MWCNTs-IIPs & CPE & CV & Industrial & 10–40 mg & [56] \\ \hline \multicolumn{6}{l}{**(AAPTS)** 3-(2-amino ethyl amino ethyl  
an imprinting factor of 6.91. Additionally, it showed high extraction efficiency from water samples, with almost 100% recovery compared to commercial SPE cartridges [81]. Dye Acid Violet 19 is another example of a triphenylmethane dye. A computational simulation approach was applied, upon which 1-vinyl imidazole was also selected as a functional monomer. The dye adsorption was found to be fitting with the Langmuir model, with an adsorption capacity of 6.93 mg g\({}^{-1}\) compared to 2.84 mg g-1 for the corresponding non-imprinted polymer (NIP) with pseudo-second-order kinetics (k\({}^{2}\) = 0.2416 mg g\({}^{-1}\) min\({}^{-1}\) for the MIP) and an imprinting factor of 2.89. The polymer was successfully applied for extraction, and the determination of Acid Violet 19 presents in complex real samples, with recoveries values ranging between 85 up to 99% [82]. Auramine O is among the illegally used dyes as additives in a variety of food products due to its low price, despite its reported toxicity and causing dermatitis and upper respiratory irritation symptoms. Magnetic molecularly imprinted polymer was designed for the detection of Auramine O using itaconic acid as a monomer surface imprinted on magnetite modified silica. The high specificity of the stoichiometric imprinted polymers was proven in the extraction of mixture solution of Auramine O, auramine O hydrochloride, and chrysoidine. Recoveries from lake water ranged between 99.66 and 108.75% (RSD 2.6-3.7%, \(n\) = 3), indicating the possibility of application of the magnetic polymers for real samples [83]. Methyl Green is a di-cationic triphenylmethane dye used for staining pharmaceutical syrups and many biological applications. Magnetic molecularly imprinted polymer based on acrylamide surface imprinted on magnetic silica was prepared. The adsorption studies revealed a pseudo-first order kinetics with maximum adsorption (Q) of 3.13 mg g\({}^{-1}\) compared to 1.58 mg g\({}^{-1}\) for the corresponding non-molecularly imprinted polymer (NIP). The polymer was used as a modifier for carbon paste electrode, and square-wave adsorptive anodic stripping voltammetry (SWAdASV) was applied for electrochemical analysis. A linear concentration range of methyl green from 9.9 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-8}\) to 1.8 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-6}\) M, with a limit of detection (LOD) of 1.0 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-8}\) M was shown. The sensor was applied for two spiked river water samples with recoveries of 93 to 103% [84].
## 1 Introduction
However, studies that deal with the three seaside operational problems at the same time have rarely appeared. In addition, while simulation studies [11; 16; 34] have been used to deal with operational problems in a container terminal, almost all of them used a \"what-if\" analysis manually, which is found to be time-consuming and labor-intensive [4]. For improvement, in this research we propose an approach which combines heuristics with a simulation technique as an evaluation tool to automatically find the best solution from a reduced solution space. Through a systematic procedure, we have modeled and solved the three seaside operational problems in an integrated way. Specifically, after defining the three seaside operational problems formally, we integrated them into a three-level framework. The first level deals with the BAP in which ships are assigned to berths based on the workloads on the berths; the second level deals with the QCAP and QCSP in which the tasks of ships are assigned to QCs based on the workloads of the QCs; finally, the third level determines the beginning and ending times of each task through discrete event simulation. This framework has been first transformed into a high-level Petri net, termed as an Object-Oriented and Timed Predicate/Transition Net (OOTPr/Tr net) and was then implemented using the Prolog programming language as an evaluation tool. Experiments showed that this tool could automatically find the best solution from the reduced solution space formed by the combinative uses of heuristics. The rest of this paper is organized as follows: Section 2 gives a detailed literature review on BAP, QCAP, and QCSP. Section 3 defines and integrates the BAP, QCAP, and QCSP together and represents them as a three-level framework. Section 4 proposes an OOTPr/Tr net to model the three-level framework and finally implements this OOTPr/Tr net as a simulation optimization tool. Section 5 gives an example to demonstrate the applicability of this approach. Section 6 makes a brief conclusion and provides some directions for future study.
# Trends and Technological Challenges of 3D Bioprinting in Cultured Meat: Technological Prospection
## 4 Discussion
### Biofabrication of Cultured Meat  
#### 4.3.1 Animal Source  
Despite its benefits, producing biofabrication cultured meat takes time and effort. The first challenge lies in choosing an appropriate animal for the cell biopsy. The selection of the donor animal should not be random, as numerous factors affect satellite cells (adult skeletal muscle stem cells), such as age, sex, and rearing conditions [59].  
Advances in engineering production are required in order to improve cell culture efficiency and scalability and tissue engineering to select biomaterials and form 3D meat products that mimic their animal-derived equivalents. Furthermore, advances in food engineering and nutrition are still needed in order to make a final product palatable, sensorially acceptable, and nutritionally interesting [60].
## 2 Impact Load Test System of Transparent Similar Rock-Anchoring Structure  
### Test Device and Working Principle  
The test device is composed of impact device, fixed device and monitoring device, as shown in Figure 1.  
Figure 1: Impact test diagram of transparent rocklike—anchoring structure.  
**Impact device:** The developed single-stage electromagnetic gun is used as the impact device, which is composed of a capacitor box, launcher and bullets. The launcher has a barrel length of 1200 mm and an inner diameter of 42 mm. The bullet has a length of 400 mm, diameter of 40 mm and a weight of 4 kg.  
**Fixed device:** In order to avoid deviation in the sample during the impact process, the anchoring support is welded with steel plates of 10 mm thickness, and its size is 100 mm \(\times\) 100 mm \(\times\) 300 mm. The steel plate behind the support with a drilled hole of 50 mm diameter, plays a buffer role, and two rockbolt holes are reserved on two sides in order to fix them, as shown in Figure 2.  
**Monitoring device:** The electromagnetic gun drives the bullet to impact the rockbolt on the anchoring support, the dynamic strain tester records the data and a high-speed camera captures the whole impact test process, as shown in Figure 3. A DH5922N model of the dynamic signal test analysis system (32 channels) is used to collect strain gauge data. A high-speed camera system composed of Phantom-MIRO-M310 Camera and Phantom Camera Control software was used. When the voltage of the capacitor box is 5000 V, the corresponding velocity of the bullet is 20 m/s.  
2. Working principle  
The basic principle of the electromagnetic gun: the capacitor is charged by the boost circuit and discharges to the coil. The coil generates a strong magnetic field and an electromagnetic force fires the bullet out, as shown in Figure 4.  
Figure 3: Electromagnetic impact device.  
Figure 2: Anchorage support.
## 4 Conclusions  
This paper investigated the uplift bearing characteristics of HSCM piles in marine soft clay by numerical simulation methods based on the existing relevant tests. The reliability of the FEM was verified using Plaxis 3D, and the influence of the soil-cement strength and soil strength on the uplift bearing characteristics and failure mode of HSCM piles was analyzed. The main conclusions were as follows:  
(1) The ratio of soil-cement strength to soil strength (\(C_{ref}/s_{u}\)) affected the uplift bearing characteristics of HSCM piles. The uplift bearing capacity increased with the \(C_{ref}/s_{u}\) and remained constant after reaching a specific peak.  
(2) HSCM piles had different failure modes under uplift loading, which were influenced by \(C_{ref}/s_{u}\). At \(C_{ref}/s_{u}\in[40,80]\), the pile-soil interface of the FEM was damaged. At \(C_{ref}/s_{u}\in[5,20)\), the soil-cement strength was insufficient, which led to damage of the steel pipe and soil-cement interface of the FEM.  
(3) The results of the finite element analysis were combined to propose a formula for calculating the uplift ultimate bearing capacity of HSCM piles in marine soft clay, which provides a reference for the design of HSCM piles.  
The current research only analyzed limited design parameters and documented their relationship with the uplift bearing characteristics of HSCM piles. More parameters (including helix arrangement, helix number, and soil-cement diameter) should be analyzed  
Figure 11: Comparison of simulation results with theoretically calculated values.  
subsequently to establish a complete mechanical model for predicting HSCM pile mechanical performance and inverse parameter optimization.  
Conceptualization, X.Z. and Y.H.; methodology, X.Z.; software, X.Z.; validation, X.Z., Z.Z., Y.H. and C.W.; formal analysis, X.Z.; investigation, Y.H.; resources, Z.Z.; data curation, X.Z. and Y.H.; writing--original draft, X.Z.; writing--review and editing, Z.Z., Y.H., C.W. and X.L.; visualization, X.Z. and Y.H.; supervision, Z.Z. and X.L.; project administration, Z.Z.; funding acquisition, Z.Z. and X.L. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded by Jiangsu Province Key Research and Development Program, grant number BE2021681.  
All data, models, or codes that support the findings of this study are available from the core-sponding author upon reasonable request.  
In particular, the authors would like to express their appreciation to friends and colleagues who helped in the lab tests. The authors would like to acknowledge the funding support provided by the State Grid Corporation of China.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 1 Introduction
ToF-SIMS has been widely applied to studying alkanethiol SAMs on coinage metals [30; 31; 32] and organophosphonic acid SAMs on oxides [33; 34; 35]. On the other hand, applications of ToF-SIMS in studying organosilane SAMs on oxides are mainly used to study the surface chemistry of SAMs [36]. ToF-SIMS studies focused on the interface chemistry of organosilane SAMs on oxides are rather scarce [37]. In this article, the usefulness of ToF-SIMS in probing the interface chemistry of octadecyltrimethoxysilane (OTMS) SAMs formed on a SiO\({}_{2}\) substrate is demonstrated via comparisons of ion fragmentation patterns of free organosilane molecules, their SAMs on a SiO\({}_{2}\) substrate and the substrate itself. Our ToF-SIMS analyses aim at providing unique information on understanding the interface chemistry of OTMS SAMs.
## 5 Conclusions  
This paper proposes a multi-beam fast satellite acquisition scheme for the SOTM array antenna. By dividing the array antenna into multiple parts, multiple sub-beams can be obtained, and the main beam and multiple sub-beams can be independently controlled without interfering with each other. When the antenna is in a high maneuvering moving state, preliminary signal recognition can be performed, and then the array antenna can be divided into multiple beams for measurement, obtaining multiple points in the direction diagram. The best-pointing analyzer is used for processing to determine the direction of the SOTM array antenna. When the carrier is in a high maneuvering moving state, there are different processing schemes for whether the SOTM array antenna loses the communication satellite. Finally, experiments are performed to verify the designed scheme. The results illustrate that the designed scheme could obtain a better communication quality compared to the conventional scheme when the SOTM antenna remains connected to the satellite despite the high maneuvering state of the carrier. When the SOTM array antenna loses track of the satellite and causes communication interruption, the proposed scheme can reacquire the satellite faster than the conventional scheme, demonstrating the effectiveness of the proposed design.  
Conceptualization, L.H. and G.L.; methodology, L.H. and J.R.; software, X.J.; validation, L.H., G.L. and J.R.; investigation, X.J.; resources, L.H.; data curation, L.H.; writing--original draft preparation, L.H.; writing--review and editing, G.L.; visualization, J.R.; supervision, G.L.; project administration, G.L. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research received no external funding.  
Not applicable.  
The data used to support the findings of this study are included within the article.  
The authors declare that they have no competing financial and non-financial interest.  
Figure 27: SNR of the conventional method in Experiment 2.
## 6 Discussion and Conclusions
### Conclusions  
Based on the digital service trade data of RCEP member countries from 2006 to 2021, this study analyses the structural characteristics and network centrality of the overall and segmented industry trade networks using social network analysis and applying the quadratic assignment procedure (QAP) model to explore the affecting factors of network. The following conclusions are drawn.  
(1) The network density of the overall and segmented networks is growing, the stability of the network structure is gradually increasing, and there is an obvious'small-world' characteristic. In addition to other commercial services, the development space of the other five segments of the industry is in urgent need of excavation. The digital service trade in China is located in a more stable network segment.  
(2) From the analysis of network centrality, it is concluded that Singapore and Japan occupy a central position in the network, with strong control and influence; in contrast, Brunei, Laos, Myanmar, and Cambodia have weaker economies, resulting in their lesser influence and smaller trade volume in digital service trade, and they are ranked at the bottom of the list. The rankings of other member countries fluctuate. Despite the gradual improvement of China's position in trade networks of segmented industries, it still needs to strengthen its network position in financial service and intellectual property services to promote the synergistic development of the industries.  
(3) In terms of influencing factors, the regression results of the unweighted trade network are better than those of the weighted trade network. Institutional distance and geographical distance have an unfavorable effect on the overall and segmented industries, and common language contributes to it. For two countries with more similar levels of economic development, it is easier to establish trade links and increase trade value in sectors such as insurance and pension services, financial service, personal entertainment services, and other business services, and it is also easier to establish trade links in industries such as communication, computer, and information (ICT) services and intellectual property services, but the effect on trade value is not significant. For two countries with more similar levels of digital infrastructure, it is easier to establish trade links and increase trade value in industries such as financial service and communication, computer, and information (ICT) services, and it is also easier to establish trade links in industries such as insurance and pension services, personal entertainment services, intellectual property services, and other business services, but the effect on trade value is not significant.
## 3 Ensemble Learning Approach
A summary of the ensemble learning approaches discussed is presented in Table 3. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Literature** & **Feature Extractor** & **Classifier** & **Dataset** & **Accuracy (\%)** \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. (2019) [52] & & NB + SVM + RF + Bagging + Boosting & Self-collected & 89.4 \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. (2019) [53] & TF-IDF & LR + SVM + KNN & COVID-19 reviews & 98.99 \\ \hline [PERSON] and [PERSON] (2021) [54] & TF-IDF & MNB + KNN + LR & IMDb & 89.40 \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. (2020) [55] & & MNB + BNB + LR + & Movie reviews & 91 \\ \hline [PERSON] and [PERSON] (2020) [56] & TF-IDF & NB + LR + SGD + RF + SVM & SemEval-2017 4A & 72.95 \\  & & & SemEval-2017 4B & 90.8 \\  & & & SemEval-2017 4C & 68.89 \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. (2020) [57] & TF-IDF & LR + NB + SGD & Sentiment140 & 80 \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. (2021) [58] & TF-IDF & LR + NB + XGBoost + RF + MLP & IMDb & 89.9 \\ \hline [PERSON] and [PERSON] (2018) [59] & TF-IDF, word2 vec & LR + SVM + CNN + LSTM (Mean) & Vietnamese Sentiment & 69.71 \\  & & LR + SVM + CNN + LSTM (Vote) & Vietnamese Sentiment Food & 89.19 \\  & & LR + SVM + CNN + LSTM (Vote) & Vietnamese Sentiment & 92.80 \\ \hline [PERSON] et al.(2021) [60] & GloVe & 7-Layer CNN + GRU + GloVe & Grammar and Online Product & 94.19 \\  & Attention embedding & 7-Layer CNN + LSTM + Attention Layer & Restaurant Reviews & 96.37 \\ \hline Al Wazrah and Alhumoud (2021) [61] & AraVec & SGRU + Sbi-GRU + AraBERT & Arabic Sentiment Analysis & 90.21 \\ \hline [PERSON] et a. (2022) [62] & & RoBERTa-LSTM + RoBERTa-GRU & IMDb & 94.9 \\  & & & Twitter US Airline Sentiment & 91.77 \\  & & Sentiment140 & 89.81 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Summary of ensemble learning approaches.
## 2 Problem Description and System Models
### Distribution Network Models and Equipment Models  
In our CMDP formulation, the physical constraints of the system are represented by two sets of conditions: the power flow equations (see Equation (2)) and the operational  
Figure 1: System architecture diagram.  
limits of the equipment (see Equation (3)). These constraints are strictly enforced by the PYPOWER solver and a custom simulation environment, respectively.  
\[\begin{cases}P^{total}=U_{i}\sum_{j=1}^{N}U_{j}\big{(}G_{ij}\cos\theta_{ij}+B_{ ij}\sin\theta_{ij}\big{)}\\ \\ Q^{total}=U_{i}\sum_{j=1}^{N}U_{j}\big{(}G_{ij}\sin\theta_{ij}-B_{ij}\cos\theta_ {ij}\big{)}\\ \\ P^{total}=P_{i}^{G}+P_{i}^{PV}-P_{i}^{L}\\ \\ Q^{total}=Q_{i}^{G}+Q_{i}^{PV}+Q_{i}^{CB}-Q_{i}^{L}\end{cases} \tag{2}\]  
In the power flow constraints of the distribution system, \(P^{\text{total}}\) and \(Q^{\text{total}}\) denote the total active and reactive power of the system, respectively. \(U_{i}\) and \(U_{j}\) represent the voltage magnitudes at nodes \(i\) and \(j\). \(G_{ij}\) and \(B_{ij}\) denote the conductance and susceptance of the branch connecting nodes \(i\) and \(j\), and \(\theta_{ij}\) is the voltage angle difference between these nodes. Where \(P_{i}^{G}\), \(P_{i}^{PV}\), and \(P_{i}^{L}\) represent the active power output from the generator, photovoltaic unit, and load at node \(i\), respectively. Where \(Q_{i}^{G}\), \(Q_{i}^{PV}\), and \(Q_{i}^{CB}\) represent the reactive power from the generator, photovoltaic unit, and capacitor bank, and \(Q_{i}^{L}\) is the reactive power demand at node \(i\).  
\[\begin{cases}\left(p_{m,t}^{PV}\right)^{2}+\left(q_{m,t}^{PV}\right)^{2}\leqslant \left(s_{m}^{PV}\right)^{2}\\ P_{m,min}^{PV}\leqslant p_{m,t}^{PV}\leqslant p_{m,max}^{PV}\\ Q_{m,min}^{PV}\leqslant q_{m,t}^{PV}\leqslant Q_{m,max}^{PV}\\ \\ 0\leqslant q_{k,t}^{CB}\leqslant Q_{k,max}^{CB}\\ \\ V_{i,min}\leqslant v_{i,t}\leqslant V_{i,max}\end{cases} \tag{3}\]  
For the equipment operational constraints, \(p_{m,t}^{PV}\), \(q_{m,t}^{PV}\), and \(s_{m,t}^{PV}\) represent the active power, reactive power, and apparent power output of the \(m\)-th PV unit at time \(t\), respectively. \(q_{m,t}^{CB}\) denotes the reactive power supplied by the \(m\)-th capacitor bank at time \(t\), and \(V_{i,t}\) represents the voltage magnitude at node \(i\) at time \(t\).