esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# A Game Theory-Based Model for the Dissemination of Privacy Information in Online Social Networks
## 5 Conclusions  
This paper firstly introduced the current stage of research on privacy information dissemination in online social networks by analyzing their characteristics and limitations. Secondly, the strategy choices of the users during the dissemination of privacy information were analyzed by applying the game theory and taking the profits of the users into consideration. On this basis, this paper introduced two factors that would affect the dissemination of privacy information, i.e., intimacy and attention, and proposed a game theory-based privacy information dissemination model that could be used to simulate the dissemination process of privacy information. This paper subsequently described the implementation process, player interaction process, and specific architecture design of the proposed model based on game theory and compared it to real social networks to validate the model through repeated experiments. The experimental results showed that the proposed privacy information dissemination model conforms well to the dissemination of privacy information in OSNs and can thus be used to conduct study aiming at understanding the general pattern or trend of privacy information dissemination in OSNs.  
In the future, we will continue improving the proposed privacy information dissemination model. One direction of the improvement could be on classifying the OSN users with finer granularities on both the intimacy and the popularity. Another possible direction of the improvement could be on considering the background information in the setup of the thresholds for intimacy and popularity to make them more dynamic and more suitable for real OSNs. The improvement will make our privacy information dissemination model capable of adapting to OSNs of different types and various sizes.  
Figure 15: Dissemination of the privacy information of a low popular user between simulated data and real data.  
**Author Contributions:** Conceptualization, J.H.; methodology, J.H., Y.L. and N.Z.; software, Y.L.; validation, Y.L. and N.Z.; formal analysis, N.Z.; investigation, Y.L.; resources, N.Z.; data curation, Y.L.; writing--original draft preparation, Y.L.; writing--review and editing, J.H.; visualization, Y.L.; supervision, N.Z.; project administration, N.Z.; funding acquisition, N.Z. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
**Funding:** This research was funded by National Natural Science Foundation of China, grant number 61602456.  
**Data Availability Statement:** Not applicable.  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript; or in the decision to publish the results.
## 2 Mathematical Models
### BDS Code Multipath Estimation  
GNSS code multipath effects can be estimated through a combination of code range and carrier phase GNSS observables. Provided that dual- or triple-frequency observations are available, multipath combination related to code range on frequency \(i\) can be expressed as [11; 15; 16; 17; 18]:  
\[\kappa_{i}=p_{i}-\frac{f_{i}^{2}+f_{j}^{2}}{f_{i}^{2}-f_{j}^{2}}\lambda_{i} \varphi_{i}+\frac{2f_{j}^{2}}{f_{i}^{2}-f_{j}^{2}}\lambda_{j}\varphi_{j} \tag{1}\]  
where \(p\) (in unit of meter) and \(\varphi\) (in unit of cycle) represent the code range and carrier phase observables, respectively; \(f\) and \(\lambda\) are the frequency and wavelength, respectively; and the subscripts \(i\), \(j\) (\(i\
eq j\)) are used to denote different frequencies. \(\kappa_{i}\) contains not only multipath effect on \(p_{i}\), but also the terms of ambiguities and hardware delays. Assuming no cycle slip has occurred or the cycle slip has been corrected [19], if any, a zero-mean term for multipath effect on frequency \(i\) could be derived as [11]:\[MP_{i}=\kappa_{i}-\overline{\kappa}_{i} \tag{2}\]  
where \(\overline{\kappa}_{i}\) is the average of \(\kappa_{i}\) over time. \(\overline{\kappa}_{i}\) may also absorb constant component of multipath effects, if any. For simplicity, subscripts for receiver, satellite, and epoch time have been omitted in Equation (2).  
The theoretical maximum multipath effect on carrier phase observable is only one quarter of carrier wave cycle [11; 15; 20]. For BDS satellites, the maximum multipath effects for BDS B1, B2, and B3 carrier phase measurements are 4.8 cm, 6.2 cm and 5.9 cm, respectively. Compared with the size of code multipath that is at the level of several meters, the multipath effects on carrier phase are negligible [11].
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Antioxidant Activity Measurements  
The Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) assay was based on the original method reported by [PERSON] et al. [21]. The ABTS\({}^{\bullet+}\) cation radicals were generated chemically by mixing 7 mM ABTS (2,2\({}^{\prime}\)-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothazoline-6-sulfonic acid)) in distilled water with 2.45 mM potassium persulfate (K\({}_{2}\)S\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{8}\)) in distilled water and leaving it to stand for 12-16 h in the dark [22]. Then, the ABTS\({}^{\bullet+}\) solution was dissolved with PBS buffer (pH 7.4) to obtain 0.7-0.8 absorbance readings. Next, the powdered freeze-dried flowering Chinese cabbage was mixed with pure methanol in the ratio of 1:20 (\(m/v\)) for 30 min and then filtrated. The extract was added to ABTS\({}^{\bullet+}\) in PBS (1:100 \(v/v\)) and left to incubate for 6 min in the dark at ambient temperature. The absorbance was read at 734 nm. All the results were expressed as TEAC values in mmol/g of dried sample.  
The DPPH assay was carried out according to the original protocol by [PERSON] et al. [23]. The extract (prepared as above) was added to 0.1 mM DPPH in methanol (in the ratio of 1:100 \(v/v\)), mixed and incubated for 30 min in the dark at room temperature. Next, the absorbance readings were carried out at 515 nm against pure methanol as the blank sample. All the measurements were performed using a Cary 1E UV-vis spectrophotometer. The DPPH\({}^{\bullet}\) radical scavenging activity of the sample was expressed in mmol of Trolox equivalent (TE) per g of dried flowering Chinese cabbage.  
The ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) method was based on the original methodology by [PERSON] and [PERSON] [24]. The TPTZ (Fe\({}^{3+}\)-tripyridyl-triazine) working solution was prepared fresh on the day of analysis by mixing 10 mmol TPTZ in 40 mmol HCl, 20 mmol FeCl\({}_{3}\)-6H\({}_{2}\)O and acetate buffer (pH, 3.6) in the ratio of 1:1:10 (\(v/v\)). The extract (prepared as above) was added to the TPTZ working solution (1:20 \(v/v\)) and mixed. After incubation for 15 min, the absorbance was read at 593 nm. The zero instrument was set using acetate buffer as the blank sample. All the samples were prepared in triplicate.
## 5 Results and Discussions
### Comparative Study
It is observed from Table 1 that the maximum error is \(-1.7436\%\) for the CC boundary condition at \(b/L=0.5\) and \(E_{1}/E_{2}=40\), whereas the minimum error encountered is 0.00% at \(b/L=0.5\) and \(E_{1}/E_{2}=25\) for the FF boundary condition. It can be seen from Table 1 that most of the errors lie within 2%. It is observed that the DSM results of a thin orthotropic plate in Table 1 are in excellent agreement with the published literature and the FEM results.
# OCRL1 Deficiency Affects the Intracellular Traffic of ApoER2 and Impairs Reelin-Induced Responses
## 3 Results  
### Characterization of OCRL Knock-Out Neuronal Cells  
As OCRL1 is the protein mutated in LS, and to generate an LS model in an ApoER2-expressing cell, we made a CRISPR KO of _OCRL_ in the human neuroglioma cell line H4. First, we confirmed the effectiveness of our KO by measuring the OCRL1 levels by western blot. As shown in Figure 1A, we did not detect OCRL1. Other groups have reported several endosomal alterations as part of the LS phenotype [18; 26]. We found an increase in the relative size of EEA1-positive endosomes, consistent with an increment of EEA1 at the early endosomal level (Figure 1B,C).  
In addition, we performed a shell analysis to assess the intracellular distribution of lysosomes (LAMP1-positive structures) from the plasma membrane to the nucleus [74]. Lysosomes were dispersed along the cell with an evident peripheral localization in H4 wild-type cells. Meanwhile, _OCRL_ KO H4 cells showed decreased peripheral LAMP1-positive structures (Figure 1D,E), suggesting a lysosomal trafficking disruption [34].  
As we recently reported, an appropriate physiologic model to study ApoER2 function is the human cortical neuron i3 [75]. We generated a CRISPR KO of _OCRL_ in human iPSC that can be differentiated to cortical neurons [67; 75], not detecting OCRL1 positive signal in any _OCRL_ KO cells, either iPSCs or cortical neurons (Figure 2A). In KO iPSCs, we detected a reduction in the spreading area (Figure 2B,C), probably associated with an alteration in Rac1/RhoA activation balance [27; 28]. Furthermore, upon five days of differentiation to cortical neurons, the OCRL1 deficit i3 neurons exhibited a significant decrease in neurite length (Figure 2D,E). Likewise, a notable reduction in neurite length was observed in rat hippocampal neurons in primary culture, treated for 24 or 48 h with the OCRL1 inhibitor YU142670 (Figure S1) [79]. Strikingly, in _OCRL_ KO i3 neurons, there was a reduction in the number of EEA1-positive particles in a MAP2-positive area (Figure 2F,G). A reduction in early endosomes was previously reported in a zebrafish model [80]. Our results confirm alterations consistent with a phenotype of LS in our _OCRL_ KO models.
###### Abstract  
The transverse cofferdam in Xiangjiaba hydropower station was a water retaining concrete structure with a length of 126 m, a width of 12 m, and a height of 25.2 m, consisting of masonry, plain concrete structure (PC), and roller compacted concrete (RCC), which had to be demolished by blasting after the dam was built. There were many precise instruments nearby the cofferdam which had strict restrictions on blasting vibration. Therefore, the cofferdam was divided into six blasting regions, including land blasting and underwater blasting. Blasting parameters and blasting network structure were accurately designed and continuously optimized through blast-induced vibration test results. At nine measurement points in different locations, 57 blast vibration data were recorded. Consequently, 1386 holes with an explosive weight of 9641.3 kg were detonated in land blasting. The highest levels of vibration were recorded as 8.74 cm/s in the desilting tunnel on the right of the cofferdam. The explosives up to 11887.7 kg were detonated in an underwater blasting. According to the analysis of the law of vibration attenuation, the blast vibration value was reduced to 7.65 cm/s. The results showed that the research on the attenuation law of blasting vibration can effectively increase the charge weight per delay and control the blast-induced vibration. Consequently, the peak particle velocity (\(PPV\)) of underwater blasting could be predicted by analyzing the \(PPV\) of land blasting in same structure, which provided the basis for the design of underwater blasting parameters. A reliable method for cofferdam demolition in hydropower station was proposed, which provided a reference for similar projects.  
**Keywords:** hydropower station; cofferdam; blast vibration attenuation +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences
###### Abstract  
This paper develops a finite-time path following control scheme for an underactuated marine surface vessel (MSV) with external disturbances, model parametric uncertainties, position constraint and input saturation. Initially, based on the time-varying barrier Lyapunov function (BLF), the finite-time line-of-sight (FT-LOS) guidance law is proposed to obtain the desired yaw angle and simultaneously constrain the position error of the underactuated MSV. Furthermore, the finite-time path following constraint controllers are designed to achieve tracking control in finite time. Additionally, considering the model parametric uncertainties and external disturbances, the finite-time disturbance observers are proposed to estimate the compound disturbance. For the sake of avoiding the input saturation and satisfying the requirements of finite-time convergence, the finite-time input saturation compensators were designed. The stability analysis shows that the proposed finite-time path following control scheme can strictly guarantee the constraint requirements of the position, and all error signals of the whole control system can converge into a small neighborhood around zero in finite time. Finally, comparative simulation results show the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed finite-time path following control scheme.  
underactuated marine surface vessel; path following; finite-time; position constraint; input saturation; disturbance observer +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences
## 5 Barriers
### IoT Implementation Barriers
#### 5.1.2 Network Layer Security Threats  
The network layer's primary function is to get data from the physical/sensing layer to the computational unit, where it is processed. IoT connectivity, routing, and session management are among the network layer security problems described below. (i) Replay Attack: Due to its small frame size, IPv6 packet fragmentation is essential for sensing devices that conform with the IEEE 802.15.4 standard. As a result, the fragmented bits must be reconstructed at the receiving end. When malicious nodes send duplicate fragments, the receiving end encounters a buffer overflow, which causes the device to run out of resources and restart, blocking the processing of other lawful signals. (ii) Routing Attack: The IETF working group's IPv6 Routing Protocol for Low Power and Lossy Networks (RPL) is vulnerable to a few attacks launched by weak network nodes. Wormhole attacks, in which a route is established between two nodes so that signals arriving at one node reach the other quickly, may also cause 6 LoWPAN to fail. These attacks could result in eavesdropping, security breaches, and denial-of-service attacks, among other things [127].  
(iii) Access attack: An access attack, also known as an advanced persistent threat (APT), is a sort of IoT network attack in which an unauthorized user or adversary gains access. For an extended period, the attacker can remain undetected in the network. (iv) Secure Communication and Authentication: IPv6 is used by IoT devices because it gives enough addresses for them to be individually identifiable. Address resolution must be made safe before transmission [128]. An identity attack may employ spoofing, deception, a Sybil attack, or impersonation. These can have a wide range of effects, from denial of service to complete control of IoT systems. As a result, fundamental management mechanisms must be used to validate IoT devices. Any vulnerability at the network layer might lead to a flood of other threats. (v) Session Hijacking Attack: A session hijacking attack allows an attacker to impersonate the target node to maintain a discussion between two nodes. Fake communications can carry out a denial-of-service attack. By changing the sequence number, the attacker sends retransmissions of message requests.
# Decentralized Documentation of Maritime Traffic Incidents to Support Conflict Resolution
## 3 Related Work
### Blockchain-Based Approaches  
Various works have already considered the use of blockchain-based approaches for documenting events. These can be roughly divided into approaches that use public blockchains (e.g., Bitcoin, Ethereum) and those that use permissioned blockchains. The former are particularly attractive for their transparency, as everybody can view the blockchain data, while permissioned blockchains are usually used in private settings.  
Approaches based on the public Bitcoin blockchain were pursued in [20; 21]. Due to the transaction costs associated with public blockchains, these approaches are based on writing summary hashes or anchor points of KSIs (Keyless Signatures Infrastructure) [22] to the blockchain at regular intervals. The data itself is not published. In this way, it is possible to verify whether data has been tampered with by inspecting the summary hashes. The drawback of these approaches is that it is not possible to directly verify the data that was written to the blockchain. Instead, the blockchain user needs to trust the KSI infrastructure that was used to write the summary hashes to the blockchain. Furthermore, it is also apparent that the benefit of the Bitcoin blockchain lies primarily in the permanent publication of the data, as the timestamps themselves are not trustworthy (see [23; 24]) and require additional external time verification such as KSI [22].  
To achieve better scalability and a higher data rate, logging infrastructures based on permissioned blockchain were presented in [25; 26] and achieved data rates of 100-3500 transactions per second. In [27], an approach is described where cars serve as live witnesses to situations and decisions as participants in a blockchain. Based on vehicle-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-infrastructure communication, a shared truth is formed in this way. However, trust requires that as many independent parties as possible are part of the permissioned blockchain network. Depending on the use case with alternating or short-term stakeholders, this could result in a large overhead and is the reason why permissioned blockchain networks are usually based on a network of companies and organizations [27].
# A Comprehensive Survey on Real-Time Applications of WSN
## 3 Applications of WSN
### Green Houses  
The main objective was to save heat energy in greenhouses by smoothly measuring the temperature with high resolution horizontal data, as well as vertical data, for achieving appropriate and valid results with the help of previously mentioned modules that were employed in collaboration with an agricultural chamber [31]. Figure 4, represents the real-time usage of WSNs in precision agriculture. Table 2, depicts the examples of real-time greenhouse monitoring system applications that utilize WSNs.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**References** & **Application** & **Sensors** & **City Deployed in** \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. (2011) [27] & Waste Removal & Global System for Mobile (GSM) & New York, Seattle \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. (2012) [28] & City See CO\({}_{2}\) Monitoring & CO\({}_{2}\) Temperature, Light Sensors & Wuxi, China \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. (2014) [29] & Air Pollution Maps & NO\({}_{2}\) CO, O\({}_{2}\) Ultrafine Particles & Zurich, Switzerland \\  & & (UFPs), Temperature, Humidity & Zurich, Switzerland \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. (2016) [30] & Air Quality & NO\({}_{2}\) Sensors & Amsterdam, The Netherlands \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Examples of prototyped applications for environmental monitoring. GSM: Global System for Mobile; UFPs: Ultrafine Particles.  
Figure 4: The uses of WSNs in precision agriculture [32].  
[PERSON] et al., 2013 employed a system for greenhouse climate control in Punjab, India. They developed a system which monitors and analyzes the ambient atmospheric parameters for the development of plants. For the improvisation and enhancement of the techniques, they incorporated and integrated a system which automatically monitors, analyzes, and resolves the issues pertaining to their problems.  
[PERSON] et al., 2016 developed an intelligent monitoring system for their farming of grapes in their greenhouse. They incorporated the parameters which have a significant role in the development of the grapes. The whole system or mechanism could be monitored via online or real time. Additionally, sensors recorded each and every single developmental stage via a video and image capturing technique. The data set was generated via the real-time sensors, and created an active database for further investigation and analysis.
# Special Issue \"Novel Approaches and Applications in Ergonomic Design\"
## 11 Development of a Virtual Fit Analysis Method for an Ergonomic Design of Pilot Oxygen Mask  
A virtual fit analysis is an effective method to examine the fit of a product design using the 3D scans of users before fabricating and testing physical prototypes. [PERSON] et al. [10] developed a virtual fit analysis method to develop an ergonomic design of a pilot oxygen mask. Three types of information were considered in the virtual fit analysis for designing the shape and size of a mask: (1) 3D facial scan images and face measurements of the user population, (2) the boundary shape on which the mask contacts the face, and (3) the wearing positions of the mask on the face. An ergonomically optimized shape of the mask boundary for a designated user group was searched using an iterative design process and virtual fit analysis consisting of four steps: (1) the design of an initial shape for the mask boundary, (2) the calculation of horizontal distances between the mask boundary and 3D face surfaces, (3) the evaluation of the appropriateness of the mask boundary shape, (4) the adjustment of the mask boundary shape, and (5) the completion of a mask design based on the selected mask boundary shape. The oxygen mask design method based on the virtual fit analysis was applied to improve the existing design of MBU-20/P pilot oxygen masks for Korean fighter pilots. The study demonstrates the effectiveness of the virtual fit approach in developing an optimal design by the iterative process of adjusting a product design and checking its appropriateness to a large number of users using 3D body scans.
# Mitigating Electrochemical Effects in Resistive Frost-Detection Sensors
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Data Acquisition  
The sensors were connected to a 10-bit ADC and employed two distinct sensor excitation methods: continuous DC voltage and pulsed DC excitation. These are illustrated in Figure 5. For the continuous DC voltage method, represented in Figure 5a, \(V_{in}\) was directly connected to the microcontroller's VCC and GND, continuously supplying the sensor electrodes with a constant voltage while monitoring the resulting current. In contrast, the pulsed DC excitation method, represented in Figure 5b, involved connecting \(V_{in}\) to a digital output (DO) and GND of the microcontroller.  
The DO acted as a controlled power source, supplying power to the sensor for 50 ms, which is sufficient for performing the measurement; subsequently, it was turned off for the remaining 2950 ms within each 3 s cycle. Consequently, measurements occurred intermittently at approximately 0.33 Hz, with a duty cycle of about 1.7%. This method aimed to minimize electrode polarization effects. Both excitation methods utilized an identical voltage of 5 V to allow for a direct comparison of sensor responses under comparable environmental conditions.  
This can be represented by Equation (8) for continuous DC excitation:  
\[V_{in}(t)=\{5\;\text{V},\;\;\text{for all}\;t\geq 0 \tag{8}\]  
Figure 5: Flowchart representation of the two sensor acquisition methods, with continuous DC excitation (**a**) and pulsed DC excitation (**b**).  
And by Equation (9) for pulsed DC excitation method:  
\[V_{in}(t)=\begin{cases}5\,\text{V},\ \ \text{if}\ mod(t,3\,\text{s})<0.05\\ 0\,\text{V},\ \ \text{otherwise}\end{cases} \tag{9}\]  
In both cases, the measured values were transmitted via serial communication to MATLAB 2018b, where they were plotted in real-time and logged into a CSV file for further analysis. To enable a direct comparison between the two methods in this experiment, the sensors were designed to operate both in view and outside the refrigeration system, ensuring controlled observation of their behavior under different conditions. The test was conducted for 5 h and 45 min.