### Contributions and Content Summary  
The majority of previous studies have focused on researching the development of frameworks for managing ontology-based information models, rather than exploring methods to integrate an ODB as a component in a real-time DMS. Leveraging the adaptability and modifiability of CIM, research on information model frameworks capable of effectively accommodating information models has been actively conducted. As proposed in previous research, an ODB possesses the capability to adapt to changes in the information model and offers scalability, rendering it suitable for designing a repository to manage it. Moreover, an ODB can be utilized in the design of a CIM-based framework as a modeling environment for representing graphic information and conducting tests related to various power system operations. ODBs offer a graph-based and schema-flexible approach to storing domain knowledge, in contrast to traditional RDBs that rely on fixed table structures. ODBs can represent CIM objects natively without transformation, making it easier to update information models and perform graph-based queries. This flexibility helps address key limitations of RDB-based DMS platforms, particularly in TP, where performance and scalability are critical. While previous studies have proposed CIM-based frameworks and explored the potential of graph or ontology-based databases to store large-scale ontologies, most have remained at the conceptual level or lacked consideration for real-time operational environments. Based on the literature reviewed, this study is the first to implement and validate an ODB framework specifically designed for real-time DMS operations to enhance TP performance while maintaining full interoperability. The proposed framework is tested using actual distribution network data from the DMS operated by KEPCO in the Republic of Korea. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline
**Ref. No.** & **Key Contribution** & **Strengths** & **Limitations** \\ \hline
[10,11] & Introduction of communication standards and CIM for data modeling & Provides a foundational understanding of CIM & Lacks practical implementation aspects \\
[12] & Application of CIM-based interoperability in smart grid DMS & Emphasizes integration importance in advanced DMS & Does not focus on data storage or performance \\
[13, 14, 15, 16] & Development of GridAPPS-D, a CIM-based open platform & Enables advanced DMS application development and reuse & Mainly focused on application logic, not database performance \\
[17, 18] & Implementation of new CIM-based advanced DMS applications & Demonstrates the practical utility of CIM & No analysis on data processing efficiency \\
[19, 20] & TSO–OSO CIM-based data exchange & Extends CIM interoperability across system boundaries & Not directly related to real-time DMS database design \\
[21, 22] & Issues of using RDB with CIM: object–relational mismatch & Maintains reliability and structure in legacy systems & Schema rigidity, low TP performance, complex queries \\
[23, 24] & Analysis of TP performance degradation in CIM-based RDBs & Highlights the need for flexible modeling & Limited ability for topological search and model updates \\
[25] & Proposal of CIM-based ORDB with ORM tools & Bridges object– relational paradigm & ORM-related complexity, optimization limitations \\
[26, 27] & GDB-based framework for storing large-scale CIM ontologies & Suitable for semantic modeling and scalability & Lacks real-time DMS implementation or TP focus \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Summary of representative research works on CIM-based DMS platforms and database approaches. This study contributes to the field by presenting the first implementation and validation of an ODB framework specifically designed for real-time DMS operations to enhance TP performance while maintaining full interoperability.