## 2 Botanical Biopesticides  
### Current Status of Botanical Pesticides Development  
Botanical biopesticides are an important component of biopesticides. Such pesticides are a botanical formulation applied to the recipient plant according to a specific method based on stable active ingredients in the plant for protection against diseases, insects, and weeds. In general, such pesticides are generally contained in various types of substances such as alkaloids, glycosides, toxic proteins, volatile essential oils, tannins, resins, organic acids, esters, ketones, and terpenes. Over the past 20 years, the literature on pesticides based on botanical ingredients, such as insecticides, has increased from 2% to more than 21% of total publications, including literature and monographs [41]. Moreover, biopesticides are likely to grow from the current 4-5% of the global pesticide market to 20% by 2025. The growth of botanical pesticides is likely to be even stronger, rising from the current market share of 1-2% to more than 7% and growing at a rate of 16% per year [42]. Developed countries and regions such as Europe and the United States use 64% of the world's botanical pesticides. According to the World Food and Agriculture Organization statistics, the worldwide use of plant-derived biopesticides in 2022 is shown in Table 1. (\"/\" means that data are not available.) \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Area**} & **Capacity** & **Capacity** & **Capacity (Seed Treat** \\  & **(Insecticide—Pyrethroids)** & **(Insecticide—Botanical Products and Biologicals)** & **Fung—Botanical Products and Biologicals)** \\  & **(Tonnes)** & **(Tonnes)** & **(Tonnes)** \\ \hline Japan & 156 & / & / \\ Armenia & 15 & 1 & / \\ Austria & 20 & 6 & / \\ Belgium & 14 & 3 & / \\ China, Hong Kong & 1 & 2 & / \\ Croatia & 10 & 0 & / \\ Cyprus & 6 & 3 & / \\ French Polynesia & 1 & 1 & / \\ Germany & 113 & 25 & / \\ Iceland & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ Italy & 174 & 60 & / \\ Lithuania & 21 & / & / \\ Madagascar & 47 & 1 & 0 \\ Malaysia & 648 & 101 & 0 \\ Maidlives & 64 & 14 & / \\ Myanmar & 195 & 36 & / \\ New Caledonia & 1 & 0 & / \\ Panama & 12 & 0 & / \\ Paraguay & 975 & 50 & 0 \\ Poland & 98 & 26 & 0 \\ Saint Kits and Nevis & 1 & 0 & / \\ Saudi Arabia & 4732 & 2631 & 0 \\ Slovakia & 19 & 3 & 0 \\ Slovenia & 1 & 0 & / \\ Sudan & 224 & 0 & 0 \\ Suriname & 44 & 2 & / \\ Switzerland & 3 & 6 & / \\ Togo & 270 & 12 & / \\ Ukraine & 271 & 0 & / \\ UK & 28 & 10 & 0 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} Data Source: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, FAO, [[https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/RP](https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/RP)]([https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/RP](https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/RP)) (accessed on 10 December 2021).  
\end{table} 
Table 1: Botanical pesticides used worldwide in 2022. At present, about 4000 varieties of plants with agricultural activities have been discovered in China, of which more than 2000 kinds have insecticidal activities and great potential for development [43]. As of 10 October 2020, the number of registrations of botanical pesticides in China reached 194 [43], mainly including alkaloids, terpenoids, organosulfur, esters, phenols, coumarins, anthraquinones, flavonoids, and isoflavonoids, specifically including _matrine_, _rotenone_, _azadirachtin_, _veratrine_, _pyrethrin_, _nicotine_, _celastrus angulatus_, _eucalypt_, _camphor_, _dextrocamphor_, _anise oil_, _necchamaejasmin A_, _triptolide_, _curcumol_, _osthole_, _eugenol_, _physcoin_, _cresol_, _berberine_, _sterol_, _saponin_, _luowei_, _bitter alkaloids_, _allicin_, _d-limonene_, _terpene alcohol_, _allyl isothiamate_, _ginkgo biloba_ fruit extract (_pentadecenoic acid_, _ridecanoic acid_), and _psoralen corylifolia Linn_. seed extract (_isobaxachalcone_) for a total of 28 plant species [44]. Plant-based pesticides do not guarantee safety, as raw-material acquisition, preparation processing, and the pesticide itself all have certain risks.