# A Survey on Formal Verification and Validation Techniques for Internet of Things
## 1 Introduction
Additionally, FV&V techniques can be used to verify the correctness of the updates and patches themselves, reducing the risk of introducing new vulnerabilities or errors. Developing a generic methodology to validate all types of IoT devices using FV&V techniques is an area of active research. While FV&V techniques are applicable to a wide range of IoT systems, the specific techniques and tools used may vary depending on the characteristics of the system being verified. Researchers have developed methodologies for specific types of IoT devices, such as sensors, actuators, and network protocols. However, developing a generic methodology that can be applied to all types of IoT devices remains a challenge. The motivation for using FV&V techniques in IoT systems lies in the criticality of ensuring their reliability and security. While other techniques such as testing and simulation can also be used to verify the correctness of IoT systems, they may not be sufficient to guarantee their reliability and security in all cases. FV&V techniques provide a formal and rigorous approach to verifying the correctness of IoT systems and can identify potential issues that may not be detected through other means. Additionally, FV&V techniques can be used to verify the correctness of the system throughout its development lifecycle, from design to deployment to updates and patches. The goal of this paper was to provide a comprehensive survey of formal verification (FV), validation, and \(TST_{NG}\) techniques for IoT systems. We reviewed the state-of-the-art methods and tools for modeling, specification, verification, and \(TST_{NG}\) of IoT systems. We also discuss their strengths and limitations and identified the open challenges and future research directions in this area. By providing a holistic view of the FV, validation, and \(TST_{NG}\) landscape for the IoT, this paper aimed to help researchers and practitioners in developing more-secure, -reliable, and -trustworthy IoT systems. The main contributions of this paper are summarized below:  
* Overview of FV&V techniques for IoT systems;
* Discussion of challenges and open issues in FV&V for IoT systems;
* Examination of formal methods and \(TST_{NG}\) techniques for IoT systems;
* Exploration of the use of AI in software \(TST_{NG}\) for IoT systems;
* Identification of areas for future research and development in FV&V for IoT systems. The rest of the paper is structured as follows. Section 2 is a review of the related work. In Section 3, we discuss the preliminaries related to the IoT, including the definition of the IoT, its characteristics, and the challenges it presents. Section 4 provides an overview of formal methods for the IoT. In Section 5, we explore \(TST_{NG}\) techniques for the IoT, including the importance of \(TST_{NG}\), different types of \(TST_{NG}\), and the challenges of \(TST_{NG}\) in the IoT. Section 6 examines the use of AI in software \(TST_{NG}\) for IoT systems, including its advantages and examples of tools. Section 7 presents a case study. In Section 8, we discuss the challenges and open issues in FV&V for IoT systems and present possible future directions for research. Finally, we conclude the paper in Section 9, summarizing the main contributions and their significance and highlighting areas for future work.