# Modeling User Acceptance of In-Vehicle Applications for Safer Road Environment
## 1 Introduction  
Car manufacturers, throughout recent years, have been focusing on delivering new car models equipped with in-vehicle or pre-install applications [1] which support car navigation, maneuver and stabilization. Typically, the applications involve either a camera, sensors or a millimeter wave radar, or a combination of these, to support the driver and ease the driver's driving experience rather than annoy [2, 3] which may cause the system to be turned off or its disuse. Human limitations in assessing the current driving context may be lifted via an extension of these in-vehicle applications (see Table 1). Generally, these applications were designed for the global market. However, users' acceptance toward technology has been known to be influenced by cultural differentiation. Overlooking this factor may cause the technology to receive poor attitudes and acceptance rates from the users which eventually may lead to poor or nonactual use of the application [2]. Driver acceptance studies are vital from the manufacturer's perspective as well as the driver's perspective. Generally, these vehicle manufacturers have included these systems \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt}} \hline \hline
**Features** & **Description** \\ \hline Lane Departure Alert/ Warning (LDW) & Vibrates the steering wheel or emits a warning sound when the car strays off its lane. \\ \hline Lane-Keep Assist (LKAS) & Applies gentle steering correction when the car is veering off its lane. \\ \hline
360-Degree-Parking Assist (360 cam) & Provides a “bird’s eye” view of the car’s surroundings. \\ \hline Rear Cross Traffic Alert (RCTA) & Used when reversing out into the busy street to alert the driver of the approaching vehicle’s direction. \\ \hline Forward Collision Warning (FCW) & Gives a warning buzzer if a frontal collision is imminent. No braking actions. \\ \hline Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB) & Applies maximum braking pressure if driver does not respond after warning. Range, speed and detection ability vary. \\ \hline Adaptive Cruise Controls (ACC) & Maintains a preset highway cruising speed. Brakes and accelerates automatically to maintain a preset safe distance. Some models allow limited (less than 30 s) hands-free driving. \\ \hline Low-Speed Follow/ Traffic Jam Assist (TJA) & Assists in stop–go driving. Follows the vehicle ahead, automatically braking/accelerating. Driver maintains control of steering wheel. \\ \hline Auto Parking (A-Park) & Automatic steering for parking. Driver maintains control of gear selector (drive or reverse), braking and accelerating. Depending on the model, it may work on both parallel and perpendicular parking. \\ \hline Head-up Display (HUD) & Projects core driving-related information to driver’s view or windscreen. \\ \hline Blind Spot Monitor (BSM) & Lights up warning on the side mirrors when a vehicle is in the blind spot. \\ \hline Auto Hold/Brake Hold (A-Hold) & For use in traffic jam/red light. Maintains brake pressure even when driver takes the foot off the brake pedal. Automatically releases when a driver accelerates. \\ \hline Hill-Start Assist (HSA) & Maintains brake pressure to prevent the vehicle from rolling backward as the driver prepares to drive uphill. \\ \hline Hill Descent Control (HDC) & Typically used for 4 \(\times\) 4 vehicles. Maintains safe speed when driving downhill on muddy terrain. \\ \hline Pedal Misapplication Control (PED) & Prevvents accidental reversing/acceleration in the wrong direction, i.e., driver wrongly selected drive instead of reverse. \\ \hline Auto High Beam (A-BEAM) & Forward-oriented lights that turn brighter and dimmer automatically, depending on the other vehicles and available light on the road. \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: In-vehicle applications. in their manufactured cars to promise an improved and safer driving experience for both vehicle drivers and passengers. Understanding consumers' acceptance is key for effective implementation and the actual use of advanced driver-assistance systems.