## 6 Conclusions  
Previously, the role of a solid-phase catalyst has been to present a large surface where the reactants could be adsorbed and crowding together. In this way, the reactants were supposed to influence and steer the reaction in a desirable direction. However, the SET model for catalysis [10] has shown that, for a solid-phase catalyst as well as the homogeneous, the critical parameters are the frequencies of two vibrations, the catalyst as well as reactant, acting in resonance with each other.  
The observations of the present paper are in full support of this model. Especially, one notes that all the reactions treated here are of the kind that catalyst and reactant are in resonance at a specific frequency, different from one case to another. This means a kind of guidance for incoming molecules in processes of replication and complexification, alluding to the work of [PERSON] [13].  
Our first objects in this study are the layered structure of the well-known mineral montmorillonite and the nearly related (but synthetic) substance of laponite [38]. What is interesting with montmorillonite is not, primarily, that it is a solid substance. The most interesting trait of montmorillonite is its light absorption/emission at about 1040 cm\({}^{-1}\), which makes it as good a catalyst as was COS in the previous studies, where we found that the 2079 cm\({}^{-1}\) vibration could activate many reactions where the critical vibration was 1040 cm\({}^{-1}\). Thus, for example, montmorillonite can catalyze the formation of RNA [11].  
Another interesting trait of the abovementioned compounds is their catalytic function when interacting with copper (II) ions. This interaction results in a decrease in the Si-O-Si vibration (from 1040 to about 1036 cm\({}^{-1}\) for montmorillonite and from about 1000 to 970 cm\({}^{-1}\) for laponite). Such a decrease caused, in the case of montmorillonite, the catalyst to transform methanol to dimethyl ether with 100% yield. In the case of laponite, a similar treatment resulted in the formation of methyl formate, together with some parts of carbon monoxide. These reactions were both in agreement with the SET model.  
Furthermore, in this study, we have investigated the possibility of finding the building stones of molecules that we now know are necessary for life. We have found catalysts that can transform simple compounds of only a few atoms to larger units of a complex  
Figure 11: The structural formula of ATP.  
Figure 10: The structural formula of (**a**) cysteine and (**b**) pantotheanate.  
structure. Thus, for example, COS can catalyze the formation of all the molecules that together form the bioactive chains of RNA. COS can also combine with other molecules such as amino acids to act in a liquid state to build bioactive substances, and last but not the least, montmorillonite can act as a solid catalyst in aqueous media, to form molecules that seem to be of a life creating kind.  
Since COS originates from volcanic eruptions and montmorillonite is formed from petrified lava, eroded by rainwater [11], we can state that many catalysts, shaped in nature, are related to the volcanic activity of the young planet. Now, these catalysts seem to be necessary for life, and we suggest that life as we know it has had a volcanic background. This is in perfect agreement with the considerations of [PERSON] et al. [30] and of [PERSON] [39, 40].  
Conceptualization, R.L. and A.M.; literature search and evaluation, A.M.; methodology and calculations, R.L.; writing and original draft, A.M. and R.L.; data collection and evaluation, A.M.; drawings and manuscript corrections, R.L. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research received no external funding.  
Not applicable.  
The authors are grateful for the moral support for this work provided by the University of Lund and the Department of Chemical Engineering of LU. [PERSON] also strongly thanks his daughter, [PERSON], BSc, for guidance in computer use.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.