# Consequences of Glucose Enriched Diet on Oncologic Patients
### Role of Sugar in Cancer Metabolism
#### 1.2.1 Sugars in the Diet and Cancer Risk  
It has been claimed that high-sugar diets may promote carcinogenesis by promoting the synthesis of insulin and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), which produces oxidative stress. Various naturally occurring sugars in foods, such as dairy products, fruits, and vegetables, partly explain the consumption of sugars; though, highly processed foods and beverages, to which syrups and sugars are added during preparation or processing, or added syrups and sugars at the table, become more important sources of sugars. Intake of added sugars in the population substantially exceeds the recommended level for discretionary calorie intake, according to data from the United States (US) National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey 2003-2004. In females and males under the age of 18, the mean added sugar intake was 2.8- and 1.5-times higher, respectively [25]. These data are from a large prospective study from the USA [25] comprising almost half a million people to explore the link between the incidence of 24 malignancies and dietary sugars. Sugar intake has been speculated to be implicated with an elevated risk of cancer. The influence of several forms of sugars, including sucrose, fructose, and total sugars, and the effect of added sugars, added fructose, and sucrose on cancer risk have been researched. Despite being chemically identical, the physiological effects of sugars can vary depending on whether they are a vital component of the food's cellular structure along with bioactive substances and micronutrients or whether they are free in solution, found in highly processed foods, with little fiber and rapid digestion, making them easily metabolizable. A higher rate of metabolism, absorption, and ingestion of additional sugars can favor their unfavorable consequences, according to an experimental study [25]. In women, intake of total sugars and high fructose intake were linked to an enhanced risk of bladder cancer, and fructose and added sugars were positively related to the risk of leukemia. The observed link with bladder cancer was marginal according to the results of two case-control studies that revealed a greater risk with the intake of foods high in added sugar [25]. Yet, for both bladder cancer and leukemia, the enhanced risk estimated in the replacement model was no longer significant in the partition model. It may be that, in the first situation, the increased risk is attributable to the decline in foods that give energy with a high concentration of bioactive chemicals and protective micronutrients, rather than due to an increase in the intake of sugars [25]. All examined sugars were inversely linked with ovarian cancer risk. The influence of carbs other than lactose on ovarian cancer has only been addressed in one cohort study, and it offered evidence that postmenopausal women may be more at risk for total sugar consumption. A total of 97% of ovarian cancer cases in this group were postmenopausal. Ovarian cancer risk factors are not well understood; consequently, the findings may have been indicative of a dietary trend or confounded by unknown factors [25]. Intake of sugars, sugary beverages, and foods in relation to the risk of cancer connected to obesity  
A prospective cohort study [28] specifically explored the connections of sucrose and fructose in the diet along with type and number of sugary beverages and foods with general and site-specific adiposity-related cancer risk by taking into account data from US adults. Sugary foods were not associated with cancer risk. Nevertheless, in stratified exploratory analysis, total consumption of sugary beverages was associated with a 59% increased risk of adiposity-related malignancies in persons with excessive central adiposity. A higher intake of fruit juice was associated in a separate investigation within this cohort to a 58% increase in the risk of prostate cancer, despite the total consumption of sugary beverages not being linked to the risk of the individual tumors of the examined region [28].