esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 5 Discussion and Future Work
Furthermore, the operator's upper arm measurements have been considered in designing the base and moving platforms. In order to expedite and reduce the cost of device construction, additive manufacturing technology has been employed. To meet the required workspace, spherical joints have been modelled in SolidWorks 2022 software and then manufactured using a 3D printer. All components have been 3D modelled using SolidWorks 2022 software. Compact design and robot kinematics have been given top priority during the design stage. As a result, the device is grounded to reduce the user's discomfort and the exoskeleton weighs just 0.43 kg. The singular surface of the 3 UPS/S manipulator and the screw axis of uncontrollable motion is plotted. When the moving platform is rotated around the Z-axis, it is found that there exists a singularity within the workspace of the robot. Also, a singularity occurs when all the leg lengths are equal. Hence, singularity is to be avoided by a suitable design and by judicious use of the workspace. Robot-assisted rehabilitation therapies are meant to accurately mimic manual therapies. The 3-UPS/S parallel wrist robot rotates the human hand about the wrist joint in a smooth manner. The speed of this motion can also be adjusted. This robot is connected to a user's forearm and produces a smooth motion. Thus, this robot can replace manual treatment by a physiotherapist. The smoothness of the movement and trajectory error of the impaired limb define the quality of robotic rehabilitation therapy. Along with it, the range of motion can be measured and compared with existing devices. The system was tested for performing different wrist motions on a user. Throughout the rehabilitation therapy, the system performed as desired. Also, an emergency switch is mounted in case any undesirable motion occurs. Since this system is grounded and only has an attachment to one part of the body, the system is actually suitable for humans from a safety perspective. In the next version of the robot, more safety features will be incorporated. Thus, the refinement will be the primary emphasis in future when developing the next version of the exoskeleton. Also, the device should feature more mechanical safety components to ensure the user's safety throughout the rehabilitation.
# Roboethics in Remote Human Interactions and Rehabilitative Therapeutics
## 4 Ethical Considerations for Robotics Research and Development during COVID-19
### Roboethics and Health Care Pre- and Post-COVID-19  
Due to COVID-19, many health care settings needed to drastically cut back their in-person services to urgent care only and delegate many health care interactions to an online or remote format, such as teleconferencing. It is harder for a health care practitioner to properly observe and guide a patient in this situation. This is particularly challenging in rehabilitation settings, where a patient needs to perform exercises to re-learn motor skills impaired by injury or illness. Robot use in health care is already on the rise, with a promising future in tele-rehabilitation and remote rehabilitation [25; 26]. For a robot to automatically evaluate a patient's motor performance, its assessment should pass the following criteria [27]:  
* Acceptance by experts in the relevant field
* Reliability, i.e., providing consistent results with repeated testing
* Validity, i.e., measurement of the skill being assessed (rather than that of a related skill being performed simultaneously).  
In assessing the reliability and validity of an individual robot for its teaching of motor skills in rehabilitation, we need to evaluate the similarity of the robot-delivered assessment to that of a human counterpart, how well it forecasts future performance, and how it measures against the current gold standard [27; 28].  
When considering the ethics of health care, and particularly rehabilitation, the effectiveness of the intervention is one major concern. Can a robot be an effective health care provider when it is unable (at present) to read a patient's non-verbal cues? The question of dehumanization arises. Human interaction can play a significant role in a patient's emotional well-being and healing. Do robots lack the warmth and empathy needed for an effective healing encounter? For many patients, particularly the elderly and infirm, an in-person health care visit provides essential social interaction that may be otherwise lacking. The impact of robotic care on the emotional needs of the patient must not be ignored.  
Accessibility is another concern. Internet access is often needed to use robotic programs. Some elderly patients may not be familiar with internet use; other patients may live in remote areas with poor or nonexistent internet access. This may negatively impact their access to timely care. Cost may also be a deterrent. With some services such as physiotherapy paid for privately and often not covered by insurance, patients may be reluctant to pay out of pocket on a service until effectiveness has been shown.  
Remote health care encounters have increased since the COVID-19 pandemic began, creating a chance to collect data on their effectiveness. If shown to be effective as a replacement for at least some in-person interactions, without detrimental effects to patients, we may see increasing use of robotic rehabilitation techniques in a post-COVID world.
# Nonlinear Wave-Induced Uplift Force onto Pipelines Buried in Sloping Seabeds
## 2 Numerical Model  
The purpose of this research is to study the nonlinear wave-induced uplift force onto pipelines buried in sloping seabeds. Thus, a two-dimensional numerical model including three sub-models was developed. The wave motion is simulated using a wave sub-model and the soil dynamic response caused by nonlinear waves is simulated by a seabed sub-model. Moreover, the structure dynamic response can be simulated by the pipeline sub-model.  
Figure 1 illustrates the sketch for this numerical model for the wave-seabed-pipeline interaction, where \(d\) is the water depth of the incident wave; \(\alpha\) is the slope angle of the seabed; H is the wave height; L is the wave length; D is the pipeline diameter; e is the burial depth.
## 3 Methodology
### Spatio-Temporal Module  
The network structure for the three spatio-temporal modules (closeness, period, trend) is uniform. It comprises three components namely convolution, attention mechanism, and residual unit.
## Materials and Methods
### Quantitation of Aroma-Active Compounds
#### 2.4.1 GC-FID  
1,1-Diethoxyethane, ethyl acetate, 1-propanol, 2-methylpropanol, 3-methylbutanol and ethyl lactate were quantified by an Agilent (Santa Clara, CA, USA) 7890A GC system, equipped with a flame ionization detector. Baijiu samples (1 \(\mu\)L) with internal standards (IS1: 2-methyl-2-butanol, 116.59 mg/L, IS2: n-pentyl acetate, 131.78 mg/L) added were directly inserted into the GC system in split mode (split ratio = 20:1). Hydrogen was used to operate FID at a flow rate of 30 mL/min. A CP-WAX column (50 m \(\times\) 0.25 mm \(\times\) 0.20 \(\upmu\)m, Agilent Technologies, Inc., Santa Clara, CA, USA) was used for the separations. High-purity helium (>99.999%) was used as the carrier gas at a constant flow rate of 1 mL/min. The oven temperature was initially held at 35 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 5 min, then raised to 100 \({}^{\circ}\)C at the rate of 4 \({}^{\circ}\)C/min, and held for 2 min, then increased at 8 \({}^{\circ}\)C/min to 150 \({}^{\circ}\)C, and finally raised at 15 \({}^{\circ}\)C/min to 200 \({}^{\circ}\)C and held for 25 min. The injector and detector temperatures were set at 250 \({}^{\circ}\)C
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Opportunities and Challenges
(2) Model interpretability and credibility: in the development of deep learning models, emphasis should be placed on improving their interpretability. Researchers can explore the use of interpretable deep learning architectures, introduce attention mechanisms, or employ explainable models to elucidate the decision-making process. Additionally, establishing uncertainty estimation methods for models is crucial as it helps evaluate the confidence of model outputs and provides more reliable decision-making support. (3) Heterogeneous dataset and class imbalance issues: strategies such as oversampling, undersampling, and GANs can be employed to address these challenges. These methods assist in tackling the problem of insufficient samples in minority classes and improve model performance across all categories. (4) Model deployment and real-time capabilities: to tackle the challenges of real-time requirements and accuracy, research should focus on optimizing the inference speed and computational efficiency of deep learning models. Techniques like model compression, quantization, and hardware acceleration can be explored to meet real-time monitoring needs. (5) Interdisciplinary collaboration and knowledge integration: cross-disciplinary collaboration is essential when facing challenges and opportunities. Collaborating with experts from computer science, seismology, geology, physics, and other fields facilitates the fusion and exchange of knowledge, thus contributing to the advancement of the microseismic monitoring field. In summary, by focusing on data processing and model optimization, model interpretability and credibility, heterogeneous datasets and class imbalance issues, model deployment and real-time capabilities, and fostering interdisciplinary collaboration and knowledge integration, the field of microseismic monitoring can provide more accurate, efficient, and reliable solutions. This will drive advancements in science and technology within this domain.
# Research on Blockchain-Based E-Bidding System
## 2 Preliminaries
### Zero-Knowledge Proof
#### 2.5.2 ZKP Based on Graph Isomorphism  
ZKP is mainly composed of the prover and the verifier, where the prover is generally represented by \(P\) and the verifier is represented by \(V\). Suppose \(P\) knows that two undirected graphs \(G_{0}\) and \(G_{1}\) are isomorphic, and the isomorphic substitution is \(\varphi\); that is, \(G_{1}=\varphi G_{0}\). \(P\) proves to \(V\) that \(G_{0}\) and \(G_{1}\) are isomorphic without revealing any information to \(V\) about \(\varphi\); that is, \(V\) knows that \(G_{0}\) and \(G_{1}\) are isomorphic, but does not know how vertices correspond.  
Figure 2: The roles of identity mixer.  
The interactive ZKP protocol based on graph isomorphism is as follows [33]:  
1. \(P\) randomly selects a transformation \(\pi\), and converts graph \(G_{0}\) to graph \(H\); that is, \(H=\pi G_{0}\), and sends \(H\) to \(V\).
2. \(V\) randomly selects \(i\in\{0,1\}\) and sends it to \(P\).
3. \(P\) judges whether \(i\) belongs to \(\{0,1\}\), if not, then reject. 1. If \(i=0\), record \(f=\pi^{-1}\); 2. If \(i=1\), record \(f=\pi^{-1}\)\(\varphi\); 3. \(P\) sends \(f\) to \(V\).
4. \(V\) Verify whether \(H\) is equal to \(G_{i}\) under the transformation of \(f\); that is, \(G_{i}=f\!H\) is valid. If so, accept the claim of \(P\); otherwise, reject it.  
The interactive ZKP protocol based on graph isomorphism features:  
1. Completeness: Suppose \(P\) is an honest participant of the protocol and executes the protocol in strict accordance with the steps of the protocol. After repeated execution of the protocol for \(n\) times, \(V\) will accept the proof of \(P\) with a probability close to \(1\).
2. Soundness: In one round of this protocol, \(P\) has a \(1/2\) probability of guessing \(V\) and choosing the value of \(i\), thus cheating \(V\). After repeated \(n\) rounds of the protocol, the probability of success of \(P\) guess is \(1/2^{n}\), which is a small probability event. \(V\) rejects the proof of \(P\) with a probability of \(1-1/2^{n}\).
3. Zero knowledge: \(P\) will generate a new graph \(H\) in each round of the protocol. After \(n\) rounds of the protocol operation, \(V\) can only gather some random isomorphic copies of graphs \(G_{0}\) and \(G_{1}\), and there is no information about isomorphic \(G_{0}\) and \(G_{1}\) between these copies. Therefore, \(V\) will not know the isomorphism of \(G_{0}\) and \(G_{1}\) through the protocol, so the protocol is zero-knowledge.
# Application of Angle Related Cost Function Optimization for Dynamic Path Planning Algorithm
## 5 Experiments  
### Experiment Framework  
In this paper, Eclipse was used to realize the coding and development of the system, SUMO was used to realize the path drawing and analysis of navigation, and MySQL (including spatial extension Spatial) was used for database management. SUMO is a road traffic simulation software for continuous traffic conditions. The software was originally developed by the German Aerospace Center in 2000. Because of its perfect function and open source features, it has been widely used in the field of intelligent transportation research [23]. SUMO is well suited for traffic simulation and supports the analysis and evaluation of traffic related algorithms. The graphical interface of SUMO is shown in Figure 9.  
Figure 8: Image for \(h_{r}(i)\).  
Figure 9: Interface for SUMO.  
We chose the Dijkstra algorithm, A* algorithm and ant colony algorithm to compare our Spatial Optimized Dynamic Path Planning (SODPP) algorithm with. In addition, we chose the urban road network of Karamay. The network contains 846 road nodes, 1928 roads, and 5375 sets of road connectivity data. The urban road network of Karamay is shown in Figure 10.
# Orbital Angular Momentum Generation and Detection by Geometric-Phase Based Metasurfaces
## 3 Metasurfaces for OAM Generation  
Various prototypes of scatterers that can totally or partially convert the R/LHCP to L/RHCP have been proposed for OAM generation. Plasmonic scatterers, such as the golden nanorods in [78], L-shaped gold nanoantennas [79], rectangular split-ring resonators (SRRs) in [80]; apertures opened on metals, such as the elliptical nanoholes in [81]; and dielectric particles have been demonstrated at optical regime. At microwave frequencies, multi-layered unit cells have been reported to achieve high efficiency [82; 83]. The scatterers and their composite metasurfaces are usually simulated by numerical simulation software, such as finite element method and finite integration technique-based CST Microwave Studio [84; 85; 86; 87; 88; 89], finite element method-based HFSS, finite-difference time-domain method-based Lumerical [90], and COMSEL. Some of them can be analytically modelled [87] or simulated by approximate models [84; 89]. Lately, an efficient modelling is applied to integral equation solvers to accelerate the simulation of metasurfaces in multiscale [91].
## 8 Application Challenges and Strategic Directions for Digital Twin Integration
### Strategic Directions for Scalable DT Integration
#### 8.4.3 Cloud-Based Digital Twin-as-a-Service (DTaaS)  
The advancement of cloud-native automotive architectures has paved the way for digital twin-as-a-service (DTaaS) solutions that align with modern vehicle development workflows. Within these frameworks, digital twin instances can be deployed dynamically in secure cloud containers to support scalable simulation and validation tasks. Simulation workloads are distributed across OEMs, enabling seamless collaboration throughout the supply chain. Centralized repositories ensure version control and traceability of test results, promoting consistency across development stages and supporting compliance with functional safety and cybersecurity standards [60; 61; 62].  
This DTaaS model fosters collaboration, promotes traceable development practices, and aligns with agile methodologies, including continuous integration and deployment (CI/CD) pipelines. Its advantages have translated into significant real-world benefits. Automotive manufacturers have integrated DTaaS into R&D and supply chain operations, leveraging virtual prototyping to reduce vehicle development cycles by 30%. A major Swedish electric vehicle OEM reported a 40% reduction in battery testing costs through DTaaS-based thermal behavior simulations under extreme conditions [63]. Over 60% of automotive companies now prefer per-use pricing for DTaaS in production line optimization, avoiding fixed costs amid seasonal demand fluctuations. However, this shift to flexible pricing and scalable deployment does not eliminate barriers, especially for smaller enterprises. Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) continue to face prohibitive upfront costs. For instance, a German automotive parts supplier terminated its DTaaS pilot upon discovering a USD 120,000 platform setup cost--nearly 15% of its annual IT budget--making it economically unjustifiable [64].
## 2 Related Work  
The resource reservation mechanisms, such as resource ReSerVation Protocol (RSVP) [17; 18] and packet scheduling algorithms, have been extensively used to satisfy applications QoS requests. However, as described in the previous section, mobile computing requires elastic mechanisms, such as Rate Adaptation mechanisms [19], able to satisfy dynamic and degraded requests. In ISPNs, each single flow can receive a QoS level which can be negotiated by the RSVP in static scenarios [17; 18], or MRSVP and Dynamic ReSerVation Protocol (DRSVP) in mobile networks [20; 21; 22]. We considered the NSIS [23; 24] in order to take into account its capability of establish, maintain and remove control states in network nodes. The new protocol proposed by IETF can be viewed as a new extensible IP signaling architecture. In the following we present two sections related to literature contribution to reservation scheme and mobility applications.
# Quadcopters in Smart Agriculture: Applications and Modelling
## 5 Challenges and Future Directions
### Consumption of Resources  
#### 5.1.1 Challenges  
One of the major challenges of using quadcopters in smart agriculture is their limited flight duration and battery life. Most quadcopters have a maximum flight time of 15 to 40 min, which poses significant challenges, especially for large-scale agricultural areas where vast fields need to be covered in a single mission. Additionally, it can be difficult to balance the diverse requirements of agricultural missions with the need to optimize resources simultaneously [144; 145; 146].
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Plasma Exposure Time Impact  
Comparing the sizes of the inhibition zones, it was found that the size of the inhibition zones increased more or less linearly with the plasma treatment duration. Thus, the longer the exposure time is, the bigger the inhibition zone achieved (see Figure 2). This correlation was observed at all test concentrations and applied powers (see Figures 3-5).  
Figure 4: The dependence of the inhibition zone size on the plasma exposure time for the 10-fold dilution.  
Figure 3: The dependence of the inhibition zone size on the plasma exposure time for the original undiluted culture.  
Figure 2: Comparison of inhibition zone sizes created by 10 s (**left**) and 120 s (**right**) plasma treatment with 9 W power after 48 h from the exposure of the undiluted culture.
## Materials and methods
### Volatile Organic Compounds Identified by HS-SPME and GC/MS  
The samples were pretreated as described below: 0.2 g of pulverized sample was mixed with 8.0 mL Milli-Q water into a 20 mL headspace vial, and 200 \(\upmu\)L of 1-pentanol was added as an internal standard (10 ppm). An SPME holder containing a fused-silica fiber coated with a 50/30 \(\upmu\)m layer of divinyl-benzene/carboxen/polydimethylsiloxane (DVB/CAR/PDMS) was exposed in the head space of the vial for 20 min at 50 \({}^{\circ}\)C and then removed from the vial and introduced directly into the GC injector, where thermal desorption was performed at 250 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 5 min under 1 mL/min of gas flow. The analysis of the volatiles in the samples was performed using a GC-MS instrument (Agilent 7890B-5977A) equipped with an electron impact (EI) ion source. The volatiles were separated on an HP-5 MS capillary column (30 m \(\times\) 0.25 mm \(\times\) 0.25 \(\upmu\)m; Agilent, USA). The column oven temperature program was set as follows: 50 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 1 min, increasing to 145 \({}^{\circ}\)C at 5 \({}^{\circ}\)C/min, increasing to 175 \({}^{\circ}\)C at 7 \({}^{\circ}\)C/min, increasing to 195 \({}^{\circ}\)C at 5 \({}^{\circ}\)C/min, and then increasing to 250 \({}^{\circ}\)C at 3 \({}^{\circ}\)C/min and maintained at that temperature for 10 min. Helium (99.999%) was used as the carrier gas at a flow rate of 1.0 mL min\({}^{-1}\). Mass spectra were recorded in the electron impact ionization mode at 70 eV, and the mass scanning range was set from 30 to 400 amu in full scan mode. The identification of volatile compounds was determined using the NIST Atomic Spectra Database version 1.6, their retention indices and mass spectra were combined with those reported in references [33]. The VOC content was expressed as mg/kg of sample fresh weight.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Dose Effects Combined and Thermal Treatments  
Using two initiators with a smoother reactivity than DAIS-B, we prepared and cured under various conditions two series of blends containing from 0.5 to 4 wt-% of sulfonium salts either with the PF6\({}^{-}\) or AsF6\({}^{-}\) counter-anion. Polymerization was induced by EB irradiation at 50 kGy, 100 kGy, and 250 kGy with optional thermal post-treatment at 190 or 250 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 4 h.  
The results represented in the bar graphs of Figure 5 confirm without surprise the higher efficiency of the hexafluoro-arsenate salt. It is worth noticing another important difference with respect to the combined effects of initiator concentration and strength of the curing treatment. The comparison is very instructive since Figure 5 clearly shows that for a given content in onium salt, the harsher the treatment, the lower the increase of conversion, even if the content in unreacted epoxy groups is high. Here, experiments conducted at 190 and 250 \({}^{\circ}\)C in the presence of low or even high concentrations of hexafluorophosphate initiator allow to exclude the occurrence of vitrification phenomena between the stages of a curing treatment. This raises questions about the real living feature of the active centers in the presence of PF6\({}^{-}\) anions.  
Figure 4: Temperature profiles recorded during the dynamic EB irradiation with 3 consecutive 25 kGy passes of a 3 cm thick DGEBA resin sample containing 0.5 wt-% of DAIS-B.  
Figure 5: Influence of dose and thermal post-treatments on epoxy conversion of a DGEBA resin sample containing various amounts of sulfonium salts (0.5 to 4 wt-%) with PF6\({}^{-}\) (**a**) or AsF6\({}^{-}\) (**b**) counter-anion, after EB irradiation at 50 kGy, 100 kGy, 250 kGy and subsequent thermal treatments at 190 or 250 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 4 h.  
Contrastingly, with the hexafluoro-arsenate anion (Figure 5b), the rougher the treatment and post-curing were, the higher the increase in conversion. It seems that we are here benefiting from the accumulation of active centers and overcoming vitrification without significant loss of chemical reactivity.