## 2 Bibliometric Analysis
### Authors' Keywords Analysis
The presence of terms such as \"mutants\", \"outer membrane\", and \"purification\" suggests an emphasis on molecular genetics and bacterial physiology. With an average publication year 2018.12, this area remains at the forefront of research, particularly in developing targeted antimicrobial strategies. Bacteria adapt to environmental changes through a mechanism called the two-component regulatory system (TCS), which consists of a sensor kinase that detects stimuli and a response regulator that modifies gene expression for survival. Initially identified in _E. coli_, TCS's are present in all bacteria, including pathogens. Some TCS's are vital for growth, while others contribute to virulence and antibiotic resistance. Targeting TCS's is proposed as a potential antimicrobial strategy, as it may inhibit bacterial growth or reduce virulence without killing the cells. This approach could help develop therapies for infections caused by AMR [58]. TCS's are required for modulating antimicrobial resistance, virulence, and gene expression, allowing bacteria to adapt to environmental stressors. Systems such as PhoPQ, VraSR, and CpxAR regulate resistance mechanisms, including membrane permeability modifications and efflux pump activation [59; 60]. PhoPQ contributes to antibiotic resistance in _Salmonella_ and _E. coli_ by modulating outer membrane integrity, while VraSR enhances _S. aureus_ resistance to cell wall-targeting antibiotics by altering cell membrane composition and activating efflux systems [59; 60]. Similarly, CpxAR regulates envelope stress responses, playing a crucial role in bacterial adaptation to antibiotic exposure [61]. Targeting TCS as an antimicrobial strategy offers potential for weakening resistance pathways without directly killing bacteria, thereby reducing selective pressure for resistance development. Studies show that inhibiting VraSR and CpxAR reduces resistance levels in _S. aureus_, making pathogens more susceptible to conventional antibiotics [60]. Natural and synthetic TCS inhibitors, including antimicrobial peptides, have shown promise in altering resistance gene expression and restoring antibiotic efficacy. These approaches could also support biotechnological advancements, such as rapid diagnostic tools to detect TCS-dependent resistance mechanisms [62]. Despite these advancements, TCS-targeting strategies face challenges. Variability in TCS expression among bacterial strains and the potential for compensatory resistance mechanisms complicate universal therapeutic applications [63]. Additionally, concerns about resistance to TCS inhibitors highlight the need for further research on their long-term effectiveness [64]. A deeper understanding of TCS interactions with other resistance pathways and interdisciplinary approaches integrating diagnostics and therapeutics will be critical to addressing antimicrobial resistance effectively [65; 66]. The fourth cluster, \"Phytochemicals and antioxidant properties\" (Purple; RGB: 150, 50, 150), focuses on plant-derived antimicrobial compounds and their potential functional benefits. The most commonly occurring words in this cluster are essential oils (1403 occurrences), alkaloids (1117), and antioxidant (999). With a weight links of 23,880 and a weight total link strength of 48,047, this cluster highlights the strong interconnection between natural product chemistry and antimicrobial research. The inclusion of terms such as \"growth\", \"toxicity\", and \"extraction\" suggests a dual focus on antimicrobial efficacy and safety. The average publication year 2017.45 indicates ongoing interest in phytochemicals for functional food applications and alternative medicine. The significance of plant-derived antimicrobial compounds lies in their multifaceted functional benefits, which include not only antimicrobial properties but also antioxidant effects that contribute to overall health. Gallic acid (GA) is a phenolic compound found in various fruits and vegetables, known for its extensive health benefits.