esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Recent Development of Mid-Infrared Supercontinuum Generation in Fluoroindate Glass Fibers
## 8 Summary and Outlook
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c c} \hline \hline  & **Pump Parameters** & **InfF3 Fiber Parameters** & **SC Parameters** & \\
**Pump Source Architecture** & **(Pulse** & **(Core** & **(Average** & **Ref.** \\  & **Width/PRF/Wavelength/** & **Diameter/NA/Fiber** & **Power/LWE/Spectral** & **Ref.** \\  & **Average Power)** & **Length)** & **Flatness)** & \\ \hline MOPA: OPG (seed), & 400 ps/20 kHz/ & 13.5 μm/0.3/14 μm & 145 mW/\(\sim\)5.4 μm/ & \\ Er3+:ZrF4 amplifier & 2.8 μm/INP & & 20 dB@ 2.77-5.30 μm & [58] \\ \hline MOPA: DFB laser (seed), & & & \\
1 \(\times\) EDFA, 1 \(\times\) EDFA, & 50 ps/1 MHz/ & 9.5 μm/0.3/20 μm & 1 W/\(\sim\)5 μm/ & \\
2 \(\times\) TDFA & 1.55 μm/2.3 W & & 6 dB@ 1.91-4.77 μm & \\ \hline MOPA: DFB laser (seed), & & & \\
2 \(\times\) EDFA, 1 \(\times\) EDYFA, & 1 ns/5 MHz/ & 9 μm/0.3/12 μm & 1.41 W/4.1 μm/ & \\
2 \(\times\) TDFA & 1.55 μm/3.7 W & 9 μm/0.3/12 μm & 10 dB@ 1.91-3.59 μm & [127] \\ \hline MOPA: DM laser diode (seed), & 35 ps/1 MHz/ & 9 μm/0.26/10 μm & 1.76 W/\(\sim\)5.2 μm/ & \\
3 \(\times\) TDFA & 1.95 μm/INP & 9 μm/0.26/10 μm & 3 dB@ 2.5-4.37 μm * & [114] \\ \hline MOPA: DFB laser (seed), & 50 ps/1 MHz/ & & \\
1 \(\times\) EDFA, 2 \(\times\) TDFA & 1.55 μm/2.03 W & 9.5 μm/0.3/12.7 μm & 0.88 W/\(\sim\)4.7 μm/ & \\
1 \(\times\) EDFA, 2 \(\times\) TDFA & 1.55 μm/2.27 W & & 10 dB@ 1.9-4.4 μm & \\ \hline MOPA: DFB laser (seed), & 1.6 ns/100 kHz/ & 7.5 μm/0.3/10 μm & 1.35 W/5.2 μm/ & \\
2 \(\times\) EDFA, 1 \(\times\) TDFA & 1.55 μm/6.41 W & 7.5 μm/0.3/10 μm & 4.06 W/5.1 μm/ & \\
1 \(\times\) & & & 10 dB@ \(\sim\)2.09–4.65 μm & \\ \hline MOPA: MLFL (seed), & 60 ps/33 MHz/ & & 11.3 W/4.7 μm/ & \\
2 \(\times\) TDFA & 1.956 μm/17 W & 7.5 μm/0.3/11 μm & 20 dB@ 1.85-4.53 μm * & [42] \\ \hline QML fiber laser (single & QS: 90 ns/60 kHz/ & & \\ oscillator) & \(\sim\)2 μm/10 W & 7.5 μm/0.3/15 μm & 7 W/4.7 μm/INP & \\  & ML: 30 ps/37.9 MHz & & (LWE@10 dB: -3.1 μm) & \\ \hline MOPA: DFB laser (seed), & 1 ns/1.5 MHz/ & 7.5 μm/0.3/11 μm & 11.8 W/4.9 μm/ & \\
1 \(\times\) EDFA, 1 \(\times\) TDFA & 1.55 μm/18.3 W & 7.5 μm/0.3/11 μm & 10 dB@ 2.05–4.60 μm & [61] \\ \hline MOPA: DFB laser (seed), & & & \\
2 \(\times\) EDFA, 1 \(\times\) EDFA, & 0.9 ns/0.5 MHz/ & & \\
1 \(\times\) TDFA & 1.55 μm/\(\sim\)4.5 W & 7.5 μm/0.3/12 μm & 2.95 W/5.13 μm/ & \\
1 \(\times\) TDFA & 1.55 μm/\(\sim\)4.5 W & 7.5 μm/0.3/12 μm & 10 dB@ 1.96–4.97 μm & [77] \\ \hline MOPA: GSML fiber laser (seed), & GS: 120 ns/50 kHz/ & & \\
2 \(\times\) TDFA & 2 μm/1.85 W & 7.5 μm/0.3/11 μm & 1.14 W/4.75 μm/ & \\  & ML: \(\sim\)110 ps/111 MHz & & 10 dB@ 1.94–4.44 μm & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: _Cont._
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Experimental Assumptions  
In this study, the experimental conditions were controlled for temperature, flow velocity, and pH to investigate their effects on the CR of carbon steel. However, in comparison to these controlled variables, pH range, salinity, and dissolved oxygen (DO) were treated as fixed or assumed based on typical seawater environments. The following assumptions were made:  
1. pH ranges:  
While the pH was controlled within the range of 6 to 8, this range reflects natural seawater conditions, where significant deviations are uncommon. Outside this range, corrosion behavior can change, but within it, carbon steel exhibits a relatively stable CR, minimizing the effect of pH on CR.  
Fixed salinity:  
The salinity was set at 3.5 wt. % NaCl, representing the typical seawater concentration. CR generally increases with salinity until reaching a critical threshold near 5 wt. %, beyond which further increases in salinity tend to reduce CR. Thus, variations beyond 3.5 wt. % are assumed to have no significant effect on corrosion behavior under the tested conditions.  
Dissolved oxygen was not explicitly controlled during the experiments, as open-circuit seawater cooling systems naturally replenish oxygen through continuous contact with the atmosphere. Therefore, oxygen availability was assumed to remain sufficient, ensuring that the corrosion process was not limited by oxygen depletion.  
The above assumptions simplify the experimental setup, enabling a focused investigation into how temperature, flow velocity, and pH influence the CR of carbon steel.
## 3 Principals of Routing Protocols and Their Breakdowns
### Data-Based Routing Protocols
#### 3.4.1 EBOR [65]  
For underwater acoustic sensor networks, a Dempster-Shafer evidence theory-based opportunistic routing (EBOR) protocol is suggested to send data packets to the surface sink node. The residual energy and packet transmission probability are used by the source node in the EBOR protocol to choose the optimum next hop. To create a forwarding relay set, the Dempster-Shafer evidence theory (DST) technique is utilized to identify the relevant neighbors of the source node. The packet is sent by the relay nodes in the order of trust determined by DST. Furthermore, to minimize collisions and retransmission, the nodes in the relay settings are configured to various holding times based on their trust.
# Bi-Directional Point Flow Estimation with Multi-Scale Attention for Deformable Lung CT Registration
## 4 Experiments
### Analysis of Generalizability  
To evaluate the generalization capability of our framework, we conducted cross-dataset experiments using external CT datasets that differed from those used during training. Specifically, the model was trained on the Empire10 [3] and TCIA-NLST [4; 45] datasets and then directly tested--without any fine-tuning--on three unseen datasets, L2R-LungCT [7], TCIA-Ventilation [6], and DIR-LAB COPDgene [1], which represent diverse imaging protocols, scanner vendors, and population characteristics.  
As shown in Table 7, our method achieves consistent improvements across all external datasets, with substantial reductions in the mean Target Registration Error (TRE) and corresponding increases in the Dice Similarity Coefficient (DSC). These results demonstrate that the model generalizes effectively to unseen anatomical variations and imaging domains, despite being trained on a limited number of source datasets. This robustness to domain shifts underscores the clinical applicability of our point-based framework, as it maintains a reliable performance without requiring retraining or tuning for each target dataset.
## 2 Problem Formulation
### Obtaining \(\underline{\mathbf{T}}_{s}\) Using the Mode-Matching Technique
Therefore, at the metallic screen (\(\boldsymbol{\rho}\in\mathcal{M}\)), (7) and (9) become:  
\[\sum_{v=1}^{  
If the inner products of \(\mathbf{e}_{u}\) with the relationships (17)-(20) are linearly combined as \(Z_{u}^{-1}\left\langle\mathbf{e}_{u},\eqref{eq:17}\right\rangle_{\mathcal{M}}+ \left\langle\mathbf{e}_{u},\eqref{eq:18}\right\rangle_{\mathcal{A}}\) and \(Z_{u}^{-1}\left\langle\mathbf{e}_{u},\eqref{eq:19}\right\rangle_{\mathcal{M}} +\left\langle\mathbf{e}_{u},\eqref{eq:20}\right\rangle_{\mathcal{A}}\), we obtain:  
(21)  
and:  
(22)  
where the inner products over the metallic screen, \(\mathcal{M}\), have been substituted with inner products over the air aperture, \(\mathcal{A}\), using (12). Equations (21) and (22) relate the coaxial mode amplitudes at the two sides of the screen and can be expressed in matrix form as:  
\[\underline{\mathbf{\Pi}}\mathbf{\tilde{a}}^{-} =\underline{\mathbf{\Delta}}\mathbf{\tilde{a}}^{+}+\underline{ \mathbf{\Omega}}\mathbf{\tilde{b}}^{-} \tag{23}\] \[\underline{\mathbf{\Pi}}\mathbf{\tilde{b}}^{+} =\underline{\mathbf{\Delta}}\mathbf{\tilde{b}}^{-}+\underline{ \mathbf{\Omega}}\mathbf{\tilde{a}}^{+} \tag{24}\]  
where the elements of the matrices are:  
\[\Pi_{uv}= \delta_{uv}+\left(\frac{Z_{u}}{Z_{v}}-1\right)\left\langle \mathbf{e}_{u},\mathbf{e}_{v}\right\rangle_{\mathcal{A}} \tag{25}\] \[\Delta_{uv}= \left\langle\mathbf{e}_{u},\mathbf{e}_{v}\right\rangle_{ \mathcal{A}}-\delta_{uv}\] (26) \[\Omega_{uv}= \left(\frac{Z_{u}}{Z_{v}}-1\right)\left\langle\mathbf{e}_{u}, \mathbf{e}_{v}\right\rangle_{\mathcal{A}}\,. \tag{27}\]  
By rearranging (23) and (24), we get:  
\[ \begin{bmatrix}\mathbf{\tilde{b}}^{+}\\ \mathbf{\tilde{b}}^{-}\end{bmatrix} =\mathbf{\underline{T}}_{s} \begin{bmatrix} \mathbf{\tilde{a}}^{+}\\ \mathbf{\tilde{a}}^{-}\end{bmatrix}  \tag{28}\]  
where the transfer matrix of the screen is:  
\[\mathbf{\underline{T}}_{s}= \begin{bmatrix}\underline{\mathbf{\Pi}}^{-1} \underline{\mathbf{\Omega}}-\underline{\mathbf{\Pi}}^{-1}\underline{\mathbf{ \Omega}}\underline{\mathbf{\Omega}}^{-1}\underline{\mathbf{\Delta}}& \underline{\mathbf{\Pi}}^{-1}\underline{\mathbf{\Omega}}^{-1}\underline{ \mathbf{\Pi}}\\ -\underline{\mathbf{\Omega}}^{-1}\underline{\mathbf{\Delta}}&\underline{ \mathbf{\Omega}}^{-1}\underline{\mathbf{\Pi}}\end{bmatrix} \,. \tag{29}\]  
The Bloch modes of the structure are found by inserting (29) into (6).
## 3 Piperine: Human Clinical Trials
### Effect of Piperine on Oral Bioavailability of Drugs and Natural Therapeutic Compounds
Co-administration of diclofenac together with piperine resulted in enhanced C\({}_{\text{max}}\), AUC, T\({}_{1/2}\) and significantly decreased elimination rate constant (K\({}_{\text{el}}\)) and apparent oral clearance (CL/F) of the investigated drug in comparison to the control phase [178]. The antiepileptic drug carbamazepine was studied when administered alone or with piperine in poorly controlled epilepsy patients, and it was found that piperine significantly increased AUC\({}_{0-12}\), average C\({}_{88}\), elimination T\({}_{1/2}\) and decreased K\({}_{\text{el}}\)[174]. In healthy subjects, piperine treatment significantly enhanced C\({}_{\text{max}}\), AUC, and T\({}_{1/2}\) of carbamazepine by 68.7, 47.9 and 43.2%, while K\({}_{\text{el}}\) and CL/F decreased when compared to the control without piperine [175]. Another anticonvulsant drug, midazolam, when taken by healthy subjects in combination with piperine, had increased T\({}_{1/2}\) and decreased clearance when compared to placebo [147]. When piperine was co-administered with nevirapine, a potent non-nucleoside inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, C\({}_{\text{max}}\), AUC-time curve from 0 h to the last measurable concentration (C\({}_{\text{last}}\)) [AUC(t)], AUC extrapolated to infinity (AUC\({}_{\text{infinity}}\)) and C\({}_{\text{last}}\) values of nevirapine increased by approximately 120%, 167%, 170%, and 146%, respectively [148]. Piperine was found to be highly effective in improving the results of tuberculosis treatment with Risorine (capsules composed of Rifampicin 200 mg + Isoniazid 300 mg + Piperine 10 mg) given along with ethambutol and pyrazinamide [154; 155]. The results showed that Risorine provides more Rifampicin in blood and maintained higher blood levels on chronic therapy compared to conventional Rifampicin therapy, but with better safety profile, higher sputum conversion rate, and higher cure rate [155]. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [177] investigated the effect of piperine to pharmacokinetics of chlorzoxazone in healthy volunteers and found significant interaction between these two compounds. This was observed trough increased C\({}_{\text{max}}\), AUC, T\({}_{1/2}\) and decreased K\({}_{\text{el}}\) and CL/F of chlorozoxazone when administered with piperine. The same authors [179] found very similar effect of piperine intake to bioavailability of kexofenadine, where piperine treatment significantly increased C\({}_{\text{max}}\) of kexofenadine and AUC time curve, as well as decreased CL/F of this drug. A 3-fold increase in C\({}_{\text{max}}\) and 1.5-fold increase in AUC were found for tetrahydrotocannabinol, while a 4-fold increase in C\({}_{\text{max}}\) and a 2.2-fold increase in AUC were observed for cannabidiol when co-administered with piperine [159].
###### Abstract  
With the expansion of urban areas and the increase in the number of vehicles, the complexity and harshness of the electromagnetic environment for vehicular communication in cities have significantly intensified. Traditional methods for evaluating the electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) of vehicular communication systems face substantial limitations. With the advancement of high-resolution satellite remote sensing image technology, the acquisition of high-precision urban models has become more accessible, significantly enhancing applications in the field of communication systems. Therefore, a novel EMC evaluation method for vehicular wireless communication systems based on urban high-resolution satellite remote sensing images is proposed in this paper. By analyzing the characteristics of such systems and integrating the requirements of practical urban communication scenarios and vehicular tasks, EMC evaluation indicators were selected, and a hierarchical evaluation indicators system was constructed, comprising target, criterion, and sub-criterion layers. The proposed method leverages the strengths of TOPSIS, AHP, and FCE methods, utilizing quantitative TOPSIS and qualitative AHP to determine the weights of the criterion and sub-criterion layers, respectively. The FCE method was employed to evaluate the EMC of the vehicular wireless communication system. The rationality and feasibility of the method were validated through practical communication experiments conducted with a vehicle in an urban environment.  
high-resolution satellite remote sensing image; urban environment; electromagnetic compatibility (EMC); vehicular communication system; evaluation +
Footnote †: journal:  
0000-0001-5000-5000][PERSON]  
1 School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China; [EMAIL_ADDRESS]  
[EMAIL_ADDRESS]  
[EMAIL_ADDRESS]
fork with high Q-factor was used to detect acoustic signals [20; 21]. However, quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy (QEPAS) is highly dependent on the beam quality of the light source, and the quartz tuning fork is easily damaged and needs to be replaced regularly, which limits its application. Photoacoustic signals are positively correlated with the power of the light source. Previous investigations used erbium-doped fiber amplification (EDFA) technology or coupling in a multi-pass cell to increase the excitation light power in the PA cell to achieve higher sensitivity [22; 23]. [PERSON] et al. reported a wavelength-modulated differential PAS sensor with a Raman fiber amplifier enhancing the light power by \(\sim\)35.48 times [24]. [PERSON] et al. coupled a PAS system to a Herriott-type multi-pass cell with a length of 160 mm using two mirrors with a diameter of 25 mm, which realized 18 reflections of the beam [25]. [PERSON] et al. reported a multi-channel retroreflective cavity PAS, using a pair of prisms to realize four reflections and an amplification of the PA signal by 3.65 times [23]. [PERSON] et al. proposed a high-sensitivity acetylene detection system using an ellipsoidal multi-pass cell based on opposing dual light sources to realize a nested structure of double circular spot rings with equal size, symmetry, and uniform distribution [26]. [PERSON] et al. positioned the laser for oblique incidence on the side wall of the resonant cavity, making it reflect multiple times on the inner wall of the cavity to enhance the absorption of the gas, and obtained a photoacoustic signal amplitude equivalent to 6.4 times that of a single-pass unit [27]. [PERSON] et al. designed and implemented a multi-pass differential photoacoustic cell for hydrogen sulfide detection in sulfur hexafluoride background gas [28].  
Although a multi-pass cell (MPC) can enhance photoacoustic signals, the large dimension of MPC cooperates with a large diameter of the acoustic resonator, which reduces the quality factor of the resonant cavity. In this paper, a simple multi-pass cell structure with a single-line spot pattern is proposed. The multi-pass cell is composed of two non-coaxial concave mirrors. In our design, the light rays are confined within the same plane and exhibit a funnel-shaped distribution, which can achieve a smaller resonator radius than in the traditional Herriott cell. Methane was measured using the compact PAS system, and continuous measurement of methane demonstrated a low detection limit of 5.7 ppb in 300 s.
## Design and Implementation of an IoT Access Point for Smart Home  
**[PERSON] 1,*, [PERSON] 1, [PERSON] 1 and [PERSON] 2**  
1 Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, Tamkang University, No. 151, Yingzhuan Road, Tamsui District, New Taipei City 25137, Taiwan;  
E-Mails: [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (C.-H.K.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (J.-C.C.)  
2 Information and Communications Research Laboratories, Industrial Technology Research Institute, No. 195, Section 4, Chung Hsing Road, Chutung, Hsinchu 31040, Taiwan;  
E-Mail: [EMAIL_ADDRESS]  
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [EMAIL_ADDRESS]; Tel.: +886-2-2621-5656 (ext. 2749); Fax: +886-2-2620-9749.  
Academic Editor: [PERSON]  
_Received: 24 September 2015 / Accepted: 10 December 2015 / Published: 16 December 2015_  
**Abstract:** Network communication and micro-electro-mechanical embedded technologies have attracted much attention in recent years. Through these technologies, the capabilities of sensing, identification, and communication can be embedded in various smart devices. These smart devices can automatically connect to the Internet and form an intelligent network called Internet of Things (IoT). However, these devices are embedded with different wireless communication interfaces such as Wi-Fi and ZigBee. This paper presents the design and implementation of an IoT access point that supports functionalities of coordination of various wireless transmission protocols. Based on the existing Wi-Fi access point, we have embedded a ZigBee module and implemented ZigBee and UPnP protocols into the designed IoT access point, which supports ZigBee communication capabilities over the Internet.  
**Keywords:** access point; home automation; Internet of things (IoT); ZigBee
# Temporal Subtraction Technique for Thoracic MDCT Based on Residual VoxelMorph
## 4 Experiment
### Image Database  
In the experiment, we applied a new method of temporal subtraction technique for volume data to images taken using a MDCT scanner (Aquilion, Toshiba, Japan). The images consist of 84 data out of 60 abnormal cases, including lesions, and 24 normal cases, and an average shooting interval of approximately 8 months (shortest 2 months to longest 34 months). In this research, it is important to detect relatively small nodular shadows of about 5-20 mm, so abnormal cases are data in which such shadows are newly appearing in current CT images. We verified using a three-part cross-validation method. The data were divided into the groups A, B, and C. Group A contained data from 27 cases (19 abnormal, including lesions, and 8 normal). Group B contained data from 29 cases (21 abnormal,including lesions, and 8 normal). Group C contained data from 28 cases (20 abnormal, including lesions, and 8 normal). During training, the dataset of current and previous images was augmented by a factor of 9 by preparing images rotated \(\pm 5^{\circ}\) in the \(x\) axis and \(\pm 5^{\circ}\) in the \(z\) axis.
# A Survey of Advanced Border Gateway Protocol Attack Detection Techniques
## 3 BGP Anomalies and Attacks
### Replay and Suppression Attacks  
Replay and suppression attacks in the realm of BGP security present a nuanced challenge, intertwining the stability and reliability of inter-domain routing with the malicious intent of adversaries seeking to exploit the BGP's inherent trust and lack of authentication. The mechanics of these attacks are rooted in the manipulation of BGP withdrawal mes  
Figure 6: BGP hijacks and interceptions to compromise CAs.  
sages, which are pivotal in maintaining the integrity and optimality of routing paths within the network.  
In a replay attack, an adversary retransmits a previously announced route, potentially resurrecting an outdated or invalid path into the routing tables of BGP speakers. This is not merely a reiteration of old data but a strategic move to introduce instability within the network, causing routers to reevaluate and potentially switch to these suboptimal paths. The implications of such an attack can be widespread, affecting not only the direct recipients of the malicious announcements but also indirectly impacting ASs that might select the revived path as a new optimal route. The cascading effect of this can lead to traffic being routed through unintended paths, which might be longer, less secure, or even controlled by the adversary, thereby enabling further malicious activities such as eavesdropping or data interception.  
Comparatively, a suppression attack is characterized by the intentional non-propagation or delay of BGP withdrawal messages. When a route becomes invalid or an alternative, more optimal path is identified, a withdrawal message is issued to inform neighboring ASs of the change, prompting them to update their routing tables. By suppressing these messages, the attacker ensures that routers continue to utilize an outdated or suboptimal path, thereby exerting a level of control over the flow of data within the network. This could facilitate various malicious endeavors, such as traffic analysis and data interception, or simply cause degradation in network performance by forcing data to traverse longer or less efficient paths.  
An insidious element of replay and suppression attacks is observed in their ability to manipulate the control plane without causing immediate or overt disruptions, thereby allowing the attacker to sustain their activities over prolonged periods without detection [6,44]. This subtle manipulation of the routing tables across a network can be exploited in various ways, such as facilitating other types of attacks, creating routing inefficiencies, or simply causing instability within the network.
# SHPB Experiment and MPM Simulation on Dynamic Properties of Unsaturated Clay Under Impact Loading
###### Abstract  
Accurate characterization of soil dynamic response is paramount for geotechnical and protective engineering. However, the impact properties of unsaturated cohesive soil have not been well characterized due to lack of sufficient research. For this purpose, impact tests using the Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar (SHPB) were elaborately designed to investigate the dynamic stress-strain response of unsaturated clay with strain rates of 204-590 s\({}^{-1}\). As the strain rate increased up to 500 s\({}^{-1}\), a lock-up behavior was observed in the plastic flow stage, which can be explained as the breakage and rearrangement of soil gains under a high level of stress. Further, the strain rate dependency of the dynamic strength was quantitatively characterized by the Cowper Symonds (CS) model and the CS coefficients were determined to be the intercept of 55 and slope of 0.8 in the double logarithmic scale of Dynamic Increase Factor (DIF) and strain rate space. Furthermore, the SHPB test was reproduced using a modified Material Particle Method (MPM), which involves an improved dynamic constitutive model for unsaturated soil considering the strain rate effect. The simulated stress-strain curves basically agree with the experimental results, indicating the feasibility of MPM for investigating the dynamic properties of unsaturated soil under SHPB impact loading.  
unsaturated clay; SHPB; strain rate effect; dynamic constitutive model; modified MPM