esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Performance Analysis of a New Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access Design for Mitigating Information Loss
## 5 Numerical Results  
In this section, we present a performance comparison of simulation results for the proposed scheme (Table 1). The channel experiences a distance-dependent attenuation of large-scale fading, and the pathloss factor is expressed as \(L_{k}(d)=L_{0}(d_{k}/d_{0})^{-\beta}\), where \(L_{0}\) represents the pathloss at the reference distance \(d_{0}=1(\mathrm{m})\), \(d_{k}\) is the distance between the BS and user \(k\), and \(\beta\) is the pathloss exponent.  
Figure 7 shows the sum rate performance versus transmit power. The data rate of user 1 is reduced due to redundancy data. On the other hand, the data rate of user 2 is further improved because the signal is sent without power allocation. Therefore, the overall sum rate of users in the proposed scheme shows greater improvement than that of the other schemes. At a transmission power of 15 dBm, there is approximately 15% improvement in sum rate performance, and at 30 dBm, there is about 20% improvement. Figure 8 shows the BER performance versus transmit power, comparing the proposed scheme with other conventional schemes. In the proposed scheme, it can be seen that the BER performance is better than in the conventional NOMA because users experience no power loss in their original information. Significantly, the proposed scheme reduces the required transmit power by 5 dB compared to existing methods to achieve a BER performance of \(10^{-3}\). The BER for user 2 with poor channel conditions has the same performance as OMA, but the BER for user 1 with good channel conditions is reduced compared to OMA due to errors that occur in demodulating the redundancy data. If user 1 achieves a sufficient SNR to decode the redundancy data without errors, the BER performance of the proposed scheme becomes similar to that of OMA. Figure 9 shows the BER performance of user 1 and user 2 in the proposed scheme. The analytical results show the calculations using (43) for user 1 and (37) for user 2 for the exact and approximate results. In the proposed design, the BER performance of user 1 and user 2 using the same modulation scheme demonstrates that the overall system maintains user fairness compared to the conventional NOMA.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Parameters** & **Value** \\ \hline \(d_{1}\) & 100 [m] \\ \(d_{1}\) & 200 [m] \\ \(\beta\) & 3 \\ Noise Power & \(-80\) [dBm] \\ \(\alpha_{1}\) & 1/5 \\ \(N\) & 2 \\ \(\lambda_{1}^{OMA},\lambda_{2}^{OMA}\) & 1/2 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Simulation settings.  
Figure 8: BER performance comparison.  
Figure 7: Sum rate performance comparison.
# RCLED Optimization and Nonlinearity Compensation in a Polymer Optical Fiber DMT System
## 5 Results and Discussions
### The Effect of Input Power Range  
In this study, several delivery tests employing the Chow algorithm with a transmission rate of 750 Mbps are conducted [14]. Figure 10a demonstrates the BER performance for \(P_{\text{Eave}}\) at different working \(I_{\text{DC}}\). \(P_{\text{Eave}}\) is varied from \(-\)2.2 to 12.9 dBm and the \(I_{\text{DC}}\) is utilized from 4 to 22 mA. As compared in the Figure 10a, besides the 4 mA working point, most of the curves have an available power range which achieves an acceptable BER below 1 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-3}\). Moreover, the scope of optimum range, depending on the working points, is different. e.g., the available power range for 15 mA biasing is from 1.72 to 8.13 dBm, whereas it is from 2.1 to 5.7 dBm for 22 mA biasing. When \(P_{\text{Eave}}\) approach the optimum points from -2.2 dBm, the BER performance is enhanced because of the signal-to-noise ratio  
Figure 8: Received bit error rate (BER) in each sub-carrier (**a**) bias 20 mA, 6 dBm; (**b**) bias 22 mA, 8 dBm.  
Figure 9: Error vector magnitude (EVM) performance for different bias currents.  
(SNR) improvement in the absence of signal clipping. Conversely, the BER performance is degraded gradually when \(P_{\text{Eave}}\) increase beyond the optimum points, which indicates that the excess amplitudes are clipped by SAV and distorted by nonlinear E/O transition. Therefore, joint optimization of \(P_{\text{Eave}}\) and \(I_{\text{DC}}\) to utilize the favorable dynamic range of RCLED can relieve the nonlinear distortions and improve the demodulation performance.  
Figure 10b depicts the influence of the \(I_{\text{DC}}\) and \(P_{\text{Eave}}\) at the BER level of \(1\times 10^{-2}\) and \(1\times 10^{-3}\), respectively. When the system operates at smaller \(I_{\text{DC}}\), \(P_{\text{Eave}}\) changes monotonically along with the \(I_{\text{DC}}\) until the peak point, which indicates that the amplitudes of the transmitting signal can drive the RCLED in the linear region. However, as \(I_{\text{DC}}\) increase beyond the optimum points, the available linear interval of RCLED becomes narrower. Therefore, \(P_{\text{Eave}}\) have to decrease along with \(I_{\text{DC}}\) variation so as to guarantee the same BER performance.
## 2 Materials and Methods  
### Field Experiments  
For soil microbiome analysis, soil samples were taken according to the methodology used in the experimental fields at the Agroecological Centre of the Agricultural University of Plovdiv (Plovdiv, Bulgaria, Yagodovo field, (Latitude: 42\({}^{\circ}\)08\({}^{\prime}\)60.00\({}^{\prime\prime}\) N Longitude: 24\({}^{\circ}\)44\({}^{\prime}\)59.99\({}^{\prime\prime}\) E), where amelina is grown, over two experimental years under the SCOOP project. Field trials were conducted on a certified organic field. The soil type was Mollic fulvisols--FAO--with a low humus content of 3.7% and a neutral pH. A randomized complete block design was used for conducting a small plot experiment on the effects of an intercropping system of amelina and protein crops, compared to sole crops of the same species. Three genotypes of _Camelina sativa_--the Polish winter varieties Luna (Cs1.Pro) and Lenka (Cs2.Pro) and a local Bulgarian landrace (Cs3.Pro)--were grown in two successive years: 2022 and 2023, in a pure stand and combined with fodder pea (_Pisum sativatum_ L.) and Cs3.Pro sand vetch (_Vicia sativa_ L.) Cs.Vs.Pro. In this study, we present the results from the autumn cultivation in 2022 on small plots of 10 m\({}^{2}\) (1.4 \(\times\) 7.7 m) (Supplementary Figure S1). The sowing was executed with a plot seeder Wintersteiger AG, with 800 germinating seeds/m\({}^{2}\). Each variant of the sole crop or its combination was investigated over three replications. Fertilization with solid fertilizers that are approved for organic farming was carried out before soil cultivation, with 30 kg/ha of active substance nitrogen.
## 5 Numerical Results
### Performance Comparison
The range of \(\eta_{2}\) under the traditional mechanism is approximately 92.630, while the range of \(\eta_{2}\) under the proposed mechanism is approximately 26.706; the range of \(e\) under traditional mechanism is approximately 0.058, while the range of \(e\) under the proposed mechanism is approximately 0.041). In addition, within a certain range (for example, when \(0.053<p_{2}<0.068\)), non\(-\)emergency packets' average latency and state switching rate of the CH under the mixed mechanism are both lower than those under the traditional mechanism. Figure 12: Comparison for non\(-\)emergency packets’ average latency. Figure 13: Comparison for switching rate of the CH. In Figure 14, we can see that both the access probability mechanism and the wakeup threshold mechanism can save system energy, and the energy consumption of the proposed mechanism, which introduces both mechanisms, is the lowest. This also demonstrates the effectiveness of the mixed mechanism proposed in this paper for energy conservation. In summary, compared to using only the access probability mechanism or wakeup threshold mechanism, the mixed mechanism proposed in this paper can effectively balance non\(-\)emergency packets' latency and state switching rate of the CH. Compared with the traditional mechanism, the mixed mechanism proposed in this paper has stronger stability in performance under different packet loads. Within a certain load range, the proposed mixed mechanism outperforms traditional mechanisms in both latency and state switching rate.
# Evaluation of Human Action Based on Feature-Weighted Dynamic Time Warping
## 2 Intelligent Rehabilitation Action Evaluation System (IRAES) Framework
### System Component  
In order to establish a link between rehabilitation training and action evaluation, this paper leverages the IRAES framework, adopts the FW-DTW algorithm to evaluate daily upper-limb actions, and proposes an action achievement score method to enhance evaluation accuracy. The whole system mainly includes modules such as data acquisition, data processing, action segmentation, feature extraction, action evaluation, and achievement score, as shown in Figure 2. The Azure Kinect sensor was used to collect videos of four daily actions, that is, drinking water, combing hair, touching shoulders, and touching pockets, to obtain the 3D coordinate data of the key points of the human skeleton. Data filtering and gap filling algorithms were used for data processing. The three-axis variance and difference of the main key points were calculated through a sliding window to find the peaks and valleys, and the start and end points of the action segments were determined for action segmentation. Human structure vectors were constructed, the joint angles and inter-joint distances were calculated, and features were normalized to form a feature matrix. The Euclidean Barycenter Dynamic Time Warping Barycenter Averaging (DBA) algorithm was used to generate an action template, while the DTW algorithm matched the feature matrix to the action template sequence. The similarity between the two sequences was calculated, and a score mechanism was established to evaluate action performance.  
Figure 1: IRAES framework.  
Figure 2: System composition.
## 2 Materials and Methods  
### Chemicals and Regents  
A Supelco PAH standard mixture was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Waltham, MA, US) and contained the following nine target PAHs: fluoranthene (Fit), pyrene (Pyr), benz[\(a\)]anthracene (BaA), chrysene (Chr), benzo[\(b\)]fluoranthene (Bbf), benzo[\(k\)]fluoranthene (BkF), benzo[\(a\)]pyrene (BaP), benzo[\(g\),\(h\),\(i\)]perylene (BgPe), and indeno[1,2,3-\(cd\)]pyrene (IDP). The following OH-PAH standards were purchased from Toronto Research Chemicals (Toronto, Canada): 1- and 2-hydroxylated naphthalenes (1 OH- and 2 OH-Nap); 1-, 2-, and 3-hydroxylated fluorenes (1 OH-, 2 OH-, and 3 OH-Flu); 1-, 2-, 3-, 4-, 9-hydroxylated phenanthrenes (1 OH-, 2 OH-, 3 OH-, 4 OH-, and 9 OH-Phe); 1-hydroxylated pyrene (1 OH-Pyr); 2-, 3-, and 6-hydroxylated chrysenes (2 OH-, 3 OH-, and 6 OH-Chr); 3-hydroxylated benz[\(a\)]anthracene (3 OH-BaA); and 3-hydroxylated benzo[\(a\)]pyrene (3 OH-BaP). The deuterated PAHs; Pyr-\(d_{10}\) and BaP-\(d_{12}\) were purchased from Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd. (Osaka, Japan). The deuterated OH-PAHs; 2 OH-Nap-\(d_{7}\), 2 OH-Flu-\(d_{9}\), 1 OH- and 4 OH-Phe-\(d_{9}\), 3 OH-BaA-\(d_{11}\), 3 OH-Chr-\(d_{11}\), 1 OH-Pyr-\(d_{9}\), and 3 OH-BaP-\(d_{11}\) were purchased from Toronto Research Chemicals. All organic solvents, chemicals, and ultrapure water used in the experiments were analytical or special grade.
###### Abstract  
Diabetic retinopathy remains a primary source of blindness with the growing pandemic of diabetes. Numerous studies have shown that early neurodegeneration caused by elevated oxidative stress may initiate microvascular damage in the diabetic retina during the last few decades. A variety of preventive and treatment strategies using phytochemicals that possess high antioxidants have shown great promise in reducing diabetes-induced neurodegeneration retinal damage. In this investigation, we employed an extract of Loranthus regularis, a traditional medicinal herb which is found to improve diabetes and associated complications in experimental studies. We orally treated STZ-induced diabetic rats with L. regularis and analyzed the neurodegenerative factors in the retina. After treatments, we used Western blotting techniques to analyze the protein content of neurotrophic factors (NGC, BDNF, TkB), apoptotic factors (cytochrome \(c\), Bcl-2,Bax), and phosphorylation of AKT in the diabetic retina. Additionally, we used ELISA methods to measure the contents of BDNF and the activity of Caspase-3 and biochemical procedures to determine the levels of glutathione and lipid peroxidation (TBARS). Our findings show that _L. regularis_ treatments resulted in a considerable increase in neurotrophic factors and a decrease in apoptotic factors in the diabetic retina. Furthermore, in diabetic retina treated with _L. regularis_, the level of Bcl-2 protein increased, while the phosphor-AKT signaling improved. As a result, _L. regularis_ may protect against diabetic-induced retinal neuronal damage by increasing neurotrophic support and reducing oxidative stress and apoptosis. Therefore, this study suggests that in diabetic retinopathy, _L. regularis_ could be a potential therapy option for preventing neuronal cell death.  
diabetes; retina; neuroprotection; Loranthus regularis; oxidative stress; apoptosis Article
# Daily Flood Monitoring Based on Spaceborne GNSS-R Data: A Case Study on Henan, China
## 3 Results
### The Inundated Areas of the Flood  
In order to calculate the inundated areas of the flood, the same method [24; 25] was used in this study to distinguish inundated areas from the non-inundated areas. We used the CYGNSS reflectivity in permanent water for one year and the median of these observations was used as the threshold between the water and the land. Considering the attenuation of CYGNSS reflectivity caused by the terrain (plains etc.) and vegetation (farmland etc.) coverage in Henan, the difference from [24; 25] is that this paper tries to set the threshold to \(-12\) dB. As is seen in Figure 7, observations greater than \(-12\) dB correspond to the flooded areas from 19 July to 27 July 2021 (a period consisting of one day). Figure 7 also shows the distribution of the areas most affected by the flood.  
Figure 5: The results of interpolation processing for SR after quality control on 20 July 2021.  
Figure 6: Using CYGNSS SR to monitor floods (from 19 July to 27 July 2021, one day as a period).  
As shown in Figure 7, on 20 July 2021, the flood concentrated in Zhengzhou and southern Xinxiang. On 21 July 2021, the areas most affected by the flood were located in Xinxiang (red box). On 22 July 2021, floods in Pingdingshan, Luohe and Xuchang were discharged through the Ying River into the Sha River, and the areas most affected by the flood were located in the western region of Zhoukou (black box). On 23 July 2021, it was found that floods in Zhengzhou would be discharged through the Jialu River and would reach the northern flood discharge area of Zhoukou (blue box). On 24 July 2021, the inundated area gradually reduced and the flood began to recede leaving only some areas of Xinxiang most affected by the flood.  
Finally, we mapped the inundated area before and after the flood, as shown in Figure 8.  
Table 3 shows the inundation area of the affected cities from 20 July to 24 July 2021.  
Compared to the situation before the flood, the inundated area in Henan increased by approximately 17,903 square kilometers, of which Xinxiang was found to be the most affected.  
Figure 8: A threshold was used to distinguish between the inundated and non-inundated areas. (**a**)The non-inundated area before the flood (on 19 July 2021). (**b**) The inundated area after the flood (summarized data from 20 July to 24 July 2021).  
Figure 7: Using CYGNSS SR to monitor the changes in the inundated areas (a period of one day from 19 July to 27 July 2021).
## 3 Results
### The AR Application
#### 3.1.2 Functionalities
Its interactive and dynamic nature enhances users' engagement and understanding of the cultural heritage site, creating a more interactive and informative AR experience. Figure 5: A past-present comparison of “Rai control center”, inaugurated in 1954 in “Parco di Monza”, Italy. Warp across models: The AR application also includes a custom navigation tool that enhances the intuitive navigation system across different models. This tool offers two ways for users to switch between models (Figure 8):  
* Placeholder System: Users can activate a placeholder system that generates clickable placeholders on the map. Each placeholder is positioned and linked to a specific model. By clicking on a placeholder, the scene automatically translates into the linked model, providing a seamless transition between different models. This approach allows users to easily explore different areas of the cultural heritage site by selecting the corresponding placeholders on the map. * Toolbar Selection: Users can also switch between linked models using the toolbar. The toolbar provides a visual representation of the available models, and users can simply select a model from the toolbar to instantly switch to that model. This method offers a convenient and straightforward way for users to choose and switch between different models without relying solely on the map placeholders. Figure 6: A detailed survey of “Torretta Visontea”; even at low quality, it comprises 580.488 vertices with a file size of 731 MB. Figure 7: Historical map overlay of “Parco di Monza”, Italy. With this tool, it is possible to compare the current state of the park (2023) with historical maps. Sanquirico map, 1830. These two navigation options provide users with flexibility and convenience in exploring the different models of the cultural heritage site, allowing for a more immersive and interactive experience.
## 3 Results
### Multivariate Correlation between the NDVI, P, and T  
To further reveal the relationships among NDVI, P, and T, this study calculated the multivariate correlation coefficients among NDVI, P, and T from 2000 to 2018 on a station basis. It can be seen from Figure 4 that Mnpmin was the highest in the middle of Nei Mongol Zizhiqu, and on this basis, it gradually decreased in other directions. Mnpmin was the lowest in northern Xinjiang Uygul Zizhiqu and in the northeastern part of the study area. Mnpave was relatively low in Xinjiang Uygul Zizhiqu and in the eastern part of northeast China, and it gradually increased towards the middle of the study area. Mnpmax decreased from east to west, except in the east of Shaanxi province, where the correlation decreased with the latitude.  
Figure 3: Spatiotemporal variation in NDVI characteristics.  
Most of the multivariate correlation coefficients among NDVI, P, and T were higher than 0.4 and passed the significance test (90%). This likely indicates that the combined effect of P and T has had a great influence on the vegetation growth. Overall, Mnpmax was the highest, followed by Mnpave, and Mnpmin was the lowest. The areas with Mnpmax values ranging from 0.39 to 0.45, 0.45 to 0.51, and above 0.51 accounted for 33.5%, 14.1%, and 29.3% of the study area, respectively, and passed the significance test at 90%, 95%, and 99% confidence intervals. Mnpmin was mainly between 0.39 and 0.42, accounting for 35.3% of the total study area.
## 1 Introduction
To solve this issue and hide a large amount of confidential data, various reversible data hiding techniques have been proposed that effectively use the local similarity and the surface characteristics in images [35; 36; 37; 38]. They are based on the APD technique and are effective techniques for hiding a large amount of confidential data in cover image at various levels. The APDLS (adjacent pixel difference using spatial locality and surface characteristics) technique [37; 38] can hide more confidential data than the technique of [35; 36]. It is a reversible data hiding technique that embeds confidential data using the histogram of a difference sequence generated using the cover image and the prediction image composed of predicted pixel values. The pixel values are precisely predicted in two steps to generate the prediction image. In the first step, locations that are expected to have high local similarity are selected using neighboring pixels. In the second step, the surface characteristics of the image are examined at the locations where local similarity is expected to be high, and pixel values are accurately predicted at the locations by reflecting the surface characteristics. If a difference sequence is generated using the differences between the pixel values of the cover and prediction images, the frequency at the peak point in the histogram of the difference sequence is greatly increased. Therefore, APDLS embeds more data bits in a cover image than the technique of [35; 36]. We propose an advanced reversible data hiding algorithm (ARDHA) that performs even better than APDLS. In the ARDHA technique, a prediction image is generated after precisely predicting pixel values according to various curved surfaces and various edge characteristics of an image. Therefore, more pixel value prediction is performed than within the APDLS technique, and the pixel values are accurately predicted. The frequency at the peak point in the histogram of the difference sequence generated using the cover and prediction images is further increased, thereby increasing the number of hidden data bits. This paper is organized as follows: In Section 2, the existing APD technique is described. In Section 3, we describe the ARDHA technique in detail, and we briefly describe the APDLS technique. In Section 4, the experimental results for evaluating the performance of the ARDHA technique are described and analyzed. The conclusions are described in Section 5, followed by discussion in Section 6.