## 2 Thermodynamic Analysis
### System Design
Weight and Space Restrictions  
Challenge: Ship space is limited, and adding an ORC system may result in severe weight and space issues;  
Limitation: Careful design is needed to integrate ORC equipment, such as heat exchangers, pumps, and turbines, inside the ship's current layout without compromising cargo or operations areas. Corrosion and Fouling  
Challenge: Because of the severe conditions in marine environments, including high humidity and exposure to saltwater, ORC components may experience corrosion;  
Limitation: Heat exchangers fouling from saltwater or other impurities can raise maintenance expenses and downtime while decreasing heat transmission efficiency. Integration with Existing Systems  
Challenge: Integrating an ORC system with the ship's current propulsion and power systems can be challenging;  
Limitation: Significant customization and possible retrofitting may be necessary due to compatibility concerns with the ship's current energy management and control systems and potential interaction with other onboard machinery. Variable Heat Source  
Challenge: Ship waste heat availability is only sometimes constant and is significantly variable when engine loads fluctuate under various operating circumstances;  
Figure 2: RC system with recuperator. Limitation: Waste heat availability and temperature fluctuations can substantially impact the ORC system's efficiency, making it less effective in some situations. Efficiency at Partial Loads  
Challenge: Because ships frequently sail at different speeds and loads, the amount of heat they can provide varies;  
Limitation: When waste heat is not produced sufficiently to support optimal operation at partial loads, ORC systems may perform less efficiently overall. Maintenance and Reliability  
Challenge: The ORC technology makes the ship's machinery more complex and needs specialist upkeep;  
Limitation: In distant maritime locations where repair facilities may be few, the requirement for routine maintenance and the possibility of system breakdowns might raise operating costs and decrease reliability. Economic Viability  
Challenge: A considerable upfront financial expenditure is required to install and integrate ORC systems;  
Limitation: Although ORC systems provide good economic benefits, smaller ships or ships with fewer operating hours may need help to offset the initial expenses. Environmental Conditions  
Challenge: Ships operate in various environmental circumstances, from tropical to polar regions;  
Limitation: Due to variations in ambient temperatures and weather, the effectiveness of the system's working fluid and overall efficiency may need to be adjusted for ORC systems. Ensafety Considerations  
Challenge: Using organic fluids, which are frequently toxic or combustible, adds to the safety hazards;  
Limitation: Strong safety procedures and maybe additional safety equipment are needed to ensure the ORC system operates safely, especially in the event of leaks or malfunctions. Ensafety Compliance  
Challenge: It is imperative to comply with international marine rules concerning safety, emissions, and environmental effects;  
Limitation: To comply with these rules, ORC systems may need further certifications, modifications, and monitoring systems, which will increase the implementation's complexity and cost.