# Seismic Resilience in Critical Infrastructures: A Power Station Preparedness Case Study
## 1 Introduction  
The impact of natural hazards on critical infrastructure, significantly affecting global economies and communities, is demonstrated by extreme events such as the 2009 floods in Cumbria [1], the Tohoku earthquake and tsunami in 2011 [2], and the 2023 Turkey-Syria earthquake [3]. These occurrences underline the persistent need for enhanced resilience in the design and management of infrastructure systems. Similarly, scour has emerged as a significant factor in bridge failures worldwide. The challenges associated with these hazards are further amplified by the effects of climate change, which leads to more frequent and severe extreme weather events, thus intensifying the risks to critical infrastructures [4]. The threats of multiple hazards, as seen in disasters such as the 2004 Indian ocean earthquake and tsunami and the 2011 Tohoku earthquake and tsunami [2, 5], necessitate a robust resilience strategy. The necessity for resilient infrastructure capable of withstanding, responding to, and adapting to a broad spectrum of hazards, including climate change effects, is a growingconcern for critical infrastructure owners and operators. As defined by [PERSON] (2015) [6], resilience signifies the essential qualities that enable critical infrastructure systems to maintain or enhance their continuous performance amid disruptive events. These events need to span numerous research domains. Yet, the establishment of solid quantitative metrics for the resilience of socio-technical systems and comprehensive standards is still progressing, as indicated by the Lloyd's Register Foundation (2015) [7]. The emphasis on developing resilient cities and critical infrastructures for effective disaster management has intensified, with prevalent methods primarily relying on qualitative analyses and indices, as noted by [8; 9]. [PERSON] et al. [10] conducted a comprehensive review on the implementation of resilience assessment for critical infrastructures, highlighting its growing importance in managing urban safety and resilience during crises or disasters. Their findings underscore the need for the establishment of a uniform standard system of indicators to enhance the assessment and improvement of critical infrastructure resilience effectively. Addressing some of these challenges, the work of [PERSON] and [PERSON] (2022) [11] explores the correlation between economic losses and damage to critical infrastructure, proposing a probabilistic seismic risk mitigation approach. Utilizing Fault Tree Analysis, fragility curves, and the Risk Mitigation to Investment Ratio (RMIR), their methodology aims to strategically prioritize mitigation efforts to protect against seismic threats. Furthermore, [PERSON] et al. (2022) [2] highlight the role of critical infrastructures such as hospitals, power stations, and communication centers in ensuring societal and economic stability [2]. They propose a comprehensive multi-hazard risk assessment and management framework, aiming to strengthen the preparedness and resilience of critical infrastructure against a diverse array of natural threats. This approach stresses the necessity of risk assessment and mitigation strategies throughout different sectors to ensure essential services are protected and societal functions remain uninterrupted during natural disasters. Complementing existing methodologies, the seismic fragility assessment framework by [PERSON] et al. (2023) [12] offers a novel perspective by focusing on urban functional spatial units. This approach integrates both structural and functional aspects of urban planning, enhancing traditional resilience assessments by providing a more granular understanding of urban vulnerabilities. This methodology enriches the multi-hazard risk assessment strategies discussed, supporting targeted urban planning efforts crucial for enhancing infrastructure resilience. Furthermore, [PERSON] et al. (2023) [13] emphasize the importance of assessing potential direct and indirect damages to bridges before earthquakes occur.