esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Feature Deep Continuous Aggregation for 3D Vehicle Detection
## 2 Related Works
### Fusion-Based Methods  
Fusion-based methods fuse both the images and point cloud, which allow modalities to interact and complement each other. Architectures usually rely on the RPN to generate reliable proposals from each feature view. The corresponding features are further fused according to three types [6]: early fusion, late fusion, and deep fusion.  
Multi-View 3D network (MV3D) [6] and aggregate view object detection (AVOD) [7] take the point cloud and RGB image as the network's input, where the abstract and high-resolution features generated by feature extractors are fused and passed to a 3D RPN to generate proposals. The corresponding features from each branch are further fused to predict categories and 3D bounding boxes. The network of MV3D [6] consists of three input branches: BEV, FV, and RGB images. 3D RPN is used to generate proposals on the BEV feature map only, where corresponding features of each proposal are then aggregated in a deep fusion scheme. Compared to MV3D, the input representations of AVOD [7] are only the BEV maps and RGB images. The feature extractor adopts feature pyramid networks (FPN) [30] to generate a high-resolution feature map. Meanwhile, the 3D proposals are generated based on both the BEV and image feature maps. An early fusion scheme is introduced to output the classification and refined 3D bounding boxes for each proposal.  
Different from the above two methods, the method of [PERSON] et al. [31] performs 2D detection on a RGB image to generate the 2D bounding boxes, which are then projected to a 3D point cloud space to select the corresponding set of points. With this set, a model-fitting algorithm is introduced to generate the 3D bounding box of the vehicles. Subsequently, a CNN network is proposed to refine the detected 3D bounding boxes. Frustum Point-Net [32] uses a 2D detector to generate proposals in the image plane, then extrapolates these proposals to a 3D point cloud space, resulting in frustums region proposals. 3D instance segmentation is performed for the obtained frustums region proposals using PointNet++; then, a T-net is used to perform the classification and 3D bounding boxes regression.
# Shadow Removal for Enhanced Nighttime Driving Scene Generation
## 4 Experiment and Discussion
### Quantitative Results
#### 4.2.1 Environment  
The segmentation model used for training was \"HRNet+OCR+SegFix\" [64]. Given that shadows represent small elements in the overall image, a model capable of processing high-resolution input images was selected to achieve more objective results. HRNet+OCR+SegFix is ranked among the top models in terms of performance based on the Cityscapes dataset. The training process was conducted using a GPU RTX3090, Intel Core i9 CPU, and 32 GB of RAM, within an Ubuntu and CUDA development environment, ensuring that all required dependencies for each model were met.  
For training, the Cityscapes dataset [60], which provides fine annotations for 30 classes and consists of \(2048\times 1024\) resolution images in PNG format, was used as the source for daytime images. Since the objective of our experiment is to assess the impact of shadow removal, we excluded 8 folders (aachen, bochum, bremen, darmstadt, dusseldorf, erfurt, lindau, munster) captured on cloudy days, where shadows are minimal, and used a total of 2241 images as source images.  
To verify the effectiveness of our approach, we transformed the Cityscapes dataset into three formats: (1) original daytime images, (2) images translated into nighttime conditions, and (3) images with shadows removed and subsequently translated into nighttime conditions. Various existing IZI models were applied to generate formats 2 and 3.  
The generated images were then used as training data for the segmentation model, and the Intersection over Union (IoU) was measured using real-world nighttime images from the ACDC-night [65] and Dark-Zurich [66] datasets. These datasets follow the same labeling policy as Cityscapes and have a similar resolution to the Cityscapes data. For the Frechet Inception Distance (FID) measurement, we compared the generated images with those from BDD100k [61], ACDC-night [65], and Dark-Zurich datasets [66]. The ACDC-night and Dark-Zurich datasets were used as provided, while the BDD100k dataset  
Figure 8: Examples of nighttime translation.  
utilized 3267 nighttime images from the list provided by TSIT [40]. A summary of the entire dataset is provided in Table 3.
## 3 Test Results and Analysis
### Impact of Weathered Sand
#### 3.2.2 Dynamic Modulus of Elasticity  
Figure 9 shows the \(E_{d}\)-\(\varepsilon_{d}\) curves of soil samples with different weathered sand admixtures under a certain number of freeze-thaws. Under the same strain, the initial dynamic elastic modulus reaches the minimum value when the weathered sand admixture is 10%, and then increases gradually with the increase of the sand admixture rate. It can be seen that the change trend is similar to the \(\sigma_{d}\)-\(\varepsilon_{d}\) curve.  
As can be seen from Figure 10b, compared with the plain soil sample, the strength of modified soil with 10% weathered sand content decreases by 16.89%, the strength of modified soil with 20% weathered sand content decreases by 7.02%, and the strength of modified soil with 30% weathered sand content increases by 22.24%. It can be seen that 10% is the critical content of the modified expansive soil: the content of the modified expansive soil is inversely correlated to the dynamic modulus of the modified expansive soil when the sand content is in the range of 0-10%, the content of the modified expansive soil is positively correlated to the dynamic modulus of the modified expansive soil when the sand content is in the range of 10-30%.  
Figure 8: Relationship between the dynamic stress amplitude and dynamic strain at different freeze–thaw cycles.  
When the sand admixture rate is less than 10%, due to the admixture of weathered sand, the cohesive force of the soil is reduced, and the content of clay particles is much higher than the content of the weathered sand particles. At this time, the weathered sand is suspending in the soil and fails to form a mutually embedded skeleton structure, and this poor structure to a certain extent makes the mechanical properties of the soil deteriorate after bearing the load; when the proportion of the weathered sand is greater than the critical  
Figure 10: Fitting parameter vs. weathered sand content.  
Figure 9: Relationship between the dynamic elastic modulus and dynamic strain at different freeze–thaw cycles.  
mixture, 10%, the continued increase of the sand mixture rate causes the pores in the soil to be gradually filled with weathered sand [22]. At the same time, the weathered sand particles are embedded with each other to form a dense spatial skeleton. After bearing the load, the weathered-sand-amended expansive soil shows better dynamic properties than the unamended soil after exceeding a certain critical sand incorporation rate because the progressive filling of the skeletal structure inhibits the sliding dislocation between particles and takes up part of the load.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Induction of Experimental Diabetes Mellitus and Experimental Design  
All the animals were allowed to fast overnight prior to start the experiment. Diabetes was induced in rats by a single intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of streptozotocin (STZ) (55 milligrams/kg b.w.) dissolved in freshly prepared in citrate buffer [17], except the control group animals which were injected with the same volume of buffer solution intraperitoneallyally. The STZ-treated animals were allowed to take glucose solution for overnight which was replaced with normal tap water onwards. After 72 h, the glucose concentration was measured by puncturing the tail vein, in all the animals with a glucometer. The glucose concentration was measured by test strip glucometer (ACCU-CHEK, Active, Germany). The animals with blood glucose level more than 200 mg/dl were considered as diabetic and were included for the experiments. The treatments were started on day 4 after STZ injection, and this was considered day 1 for treatment and was continued for eight weeks. A total of 32 experimental rats were used to examine the anti-diabetic effect of thymoquinone on the experimental rats. The rats were divided into the four groups as:  
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline
**Group Number** & **Group Name** & **Experimental Conditions** \\ \hline
1 & Normal Control (NC) & Rats allowed to have free access to tap \\  & & water and a standard rat chow \\
2 & Disease control (DC) & Diabetic rats induced by STZ (55 mg/kg \\  & & b.w.), serving as diabetic control [17] \\
3 & Positive control (PC) & Animals serving as positive control, were \\  & & injected with STZ and Glibenclamide \\  & & (5 mg/kg b.w.) [18] \\
4 & Thymoquinone treatment & Diabetes treatment group, STZ-induced \\  & (STZ + TQ) & diabetic animals treated with 50 mg/kg \\  & & b.w. TQ [19] \\ \hline \end{tabular}  
In the current study, the TQ dose used is 50 mg/kg b.w. which is significantly a very low dose and this dose did not show any toxicity. The LD\({}_{50}\) after oral ingestion has been reported as 870.9 mg/kg and LD\({}_{50}\) values presented 100-150 times greater than dose of TQ for its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-cancer effects [20]. The high dose of TQ showed toxicity as rats which received oral ingestion of TQ showed transient toxicity signs. Two deaths were reported at dose of 500 mg/kg as a result of bowel obstruction complications [21]. Based on these reports, we did not include an additional TQ treatment only group.
## 1 Introduction
Moreover, its applicability depends on the affinity of the target compound for metal surfaces to provide an adequate signal, and the standardisation of substrates is necessary to achieve reproducible results [10; 14]. RS coupled to confocal microscopy can interrogate a single cell for components, increasing the accuracy of cell classification [15]. This technique and convolutional neural networks (CNN) have been reported to classify bacterial cells of clinical importance, such as _L. monocytogenes, Salmonella,_ and _S. aureus_, achieving rapid and culture-free identification with high accuracy [15]. Its limitation is that the slide and sample preparation process may introduce high variability between laboratories as no standardised condition consensus exists. These factors include media type, centrifugation conditions, slide drying, and the age of the slide preparation [16]. Handheld Raman devices can scan samples in situ, achieving high accuracy. [PERSON] and [PERSON] (2018) reported a Raman handheld device technique to identify plant pathogens on maize kernels, discriminating with high accuracy (100%) between healthy and infected kernels [17]. The advantage of using portable devices is their practicality and ability to test in situ. In the present study, we tested a portable handheld Raman device with the capability of screening a large area to obtain a single fingerprint in liquid-phase suspension. No reports have been made using a portable Raman device with this technology to identify bacteria. Thus, this study aimed to develop a detection method using a Raman handheld spectrometer to identify high-threat foodborne pathogenic bacteria in liquid cultures, suitable for limited-resource settings.
## 5 Conclusions  
Based on our results, we found that a standardised application based on the fundamental parameters of spectroscopic techniques in the X-ray region is a fast and reliable method for determining the inorganic composition of plant material for all elements, starting from \(Z=9\), and with concentrations ranging from the order of ppm to a few percent. This technique requires minimal sample preparation and maintains a reasonable level of accuracy. Additionally, XANES analysis provides valuable insights into sulfur speciation in plant tissue, delivering a complete profile of sulfur oxidation states without the need for chemical preparation, thereby avoiding any risk of altering the distribution of species.  
Conceptualization, J.C.G., C.V.N. and G.G.B.d.S.; methodology, J.C.G. and G.G.B.d.S.; investigation J.C.G., G.S., R.B.B., L.H.C. and G.G.B.d.S.; validation, formal analysis and visualization, J.C.G.; writing--original draft preparation, J.C.G., L.H.C., C.V.N., C.S.F. and G.G.B.d.S.; writing--review and editing, J.C.G., G.S., R.B.B., L.H.C., C.V.N., C.S.F. and G.G.B.d.S.; supervision and funding acquisition, G.G.B.d.S. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded in part by Coordenacao de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de Nivel Superior (CAPES), Brazil, finance code 001. The authors would like to acknowledge Udelar, CNPq, FAPERJ, FAPEAM and LNLS for financial support.  
Not applicable.  
The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the authors on request.  
The authors would like to acknowledge the LNLS beam line staff for technical support. The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
# Performance Evaluation of a Full-Duplex Relaying-Enabled Satellite Sensor Network
## 1 Introduction
### Satellite Systems
The employed gamma distribution to approximate the log-normal distribution can result in a suitable statistical model with the same performance for practical interests, and is applicable for a variety of applications in different frequency bands including UHF-band, S-band, L-band, Ku-band and Ka-band. * Our theoretical derivations provide new analytical expressions for the performance merits of outage probability and ergodic capacity of the FD satellite relaying network, which are general and applicable to cases involving arbitrary channel conditions and system parameters. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that such analytical expressions are developed for FD satellite relay systems, which provide an efficient and comprehensive approach to evaluate the considered system performance. * The representative simulations and comparisons are provided, which clearly reveal the effects of residual SI, channel statistical property, propagation loss, geometric satellite antenna pattern, and terminal elevation angle on the system performance. Our findings indicate that a full-duplex relaying satellite sensor network can achieve a higher capacity than that of traditional half-duplex relaying. The rest of the paper is organized as follows. In Section 2, we introduce the system and transmission model of a full-duplex relaying satellite sensor network. In Section 3, we derive the closed-form expression for the outage probability and ergodic capacity of the considered FD relaying satellite sensor network. Numerical simulations are given in Section 4. Finally, conclusions are drawn in Section 5. **Notations**: Bold uppercase and lowercase letters represent the matrices and vectors, respectively. \((\cdot)^{H}\) stands for conjugate transpose operator. \(|\cdot|^{2}\) denotes the power gain of a constant, \(|\cdot|\) denotes the absolute value of a complex scalar. \(E\left[\cdot\right]\) represents the expectation operator, \(\exp\left(\cdot\right)\) denotes the exponential function. \(\mathcal{CN}\left(a,b\right)\) the complex Gaussian distribution of mean \(\mathsf{a}\) and covariance \(b\).
# Scaling of Rain Attenuation Models: A Survey
## 3 Existing Scaling Techniques
### The Clear-Sky-Based Scaling
Figure 2: Average millimeter-wave atmospheric absorption at the frequency range 1–300 GHz [22]. The frequency scaling formula for each propagation can be appropriately calculated, depending on the physical model. A first-degree global polynomial in the form of (6) can be used to compute the frequency scaling:  
\[A_{H}=c_{0}+c_{1}\cdot A_{L} \tag{6}\]  
where \(c_{1}\) and \(c_{0}\) are the coefficients determined empirically at different frequency bands.
###### Abstract  
Introduction: The integration of clinical inspection and diagnostic imaging forms the basis for endodontic diagnosis, decision making, treatment planning, and outcome assessments. In recent years, CBCT imaging has become a common diagnostic tool in endodontics. CBCT should only be used to ensure that the benefits to the patient exceed the risks. As such, our aim in this study was to evaluate the high level diagnostic efficacy studies and their risk of bias. Methods: A systematic search of the literature was conducted to identify studies evaluating the use of CBCT imaging in endodontics. The following databases were searched: Medline (PubMed), Scopus, and Cochrane Central. The identified studies were subjected to rigorous inclusion criteria. Studies considered as having a high efficacy level were then subjected to a risk of bias assessment using the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Diagnostic Test Accuracy. Results: Initially, 1568 articles were identified for possible inclusion in the review. Following title and abstract assessment, duplicate removal, and a full-text evaluation, 22 studies were included. Of those studies, 2 had a low risk of bias and 20 had a high risk of bias. Six studies investigated non-surgical treatment, eight investigated surgical treatment, two investigated both non-surgical and surgical treatment, and six studies investigated diagnostic thinking or decision making. Conclusion: The evidence for the influence of CBCT on decision making and treatment outcomes in endodontics is predominantly based on studies with a high risk of bias.  
cone-beam computed tomography; endodontics; diagnosis efficacy; systematic review +
Footnote †: journal: Medical Imaging
## 3 Experimental Activities
### Tape Tethers  
Space tethers have been proposed for a large number of applications, from futuristic space elevators to dynamic systems able to raise or lower the orbit of a satellite [33]. In particular, electrodynamic tethers employ the interaction with the space plasma and the Earth's magnetosphere to generate thrusts that can be used for orbital maneuvers. Among the main constraints in this application, the scientific community is worried that long and thin wires could be strongly affected by the debris environment: any small impact may result in the severing of the tether [34]. To overcome this limitation, thin tape tethers were proposed due to their non-symmetric behavior during impacts (in addition to other positive features such as an enhanced capacity to collect plasma for electrodynamic applications). The investigation of the ballistic response of tape tethers to impacts was carried out at the University of Padova in the framework of Project 262972 (BETs) funded by the European Commission under the FP7 Space Program [35; 36]. In this activity, a set of 24 experiments with different projectiles diameters, velocities, and impact angles was performed on aluminum and polymeric tapes; 112 additional numerical simulations were executed with a commercial software ANSYS(tm) Autodyn to evaluate impact conditions outside of the LGG operational range. The experimental setup and the damage on a PEEK  
Figure 1: CISAS Hypervelocity Impact Facility with the LGG (**left**) and laser system for projectile velocity measurement (**right**).  
tape from an impact test can be seen in Figure 2; Figure 3, which report the ballistic limit of the tape tether in respect of the impact angle and velocity as obtained from the analysis of the test results. It is shown that there is a minimum value of debris velocity \(\
u^{*}\) below which no critical damage is possible; furthermore, there is a minimum velocity-dependent value d\({}^{*}\) of debris diameter below which no critical damage is possible. This is an extremely important result, since it sets a minimum particle diameter for risk assessment and thus excludes a large part of the flux from risk computations [35].  
The advantage of employing tape tethers has become clear to the scientific community. The European Commission has funded the current projects E.T.Pack and E.T. PACK-Fly, which aim to demonstrate tether technology for satellites deorbiting at the end of their operational life [12; 37]; both projects employ the same tape tethers investigated in the BETs study.  
Figure 3: Aluminum **(left)** and polymeric (PEEK, **right**) tape tethers’ ballistic limit in respect of the impact angle (alpha) and impact velocity; \(\mathrm{d_{CRIT}}\) represents the critical impacting particle diameter.  
Figure 2: Setup for tape tether impact tests **(left)** and impact damage due to a tape tether (**right**, impact direction parallel to the tether face).
# Optimal Mobility-Aware Wireless Edge Cloud Support for the Metaverse
## 2 Related Work
For ultra-reliable and low-latency communication services, researchers bring in digital twins and deploy a mobility management entity for each access point, to determine probabilities of resource allocation and data offloading [5]. Then, by applying a deep-learning neuronetwork, the proposed scheme tries to identify a suitable user association and an optimized resource-allocation scheme for this association. However, in this paper, the core idea is to decompose the service and allow a flexible allocation across edge clouds by taking also into account user mobility. The work in [4] considers virtual-reality applications in the metaverse and regards the service delivery as a series of events in the market, in which users are buyers and service provides are sellers. Hence, they apply double-dutch auction to achieve a common price through asynchronous and iterative bidding stages [4]. They emphasize the quality of user perception experience by structural similarity (SSIM) and video multi-method assessment fusion. In our proposed framework, we also utilize the SSIM metric to determine the frame quality after integrating background-scene and AR contents [4]. The work in [4], further, brings in a deep reinforcement-learning-based auctioneer to reduce the information-exchange cost. While, in this paper, a multi-objective optimization approach is adopted, where we aim to balance different objective functions using the scalarization method, whilst considering the inherent user mobility in an explicit manner.