## 3 Results
### Patients Characteristics
The proposed cut-off value for E-selectin was estimated as 61.7 mg/mL with a Youden index of 0.53, which led to 10 false positive cases of CD \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline  & **Patients with Crohn’s Disease** & **Patients with Ulcerative Colitis** \\ \hline Age [years] & \(32.10\pm 9.56\) & \(33.38\pm 12.75\) \\ \hline Sex & 7 females, 9 males & 12 females, 18 males \\ \hline Activity of the disease & CDAI score: 307.3 \(\pm\) 53.7 & Mayo endoscopic score: 2.6 \(\pm\) 0.5 \\ \hline CRP [mg/L] & \(18.8\pm 20.1\) & \(14.4\pm 24.5\) \\ \hline Serum calprotectin [ng/mL] & \(3537.5\pm 1893.8\) & \(3337.1\pm 1775.3\) \\ \hline Platelets [\(\times 10^{9}\)/L] & \(326.7\pm 59.9\) & \(382.4\pm 24.5\) \\ \hline Hemoglobin [g/dL] & \(12.9\pm 2.3\) & \(11.5\pm 2.4\) \\ \hline Potassium [mmol/L] & \(4.2\pm 0.4\) & \(4.16\pm 0.4\) \\ \hline Sodium [mmol/L] & \(138.1\pm 2.8\) & \(140.0\pm 1.9\) \\ \hline Glucose [mg/dL] & \(86.7\pm 8.3\) & \(89.6\pm 12.8\) \\ \hline Creatinine [mg/dL] & \(0.9\pm 0.2\) & \(0.9\pm 0.1\) \\ \hline BMI [kg/m\({}^{2}\)] & \(20.58\pm 3.43\) & \(24.25\pm 3.59\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} Results are presented as the average \(\pm\) standard deviation. CDAI–[PERSON]’s disease activity index; CRP–C reactive protein.  
\end{table} 
Table 1: Clinical characteristics of patients with [PERSON]’s disease and ulcerative colitis. and 2 false negative cases of CD. A similar sensitivity and specificity was noted in the case of P-selectin with AUC 0.733 (95% CI 0.556-0.909) and IL-1\(\alpha\) with AUC 0.731 (95% CI 0.532-0.930). The cut-off value for P-selectin was defined as 441.2 ng/mL with a Youden index of 0.52, and it was related to 8 cases of false positive and 3 cases of false negative diagnoses of CD. The cut-off value of IL-1\(\alpha\) was 1.7 pg/mL with a Youden index of 0.55, resulting in 4 false positive and 2 false negative diagnoses of CD. In the case of IL-12p70, the value of differentiating CD from UC was estimated as satisfactory with AUC 0.695 (95% CI 0.515-0.876). The cut-off value was defined as 144.1 with a Youden index of 0.35, and this was related to 7 false positive and 4 false negative diagnoses of CD. In this study, serum calprotectin was measured in both groups of patients (CD group: 3537.5 \(\pm\) 1893.8; UC group: 3337.1 \(\pm\) 1775), together with ROC curve analysis for this biomarker. The performed analysis revealed that serum calprotectin presented a satisfactory value (AUC 0.604; 95% CI 0.424-0.783) for differentiating CD from UC. To enhance the sensitivity and specificity of the analyzed biomarkers in the differential diagnosis of IBD, we conducted ROC curve analyses including each biomarker paired with serum calprotectin level. The cut-off value of serum calprotectin was estimated as 2890 ng/mL to achieve optimal sensitivity and specificity. The inclusion of serum calprotectin level in the ROC curve analysis improved the AUC values of the analyzed biomarkers. In patients with serum calprotectin levels below 2890 ng/mL, the AUC of E-selectin was 0.829 (95% CI 0.641-1), that of P-selectin was 0.75 (95% CI 0.47-1), that of IL-1\(\alpha\) was 0.778 (95% CI 0.386-1), and that of IL-12p70 was 0.85 (95% CI 0.633-1). In patients with serum calprotectin levels above 2890 ng/mL, the AUC value of E-selectin was 0.769 (95% CI 0.534-1), that of P-selectin was 0.782 (95% CI 0.567-0.997), that of IL-1\(\alpha\) was 0.575 (0.255-0.895), and that of IL-12p70 was 0.714 (0.423-1). Figure 1: Comparison of serum E—selectin, P—selectin, IL—1\(\alpha\), and IL—12p70 levels between patients with [PERSON]’s disease and ulcerative colitis. * \(p<0.01\); ** \(p<0.05\); CD—patients with [PERSON]’s disease; UC—patients with ulcerative colitis.