## 3 Results  
### In Vitro Antioxidant Potential of Carum carvi  
#### 3.1.1 Total Phenolic Content and GC-MS Analysis  
Figure 1 depicts the GC-MS analysis of the methanolic extract of _Carum carvi_. The individual components of the _Carum carvi_ extract are shown in Table 1. The total phenol content in _Carum carvi_ extract was found to be 56 mg GAE/g extract, indicating the potent antioxidant potential of _Carum carvi_ (standard curve equation: y = 0.019x + 0.060; R\({}^{2}\) = 0.997). \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l l l} \hline \hline
**Peak** & **R. Time** & **Area** & **Area\%** & **Name** \\ \hline
1 & 7.392 & 1,369,937 & 1.83 & Acetic acid \\ \hline
2 & 11.132 & 5,981,212 & 7.99 & Propanedic acid \\ \hline
3 & 12.960 & 903,621 & 1.21 & Cyclohexanone \\ \hline
4 & 13.449 & 3,505,814 & 4.68 & 1,6-diphenyl-1,5-hexadiene-3,4-diol \\ \hline
5 & 14.594 & 302,041 & 0.40 & 1-acetylcyclohexene \\ \hline
6 & 17.856 & 178,691 & 0.24 & 1,7-octadiyne \\ \hline
7 & 18.625 & 4,052,419 & 5.41 & 4-methyl-benzenepropanol \\ \hline
8 & 19.209 & 475,531 & 0.64 & 1-methylencyclopropyl-ethanol \\ \hline
9 & 19.743 & 701,253 & 0.94 & 4-(3-methyl-2-butenyl)-4-cyclopentene-1,3-dione \\ \hline
10 & 19.928 & 1,684,050 & 2.25 & 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-5-isopropylbenzene \\ \hline
11 & 20.289 & 518,031 & 0.69 & 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-5-isopropylbenzene \\ \hline
12 & 20.496 & 332,170 & 0.44 & 1-Bromo-2,2,3,3-tetramethyl-1-(1-propynyl)cyclopropane \\ \hline
13 & 20.798 & 1,847,276 & 2.47 & Methyl eicosaonate \\ \hline
14 & 21.661 & 641,813 & 0.86 & 1,3-di-o-methylpyrogallol \\ \hline
15 & 22.215 & 535,091 & 0.71 & 2-nitrocumene \\ \hline
16 & 22.916 & 662,203 & 0.88 & 2,3-dihydroxproponal \\ \hline
17 & 23.275 & 511,835 & 0.68 & 1(2H)-quinoline carboxylic acid \\ \hline
18 & 23.666 & 10,890,129 & 14.55 & 3-Ethyl-3-phenyl-2,6-piperdiinedione \\ \hline
19 & 24.606 & 218,246 & 0.29 & 2-Methyl-4-[5-(4-methyl-3-nitrophenyl)-2-furyl]-n-phenyl-1,4-dihydropyxrimido \\  & & & [1,2-a]benzimidazole-3-carboxamide \\ \hline
20 & 25.369 & 145,663 & 0.19 & 4-Methylpentanoic acid \\ \hline
21 & 25.725 & 3,607,495 & 4.82 & Methyl 5-(2-undecylyclopropyl) pentanoate \\ \hline
22 & 26.426 & 4,901,363 & 6.55 & Methyl linoleialidate \\ \hline
23 & 26.675 & 282,385 & 0.38 & 2-Methyl-6-methylene-7-octen-2-ol \\ \hline
24 & 27.331 & 452,416 & 0.60 & Methyl (5E,8E)-5,8-octadecadienoate \\ \hline
25 & 27.450 & 294,650 & 0.39 & 7,12-Dihydro-6,7-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-6H- \\  & & & [1,2,4]triazoleol[1,5':1,2]pyrimidine[5,4-c]chrom-2-ol \\ \hline
26 & 27.592 & 133,563 & 0.18 & 5,9-Dimethyl-1-decanol \\ \hline
27 & 27.758 & 553,642 & 0.74 & 3-Methyl-3-buten-2-ol \\ \hline
28 & 28.018 & 596,527 & 0.80 & Isobutyric acid, 2-ethylhexyl ester \\ \hline
29 & 28.235 & 380,720 & 0.51 & 2,6-Dimethyl-1,5,7-octatriene \\ \hline
30 & 29.383 & 285,521 & 0.38 & 11-Cyclopentylundecanoic acid \\ \hline
31 & 29.574 & 4,695,539 & 6.27 & 1-[4-(Methoxymethyl)phenyl]lehanol \\ \hline
32 & 30.260 & 562,950 & 0.75 & 3-Methyl-2H-indazol-2-ol \\ \hline
33 & 31.830 & 486,928 & 0.65 & 1-Methyl-3-cyclohexenol \\ \hline
34 & 33.506 & 839,142 & 1.12 & Pelargonic alcohol \\ \hline
35 & 33.816 & 10,015,857 & 13.38 & Stearic acid \\ \hline
36 & 34.092 & 10,848,949 & 14.49 & 1,2-Bis(2,6-dimethylphenyl)diazene 1,2-dioxide \\ \hline
37 & 34.836 & 470,680 & 0.63 & 3-(2-Isopropyl-5-methylcyclohexyloxycarbonylmethyl)-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1-methylbenzamideimidazolium ion \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: GC–MS peak report of _Carum carvi_. 3.1.2. Inhibition of Lipid Peroxidation and DNA-Sugar Damage (In Vitro)  
_Carum carvi_ showed concentration-dependent inhibition of LPO and DNA-sugar damage. With increasing concentration (20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 \(\upmu\)L) of _Carum carvi_ extract, there was an increase in the inhibition of LPO and in DNA damage by 39%, 41%, 50%, 59%, and 63%, and by 14%, 23%, 36%, 45%, and 56%, respectively (Figure 2).