## 5 Recommendations
The size of the biorefinery could be expressed in terms of feedstock flow just as petroleum refineries are rated in barrels of oil per day. The plan should also specify the percentage of feedstock supplied by dedicated poplar farms, the required area of the farms, biomass yields, and bioproduct conversion rates. State bonding capacity should enter the calculus of production scale. To illustrate, The State of Oregon approved $245 million in bonds for Red Rock Biofuels' Lake County refinery to produce up to 60 million liters of aviation biofuel annually from 159,000 Mg of forestry waste via the Fischer-Tropsch conversion process [50].  
Plant location--The siting of the first plant is critical. Co-location with existing industrial complexes that offer affordable infrastructure, cost-sharing, and utilities is recommended as the economics for a stand-alone plant are universally recognized as difficult. Integration with existingindustrial plants can lower waste treatment, boiler and turbine expenses that may account for half of the capital costs. Co-location is exceptionally valuable where access to transportation hubs are found. Furthermore, the level of community support needs to be a part of the siting assessment; the summit recognized the importance of rural communities in commercialization. The use of spatial resource models can optimize the allocation of area to individual feedstock species or varieties for supplying distributed demand centers [51].
7. Required feedstock pricing--An important component of securing investment into dedicated energy farms is quantifying the influence that volatility in open-market fuel pricing has on pricing for farm-grown feedstock. AHB has previously modeled the cost of biomass required to achieve a breakeven position for a given ethanol selling price. This should be broadened to include incremental revenue from ecosystem services that, while helpful, is insufficient itself to put the bio-refinery system on par with petroleum. Minimum ethanol selling price for product produced in Brazil from plantation eucalyptus feedstock when marketed in North America is less ($0.74 L\({}^{-1}\)) than domestic ethanol produced from coppice poplar and willlow ($0.83 to $1.02 L\({}^{-1}\)) [52]. 8. Varietal adaptability--The first paper published in the journal \"Biomass and Bioenergy\" posed the question whether the large yield gains achieved in agricultural crops would be duplicated in the poplar biomass industry [53]. Accordingly, the summit asked for a detailed timeline and cost of developing new energy varieties when focused on adaptation to sites of marginal agricultural quality by traditional breeding or transgenic approaches. Marginal sites in the AHB region are defined as droughty and shallow soils. Work in varietal adaptability should address research mechanisms, participating organizations, and base genetic resources involved. Basic investigations into cellulose and hemicelluloses synthesis and cell wall integration should be integrated into applied poplar breeding programs to ensure that such efforts account for improved biomass chemistry that undergoes cost-effective hydrolysis [41]. The payoff in terms of yields and lower land costs will greatly affect the estimates of investment returns. 9. Efficient bioprocessing--Processes that can result in more efficient conversion and lower processing costs--such as CBP--should be developed further. Those processes that look most promising need to be operated at the pilot and demonstration scales to generate the data and operational experience necessary for commercialization. 10. Regulations--Critical legislative and regulatory issues need to be enumerated considering the investor requirements and the public perception of the environmental value of biofuels. Strategic planning should prioritize potential policy initiatives at both the federal and regional levels. 11.