# Telecommunication Technologies for Smart Grid Projects with Focus on Smart Metering Applications
## 3 Smart Meter Technological Solutions in Europe and Projects for Their Implementation
### Italy  
The energy provider ENEL uses power line communications technologies to transmit data from the smart meters to the concentration hub. In particular, the technology chosen for this scope is Meters and More. The concentrator is located usually in the MV/LV transformer and further on the data is transmitted through the wireless public area network to the central system. The whole initiative has been realised through the \"Telegestore\" project that started in 2001. Since then, over 32 million devices have been installed. Apart from the smart meters, the completion of the project entailed the deployment of the concentrators installed in medium to low voltage substations, used to gather the  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l l l} \hline \hline
**Technology** & **Applications** & **Frequency Band** & **Data Rate** & **Specifications/Standards** \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{NB-PLC} & Indoor/Outdoor command \& & & & PRIME, GS-PLC/ IEEE 1901.2, \\  & Control services, AMI & & & \(-\)200 kbps & ITU-T Ghem (Higher Data Rates) \\  & & & & IEC 61334-5-1, IEC 62056-21, \\  & & & & ISO/IEC 14908-1, Meters \& More \\  & & & & (Lower Data Rates) \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{BB-PLC} & In-home applications, Home & & \(-\)100 Mbps (IEEE 1901) & HomePlug I.0 (14 Mbps), \\  & Networking & & & \(-\)200 Mbps (HomePlug Av) & HomePlug Turbo (85 Mbps), \\  & & & \(-\)1 Gbps (ITU-T) & ITU-T & HomePlug Av (200 Mbps) \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{DSL} & Data Transmission over & ADSL: 25–1104 kHz & & & ITU G.991.1, ITU G.991.2 (SDSL) \\  & telephone lines & VDSL: 25 kHz–12 MHz & 256 kbps–100 Mbps & ITU G.992.1, ITU G.992.2 (ADSL) \\  & & & & ITU G.993.1, ITU G.993.2 (VDSL) \\ \hline ZigBee & AMI & 2.4 GHz (worldwide) & 250 kbps & ZigBee Home Automation \\ \hline Wireless & For communication networks & 900 MHz, 2.4 GHz & 54, 48, 36, 24, 18, 12, 9, 6, 4, 5, & IEEE 802.11, \\ Mesh & made up of radio nodes & & 1.5 up to 300 Mbps for outdoor & IEEE 802.16 \\ \hline GSM/GPPS & Mobile functionality—voice, & & 14.4 kbps (GSM) & EN 301349, \\  & data transfer & & 56–114 kbps (GPS) & EN 301347, \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{3G} & Mobile functionality—voice, & & 450 MHz, 800 MHz, & over 0.2 Mbps up to 14.7 Mbps & UMTS, CDMA 2000, EV-DO, EDGE \\  & fast data transfer & 1.9 GHz & (CDMA, EVDO) & UMTS, CDMA 2000, EV-DO, EDGE \\ \hline LTE & High speed data for mobile & \multirow{2}{*}{700–2500 MHz} & 100 Mbps (requirement) & \\  & phones and data terminals & & up to \(-\)302 Mbps & \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{WiMAX} & Mobile Broadband or at-home & & & \\  & broadband connectivity, & & 2–11 GHz & up to 75 Mbps (IEEE 802.16d) & IEEE 802.16, \\  & Alternative to DSL & & up to 15 Mbps (IEEE 802.16e) & IEEE 802.16e \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{LPWAN} & IoT, Smart metering & & 868 MHz (SigFox), 433, & & \\  & applications & & 868, 915 MHz (LoRaWAN), & & \\  & applications & 700, 800, 900 MHz & lower than 100 kbps & SigFox, LoRaWAN, NB-IoT \\  & & (NR-IoT) & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Smart grid Communication Technologies.  
data recorded by the connected meters as well as the central system for meters remote management, billing information processing and for monitoring the quality of service [37; 38].