## 3 Results
### Losses in GPP, NPP, and VT Due to Mining-Induced Vegetation Cover Loss  
The losses in vegetation carbon sequestration (i.e., GPP), carbon stock (i.e., NPP), and transpiration (VT) due to mining-induced vegetation cover loss over Rajmahal Hills are evaluated from 2000/2001 to 2020 and presented in Table 5. It was noted that a significant amount of GPP, NPP, and VT was lost during the study periods (e.g., 2000-2010, 2010-2020,  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Years} & \multicolumn{6}{c}{2000} \\ \cline{2-7}  & LULC Classes & Vegetation & Mining & Waterbody & Others & Total \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{1990} & Vegetation & 1996.81 & 1.64 & 0.65 & 219.22 & 2218.3 \\  & Mining & 0.83 & 5.4 & 0.43 & 3.39 & 10.05 \\  & Waterbody & 0.46 & 0.48 & 10.29 & 0.38 & 11.61 \\  & Others & 161.37 & 5.95 & 1.24 & 1046.69 & 1215.30 \\  & Total & 2159.47 & 13.47 & 12.61 & 1269.68 & \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{2000} & Vegetation & \multicolumn{6}{c}{2010} \\ \cline{2-7}  & Vegetation & 1899.42 & 3.06 & 0.88 & 256.1 & 2159.50 \\  & Mining & 1.12 & 5.27 & 2.36 & 4.72 & 13.47 \\  & Waterbody & 1.89 & 0.43 & 4.89 & 5.41 & 12.62 \\  & Others & 130.89 & 14.8 & 1.51 & 1122.5 & 1269.70 \\  & Total & 2033.32 & 23.56 & 9.64 & 1388.73 & \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{2010} & Vegetation & \multicolumn{6}{c}{2020} \\ \cline{2-7}  & Vegetation & 1752.42 & 8.10 & 1.29 & 271.5 & 2033.3 \\ \cline{1-1}  & Mining & 0.47 & 16.70 & 1.24 & 5.15 & 23.56 \\ \cline{1-1}  & Waterbody & 0.56 & 2.95 & 5.10 & 1.04 & 09.65 \\ \cline{1-1}  & Others & 125.42 & 36.40 & 5.17 & 1221.73 & 1388.70 \\ \cline{1-1}  & Total & 1878.87 & 64.15 & 12.8 & 1499.42 & \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{1990} & Vegetation & \multicolumn{6}{c}{2020} \\ \cline{2-7}  & Vegetation & 1744.37 & 22.29 & 1.24 & 450.43 & 2218.30 \\ \cline{1-1}  & Mining & 1.36 & 4.68 & 0.74 & 3.29 & 10.07 \\ \cline{1-1}  & Waterbody & 0.68 & 0.78 & 8.69 & 1.45 & 11.60 \\ \cline{1-1}  & Others & 132.46 & 36.41 & 2.12 & 1044.26 & 1215.30 \\ \cline{1-1}  & Total & 1878.87 & 64.16 & 12.79 & 1499.43 & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 4: LULC change matrix for the study periods 1990–2000, 2000–2010, 2010–2020, and 1990–2020. The unit of the area is in km\({}^{2}\). Diagonal areas are unchanged areas. The blue color text represents mining-related changes.  
and 2000-2020) due to mining-induced vegetation cover loss (Table 5). During 2000-2010, \(\sim\)3.06 km\({}^{2}\) of vegetation area was lost due to the mining activity, which caused GPP loss (total or spatial sum) of 0.01 tC/day, NPP loss of \(\sim\)1.25 tC, and VT loss of 5200 mm/day (Table 5). These statistics significantly increased in the next decade (2010-2020), wherein GPP loss of 0.04 tC/day, NPP loss of \(\sim\)2.77 tC, and VT loss of 13,630 mm/day were estimated due to loss of 8.10 km\({}^{2}\) vegetation cover due to mining. Notably, \(\sim\)22.29 km\({}^{2}\) of vegetation cover was lost during 2000-2020, which has caused a vast GPP loss of 0.09 tC/m\({}^{2}\)/day, NPP loss of \(\sim\)7.27 tC, and VT loss of 30,190 mm/day. Though the rate of vegetation productivity loss was relatively less in the last decades (w.r.t. total vegetation cover loss), the total loss of vegetation productivity was relatively high (Table 5). Hence, it can be concluded that the mining-induced vegetation cover loss has caused a significant loss in the rate of carbon sequestration, carbon stock, and vegetation transpiration across the Rajmahal Hills.