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Harnessing Heritage BIM for Enhanced Architectural  
Documentation of Ad Deir in Petra  
[PERSON] 1,* and [PERSON] 2  
Footnote 16: https:Figure 1: Locations, roads, and areas surrounding the Tomb. Until recently, reliable monitoring of weathering had been lacking for most of the monuments in ancient Petra due to the absence of reference archive documents on past weathering damage [6; 7]. However, in recent years, a plethora of digital investigation methods has emerged, offering dependable, straightforward, and rapid surveying of large-scale monuments, even those difficult to access. By integrating these modern techniques with laboratory analysis, it becomes possible to quantitatively record, document, and evaluate complete monuments in a comprehensive manner. Furthermore, previous studies on architectural documentation of heritage sites have mainly relied on traditional surveying techniques and manual documentation, which may be time-consuming and prone to human error. Some researchers have investigated the application of 3D laser scanning and photogrammetry techniques. for heritage documentation for examples [1; 8], but the integration of BIM technology into these processes remains limited. This paper builds upon these previous works and investigates the potential of heritage BIM for Ad Deir's architectural documentation. The research in [1] shows that uncontrolled environmental factors and elevated salt content have emerged as the principal factors contributing to the deterioration of the Al-Deir monument situated within the ancient city of Petra, Jordan. Consequently, there arose a pressing need for a comprehensive investigation and thorough documentation of the monument's condition. The scientific study adopted a thorough methodology, which involved mapping weathering forms in 2D and creating 3D models using laser scanning and photogrammetry methods. Notably, 3D laser scanning technology played a pivotal role in acquiring precise spatial data pertaining to the monument. The data obtained from these methods facilitate a meticulous assessment of the restoration requirements. In instances of structural damage, the provision of highly detailed, high-resolution 2D images, as well as the meticulous texturing of 3D models of the monument serve to not only depict the stone's texture but also offer insight into the spatial distribution of weathering phenomena, thereby aiding in the elucidation of the mechanisms and rates of weathering-related issues. Furthermore, this study encompassed laboratory analyses and a correlation study between the salt content and surface weathering damage, both of which constitute the primary mechanisms responsible for the stone's degradation within the monument. This investigation enables a deeper comprehension of the underlying deterioration processes and causative factors. Additionally, the assessment of salt distribution revealed a distinct correspondence between observable zoning patterns of weathering damage and varying  
Figure 2: Al-Deir Tomb, Petra, Jordan. salt concentrations. Moreover, in [8], the multi-image panoramas serve as valuable tools for creating virtual tours and documenting cultural heritage due to their convenience and comprehensiveness. Additionally, they possess metric capabilities that enable the three-dimensional evaluation of objects when at least two panoramas are available [8]. While the procedure is well-established and highly efficient, it is important to note that both the orientation phase and the plotting phase still require manual intervention. The photogrammetric techniques are employed for surveying and representing architecture in three dimensions, with accuracy on par with monoscopic multi-image low-cost approaches. The advantages of employing this method are manifold: it significantly simplifies the photogrammetric process by replacing multiple individual shots with each panorama, allowing for a comprehensive documentation of the object.