# Advanced Strategies for Mitigating Particulate Matter Generations in Poultry Houses
## 6 Particulate Matter Emission Mitigating Strategies
### Electrostatic Ionization  
For many years, the electrostatic ionization technique has been used to lower PM levels in AFOs. Recently, attempts have been made to employ the technology in animal housing conditions, and several studies have demonstrated the efficiency of this control technique in lowering airborne PM and bacteria [8,137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142]. For example, [PERSON] and [PERSON] (2003) tested an electrostatic charging system (ESCS; \(-\)30 K Vdc and 0.2 mA) in the hatching cabinet and reduced dust from 77-79% [138]. Similarly, ESCS decreased Enterobacteriaceae and salmonella bacteria in the air from 93 to 96% and 33 to 83%, respectively. Furthermore, recent research used the prototype electrostatic precipitator (ESP) technique in different ventilation or weather condition (hot, warm, and cold weather) and found PM\({}_{2.5}\) and PM\({}_{10}\) reductions up to 97.8% and 99.0%, respectively [143]. Therefore, various research on electrostatic ionization has shown PM and airborne bacteria reduction up to 94 and 96%, respectively (Table 13). \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Control Technology** & **Charging Units** & **Source** & **PM\({}_{2.5}\) (\%)** & **PM\({}_{2.5}\) (\%)** & **Total Dust (\%)** & **Airborne** & **References** \\ \hline Prototype ESP under hot, warm and cold weather & \(0.545\) kV mm\({}^{-1}\) & \multirow{2}{*}{Poutry} & 86.9 & 90.8 & \multirow{2}{*}{N/A} & \multirow{2}{*}{N/A} & \multirow{2}{*}{[143]} \\ \cline{1-1} Electrostatic particle ionization & Electrode \(-\)30 kV with 2 mA current & & 94.4 & 97.1 & & \\  & & & 97.8 & 99.0 & & \\ \hline Electrostatic particle ionization & Electrode \(-\)30 kV with 2 mA current & \multirow{2}{*}{HR hen house} & 66 * & 68 * & 68 * & \multirow{2}{*}{N/A} & \multirow{2}{*}{[68]} \\ \cline{1-1} Negative ionization & Electrode \(-\)30 kV with 2 mA current & & 30* & 36* & 45* & & \\ Positive ionization & Electrode \(-\)30 kV with 2 mA current & & & & & \\ \hline ESP & Electrode \(+\)30 kV with 02-10 mA current & \multirow{2}{*}{CF hen} & 45.3 & 57.0 & \multirow{2}{*}{N/A} & \multirow{2}{*}{[66]} \\ \cline{1-1} Optimized ESP & \(9.6\) to \(13\) kV with air & & & & & \\  & velocity \(0.8\) to \(22\) m/s & & & & & \\ \hline Prototype ESP & \(+\)30 kVdc and \(<\)1 mA & \multirow{2}{*}{Laying hen} & 45 & 57 & \multirow{2}{*}{N/A} & \multirow{2}{*}{[140]} \\ \cline{1-1} Air Ionization & \(-\)30 kVdc and 0.9 mA & & & & & \\ \hline ESCS & \(25\)K\(-\)30 kVdc and 2 mA & \multirow{2}{*}{HR layer house} & N/A & 36 & 48 & \multirow{2}{*}{N/A} & \multirow{2}{*}{[144]} \\ \cline{1-1} ESCS & \(-\)30 kVdc and 2 mA & & & & & \\ \hline ESCS & \(-\)30 kVdc and \(2\) mA & & & & & \\ \hline ESCS & \(-\)30 kVdc and \(<\)0.5 mA & & & & & \\  & & & & & & \\ \hline ESCS & \(-\)30 kVdc and 0.2 mA & & & & & \\  & & & & & & \\  & & & & & & \\ \hline ESCS & \(-\)20 kVdc and 0.5 mA & & & & & \\  & & & & & & \\ \hline ESCS & \(-\)20 kVdc and 0.5 mA & & & & & \\  & & & & & & \\ \hline ESCS & N/A & \multirow{2}{*}{N/A} & \multirow{2}{*}{77-79} & 93\% Enterobacteriaceae & \multirow{2}{*}{[138]} \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & & & & \\ \hline ESCS & \(-\)20 kVdc and 0.5 mA & & & & & \\ \hline ESCS & N/A & \multirow{2}{*}{Swing} & N/A & N/A & 57–66 & N/A & \multirow{2}{*}{[146]} \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}  
* Spring to summer,
* Late fall to spring, N/A = not available or not found; ESP—electrostatic precipitator; ESCS—electrostatic charging system.  
\end{table} 
Table 12: _Cont._