## 1 Introduction
### Motivation and Contributions  
The vector-based routing protocols use pipeline for directionality purposes along with the positional information of the node for calculating the holding time. The proximity of the node towards the destination point (upward packet advancement) reduces the end-to-end delay and considering the normalized energy of the PFNs from the first and second hop, reduces the energy consumption in the network. Based on these factors, we propose Extended Energy-Scaled and Expanded Vector-Based Forwarding (EESEVBF) protocol. EESEVBF considers the following points in designing the holding time mechanism for the PFNs:  
1. To avoid the void hole problem, the holding time of the PFNs is calculated based on the energy of the neighboring nodes. The holding time between two PFNs of a source node depends on the propagation distance between them, i.e., a larger holding time difference reduces duplicate packets, resulting in reduced overhead in the network. A small variation in the energy levels of neighboring nodes can affect the difference between the holding time of the nodes.
2. The nodes are prioritized on their position with respect to the virtual pipeline. The distance between the sender and the forwarder is added in the holding time mechanism, which helps in minimizing the end-to-end delay. This factor generally contributes to the movement of packets by a large distance in a specific direction towards the sink.
3. The nodes manipulate the timer information of their common neighbors with the source node, modeling the network as a real time system. The node with the minimum holding time in all the PFNs of a source node forwards the packet within a very short time. The packet is further forwarded by the nodes in the second hop using the same mechanism.
4. Energy balancing is accomplished by using the residual normalized energy information of the candidate nodes in the estimation of the holding time. This process aims to have the same energy level of all nodes within the transmission range of the source node. Therefore, no single node will go to the dead state alone.
5. The upward packet advancement is effectuated by taking into consideration the depth information of the first two hops from the current source node. The forwarder nodes are prioritized resulting in more advancement in the first two hops of the source node compared to the subsequent ones.
6. Further minimization in the energy tax is achieved by suppressing the packet forwarding initiated from the reproducing regions. The proposed protocol uses control (announcement) packets for suppressing the duplicate packets from regions where the forwarder nodes have no access.
7. Energy optimization is achieved by exploring the sending and receiving energy in the whole network life with the linear programming technique. The novelty of our approach is given in the following points:  
* The best route forwarder is decided based on the holding time value calculation, which also considers the second hop.
* The timer value of the first hop is not affected but only the priority of transmission is changed based on their succeeding hops.
* In addition to the first hop, the second hop is also used in the calculation of all the three parameters (Energy factor (Ef), Positioning factor(Pf) and Cultivate Packet Advancement).
* We introduce a novel concept of control packets for addressing the hidden terminal problem.  
The simulation results manifest that EESEVBF reduces the energy tax, lessens the end-to-end delay, and ensures the reliability compared to ESEVBF.  
This paper is further organized as follows: Section 2 reviews the previous work related to the proposed EESEVBF. Section 3 describes the problem statement and background. Section 4 details the architecture of our proposed protocol and the holding time value calculation. The experimental setup is described in Section 5. In Section 6, we present and discuss the simulation results. Finally, the conclusions and future directions are given in Section 7.