# Mechanical Properties and Characteristics of the
## 4 Discussion
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Side**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Sex**} \\ \cline{3-8}  & & **Left (n = 9)** & **Right (n = 12)** & **\(p\)-Value** & **Female (n = 12)** & **Male (n = 9)** & \(p\)**-Value** \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{LCL} & Failure load & \multirow{2}{*}{\(275.8\pm 127.6\)} & \multirow{2}{*}{\(253.8\pm 60.7\)} & \multirow{2}{*}{\(0.642\)} & \multirow{2}{*}{\(214.1\pm 27.3\)} & \multirow{2}{*}{\(328.7\pm 110.5\)} & \multirow{2}{*}{\(0.014\)} \\  & (N) & & & & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-8}  & Stiffness & \multirow{2}{*}{\(61.3\pm 17.3\)} & \multirow{2}{*}{\(76.0\pm 25.1\)} & \multirow{2}{*}{\(0.149\)} & \multirow{2}{*}{\(63.2\pm 24.3\)} & \multirow{2}{*}{\(78.3\pm 18.8\)} & \multirow{2}{*}{\(0.139\)} \\  & (N/mm) & & & & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-8}  & Elastic modulus & \multirow{2}{*}{\(438.7\pm 74.3\)} & \multirow{2}{*}{\(521.5\pm 103.6\)} & \multirow{2}{*}{\(0.263\)} & \multirow{2}{*}{\(476.0\pm 119.8\)} & \multirow{2}{*}{\(516.2\pm 76.0\)} & \multirow{2}{*}{\(0.579\)} \\  & (MPa) & & & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 5: _Cont._ \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Author (Year)** & **N** & **Mean Age** & **Ultimate Load (N)** & **Stiffness (N/mm)** & **Elastic Modulus** & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Failure Site**} \\ \cline{6-10}  & & & & & **(MPa)** & **Femoral Attachment** & **Mid-Substance** & **Tibial Attachment** & **Bony Avulsion** \\ \hline This study & \multirow{2}{*}{21} & \multirow{2}{*}{77.1} & \multirow{2}{*}{146.6 \(\pm\) 53.6} & \multirow{2}{*}{42.6 \(\pm\) 21.3} & \multirow{2}{*}{345.3 \(\pm\) 293.0} & \multirow{2}{*}{0} & \multirow{2}{*}{14} & \multirow{2}{*}{7} \\ (2020) & & & & & & & & \\ \[PERSON] et al. & \multirow{2}{*}{4} & \multirow{2}{*}{86.5} & \multirow{2}{*}{49.9 \(\pm\) 14.6} & \multirow{2}{*}{2.6 \(\pm\) 0.9} & \multirow{2}{*}{1.2 \(\pm\) 0.4} & \multirow{2}{*}{4} & \multirow{2}{*}{0} & \multirow{2}{*}{0} \\ (2015) & & & & & & & & \\ \[PERSON] et al. & \multirow{2}{*}{15} & \multirow{2}{*}{58.2} & \multirow{2}{*}{175.0} & \multirow{2}{*}{20.0} & \multirow{2}{*}{-} & \multirow{2}{*}{4} & \multirow{2}{*}{1} & \multirow{2}{*}{6} \\ (2015) & & & & & & & & \\ \[PERSON] et al. & \multirow{2}{*}{15} & \multirow{2}{*}{54} & \multirow{2}{*}{141.0 \(\pm\) 40.6} & \multirow{2}{*}{21.0 \(\pm\) 8.2} & \multirow{2}{*}{-} & \multirow{2}{*}{0} & \multirow{2}{*}{15} & \multirow{2}{*}{0} \\ (2016) & & & & & & & & \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. & \multirow{2}{*}{14} & \multirow{2}{*}{62.6} & \multirow{2}{*}{204.8 \(\pm\) 114.9} & \multirow{2}{*}{41.9 \(\pm\) 25.7} & \multirow{2}{*}{-} & \multirow{2}{*}{2} & \multirow{2}{*}{10} & \multirow{2}{*}{1} \\ (2016) & & & & & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 6: Comparisons of the mechanical properties and failure sites of the ALL across the literature. The results of the LCL and MCL properties of this study were compared with those of previous studies. Only previous investigations of the MCL that did not divide the MCL into superficial and deep layers were selected for consideration (Table 7). The ultimate load of the LCL of this study was smaller than that of other studies (263.2 N) and there was a great difference noted between the result of this study and the largest value in the literature, which was reported by [PERSON] et al. (460.0 N). Whereas, the stiffness of this study (69.7 N) was the second-largest result after that reported by [PERSON] et al. (82.0 N). In the case of the MCL, the ultimate load in this study (498.6 N) was similar to that of [PERSON] et al. (465.0 N); however, there was great disparity when matched with the result of [PERSON] et al. (799.0 N). Meanwhile, the stiffness values of this study were greater than those in other studies. Consequently, among all ligaments in this study, the biggest ultimate load was found on the MCL. The stiffness of the MCL was also similar to that of the LCL but that of the ALL was smaller than those of other ligaments.