## 4 Design
Environmental Suitability: Indicates how well the design can handle demanding conditions (e.g., heavy foot traffic or weather exposure). Power Output: Measures the device's energy-generating capability, where higher ratings mean greater output. Stability: Reflects design features that promote consistent power output under varying conditions. It is clear from these data that the design proposed by [PERSON] et al. [26] meets all these criteria effectively. This kind of evaluation is particularly useful when creating a smart mat for high-foot-traffic locations, such as religious sites. By focusing on studies that received high ratings-for example, the work of [PERSON] et al. [27]- engineers can adopt proven materials and layouts that offer strong power output and stability. This ensures the resulting smart mat will be durable, efficient, and consistently harvest energy from heavy foot traffic, aligning with the site's requirement for a sustainable and resilient energy solution. [PERSON] et al. [98] conducted a study on L-shaped bending-torsion piezoelectric energy harvesters (PEHs) that offers meaningful lessons for designing a \"bright mat\", particularly for high-traffic environments. Below are key insights relevant to such applications: Multimodal Energy Harvesting for High Efficiency  
Figure 8: Rating for studies regarding the materials, layout complexity, suitability, power output [1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 8; 9; 10], and stability ([PERSON] et al. [26; 27], [PERSON] and [PERSON] [62], [PERSON] et al. [97], [PERSON] et al. [87]). By combining both bending and torsional energy-harvesting modes-as performed with the L-shaped PEHs-a bright mat could capture energy from the range of multidimensional forces generated by footsteps. This is especially valuable in crowded settings (such as a busy mosque) where people move in various directions and at differing speeds. Adopting multimodal energy capture would increase the mat's power output over a wider frequency range. Broader Frequency Range Through d31 and d36 Modes  
Employing the face shear mode (d36) alongside the conventional face extension mode (d31) significantly improves energy production across different motion types. In a bright mat, this could help capture energy more consistently from the diverse pressures and angles of footfalls, making the system more reliable even at lower frequencies. Better Structural Design with Coupled Bending-Torsion Mechanics  
In [PERSON] et al. [98], the L-shaped PEH with an H1 configuration produced ten times the power of other designs. A similar layered approach using bimorph piezoelectric components could allow the mat to bend and twist under foot pressure, maximizing the range of forces it converts to electrical energy. Durability and Low Maintenance  
The L-shaped PEH can function well under low-frequency, multimodal forces, suggesting a design that relies less on high footstep frequency. This aspect is crucial for a setting such as Al-Haram, where constant foot traffic demands a robust, low-maintenance solution. Layered structures using materials such as PZT and steel could minimize wear and reduce maintenance needs. Scalable Design for Large Surfaces  
Since [PERSON] et al. [98] highlight a modular and scalable approach, a bright mat design could replicate this by using multiple PEH modules covering large surfaces. Each module can gather energy independently, connecting to a shared storage system. This modular setup allows high traffic without losing efficiency. Real-Time Data Collection and IoT Integration  
Higher power output from combined bending-torsion and multimodal harvesting can power real-time monitoring tools for crowd flow and occupancy without external electricity. Such data could enhance crowd management and optimize how energy is stored in the bright mat system.