## 4 Results
### Factor Analysis  
_SWVL (Choice A)_  
A two-factor solution was obtained based on eigenvalues >1 criterion, which explained about 53.84% of the total variance. However, this criterion has the tendency to produce incorrect results [44]. Hence, a better approach is needed to determine the number of factors to retain from a scree plot [42]. The kink in the scree plot, shown in Figure 3, showed that it is adequate to choose a two-factor solution. Heavily cross loaded items were removed. A very high value of Cronbach's alpha for factor 1 indicated that several items loaded on this factor were essentially measuring the same thing. Hence, highly similar items were removed. The factor loadings are presented in Table 3. A cut-off value of 0.5 was used for item loadings, i.e., the items with loadings below this value were removed. The sampling adequacy was satisfactory (Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin measure = 0.944), [PERSON]'s test of sphericity was significant (0.000), and the determinant of the matrix was 0.002. The first axis explained 27.457% of the total variance. The six items loaded on this factor were travel time savings, accessibility, equity, speed, incentive system, and information system. Therefore, this factor can be referred to as \"service-attributes.\" The second axis explained 26.383% of the total variance. The six items loaded on this axis were safety, security, cleanliness, affordability, environmental impacts, and comfort. Therefore, this factor may be referred to as the \"ambience\" of the bus. [PERSON]'s alpha was adequate for both factors, i.e., 0.870 and 0.872, respectively, suggesting that the items have high internal consistency. Factor scores were not normally distributed; thus, nonparametric tests such as Spearman's correlation, Mann-Whitney U test, and Kruskal Wallis test were used for further statistical analyses. The effects of demographical attributes on the underlying factors are presented below. Satisfaction with service-attributes (factor 1) was not statistically significantly between men and women (\(Z_{\rm U}=-0.216\), \(p=0.829\)), younger and older age groups (\(Z_{\rm U}=-0.042\), \(p=0.966\)), single and married (\(Z_{\rm U}=-0.495\), \(p=0.620\)), those with a driving license and those without (\(Z_{\rm U}=-0.100\), \(p=0.921\)), car owners and non-car owners (\(Z_{\rm U}\)= \(-0.133\), \(p=0.894\)), and motorcycle owners and non-motorcycle owners (\(Z_{\rm U}=-1.766\), \(p=0.077\)). Similarly, satisfaction with ambience (factor 2) was not statistically different between genders (\(Z_{\rm U}=-0.429\), \(p=0.668\)), younger and older age groups (\(Z_{\rm U}=-1.328\), \(p=0.184\)), single and married (\(Z_{\rm U}=-1.657\), \(p=0.098\)), those with a driving license and those without (\(Z_{\rm U}=-0.055\), \(p=0.956\)), car owners and non-car owners (\(Z_{\rm U}=-0.301\), \(p=0.763\)), and motorcycle and non-motorcycle owners (\(Z_{\rm U}=-0.525\), \(p=0.600\)). No statistically significant correlation was found between income and satisfaction with service-attributes (rho = 0.032, \(p=0.591\)), family members and satisfaction with service-attributes (rho = -0.035, \(p=0.548\)), and education level and satisfaction with service-attributes (rho = -0.032. \(p=0.580\)). Similarly, no statistically significant correlation was found between income and satisfaction with ambience (rho = 0.063, \(p=0.282\)), family  
Figure 3: Scree plot for the Exploratory factor analysis (principal axis factoring with Varimax rotation)—SWVL. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Items** & **Service Attributes** & **Ambiance of the Bus** \\ \hline Travel Time Saving & 0.715 & \\ Accessibility & 0.659 & \\ Equity & 0.649 & \\ Speed & 0.638 & \\ Incentive System & 0.619 & \\ Information System & 0.578 & \\ Affordability & & 0.765 \\ Comfort & & 0.651 \\ Security & & 0.609 \\ Cleanliness & & 0.605 \\ Environmental Impacts & & 0.602 \\ Safety & & 0.590 \\ \hline \% of variance explained & 27.457 & 26.383 \\ \hline Cronbach’s alpha & 0.870 & 0.872 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}