## Materials and Methods
### Signalized Intersections
#### 2.1.1 Signaling Plans  
Signal operating modes can work in different time schedules and ways, such as pre-timed fixed time, semi-fixed, fully sensitive, hybrid, or adaptive [36]. Table 1 explains the signal modes with their definitions.  
Pre-timed signaling systems operate with fixed cycle times and green times and apply the transitions between circuits in a fixed sequence. Signals that operate in this way can contain multiple timing plans with different cycle, split, and offset values for different periods of the day.  
Semi-fixed or traffic-sensitive signal plans can be operated in a semi-fixed time or fully variable mode. The application in an intersection may vary depending on the capability of the sensors and the traffic planners' preference. Semi-fixed-term signal plans can work fixed at certain times that do not vary much daily and are sensitive to traffic at other times of the day. They are widely used in intersection management systems, as they are generally the preferred plan. Fully sensitive traffic signal plans, on the other hand, have a principle that can make instant planning by taking into account different parameters, such as the number of vehicles taken from the connection roads equipped with detectors, intensity, vehicle types, and peak periods. They can be designed to be able to plan according to the end of each period or a certain threshold value. Systems operating in this way try to evacuate the dense arm by changing the green, red, and protection times within the fixed circuit time [37]. Figure 3 shows the change plan showing the signal transitions [38].  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Signal Mode** & **Definition** \\ \hline Pre-timed fixed & Operates with fixed cycle times and green times. \\ Semi-fixed & Operates with fixed at certain times that do not vary much daily. \\ Sensitive & Operates by considering several parameters such as the number of vehicles, vehicle types, peak periods, etc. \\ Adaptive & Operates as a fully sensitive mode that controls also the phase \\  & priorities in addition to signal management. \\ Hybrid & It can work in different modes depending on the situation, such \\  & as peak hours, weather conditions, vacation days, etc. \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Definitions of the signal plans.  
Figure 3: Transitions of signal plans [38].  
Another signal plan is adaptive signal control. This plan is evaluated in the group of fully sensitive signal plans. Adaptive control is considered in a separate group due to one difference. In this plan, it is possible to give priority to the connected branches of intersections according to their intensity in addition to the signal time control. Right of way is granted by taking into account values, such as queue lengths, vehicle density, and vehicle types, on the intersection approach arms. Adaptive control can distribute green times evenly across all traffic flows, increase travel time reliability and extend the effectiveness of a traffic signal timing plan. For the system to work properly in this planning group, the data must be taken in real time or at certain intervals, and the intersection geometry must comply with this principle [39].