## 2 Basic Background and Motivation  
In this section, the motivation for the implemented ring routing protocol and its use in smart monitoring applications is discussed. [PERSON] et al. [6] analyzed the different routing protocols with the sink mobility providing a better load balancing and energy efficiency. Additional effort is required to overcome the overheads, which are added costs, due to the frequent position broadcasting. Different papers discuss the sink mobility and various protocols, most of which are suitable to provide scalability and energy efficiency. The sink in the mobility-based WSNs is carried by intelligent robots or vehicles and may roam freely across the sensor field. The sensor nodes of a wireless sensor network (WSN) are battery-powered devices that gather environmental data and transmit them to a sink for further processing, using energy from their batteries in the process. In some circumstances, it could be challenging to replace or recharge the batteries. These issues have paved the pathway for the development of novel sensor node energy-efficiency strategies. The energy hole problem, also known as the hot-spot problem, is a well-known scenario in which the sensor nodes exhibit many-to-one communications with the sink, causing the rapid energy depletion of the sensor nodes close to the sink [7]. The balancing of the sensor nodes' energy usage can be facilitated by the sink's mobility. Different strategies have been established to address the WSN constraints. One such constraint on the energy use is resolved by the dynamic routing in the hierarchical WSN. [PERSON] et al. [8] have published a series of papers that investigate the cluster-based analysis from the different hierarchical approaches. They have, however, addressed an effective manner to choose a cluster head (CH) before even considering energy efficiency. The various techniques of clustering were evaluated for several metrics, as part of the clustering analysis carried out in [9]. As per [PERSON] et al. [10], the nodes are arranged in a virtual ring, in the order of their IDs, and each node retains a limited number of routing connections to its ring neighbors. However, a local neighborhood group, rather than a business network, could find it useful. However, as discussed in [11; 12], the network's nodes are built to broadcast information to the other nodes about the current traffic environment [13], via short beacon messages that contain speed, direction, locations, and other pertinent safety information [14]. The assessment of several energy-efficient and multicast routing schemes was implemented by the authors in [15] in a number of protocols, whereas this increased the control overhead. The clustering protocol that is adaptively immune energy efficient in the mobile sink (MSIEEP) is a controlled sink mobility-based system built by [PERSON] et al. [16]. The considerations taken for the CH selection are the quantity of living nodes and the energy on the nodes. The adaptive immune algorithm (AIA), which is also used to estimate the optimal number of CHs [17], regulates the mobile sink in this strategy. The mobile sink uses the finest sojourn route patterns. At first, the network is split into different areas of equal-size. Then, the network's territory is separated into three distinct configurations. The mobile sink based routing (MSRP) protocol in [18] employs a mobile sink to gather data from the CHs, it broadcasts a time division multiple access (TDMA) schedule to all neighboring CHs, and keeps track of the network's remaining energy. However, it results in a significant increase in the data delivery delay in the areas of the network where certain events happen often. Similar to [19], the authors suggested a rendezvous zone as a vertical strip or line of the sensor networks that meets the query message along both directions, until it reaches the desired inline sensor network, at which point it is routed straight to the sink node. Again, the data gathering and dissemination was placed in the inline nodes.