## 5 AGEI Application to a Case Study
### AGEI Procedure Calculation for Configuration A
#### 5.1.1. Energy to Provide Bottled Water from Seawater and WET Calculation  
Seawater desalination is carried out through reverse osmosis with primary energy consumption averaging 0.034 MJ per unit mass of produced fresh water [46]. This corresponds to 0.034 kJ/L, assuming an average water density of 1000 kg/m\({}^{3}\). The subsequent process of treatment and bottling is similar to that described in [47], thus the energy consumption values, reported in Table 5, are taken from that work. The involved steps can be summarised as follows:  
* Plastic bottle manufacturing;
* Water treatments carried out in the bottling plant, such as sterilisation;
* Filling, labelling, and sealing stages. Actually, the cooling step for one litre of bottled water is also part of the bottling process, aimed at ensuring a convenient storage temperature, as reported in [47]. Following the same approach, in Table 6, the total primary energy requirements for cooling during this step are divided into two stages. The first refers to the primary energy required to cool  
Figure 5: Configuration A: original plant composed of electrical boilers, an LPG boiler, an ATU, and a transport system that provides bottled water. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Process** & **Energy Primary Requirements [M]/L** \\ \hline Seawater desalination treatment & 0.034 \\ Plastic bottle manufacturing & 4.280 \\ Water treatment at the bottling plant & 0.0002 \\ Filling, labelling, and sealing & 0.020 \\ \hline Total & 4.336 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 5: Primary energy requirements for the production of one litre of bottled water. the water from 25 \({}^{\circ}\)C, the average ambient temperature expected in the factory, to 3.3 \({}^{\circ}\)C, which is the cell temperature, using a refrigerator with an average EER equal to 3. The calculation of the cooling thermal energy, assuming an average density of 1000 kg/m\({}^{3}\), is reported below:  
\[Cooling\ thermal\ energy=1.\frac{Kg}{L}.4.186\ \frac{kJ}{Kg\cdot K}.(25\ K-3.3\ K) \cdot 1000\frac{MJ}{kJ}=0.09\frac{MJ_{th}}{L}\]  
Taking into account the declared EER, it is possible to determine the electrical energy required by this cooling stage:  
\[Cooling\ electrical\ energy=\frac{Cooling\ thermal\ energy}{EER}=\frac{0.09}{3} \frac{MJ_{th}}{L}=0.03\frac{MJ_{el}}{L}\]  
Considering the conversion factor \(f\) = 2.13, the consumed energy in terms of primary energy becomes:  
\[Cooling\ primary\ energy=0.03\frac{MJ_{el}}{L}\cdot 2.13\frac{MJ_{pr}}{MJ_{el}}=0. 06\frac{MJ_{pr}}{L}\]  
The second cooling stage involves maintaining the storage temperature over time. The electrical energy required for this stage is equal to 0.20 MJ/L [47]. Taking the conversion factor into account, the primary energy can be calculated as follows:  
\[Storage\ cooling\ primary\ energy=0.20\frac{MJ_{el}}{L}\cdot 2.13\frac{MJ_{pr}}{MJ_{el} }=0.43\frac{MJ_{pr}}{L}\]  
Table 6 summarises the total primary energy required by the bottle cooling. The final step in the drinking water supply process is its delivery to the worker village. The assumptions for calculating the energy requirement for transporting one-litre bottles are described below:  
* All activities related to producing one litre of bottled water are carried out in a factory located near the Dubai seawater desalination plant, whose site is shown in Figure 4. This factory is about 35 km from the worker village;
* The transportation of bottles between the two locations is carried out by a common diesel-powered van [48];
* The chosen van can transport a maximum load of 1200 kg, as reported in [49]; Therefore, on each trip, it can carry 1200 one-litre bottles, assuming a 2% tolerance on the load to account for the weight of the bottles [50];
* The van can travel an average of 8 km per litre of diesel fuel [48], which corresponds to a specific fuel consumption of 0.125 L/km, considering the declared load;
* The diesel fuel density is equal to 819.8 kg/m\({}^{3}\) and its lower calorific power value is equal to 42.5 MJ/kg, as reported in [51].