## 1 Introduction  
### Background  
Ecological concerns about ecosystem degradation have triggered interest in producing green materials. Natural fibers represent a good alternative for green materials production in construction. In recent years, there has been a growing interest in the use of natural fibers in construction due to their environmental benefits and potential for sustainable development [1]. Natural fibers can be obtained from plants, animals, or minerals. Wool (from sheep), cashmere (from goats), and silk (from silkworms) are three of the most common animal fibers. However, mineral fibers are materials made from minerals that are typically inorganic substances like rock, slag, or glass. Mineral fibers that are often used include asbestos, fiberglass, rock wool, and ceramic fiber. Natural fibers of plant origin are known as vegetal fibers. The global interest is turned towards vegetable fibers because of their availability, biodegradability, eco-friendliness, low cost, low density, highly specific mechanical properties (better stiffness, high modulus, and strength related to density (greater than glass fibers, for example), light weight, and low energy consumption during extraction [2]. They are sourced from renewable materials that are largely abundant globally [3]. Vegetable fibers can be in the stem, the leaf, the seed, the fruit, the grass, or the bark fabrics of the plant [4]. Cotton, jute, hemp, flax (also known as linen), coconut fiber, and sisal are some examples of commonly found natural vegetal fiber. Borassus aetihopum, commonly known as the African palm wine tree, is a species of palm that is widely distributed in tropical Africa. Borassus aetihopium is commonly spread in Sub-Saharan Africa, Madagascar, the Pacific Islands, the Arabian Peninsula, South Asia, and Southeast Asia, and it is a long-lasting tree from the five Borassus species [5]. The stem of Borassus aetihopum is tall and cylindrical, reaching heights of up to 40 m and a diameter of 1 m and more (depending on various factors such as soil quality, climate, and genetic variation within the species). The main woody stem is thick, fibrous bark that is gray or brown, durable, and encircled with large fan-shaped leaves (up to 6 m) and without secondary thickening. Borassus antibporum produces large, white flowers that are borne in clusters at the top of the stem. The flowers are bisexual and have both male and female reproductive structures. The female flowers develop into fruits after pollination. Its fruit is large with a spherical structure (varies from less or more oval to rounded) that is covered in a thick, fibrous husk [6]. The coconut-like fruit with a diameter of 10-18 cm can contain 1-3 seeds each. The soft orange-yellow mesocarp pulp of the ripe fruit is sweet and edible. Juice, jelly, and some dishes can be produced from the fruit apart from being eaten raw, roasted, or boiled in some Asian countries [7]. Meanwhile, in Sub-Saharan African countries, the fruit does not have any economic value. The parts of the tree having economic value are the stem or trunk that is used for construction of houses, bridges, canoes while the leaves are used to produce fans, bags, and mats, mostly in rural areas. Hence, this economic source is neglected and insufficiently exploited compared to other natural fibers [8]. The tree is found in a variety of habitats, including savannas, grasslands, and forests. Borassus aetihopum thrives in hot, dry, desert conditions and can survive for long drought periods (with minimal rainfall as low as 25 mm). It can grow in nutritionally poor soils, sandy, loamy, and clayey soils. It grows where the temperature is not below 10 \({}^{\circ}\)C but can withstand temperatures as high as 45 \({}^{\circ}\)C. It has a very high potential for growth, it is renewable and sustainable if the plantation is done continuously, and the quantity is produced every season. The Borassus fruit fibers have very high tensile properties (elongation up to 42%) [6]. An investigation conducted by [PERSON] et al.