## 2 Blockchain-Based Data Storage Methods: On-Chain, Off-Chain, and Hybrid Approaches
### Practical Integration of On-Chain, Off-Chain, and Hybrid Blockchain Storage Approaches
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{56.9 pt} p{56.9 pt} p{56.9 pt} p{56.9 pt} p{56.9 pt} p{56.9 pt} p{56.9 pt}} \hline \hline
**Reference Number** & **Storage Approach** & **Application Domains** & **Technology Domains** & **Advantages** & **Disadvantages** & **Scenarios** \\ \hline [33; 102; 103] & Hybrid & Supply Chain and Logistics & Blockchain + IoT & Traceability, Automation, Secure Logistics & Implementation Complexity & Secured Supply Tracking, Food Traceability \\ \hline [43; 100] & Hybrid & Financial Data Security and Compliance & Distributed Ledger and Cryptography & Secure Transactions, Privacy & Regulatory Complexity & DeFi, Corporate Auditing \\ \hline [104; 105] & Hybrid & Public Administration, e-Government & Public Management & Self-Sovereign & Transparency, Corruption Prevention & Large-Scale Complexity & Digital Identity and Public Record Management \\ \hline [50; 93] & Hybrid & IoT and Blockchain Security & Cryptographic Authentication, Decentralized Spectrum Sharing & Trust, Secure Connectivity Sharing & Interoperability Issues & IoT and Smart Device Security \\ \hline [10; 77] & Off-chain & Decentralized Cloud Storage & IPFS & Scalable, Low Cost, Data Redundancy & Retrieval latency & P2P Cloud Storage, Enterprise Backup \\ \hline [80] & Off-chain & Decentralized Cloud Storage & P2P Storage (Sia) & Low-cost, encrypted storage & Dependence on network participants & Decentralized cloud, personal data storage \\ \hline [64; 65; 66] & On-chain & Permanent Data Storage & Blockweave (Arweave) & Immutability, Long-Term and Long-Term Data Retention & High Transaction Costs & Long-Term and Public Data Storage \\ \hline [12] & Off-chain & Blockchain-based Storage Networks & Decentralized Networks & Security, Distributed Storage & High Latency & Distributed File Storage \\ \hline [38; 106; 107] & Hybrid & Secure IoT Data Sharing & Blockchain and Privacy-Preserving Tech & Secure Access, Data Protection Costs & High Processing Costs & IoT Smart Cities and Industries \\ \hline [108] & Hybrid & Cyber Threat Data Sharing & Blockchain + Edge Computing & Security, Trust & High Secure Processing Overhead & Secure Infrastructure \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 5: Comparison of on-chain, off-chain, and hybrid data storage methods in blockchain systems: application areas, advantages, and challenges. els, particularly when combined with smart contracts, enhance privacy, scalability, and cost efficiency for managing patient records. However, integrating these systems can be technically complex [10; 16; 37; 46; 77]. To enhance IoT security, encryption-based authentication methods [50; 93] ensure trusted connections but may introduce compatibility challenges in device-to-device data transmission. Hybrid models merge blockchain-based security with decentralized file systems and traditional data storage methods, preserving high security levels while optimizing transaction costs. In the decentralized finance (DeFi) ecosystem, distributed ledger and cryptography-based financial solutions [43; 100] enhance transaction privacy but also introduce regulatory complexity. Similarly, in supply chain management, the integration of blockchain and IoT [33; 102; 103] ensures secure product tracking and logistics management. Projects such as IBM Food Trust leverage these technologies to track the origin and transportation conditions of food and pharmaceutical products. In public administration, self-sovereign identity (SSI) frameworks [104; 105] allow for decentralized digital identity management, promoting transparency and secure access control. Decentralized cloud storage solutions are emerging as an alternative to traditional storage systems. Hybrid cloud architectures that integrate IPFS and blockchain-based solutions [10; 77] balance cost efficiency and data security but may face latency challenges in data retrieval. In cybersecurity, blockchain-enabled threat intelligence sharing systems [108] provide real-time attack detection mechanisms to mitigate ransomware attacks and prevent data breaches.