## 3 Emission Reduction Measures at Ports
### Landside Industry and Support Facility
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l} \hline \hline
**Measures** & **Cases and Effect** & **References** \\ \hline
**Operational** & & \\ \hline Port self-management framework & Taichung Port; Emission reduction across port & [54] \\  & geographic locations & \\ \hline Distributed energy management & Voltage regulation via multi-agent system; Be greener and sustainable ports & [58] \\ \hline digitalFORT & Singapore; one-stop platform for port call transactions and regulatory clearance & [30] \\ \hline
**Technical** & & \\ \hline Full wall panels in office design; motion sensors; & Taichung port; Singapore; Save energy & [39; 54] \\ \hline Use of hybrid hydraulic drive systems & Singapore; Reduce fuel consumption by 20\% & [39] \\ \hline Fuel and energy & & \\ \hline Wind & Rotterdam; Kitakyushu in Japan & [35] \\ \hline Waves & Port Kembla in Australia; Mutriku in Spain & [59] \\ \hline Tide differentials & Dover in UK, Digby in Canada, Ribadeo in Spain & [63] \\ \hline Geothermal energy & Hamburg & [35] \\ \hline Solar panels/farms & Tokyo Ohi Terminal; Port of San Diego; Milford Haven & [35; 60; 62] \\ \hline Infrastructural & & \\ \hline National grid & Ensure power availability for port electricity need & [35] \\ \hline Microgrids & Port of Chennai & [61] \\ \hline
**Digitalisation** & & \\ \hline Smart grids & Milford Haven & [62; 64] \\ \hline Private wireless network & Caribbean port & www:portstrategy.com (accessed on \\  & 5 January 2024) \\ \hline Smart port & Port of Antwerp-Bruges & www:portofantwerpbruges.com (accessed on 5 January 2024) \\ \hline Maritime Data Hub & Port of Singapore & [30] \\ \hline
**Policy and collaboration** & & \\ \hline Regulation by Taiwan Environmental Protection Agency & Taichung Port; Equipment certified by Taiwan EPA and emission reduction for nonmarine industries & [54] \\ \hline Community programs; Energy policy & Ports of Long Beach; To support renewable energy and collaboration & [46] \\ \hline Port Community Systems & Many ports, e.g., Dubai, Djibouti; Port of Koper; facilitate information sharing & [65]; www:worldbank.org (accessed on 5 January 2024) \\ \hline International Association of Ports and Harbors & Global alliance of over 170 ports; facilitate sharing & www:iaphworldports.org (accessed on 5 January 2024) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 8: Categorised solution measures to reduce emissions at landslide industry. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l} \hline \hline
**Measure Category** & **References** \\ \hline Operational measures & [1,15-18,30,32–37,48–50,54,56,58]; \\  & blue:wisely:com; www.epa.gov (accessed during 10 December 2023–5 January 2024) \\ \hline Technical measures & [15,19,23,38–40,64,54]; \\  & www:ukpandi.com; www:potterlarkson.com; www:eadt.co.uk (accessed during 10 December 2023–5 January 2024) \\ \hline Fuel and energy measures & [2,21,24–29,38,24,51,96,60,62,63] \\  & maritime-executive.com; www:mutu-solutions.com; www:zerocarbonshipping.com; www:wartsila.com; www:crownoli.co.uk; \\  & www:portstrategy.com; www:forthports.co.uk; www:houtsonchronicle.com (accessed during 10 December 2023–5 January 2024) \\ \hline Infrastructural measures & [15,23,30,35,38,41,42,52,61]; \\  & www:workalis.com; www:ukpandi.com; bunkergay.co.uk; maritimefaitrtrade.org; www:forthports.co.uk (accessed during 10 December 2023–5 January 2024) \\ \hline Digitalisation measures & [15,22,30,43–45,25,53,62,64]; \\  & [[https://sinya.ai](https://sinya.ai)]([https://sinya.ai](https://sinya.ai)); www:portstrategy.com; www:portofantwerpbruges.com (accessed during 10 December 2023–5 January 2024) \\ \hline Policy and collaboration measures & [15,23,31,46,47,52,54,55,57,65]; \\  & www:imo.org; climate.ee.europa.eu; hellenischippingnews.com; www:worldbank.org;sustainableworldports.org; \\  & www:iaphworldports.org (accessed during 10 December 2023–5 January 2024) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 9: Summary of studies by solution measure categories for port decarbonisation.