## 3 The Architecture Framework for Swarm M&S Based on Swarm Ontology
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**No.** & **Methodologies/Methods** & **Key Ideas and Its Usage** & **Refs.** \\ \hline \multirow{8}{*}{8} & \multirow{8}{*}{Model-driven engineering} & Model Based Systems Engineering: The formalized application of modeling to support system requirements, design, analysis, verification, and validation activities throughout system life cycle phases. & [3; 13; 24; 25; 26] \\  & & The aim here was to introduce a top-down, hierarchical approach within an overarching ConOps to decompose into requirement, structure, behavior, and even agent algorithms. & [3; 13; 24; 25; 26] \\  & & & Formal modeling with SysML: With formal logic and within a formal method, SysML can be used to maintain consistency as a design evolvement to provide formal semantics and enable engineers to reason in the model-based development process. & \\ \multirow{8}{*}{9} & \multirow{8}{*}{Model-driven engineering} & The aim here was to apply a single formal modeling language throughout the whole process of MBSE from concept, requirements, architectures, high-level design, V&V, etc., and SysML was extended upward to ontology definition and downward to the definition of opaque behavior and equation of agents; also, the aim was to build a single source of truth to avoid the ambiguity of model semantics. & [12; 16; 27] \\ \cline{3-3}  & & Digital Twin: A virtual representation to model the states of a physical system by collecting information/data from the physical system or components through sensors, so one can experiment or predict the behavior of the physical system in a real environment. & [17; 18; 19; 20] \\ \cline{3-3}  & & The aim here was to construct a swarm digital twin model to support swarm experiments ranging from the concept of operations to integrating verification in an enhanced M&S environment. & [17; 18; 19; 20] \\ \hline \multirow{8}{*}{11} & Virtual/real hybrid simulation environment & Live–Virtual–Constructive simulation: A broadly used taxonomy for classifying M&S. A Live simulation involves humans interacting (play acting, etc.) with real systems; a Virtual simulation is a fusion of human and computer-generated experiences; and a Constructive simulation is entirely implemented in a digital computer and may have high levels of abstraction. & [8] \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{3-3}  & & The aim here was to incorporate Live–Virtual–Constructive simulations into a single M&S environment to leverage the best features of each domain-specific modeling technique to effectively present swarm emergencies and evolve operational capabilities. & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Cont. * Firstly, at the beginning of framing the problems in the complex context, the innovative ConOps of swarm and its novel capability requirements should be derived and deducted, and currently, we give full play to the integrated application advantages of Model-Driven Engineering (MDE) and Multi-Paradigm Modeling (MPM) to break through the traditional feature-based modeling function of Web Ontology Language (OWL) technology and Protege 5.6.1 software to define a swarm ontology in a conceptual model based on System Modeling Language (SysML), which is more formal and executable. The swarm ontology with a descriptive form should support hierarchical model refinement and translation. From the top-down levels of abstraction, the macro-behavior presents the model of a swarm population, the meso-behavior presents the model of a group of individuals, and the micro-behaviors present the model of an individual. The meso-model is in between the individual and population levels [21]. To achieve explicit knowledge representation and logical reasoning throughout the three levels of macro-meso-micro, it will support the linkage of transition from the swarm overall characteristics to the system design features in the way of decomposition and breakdown, and then convey and map the component specifications in the development of unmanned systems.