# Digital Transformation of Beekeeping through the Use of a Decision Making Architecture
## 3 Maturity Model Levels and Smart Beehives
### Smart Beehives Literature Classified by Maturity Model Levels  
Even though using technology in the beekeeping domain is still in its infancy, some works attempt to exploit certain technology aspects in order to improve the beekeeper practices and performance. Table 2 presents some of these works, each of them corresponding to a system that has input data and output data, and is based on special hardware, software, and algorithms. The last column of the table indicates the maturity of the system, as described in Section 3. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
\begin{tabular}{c} Vertical with \\ Real Time \\ Synchronization \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Maturity model levels adapted for smart beehives. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Authors** & **Date** & **Input Data** & **Output Data** & **Hardware** & **Software** & **MM** \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. [31] & 2018 & company age, & & & & \\  & company province, & & & & & \\  & level of education, & & & & \\  & status of membership & & & & Data Mining & \\  & of an association, other activities, hives & & & algorithms: CART, & 1 \\  & & number, race of bees, & & & CHAID, MARS & \\  & & frequency of queen & & & \\ \hline [PERSON] and & & & beehive internal data & & & \\  & & (temperature, humidity, & & \\  & & weight, noise), external & relation between data, & & \\  & [PERSON] [32] & 2018 & data (temperature, & & \\  & & humidity, CO2, & & events & \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. [33] & 2020 & temperature, weight, & colony health status: & & K nearest neighbors & \\  & & weather data, dew & good health, bad & & \\  & & point, wind direction, & health, or collapse of & & \\  & & wind speed, rainfall, & & colony health & & \\ \hline beeinformed.org [34] & 2021 & weight, number of & & & \\  & varroas, virus, nosema & & statistics & sensors & web application, open & \\ \hline Edwards-Murphy & & CO2, O2, polluting & & colony health state, & \\  & & gases, temperature, & & beehive internal & \\  & & humidity, acceleration & weather data and & & \\  & & & external weather data & (3G, ZigBee) & & \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. [36] & 2016 & temperature & critical events & temperature sensors & Complex event & \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. [37] & 2017 & & bees counting, & & solite, mongoDB, \\  & & & management of & Node.js, Express,js, & \\  & & & devices, resources and & & Angular.js, java on \\  & & & sensors, management & & android, MQTT \\  & & & of beekeeping data & & \\  & & (weather, location & & \\  & & information) & & & \\  & & & & \\  & & & & \\  & & & & \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. [38] & 2017 & weight, temperature, & & & \\  & & sound, humidity, & & automatic actions & \\  & & & & \\  & & images of colonies, & & \\  & & atmospheric pressure & & \\ \hline [PERSON] & & & alerts, suggestions of & & use of the beekXML & \\ (beeculture.com) [39] & 2018 & weight, temperature, & & & standard, continuous \\  & & images, knowledge of & (colony health, & \\  & & & production, pollination & \\  & & & & \\  & & & performance) & & \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. [40] & 2021 & stream video of bees at & & & \\  & & hive entrance & & & \\  & & & & \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. [41] & 2018 & external data: & & & \\  & temperature, humidity, & monitoring of bees & & \\  & atmospheric pressure, & behaviour, information & & \\  & luminosity. Beehive & for comprehension and & (LPWAN, 3 GPP), & \\  & internal data: humidity, & analysis of the & sensors, PyCom & \\  & & temperature, & extinction of bees, & microcontroller & \\  & & acceleration, air & & \\  & contaminants & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Literature about smart beehives analysed with the Maturity Model presented in the Table 1.  
None of the articles presented in Table 1 provide a description of the digital maturity level. Most of those articles have proposed architectures to manage the data exchange between components. However, these architectures are very technical and have a lack of global view and genericity.