esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 2 Materials and Methods  
All patients asking for cosmetic hypermelanosis treatment from the 1 st July 2019 to the 30 th December 2019 at the dermatological department of Magna Graecia University (Catanzaro, Italy) were retrospectively recruited in this study. Exclusion criteria included: hypersensitivity to light (visible and near-infrared); medication known to increase sensitivity to light; therapies with anticoagulants and/or immunosuppressive; pregnancy or nursing; personal or family history of skin cancer; sun exposure in the three weeks before treatment (for any skin type); previous hyperpigmentation removal treatment; gold-containing medication; recent exfoliation treatments, surgical treatments and past skin disorders (including keloids).  
Participants were treated with a Q-switched 1064/532 nm laser system (Pico, Deka M.E.L.A., Calenzano, Italy) capable of producing ultrashort pulses to reach selective photothermolysis of melanin with no to minimal damage to neighboring structures (Figure 1). Although variable and dependent on the region of interest, type of melanosis, and skin phototype, treatment parameters were the following: 1064 nm, up to 3 J/cm\({}^{2}\) with a pulse duration of 450 picoseconds (ps) for dermat lesions and 532 nm up to 1 J/cm\({}^{2}\) and 370 ps for epidermal lesions. Laser sessions were performed at least 30 days apart or until complete recovery of the skin. The final evaluation and follow-up visit took place three months after the last procedure; the clinical endpoint was the complete disappearance of the lesion(s). All patients agreed with the risk of the procedure and signed informed consent. The study followed the laser safety guidelines ANSI Z136.3.  
Before the first treatment and three months after the last session, physicians carried out photographic documentation. Researchers used the same camera (Nikon 5600d, Nikon Corporation, Minato City, Tokyo, Japan) and parameters, the same shooting settings, a twin flash, and the same ambient light (Figures 2-6).  
Figure 1: Figure of the Q-Switched system.  
Figure 4: Relationship between VAS score and age.  
Figure 3: (**A**) Multiple lentigo before treatment; (**B**) region three months after the last session.  
Figure 2: (**A**) Solar Lentigo before treatment; (**B**) region three months after the last session.  
Two independent clinicians assessed the photographs, providing a score on a 5-point scale (0-20% removal = 0; 20-40% removal = 1; 40-60% removal = 2; 60-80% removal = 3; 80-100% removal = 4).  
Participants filled out a Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) from 1 to 10 at the three-month follow-up to measure satisfaction.  
Statistica 14.0 (TIBCO Software, Palo Alto, California, CA, USA) software was used for data analysis (mean, standard deviations, and rate calculations).
## 5 Rain Attenuation in Slant Paths to Geostationary Satellites: The Synthetic Storm Technique
### Synthetic Storm Technique  
Satellite communication links at centimeter and millimeter wave frequencies are faded by rainfall. For a reliable link budget design, we need to know, at the very least, the annual probability distribution function \(P(A)\)'i.e., the fraction of time, in an average year, of rain attenuation \(A\) (dB) measured/predicted in the up- or down-links to a satellite. Instead of long and expensive measurements of beacon attenuation, prediction models are used for estimating \(P(A)\) from local, measured or estimated, annual probability distributions, \(P(R)\), of the 1 min rain rate\(R\). The synthetic storm technique [1] is a powerful and accurate tool, as is now recognized, that can produce all the necessary statistics of rain attenuation, not only \(P(A)\) but also fade durations and rate of change in attenuation because it provides reliable rain attenuation time series \(A(t)\) and their power spectra [16; 17]. By knowing the rain rate time series \(R(t)\) (mm/h) recorded at a site, the SST can generate rain attenuation time series \(A(t)\), with time resolution on the order of one second--at any frequency and polarization and for any slant path above about \(10^{\circ}\). Because it reproduces reliable \(A(t)\), it has been used in the last 30 years for many purposes by several researchers [18; 19; 20; 21; 22; 23; 24; 25]. In this paper, we consider only \(P(A)\); fade durations and rate of change will be studied in our future work.
# Mass Spectrometry: A Rosetta Stone to Learn How Fungi Interact and Talk
## 2 Fungi and Their Specialized Metabolites
### Terpenoids  
Although plants are well-known because of their terpenoid diversity, higher fungi (Ascomycota and Basidiomycota) also produce a large variety of terpenoids. Cyclic terpenoids in fungi are synthetized by enzymes of the terpene cyclase family [10; 30; 47]. In fungi, terpenoids can be linear and cyclic, saturated and unsaturated compounds, with skeletons of two (i.e., monoterpenes), three (i.e., sesquiterpenes), four (i.e., diterpenes) and several isoprenes (e.g., carotenoids) [10; 30; 41; 47]. In addition, specialized metabolites from other classes (e.g., polyketides, shikimic acid-derived compounds) are sometimes incorporated to terpenoids, resulting in compounds with a mixed biosynthetic origin [10; 11]. Sesquiterpenoids and diterpenoids are dominant terpenoids among fungi [10]. Terpenoids can act as attractants, repellents, toxins and pigments and they are widely used in industry as flavors, fragrances, pharmaceuticals, food additives and cosmetics.
# THz Range Low-Noise SIS Receivers for Space and Ground-Based Radio Astronomy +
## 1 Introduction
As an event horizon of a black hole is very compact, an extremely high angular resolution is required to observe details of these objects. Such a resolution will be provided by the \"Millimetron\" orbit configuration in combination with ground-based telescopes [21]; the observatory will be located in the vicinity of the Lagrange point L2, at 1.5 million km from Earth. For the Space-Earth interferometer, single sideband 211-275 GHz receivers sensitive for both side-bands (2 SB) with a noise temperature below 50 K are required. In this paper, the results of the development of a prototype of the DSB SIS waveguide receiver with suitable parameters are presented. The CHAMP+ heterodyne array [22] was installed on the APEX telescope and tested in 2006 [23]. The instrument consists of two separate sub-arrays of 7-pixels each; the pixels are placed in a hexagonal configuration. The input frequency ranges of two sub-arrays were chosen in accordance with the atmospheric transparency windows: 600-720 GHz and 790-950 GHz for low and high band, correspondingly. The low-frequency sub-array utilized state-of-the-art SIS mixers that were initially developed for the ALMA Band 9 receivers [24]. For high frequency mixers, only a preliminary design was made without performance optimization. Over the last decade, the technology of sub-THz SIS mixers has been greatly improved; a new generation of high-frequency range CHAMP+ detectors was developed. This article describes the characteristics of the optimized high-frequency CHAMP+ mixers and compares them with previous results.
## 5 Discussion
### Compliance and Pertinent Legislation
#### 5.1.2 Data Breach Notification Acts  
In addition to those standards, all 50 States have established laws mandating private enterprises to inform individuals regarding security breaches that compromise personally identifiable information [56]. The majority of them also include government entities in the commitment.  
However, some of those laws were not in effect during the time frame observed in the dataset. For instance, Alabama's Breach Notification Act, the most recent State law, was enacted in 2018. Similarly, South Dakota (2018) and New Mexico (2017) introduced their respective laws after the temporal scope of the dataset. Thus, their areas are depicted in gray in Figure 13, which displays the chronological order of the start of the effect of breach notification laws.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Act/Standard** & **Applicable to** & **\# (\%) Dataset Figure 10** \\ \hline SOX & Publicly traded companies & 506 (100\%) \\ GLBA & Financial & 131 (25.89\%) \\ Telecom. act & Communication & 35 (6.92\%) \\ PCI-DSS & Credit card data & 25 (4.94\%) \\ HIPAA & Healthcare & 18 (3.56\%) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 5: Data protection standards and their applicability to the breaches in the dataset by type of data.  
In this Figure, the pie charts denote the number of breach incidents that occurred before (black) and after (green) the commencement of the law's effect. States without a pie chart either experienced no breaches or had not enacted notification laws within the dataset's time frame. California was the inaugural U.S. State to have a breach notification Act in effect, from 1 July 2003.  
The work of [PERSON] [57] offers a comprehensive breakdown of the specifics of each State Act. It details critical aspects such as their definitions of data breaches and personal information, the timing and structure of breach notifications, their applicability, and other vital provisions that form the foundation of these State-level data breach notification laws.
# Secrecy Rate of Resource-Constrained Mobile Relay Model under Two-Way Wiretap Channel
## 2 Materials and Methods
### System Model
#### 2.1.2 Uplink Signal Model  
For uplink transmission, Alice transmits vector \(\mathbf{x}_{m}\in\mathbb{C}^{L_{m}\times 1}\) to relay with transmit power \(q_{m}=\frac{1}{T_{m}}\mathbb{E}[||\mathbf{x}_{m}||^{2}]\), where \(L_{m}\) is the number of symbols and \(t_{m}\) is the transmission time assigned to the mobile relay at the stopping point \(m\). Then, the received signal \(\mathbf{Y}_{m}\in\mathbb{C}^{N\times I_{m}}\) at relay is given by \(\mathbf{Y}_{m}=\mathbf{h}_{m}\mathbf{x}_{m}^{T}+\mathbf{N}_{m}\), where \(\mathbf{h}_{m}\in\mathbb{C}^{N\times 1}\) denotes the uplink channel vector of Alice-to-relay, and \(\mathbf{N}_{m}\in\mathbb{C}^{N\times L_{m}}\) is the Gaussian noise with \(\mathbb{E}[vec(\mathbf{N}_{m})vec(\mathbf{N}_{m})^{H}]=\sigma_{r}^{2}\mathbf{ I}_{NL_{m}}\). Given perfect channel state information (CSI) at the receiver, and applying a receive beamformer \(\mathbf{w}_{m}^{H}\) (with \(||\mathbf{w}_{m}||=1,\mathbf{w}_{m}=\frac{\mathbf{h}_{m}}{||\mathbf{h}_{m}||}\)) to \(\mathbf{Y}_{m}\), the uplink signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of Alice-to-relay at the relay is \(q_{m}|\mathbf{w}_{m}^{H}\mathbf{h}_{m}|^{2}/\sigma_{r}^{2}=q_{m}||\mathbf{h}_{m }||^{2}/\sigma_{r}^{2}\). On the other hand, as the computational capability of the eavesdropper is not known, we focus on the worst case scenario for facilitating secrecy supply. In particular, we assume that the eavesdropper is equipped with a noise-free receiver and able to remove other interference. In this case, the received signal \(\mathbf{y}_{e}^{UP}\in\mathbb{C}^{1\times L_{m}}\) at Eve is given by \(\mathbf{y}_{e}^{UP}=h_{e}\mathbf{x}_{m}^{T}+\mathbf{n}_{e}\), where \(h_{e}\in\mathbb{C}^{1\times 1}\) denotes the uplink wiretap channel scalar of Alice-to-Eve, and \(\mathbf{n}_{e}\in\mathbb{C}^{1\times L_{m}}\) is the Gaussian noise with \(\mathbb{E}[\mathbf{n}_{e}\mathbf{n}_{e})^{H}]=\sigma_{e}^{2}\mathbf{I}_{L_{m}}\). Applying a receive beamformer \(w_{e}\) (with \(w_{e}=\frac{h_{e}}{|h_{e}|}\)) to \(\mathbf{y}_{e}^{UP}\), the uplink wiretap SNR of Alice-to-Eve at Eve is \(q_{m}|w_{e}^{H}h_{e}|^{2}/\sigma_{e}^{2}=q_{m}|h_{e}|^{2}/\sigma_{e}^{2}\). Therefore, the uplink achievable secrecy rate \(R_{m}^{UP-Sec}\) at the \(m\)th stopping point from Alice to relay is given by  
\[R_{m}^{UP-Sec}=\Big{[}\log_{2}(1+\frac{q_{m}||\mathbf{h}_{m}||^{2}}{\sigma_{r} ^{2}})-\log_{2}(1+\frac{q_{m}|h_{e}|^{2}}{\sigma_{e}^{2}})\Big{]}^{+} \tag{5}\]
## Materials and Methods
### Fabrication of a Prototype of a STEG Flat Panel System with Buried Heat Sink  
Since the evaluation of the energy harvesting potential using the calculations of temperature differences cannot provide an exact value of the energy that can be harvested, a complete prototype of the harvesting system was also fabricated. It includes a DC-DC converter based on a LTC3109, a bipolar version of the LTC3108, because our system can harvest from both positive and negative voltages in the TEG.  
To optimize the performance of the heat transfer between the STEG and the buried heat sink, [PERSON] et al. [16] proposed the use of a heat pipe, but in our project we used an aluminium bar, and placed the TEG between the aluminium bar and the buried heat sink. A photograph of the prototype, with the insulation foam already applied around the aluminium bar, is shown in Figure 6. It is important to observe that in the work of [16] it is shown that the size and the shape of the heat sink is very important for the efficiency of the system with a heat sink buried in the soil, and concludes that a heat sink with a Starfish shape presents the best performance.  
Figure 4: Measured values of temperature in the seven thermistors, left at room temperature.  
Figure 5: Photographs of the soil temperature profile measurement systems installed in Campinas and Mataró.  
The system is controlled by the same microcontroller used in the soil temperature profile data-logger (MSP430F2122). We used the energy generated by the DC-DC converter to charge a supercapacitor \(C_{store}\), and the energy stored in this supercapacitor was considered as the total energy effectively harvested. The actual amount of solar energy converted to electric is much greater than the energy stored in the supercapacitor, because the state-of-the-art conversion with very low voltage DC-DC converters based on the LTC 3108/9 present low efficiency, usually less than 20%.  
The voltage at this capacitor is measured every 12 min, to verify if it has reached the maximum voltage that it is allowed to charge (4.5 V). When this voltage is reached, an internal comparator turns on a transistor and discharges it quickly, to avoid errors in the calculation of the energy stored [17]. Each cycle of charge-discharge of \(C_{store}\) is added to a counter in the microcontroller, and this value (the number of cycles) is shown in a LED display.  
The energy harvested during these \(N\) cycles is calculated by:  
\[E=N\left(\frac{1}{2}C_{store}\left(\ref{eq:C_{store}}\right)^{2}\right)+E_{ last} \tag{2}\]  
The value of \(E_{last}\) is obtained as follows: when the test is complete, the value of the voltage in \(C_{store}\) (which was not enough to complete one charge-discharge cycle) is measured manually, with a voltmeter.
# Automatic Decentralized Vibration Control System Based on Collaborative Stand-Alone Smart Dampers
## 3 Coordinated Control Strategy
### Modified Efficient Modal Control
#### 3.2.1 Modal Displacement Weight  
The modal displacement (or vibration amplitude) weight \(w_{Y,i,j}\) has already been used in [13] and it is defined as the ratio between the vibration amplitude \(Y_{i,j}\) and the maximum vibration amplitude \(Y_{max}\):  
\[w_{Y_{i,j}}=\frac{Y_{i,j}}{Y_{max}} \tag{9}\]  
where \(Y_{i,j}\) is the displacement amplitude observed by the \(j\)-th actuator for the \(i\)-th mode and \(Y_{max}=\max(Y_{i,j})\). These vibration amplitudes can be evaluated at the vibration state analysis stage, when the FFT of the uncontrolled system is computed. Notice that the PCB measures the acceleration of the structure, thus the information obtained by the FFT is the acceleration amplitude \(\hat{Y}_{i,j}\). Hence, being \(\hat{Y}_{i,j}=Y_{i,j}\omega_{i}^{2}\), the definition of the vibration amplitude weight as to be changed into:  
\[w_{Y_{i,j}}=\frac{\hat{Y}_{i,j}}{\hat{Y}_{max}}\cdot\frac{\omega_{Y_{max}}^{2} }{\omega_{i}^{2}} \tag{10}\]  
where \(\hat{Y}_{max}=\max(\frac{\hat{Y}_{i,j}}{\omega_{i}^{2}})\) and \(\omega_{Y_{max}}\) is the natural frequency of the mode with the maximum amplitude displacement. Notice that this weight tends to be higher for the low frequency modes. Indeed, usually, the displacements are related to such modes.
###### Abstract  
Rotational Risley prisms are one of the fastest two-dimensional (2D) optomechanical scanning systems. Their drawback is the strong non-linearity of the scan patterns they produce, in contrast to the most common (but slower) raster scanning modalities of 2D dual axis galvanometer scanners (GSs) or Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS) with oscillatory mirrors. The aim of this work is to develop a graphical method, which, to our knowledge, we have introduced to determine and characterize, using a commercially-available mechanical design program (for example CATIA V5R20 (Dassault Systems, Paris, France)) to simulate the exact scan patterns of rotational Risley prisms. Both the maximum and minimum angular and linear deviations of this type of scanner are deduced theoretically to characterize the outer diameter/Field-of-View (FOV) and the inner diameter (of the blind zone) of its ring-shaped patterns, respectively. This multi-parameter analysis is performed in correlation with the shape of the scan patterns, considering the four possible configurations of laser scanners with a pair of rotational Risley prisms, as well as all their parameters: prisms angles, refractive indexes, rotational speeds, distance between the two prisms, and the distance from the system to the scanned plane. Marshall's synthetic parameters are also considered, i.e., the ratios of the rotational velocities and of the angles of the prisms. Rules-of-thumb for designing this optomechanical scanner are extracted from this analysis, regarding both shapes and dimensions of the scan patterns to be produced. An example of experimental validation completes the mathematical analysis and the performed simulations.  
optomechanical scanners; Risley prisms; rotational wedges; scan patterns; mechanical design program; simulations; angular deviations; linear displacements; multi-parameter analysis Article
## 3 Materials and Methods
### ML Classification Algorithms
#### 3.3.2 Support Vector Machines  
SVMs are effective for classification tasks. They employ kernels that turn the input data space into a higher-dimensional space. This classification approach is widely used due to its strong theoretical foundations, ability to generalize well, and adaptability to various datasets and applications. The SVMs' effectiveness in both theory and practice has led to their broad use in the ML community [22].  
In this study, we employ SVM with the Gaussian radial basis function (RBF) kernel, where the multi-class SVM (i.e., composed of multiple binary classifiers) is based on the directed acyclic graph SVM (DAG-SVM), as proposed in [23] and implemented in [24]. The RBF kernel generates nonlinear boundaries, or SVM hyperplane, between the two classes of each combination. The DAG-SVM predicts beams using only two features (location coordinate tuples in this case) and employs the one-versus-one framework to transform many two-class classifiers into a multi-class classifier for the multi-beam/multi-label prediction challenge. For an \(M\)-class problem, the DAG-SVM contains \(M(M-1)/2\) classifiers, one for each pair of classes.  
Figure 6: Received powers against beam indices for different for \(M\in\{32,16,8\}\) downsampling.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Langmuir Isothermal Adsorption Analysis  
The effect of ozone pretreatment on the maximum adsorption, Langmuir constant, and binding strength between lignin and cellulase was determined by Langmuir adsorption isotherms. The adsorption capacity (\(\Gamma_{\text{max}}\)) and Langmuir constant (K) of OL 60 were observed to decrease by 51.18% and 8.95%, respectively, following ozone pretreatment. Similarly, the maximum adsorption capacity and Langmuir constant of OL120 were found to decrease by 60.85% and 27.06%, respectively (Table 7). This phenomenon can be attributed to the significant reduction in hydrophobicity of MWL after ozone pretreatment, which weakens the hydrophobic adsorption between cellulase and lignin. Moreover, the MWL surface has a high negative charge, which enhances the electrostatic repulsion because and lignin. Furthermore, the application of ozone pretreatment induces a conspicuous reduction in the phenolic hydroxyl content of MWL. Consequently, this reduction led to a decrease in the quantity of cellulase binding sites present on the surface of the MWL, ultimately diminishing their adsorption affinity [47] and resulting in a decline in the hydrogen bonds formed between cellulase and lignin. Ultimately, this cascade of events ultimately culminated in a substantial decrease in the maximum adsorption capacity (\(\Gamma_{\text{max}}\)). As a result of these two significant reductions (\(\Gamma_{\text{max}}\) and K), the binding strength (R) decreased from 357.14 mL/g to 158.73 mL/g for OL 60 and 102.04 mL/g for OL120, respectively. Consequently, it can be inferred that the structural alterations caused by ozone pretreatment lead to a decrease in non-productive binding interactions between lignin and cellulase.
# Experimental Study on Anti-Icing Performance of NS-DBD Plasma Actuator
## 3 Experimental Results
### Anti-Icing Performance
In addition, it has also been revealed that the plasma treatment can be used for the surface modification of materials [41]. [PERSON] et al. [42] founded that the surface wettability of polypropylene fibers was significantly changed through plasma treatment. Here, NS-DBD can modify the physical and chemical features of dielectric material, which may also affect the icing process when supercooled water droplets impinge upon it [43].
# MASA: Multi-Application Scheduling Algorithm for Heterogeneous Resource Platform
## 6 Conclusions  
This paper proposes a neural scheduling algorithm, called MASA, to address the heterogeneous resource-scheduling problem in dynamic environments, and the attention mechanism is adopted to represent complex relations between job DAGs. To train networks fast and stable in a dynamic environment, this paper proposes the RDA, early termination of initial episodes, and asynchronous multi-agent joint training methods. Experimental results demonstrate that the MASA algorithm proposed in this paper outperforms both neural scheduler algorithms and heuristic algorithms in task configurations under hypothetical and real applications. Additionally, ablation experiments confirm the effectiveness of the RDA algorithm and the asynchronous multi-agent training strategy proposed in this paper in enhancing the ability of the network to be trained in dynamic environments. In the current simulation environment, in order to enhance the high fidelity of the heterogeneous scheduling algorithms, we have included the inter-PE communication overhead into the application execution time overhead. However, considering that the communication bandwidth resources between processing elements are relatively abundant compared to the volume of intertask data transmission, we have not scrutinized the magnitude of the communication transmission overhead on the total execution time in our current work, and we will further explore this issue.  
Future work will further explore the application of MASA algorithms in large-scale task scheduling and test their reliability in more radio signal processing. It is also crucial to verify whether the scheduling algorithms proposed in this paper have high fidelity and high reliability.  
Methods and data collation, formal analysis and validation and writing (original manuscript preparation), Q.P.; writing (review and editing), funding acquisition and conceptualization, S.W. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research received no external funding.  
Data Availability StatementData is unavailable due to privacy.  
Figure 11: Analyzing the effectiveness of asynchronous multi-agent under different application scales: (**a**) scale = 20; (**b**) scale = 40; (**c**) scale = 60; (**d**) scale = 80; (**e**) scale = 100.