Effect of Different Forms of Human Plateletel Lysate on the Proliferation and Phenotype of Human Osteoblasts  
[PERSON]  
1 Department of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine (DTERM), Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangangan Malaysia, Cheras, Katala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (M.R.K. );  
[EMAIL_ADDRESS] (B.Z.B. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (N.R.M. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (Y.L.W. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (M.N.F.H. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (B.M.) [PERSON]  
2 Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangan Malaysia,  
Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] 2  
[PERSON]  
1 Department of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine (DTERM), Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangangan Malaysia, Cheras, Katala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (M.R.K. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (B.Z.B. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (N.R.M. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (Y.L.W. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (M.N.F.H. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (B.M.) [PERSON]  
1 Department of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine (DTERM), Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangan Malaysia,  
Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (M.R.K. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (B.Z.B. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (N.R.M. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (Y.L.W. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (M.N.F.H. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS]  
balance. Human osteoblasts are specialized bone-forming cells that play an important role in bone growth, maintenance, and repair by synthesizing and mineralizing bone tissue. In a process known as bone remodeling, osteoblasts collaborate with other bone cells such as osteoclasts (which break down bone tissue) and osteocytes (mature bone cells embedded in the bone matrix) to maintain bone homeostasis [1]. Osteoblasts emerge from mesenchymal stem cells, demonstrating the remarkable plasticity of cellular development. Under the influence of specific molecular signals, these precursor cells undergo a process of differentiation, transforming into functional osteoblasts. This differentiation journey marks the beginning of their pivotal role in bone biology [2]. Fetal bovine serum (FBS) is a natural medium supplement used in cell culture, containing a large amount of nutrients, growth factors, hormones, and proteins that are necessary for cell growth, and is often used for in vitro cultures of mammalian cells [3]. According to a recent study, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) is a potential component of FBS affecting mineralization [4]. In bone, ALP is expressed by osteoblasts. This enzyme does an important job by breaking down certain molecules, leading to an increase in a substance called inorganic phosphate (Pi). Pi, along with calcium ions, is thought to accumulate inside matrix vesicles to form amorphous calcium phosphate or hydroxyapatite crystals, which are believed to be the initial stage of extracellular matrix mineralization during bone formation. However, the use of FBS raises ethical concerns and animal welfare issues, primarily due to the risk of animal pathogen transmission and the possibility of animal protein contamination [5]. For these reasons, significant efforts have been targeted at finding a substitute, such as human serum or human platelet lysate (HPL) [6]. Human platelet lysate (HPL) is a valuable cell culture medium supplement for many cell types [7; 8; 9]. HPL allows cells to grow without the need for animal serum. It shortens the cell production time, thereby reducing overall production cost, and also facilitates the rapid development of cell-based treatments. This method is ethical and efficient, enabling the production of cell therapies in a human-friendly way within a reasonable time. HPL can be prepared from both fresh platelet concentrates and whole blood [10]. The process involves collecting platelets from donated human blood and then breaking them down to release growth factors and other bioactive molecules. Nonetheless, securing an adequate supply of blood donors for HPL production is challenging due to the high demand on blood banks. Platelet concentrate is a blood product available in every hospital's blood bank.