# Internet of Things and Long-Range-Based Smart Lampposts for Illuminating Smart Cities
## 3 Proposed Smart Lamppost Architecture  
The advancements in sensor and wireless communication technology have encouraged us to build a hybrid system that is able to provide the multiple features with less space. Here, the smart lamppost is a hybrid system, where a single lamppost is integrating with multiple features that are required for implementing a smarter infrastructure in smart cities. Smart lampposts are the integration of distinct unique features that are embedded in it for providing smart and efficient features to the citizen of urban cities. In this study, we are proposing and implementing a smart lamppost that provides features such as smart lighting, digital signage, environmental sensing, push to talk system, charging port infrastructure, Wi-Fi mobile and mesh, image sensing pedestrian counting, parking monitoring and public security, and digital street signs. The proposed architecture is illustrated in Figure 3 where it is integrating with fog computing and edge computing for reducing the latency in between the smart lamppost and IoT server. The architecture is the amalgamation of multiple wireless communication protocols for establishing reliable and secure connectivity between a smart lamppost and IoT servers. As mentioned before regarding the applications that exist in the smart lamppost, it can monitor environmental parameters such as air quality and noise. Smart lighting feature in the lamppost enables us to illuminate the light according to the light intensity that is around the lamppost. Digital signage provides details such as weather data, digital images, information, video, and streaming media. Additionally, it is also utilized for outdoor adverting, marketing, and wayfinding. Image sensing is for sensing the visuals of surroundings to estimate possible security concerns, and to count the number of vehicles and passengers passing across the smart lamppost through a camera. Push to talk systems provide an opportunity for asking queries related to the route of a restaurant, petrol station, hospital, etc. Here, we need to push the button available on the smart lamppost. Charging port infrastructure is a feature that enables citizens to power the electric charging to their vehicles. Solar panel-based power infrastructure is also available in the smart lamppost, so it powers the controller board of the lamppost. The Wi-Fi hotspot feature is present in the smart lamppost, where it delivers free Internet access to the citizens passing across the lamppost. A digital street sign is embedded in the lamppost as a traffic signal. Bio-diversity is included in the smart lamppost for encouraging the building of artificial nests for the sustainability of birds during extreme conditions. The architecture of the smart lamppost also illustrates the mechanism of integration of the smart lamppost with IoT servers via edge nodes and fog nodes. Here, sensor input to the multiplexer is embedded with a computing unit, where it enables us to transmit data related to lamppost to the IoT server via LoRa based gateway. LoRa communication acts as a transceiver in the LoRa-based gateway and the Wi-Fi module available in the gateway logs the data related to a lamppost on the IoT server. Edge nodes in the architecture assist the smart lamppost in detecting the security issues nearby the lamppost in a short interval of time. Edge/fog nodes are generally installed near the lamppost because they can perform analytics on the images receiving from the image sensing. As the mobile application is integrating with the IoT server, the smart lamppost is monitored in real-time. Preprocessing, cleaning, and analytics are done at the IoT server. Figure 4 illustrates the technological architecture that provides the hardware working of distinct features availing in the smart lamppost. In the feature of charging port infrastructure, the electricity is providing in two distinct forms namely alternating current (AC) and direct current (DC).