# Body Composition in Karate: A Dual-Energy X-ray Absortiometry Study
## 3 Results
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Variable**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Males (n = 43)**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Females (n = 15)**} & \multirow{2}{*}{\(t\)**-Value**} & \multirow{2}{*}{\(p\)**-Value**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**ES**} \\ \hline  & Mean & SD & Mean & SD & & \\ \hline TBLH BMAD (g/cm\({}^{3}\)) & 0.0988 & 0.0049 & 0.0974 & 0.0058 & 0.930 & 0.356 & 0.261 \\ \hline Left arm BMAD (g/cm\({}^{3}\)) & 0.655 & 0.042 & 0.654 & 0.050 & 0.059 & 0.953 & 0.022 \\ \hline Right arm BMAD (g/cm\({}^{3}\)) & 0.652 & 0.038 & 0.651 & 0.053 & 0.044 & 0.965 & 0.022 \\ \hline Thoracic spine BMAD (g/cm\({}^{3}\)) & 1.380 & 0.201 & 1.369 & 0.152 & 0.201 & 0.842 & 0.062 \\ \hline Lumbar spine BMAD (g/cm\({}^{3}\)) & 3.693 & 0.539 & 3.909 & 0.345 & 1.450 & 0.082 & 0.478 \\ \hline Pelvis BMAD (g/cm\({}^{3}\)) & 0.866 & 0.097 & 0.877 & 0.122 & 0.354 & 0.725 & 0.010 \\ \hline Left leg BMAD (g/cm\({}^{3}\)) & 0.599 & 0.036 & 0.589 & 0.044 & 0.936 & 0.353 & 0.247 \\ \hline Right leg BMAD (g/cm\({}^{3}\)) & 0.605 & 0.036 & 0.577 & 0.047 & 2.318 & 0.024 & 0.667 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} ES, effect size; TBLH, total body less head.  
\end{table} 
Table 4: Bone mineral apparent density (BMAD; g/cm\({}^{3}\)) in male and female karatekas. Mean \(\pm\) standard deviation (SD). Student’s \(t\)-test. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Variable**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Males (n = 43)**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Females (n = 15)**} & \multirow{2}{*}{\(t\)**-Value**} & \multirow{2}{*}{\(p\)**-Value**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**ES**} \\ \hline Right arm FMI (kg/m\({}^{2}\)) & 0.18 & 0.07 & 0.24 & 0.09 & 2.875 & 0.006 & 0.747 \\ \hline Right arm FFMI (kg/m\({}^{2}\)) & 1.34 & 0.15 & 0.89 & 0.16 & 9.632 & \textless{}0.001 & 2.874 \\ \hline Trunk FMI (kg/m\({}^{2}\)) & 1.56 & 0.53 & 1.82 & 0.50 & 1.627 & 0.109 & 0.504 \\ \hline Trunk FFMI (kg/m\({}^{2}\)) & 9.15 & 0.73 & 7.69 & 0.80 & 6.541 & \textless{}0.001 & 2.039 \\ \hline Left leg FMI (kg/m\({}^{2}\)) & 0.70 & 0.26 & 1.11 & 0.38 & 3.889 & 0.001 & 1.260 \\ \hline Left leg FFMI (kg/m\({}^{2}\)) & 3.33 & 0.30 & 2.69 & 0.33 & 6.954 & \textless{}0.001 & 2.027 \\ \hline Right leg FMI (kg/m\({}^{2}\)) & 0.70 & 0.27 & 1.13 & 0.38 & 4.691 & \textless{}0.001 & 1.288 \\ \hline Right leg FFMI (kg/m\({}^{2}\)) & 3.40 & 0.31 & 2.75 & 0.34 & 6.651 & \textless{}0.001 & 1.974 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} ES, effect size; FMI, fat mass index; FFMI, fat-free mass index; TBLH, total body less head.  
\end{table} 
Table 3: _Cont._ \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Variable**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Quartile**} \\ \hline  & 25 & 50 & 75 \\ \hline Body mass (kg) & 65.5 & 73.2 & 79.0 \\ \hline Stature (cm) & 169.4 & 175.5 & 179.9 \\ \hline BMI (kg/m\({}^{2}\)) & 22.28 & 23.56 & 25.23 \\ \hline WB bone area (cm\({}^{2}\)) & 2155.7 & 2259.2 & 2386.0 \\ \hline WB BMC (g) & 2646.6 & 2793.3 & 3010.2 \\ \hline WB aBMD (g/cm\({}^{2}\)) & 1.200 & 1.255 & 1.3024 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 5: Quartile (25 th, 50 th, 75 th) values for the body composition of male karatekas. The data on body composition symmetry in the male and female karatekas are reported in Table 6. While a number of statistically significant differences were present, they showed a trivial (<0.2) or small to moderate effect size.