# A Blockchain Solution for Remote Sensing Data Management Model
## 1 Introduction
It uses a peer-to-peer network, consensus mechanism, smart contact, cryptography, and other technologies to avoid the traditional centralized system that is highly dependent on the central authority, and has a high trust cost, poor reliability, and low-security credibility problems. The application of blockchain technology has been extended to digital finance, the internet of things, intelligent manufacturing, supply chain management, medical care, people's livelihood, and other fields, and offers a good strategy to solve data security, data sharing, and data rights confirmation. At present, blockchain technology has been applied to many fields. As remote sensing applications have become indispensable support for many industries in the world, a trusted remote sensing information service has become a new user demand in a considerable number of countries around the world. Blockchain technology also provides feasible solutions for remote sensing information services. The decentralized, traceable, and unchangeable characteristics of a blockchain can efficiently solve the problems existing in traditional remote sensing data information services, such as a single point of failure, unauthorized tampering, data leakage, data traceability, and so on. At present, the Open Geospatial Consortium [6], the European Space Agency [7], and NASA [8] have all started to introduce blockchain technology into the study of geospatial data. Some domestic institutions and enterprises have also started to develop blockchain platforms for remote sensing data, such as Spatial Information Industry Blockchain Alliance, Beidou Aerospace Group and Digital China Research Institute, Oracle and Yungeng Agriculture, and Internet of Things Industry Research Institute of Zhejiang University. [PERSON] et al. [9] proposed a blockchain-based system to share and retrieve data without the need for a central authority, which can provide trusted data for remote sensing applications and guarantee the data integrity. [PERSON], [PERSON] and [PERSON] et al. conducted a literature review on the use of blockchain technology for geographic spatial data sharing and crowdsourcing activitiesin reference [10]. Two Geospatial blockchain infrastructures have been fully developed, conceptually (FOAM [11] and D-GIS [12]). Through the benchmarking of projects such as FOAM, D-GIS, and other promising solutions developed in the field, the research findings contribute to the current studies and lay the foundation for future decentralized data sharing infrastructure for geographic spatial data, prioritizing immutability, anonymity, consistency, and consensus-based systems. In reference [13], a comprehensive review of the literature regarding the application of blockchain technology to geographic spatial data was conducted, particularly focusing on the aspect of protecting the privacy and integrity of geographic spatial data. In conclusion, the research on applying blockchain technology to geographic spatial data has gained increasing attention, but remains relatively limited. [PERSON] et al. [14] generated a blockchain-based land registry system for Turkey. At present, blockchain technology is still in the development stage, and its application in many fields has not been fully verified. Its performance, operation and maintenance cost, functional integrity, and many other aspects need to be improved. The application of blockchain technology in the field of geosciences is in the preliminary exploration stage. At present, there has been preliminary theoretical exploration and application research in such fields as map data sharing [11], water resource management [15], air pollution index measurement [16], cadastral data management and updates [17], and property rights protection in geological resources [18]. Although these studies have investigated data recording, real-time tracking, product traceability, and other aspects of the experiment, there are still many problems that remain unresolved. These features put forward new requirements for blockchains.