# Expected Impacts of the Massive Increase in Electric Vehicles in Slovakia
## 3 Impact of the Increase in Electromobility on Ecology
### The CO\({}_{2}\) Emissions  
Transport is responsible for 30% of all carbon dioxide emissions in the EU, with road transport accounting up to 72%. The EU has therefore set the target of reducing CO\({}_{2}\) emissions from transport by 60% by 2050 (compared to 1990 levels). This is a very ambitious plan, especially given that, while CO\({}_{2}\) production is falling in other sectors, emissions in transport are rising with increasing mobility. The trend of developing higher fuel efficiency of new cars has also stopped. After a permanent decrease in the emissions produced by newly manufactured cars, new cars were measured for higher CO\({}_{2}\) emissions in 2017--on average 0.4 g per kilometer more compared to vehicles manufactured in 2016. The European Union is therefore introducing new targets for reducing carbon dioxide emissions. Emission limits should fall by 37.5% for new passenger cars and by 31% for vans by 2030. On 18 April, 2019 members of the European Parliament (MEPs) also approved a proposal to reduce CO\({}_{2}\) emissions from new trucks--by 2030 they should fall by 30% compared to 2019 [14]. In terms of emissions of new vehicles, compared to other countries of the EU, Slovakia has nothing to boast about. In 2019, Slovakia occupied the second-worst place. Average CO\({}_{2}\) emissions for new cars have risen to 133.4 g/km this year, while the EU average is 121.8 g/km [14]. At first glance, this is a small difference, but it is abysmal because the rest of the EU is fleeing to lower emissions. The lower share of diesel vehicles in Slovakia was also contributed to higher emissions by 25% compared to 32% in the European Union. While in 2018 they still had a share of 30.1% in registrations, last year their share decreased to 25.1%. Petrol, which has lower emissions of nitrogen oxides (NO\({}_{x}\)) but produces more CO\({}_{2}\) due to lower efficiency, was more successful. Their share increased from 66.49% to 69.9%. Of the alternative drives, only hybrids have succeeded with only 4.24%. BEVs, even though they were a big topic last year due to state subsidies for their purchase, they occupied only 0.16% of the market. According to an EU regulation, a car manufacturer after 2021 must produce only 95 g of carbon dioxide emissions per kilometer, otherwise, the car manufacturers will be forced to pay a corresponding fine. By 2030, car manufacturers should be offering at least 35% BEVs and PHEVs. Electromobility is therefore one way of reducing ever-increasing emissions. [14] In order to calculate an EV's impact on the environment, it is necessary to consider the energy mix that is characteristic of the country. Emissions from the manufacture and disposal of a vehicle are higher for an EV than for an internal combustion EV (ICEV) [15] (Figure 5). If energy were produced only in coal-fired power plants, the emissions associated with fuel production would far outweigh internal combustion engines, in which case electromobility would be meaningless. In contrast, the energy obtained mainly from renewable sources is taken as the most ecological way that countries, not only in Europe, should apply. In particular, Asian countries such as India, China and Indonesia are facing this problem because much of their energy production comes from coal-fired power plants, which is why carbon dioxide emissions are highest in these countries. By contrast, France or Sweden, which use mainly nuclear sources, where electricity is mainly produced from renewable sources, has a satisfactory level of emissions from EVs. A more detailed description of the emission load for each country is shown in Table 2[16]. Figure 5: The range of life cycle CO\({}_{2}\) emissions of different types of fuels [15]. To calculate CO2 emissions in the Slovak Republic, it is first necessary to take into account the energy mix of the country (Table 3). More than half of the electricity supplied (55%) comes from nuclear power, about a quarter (26.9%) from fossil fuels and less than a fifth (18%) from renewable energy sources (RES).