esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 MPPT Control Algorithms  
The MPPT is a technique typically used to enable certain electric equipment to generate electricity from renewable energy sources, such as solar PV panels or wind turbines. This control technique is used to maximize the generated power for the local environmental conditions. The MPP is the \"knee\" of the curve in the case of a I-V curve, or the maximum power point in a P-V curve. As can be seen in Figure 9, the MPP has different values depending on the environmental conditions.  
As can be seen in the figures above, a higher solar irradiation increases the power obtained at MPP, while lower temperatures also increase the power obtained at this point. Taking this into account, when analysing again the Figure 3 of Section 2, it is expected that the biggest value of the generated power at MPP will be obtained in the last 2 s, due to the fact that in this interval the solar irradiation is the highest and the ambient temperature is the lowest out of all the simulated values.  
Figure 8: Experimental flowchart for the controller design.  
The most commonly used algorithms to achieve the MPP are the P&O and the Incremental Conductance, although there are other alternatives making use of a PID (proportional, integrative and derivative) or a PI (proportional and integrative), or other derivatives of the PID controller, but since they are programmed to achieve only a specific value regardless of the environment conditions, they won't attempt to achieve the MPP for changing environment conditions [35], except if supported by AI based MPPT methods [23]. There are also AI based alternatives such as fuzzy logic and artificial neural networks, that can achieve even better results both on their own, or coupled with the traditional MPPT algorithms [23]. Both the more traditional P&O approach and the AI enhanced approach using fuzzy logic, will be explained in more detail in the following subsections.
# Smart Factory Web--A Blueprint Architecture for Open Marketplaces for Industrial Production
## 7 Validation in International Smart Factory Markets  
### Negotiation Automation Platform in Japan  
NEC Corporation is developing the Negotiation Automation Platform (NAP). The NAP enables flexible automated negotiation of detailed trading conditions and business counterparts matching across manufacturing supply chains by employing new AI-based negotiation technologies. Automatic negotiation on conditions of trading products is beneficial for both buyers and sellers. It enables buyers to satisfy their needs through flexibly expressing their procurement requirements, and enables sellers to expand opportunities for orders and profits by making full use of assets. Additionally, automatic negotiation enables on-demand shared transport services which help factories:  
* To adapt their transport systems to the current business situation, respectively;
* To reduce logistics costs;
* To avoid redundant traffic and reduce the total traffic amount in society.  
NAP and its integration with the SFW was proposed and accepted as an IIC testbed. NAP utilizes the services of the SFW platform to find negotiation counterparts. NAP users search for smart factories with specified capabilities on SFW. Once the users have achieved agreement of business conditions with the counterparts through NAP, then, they can share operational information during manufacturing execution by further SFW platform services. NAP and SFW complement each other in connected and self-orchestrated supply chains.
# Deep Contrastive Learning-Based Model for ECG Biometrics
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Dataset
#### 2.1.1 Dataset Description  
The ECG signals in the Heartprint dataset are collected using ReadMyHeart ECG device by DailyCare BioMedical, Inc., Zhongli City, Taiwan ([[https://the-gadgeteer.com/2007/08/27/dailycare_readmyheart_100/](https://the-gadgeteer.com/2007/08/27/dailycare_readmyheart_100/)]([https://the-gadgeteer.com/2007/08/27/dailycare_readmyheart_100/](https://the-gadgeteer.com/2007/08/27/dailycare_readmyheart_100/)) accessed on 30 November 2022), as shown in Figure 1. A 15 s ECG signal is captured at a sampling rate of 250 Hz via two electrodes touched to the thumbs of both hands. A dataset is built by gathering 1539 ECG records captured from 199 subjects collected in multiple sessions with an average interval of 47 days as shown in Table 2.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Study (Year)** & **Method** & **Dataset** & **Performance** \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{[PERSON] et al. [4] (2021)} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{ECG-ID} \\  & Deep learning & MIT-BIH Arrhythmia & Acc. 96–99.75\% with single beat \\  & MultiResUNet & PTB Diagnostic ECG Database & Acc. 100\% with 3–6 beats \\  & & MIT-BIH NSRDB & \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. [26] (2021) & Siamese NN & ECG-ID & Acc. 86.47\% \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. [19] (2020) & \begin{tabular}{c} Residual Depthwise \\ Separable CNN (RDSCNN) \\ \end{tabular} & ECG-ID & ECG-ID: Acc. 98.89\% \\  & & MIT-BIH & MIT-BIH: 97.92\% \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. [25] (2021) & CNN and LSTM & Private dataset & \
\begin{tabular}{c} EER = 0–5.31 \\ EER = 0–1.35 \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. [16] (2019) & CNN & PTB Diagnostic ECG Database &
\begin{tabular}{c} Identification Acc. \\ 100\% \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Summary of the recent ECG biometrics works that are based on deep learning techniques. Acc. for accuracy, EER for equal error rate.  
Figure 1: ECG data collection using the ReadMyHeart device.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline  & **Date** & **\# Subjects** &
\begin{tabular}{c} **\# ECG Records per Subject** \\ **(Minimum-Maximum)** \\ \end{tabular} & **Total** \\ \hline Session 1 & Jan-2012 & 199 & 2–6 & 476 \\ \hline Session 2 & June-2012 & 199 & 2–5 & 464 \\ \hline Session-3R & Mar-2022 & 109 & 3–6 & 365 \\ \hline Session-3L & Mar-2022 & 78 & 3–3 & 234 \\ \hline  & Total & 199 & 4–11 & 1539 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Number of ECG records per session in the Heartprint dataset.  
For the experiments in this work, we consider records for the first two sessions, two records from each subjects per session, which means 796 records in total (i.e., 398 records in each session).
## 3 Four-Port MIMO Antenna
### Results and Discussion
#### 3.2.4 Envelop Correlation Coefficient  
By examining the envelope correlation coefficient (ECC), it is possible to evaluate the performance of a single MIMO antenna element. It may be measured using the S-parameter and the pattern of distant radiation. The ECCs of the adjustment element and diagonal element for the proposed ultra-wideband MIMO antenna are shown in Figure 14. As can be observed, the antenna operates over a wideband of 26.5-42.7 GHz with an ECC of 0.001. The following mathematical formulas (4) may be used to compute the ECC of a MIMO antenna [44]:  
\[|\rho_{e}(i,j,N)|=\frac{\left|\sum_{n=1}^{N}S_{i,n}S_{n,j}\right|}{\sqrt{ \left|\prod_{k(=i,j)}\left[1-\sum_{n-1}^{N}S_{i,n}S_{n,k}\right]\right.}} \tag{4}\]  
Figure 12: Radiation pattern and cross polarization of proposed MIMO antenna at (**a**) 28 GHz and (**b**) 38 GHz.  
Figure 13: Electric filed distribution of proposed single element of antenna (**a**) 28 GHz and (**b**) 38 GHz.  
In the above equation, \(i\) and \(j\) are antenna elements and \(N\) represents number of antennas placed in MIMO systems.
# Environmental Remediation of Metribuzin Herbicide by Mesoporous Carbon--Rich from Wheat Straw
###### Abstract
At higher biochar doses (50 t-ha\({}^{-1}\)), significant improvements in soil quality were observed, including electrical conductivity (124.6%) and cation exchange capacity by 20% [29; 30]. Cation exchange capacity is an indicator of soil's ability to maintain nutrients and water. By increasing soil CEC and stimulating the rate of microorganism growth, biochar can help to minimize nutrient leaching [31; 32]. In addition, it has been reported that biochar has great potential of nutrient availability and could release high quantities of P (46-664 mg/kg\({}^{-1}\)) and N (23-635 mg kg\({}^{-1}\)) [33]. Moreover, due to its highly porous structure and the presence of carboxylic and phenolic groups in its structure, biochar has the ability to sorb and retain organic and inorganic pollutants from varied environmental matrices [34; 35]. In liquid media (wastewater and water), its remediation efficiency was explored for various inorganic pollutants, copper, zinc, nickel, cadmium, mercury, etc. [36]. Additionally, biochar has the potential to proceed as a catalyst in biodiesel, syngas and energy production, tar removal or waste management [37]. The successful adsorption capacity of biochar was also reported for analysis of synthetic dyes, phenols and medicines [38; 39; 40]. In solid matrices (soil), the addition of biochar obtained from different straw immobilized diatom, simazine and atrazine herbicide [41; 42]. For instance, [43] noticed that 80-86% of bromoxynil and diuron and 70% of ametryn were retained as a consequence of the addition of 1% wheat biochar. The potential binding technique of biochar with pesticides comprise cation, anion, non-polar and polar attraction, which govern the processes of sorption, desorption, leaching and hydrolysis of pesticides [1]. Therefore, the novelty of this research was to assess the pesticides adsorption capacity of biochar-based wheat in order to comprehend the biochar amendment consequence on pesticide behavior through soil. The pesticide studied was metribuzin, which is used in soybean crops and their environmental appearance is of agricultural interest. Metribuzin (4-amino-6-_tert_-butyl-3-methylsulfonyl-1,2,4-triazin-5-one) is one of the most used herbicides to control certain broadleaf weeds and grassy weed species. The activity of metribuzin is due to interference with photosystem II electron transport in plant chloroplasts. Almost all of the current reports establish that metribuzin exhibits slow sorption in soil due to the octanol-water coefficient K\({}_{\mathrm{ow}}\) (1.70), which shows relatively high mobility. Consequently, the possible risk of leaching and pollution of ground water with this pesticide is very high and is therefore frequently detected in ground and surface water [44; 45].
# FPGA-Based Manchester Decoder for IEEE 802.15.7 Visible Light Communications
## 5 Experiments and Results
### Experimental Set-Up  
The experiments were performed by employing two of the VLC systems composed by a house-made frontend connected to a commercial FPGA developing boards, described in [30]: one system acted like the transmitter; the second as the receiver. The transmitter included in the FPGA was a Manchester coder designed according to the IEEE 802.15.7 standard. It was connected to the lamp model 17508 produced by Philips N.V. (Amsterdam, The Netherlands): a 16 W, 9 LED lamp certified for automotive applications. The receiver, whose FPGA was completed with the described Manchester decoder, was connected to the photodetector PDAPC2 produced by Thorlabs Inc. (Newton, NJ, USA). The 2 systems run on independent clock oscillators, which produced an unavoidable frequency shift between the TX and the RX. A photo of the 2 VLC systems connected to the lamp and the photodetector is reported in Figure 14.  
The lamp and the receiver were assembled on tripods and moved 4 m apart. The transmitter was loaded with data packets of 2 Mb random bits. The transmission of a sequence of '0' bits preceded the transmission of the 2 Mb data packet. The sequence was used by the receiver to achieve synchronization. The receiver saved in its memory the decoded bits and the IQ data, used later for debugging and analysis. These data were downloaded to the PC after the end of communication.  
Several tests were conducted by varying the SNR at the receiver. At the receiver, the main noise source is constituted by the electronics noise of the photodetector and the first stage of amplification, which are independent from the input signal and constant over the experiments. Given this constant input noise, the variation of SNR was obtained by reducing the level of the signal captured from the transmitter.  
Figure 13: Temporal budget of the processing in the receiver. Every bit must be processed in 1000 clock cycles on average. Small fluctuations are tolerated thanks to the circular buffer in input.
# Input Shaping Control of a Flexible Structure for Rest-to-Rest and Non-Rest-to-Rest Maneuvers
## 3 Single Switch and ZVDD Input Shaping  
References [15; 17; 18; 19] showed that the minimum-time rest-to-rest control for a system with \(n\) flexible modes is a bang-bang control, which has \(2n+1\) optimal switches in \"most cases\". For the two-body spring-mass system modeled in Section 2, the minimum-time rest-to-rest control has \(2n+1=3\) switches. However, this bang-bang control solution is not designed to reduce vibrations during the rest-to-rest rotational maneuver.  
To address the vibration-reduction problem, we propose an alternative approach based on an approximate solution with a single switch. The advantage of a single-switch control is that the trajectory equations become very easy to solve, but the disadvantage is that it  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Parameter** & **Value** \\ \hline \(l_{1}\) & 0.27 m \\ \(l_{2}\) & 1.0 m \\ \(l_{3}\) & 0.02 m \\ \(m_{1}\) & 13 kg \\ \(m_{2}\) & 0.5 kg \\ \(k\) & 0.11 N.m/radian \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Example system parameters.  
introduces vibrations at the final time. However, by using input shaping, such vibrations can be reduced and thus the \"rest-to-rest\" condition can be achieved.  
The non-rest-to-rest rotational maneuver problem is complicated to solve, and the minimum number of switches to perform the rotation depends on two key factors, (a) the initial non-rest values and (b) the torque limit. Thus, the minimum number of switches required to perform the rotational maneuver can be greater than \(2n+1\). Obviously, the single-switch based bang-bang and conventional ZVDD cannot guarantee the final resting condition. However, using the proposed method, a final rest condition or a \"non-rest-to-rest\" solution can be obtained.
## 1 Introduction  
Modern measuring systems are more and more often found to contain converters with a frequency output [1]. In this type of converter, information about changes in the processed quantity \(x(t)\) is transferred via the frequency value of the converter output signal; hence, the devices are called physical-quantity-to-frequency (X/f) converters [2]. There are two common ways of converting the quantity \(x(t)\) into a variable frequency signal [3]. In the first case, frequency-to-voltage conversion is used, and further processing involves an analogue-to-digital converter [4]. The second method is the conversion of the frequency signal directly into numerical values by a specialized frequency-to-code (f/N) converter [5].  
The transmission of information by means of a frequency signal has many advantages [6]. Such a signal is resistant to interference and can be transmitted in a simple and effective way over long distances without the loss of information [7, 8].  
Company devices for continuous frequency measurement have been known for years [9]. However, one can still encounter research on new methods of frequency signal processing [10], reducing errors in frequency signal processing [11, 12], or the estimation of processing accuracy [13, 14].  
Due to the wide possibilities of microprocessor systems, they have also been used in measurements of the variable frequency of the signal [15, 16]. It is also very interesting to use the microprocessor system not only for frequency processing [2] but also for the adaptive correction of the system parameters during the measurement. This raises the possibility of increasing the accuracy of the results [2].  
Research into new processing methods is very time-consuming. They can be implemented both by experiments and simulation. Experimental testing enables new processing methods to be unequivocally verified but requires a lot of time and is very expensive. There may also be significant problems with the selection of equipment for the experiment. The simulation test offers a limited possibility of verification. However, with the adoption of appropriate assumptions, it significantly supports the initial tests and accelerates theobtaining of information, allowing for decisions regarding the implementation of new methods in the physical model [17].  
The simulation can be performed with the use of basic programming languages, such as C [18] or Python [19]. However, it is more convenient to use specialized software for this purpose, such as Matlab [20] or LabVIEW [21]. Matlab is a software dedicated to calculations [22]. However, compared to LabVIEW [23], it has a limited possibility of connecting external devices. Considering that, during the research, in order to verify the experimental work of the fragments of the virtual channel model, it may be very useful to process data generated in external devices, so it was decided to use the LabVIEW programming environment. It also has the advantage that, in the event of the need to use Matlab script, LabVIEW offers this possibility [24].
# Efficacy of Fire Protection Techniques on Impact Resistance of Self-Compacting Concrete
## 2 Experimental Investigation
### Development of Protective Coating  
The specimens incorporating a CPP layer were created by applying a plaster made of OPC and EPA mortar (1:4). Through several experiments, a w/c ratio of 0.65 was deemed suitable, and a consistent coating thickness of 20 mm was maintained across all specimens. The physical and strength characteristics of the CPP mortar were then investigated. A fresh CPP mixture was prepared and cast into cubical-shaped specimens measuring 70.6 mm \(\times\) 70.6 mm \(\times\) 70.6 mm. The density of the CPP material was found to be 1522 kg/m\({}^{3}\), with a water absorption rate of 21.3% and a compressive strength of 19.2 MPa.
## 5 Conclusions  
The analysis of the dominant factors driving extreme WUE variations based on percentile threshold values shows that across China, extreme WUE changes are jointly driven by GPP and ET. Regional results reveal that from arid to humid regions, the area dominated by ET gradually decreases, while the area dominated by GPP increases. This spatial gradient is related to precipitation. The extreme WUE of WSN, SN, and GL shows the highest sensitivity to climate change. Additionally, ridge regression analysis indicates that the interannual variation of WUE in China is primarily driven by VPD. These results deepen our understanding of how extreme climate events impact the carbon-water cycle in terrestrial ecosystems and provide valuable insights for predicting future climate change and vegetation water use efficiency responses. Based on our research findings, due to the differences in the dominant drivers of extreme WUE variations across regions, we can select suitable plant species to enhance vegetation WUE. For example, in the arid Northwest, drought-resistant plants can be planted, while in the humid South China, crops with higher photosynthetic efficiency can be chosen. This approach could help mitigate the impact of extreme climate events on vegetation.  
**Author Contributions:** Conceptualization, W.L. ([PERSON]) and J.Z.; Data curation, S.H. and Y.Z.; Formal analysis, S.H.; Funding acquisition, J.Z. and W.L. ([PERSON]); Software, S.H.; Methodology, S.H., W.L. ([PERSON]) and J.Z.; Writing--review & editing, S.H., W.L. ([PERSON]), J.Z., F.Z. and S.Z.; Writing--Original Draft Preparation, S.H.; Visualization, S.H.; Validation, S.H., F.Z. and S.Z.; Project administration, W.L. ([PERSON]), Y.Z. and W.L. ([PERSON]); Investigation, Y.Z. and W.L. ([PERSON]); Supervision, J.Z. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded by Hainan Province Science and Technology Special Fund (No. ZDYE2023 SHFZ092), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 41901043 and 42261005), the project from Key Laboratory of Tropical Island Land Surface processes and Environmental Changes of Hainan Province (No. DLZDSYS202403), and Education and Teaching Reform in Higher Education institutions in Hainan Province (Hnjg-2024-46).  
The meteorological data and PML model simulation data were obtained from the National Tibetan Plateau Data Center ([[https://data.tpdc.ac.cn/](https://data.tpdc.ac.cn/)]([https://data.tpdc.ac.cn/](https://data.tpdc.ac.cn/)), accessed on 28 April 2024). Land use data were sourced from the Terra and Aqua Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) ([[https://modis.gsfc.nasa.gov/](https://modis.gsfc.nasa.gov/)]([https://modis.gsfc.nasa.gov/](https://modis.gsfc.nasa.gov/)), accessed on 12 December 2023). The drought index product was provided by the Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas ([[https://spei.csic.es/spei_database/](https://spei.csic.es/spei_database/)]([https://spei.csic.es/spei_database/](https://spei.csic.es/spei_database/)), accessed on 26 November 2023).  
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
# Forest Fire Detection and Notification Method Based on AI and IoT Approaches
## 2 Related Work  
Forest fire detection technologies can be divided into two main categories: machine learning, deep learning, and computer vision methods, and sensor-based methods. In recent studies, it was observed that object-based detection in the industry has gained popularity from deep learning [4]. The most common approaches to detect objects in deep learning are image-based convolutional neural networks (CNNs) [5], fully convolutional networks [6], spatio-spectral deep neural networks [7], and faster R-CNNs [8].
## 4 Results and Discussion
### FPS Comparative Analysis Test  
The FPS (Frames Per Second) of an algorithm refers to the number of image frames that the algorithm can process within a unit of time. It is an important metric for measuring the real-time performance and efficiency of an algorithm. The higher the FPS, the better the real-time performance of the algorithm. The FPS can be calculated using Equation (8):  
\[FPS=\frac{1}{Per-frame\ Processing\ Time} \tag{8}\]  
In order to verify the real-time performance of the system, we compared the monocular ranging method and binocular ranging method based on local matching used in the system with the binocular ranging method based on full image matching without optimization and conducted FPS tests on 16 groups of test data. The results are shown in Figure 18.  
Figure 17: Analysis of surrounding distance monitoring results. (**a**) Monitoring results; (**b**) error analysis histogram.  
Figure 18: Analysis of FPS comparison. (**a**) Monocular ranging method and binocular ranging method based on local matching used in the system; (**b**) binocular ranging method based on local matching used in the system and the binocular ranging method based on full image matching without optimization.  
As shown in Figure 18, compared with the binocular ranging method based on local matching, the FPS of the monocular ranging method is improved by 55% on average; compared with the non-optimized binocular ranging method based on full matching, the FPS of the binocular ranging method based on local matching used in this system is improved by 23.5% on average. Therefore, the system has significant advantages in the real-time performance of early warning and ranging.