## 2 Sample Extraction
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l l l l} \hline \hline
**Year** & **Sample** & **Sampling** & **Modulator** & **Column Setup** & **Reference** \\ \hline
2017 & wine & HS-SPME & thermal modulator & VF-Wax, Rvi 17 Sil MS & [35] \\
2017 & beer & mSBSE, DHS, SBSE, & thermal modulator & Stabil Wax, RTX-200 & [36] \\  & HS-SPME, SHS & thermal modulator & DB-FFAP, BPX-50 & [37] \\
2017 & wine & HS-SPME (after derivatization) & thermal modulator & DB-Wax, DB-17 ms & [38] \\
2018 & wine & HS-SPME & thermal modulator & DB-Wax, DB-17 ms & [39] \\
2018 & wine & HS-SPME & Flow modulator & HP-5 MS, HP-50 & [40] \\
2018 & beer & HS-SPME & not mentioned & Equity-5, DB-FFAP & [41] \\
2019 & wine & HS-SPME & thermal modulator & DB-Wax, DB-17 ms & [42] \\
2019 & wine & HS-SPME & thermal modulator & VF-Wax, Rvi 17 Sil MS & [43] \\
2019 & wine & HS-SPME & thermal modulator & VF-Wax, Rvi 17 Sil MS & [44] \\
2019 & wine & LLE & thermal modulator & DF-FFAP, DB-17 ms & [45] \\
2019 & wine & LLE & thermal modulator & DB-FFAP, DB-5 & [46] \\
2019 & beer & HS-SPME & flow modulator & MEGA-5 HT, HP-50+ & [47] \\
2020 & beer & HS-SPME & flow modulator & MEGA-5 HT, HP-50+ & [4] \\
2020 & wine & HS-SPME, LLE & thermal modulator & DB-FFAP, Rvi-17 Sil MS & [48] \\
2020 & wine & HS-SPME & thermal modulator & DB-Wax, DB-17 ms & [49] \\
2020 & wine & SBSE & thermal modulator & DB-FFAP, Rvi-17 Sil MS & [50] \\  & mSBSE, DHS, LLE, & thermal modulator & VF-Wax, Rvi-17 Sil MS & [51] \\
2020 & wine & HS-SPME, SPE & thermal modulator & VF-Wax, Rvi-17 Sil MS & [52] \\
2021 & wine & HS-SPME & flow modulator & DB-FFAP, chiral cyclodextrin & [53] \\
2021 & wine & HS-SPME & flow modulator & DB-FFAP, Chiral-\(\beta\)-Dex & [54] \\
2022 & wine & HS-SPME & thermal modulator & DB-Wax, DB-17 ms & [55] \\
2022 & wine & HS-SPME & flow modulator & Supelcovax 10, SLB-35 MS & [56] \\
2022 & wine & HS-SPME & thermal modulator & VF-Wax, Rvi-17 Sil MS & [57] \\
2022 & wine & HS-SPME & thermal modulator & VF-Wax, Rvi-17 Sil MS & [58] \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: _Cont._applied. In this procedure, the single extraction step is repeated on one sample aliquot. Because the analytes in the sample are completely extracted, the summed peak areas of the individual analyses are directly related to the total amount of the analyte in the sample, regardless of the equilibrium constants. In continuous extraction, equilibrium is impossible to reach. Analytes are continuously removed from the liquid beverage sample by gas (e.g., DHS) or stationary phases (e.g., SPE). The analyte concentration never reaches equilibrium between the sample and gas phases because a carrier gas is constantly being blown in. Finally, all the volatile analytes are removed from the sample and collected [62]. Unfortunately, it is unrealistic to have a method to concentrate and recover all VOCs with different properties. There is no \"magic bullet\" solution available for such a complex chemical issue. The common sample preparation techniques for VOC analysis today are dynamic headspace (DHS), dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME), multiple stir absorptive extraction (mSBSE), solid-phase extraction (SPE), and solid-phase microextraction (SPME). They can be roughly classified into two categories: headspace and in-solution. Headspace techniques are HS-SPME and DHS. In-solution techniques are DLLME, mSBSE, and SPE. SPME can also be applied as in-solution sampling. Applications of headspace analysis benefit either from the simplicity of automation or from removing some of the matrix effects. However, one study found that even dynamic headspace techniques could not eliminate the effect of the sample matrix on analysis if the analytes were incompletely extracted [63]. A table comparing the advantages and disadvantages of these techniques is available in our previous study [51].