## 3 Results  
### Methodology for Estimating Alkali Ions in the Concrete Pore Solution  
The chemical compositions of the seven common Portland cements are shown in Table 1. Clinker phases were calculated by using Bogue equations are shown in Table 2. According to [PERSON] et al. [11], estimated Ca/Si ratios from QXDA, TMBC, and EDS are similar but higher than the Ca/Si ratio obtained by using Bogue equations. Thus, it can be assessed that the results that are obtained using the Bogue calculation showed lower Ca/Si ratios, since the alite predicted content in the cement were lower than the actual one [11]. Table 2 also shows the clinker phase composition assumed by [PERSON] in his work [8]. This is a very rough estimation that is only applicable for the cement, for which the chemical composition is not available. Therefore, the present estimation method takes into account the cement chemical composition, in order to get a reliable estimation of the pore solution alkalinity. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Clement** & **SiO\({}_{2}\)** & **Al\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{3}\)** & **Fe\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{3}\)** & **CaO** & **MgO** & **SO\({}_{3}\)** & **Free** & **Na\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{1}\)** & **K\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{1}\)** \\ \hline CEM 152.5 R & 19.52 & 5.18 & 3.50 & 63.74 & 1.15 & 3.00 & 0.88 & 0.23 & 0.83 \\ CEM 152.5 R (white) & 22.18 & 4.63 & 0.22 & 69.30 & 0.55 & 3.74 & 1.02 & 0.05 & 0.56 \\ CEM 142.5 R-SR 3 & 21.73 & 3.67 & 4.31 & 66.12 & 1.32 & 2.68 & 0.36 & 0.53 & 0.60 \\ CEM 152.5 R-SR 5 & 21.73 & 3.67 & 4.31 & 66.12 & 1.32 & 3.00 & 0.36 & 0.49 & 0.57 \\ CEM 142.5 R & 21.29 & 5.36 & 2.36 & 64.15 & 4.02 & 3.22 & 0.69 & 0.33 & 0.88 \\ CEM 152.5 R & 22.16 & 4.14 & 3.99 & 66.35 & 1.81 & 2.53 & 0.42 & 0.14 & 0.52 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Chemical compositions of cements determined according to EN 196-2 [4], and the total alkalis measured by atomic absorption spectrometry (%). \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Clinker Phases Calculated Using [PERSON]** & **C\({}_{3}\)S** & **C\({}_{2}\)S** & **C\({}_{3}\)A** & **C\({}_{4}\)AF** & **Other** & **C\({}_{3}\)S + C\({}_{2}\)S** \\ \hline Phase composition assumed by [PERSON] [8] & 60 & 15 & 8 & 10 & 7 & 75 \\ CEM 152.5 R & 67.80 & 4.83 & 7.79 & 10.64 & 8.94 & 72.63 \\ CEM 152.5 R (white) & 77.93 & 4.81 & 11.90 & 0.67 & 4.69 & 82.74 \\ CEM 142.5 R-SR 3 & 71.81 & 8.14 & 2.42 & 13.10 & 4.53 & 79.95 \\ CEM 152.5 R-SR 5 & 71.81 & 8.14 & 2.42 & 13.10 & 4.53 & 79.95 \\ CEM 142.5 R & 57.18 & 17.92 & 10.20 & 7.17 & 7.53 & 75.09 \\ CEM 152.5 R (low-alkali) & 66.53 & 13.36 & 4.20 & 12.13 & 3.78 & 79.89 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Clinker phases calculated using Bogue equations [12], and the theoretical phase composition assumed by [PERSON] [8], expressed as a percentage. It is evident that the main clinker phase, C\({}_{3}\)S, assumed by [PERSON], was moderately reduced compared to that calculated in the present work. This is due to the higher amount of alite present in the modern Portland clinkers. Then, it is recommended that the calculated values of the clinker phase compositions for each cement. The liquid phase contains several ions, where the alkali ions, K\({}^{+}\) and Na\({}^{+}\), and hydroxyl, and OH\({}^{-}\) are usually the most dominant ions [13; 14] in the pore solution. Both of them, K\({}^{+}\) and Na\({}^{+}\), are the most abundant cations in the pore solution, and the charge is mainly balanced by the hydroxyl ions. Also, the alkalis released from the aggregates could increase the hydroxyl ion concentrations in the concrete [15; 16]. In particular, the content of the alkali released is enhanced by the high alkalinity of the solution [15]. Also, for the concrete affected by ASR, alkalis are released with the accompanying dissolution of silicate anions [15]. Both are balanced with alkali metal ions. Also, aggregates may bind alkalis to some extent, which changes the pore solution alkalinity. [PERSON] et al.