## 5 Conclusions  
The presented study examined differences in muscle activity during isometric hip rotation using static and dynamic simulations performed in the AnyBody Modeling System. By analyzing a large sample of 33 individuals and focusing on peak moments of rotational effort, the research enabled a detailed investigation of muscle engagement patterns for key stabilizers and rotators of the hip joint. Findings showed noticeable variability in predicted muscle activity between the two types of simulations, with several muscles exhibiting statistically significant differences. These discrepancies emphasize how modeling assumptions, particularly in the treatment of force dynamics and time-dependent variables, influence the resulting activation profiles. Muscles with different biomechanical roles--such as primary movers versus stabilizers--responded differently to the simulation methods, suggesting that their functional characteristics may affect sensitivity to the modeling approach. This observation highlights the value of task-specific simulation design and careful interpretation of output, especially when translating results to clinical or performance-oriented applications. These results have direct implications for clinical and practical settings. In rehabilitation, static models may overemphasize postural stabilizers (e.g., gluteals), while dynamic models may better reflect activation of primary movers like the _liopsoas_. This suggests that static models might misrepresent true muscular demands during isometric exercises. In ergonomics, incorporating dynamic modeling can improve estimation of muscular load during sustained postures, reducing injury risk. In sports, dynamic simulations help tailor training programs to reinforce the muscles truly responsible for force generation in static-like tasks, enhancing injury prevention and performance. Despite the methodological differences between the static and dynamic approaches, both modeling strategies provided meaningful insights into the behavior of the musculoskeletal system during isometric loading. When appropriately applied and interpreted, these models can support the exploration of muscle function in scenarios where in vivo measurement is limited or impractical. The observed patterns align with previous literature highlighting the complexity of predicting muscle activation and the influence of model configuration on outcomes [30,32]. This underscores the importance of context-specific model selection and critical evaluation of input data, optimization strategies, and output interpretation in musculoskeletal research. Future investigations may benefit from expanding model validation with experimental data, particularly for deep or less-accessible muscles, and by exploring the integration of different modeling paradigms depending on the task and research question. Conceptualization, M.C. and R.M. ; methodology, M.C. ; software, M.C. and S.S.; validation, M.C. ; formal analysis, M.C. and K.N.-L.; investigation, M.C. and M.B. ; data curation, M.C., S.S. and M.B. ; writing--original draft preparation, M.C. ; writing--review and editing, K.N.-L., S.S., M.B. and R.M. ; visualization, S.S.; supervision, R.M. ; project administration, R.M. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. **Funding:** The article processing charge was financed under the European Funds for Silesia 2021-2027 Program co-financed by the Just Transition Fund--project entitled \"Development of the Silesian biomedical engineering potential in the face of the challenges of the digital and green economy (BioMeDiG)\". Project number: FESL_10.25-IZ_01-07G5/23. **Institutional Review Board Statement:** This study was approved by the ethical committee of the Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Poland (protocol number 3/2019). **Informed Consent Statement:** Not applicable. **Data Availability Statement:** The original contributions presented in this study are included in the article. Further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author.