## 2 Methods and Tools
### Satellite Images Time Series Analysis
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{142.3 pt} p{142.3 pt}} \hline \hline
**Method/Tool** & **Critical Assessment** \\ \hline Integrated Geophysical Methods & - Strengths: Integrated geophysical methods combine remote sensing tools like InSAR and LiDAR with ground-based techniques such as seismic refraction, ERT, and drone photography, effectively monitoring karst systems, sinkholes, and subsidence. LiDAR delivers high-resolution DSMs (10 cm accuracy), InSAR detects ground deformation with sub-millimeter precision, and ground-based methods provide detailed subsurface insights. \\ Integrated Geophysical Methods & - Challenges: Integrating diverse datasets is complex due to resolution differences and requires high computational power. Ground-based campaigns are labor-intensive, and hazardous areas may restrict access. Aligning InSAR and LiDAR data demands advanced expertise. \\ & - Limitations: InSAR struggles in vegetated or water-affected zones. LiDAR’s high cost limits scalability and ground-based surveys are time-consuming, taking hours to complete. \\ & - Opportunities: Machine learning and cloud computing simplify data integration and interpretation. Drone-based photogrammetry and time-lapse cameras enable real-time hazard monitoring, enhancing early warning systems and accelerating research. \\ \hline AI and Deep Learning & - Strengths: U-Net models achieve recall \textgreater{} 92\% and F1 scores \textasci{} \textasci{} \textasci{} \textasci{} \textasci{} \textasci{} \textasci{} \textasci{} \textasci{} \textasci{} \textasci{} \textasci{} \textasci{} \textasci{} \textasci{} \textasci{} \textasci{} \textasci{} \textasci{} \textasci{} \textasci{} \textasci{} \textasci{} \textasci{} \textasci{} \textasci{} \textasci{} \textasci{} \textasci{} \textasci{} \textasci{} \textasci{} \textasci{} \textasci{} \textasci{} \textasci{} \textasci{} \textasci{} \textasci{} \textasci{} \textasci{} \textasci{} \textasci{} \textasci{} \textasci{} \textasci{} \textasci{} \textasci{} \textasci{} \textasci{} \textasci{} \textasci{} \textasci{} \textasci{} \textasci{} \textasci{} \textasci{} \textasci{} \textasci{} \textasci{} \textasci{} \textasci{} \textasci{} \textasci{} \textasci{} \textasci{} \textasci{} \textasci{} \textasci{} \textasci{} \textasci{} \textasci{} \textasci{} \textasci{} \textasci{} \textasci{} \textasci{} \textasci{} \textasci{} \textasci{} \textasciasci{} {} \textasciasci}{} \textasci{} \textasci{} \textasci{} \textasciasci{} {}\textasciasci{} \textasciasci{}{} \textasciasci}{{} \textasci}{} \textasci{} \textasciasci{}{} \textasciasci}{{} \textasci}{} \textasciasciasci{{} } \textasciasciasciasci}{{} \textasci}{{} \textasci}{} \textasciasciasciasciasciasci{{}} {} \textasciasci}{{} \textasci}{{} \textasci}{} \textasciasciasciasciasciasci{{}} {} \textasci}{} \textasciasciasciasciasciasciasciasci{{}}{} \textasciasciasciasci}{{}} \textasciasciasciasciasciasciasciasciasciasciasci{{}}{} \textasciasciasciasciasci}{{} \textasciasci}{} \textasciasciasciasciasciasciasciasciasciasciasciasci{{}}}{ \textasciasci}{} \textasciasciasciasciasciasciasciasciasciasciasciasci{{}}}{ \textasciasciasciasci}{{}} \textasciasciasciasciasciasciasciasciasciasciasciasci{}{}} \textasciasciasciasciasciasciasciasciasciasciasciasciasci{}{}} \textasciasciasciasciasciasciasciasciasciasciasciasciasci}{{}} \textasciasciasciasciasciasciasciasciasciasciasci}{}{} \textasciasciasciasciasciasciasciasciasci}{}{}\) \\ \end{tabular} \\ \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: _Cont._Landsat (15-60 m resolution, operational since 1972) and Sentinel-2 (10-60 m resolution, operational since 2015). This temporal continuity allows researchers to identify trends in shoreline retreat, subsidence, and industrial impacts [21; 22; 23; 24]. The advanced capabilities of Sentinel-2, particularly its five-day revisit cycle, enhance diachronic mapping in GIS, providing granular detail on sinkhole formation, land degradation, and landslides.