# Marine Bioactives and Their Application in the Food Industry: A Review
## 2 Marine Sources of Bioactive Molecules
### Marine Invertebrates
#### 2.3.3. Echinorms  
Echinoderms are a phylum of invertebrate marine animals that are distributed in five different classes: Asteroidea (starfishe), Holothuroidea (sea cucumber), Echinidea (sea urchin and sand dollar), Crinoidea (crinoid and sea lilie), and Ophiuroidea (brittle star and basket star). Among these five extant classes of echinoderms, sea urchins (Echinoidea) and sea cucumbers (Holothuroidea) are both fished commercially and have gained much attention due to their abundance in bioactive compounds [10; 91]. The major metabolites of echinoderms are mainly saponins, and there has been a recent emphasis on exploring the compositional, structural, and sequential properties of other bioactive compounds such as asterosaponins. Most of these secondary metabolites are well known for their antitumor, cytotoxic, antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, and anti-inflammatory activities [103]. In particular, sea cucumbers (e.g., _Cucumaria frondosa_, _Apostichopus japonicus_, _Cucumaria japonica_, and _Holothuria forskali_) are rich in proteins, lipids, and SPs, namely fucosylated chondro sulfate and fucoidal, as well as saponins, phenolic compounds (e.g., phenolic acids and flavonoids), and carotenoids, among others [10; 60]. The phenolic compounds, including protocatechuic acid, gallic acid, ellagic acid, \(p\)-cumaric acid, catechin, and quercetin, of sea cucumbers have been reported to have inhibitory activities against tyrosinase, \(\alpha\)-glucosidase, and the formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) as well as LDL cholesterol and DNA oxidation, while protein isolates/peptides derived from _C. frondosa_ showed antioxidant and ACE inhibitory effects [104; 105]. Therefore, these echinoderms have been, and continue to be, examined as a source of biologically active compounds. Table 5 summarizes some bioactive compounds of echinoderms and their biological activities.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt}} \hline \hline
**Bioactive Compounds** & **Echinoderms** & **Biological Activity** & **References** \\ \hline Triterpene glycosyles/saponins & _Boludaschia marmorata_, _Acholinice Violaccuspidata_, _Pentacta quadrangularis_, _Staurcucucumis liouville_, _Pearsonothuria graeffei_, _Eupentacta frundatrix_, _Cucumaria frondosa_, _Holothuria nobilis_, _Holothuria scabra_, and _Apostichopus japonicus_ & Antitumour, anticancer, antiviral, and antifungal activities & [10; 91] \\ \hline Chondroitin Sulphate & _Holothuria Mexicana_, _Stichopus japonicus_, _Holothuria nobilis_, _Cucumaria frondosa_, and _Cucumaria japonica_ & Anticoagulant, antitumor, antiviral antithrombotic, and antioxidant properties & [10; 60; 106] \\ \hline Steroids & _Eussterias retifera_, _Eussterias echinosoma_, _Hipsteria kurilensis_, _Strongylocentrotus nudus_, _Asterias amurensis_, _and_ _Craspidaster heserus_ & Antitumor, anticancer, immunomodulatory, antibiofouling, antimicrobial, and neurotogenic properties & [107; 108] \\ \hline Lipids and fatty acids & _Boladschia argus_, _Cucumaria frondosa_, _Acaudina_ _molquadoides_, _Athroquintich chilensis_, _Strongylocentrotus nudus_, _Prosterster nodosus_, _Parechtrotus lividus_, _Strongylocentrotus purpuratus_, _Lytechinus variegatus_, _Holothuria cabli_, and _Holothuria scabra_ & Anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, and cholesterol-lowering effects & [109; 100] \\ \hline Proteins, amino acids, and peptides & _Cucumaria frondosa_ and _Echinus esculent_ & Antioxidant, antimicrobial, antihypertensive, and DNA and LDL cholesterol oxidation & [105; 110; 111] \\ \hline Phenolic acids and flavonoids & _Cucumaria frondosa_, _Luidia sarsi_, _Astropecen_ & Antioxidant, \(\alpha\)-glucosidase, and DNA and LDL cholesterol oxidation inhibitory activities & [104; 112; 113] \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 5: Bioactive compounds from echinoderms.