esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# HYDRUS-1D Simulation of Soil Water Dynamics for Sweet Corn under Tropical Rainfed Condition
## 2 Material and Methods
### Model Calibration and Validation  
Data sets of the first and second seasons were used to calibrate and validate the model, respectively. HYDRUS-1D requires soil hydraulic parameters as input. The required parameters were determined through ROSETTA computer program [29] using field soil data. The determined soil hydraulic parameters \(\theta_{s}\), \(\theta_{r}\), \(\alpha\), \(n\), and \(K_{s}\) were further calibrated using observed soil water contents of the first season. Observed and simulated soil water content were found in good agreement. The calibrated parameters were then used to simulate soil water contents of the second season, for model validation.  
The model was tested by comparing observed water content values with HYDRUS-1D simulated values using statistical indicators including the determination coefficient (\(R^{2}\)), modelling efficiency (\(EF\)) and the root mean square error \(RMSE\) for both seasons as shown in Table 4. The average values of the goodness of fit indicators: R\({}^{2}\), EF, and RMSE for depths of 20, 40, 60, and 80 cm were 0.72, 0.68, and 0.017, and 0.86, 0.73, and 0.014 for the first and second seasons, respectively. The goodness of fit indicators was within the range of values reported by different researchers [22; 30; 31; 32; 33; 34]. The statistical analysis shows that HYDRUS-1D captured the change in water content at all depths except at 140 cm depth. The reason for that might be the no variation in simulated water content due to the shallow water table. Therefore, the relative change simulated water content w.r.t observed water content could not be predicted.
## 3 Methodology  
The aim of this paper is to fully mine shadow information to detect and classify buildings according to height level in an urban high-resolution image with large-area  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Site** & **Location** & **Source** & **Date** & **Resolution** & **Size** & **Coordinate (Center)** \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{1} & Yorkville, Toronto, Canada & \multirow{2}{*}{Google Earth} & \multirow{2}{*}{26 May 2015} & \multirow{2}{*}{0.7 m} & \multirow{2}{*}{1078 \(\times\) 912} & \multirow{2}{*}{43\({}^{\circ}\)40\({}^{\prime}\)23.07\({}^{\prime\prime}\) N} & \multirow{2}{*}{79\({}^{\circ}\)23\({}^{\prime}\)27.20\({}^{\prime\prime}\) E} \\ \cline{6-6}  & Chaoyang District, Beijing, China & & & & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Study site imagery information.  
Figure 1: Original images of the study sites: (**a**) dense building areas in Toronto, Canada; (**b**) dense building areas in Beijing, China.  
shadows. The key steps in this process are introduced in this section, including shadow obtaining, shadow direction acquisition, building detection, and height classification. A flowchart of our method is shown in Figure 2.  
As shown in Figure 2, we first obtain the shadows and apply a morphological open operation to disconnect them from each other. Large-sized shadows are filtered out, and shadow edges are used to acquire the shadow direction. Based on shadow direction, seed-blocks are generated in locations where buildings are likely located. Overlapping objects with color and texture features similar to those of the seed-blocks in reliable areas are recognized as buildings. We judge building height levels based on the shadow length, labeling each height group in different colors.
# Enhanced Local Fisher Discriminant Analysis for Indoor Positioning in Wireless Local Area Network
## 4 Conclusions  
This paper proposes a novel approach based on enhanced LFDA to improve WLAN indoor positioning accuracy. Like other feature extraction methods such as LDA, LFDA is used to extract useful location information from high-dimensional RSS signal space. However, LFDA adapts the multimodal property of RSS signal better than previous methods, because the within-class local structure is preserved and thus giving more freedom to maximize between-class separability. Furthermore, a signal  
Figure 8: Online computation cost comparisons (Calculation times of multiplications and additions).  
Figure 7: Accuracy within 2 m _versus_ the number of training samples added per reference point by signal perturbation.  
perturbation method is proposed and combined to enhance the performance of LFDA. The signal perturbation method generates more number of representative and useful training samples for LFDA and hence enhancing its generalization ability. LDA, PCA, WKNN, MLE and ANN methods are carried and compared with the proposed E-LFDA in realistic WLAN indoor environment. Experimental results show that, compared with previous feature extraction methods, the proposed method increases the accuracy within 2 m from 62.7% to 75.2% and reduces the mean and standard deviation of positing error by 23.9% and 33.0%, respectively.  
This research is supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Granted Nos. 61301132, 61300188, and 61301131), the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (Granted No. 3132014211) and \"Doctor Startup Foundation of Liaoning Province\" of China (Granted No. 20131006). [PERSON] proposed the original idea and wrote the paper; [PERSON] analyzed the data and gave some valuable suggestions; [PERSON] performed the research and revised the paper; [PERSON] designed the experiments and revised the paper.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# 2-D Seismic Response Analysis of a Slope in the Tyrrhenian Area (Italy)
## 2 Site Characterization  
### Seismicity of the Study Area  
The northern part of Sicily, in front of the Tyrrhenian Sea where Caronia is located, is a place of frequent, intense and deep seismicity [11]. This peculiarity attracted many seismologists, explaining the large number of papers dealing with it [12; 13]. The area is prone to high seismic risk, and in the coastal part, to high tsunami risk. The strongest historical earthquake recorded in the area is also the strongest Italian earthquake, which took place in the Messina Strait on 28 December 1908, causing an estimated 60,000 to 120,000 fatalities and the destruction of Messina, Reggio Calabria and many other cities in Calabria and Sicily. The 1908 earthquake, which was felt strongly in Sicily and Calabria (both regions of southern Italy), was caused by normal faulting in the Messina Strait starting at 05:20 a.m. on 28 December and lasting about 30 s. The earthquake was also felt in the middle Italy regions of Campania and Molise, as well as on the Malta Island (south of Sicily).  
The shorelines of Messina and Reggio Calabria were stricken by up to 12 m waves, completing the devastation and displacing a large quantity of rubble from collapsed buildings. As a consequence of the disaster, in the areas all communications were disrupted and rescue operations began right from the sea thanks to the presence of English ships first and then also Russian ships to give immediate aide to the populations. The medical officers of the Royal Navy and the Baltic Guard-Marine gave the first medical aid to the victims [14].  
Figure 1: View of the study area with map of the involved locations during the 1908 earthquake.  
Due to poor quality of construction and construction materials, the damage in Messina and Reggio Calabria was very strong and contributed to delivering the coup de Grace in the same areas that had already suffered seismic events in the previous 15 years, such as the 1894, 1905 and 1907 southern Calabria earthquakes, all characterized by \(\mathrm{M_{e}}>6\)[15]. Historic records also report that the Ionian Islands off the west coast of Greece and other countries such as Albania and Montenegro felt the earthquake.  
The area of the Messina Strait is located midway of the Calabrian Arc, one of the most seismically active areas in Italian and Mediterranean that had been stricken by earthquakes several times in the past, but not as strong as the earthquake of December 1908. Figure 2 shows the intensity pattern for the 1908 earthquake [16]. Between the main historical seismic events with \(\mathrm{M_{e}}>5.5\), the 31 August 853 and the 6 February 1783 earthquakes need to be mentioned, respectively, with \(\mathrm{I_{0}}\) IX-X and \(\mathrm{I_{0}}\) VIII-IX [17]. The historical records also report two events, presumably significant, in 91 B.C. (\(\mathrm{I_{0}}\) IX-X) and 361 A.D. (\(\mathrm{I_{0}}\) X).
# Networking of Multi-Robot Systems: Architectures and Requirements
## 3 MRS Architectures  
Various major architectures can be identified for MRS systems [1]. Such architectures significantly affect the robustness, reliability, and scalability of the system, and are dictated by the strategy used to make decisions, manage the interactions between the robots, and generate the group behavior of the team.  
* _Centralized:_ In this category a single point of control manages the behavior of all the robots in the team [31]. Such architecture suffers from the single point of failure problem, which can reduce its reliability. Also, the scalability is diminished. This is because the central controller must be constantly aware of the state of the all the team members which triggers the exchange of numerous messages in addition to the control messages which must also be sent back to the individual robots to control their actions.
* _Hierarchical:_ In this category, the robots are organized in a command and control hierarchy similar to that in the military. Specifically, in this strategy, a robot controls a group of other robots. Each of those robots in turn controls a group of other robots. This pattern can continue for several levels down the hierarchy depending on the size of the network. This approach, it is highly scalable and can be appropriate for some applications with a large number of robots. However, it has reduced reliability due to the considerable vulnerability in handling failures of robots at the higher levels in the hierarchy.
* _Decentralized:_ This is the most common category for MRS systems. In this case, robots take actions based on their own local view following certain strategic guidelines and goals for the team. This model is characterized by its robustness and ability to adjust to failures, since no centralized control is used. On the other hand, it is a challenge to keep the synchronization and coherency among the robots. In addition, it is not trivial to coordinate actions when mission objectives change.
* _Hybrid:_ This approach combines a local decentralized control, which provides robustness with hierarchical control to achieve global synchronization and coordination of actions, goals, and tasks.  
This hybrid strategy is used in many MRS systems, which need to have scalability due to the large size of the network as well as an ability to take quick decisions on the local level to achieve better performance and quicker reaction to local events and failures.
# Optical Design of a Miniaturized Airborne Push-Broom Spectrometer
## 8 Conclusions  
Based on the parameters of the UAV platform in Section 2.1 and the small commercial spectrometers in Section 1, a miniaturized wide-angle airborne imaging spectrometer was designed with a spectral range of 400-1000 nm and spectral resolution of 15 nm. The optical system parameters were calculated based on the spectrometer specifications, and the SNR of the system was also analyzed. The front inverted telephoto objective lens and Offner spectrometer of the airborne push-broom spectrometer were completed with good performance. The objective's full \(FOV\) is 54\({}^{\circ}\) with a relative aperture of 1/4.5. The grating frequency in the Offner spectrometer is 102 LP/mm, the slit length is 13.5 mm, and the dispersion width is 2.6 mm. The MTF of the integrated system is greater than 0.4 at the Nyquist frequency in the spectral range, and the maximum \"keystone\" and spectral \"smile\" are 8 \(\upmu\)m and 19 \(\upmu\)m, respectively. To estimate the volume and weight of the spectrometer, a preliminary optical-mechanical design was also developed. The entire spectrometer has a volume of \(130\times 80\times 120\) mm, and the weight is less than 3 kg. The results show that the spectrometer is compact with a wide \(FOV\), which meets the needs of UAV platforms for miniaturized spectrometers in our engineering project.  
Funding acquisition, Y.F.; Investigation, Y.W.; Methodology, Z.G.; Software, X.M.; Writing--original draft, Y.W.; Writing--review & editing, Y.W., Z.G., and L.Z. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. This research was funded by the Excellent Young Talent Fund of the Department of Science and Technology of Jilin Province, grant number 20190103046 JH. The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
## 7 Conclusions  
This paper addresses the interference caused by random toothed disc runout in torsional vibration measurements. A dual-line approximation method for preprocessing tooth signals and a synchronous sampling method based on the differential measurement principle were proposed to eliminate runout-induced errors. The effectiveness of these algorithms was validated through specifically designed experiments. The main findings of this research are summarized as follows.  
1. The proposed dual-line approximation algorithm can effectively process spurious data points in the voltage signal introduced by toothed disc runout. The algorithm demonstrates good adaptability and stability.
2. The synchronous sampling method can effectively mitigate errors introduced by the runout phenomenon in the time domain. Under various experimental conditions, it has demonstrated its capability to counteract runout interference, as evaluated by multiple parameters.
* Frequency-domain analysis reveals that the synchronous sampling method exhibits commendable performance in both low- and high-frequency bands. It effectively suppresses noise and removes interference without compromising the inherent frequency-domain characteristics of the rotational speed.
* Compared to other anti-interference methods, the synchronous sampling method is easier to implement. The requisite software and hardware for this algorithm are highly mature, resulting in low system complexity and a simple architecture.  
Conceptualization, Z.T.; methodology, Z.T. and C.Q.; software, C.Q.; validation, C.Q.; formal analysis, C.Q.; investigation, Z.T.; resources, Z.T.; data curation, C.Q.; writing--original draft preparation, C.Q.; writing--review and editing, C.Q.; visualization, C.Q.; supervision, Z.T.; project administration, Z.T. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
National Key R&D Program of China (2023 YFD2400800).  
Not applicable.  
The data used to support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon request. The data are not publicly available for privacy reasons.  
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
# An Efficient Parallelization of Microscopic Traffic Simulation
## 2 Architecture and Processes
### Parallel Execution Model
#### 2.3.4 Synchronization and Thread Coordination  
Synchronization among threads is an important issue, as we have adopted a single-kernel implementation; see Figure 4. In particular, it is vital to carefully consider the synchronization between threads and between the host CPU and the GPU device, see Figure 2. The three key methods that have been used for various synchronization tasks are described below.  
Figure 3: Scheme showing how traffic-light logic (TLL) threads and vehicle threads are organized on the GPU.  
With atomic operations, a thread can perform a memory transaction without interfering with the memory address of any other thread. This ensures synchronized memory access between parallel threads and prevents race conditions [28]. In our simulation, the following atomic operations are used:  
* The atomicOr is used for traffic light threads to safely mark edges as \"red\" in a bitmask sitting in the global memory. This resolves situations where multiple threads try to signal red-light phases simultaneously.
* The atomicAdd operation tracks the progress of the traffic light threads through their update phase.
* The atomicExch is used for the safe ownership transfer and registration of several parts of the vehicle pipeline. This operation provides the means for proper lane queuing, leader tracking, and edge transition even under high concurrency. It ensures the safe assignment of vehicles to a lane, allows the vehicle to become the last one on  
Figure 4: Implementation architecture of kernel in ParSim.  
an edge, and enables the identification of the leader without race conditions, see also the illustration in Figure 5.  
Thread-Level Synchronization  
The correctness of shared data, such as the red-light state, is a vital part of concurrency in large-scale simulations and is accomplished using a memory fence. In particular, Threadence() guarantees that all writes to shared and global memory are visible to other threads on the device [29]. Even though this measure may introduce some delays, the aforementioned necessity to guarantee data integrity makes it unavoidable. In our kernel, this mechanism is used to ensure that traffic light threads update the red-edge mask _before_ vehicle threads access it, thus preventing stale or partial data reads.  
Host-Device Synchronization  
Outside the kernel, appropriate sequencing between simulation steps, as well as the prevention of inconsistencies in data or timing during kernel launches, are achieved using a host-side synchronization, see also Figure 2. PyCUDA enables asynchronous kernel invocations by default, meaning they are queued in the GPU; however, their completeness is not guaranteed before returning control to the CPU. Host-side barriers are explicitly inserted to enforce that all processes of one simulation step are completed before the operations on the next step start. While multiple kernels can be launched concurrently for performance, we must ensure that all interdependent operations are synchronized [30].
## 6 Purpose-Based Encryption
### Experimental Results
#### 6.4.1 Test Environment  
As depicted in Figure 14, we have set up a home domain and a visitor domain to simulate Telekom and Salesforce, respectively. In the home domain, we have developed a client application that is responsible for encrypting and storing PII in the home IdP. In the visitor domain, we have developed two Web applications: The shopping service receives purchase orders from the user and then calls the delivery service for shipping the parcel.  
In our proof of concept, we want to show that existing IdP vendors and applications can easily adapt our solution (i.e., existing applications do not need to change their implementations). Therefore, we have developed the following \"handlers\" that can be integrated into an existing system. In the home IdP, we have developed an OSGi bundle \"SAML Handler\", which embeds a TAT in an authentication response on the fly. In the visitor IdP, we have developed an OSGi bundle \"OAuth Grant Handler\", which embeds a PAT in an authorisation response on the fly. We have implemented a Web agent, which intercepts and handles the tokens for the applications. It decrypts the ciphertext and propagates the PII in the payload to the Web application in the backend.  
In addition, we have the following key distribution for the components. For encryption, the client application requires the public keys of the home and visitor IdPs (e.g., PK1, PK2). The \"SAML Handler\" requires a master secret key of Telekom (e.g., MSK1) for issuing the TAT. The \"OAuth Grant Handler\" requires a master secret key of Salesforce (e.g., MK2) for issuing the PAT. To isolate the test environment, we test each IdP inside a docker container separately.
###### Abstract  
Objective: Low-Load Blood Flow Restriction Training (LLBFRT) is an emerging approach in order to increase muscle endurance and muscle volume, as well as decrease pain in the early rehabilitation phase. The purpose of this review was to analyze the published literature on the effects of this intervention on musculoskeletal postsurgical rehabilitation. Methods: Six electronic databases (Cochrane Library, PubMed, SPORTDiscus, SCOPUS, CINAHL, and Web of Science) were searched from 2004 to 2024. Articles including adults who underwent any type of musculoskeletal surgery were screened. The Risk of Bias and Quality of Evidence were assessed using the Cochrane Risk-of-Bias Tool (RoB 2) and GRADE-CERQual scale. A meta-analysis was performed on the identified studies using RevMan version 5.4. The analysis model was synthesized as a random effects model, and the standard mean difference (SMD) was used as the effect measure. Results: Thirteen articles fulfilled the selection criteria and were included in this review. Muscle strength, muscle volume, and perceived pain had positive results in almost all studies; however, the meta-analysis reported a lack of overall effect in favor of LLLBFRT vs. control interventions in both lower and upper limb evaluations. Conclusions: Although some studies indicate positive effects of LBLFRT on strength, muscle size, and pain perception in operated lower and upper limbs, these results must be interpreted carefully since the overall effects are unclear. Nonetheless, the selected studies did not report discomfort claims; therefore, the LBLFRT could be a safe recovery strategy to use when rehabilitation programs need to gain variety.  
blood flow restriction therapy; musculoskeletal diseases; resistance training; postoperative period +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences