# Data-Driven Network Latency Processing for Auxiliary Services in Virtual Power Plant
## 1 Introduction  
Since 21 March 1994, when the \"United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change\" was first signed, human society has worked together to maintain atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations at a stable level at which point danger by human interference with the climate system does not occur [1]. By June 2016, the number of state parties to the \"United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change\" had increased to 197. However, with the further development of human society, carbon emissions soar, climate change intensifies, and the contradiction between emissions and development becomes more acute [2]. Nowadays, the \"Race to Zero\" initiative, supported by the United Nations, has brought together more than 4500 nongovernmental actors from 92 economies around the world, working to halve carbon emissions by 2030 and build a healthier, safer, cleaner, and more resilient world for future generations. The maturity and widespread deployment of renewable energy technologies, such as dispersed wind power and distributed photovoltaic power, offer a window of opportunity to mitigate or even resolve the emissions-development paradox [3]. In general, replacing fossil energy with renewable energy can significantly reduce carbon emissions, thus promoting environmentally friendly sustainable development. As for the electricity system, replacing polluting coal, natural gas,and oil-fired power plants with renewable energy will greatly reduce carbon emissions. However, the large-scale introduction of renewable energy will bring great challenges to the traditional electric power system, including but not limited to relay protection, power flow change, electricity market, etc. China will increase its intended nationally determined contributions, adopt stronger policies and measures, and strive to achieve \"carbon neutrality\" by 2060 (with peak emissions before 2030) [4]. In this context, with the development and maturity of renewable energy technologies, virtual power plants (VPPs) have once again triggered intense discussions in academia and industry. However, the limited capacity of a single renewable energy unit and the significant volatility of its output are obviously troubles in regulation and trading. On the one hand, units with too small a capacity will not be included in the dispatching field of view for control, because the adjustable range and capacity are insignificant for regulation. On the other hand, the new energy unit can indeed aggregate a large capacity and adjustable margin through the polymerization unit, but the safe access of a large number of new energy units will also bring a non-negligible impact to the regulation system. In general, the objective of a VPP is to network distributed energy resources (DERs), such as wind farms, solar parks, and combined heat and power units, in order to monitor, forecast, optimize, and trade their power. In this way, the fluctuation of renewable energy can be balanced to a certain extent. By aggregating the power of several units, a VPP can deliver the same service and redundancy and subsequently trade on the same electricity markets as large central power plants or industrial consumers. Therefore, a reliable communication network architecture and a robust control system are the basic premise and an important guarantee for realizing VPPs. The contributions of this paper are summarized below. * The authors put forward an energy digitalization landing paradigm that combines practical application requirements with a best-effort network transmission model. In this paradigm, it is crucial to determine the energy control strategy through the monitoring and prediction of network latency. * Academic studies and industrial practices on the network architecture and control system of the VPP have been reviewed. The authors summarize the communication requirements of the auxiliary services in the VPP.