## 7 Discussion and Conclusions
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Ref.** & **County** & **Programs** & **Challenges** & **Remarks** \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{[248]} & \multirow{4}{*}{India} & \multirow{4}{*}{-} & Highly concentrated on peak reduction in DSM programs in India, whereas agriculture and small-scale industries are heavily subsidized. National electricity policy also emphasizes periodic energy audits, labeling, and standardization of appliances for voluntary and self-regulatory initiatives. & Several obstacles are impeding the implementation of DSM programs, and these obstacles must be identified and overcome for India’s DSM potential to fully realized. & However, such rules must be updated, and regulatory mechanisms must be developed to encourage utility companies to implement DSM programs on a greater scale. \\ \cline{3-6}  & & & The adoption of dynamic pricing for 100\% & \multirow{3}{*}{-} & The fact that pseudo-peaks could be formed during periods of lower electricity rates, which could disrupt grid operation if demand exceeds supply capacity, is a disadvantage of using the TOU pricing structure. \\ \cline{3-6}  & & & To encourage peak load reduction in Brazil, a set of levies was created for large consumers. To do so, consumers were divided into two categories: consumers with high voltage, have inflexible loads during & \multirow{3}{*}{-} & In South Africa, there is a potential opportunity for grid operation if demand exceeds supply capacity, is a disadvantage of using the TOU pricing structure. \\ \cline{3-6}  & & & To do so, consumers were divided into two categories: consumers with high voltage, have inflexible loads during & \multirow{3}{*}{-} & DSM treatments may create some consumer dissatisfaction, necessitating habit \\ \cline{3-6}  & & & Both tariffs are intended to reduce peak load consumption by moving load to off-peak hours or replacing generation & encourage the consumers to have self-generation using fossil fuels. & \multirow{3}{*}{-} & modifications in people who are affected. \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{[251]} & \multirow{4}{*}{Australia} & \multirow{4}{*}{Australia} & Australia promotes demand-side opportunities by focusing on improving energy efficiency, the substitution of energy sources, load shifting, and peak shaving. & To overcome the lack of consumer acceptance, awareness, and technical barriers to DSM. & \multirow{4}{*}{-} & The consumer’s preference must be prioritized. \\ \cline{3-6}  & & & In Thailand, from 2003–2017, the use of energy efficiency programs and efficient power generation technologies would reduce CO2 by 8.4\%. & High investment costs. & \multirow{4}{*}{-} & Price- or incentive-based tariffs can be adopted. \\ \cline{3-6}  & & & Indonesia will reduce electricity demand by & & \multirow{4}{*}{-} & It might be achieved if it receives support from the Indonesian government and the people. \\ \cline{3-6}  & & & & & \\ \cline{3-6}  & & & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 6: \(Cont.\)of computational time and error in BEMS. More research is required to profoundly improve the performance of optimization algorithms with less computation time and error that might respond accordingly to consumer needs over time. * Passive design solutions are undeniably important for reducing energy use and improving human comfort. Many green architects use passive design as part of their sustainable design strategy. However, because of temperature and density, passive design should be cautiously applied in existing building retrofits in hot-humid climates with crowded urban environments, taking into account cost and effectiveness [74]. * As renewable energies are intermittent, more emphasis should be given to finding the optimum sizing of RER and battery storage to minimize the initial and maintenance costs, which is the key way to approaching consumers for the encouragement of adopting BEMS. This review paper has comprehensively extracted the contribution of BEMS to curtail load profile with optimization control, by introducing energy policies.