## 4 System Model
### Evaluation Criteria  
The objective of this extensive simulation is to evaluate the performance of the MRLAM routing scheme and the following metric is adopted for the performance evaluation:  
1. _Throughput:_ A network throughput represents the average amount of data productivity that is delivered during a period of the network operation time, between the source and destination node pairs. It is expressed in Kbps that can be defined as: \[\text{Throughput}=\frac{\text{Number of packet received}\ \times\ 8}{\text{Network operation time}}\] (15)
2. _Average End-to-End Delay (Avg. EED):_ It is the ratio of total time taken for data transmission between source and destination node to the number of packets received at the destination node, which can be calculated as follows: Avg. EED = \[\frac{\text{Total time taken for packets transmission}}{\text{Number of packets received}}\] (16)  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Simulation Parameters** & **Value** \\ \hline Routing protocols & MRLAM, MP-OLSR, MP-OLSRv2 \\ \hline Simulation time & 200 s \\ \hline Traffic type & CBR (UDP) \\ \hline Battery capacity & 3600 mAh \\ \hline Propagation model & Two ray ground \\ \hline Generic energy model & \(P_{Transmission}=1300\) mW and \(P_{Receive}=900\) mW \\ \hline Signal transmission power & 31.623 mW \\ \hline Random Waypoint Mobility model &
\begin{tabular}{c} Minimum velocity \(v_{\text{min}}=10\) m/s, \\ Maximum velocity \(v_{\text{max}}=60\) m/s \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline Learning rate \(\alpha\) & [0, 1] based on Q-value \\ \hline Discount rate \(\gamma\) & 0, current reward value \\ \hline Dirac delta function \(\delta(v)\) & 0, when \(v_{\text{max}}\) or 1 when \(v_{\text{min}}\) \\ \hline Pause time \(t_{p}\) & 10 s \\ \hline Battery model & Linear battery model \\ \hline Channel frequency & 2.4 GHz \\ \hline Transmission range & 270 m \\ \hline MAC Layer protocol & IEEE 802.11 \\ \hline Physical layer model & PHY 802.11b \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Simulation parameters.  
_Packet Loss Ratio : (PLR):_ It is represented as the percentage ratio of the number of packets dropped by the malicious nodes that are selected in the route to the total number of packets sent during the transmission, which is calculated as follows: \[PLR=\frac{N_{s}-N_{r}}{N_{s}}\times 100\] (17) where \(N_{s}\) and \(N_{r}\) denotes the number of bits transmitted from the source and received at destination nodes respectively.
4. _Energy Consumption :_ It is defined as the total amount of energy consumed by all nodes for key transmission throughout the duration of the simulation. Energy consumption of each node is obtained at the end of each simulation, factoring in the initial energy of each node. The energy consumption formula for transmitting data is: \[E_{consumption}=\frac{E_{Total}}{\text{Number of packets succesfully transmitted}}\] (18) where \(E_{Total}\) is the total energy of node which is 3600 mAh in the simulation model.
5. _Energy Cost:_ The energy cost metric represents operational model's energy efficiency for period of data transmission with end node pairs that can be evaluated as the energy consumption of nodes to the total number of successfully received packets in the network, as shown below: \[E_{\text{cost}t}=\frac{\text{Average Energy Consumption}}{\text{Total Packet Recieved}}\] (19)
6. _Convergence Time:_ Convergence occurs in the network due to frequent network topology changes; meanwhile, the intermediate nodes independently run routing algorithms and recalculate parameters values. The intermediate nodes update routing information and build new routing table based on the parameter's information. It is calculated based on the time required before all of the intermediate nodes can reach a consensus regarding the updated network topology.