## 4 Sensor Integration Platform
### Satellite  
Satellites have many advantages during disastrous situations because they can provide a systematic and synergistic framework to facilitate scientific understanding of the Earth and thus facilitate disaster prediction and post-disaster support (Figure 4) [86]. Satellite data can help analyze the situation in a disaster area and provide rescuers with an important basis for decision making. They can further support earthquake rescue operations in the areas of detection, early warning, rescue navigation, communication, and the prediction of secondary hazards [87,88]. For example, the satellite imagery shared by the NASA Earth observatory showed the damage of Turkish cities after the destructive earthquakes occurred on 6 February 2023. Figure 4: The mechanism of an earthquake and different kinds of sensors. Navigation and monitoring satellites can perform detection and early warning functions before earthquakes. The recent advancement [52] of real-time high-rate GPS means this technology can directly estimate permanent displacement on the Earth. This information can be combined with ground seismic sensors to make a more accurate early warning of earthquakes [89]. Infrared satellites can predict earthquakes by detecting anomalous ground warming prior to an earthquake [90]. The satellite information can be used by different agencies on different levels. For example, satellites enable governments and rescuers to know about earthquakes in advance, send rescue teams, and evacuate residents [87; 91; 92]. For the public, satellites also allow people to know about earthquakes in advance so that they can take protective measures nearby. Satellites provide historical and real-time images of the disaster area before and after the earthquake. Satellites also provide a unique synergistic view of the spatial scale and variable time of the disaster area. Earth-orbiting satellites complement traditional in situ measurements and ground-based sensor networks such as those for seismology, volcanology, geomorphology, and hydrology [93]. Satellite communication has the advantages of a large communication range, good communication effect, and not being influenced by terrestrial disasters, which plays an important role in earthquake rescue [93]. Moreover, satellites can provide the spatio-temporal information of a disaster area to understand the possibility of subsequent disasters [94]. This information can be used to avoid casualties from subsequent disasters and economic losses [95]. This review shows that there are benefits and limitations to earthquake sensors for decision making based on their model and applications (Table 3). Base stations, UAVs, and satellite sensors have different capacities and limitations because of their model design. For example, base station sensors have a very high cost compared to UAV sensors but they provide very good communication systems for long-term data for early warning systems. Meanwhile, UAV sensors are very good at detecting objects in harsh situations, but they have lots of technical challenges. Satellite sensors are very useful for large-scale disaster scenarios, but they are very expensive.