## 1 Introduction  
Cities are becoming larger, and congestion is becoming the main problem. People often think that this problem focuses solely on car congestion; however, in developing cities such as Valparaiso, Chile [1], 33% of daily trips are made by car, while 27% are made on foot, and the remainder is primarily by public transportation (39%). Similarly, in developed cities like London [2], over 60% of daily trips are made using sustainable, efficient, and active modes such as public transport, walking, and cycling, with the remainder primarily using private vehicles.  
Within sustainable, efficient, and active modes, walking is becoming an important mode of transportation within the city. But are cities prepared for this? Considering the high number of trips made by car, the biggest challenge in cities is to reduce traffic and improve safety conditions at pedestrian crossings. However, since 1990, the number of deaths caused by traffic accidents in Chile has ranged between 1400 and 2000 per year, reaching the highest value in the last 10 years in 2022 with 1745 fatalities, many of them pedestrians [3]. Similarly, in developed countries like the United Kingdom, the number of fatalities increased in 2017 compared to 2016, with 1793 people killed, 26% of whom were pedestrians [4].  
One of the causes of the high fatality rate is related to the lack of pedestrian facilities at transport infrastructures such as signalized intersections, as there is a conflict between vehicles turning right (in right-driving jurisdictions) and pedestrians who wish to cross at different speeds. This conflict can be referred to as the vehicle-pedestrian conflict, where the green light for vehicles is shared with the pedestrian green light to cross (see Figure 1a). Furthermore, if the intersection is congested due to high pedestrian flow, vehicles will only turn right during the yellow light, as they need to find a gap in the space between pedestrians crossing the street. As a result, delays for both pedestrians and vehicles increase, reducing the capacity and the space used at the intersection [5].  
To reduce the vehicle-pedestrian conflict, different pedestrian facilities can be implemented, such as Shibuya-style crossings, which include an exclusive pedestrian phase and a diagonal crossing [6]. This type of solution considers an exclusive green phase in all directions, allowing pedestrians to cross in all directions, while all vehicle movements are stopped with a red light at the signalized intersection. This solution also includes pavement markings and other accessibility facilities (see Figure 1b).  
Although these facilities have also been implemented at some intersections in Chile, there is still a lack of methods to determine the effect on the efficiency and safety in order to reduce delays for both pedestrians and vehicles, which is the main goal of this research. The specific objectives of this study are (a) to identify the variables that reduce the vehicle-pedestrian conflict; (b) to develop a method to implement a Shibuya-style crossing; (c) to apply this method to an existing signalized intersection; and (d) to develop a model that allows a free-to-use graphical interface to simulate a Shibuya-style crossing.  
This paper is composed of six sections. In Section 2, the literature review is described, followed by the method developed in this study. In Section 4, the results analyzed. In Section 5, the discussion is addressed, followed by the conclusions in Section 6.  
Figure 1: Transport infrastructure: (**a**) vehicle–pedestrian conflict when sharing the green light at signalized intersections in Chile; (**b**) exclusive phase with diagonal crossing in the UK.