# Investigating the Influential Factors of Ride-Hailing Usage Frequency in the Post-Pandemic Era
## 2 Literature Review
### Impact of Pandemic on Ride-Hailing Behavior  
The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has had a certain impact on residents' daily travel behavior worldwide. The emergence of COVID-19 has changed people's choices of travel modes, and many scholars have explored the pandemic's impact on ride-hailing services. In the early days of the pandemic, [PERSON] et al. [18] investigated the short- and long-term effects of COVID-19 on the use of ride-hailing services by online survey. The results pointed out that COVID-19 might have a long-term impact on the perceived risk associated with shared modes of transportation (such as public transportation and ride-sharing) and the willingness to leave home. [PERSON] et al. [19] utilized online survey data to explore the impact of the first wave of the pandemic on ride-hailing services in the Greater Toronto Area. The results demonstrated that the pandemic had a short-term impact on the use of ride-hailing services, but the long-term impact needed further research to validate. [PERSON] et al. [20] established an ordered logit model to explore the impact of COVID-19 on the use of ride-hailing services in Toronto. The results demonstrated that risk perception, the tendency to take preventive measures when leaving home, and socio-economic factors affected people's consideration of using ride-hailing services in the early stages of the pandemic. [PERSON] et al. [21] discussed the work characteristics and efficiency differences over time between ride-hailing and regular taxis based on a dataset of approximately 37 million trips taken in five months in Ningbo City. The results identified that the cumulative number of recovered cases of coronavirus, closed management policies, public transportation operation status, and per capita transportation costs significantly impacted the operational efficiency of both taxisand ride-hailing services. [PERSON] et al. [22] tried to incorporate two psychological structures, problem-focused coping and perceived virus infection risk, into the theory of planned behavior (TPB) model through the cross-sectional survey in Ho Chi Minh City to understand passengers' intentions to use ride-hailing services during the COVID-19 pandemic. The results revealed that a problem-focused coping approach had the most significant overall impact on willingness to use ride-hailing services. [PERSON] et al. [23] utilized spatial regression models to examine and compare the changes in public transit and ride-hailing ridership in Chicago during the COVID-19 pandemic. The research highlighted that there were significant declines in ride-hailing usage among the younger, college-educated population and in areas with higher walkability metrics. [PERSON] et al. [24] analyzed the impact of factors such as risk perception, vaccination status, and personal and health measures on willingness to use ride-hailing services in the future. The research found that these factors, along with sociodemographic characteristics and travel behavior, significantly affected individuals' willingness to use shared mobility services in the late and post-pandemic periods. For ride-hailing transportation systems, [PERSON] et al. [25] utilized social network analysis to conduct a comprehensive analysis of traffic on different routes and provided risk solutions for pandemic situations based on the identification of acquired behaviors. Major risks included the excessive concentration of drivers in some areas of Tehran, resulting in increased traffic load in the city, reduced profitability of companies and drivers, and excessive cancellation in border areas. Regarding driver travel, [PERSON] et al. [26] constructed a dataset of ride-hailing drivers in the U.S. and the Netherlands through a cross-sectional stated preference experiment to explore their willingness to accept ride requests allocated by ride-hailing platforms.