esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 4 Results and Discussions  
### Hotspots Analysis Results  
Hotspot analysis (Getis Ord \(G_{i}\)*) was used based on the severity index related to each place where road accidents occurred. Gits-Ord \(G_{i}\)* was utilized for identifying spatial clusters of high (hotspots) that are statistically significant. The map of road accident hotspots was generated using the results of the hotspot analysis. For each accident severity index, Gits-Ord \(G_{i}\)* generates a new output feature class that includes a z-score, \(p\)-value, and confidence level bin field (\(G_{i}\) Bin). The analysis discovered 80 hotspots for road accidents along the Desert Highway. Table 2 shows Gits-Ord \(G_{i}\)* output and severity index for the most severe road accident hotspots on the Jordan Desert Highway. The results showed that accident hotspots were with a severity significant impact on the occurrence of accidents, with \(p\)-value > 0.001, \(p\)-value > 0.05, and \(p\)-value 0.10 for each hotspot, z-value < 2.58, z-value < 1.96, and z-value < 1.65, and G-bin were 1 (90% confidence level), 2 (95% confidence level), and 3 (99% confidence level). The severity index between 10 and 79 is shown in the table, and all points within the range have statistical significance in causing road accidents at a confidence level ranging from 90 to 99%. The severity index was classified into three categories: low (1-30), medium (31-60), and high (>60).
# Shunt Damping Vibration Control Technology: A Review
## 4 Active Shunt
Resonant shunts reduce the vibration by generating electrical antiresonance, while active shunts suppress structural vibrations by increasing the actuating force that is validated by decreasing the total impedance of the electrical circuit. Active shunts overcome the high sensibility of the tuning frequency of the control circuit, and are possible in suppressing a broadband vibration.
applied sciences Article  
A Case Study of the Integration of Ground-Based and Drone-Based Ground-Penetrating Radar (GPR) for an Archaeological Survey in Hulata (Israel): Advancements, Challenges, and Applications [PERSON] and [PERSON]  
Geo-Scope Ltd., Rosmarine 17, Beer Sheva 8465041, Israel; [EMAIL_ADDRESS]  
Civil Engineering Department, Sami Shamoon College of Engineering, Jabotinsky 84, Ashdod 77245, Israel  
Correspondence: [EMAIL_ADDRESS]  
This study delves into the fusion of ground-based and drone-based ground-penetrating radar (GPR) technologies in archaeological exploration. Set against the backdrop of the Hulata solar panel construction site in Israel, the research confronts daunting obstacles such as clayey soil, accurate detection of small objects, and the imperative of timely reporting crucial for construction management. The drone-based GPR, a testament to technological innovation, showcases remarkable adaptability to challenging terrains, dispelling doubts about electromagnetic wave decay in clayey soil. Methodologically, the study employs detailed orthophoto mapping and grid-type surveys. The correlation of the results significantly bolsters the reliability of archaeological discoveries, uncovering scattered artifacts buried approximately 1-1.5 m below the surface. Meteulous excavations validate the geophysical surveys, affirming the presence of structures constructed from boulders. The application at the Hulata site validates the adaptability of drone-based GPR in challenging terrains. It provides a swift, cost-effective, and minimally invasive alternative to traditional excavation techniques, thereby transforming the field of archaeology.  
ground-based GPR; drone-based GPR; archeological survey
## 5 Simulation Results
Meta-learning-based INDI method reaches the best ACE value due to the representation power of DNN, adaptive capability, and the robust anti-interference performance of the INDI method. The ACE of the z-axis is smaller than that of the x-axis. As there is a relatively straightforward control along the z-axis, which usually refers to the vertical direction or altitude. This ease of control primarily stems from the fact that quadrotors modulate the speed of all motors to ascend or descend. The disturbances caused by the wind along the z-axis are also smaller. Figure 6: The position error in 3D space of the proposed meta-learning-based INDI and OMAC. Figure 7: _Cont._  
To validate how the lack of mass symmetry affects the performance of the proposed method, we adjust the quadrotor model to be mass-asymmetric. The moment of inertial matrix is designed as a non-diagonal matrix as follows:  
\[J= \begin{bmatrix}0.0036&0.003&0\\ 0.003&0.0036&0\\ 0&0&0.0036\end{bmatrix} . \tag{29}\]  
Another aspect worth noting is that the moment arms of the x-axis and the y-axis are incorporated in the control matrix, subject to optimization during the learning process. As a result, any effects stemming from discrepancies in the moment arms can be effectively mitigated. We apply the same environmental disturbance conditions as those set in Figure 7. The ACE values of the mass-asymmetric quadrotor are shown in Figure 8. The results indicate that, due to the lack of mass symmetry, the PID and INDI baseline methods perform somewhat inferiorly compared to the symmetrical case. However, the performance of the meta-learning-based PID and INDI methods approximate that observed in the mass-symmetric scenario. Therefore, we can conclude that the proposed method is capable of accommodating a certain degree of mass asymmetry. Figure 7: Trends of ACE values under different control methods in the mass-symmetric scenario. Meta-learning-based INDI yields the best outcomes.
# Design of CubeSat-Based Multi-Regional Positioning Navigation and Timing System in Low Earth Orbit
## 4 Discussion  
This study discusses the system engineering aspects of a CubeSat-based LEO PNT system. The constellation design and coverage analysis determined that at least 100 S/Cs, distributed across 10 orbital planes, are necessary to provide continuous coverage over Germany. Additionally, with the ground segment located in Greece and comprising two GCSs in Pasachna and Nemea, each spacecraft is expected to achieve over 2.5 contacts per day, which is sufficient for operational procedures. A space debris mitigation analysis was also performed via DRAMA, confirming that the proposed system complies with all relevant regulatory requirements and, thus, maintaining the sustainability of space debris mitigation.  
Figure 14: Frequency response of the CSAC while exposed to \(-10\,^{\circ}\)C to \(+50\,^{\circ}\)C [24].  
Figure 13: Thermal simulation: 5 days in the life—50% electrical power-to-heat conversion ratio (a) and 100% electrical power-to-heat conversion ratio (b).  
activities. Moreover, the CAD model established that the spacecraft design adopts an 8U CubeSat form factor. This stands as one of the earliest examples of utilizing nanosatellites of this size for PNT services that could have a commercial impact.  
The system budgets were thoroughly analyzed, confirming the system's validity. The mass budget verified that the S/C design is compatible with deployer pod specifications. The power budget, based on findings from solar eclipse analysis and the defined CONOPS, demonstrated that the S/C's battery SoC remains above 80% during nominal operations, providing a safety margin for handling anomalies and reducing battery degradation over time. The link and \(\Delta\)V budgets further confirmed the feasibility of the proposed system. Additionally, the radiation analysis performed via SPENVIS confirmed the S/C's survivability in LEO for a minimum of 3 years.  
Lastly, the preliminary thermal analysis indicated that the S/C would operate within a temperature range of 17 \({}^{\circ}\)C to 36 \({}^{\circ}\)C. This temperature range lies within the operational temperature limits of all S/C components and ensures their consistent and reliable performance.
# Study on Local Vibration Control of the 100 m X-BOW Polar Exploration Cruise Ship
## 1 Introduction
To address the problem that it is difficult to judge the degree of participation of a single local mode when local vibration occurs in the hull structure, this paper proposes a local mode equivalent mass identification method based on the intrinsic mode method, which combines the spatial distribution of the mode masses in the mixed mode, identifies the single local mode in the mixed mode and calculates the equivalent mass of the local mode, and solves for the optimal TMD parameters suitable for the local mode based on the equivalent mass of the local mode. To analyze the optimum mass ratio, the mass ratio was set to 0.005, 0.01, 0.02, 0.05, 0.1, and 0.2, and the frequency response was calculated for each of these mass ratios. The analysis indicates that a tuned mass damper, with a mass ratio of 0.05, achieves a significant 31 dB absorption effect at a frequency of 13.4 Hz. Furthermore, it demonstrates effective control over the amplitude response at frequencies of 10 Hz and 18.8 Hz, with respective control levels of 3 dB and 2 dB. This tuned mass damper also offers a more uniform control band and enhanced robustness across a range of frequencies.
# Efficient Massive MIMO Detection for M-QAM Symbols
## 2 Preliminaries  
We begin by introducing the system model used in MIMO detection. The MMSE and box-constrained DCD algorithms used to solve the linear model are then discussed.
# Convergence Check Phase-Field Scheme for Modelling of Brittle and Ductile Fractures
## 5 Numerical Examples
### Brittle Fractures
#### 5.1.2 Single-Edge Notched Shear Test  
The next verification problem is again a notched plate, now loaded to shear. Material and phase-field parameters are taken from the previous example. Boundary conditions are presented in Figure 7a. For this loading case, the model was discretised by 26,914 finite elements in a single layer, with refinement in the expected FPZ. Horizontal displacement loading \(u=0.013\) mm was imposed in 100 increments. The results obtained by two approaches are compared in Figure 7b.  
As presented in Figure 7b, there are slight discrepancies in the force-displacement dependency of the two frameworks. The general character of the curves is the same in both the pre-peak and post-peak regimes. The latter is also demonstrated by the crack path represented in Figure 8.  
Figure 6: Number of iterations utilised through loading increments for a single-edge notched tensile test.  
Figure 7: Single-edge notched shear test: (**a**) boundary conditions, (**b**) force-displacement diagram.  
Regarding the numerical efficiency comparison, both simulations were conducted on the same workstation by parallelisation with four CPUs. The RCTRL scheme completed the analysis in 95,233 s (26.45 h) while the CCPF scheme completed the simulation in 24,262 s (6.74 h), 75% faster. The numerical efficiency of the CCPF is easily demonstrated by comparing iterations per loading increment in Figure 9.  
From Figure 9, it can be seen that the CCPF finds equilibrium and crack propagation through increments in considerably smaller numbers of iterations through increments, which once more demonstrates the efficiency of the CCPF scheme and the reduced computational time compared to the RCTRL scheme.
## 3 Results
#### 3.1.2 Similarity Scoring and Data Analysis  
Based on the Similarity Scores provided for images A-L in comparison to image 0, it is evident that the scores vary significantly, ranging from 78.73 to 95.86, as displayed in Table 2. Here is an analysis of the data:  
1. Histograms A stands out with the highest Similarity Score of 95.86, indicating that it Image A is the most visually coherent with image 0. This suggests that the repair material and technique used in image A are the most effective in preserving the visual integrity of the environment when compared to the standard represented by image 0.
2. On the other end of the spectrum, image B has the lowest score at 78.73, pointing to the least visual resemblance to image 0. This implies that traditional concrete repair methods are less effective in maintaining visual coherence, based on the criteria set for this analysis.
3. The scores for images C through L are tightly packed within the range of 80.66 to 83.35. Although none of these images achieve the high similarity of image A, they do represent a moderate level of visual coherence with image 0. This suggests that varying the colors used in repair does have an impact but not as significant as the technique or material used in image A.
4. It is worth noting that the scores for images C-L are relatively close to each other, indicating that while there may be slight differences in visual coherence due to the different colors used for repair, these differences are not particularly pronounced.
## 5 Performance Evaluation
### Comparison of BSMH and Other Benchmarks
#### 5.4.4 Energy Consumption per Packet  
The average energy consumed to delivery one packet is shown in Figure 16. In general, BSMH and LVGR outperform EDGR and GPSR. Moreover, the performance of BSMH and LVGR are almost similar. GPSR shows the worst performance and its energy consumption per packet is much higher than those caused by other protocols in most the cases. EDGR results in a poor performance regarding Topologies 1, 2, 3, 4. This is due to its high delivery ratios and large routing path stretch (see Sections 5.4.1 and 5.4.5). In the other topologies, EDGR attains a similar performance with BSMH and LVGR. This phenomenon can be explained as followed: As BSMH and LVGR use shorter routing paths (reflected by better performance in terms of routing path stretch as shown in Section 5.4.1), they may consume less energy than EDGR regarding data transmission. However, as will be shown in Section 5.4.3, the control overhead caused by EDGR is much smaller than those of BSMH and LVGR, thus the energy consumed by transmitting the control packets of EDGR is smaller than those of BSMH and LVGR.
# Theranostic Nanoplatforms of Thiolated Reduced Graphene Oxide Nanosheets and Gold Nanoparticles
## 2 Materials and Methods
### 2.9 Cell Cultures  
SH-SYSY tumoral neuroblastoma cells were cultured in DMEM-F12 supplemented with 10% (_y_/_o_) FBS, glutamine 2 mM, 100 UI penicillin/ 0.1 mg/mL streptomycin. Cells were grown in tissue culture-treated Corning(r) flasks (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) under a humidified atmosphere of air/CO\({}_{2}\) (95:5) at 37 \({}^{\circ}\)C in an incubator (Heraeus Hera Cell 150C incubator). The cytotoxicity of the samples was tested on neuroblastoma tumor cells (SH-SYSY). The cells were plated into a 96-multiwell plate in complete medium at a density of \(15\cdot 10^{3}\) cells per well. Afterward, cells were treated for 24 h, in medium supplemented with 1% (_y_/_o_) FBS, with bwGO120S, rGOSH at the two concentrations of 1.35 \(\upmu\)g/mL and 0.54 \(\upmu\)g/mL, respectively, and the nanosystems, namely, AuNS, AuNR, the hybrids bwGO@NS, bwGO@NR, rGOSH@NS, and rGOSH@NR, by diluting 20 and 50 times the lyophilized samples resuspended at the concentration of 1 mg/mL in MilliQ water. Cytotoxicity was determined at 37 \({}^{\circ}\)C, by using the tetrazolium dye 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolzolium bromide (MTT) [(83)]. After 90 min of incubation, the enzymatic reduction of MTT to the insoluble purple formazan product was detected by dissolving the crystals with 100 \(\upmu\)L of dimethyl sulfoxide and thus measuring the absorbance at 570 nm by Varioscan spectrophotometer (Varioskan(r) Flash Spectral Scanning Multimode Readers, Thermo Scientific). The experiments were performed in triplicate and the results are presented as the means \(\pm\) standard error of mean (SEM). The statistical analysis was performed by student's _t_-test.
# Robust Long-Term Visual Object Tracking via Low-Rank Sparse Learning for Re-Detection
## 5 Conclusions  
A novel long-term tracking method is proposed to achieve more robust long-term tracking in this paper. By introducing motion features as a supplement to the appearance features, our tracker can effectively improve the discrimination ability of the tracker. In our re-detection module, we introduce a low-rank sparse dictionary learning to re-detect targets. For reliability evaluation, our tracker can update the model adaptively, considering both the PSR value and the trajectory smoothness degree. Numerous experiments demonstrate that our proposed tracker overmatches other state-of-the-art trackers, and our proposed framework can apply to other DCF-based trackers in long-term tracking.  
Conceptualization, S.L., B.L., X.Y. and H.L.; methodology, S.L.; software, S.L.; validation, S.L., B.L., X.Y. and H.L.; formal analysis, S.L.; investigation, S.L.; resources, S.L. and B.L.; data curation, S.L.; writing--original draft preparation, S.L.; writing--review and editing, S.L.; visualization, S.L.; supervision, S.L., B.L., X.Y. and H.L.; project administration, S.L. and B.L.; funding acquisition, B.L., X.Y. and H.L. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research received no external funding.  
Not applicable.  
**Data Availability Statement:** We use the public datasets (OTB-2013, OTB-2015, Temple Color-128) to verify my algorithm, and their links include [[http://cvlab.hanyang.ac.kr/tracker_benchmark](http://cvlab.hanyang.ac.kr/tracker_benchmark)]([http://cvlab.hanyang.ac.kr/tracker_benchmark](http://cvlab.hanyang.ac.kr/tracker_benchmark)) (accessed on 12 January 2021) and [[http://www.dabi.temple.edu/hbling/data/TColor-128.html](http://www.dabi.temple.edu/hbling/data/TColor-128.html)]([http://www.dabi.temple.edu/hbling/data/TColor-128.html](http://www.dabi.temple.edu/hbling/data/TColor-128.html)) (accessed on 12 January 2021).  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & **Ours** & **ECOhc** & **STAPLE** & **SRDCF** & **BACF** & \
\begin{tabular}{c} **SAMF** \\ **-CA** \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} **CRS** \\ **-DCF** \\ \end{tabular} & **KCF** & **SAMF** & **DSST** & **TLD** & **LCT** \\ \hline Avg.FPS (CPU) & 19.1 & 37.6 & 67.7 & 12.8 & 41.6 & 27.7 & 17.8 & 315.1 & 29.4 & 63.9 & 60.6 & 33.5 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: The speeds of different trackers on OTB-2015 dataset.  
Figure 11: Precision plots (**left**) and success plots (**right**) of OPE on Temple color-128 dataset. The values in the legend indicate the quantitative comparisons of distance precision at the threshold of 20 pixels and overlap success rate at the conventional thresholds of 0.5 (\(IOU>0.5\)).
# Dermoscopy Images Enhancement via Multi-Scale Morphological Operations
## 2 Mathematical Morphology
### Opening and Closing  
Opening \(\gamma(I,mH)\) operator is the sequential combination of erosion \(\varepsilon_{mH}(I)\) with \(mH\) (structuring element \(H\) of size \(m\)) followed by dilation \(\delta_{\widetilde{mH}}(I)\). Closing, on the other hand, \(\phi(I,mH)\) is the sequential combination of dilation \(\delta_{mH}(I)\) with \(mH\) followed by erosion \(\varepsilon_{\widetilde{mH}}(I)\). Both operators are defined as [14]:  
\[\gamma(I,mH) = \delta_{\widetilde{mH}}(\varepsilon_{mH}(I)),\] \[\phi(I,mH) = \varepsilon_{\widetilde{mH}}(\delta_{mH}(I)), \tag{2}\]  
where \(m\) is the size of the structuring element and \(\widetilde{mH}\) the reflection of \(mH\). In the case of symmetrical structuring element, \(mH=\widetilde{mH}\).  
Viewing an image as a two-dimensional surface in a three-dimensional space, applying opening (closing) has the consequence of removing peaks (or filling valleys) smaller than the structuring element.
## 7 Further Discussion
The method proposed in this article is also applicable to rolling bearing types. In the load of rolling bearings, due to the very small dynamic friction coefficient of rolling bearings, \(T\Delta\mu\) in Formula (8) can be ignored, so the corresponding auxiliary motor torque is much lower than \(0.2u\). The iterative algorithm proposed in this article is still applicable and has scalability for different turbine configurations. * The choice of PD control system instead of other types of control systems in this article does not mean that the PD controller itself has a higher precision control effect; but, because the PLC has a built-in PD module, it can be combined with high-precision intelligent control algorithms through the OPC communication, as shown in Figure 12. On the one hand, this can not only achieve high control accuracy, but can also combine control algorithms with the rich external hardware interface functions of the PLC, making it more suitable for engineering applications. In addition, the PD controller adopts open-loop control instead of closed-loop control, which does not mean that the accuracy of the open-loop control is higher, but because the open-loop control reduces the feedback link of signals, it can accelerate the algorithm execution speed, reduce the PLC scanning cycle, and better meet the real-time requirements of engineering applications. This article precisely demonstrates that the accuracy of open-loop control can fully meet the control requirements of LSJ vibrations. As for the parameters of the PD control system, we adopted the proportional derivative control based on a single neuron (PDC/SN) with an improved Hebb learning algorithm. Please refer to reference [30] for the specific implementation process, with the steady-state error value within the range of [0 0.005]. * To ensure consistency between the theoretical simulation and actual hardware implementation, Figure 12 shows the implementation and validation steps of the C-HITL platform. The PLC system and simulation environment can communicate with each other through the OPC server built by PC-Access. Items built in PC-Access occupy specific addresses corresponding to the PLC memory space. OPC Read/Write blocks in the simulation environment can read or write signals from or into the PLC system by connecting corresponding items built in PC-Access. The data structure and variable type defined in different connection links must be consistent with each other in the storage performance. To ensure the appropriate accuracy and moderate computing time, the sampling time must be less than 0.5 s. The communication parameters of the HITL platform considered encompass a number of features, such as (a) the synchronous OPC write mode, with a sample time of 0.1 s; (b) the OPC read mode from the cache, with a sample time of 0.1 s, with the data type being \"Single\"; (c) the data addresses defined in PC-Access as a type of double word, with the data type being the real type; and (d) the data variables defined in the HMI scheme being \"I/O real\", with data type being float, with a sample time of 0.1 s.