## 1 Introduction  
Most urban areas have developed organically over time. Originally, cities developed so that the population could satisfy their basic needs for sleep and food. Later, as society evolved, the population grew due to migration flows from the countryside to the cities, resulting in urbanization that was largely a response to these economic changes. The needs of the urban population also increased, and urban infrastructure was created to meet other immediate needs: water, sewage, recreational facilities, accessibility, etc., illustrating the close relationship between urbanization and economic success. Today, urban development is the result of urban planning that requires new techniques based on transdisciplinary approaches. Urban redevelopment is the way to upgrade, redesign and plan an urban area for sustainable development [1]. A basic principle for sustainable planning and sustainable development is that short-term decisions should reflect long-term goals by integrating economic, social, and environmental aspects. Although sustainability planning focuses mainly on environmental goals such as reducing emissions or protecting biodiversity, local governments generally rely on economic goals such as saving infrastructure costs and economic development to formulate sustainability policies [2]. The transportation of people and goods is essential for developing regions and municipalities, for economic success and improving the quality of life in urban, periurban and rural areas. On the other hand, economic development and urbanization have a significant impact on the increase of traffic and related problems: overcrowding, traffic congestion, an increasing number of accidents and increasing pollution. As a result, traffic congestion in urban areas is now a common phenomenon not only during rush hours but also during various events, such as traffic accidents and roadwork, which slows down traffic on certain road sections. These types of incidents increase the road users' stress, pose a pollution factor, and can disrupt emergency response efforts. In addition, such traffic incidents lead to a reduction in the quality of life and an additional burden on urban infrastructure. Therefore, traffic safety is an important concern for a sustainable transportation system [3]. A sustainable transportation system must be affordable, efficient, accessible, safe, and environmentally friendly [2; 4]. The main cause for traffic problems is an issue of supply and demand, but this is not the only reason, because frequently the location of the traffic source or destination or the different levels of socioeconomic development within the city can influence traffic congestion more than the capacity of the streets [5]. To ensure an optimal traffic system, it is necessary to monitor traffic conditions to determine the causes of traffic accidents and to analyze the aspects that lead to traffic congestion. Many studies analyzed traffic congestion not only by investigating its causes but also the extent of congestion [6], congestion intensity, duration, speed, and also propagation mechanisms. Traffic accidents and other traffic-related hazards can cause congestion, but also have a strong socio-economic impact due to the social and economic costs of traffic accidents: injuries, deaths and property damage. With the increasing number of accidents, identifying dangerous spots and solving safety issues by optimizing traffic at problematic intersections is a priority. Some researchers have shown that combining statistical data analysis with spatial and network analysis based on GIS is an effective road traffic mapping method that analyzes traffic accessibility or identifies vulnerabilities [3; 7; 8; 9]. Analysis based on GIS has allowed researchers to identify blackspots [10] and better understand traffic patterns in cities. Therefore, GIS has proven useful not only in traffic assessment but also in roadway design [11]. Due to the numerous advantages of GIS in traffic issues, the method has been used in many countries [3; 8; 12].