# Analysis of Lateral Displacement of Pile Foundation Caused by Large-Diameter Shield Tunneling
###### Abstract  
The aim of this research is to study the lateral deformation characteristics of the pile foundation in front of a shield construction and accurately predict its displacement in the shield tunneling direction. The impact of deep-shield construction on the pile foundations was analyzed using the Mindlin elastic solution to determine the lateral displacement. The Kerr foundation model and other factors, like additional shield thrust and uneven shell friction, were considered. The study assessed the impact of the incision distance, shield outer diameter, and additional thrust on pile displacement. The theoretical and numerical solutions of lateral displacement at various shield construction stages were compared to determine the variation law. The results indicate that the theoretical method is reliable, considering its good agreement with the numerical solutions. The buried depth of the shield means that the upper part of the pile is less affected by the additional thrust, leading to less deformation at the top. We recommend using a smaller shield thrust and outer diameter to control the pile's end and top displacement. shield excavation; pile foundation deformation; lateral displacement; Kerr foundation model +
Footnote †: journal: Applied  
Article Analysis of Lateral Displacement of Pile Foundation Caused by Large-Diameter Shield Tunneling  
[PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON], C. Analysis of Lateral Displacement of Pile Foundation Caused by Large-Diameter Shield  
displacement and internal force of the tunnel. The increase in the tunnel's stiffness will cause a decrease in the tunnel's longitudinal displacement but an increase in the tunnel's internal force. Building upon [PERSON]'s solution, [PERSON] et al. [4] considered the additional pressure on the incision front caused by soil squeezing from the cutter head, the side friction resistance of the shield shell with softening characteristics, the uneven distribution of the soft soil layer, and ground displacement resulting from synchronous grouting pressure. By combining the ground displacement caused by soil loss, they obtained the vertical and horizontal displacements of the surface and deep soil during shield construction. The research showed that the soil in front of the shield is uplifted under the action of the shield's construction. The shape is basically close to the normal distribution curve; the deep soil is squeezed and placed far away during the shield's construction. The tunnel axis moves, and its maximum horizontal displacement is near the shield axis. [PERSON] et al. [5] deduced the ground deformation arising from uneven additional pressure on the excavation face, influenced by the slurry's density, the shield shell's friction under uneven distribution, the shield tail grouting pressure under circumferential dissipation, and the ground deformation from ground loss. They obtained the calculation formula for ground deformation resulting from a large-diameter slurry balance shield construction. The [PERSON] [6], [PERSON] [7], and Kerr foundation models are commonly used in the subsequent phase [8]. The Kerr foundation model considers the soil's shear characteristics based on the former two foundation models and adds a spring layer, which better reflects the foundation's continuous deformation characteristics. Several studies [9; 10; 11] have utilized the Kerr foundation model to determine the deformation of infinitely long beams caused by soil excavation, such as pipelines and tunnels. However, only a handful of studies [12; 13] have utilized this model to predict the pile foundation deformation caused by shield excavation. Unlike infinite long beams, pile foundations are limited in length, and the soil displacement field typically acts horizontally rather than vertically. Furthermore, most of the existing research examines tunnels crossing the side of a pile foundation [14; 15], where horizontal displacement occurs on the shield excavation surface.