## 1 Introduction  
In general, concrete is the most popular building construction material in the world due to its cost, technical properties, and durability characteristics. The impacts of the selected materials--e.g., steel or reinforced concrete in both civil and transportation infrastructure constructions--on the economic and ecological levels are often compared. In the transportation infrastructure, concrete is more valuable as it allows the creation of structures of various shapes and is used in all parts of a construction. In addition to steel reinforcement in reinforced concrete [1], cement is the most important component in this respect--historically, ordinary Portland cement (OPC) is the most widely used [2]. It should be noted that there are ways to reduce the cost of concrete production while maintaining its desirable properties, for example, by replacing the aggregates [3, 4, 5, 6], but this is not the subject of the present research. Concrete production alone emits almost 8% of global greenhouse gases [7, 8, 9, 10], mainly due to the use of fossil fuels. A study shows that cement production and processing are responsible for 85% of CO\({}_{2}\) production in the entire concrete industry [11]. A current and extremely large study involving thousands of scientific outputs has shown the modern trends of high-performance concrete (HPC), atypical reinforced concrete, their disadvantages and possibilities, and, above all, has provided a comprehensive overview of studies dealing with concrete with SCMs [12]. For this reason, it is highly desirable to seek alternative substitutes of OPC using various other SCMs [5; 6; 7; 8; 9]; therefore, research on the use of fly ash, slag, silica fume, and metakaolin has been gaining attention at a rapid pace in recent decades [13; 14; 15; 16; 17]. SCM replacement levels may vary from mixture to mixture based on chemical composition, cost, availability, and local resources. Most studies aim to present the strength properties or properties related to durability. Alternatively, researchers are looking for shortcomings in current testing methods due to different chemical compositions of concrete [18; 19; 20]. In many recent studies, a new SCM has been introduced, specifically, volcanic pumice pozzolan (VPP), which increases HPC performance in a significant manner [21; 22; 23; 24; 25]. For the needs of the presented investigation, the results from a previous study [26] were obtained and evaluated in terms of sustainability and other related factors. The acquisition of HPC material properties with SCM was a challenge in addition to the testing strategy. The evaluation of a high-quality mixture and especially the correct categorization of the results are important. Degradation of reinforced concrete structures is the result of the combined effects of environmental and mechanical damage, and owners pay significant attention to the issue of ageing [27; 28; 29]. The effect of degradation must be taken into account, with a strong emphasis on sustainability assessment [30; 31]. This has a significant impact on performance requirements critical to the design procedure, life cycle analysis, reliability and, in addition, sustainability-based concepts [32; 33; 34]. The evaluation of the sustainability of concrete using the so-called sustainability indicators, including material properties, durability, and eco-cost, was presented earlier in [28; 34; 35], using an indicator marked as \(k_{\text{SB}}\) (see Equation (1) in Section 2.4). The methodology was improved and enriched later by others authors [36], who included financial costs for the material and the production of concrete, thus creating the indicator \(k_{\text{SB},\text{C}}\). Moreover, a holistic indicator framework for concrete material sustainability evaluation was presented in another study [37].