# Coproduction as an Approach to Technology-Mediated Citizen Participation in Emergency Management
## 4 Scenarios for Technology-Mediated Citizen Participation in EM
Given the characteristics of the context where this ad hoc mobile applications will be used designers have to consider physical constraints that might difficult normal access to the information (such as noise or smoke) as well as individual constraints due to the capabilities of users as well as to the fact that they are in interacting under stress. Not only minimalist interfaces that reduce to the  
Figure 3: Displaying available citizen roles in map-based interfaces. The colored icons in the map represent different types of citizens. The operator can interact with them by selecting the icons. minimum the input required by the user are required [46; 47] but also interfaces that could be adapted to contextual or permanent user disabilities, as in [48] where ontologies are used to provide accessible alerts in different formats including text, 2D and 3D representations. Other relevant issues related with this scenario concern security and privacy issues. On the one hand, citizens playing more reactive and proactive roles need to be authenticated so that EMAs can be sure the person they are interacting with is the one who has the capabilities to evaluate a situation or execute some kind of action. On the other side, citizens have to be aware that when using the mobile ad hoc application, their position is being monitored. **Scenario 2: Citizens as agents, delegating action to citizens**. This scenario is an extension of the scenario 1, since any citizen able to act in a coordinated way with EMAs will also be able to send information. For that purpose, all the issues discussed for scenario 1 also apply to scenario 2. The main difference relies upon the fact that in this scenario EMAs moves forward a coproduction service where coordinated action with citizens is implemented. Table 3 summarises the capabilities of this scenario. The new scenario requires the development of ad hoc applications that can support coordinated action among EMAs and citizens acting as agents. From the point of view of the EMAs, the information and position of agents needs to be visualized in the crisis map as shown in Figure 3. In this way they can also coordinate action with other agents in the area as EM first responders usually do [49]. Interfaces for citizens should also provide this kind of information as well as information about available resources that can improve their capability to judge the situation and take action. The capability to have a \"professional\" perspective of the situation might help citizens realize they are part of the process, encouraging their participation in the service coproduction. For instance in [32], authors propose the use of map-based apps to understand the situation and the resources that are available, both human and physical. Simple interfaces are provided to get more information on the situation as well as to connect with the EMA. All this interaction is integrated with the EMA's information system so that it is available to understand the situation and the potential social capital that could be mobilized to cope with it. Not only visualization is required but also agile communication channels that can speed up the interaction among citizens and the operation center. Again the interface has to be minimalist and do not overload citizens with unnecessary information neither require complex interactions. New interaction devices, like smartwatches and augmented reality glasses, will provide more opportunities for situated and usable communication. In the first case, information can be received through short text or audio messages that are usually accompanied by a vibration to attract the attention of the receiver. AR glasses are not yet a technology used by citizens in public spaces and their use raises many concerns about privacy [50], but their use cannot be discarded in the short term.