esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 2 Problem Formulation and Preliminary
### Problem Statement
: _For the given vector \(\mathbf{x}=[x_{1},x_{2},\ldots,x_{n}]^{T}\), define \(\text{sig}^{n}\mathbf{x}=[|x_{1}|^{a}\text{sign}(x_{1}),\)\(|x_{2}|^{a}\text{sign}(x_{2}),\ldots,|x_{n}|^{a}\text{sign}(x_{n})]^{T}\) and \(|\mathbf{x}|^{a}=[|x_{1}|^{a},\)\(|x_{2}|^{a},\ldots,|x_{n}|^{a}]^{T}\), where \(\text{sign}(\cdot)\) denotes the sign function and \(a\) is a real number._  
**Assumption 1**. : _The external disturbances, parameter uncertainties and their variation rates are assumed to be bounded \(|\Delta\mathbf{d}|\leq\mathbf{L}_{d}\), \(\left|\Delta\mathbf{d}\right|\leq\mathbf{L}_{dd}\), where \(\mathbf{L}_{d}\) and \(\mathbf{L}_{dd}\) are unknown positive vectors [25]._  
Denote \(\mathbf{z}_{1}=\mathbf{\Lambda}-\mathbf{\Lambda}_{\text{C}}\) and \(\mathbf{z}_{2}=\dot{\mathbf{\Lambda}}-\dot{\mathbf{\Lambda}}_{\text{C}}\). \(\mathbf{\Lambda}_{\text{C}}=[\alpha_{\text{C}},\beta_{\text{C}},\sigma_{\text{C} }]^{\text{T}}\) is the guidance command vector. Then, the attitude tracking error model of RLV can be established as follows:  
\[\left\{ \begin{array}{l}\dot{\mathbf{z}}_{1}=\mathbf{z}_{2}\\ \dot{\mathbf{z}}_{2}=\mathbf{d}+(\dot{\mathbf{R}}\mathbf{R}^{-1}+\mathbf{R}\mathbf{J}^{-1}\mathbf{\Omega} \mathbf{J}\mathbf{R}^{-1})\mathbf{z}_{2}+\mathbf{R}\mathbf{J}^{-1}(\mathbf{M}_{c}+\mathbf{M}_{air})+(\dot{ \mathbf{R}}\mathbf{R}^{-1}+\mathbf{R}\mathbf{J}^{-1}\mathbf{\Omega}\mathbf{J}\mathbf{R}^{-1})\dot{\mathbf{ \Lambda}}_{\text{C}}-\ddot{\mathbf{\Lambda}}_{\text{C}}\\ \text{where }\mathbf{d}=-\dot{\mathbf{R}}\mathbf{R}^{-1}\mathbf{f}+\mathbf{R}\mathbf{J}^{-1}\mathbf{\Omega} \mathbf{J}\mathbf{R}^{-1}\mathbf{f}+\mathbf{R}\mathbf{J}^{-1}\Delta\mathbf{d}+\dot{\mathbf{f}}.\end{array} \right.\]  
Control Objective: In the presence of the external disturbances and parameter uncertainties, this paper aimed to design a novel nonsingular predefined-time controller for RLV. \(\mathbf{z}_{1}\) can reach a predefined small set of residuals within predefined time. \(\mathbf{z}_{1}\) can always be constrained within the range specified by PTPPF. Meanwhile, the control input \(\mathbf{M}_{c}\) is nonsingular.
###### Abstract  
The present work determined the influence of superhydrophobic nano-SiO\({}_{2}\) on the hydraulic conductivity and pore size distribution of expansive soil, and analysed the mechanism of modification between superhydrophobic nano-SiO\({}_{2}\) and expansive soil from a microscopic view. Superhydrophobic nano-SiO\({}_{2}\) was added to expansive soil as a modifier. Our samples were of two types, i.e., unmodified (without nano-SiO\({}_{2}\)) and modified (with 0.2%, 0.4%, 0.6%, 0.8%, and 1.0% nano-SiO\({}_{2}\) by weight of the parent soil). The hydraulic conductivity decreased with increasing nano-SiO\({}_{2}\) content. Fourier transform mid-infrared test revealed that some islands in soil and nano-SiO\({}_{2}\) were dehydrated and condensed to form siloxanes. We inferred that nano-SiO\({}_{2}\) can attach onto the surface of soil particles to form a hydrophobic membrane, which reduced the soil expansion and the change in pore size distribution. And microscopic tests showed that the pore volume and hydrophilicity of the soil samples decreased with increasing SiO\({}_{2}\) content. According to the Young-Laplace equation, the minimum permeable pore radius was calculated in the hydraulic-conductivity test. With increasing nano-SiO\({}_{2}\) content, the volume of permeable pore decreased. It had an excellent linear relationship with the hydraulic conductivity and permeable pore volume of samples containing different nano-SiO\({}_{2}\) contents. Therefore, superhydrophobic nano-SiO\({}_{2}\) could effectively reduce hydraulic conductivity by changing the pore size distribution of expansive soil.  
superhydrophobic nano-SiO\({}_{2}\); expansive soil; hydraulic conductivity; pore size distribution; nuclear magnetic resonance
## 6 Conclusions  
This paper first analyzes the inter-satellite pseudo-range jitter caused by the FPA of the navigation reference frequency of 10.23 MHz and the uncertainty of the initial phase between the 1 PPS and the 10.23 MHz. It then proposes a real-time phase compensation sensor design method based on the integer-n frequency of the second-order phase-locked loop. Through simulation analysis and experimental verification, the designed sensor's phase detection error can reach the picosecond level, and the proposed phase compensation method not only realizes a phase compensation for the pseudo-range jitter caused by the FPA of the 10.23 MHz and the uncertainty of the initial phase between the 1 PPS and the 10.23 MHz, but also when the 1 PPS falls in the 10.23 MHz skip area, overcomes the problem of compensating the ambiguous phase by directly tracking the 10.23 MHz, guaranteeing the consistency of the ISL ranging.  
In the near future, ISLs will be widely applied in all aspects of space services and will become another fundamental resource for navigation and communication satellites. To further improve the ranging consistency, accuracy, and applications of ISLs, we plan to consider incorporating ISL payload devices, space environments, and source transmitters in our analysis and design. We will also consider different constellations with different ISL ranging features rather than limiting our work to the navigation constellation.  
[PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON] and [PERSON] conceived and designed the experiments; [PERSON], [PERSON] and [PERSON] performed the experiments; [PERSON], [PERSON] and [PERSON] analyzed the data; [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON] and [PERSON] contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools; [PERSON], [PERSON] and [PERSON] wrote the paper.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Switch Number** & **Ranging Value, unit: ns** & \(p_{0}^{\prime}\)**, unit: rad** \\ \hline
1 & 755.399 & 0.632\(\pi\) \\
2 & 781.742 & 1.171\(\pi\) \\
3 & 787.317 & 1.285\(\pi\) \\
4 & 736.970 & 0.255\(\pi\) \\
5 & 803.395 & 1.614\(\pi\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Collected actual power switch ranging data without the phase compensation sensor.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Switch Number** & **Ranging Value, unit: ns** & \(p_{0}^{\prime}\)**, unit: rad** \\ \hline
1 & 773.386 & 1.431\(\pi\) \\
2 & 773.389 & 0.762\(\pi\) \\
3 & 773.390 & 0.897\(\pi\) \\
4 & 773.381 & 1.833\(\pi\) \\
5 & 773.385 & 1.128\(\pi\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: Collected actual power switch ranging data with the phase compensation sensor.
###### Abstract  
This study investigates the acute effects of a combined isometric and plyometric unilateral conditioning activity (CA) on post-activation performance enhancement (PAPE) in junior elite sprinters. The rationale for combining isometric and plyometric exercises lies in their complementary effects: isometric exercises enhance neuromuscular activation, while plyometric exercises may exploit the stretch-shortening cycle to maximize power output. Thirteen sprinters (10 males, three females) performed countermovement jumps (CMJ) and 50 m sprints before and after the CA protocol, which involved Bulgarian split squats (15% body mass) and single-leg hops. Performance metrics, including sprint times, CMJ height, and modified reactive strength index (RSImod), were recorded and analyzed. Results showed a significant improvement in CMJ height (2.6 \(\pm\) 3.1%, \(p\)\(<\) 0.001) and RSI (4.1 \(\pm\) 7.5%, \(p\) = 0.038), alongside a reduction in 20 m sprint time (\(-\)0.8 \(\pm\) 1.4%, \(p\) = 0.012). No significant changes were observed in 40 m and 50 m sprint times or ground contact and flight times. These findings suggest that the applied CA selectively enhances sprint acceleration and vertical jumping performance, with a minimal impact on sprint distances above 20 m. This study underscores the potential of incorporating combined isometric and plyometric CAs into sprint training to optimize short-distance performance, though further research is needed to refine exercise protocols and explore long-term effects.  
PAPE; running; muscle stiffness; countermovement jumps +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences  
Article
## 3 Development of Microsimulation Model
### Determination of Weight Factors for PT Prioritization  
In EPICS, priority is represented by the weight factor \(\alpha_{\text{sg}}\) for the signal group that includes PT. The weight factor for PT prioritization is in the range of 50-100. A factor of 50 means that the priority of the PT is minimal, and 100 means that the priority of the PT is unconditional. By interpolation within the range of 50-100, the weight factors for each signal group used by the PT can be determined. According to the methodology suggested in this research, the weighting factors should be determined on the basis of the relationship between the number of passengers in PT and the number of passengers in cars in conflicting traffic flows.  
Based on the data obtained by counting at intersections and in PT, if the signal group with PT has T passengers, and the conflicting signal group with passenger cars has C passengers in the analyzed time period, then it is proposed to assign a weighting factor to the PT signal group according to the Formula (2):  
\[\alpha_{\text{sg}}=50+\left(\frac{T}{T+C}\right)*50 \tag{2}\]  
where:  
\(\alpha_{\text{sg}}\)--weighting factor of signal group for PT priority;  
T--number of PT passenger flows;  
C--number of car passenger flows.
# A Petri Net-Based Algorithm for Solving the One-Dimensional Cutting Stock Problem
## 9 Conclusions  
In this paper, an algorithm based on the modeling power of Petri nets was presented for solving the one-dimensional cutting stock problem (1D-CSP). To the best of our knowledge, Petri nets had not been used to address the 1D-CSP. Firstly, we provided the Petri net general model to construct the solutions of a given instance of the 1D-CSP. Each solution consists of a series of cutting patterns with or without waste. Then, the filtered beam search algorithm is used to search for the best solution throughout the exploration of the nodes of the reachability tree. The algorithm, called FBS-PN-CSP, was compared to the Generate and Solve and the Least Lost algorithms over five datasets with a total of 145 instances and shown to be effective and efficient in most datasets. Therefore, either with instances of low or high complexity, the FBS-PN-CSP is shown to be competitive. However, the efficiency of the FBS-PN-CSP is sensitive to the sock length. In further research, we envisage improving the PN model structure and modifying the algorithm implementation, accordingly, to address this issue. Other research directions may include the beam width and filter width values tuning according to the number of item types to use suitable parameter values for specific features of the instances.  
Conceptualization, I.B.-V.; methodology, I.B.-V., J.M.-M., N.H.-R. and G.E.A.-F.; software, I.B.-V., J.M.-M. and G.E.A.-F.; validation, J.M.-M., N.H.-R. and G.E.A.-F.; formal analysis, I.B.-V., J.M.-M. and N.H.-R.; data curation, I.B.-V., N.H.-R. and G.E.A.-F.; writing--original draft preparation, N.H.-R. and G.E.A.-F; writing--review and editing, I.B.-V. and J.M.[PERSON]. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research received no external funding.  
The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author.  
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**FBS-PN-CSP**} & & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**G\&S**} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**LLA**} \\ \cline{2-13}
**Instance** & _lb_ & **Stock** & \(\beta\) & \(\alpha\) & \% & **Time** & **Stock** & **\% \(>\)_lb_ & **Time** & **Avg.** & **Avg.** & **Avg.** & **Stock** & **\%** & **Time** \\ u250\_01 & 100 & **100** & 15 & 2 & 0.00 & 29.94 & **100** & 0.00 & 11.45 & 100.00 & 325.27
# Optimization of Heat Pump Systems in Buildings by Minimizing Costs and CO\({}_{2}\) Emissions
## 3 Case Study
### Assumptions for Heat Pumps and Electric Heaters
#### 3.2.5 CO\({}_{2}\) Emissions of Hybrid Heat Pumps  
The use of hybrid heat pumps in apartment buildings presents an efficient and cost-effective heating solution, but one of the biggest drawbacks of these systems is their carbon footprint. During the combustion process, carbon dioxide is released into the atmosphere, contributing to the greenhouse effect and global warming. As the problem of climate change becomes increasingly pressing, governments and organizations worldwide, particularly in the EU, are implementing various restrictions, penalties, and requirements aimed at reducing CO\({}_{2}\) emissions [48]. Despite these efforts, pollution continues to rise [49], resulting in increased taxes on CO\({}_{2}\) emissions. As the concern for the environment continues to grow,  
Figure 5: Average monthly temperatures of the primary heat sources.  
it can be expected that in the future, CO\({}_{2}\) emission restrictions will become even stricter, and taxes on emissions will be imposed not only on companies but also on residential buildings.  
As this study aims to reduce the amount of emissions by minimizing the cost of CO\({}_{2}\) emissions, a fee for each ton of CO\({}_{2}\) emissions is included in the analysis. By using the gas energy power (kW) parameters provided in the specifications of hybrid HPs and the \"household CO\({}_{2}\)\" calculator [50], the CO\({}_{2}\) emissions of the analyzed hybrid HPs were evaluated in tons per hour. Additionally, the gas consumption per hour (m\({}^{3}\)/h) of hybrid HPs was also determined from the specifications [40], and it was assumed that over a 10-year period, this value would increase by 0.25% per year.
# Design and Study of a New Wave Actuator for a Boat
## 2 Mathematical Modeling of Wave Actuator
### Equation of Boat Motion Excited by Wave Forces  
The wave ordinate, wave orbital motion velocity and acceleration are as follows [22]:  
\[\zeta=A_{0}\text{sin}(\omega t-k\xi)\dot{\zeta}=\omega A_{0}\text{cos}(\omega t -k\xi)\ddot{\zeta}=-\omega^{2}A_{0}\text{sin}(\omega t-k\xi) \tag{7}\]  
where  
\(A_{0}\), \(\omega\) is the amplitude and frequency of wave;  
\(k,\xi\) is the wavenumber and the position along the wave propagation direction.  
Using Equation (7), the wave exciting force is expressed by the following:  
\[F_{e}=a\ddot{\zeta}+b\dot{\zeta}+c\zeta=\overline{F_{e}}\text{sin}(\omega t- \delta_{e}) \tag{8}\]  
where  
\[\overline{F_{e}}=A_{0}\sqrt{\left(\int_{0}^{L}(\rho gB-\omega^{2}a)\text{cos} k\xi d\xi\right)^{2}+\left(\omega\int_{0}^{L}\text{bcos}\,k\xi d\xi\right)^{2}} \tag{9}\]  
\[\delta_{e}=-\arctan\left(\frac{\omega\int_{0}^{L}\text{bcos}\,k\xi d\xi}{\int _{0}^{L}(\rho gB-\omega^{2}\text{a})\text{cos}\,k\xi d\xi}\right) \tag{10}\]  
\(B\) is the beam of the boat (m).  
We study how a boat moves when affected by waves in deep water. For deep-water waves that travel steadily and repeat consistently, the steepest wave slope is about \(H/\lambda\ \approx\ 0.1412\), where \(H\) is the wave height and \(\lambda\) is the wavelength. This means the wave height is roughly one-seventh (1/7) of the wavelength, typically ranging from 0.1 to 3 m, with a slope less than 0.1412. When the boat is stationary (forward speed \(V=0\)) or facing waves from the side (\(\varphi_{wave}=90^{o}\) or 270\({}^{o}\)), the frequency of the waves as seen by the boat (\(\omega_{e}\)) matches the actual wave frequency (\(\omega\)).  
The frequency of encounters, as shown in Figure 2, can be calculated as follows:  
\[\omega_{e}=\omega-\frac{\omega^{2}}{g}V\cos\varphi_{wave}(deep\ water) \tag{11}\]  
where  
\(\omega_{e}\) is the frequency of encounter;  
\(\varphi_{wave}\) is the wave angle;  
\(V\) is the initial speed of the boat.
## 4 Structural Analysis of the Reference COB Segment  
Once a reliable and detailed thermal field of the whole WCLL COB segment was obtained, its structural performances under different steady state loading scenarios was assessed. To this end, since Baffle Plates and DWTs have no structural role, they were not considered in the pertinent FEM model, in order to reduce the computational burden. Therefore, a FEM model was created on Abaqus and a mesh composed of \(\sim\)3.2M nodes connected in \(\sim\)8.7M tetrahedral and hexahedral elements was set up.
## 3 Hardware Description
### Base Station  
For design simplicity, the base station and primary nodes are designed on the same printed circuit board. The only difference between the base station node and the primary node is a USB interface which allows communication with an embedded computer. Therefore, when the information from the primary node is received by the base station, it communicates with the computer to download all the data. In the primary node, the USB interface is not connected.  
Because the base station is assumed to be in an area where electric power is present, it always keeps its radio transceiver on, waiting for any primary node to transmit the information. Moreover, it also keeps its 433 MHz radio interface enabled, so if any secondary node is within the communicating range it stores its ID together with the current time and its static position, as if it were a primary node. Because the base station is intended to be a static element of the network, it always has a predetermined global position. Therefore, the GPS module is not present in the board, saving costs and power.
###### Abstract  
This study aimed to compare the acute effect of four back squat velocity-based training (VBT) protocols in terms of intensity (60% vs. 80% of the one repetition maximum [1 RM]) and volume (10% vs. 30% threshold for velocity loss in the set) on the maximal aerobic speed (MAS) estimated from a running track test (RTT) in recreationally trained young adult men and women. Twenty participants (eleven men and nine women) undertook five randomized protocols in separate occasions: (i) RTT alone (control condition), (ii) VBT with 60% IRM and a 10% velocity loss followed by RTT (VBT\({}_{60-10}\) + RTT); (iii) VBT with 60% 1 RM and a 30% velocity loss followed by RTT (VBT\({}_{60-30}\) + RTT); (iv) VBT with 80% 1 RM and 10% velocity loss followed by RTT (VBT\({}_{80-10}\) + RTT); (v) VBT with 80% 1 RM and 30% velocity loss followed by RTT (VBT\({}_{80-30}\) + RTT). All VBT protocols involved three sets with three minutes of rest. The MAS was higher for RTT (control) than VBT\({}_{60-30}\) + RTT (\(p<0.001\); \(\Delta=3.8\%\)), VBT\({}_{60-10}\) + RTT (\(p=0.006\); \(\Delta=2.8\%\)), VBT\({}_{80-10}\) + RTT (\(p=0.008\); \(\Delta=2.7\%\)), and VBT\({}_{80-30}\) + RTT (\(p=0.019\); \(\Delta=1.9\%\)). No protocol \(\times\) sex interaction was noted (\(p=0.422\)). Therefore, regardless of sex, MAS is acutely impaired after VBT, especially if the training sets are performed with a low relative load and a high velocity loss threshold.  
edrumeduxetherevision date
## 1 Introduction
Among scaffolds, fibrous fabrics prepared by electrospinning techniques show excellent properties because their structural morphologies are similar to those of fibrillar ECM. Nonwoven nanofibrous scaffolds are mainly fabricated by biocompatible polymers such as polycaprolactone [27], poly(ethylene terephthalate) [28], poly-l-lactide [29], polyethersulfone [30], and their derivatives. They provide excellent culture advantages, such as high surface area-volume capacity, by reducing the physical interaction and enhancing the mechanical strength. These nanostructured fibrous fabrics can be utilized for cell therapy to regulate drug and cell factors after transplantation. Furthermore, their native-like ECM morphology induces cell-ECM interactions, promotes active cell signaling pathways, and supports stem cell differentiation. In this study, we investigated 3D silica nonwoven fabrics (Cellbed(r)) as a scaffold for MSCs in cartilage tissue engineering applications. Highly porous 3D silica nonwoven fabrics with interconnectedmicrostructures were developed by electrospinning through the sol-gel process. The random orientation of the silica fibers produces many interconnected pores that may promote cellular migration and tissue ingrowth and prevent shrinkage because of the sufficient mechanical strength of the fabrics [31; 32]. As a result of these characteristics, fibroblasts migrated into and penetrated the 3D silica fabrics and showed remarkable growth rates compared with those in traditional 2D culture [33; 34; 35]. Moreover, the functions of hepatocytes co-cultured with fibroblasts in 3D silica fabrics were significantly enhanced compared with those of 2D fibroblasts because of the abundance of fibroblast-secreted soluble factors, which are important for maintaining hepatocytes [35]. We have recently demonstrated that osteogenic differentiation was significantly promoted in 3D silica fabrics. Silica-based hybrid materials have been widely used as implantable materials for cartilage and bone tissue regeneration. For example, [PERSON] et al. developed biodegradable and adjustable sol-gel glass-based hybrid scaffolds for cartilage and bone tissue regeneration [36]. This scaffold was biodegradable, and MSCs embedded in the scaffold proliferated and displayed promoted cell function. However, this scaffold lacks molding properties, and its porosity and shrinking property are limitations. Thus, 3D silica nonwoven fabrics are useful as scaffolds for cartilage tissue regeneration because of their easy molding, ECM-like network structure, high mechanical strength, and porosity.