## 3 Resilience
### Resilience in Smart ICI  
The resilience of contemporary societies is fundamentally intertwined with the resilience of their Critical Infrastructures (CIs). The National Infrastructure Advisory Council (NIAC) [16] has aptly defined infrastructure resilience as \"the ability to lessen the intensity, impact, or duration of a disruption, absorb and adapt to the disruption, and promptly recover from a potentially disruptive event\". It is incumbent upon critical infrastructure resilience to develop a strategy that is self-sufficient but can also contribute to the calculation of other measures, given its role as an element of community and regional resilience, which includes the resilience of social, economic, and other subsystems. The SmartResilience project [32] characterizes the resilience of infrastructure as \"the capability to foresee potential adverse scenarios or events (including new or emerging threats) that could disrupt the operation or functionality of the infrastructure, prepare for them, withstand or absorb their impacts, recover from the disruptions they cause, and adapt to changing conditions\" [32]. An infrastructure is generally deemed smarter when it exhibits greater innovation in regular operations. Moreover, smarter infrastructures often display the following attributes: they are integrative and interdependent, innovative through the adoption of Information and Communication Technology (ICT), they utilize web technology, implement smart computing, are oriented towards smart governance, are sustainable, progressive, future-oriented, and have practical settings. However, it remains to be observed whether such a smart critical infrastructure (Smart ICI) would rebound \"smartly\" or exhibit \"smart resilience\" when confronted with severe threats, such as extreme weather events or terrorist attacks. Furthermore, one of the key questions scientists have been grappling with recently is whether making our current infrastructure smarter might inadvertently increase its vulnerability. Could this transformation affect the resilience of a Smart ICI in its ability to anticipate, prepare for, adapt and withstand, respond to, and recover from disruptive events? While risk analysis has been touted as a vital tool in disaster scenarios, it differs from resilience in that it is more closely tied to the identification and analysis of potential events that could have a negative impact on individuals, assets, and the environment. Figure 1: Resilience Umbrella [31]. This is accomplished by conducting a risk assessment at a given time to measure the vulnerabilities of the systems. Smart Community-based resilience is another vital perspective that underscores the importance of local communities in managing and reacting to various types of crises, such as natural disasters, economic shocks, and social disruptions. This perspective suggests that communities possess unique insights, abilities, and resources that can be utilized to strengthen their capacity to resist and recover from these crises [33]. The concept of community-based resilience [34] encompasses enhancing social cohesion, fostering local leadership, cultivating collective efficacy, and providing psychosocial support, among other factors [35]. By involving community members in decision-making processes and resilience-building initiatives, this approach aims to foster more sustainable and equitable solutions. In 2010, Argonne National Laboratory, in collaboration with the DHS Protective Security Coordination Division, designed a measure of the resilience of smart critical infrastructure [36]. The Resilience Index (RI) was based on the method recommended by the National Infrastructure Advisory Council, which argued for analyzing the resilience of an organization or system by recognizing three essential components: robustness, resourcefulness, and rapid recovery. Briefly stated, the RI was constructed from data collected via the Infrastructure Survey Tool (IST), which was adjusted to address different forms of robustness, resourcefulness, and rapid recovery.