# Connectivity Alterations in Vascular Parkinsonism: A Structural Covariance Study
## 3 Results
### Structural Covariance Analysis
#### 3.1.4 Seed Region: Right Putamen  
The results of the structural covariance analysis from the Right Caudate (seed region) are reported in Table 5. ANOVA contrast (see Figure 6), including the three groups, revealed differences in structural associations between the Right Putamen and the Right and Left Thalamus (x: 23, y = \(-\)30, z: \(-\)3, \(p\) = 0.001 five cluster-level corrected and x: \(-\)14, y = \(-\)35, z: 5, \(p\) = 0.004 five cluster-level corrected, respectively). VP patients showed fewer structural associations than PD patients between the Right Putamen and a huge cluster including the Right Hippocamp (x: 23, y: \(-\)27, z: \(-\)9) and the Left Thalamus (x: \(-\)14, y: \(-\)35, z: 5). Moreover, compared to HCs, VP patients displayed a reduced structural association between the Right Putamen and the Right Hippocamp (x: 29, y: \(-\)12, z = \(-\)11 \(p\) = 0.04 five whole-brain corrected), the Right Para-Hippocampal Region (x: 23, y: \(-\)29, z: \(-\)17, \(p\) = 0.004 five cluster-level corrected), the Left Medial-orbital prefrontal cortex (x: \(-\)9, y = 35, z: \(-\)12, \(p\) = 0.009 five cluster-level corrected) and the Right Insula (x: 41, y = \(-\)11, z: 14, \(p\) = 0.001 five cluster-level corrected). Nothing was found in the other post hoc comparisons (HCs more than PD, HCs less than PD, VP more than HCs and VP more than PD). \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multicolumn{8}{c}{**ANOVA Comparisons among the Three Groups**} \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{_Brain Region_} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{_MNI Coordinates_} & \multirow{2}{*}{_F value_} & \multirow{2}{*}{_Z-value_} & \multirow{2}{*}{_p value_} & \multirow{2}{*}{_Cluster extent_} \\ \cline{2-2} \cline{5-7}  & x & y & z & & & & \\ \hline Left Thalamus & \(-\)6 & \(-\)11 & 15 & 16.13 & 4.25 & 0.004 ** & 1110 \\ \hline Right Insula & 41 & \(-\)12 & 14 & 13.34 & 3.89 & 0.032 ** & 681 \\ \hline \multicolumn{8}{c}{**Post hoc comparisons**} \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{_Brain Region_} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{_MNI Coordinates_} & \multirow{2}{*}{_T value_} & \multirow{2}{*}{_Z-value_} & \multirow{2}{*}{_p value_} & \multirow{2}{*}{_Cluster extent_} \\ \cline{2-2} \cline{5-7}  & x & y & z & & & \\ \hline Left Thalamus & \(-\)6 & \(-\)11 & 15 & 5.43 & 4.59 & 0.038 * & 2801 \\ \hline Left Para Hippocamp & \(-\)18 & \(-\)33 & \(-\)11 & 4.62 & 4.05 & 0.032 ** & 919 \\ \hline Right Cerebellum Crus 2 & 14 & \(-\)81 & \(-\)36 & 4.14 & 3.71 & 0.037 ** & 883 \\ \hline \multicolumn{8}{c}{**_P_} \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{_Brain Region_} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{_MNI Coordinates_} & \multirow{2}{*}{_T value_} & \multirow{2}{*}{_Z-value_} & \multirow{2}{*}{_p value_} & \multirow{2}{*}{_Cluster extent_} \\ \cline{2-2} \cline{5-7}  & x & y & z & & & \\ \hline Right Insula & 41 & \(-\)12 & 14 & 5.07 & 4.36 & \textless{}0.001 ** & 2702 \\ \hline Left Frontal- med-orb (BA 10) & \(-\)5 & 47 & \(-\)8 & 4.74 & 4.14 & 0.004 & 1560 \\ \hline Right Cerebellum Crus 2 & 12 & \(-\)78 & \(-\)36 & 4.11 & 3.69 & 0.02 ** & 1054 \\ \hline \multicolumn{8}{c}{*_P_ \(<\) 0.05 five, whole-brain corrected. **_p_ \(<\) 0.05 five cluster level correction using an exploratory threshold of \(p\) \(<\) 0.001 uncorrected. Nothing was found for the other post hoc comparisons.} \\ \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: Structural covariance analysis. Seed region: Right Caudate. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multicolumn{8}{c}{**ANOVA Comparisons among the Three Groups**} \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{_Brain Region_} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{_MNI Coordinates_} & \multirow{2}{*}{_Z-value_} & \multirow{2}{*}{_p value_} & \multirow{2}{*}{_Cluster extent_} \\ \cline{2-2} \cline{5-7}  & x & y & z & & \\ \hline Right Thalamus & 23 & \(-\)30 & \(-\)3 & 16.55 & 4.29 & 0.001 ** & 1566 \\ \hline Left Thalamus & \(-\)14 & \(-\)35 & 5 & 14.44 & 4.04 & 0.004** & 631 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 5: Structural covariance analysis. Seed region: Right Putamen.