## 4 Glyphosate and AMPA in Foods
### Detection and Quantification  
The physicochemical properties of GLYP (high polarity, low molecular weight, absence of ultraviolet absorption, low ionization, high solubility in water, lack of chromophores, and low volatility) render its detection challenging when employing conventional analytical methods [2; 26]. Reversed-phase chromatography has become the standard methodology for small-molecule analysis; nevertheless, the high polarity and zwitterionic nature of glyphosate and AMPA reduce the retention capacity of non-polar C18 columns, leading to reduced resolution and repeatability [105]. Therefore, a wide array of alternative analytical methods have been developed to identify and measure glyphosate levels in food products, including chromatographic techniques, as listed in Table 5. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Food Sample** & **GLYP/AMPA** & \begin{tabular}{c} **Analytical** \\ **Methodology** \\ \end{tabular} & **LOD** & **LOQ** & **Recovery (\%)** & **RSD\%** & **R\({}^{2}\)** & **Ref.** \\ \hline Tea leaves & GLYP/AMPA & LC-MS/MS & 0.0028 and 0.0093 and 0.046 \(\mu\)g/mL & 0.046 \(\mu\)g/mL & 79.95–83.84 & 6.4–7.45 & 0.999/0.991 & [106] \\ \hline Commercial breakfast cereals & GLYP/AMPA & LC-MS/MS & 1–5 mg/g & 5 amd 40 g/g & 92–111 & \textless{}8 & 0.9989/0.9987 & [72] \\ \hline Baby formula, bovine liver & GLYP/AMPA & LC-ESI-MS/MS & NI & 10–25 \(\mu\)g/Kg & 104 & 5–25/11–38 & [28] \\ and kidney & GLYP & UPLC-MS/MS & 0.1 and 0.2 \(\mu\)M & 0.2 \(\mu\)M 1.0 \(\mu\)M & 58.48–109 & NI & 0.9976/0.9980 & [107] \\ \hline Commercial corn flour & GLYP & CL-TOF-MS & \begin{tabular}{c} \textless{}9 \(\mu\)g/L/3.3 \\ and 30.6 \(\mu\)g/L/3 \\ \end{tabular} & NI & 94.3–110.7/ & -8.1\%. & [30] \\ \hline \begin{tabular}{c} Grapes, orange, \\ lettuce, and sooya \\ beans. \\ \end{tabular} & GLYP/AMPA & LC-ESI-QIRAP-MS & NI & 0.02–0.055 mg/kg & 83–118/93–120 & 5–30/ 3-19 & [108] \\ \hline \
\begin{tabular}{c} Pome fruits, berries, \\ pulses and cereals \\ \end{tabular} & GLYP &
\begin{tabular}{c} FI-MS/MS and \\ LC-MS/MS \\ \end{tabular} & NI & 0.5-2 mg/kg & 78–111 & \textless{}20\% & [92] \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 5: Chromatographic and spectroscopic strategies for the detection and quantification of glyphosate and AMPA in foods. Currently, LC-MS/MS is recognized as the most sensitive and selective technique for detecting glyphosate in food products due to its precise (sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy) identification and quantification of GLYP in complex samples. This method is also endorsed by the European Union Reference Laboratory for Pesticide Residues as the preferred approach for such analyses [26]. When analyzing glyphosate in complex samples such as food, matrix effects often arise. The influences of different substances have an impact on the accuracy and sensitivity of determination. In those cases, matrix-matched strategies can be employed, and the matrix effect can be calculated to minimize errors in quantification [98,111]. Matrix matching is a frequently used technique in analytical chemistry to consider the influence of matrix effects, which can either enhance or suppress the analytical response. To create matrix-matched calibration curves, major components of the sample are added to a series of known-concentration standard solutions. The use of isotopically labeled internal standards (IL-ISs) is commonly employed to offset error and matrix interferences; in those cases, any instrument variation or matrix signal suppression affects both analytes and IL-IS equally, making the quantification process more accurate. Glyphosate 2-13C,15N and AMPA 13C, 15N D2 are the preferred IL-ISs [72,85,112]. [PERSON] et al.