## 3 Results
### Penetration Studies  
The total mass of silybin and taxifolin in the acceptor fluid at all time points is depicted in Figures 3 and 4.  
In contrast, the silybin and taxifolin content in the acceptor fluid gathered across the 24 h penetration period is summarized in Table 3.  
After 24 h of penetration, the cumulative mass of silybin had the following order: H-S > H-E > O-S > O-E > O-B and H-B. Among the tested preparations, H-S exhibited the highest significant level of penetration of silybin, with a gradual infiltration of 43.107 \(\pm\) 2.401 \(\mathrm{\SIUnitSymbolMicro g}\)/cm\({}^{2}\). However, after 24 h of permeation, the cumulative mass of taxifolin had the following order: H-S > O-E > O-S > O-B > O-B, H-E, and H-B. Among the tested preparations, H-S also exhibited the highest significant level of infiltration of taxifolin, with a cumulative permeation of 87.739 \(\pm\) 7.457 \(\mathrm{\SIUnitSymbolMicro g}\)/cm\({}^{2}\). It was observed that both silymarin and taxifolin were released the fastest in the first hour of the test out of all the analyzed formulations (Table 3, Figures 3, 4 and S2).  
Figure 4: Time course of the cumulative mass of taxifolin during the 24 h penetration period (mean \(\pm\) SD, n = 3).  
Figure 3: Time course of the cumulative mass of silybin during the 24 h penetration period (mean \(\pm\) SD, n = 3).  
The penetration rate of sillybin and taxifolin during the 24 h penetration test is shown in Figures 5 and 6.  
The main components of the sillymin complex, such as sillybin and taxifolin, contained in the extract and bio-ferment are shown in Table 4.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Cosmetic Raw Material**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Sillybin**} & **Taxifolin** \\ \cline{2-3}  & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**mg/100 mL**} \\ \hline Bio-ferment & 5.915 \(\pm\) 0.238 b & 49.357 \(\pm\) 1.942 b \\ Extract & 2.099 \(\pm\) 0.079 a & 22.550 \(\pm\) 0.232 a \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} Mean (\(\pm\)standard deviation), (n = 3); distinctive letters denote substantial disparities between bio-ferment and extract; \(\alpha\) = 0.05. The statistically significant difference was estimated via ANOVA using the Tukey’s test.  
\end{table}
Table 4: Values of compounds of silymarin in bio-ferment and extract of _S. marianum_.  
Figure 5: The penetration rate of sillybin during the 24 h penetration period (mean \(\pm\) SD, n = 3).  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Formulation**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Sillybin**} & **Taxifolin** \\ \cline{2-3}  & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Cumulative Penetration Mass (\(\mu\)g/cm\({}^{2}\))**} \\ \hline H-B & 13.283 \(\pm\) 1.072 a & 22.136 \(\pm\) 1.431 a \\ H-E & 34.851 \(\pm\) 3965 d & 38.025 \(\pm\) 1.218 b \\ H-S & 43.107 \(\pm\) 2.401 e & 87.739 \(\pm\) 7.457 e \\ O-B & 16.410 \(\pm\) 2.070 ab & 50.213 \(\pm\) 7.586 bc \\ O-E & 23.838 \(\pm\) 2.213 bc & 68.852 \(\pm\) 3.132 d \\ O-S & 31.385 \(\pm\) 1.416 cd & 53.082 \(\pm\) 4.51 c \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} Distinct letters denote substantial disparities among the preparations of the analysis; \(\alpha\) = 0.05, mean \(\pm\) SD, n = 3. The statistically significant difference was estimated via ANOVA using the Tukey’s test.  
\end{table}
Table 3: Cumulated mass for sillybin and taxifolin after 24 h penetration with various preparations.  
Figure 6: The penetration rate of taxifolin during the 24 h penetration period (mean \(\pm\) SD, n = 3).  
The bio-ferment from _S. marianum_ contained a significantly higher amount of the analyzed ingredients compared to the extract from this plant. The content of silybin was almost three times greater in magnitude than the bio-ferment and amounted to 5.915 \(\pm\) 0.238 mg/mL, while that of taxifolin was almost twice as high at 49.357 \(\pm\) 1.942 mg/mL compared with the extract (Table 4).