number of people living with diabetes in the US was estimated to be 37.3 million in 2024 [2]. In Europe, obesity has shown a significant increase over the past years, and approximately 60% of adults were diagnosed with obesity [3;4]. The prevalence of diabetes comes second after the Americas region, where approximately 31.6 million adults were diagnosed with diabetes in 2024 [5].  
Globally, the situation is equally concerning. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), in 2022, an estimated 2.5 billion adults were overweight, with over 890 million classified as obese [6]. This staggering statistic translates to one in eight people worldwide living with obesity, a figure that has more than doubled since 1990. Even more alarming is the rise in childhood obesity, with over 37 million children under 5 and 390 million children and adolescents aged 5-19 now overweight or obese [6]. These trends, documented in the latest Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 [7], signify a global health crisis demanding immediate attention.  
The detrimental effects of obesity extend far beyond weight gain. Obesity is a chronic, complex disease defined by excessive fat accumulation that disrupts normal metabolic function and significantly increases the risk of numerous health complications [7]. Individuals with obesity are at a greater risk of developing type 2 diabetes (T2D), heart disease, certain cancers, and musculoskeletal problems. Obesity can also negatively impact the quality of life, affecting mobility, sleep, and overall well-being [8; 9; 10].  
A strong link exists between obesity and T2D. Excess body fat, particularly visceral fat, disrupts insulin signaling and glucose metabolism, ultimately leading to hyperglycemia, the hallmark of diabetes [11]. The presence of obesity significantly increases the risk of developing T2D, with estimates suggesting that 80-90% of individuals with T2D are overweight or obese [12]. Therefore, effectively managing both obesity and T2D is crucial to mitigating this global health crisis.  
The economic burden associated with this global health crisis is significant. A 2022 study by the World Obesity Federation highlighted the substantial economic impacts of overweight and obesity across 161 countries [13]. These combined factors underscore the urgent need for effective strategies to prevent and manage obesity and T2D.  
This literature review will systematically examine advancements in the management of obesity and T2D, encompassing the entire spectrum from diagnosis to treatment. We will begin by exploring the evolving landscape of diagnostic tools, highlighting the development of more efficient and accurate methods for identifying both conditions. Subsequently, we will explore the current state of treatment, focusing on both traditional and cutting-edge approaches for weight management and glycemic control in diabetes.  
The aim of this literature review is to examine advancements in the management of obesity and diabetes, covering the entire spectrum from diagnosis to treatment. It highlights the development of more efficient and accurate diagnostic methods, explores both traditional and cutting-edge treatment approaches for weight management and glycemic control, and underscores the importance of a comprehensive approach integrating lifestyle modifications with pharmacological and interventional treatments. Additionally, it analyzes the growing role of technology in disease management and patient empowerment, providing a comprehensive understanding of effective strategies to diagnose, treat, and ultimately prevent these prevalent conditions.