esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Analytical Methods
### Zircon U-Pb Dating  
Zircon U-Pb dating was performed using laser ablation ICP-MS (LA-ICP-MS) on six samples (P22-39 TW01, P20-25 TW01, P25-08 TW01, P25-12, P21-32 TW01, and P7-65 TW01). Zircon sorting and analyses were performed at the Shared Collaboration (Beijing) Analysis and Testing Center. The rock samples were first mechanically crushed, then washed and sorted using conventional flotation and electromagnetic separation methods. Zircon grains were carefully chosen using a binocular microscope to ensure grains with good crystal form and transparency, and without inclusions or cracks. The number of zircon grains sorted from each sample ranged from 500 to >1000; these grains were then fixed in a colorless and transparent epoxy resin. Transmitted light, reflected light, and cathodoluminescence (CL) photography were performed to select analytical spots on zircon grains. The selected analytical points avoided the locations of internal cracks and inclusions in order to obtain accurate age values.  
Zircon age dating was performed using LA-ICP-MS (Neptune, Finnigan) and a Newwave UP 213 laser ablation system. The spot beam diameter used for laser ablation was 25 um, the frequency was 10 Hz, and the energy density was \(\sim\)2.5 J/cm\({}^{2}\); He was used as the carrier gas. The \({}^{206}\)Pb, \({}^{207}\)Pb, \({}^{204}\)Pb (\({}^{+204}\)Hg), and \({}^{202}\)Hg signals were received by ion counters, while \({}^{208}\)Pb, \({}^{232}\)Th, and \({}^{238}\)U signals were received by the Faraday cup, allowing for the simultaneous reception of all target isotopic signals. The analytical accuracy of \({}^{207}\)Pb/\({}^{206}\)Pb, \({}^{206}\)Pb/\({}^{238}\)U, and \({}^{207}\)Pb/\({}^{235}\)U was \(\sim\)2%. Denudation of the sample was measured using the point denudation method, and GJ-1 was used to debug the instrument before analysis. Zircons CJ-1 and M12 were used as external standards. Zircon GJ-1 was analyzed twice before and after every 10 samples for calibration, and one plesovice zircon standard was measured simultaneously.  
Data processing of isotope ratios and elemental contents were performed using ICPMS-DataCal 8.0. The age calculations and harmonic maps were completed using lsoplot ver. 3.0. Samples with \({}^{206}\)Pb/\({}^{204}\)Pb ages of \(\geq\)1000 Ma were excluded from the calculation because they contained a large amount of radiogenic Pb. For samples with ages of <1000 Ma, the more reliable \({}^{206}\)Pb/\({}^{238}\)U surface age was used. Detailed descriptions of the experimental procedures can be found in [PERSON], et al. [13].
# APT Attack Detection Scheme Based on CK Sketch and DNS Traffic
## 3 Research Design
### Count and Compress DNS Traffic with an Improved Sketch Structure  
In Section 2, we discussed sketch structure, an important tool in network traffic computation which has gained attention in the field of network attack detection with the advantage of small space and time overhead. Traditional sketch structures, such as the Count sketch and CM sketch, are employed for detecting abnormal network traffic by setting the number of hash buckets to a predetermined value. This is due to the unpredictable nature of network traffic during analysis. However, this approach can result in hash collisions when the network traffic is high and lead to an inefficient utilization of memory and computational resources when the traffic is low.  
To address these challenges, the present study proposes an improved CK hash sketch structure. This structure consists of a multi-layered sketch architecture that employs multiple hash functions and hash buckets. The creation of the different sketch layers is guided by the principle of cuckoo hash, enabling the resolution of hash conflicts.  
The proposed CK sketch structure dynamically adjusts the number of hash functions and hash buckets based on the size of the network traffic data, thereby improving throughput and reducing the occurrence of hash collisions during statistical analysis. This results in a more efficient utilization of resources and improved accuracy of network traffic analysis.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Modelling and Analysis of Variance(ANOVA)
#### 3.2.1 Anova  
The analysis of variance (ANOVA) indicated that the model-obtained results were statistically significant with a \(p\)-value less than 0.005. The F-value indicates that the lack of fit was not significant, which is desirable for the model to be justifiable. Tables 2-4 show results obtained from the ANOVA carried out using CCD-RSM to ascertain the significance and adequacy of the response models. The significance of the models' terms and their fitness were verified using the correlation coefficient (R\({}^{2}\)) and the \(p\)-value for lack of fit. Meanwhile, the value of \(\mathrm{Prob}>\mathrm{F}\) relating to the lack of fit indicated that the model was not significant relative to the pure error. The coefficient of variance (CV%) indicated a high reliability of the experimental data with a high level of accuracy. The best fit for the models had a coefficient of determination (R\({}^{2}\)) of pH (0.978), biogas production (0.995), and COD removal (0.992) closer to 1. It was deduced that the difference between the predicted and adjusted R\({}^{2}\) values was less than 0.2, which suggested that the response variable was predic  
Figure 2: COD removal (%) response per CCD experimental run.  
Figure 3: \(Cont.\)  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & **Source** & **Sum of Squares** & **df** & **Mean Square** & **F-Value** & \(p\)**-Value** & \\ \hline Model & 0.2296 & 7 & 0.0328 & 38.39 & 0.0001 & significant \\ A-Nano & 0.0363 & 1 & 0.0363 & 42.53 & 0.0006 & \\ B-Biochar loading rate & 0.0002 & 1 & 0.0002 & 0.2399 & 0.6417 & \\ AB & 0.0092 & 1 & 0.0092 & 10.82 & 0.0166 & \\ A\({}^{2}\) & 0.0525 & 1 & 0.0525 & 61.47 & 0.0002 & \\ B\({}^{2}\) & 0.0215 & 1 & 0.0215 & 25.2 & 0.0024 & \\ A\({}^{2}\)B & 0.063 & 1 & 0.063 & 73.77 & 0.0001 & \\ AB\({}^{2}\) & 0.0171 & 1 & 0.0171 & 20.03 & 0.0042 & \\ Residual & 0.0051 & 6 & 0.0009 & & & \\ Lack of Fit & 0.0001 & 1 & 0.0001 & 0.125 & 0.7381 & not significant \\ Pure Error & 0.005 & 5 & 0.001 & & & \\ Cor Total & 0.2347 & 13 & & & & \\ \hline Std. Dev. 0.0292 & Mean 7.04 & \multicolumn{2}{c}{C.V\% 0.415} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{Adeq Precision 20.37} & \\ R\({}^{2}\) 0.978 & Adjusted R\({}^{2}\) 0.953 & \multicolumn{2}{c}{Predicted R\({}^{2}\) 0.886} & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Analysis of variance of pH response.  
Figure 3: Predicted and experimental results of (**a**) pH, (**b**) biogas production, and (**c**) COD reduction.
# Discrimination of Aroma Characteristics for Cubeb Berries by Sensomics Approach with Chemometrics
## 1 Introduction
In this essay, we report our latest study of characterization of cubeb fruit, which consisted of the following steps: (a) different pretreatment methods (HD, SDE, and SPME) were applied to obtain the volatiles and essential oils of different cubeb fruits; (b) GC-MS-O were adopted to characterize aroma-active compounds of the cubeb fruits; (c) specific aromas contributed to the discrimination of _L. cubeba_ and _P. cubbeba_ were identified by chemometrics, which would provide helpful clues for the characteristics of aroma in different cubeb fruits and provide accurate information on the authenticity of the cubeb products.
# DDTMS: Dirichlet-Distribution-Based Trust Management Scheme in Internet of Things
## 3 Dirichlet-Distribution-Based Trust Management Scheme (DDTMS)
### Dirichlet-Based Reputation Distribution Model
#### 3.2.2 Trust Value Based on Dirichlet Distribution  
In this model, the calculation of the trust value is processed by the direct observation trust value and the third party recommendation trust value.
# Analysis of New Orthogonal Transforms for Digital Watermarking
## 6 Conclusions and Future Work  
We have presented novel watermarking algorithms that utilize new types of orthogonal transforms. The elaborated methods satisfy the initially defined requirements as far as high perceptual quality and low BER are concerned. Simultaneously, they provide a high capacity of the inserted information. Moreover, the new orthogonal transforms in most cases provide better results than those of the DCT approach. All these features result in a wide range of potential applications in multimedia systems and services.  
Further steps will include analysis of the algorithm behavior in the presence of various attacks and finding potential improvements in order to assure a sufficient robustness level. Moreover, it is planned to carry out research on the spectrum shaping by the selection and optimization of the transform parameters.  
Conceptualization, P.B. and A.D.; methodology, P.B. and A.D.; software, P.B.; validation, P.B. and A.D.; formal analysis, P.B. and A.D.; investigation, P.B.; writing--original draft preparation, P.B.; writing--review and editing, A.D. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded by the European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme, under Grant Agreement no. 830943, the ECHO project.  
Not applicable.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Algorithms for Load Balancing in Next-Generation Mobile Networks: A Systematic Literature Review
## 4 Results
### Automatic
The outcomes suggested that the proposed solutions, utilizing both decoupling and coupling approaches with MAQL and DQL algorithms, demonstrate good potential for VSC deployment to augment system capacity and spectral efficiency. Deep Convolutional Neural Networks for Pedestrian Detection [55]: This study focused on the utilization of Deep Convolutional Neural Networks for pedestrian detection--a critical task in the automotive, surveillance, and robotics fields, among others. Optimizations were proposed to enhance detection accuracy, achieve state-of-the-art performance and ensure efficient operations on modern hardware. The system was evaluated on an NVIDIA Jetson TK1 platform. The pedestrian detection system, based on a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), surpassed alternative methods in terms of accuracy and computational complexity. The study emphasized the importance of large training datasets and backpropagation for CNNs in order to learn visual concepts effectively. Various optimization techniques, such as region proposals, fine-tuning, data preprocessing and region proposal scores, were employed to enhance pedestrian detection accuracy. UAV Positioning for Throughput Maximization Using Deep Learning Approaches [56]: The primary aim of this study was to optimize UAV positioning using deep learning-based methodologies--specifically, the multi-layer perceptron (MLP) and long short-term memory (LSTM) algorithms--to maximize user throughput in UAV-assisted wireless networks. A hybrid MLP-LSTM algorithm was employed for UAV positioning, integrating the data collection, preprocessing, training and testing phases utilizing DL approaches, K-means clustering and interpolation techniques. The obtained results indicate that the proposed hybrid MLP-LSTM algorithm surpasses the SVM, MLP and LSTM algorithms in terms of both accuracy and computational time, exhibiting superior accuracy, reduced error distributions and shorter training and testing durations compared to the individual MLP and LSTM algorithms. Deep Reinforcement Learning for Dynamic Resource Allocation in High-Mobility 5G HetNet [57]: The main objective of this paper was to propose deep reinforcement learning-based algorithms for adaptive TDD resource allocation in 5G HetNets, specifically focusing on dynamic uplink/downlink resource allocation in high-mobility scenarios. The algorithms include a deep reinforcement learning algorithm for adaptive TDD resource allocation in 5G HetNets, dynamic uplink/downlink resource allocation in high mobility 5G HetNets, and intelligent allocation of TDD resources for uplink and downlink in a dynamic and heterogeneous 5G network. These algorithms utilize deep Q-learning, deep neural networks, a Deep Belief Neural Network and online Q-learning for training and decision making. The results obtained through simulations revealed that the proposed algorithms significantly improve network performance in terms of throughput, packet loss rate and channel utilization when compared to conventional methods.
## 4 Numerical Modeling with Anisotropic Slate
### Results and Discussion of the SCB Tests  
#### 4.3.1 SCB Numerical Model Setup  
According to the typical bedding distribution of the carbonaceous slate specimen, the 3D computational models for SCB simulation were established; the weak planes (veins) with the zero-thickness cohesive elements are bedded into specimens according to the predetermined bedding angles and spacing between 4.0-9.0 mm, in which the spacing between interfaces is mainly 6.0-7.0 mm in the computational model. The dimensions of the semi-circular model are 50 mm in diameter and 25 mm in thickness with a straight-through notch of 10 mm length and 0.4 width from the middle bottom of the numerical model. Six numerical models having different bedding orientations (e.g., 0\({}^{\circ}\), 30\({}^{\circ}\), 45\({}^{\circ}\), 60\({}^{\circ}\), 90\({}^{\circ}\), and divider) were established systematically, and the typical specimen for the bedding angle of 0\({}^{\circ}\) is indicated in Figure 13. Three bedding planes are within the specimen model by partitioning the model into different blocks while their spacings from top to bottom are 4.0, 7.0, 7.0, and 7.0 mm, respectively. The number of solid elements (C3D4) and cohesive elements (COH3D6) in the model are 52736 and 102696, respectively. It is of note that bedding arrangements need to be subdivided leading to different model blocks, which have a slight impact on the mesh generation under different bedding angles and divider type.  
Figure 12: Comparison of the load-displacement curves and final failure patterns for the experimental and numerical Brazilian tests with the bedding angles of (**a**) 0\({}^{\circ}\), (**b**) 30\({}^{\circ}\), (**c**) 45\({}^{\circ}\), (**d**) 60\({}^{\circ}\), (**e**) 90\({}^{\circ}\), and (**f**) divider.  
In the numerical SCB tests, one upper rigid loading roller and two lower (bottom) rigid supporting rollers were employed to load the specimen using the displacement control that moves vertically downwards at a constant rate of 3.0 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-6}\) mm/step. This ensures that the numerical specimens are under quasi-static states during numerical testing, whereas the two bottom supporting rollers at both ends are fixed and their span is 40 mm. Again, the appropriate input parameters of the slate specimens in CZM simulations were applied here, as given in Table 3.
## 4 Experimental Verification  
To verify the practicality of the proposed SHM system, data obtained from an experiment conducted by the National Center for Research on Earthquake Engineering (NCREE) was used. The experimental entailed conducting ambient vibration tests of a scaled-down steel benchmark structure.
# Circularly Polarized High-Gain Fabry-Perot Cavity Antenna with High Sidelobe Suppression
## 4 Conclusions
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Reference** & [19] & [20] & [21] & [22] & [23] & **Present Project** \\ \hline Frequency \(f_{0}\) (GHz) & 2.55 & 10.70 & 15.00 & 10.30 & 15.00 & 10.00 \\ Linear polarized & AC-MPA [1] & MPA/45\({}^{\circ}\) & AC-MPA & V-slot MPA & MPA & U-slot MPA \\ feeder/rotation & \multirow{2}{*}{\begin{tabular}{c} RCA 2 \\ LCP 4 / RCP 5 \\ \end{tabular} } & \multirow{2}{*}{\begin{tabular}{c} FPCA \\ LCP \\ \end{tabular} } & \multirow{2}{*}{\begin{tabular}{c} FACA \\ LCP / RCP \\ \end{tabular} } & \multirow{2}{*}{\
\begin{tabular}{c} FTA \\ LCP \\ \end{tabular} } & \multirow{2}{*}{
\begin{tabular}{c} FPCA \\ LCP \\ \end{tabular} } \\ Antenna electrical size & 1.02\(\lambda_{0}\times 1.02\lambda_{0}\) & 2.68\(\lambda_{0}\times 2.68\lambda_{0}\) & 6.53\(\lambda_{0}\times 6.53\lambda_{0}\) & 7.35\(\lambda_{0}\times 7.35\lambda_{0}\) & 12\(\lambda_{0}\times 12\lambda_{0}\) & 3.3\(\lambda_{0}\times 3.3\lambda_{0}\) \\ Cavity height (\(\lambda_{0}\)) & 0.09 & 0.44 & 0.5 & 1.20 & 2.00 & 0.41 \\ Realized gain (dBi) & 9.6 & 10.2 & 19 & 21.0 & 24.9 & 15.4 \\ Aperture efficiency (\%) & 70.0 & 10.6 & 14.8 & 18.5 & 17.1 & 25.3 \\ Axial ratio (dB) & 0.50/1.10 & 0.62 & 0.6 & 0.40 & 0.50 & 0.12 \\ X-polarization level (dB) [6] & \(-\)8\(/\) –10 & \(-\)27 & N. A [7] & \(-\)15 & \(-\)20 & \(-\)42 \\ SLS \(xz\)-plane (dB) & 10.1/8.2 & 15.2 & 8.0 & 13.1 & 17.3 & 23.8 \\ SLS \(yz\)-plane (dB) & 10.2/8.5 & 15.4 & 8.2 & 14.5 & 18.2 & 25.0 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}  
* Aperture coupled microstrip patch antenna. 2 Resonance cavity antenna. 3 Folded transmitarray antenna. 4 Left-handed circular polarization. 5 Right-handed circular polarization. 6 Cross-polarization level. 7 Not available.  
\end{table} 
Table 2: Comparison of the present project with previously published circular polarized FPCAs.
###### Abstract  
(1) Motivation: Variations in the volume of the residual limb negatively impact various aspects of prosthesis use including the prosthetic socket fit. Although volume adjustment systems mitigate corresponding fit problems to some extent, some users still find the management of these systems challenging. With the ultimate goal of creating a feedback system that assists users with the management of their volume adjustment systems, this study demonstrates the feasibility of detecting variations in the volume of the residual limb. (2) Methods: Measurements of the interface force at the bottom of the prosthetic socket were used as indicators of variations in the volume of the residual limb. Force sensitive resistors (FSRs) were placed at the bottom of participants' prosthetic sockets to monitor the interface limb-socket force as participants walked on a flat surface. Two phases of experiments were carried out: The first phase considered variations simulated by three prosthetic sock plies, established the feasibility of detecting variations in the volume of the limb based on the interface force, and further determined the locations at which the interface force could be used to detect variations in the limb's volume. Having validated the effectiveness of the proposed method in the first phase, the second phase was carried out to determine the smallest detectable variation of the limb's volume using the proposed method. In this phase, variations simulated by one and two prosthetic sock plies were considered. Four and three volunteers with transtibial amputations participated in the first and the second phases, respectively. (3) Results: Results of the first phase showed that an increase in the volume of the limb resulted in a decrease in the force measured at the distal location of the prosthetic sockets of all participants; however, the smallest detected variation could not be statistically confirmed.  
residual limb volume; prosthetic sock; distal pressure; sock management; socket fit; force sensitive resistor; volume fluctuation; sock ply
## 2 Isolated Single Tree Radio Channel Characterization
### Simulation Results
#### 2.3.2 Delay Spread  
One of the characteristics of the deterministic 3D RL algorithm is the capability to provide multipath characterization, a feature seldom considered in previous models. In Figure 4 it is presented the simulation results of the Delay Spread (DS) as seen at different 2D height planes, for the single tree scenario simulated in Section 3 with the pine and oak tree models. A 2D plane of DS indicates the values of DS detected at each point of a plane located at a specific height, assuming a static transmitter positioned as in the simulations of Section 3, at a height of 2m. DS values depend on the tree species, the distance of the observation point to the transmitter, the percentage of signal blockage, and the observation 2D height plane. A range between 2 and 12 ns was obtained for the simulated scenarios. It is important to note that in the presented results, the RF power level estimations within obstacles (trunk and mainly the vegetation part of the oak) have not been represented in order to show clearer the radio propagation zones around the trees.  
For instance, at height 1 m, the points of the observation plane located after the tree show low-medium values of DS: 6-8 ns for the pine and 6-10 ns for the oak. This situation is due to the tree trunk, which is the most influent part in signal blockage.  
However, for the pine case at 3 m height plane, the signal blockage is weaker due to the many air gaps of the pine tree top. Therefore, while pine tree behaves like a low density medium, the oak tree shows the behavior of a homogeneous medium. Generally, the obtained results are in accordance with [43; 44]. Specifically, [43] presents UHF radio propagation estimations through a trunk-dominated area, for distances greater than 100 m. The work presented in [44] is closer to the case analyzed in this  
Figure 3: Simulation path loss for a single tree, (**a**) Oak tree; (**b**) Pine tree.  
paper: the authors compute the RMS delay spread of the measured power delay profiles at 5 GHz band along different trails within different forests. They obtained delay spread mean values between 60 ns and 90 ns depending on the trail (and therefore, the distance). These values agree with our simulation results, which correspond to shorter distances (less than 8 m in any case).  
Similarly to the results in [45], it is noticed that, for any 2D height plane, the presence of vegetation contributed to the received signal level enhancement, predominantly in the side- and back-scattering regions, contrasted with the significant attenuation caused by absorption and scattering in the forward-scattering region produced after the tree [45].  
Furthermore, delay spread values achieved along a linear path reflect a two-zone model similarly to path loss in Section 2.1: in the diffraction predominant zone, the number of signal components coming from scattering inside the tree is larger, and once mostly-coherently added produce larger values of DS; in the OLoS zone, away from the tree, the number of multipath components decrease considerably.
# A Roadside and Cloud-Based Vehicular Communications Framework for the Provision of C-ITS Services
## 6 Results
The average packet size transmitted is 533 bytes. This includes the CAM message payload, BTP header, GeoNetworking headers, message signature and occasionally associated certificate, and LLC and MAC headers. Results recorded at the Access layer, where no associated packet processing takes place, are presented in Table 4 and Figure 12. A sample size of 10,000 transmitted CAM packets is represented. Results show an average of 2.1 ms for a CAM packet to be transmitted between two ITS-Ss. The difference between the Access layer and Facilities layer results (17.47 ms) can be pointed to the packet processing as mentioned earlier. Moreover, the use of ZeroMQ in the ITS-S protocol stack also incurs an added latency every time the services exchange SDUs with each other. Results for the ZeroMQ IPC performance is provided in Table 5.  
Given that it takes approximately 0.383 milliseconds to transmit a message between services, ZeroMQ IPC communications contribute on average \(0.383*4*2=3.064\) ms (four message exchanges in the OBU and four message exchanges in the RSU) to the total delay between the OBU and the RSU stations at the Facilities layer.