esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 6 Testing, Analysis, and Results
### Result  
This section evaluates various scheduling algorithms using the metrics outlined earlier. We begin by examining the average metrics for each algorithm in both short and mixed datasets. To provide a comprehensive view of performance, we present box plots illustrating median, standard deviations, and outliers. Following this, we delve into specific metrics, covering both datasets' turnaround time, response time, and throughput. Lastly, we assess CPU load balancing.
## 5 Results
### Case Study  
Since VAC also adopts the idea of taking query points as the center, which is very similar to TWC, we first compare it with VAC. To fairly compare the two models, we first transform the VAC model into a k-core-based model and change the scoring function from distance to similarity: the more significant the similarity, the higher the score. We randomly select node \(q\) as the query node, search communities using the DFS-based VAC algorithm and TWC's Local Extend algorithm, respectively, and then compare the similarity between vertices and \(q\). Taking node UserId = 769697 as query node \(q\), we set \(k\) = 10, \(\alpha\) = 1, use VAC and TWC model to query, respectively, and record the queried communities as \(H_{\text{{vac}}}\) and \(H_{\text{{Hvac}}}\). Figure 3 shows the nodes in the community in terms of Jaccard similarity and CosTime similarity.  
As shown in Figure 3a, the three nodes {'1474184', '639615', '647188'} in \(H_{\text{{vac}}}\) are abandoned by \(H_{\text{{inv}}}\) because, although they have high Jaccard similarity with \(q\), their CosTime similarity is relatively low--especially the node '647188', which is significantly reduced. In other words, although they share many attributes with \(q\), the related check-in record occurred a long time ago and cannot represent \(q\)'s current interests. We observe that \(H_{\text{{vac}}}\) replaces them with five new nodes, {'1190126', '665064', '1472376', '1458831', '1026751'}, as shown in Figure 3b. Although their Jaccard similarity with \(q\) is low, the attributes they share with \(q\) have a larger weight in \(q\)'s attributes set, which can better represent \(q\)'s current interests. This phenomenon proves that the more recent the shared  
Figure 3: Comparison of community nodes queried by different models. (**a**) Nodes in \(H_{\text{{vac}}}\) community and their similarity with \(q\); (**b**) nodes in \(H_{\text{{inv}}}\) community and their similarity with \(q\).  
attributes, the greater the similarity of users' short-term interests. In terms of community score, \(TScore(q,H_{vac})=0.016\), \(TScore(q,H_{twc})=0.021\), and the score of \(H_{twc}\) increased by 34% compared with \(H_{vac}\). In addition, the community becomes more cohesive for AvgDegree (\(H_{twc}\)) = 10.6 and AvgDegree (\(H_{twc}\)) = 12.8. Therefore, by adopting the time-weighted decay function proposed in this paper to assign different weights to attributes and employing _CosTime_ as the node similarity evaluation method, we can filter nodes more similar to \(q\) and form a higher-quality community.
## Appendix A Mesh Stiffness  
Here, as in [35], a tooth is regarded as a nonuniform cantilever beam to calculate the bending deflection \(\delta_{b}\):  
\[\delta_{b}= F\cos^{2}\alpha_{m}\sum_{i=1}^{n}e_{i}\left[\frac{d_{i}-e_{i}d_{i }+\frac{1}{3}e_{i}^{2}}{E^{\prime}\overline{I_{i}}}+\frac{1}{s_{h}G\overline{ A}_{i}}+\frac{\tan^{2}\alpha_{m}}{\overline{A}_{i}E^{\prime}}\right], \tag{1}\] \[E^{\prime}= \frac{E(1-v)}{(1+v)(1-2v)},\] \[1/\overline{I_{i}}= (1/I_{i}+1/I_{i+1})/2,\] \[1/\overline{A}_{i}= (1/A_{i}+1/A_{i+1})/2.\]  
Here, \(F\) is the applied force, \(\alpha_{m}\) is the operating pressure angle, \(G\) is the shear modulus, \(s_{h}\) is a shear factor, \(e_{i}\) and \(d_{i}\) are illustrated in Figure 11, \(I_{i}\) is the area moment of inertia, \(A_{i}\) is the area of the tooth cross section \(S_{i}\), \(E\) is [PERSON]'s modulus, and \(v\) is [PERSON]'s ratio.  
The equation for the fillet-foundation deflection \(\delta_{f}\) is based on [PERSON]'s theory, which was enhanced by [PERSON] [36; 37]. By assuming a linear distribution of the normal stress and a constant shear stress at the tooth root, the gear-body-induced tooth deflection can be calculated analytically as  
\[\delta_{f}= \frac{F\cos^{2}\alpha_{m}}{WE}\left[L^{*}(\frac{u_{f}}{S_{f}})^{ 2}+M^{*}\frac{u_{f}}{S_{f}}+P^{*}(1+Q^{*}\tan^{2}\alpha_{m})\right], \tag{2}\] \[X_{i}^{*}(h_{fi},\theta_{f})= A_{i}/\theta_{f}^{2}+B_{i}h_{fi}^{2}+\frac{C_{i}h_{fi}}{ \theta_{f}}+\frac{D_{i}}{\theta_{f}}+E_{i}h_{fi}+F_{i},\] \[h_{fi}= \frac{r_{dedendum}}{r_{inner}}.\]  
Here, \(W\) is the tooth width, while \(u_{f}\), \(S_{f}\), \(h_{fi}\), and \(\theta_{f}\) are given in Figure 11. Further, \(A_{i}\), \(B_{i}\), \(C_{i}\), \(D_{i}\), \(E_{i}\), and \(F_{i}\) are given in Table 11, while \(X_{i}^{*}\) represents the coefficients \(L_{i}^{*}\), \(M_{i}^{*}\), \(P_{i}^{*}\), and \(Q_{i}^{*}\).  
From the results of [38], the contact stiffness is based on Hertzian 2D theory. According to Hertzian law, the two elastic bodies in contact can be approximated by two cylinders on the 2D plane. The contact stiffness is constant in longitudinal direction and along the entire line of action. The contact deflection \(\delta_{h}\) is given by  
\[\delta_{h}= F\frac{4(1-\
u^{2})}{\pi EW}. \tag{10}\]  
The mesh stiffness is calculated by superimposing the various stiffnesses, namely bending stiffness, fillet-foundation stiffness, and contact stiffness, as  
\[k_{b}=\frac{F}{\delta_{b}},\quad k_{f}= \frac{F}{\delta_{f}},\quad k_{h}=\frac{F}{\delta_{h}}\] \[K_{meshing}= 1/(\frac{1}{k_{b1}}+\frac{1}{k_{f1}}+\frac{1}{k_{b2}}+\frac{1}{k _{f2}}+\frac{1}{k_{h}}), \tag{11}\] \[\delta^{E}= \frac{F}{K_{meshing}}.\]
## 3 Results
### Summary of Results
#### 3.5.4 Process 4  
From the results obtained, when \(\frac{\theta}{\tau}\geq 1\), MPC generally performs better than PID both in terms of TV and IAE, irrespective of the damping. However, when \(\frac{\theta}{\tau}<1\), a general conclusion cannot be reached as to when MPC outperforms PID and vice versa, as the simulations indicate some conflicting results.
## 7 Toxicity and Safety  
Multiple in vitro and in vivo studies showed that _A. leptopus_ had no significant mutagenic, toxic, or adverse effects on their model systems, as shown in Table 3, which summarizes the cytotoxic analysis of _A. leptopus_. [PERSON] et al. [23] conducted an acute toxicity study on _A. leptopus_ roots using Wistar rats and albino mice as models. During a 24 h period, the animals were given different doses with the highest dose level of 2000 mg/kg body weight, and none showed any signs of mortality or symptoms associated with toxicity [23]. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [42] performed a similar toxicity test on the _A. leptopus_ leaves according to test dose guideline 423 of the Organization for Economic and Cultural Development. The results showed that _A. leptopus_ did not cause any adverse effects or mortality in the rats up to a dosage of 2000 mg/kg, aligning with [PERSON]'s findings. [PERSON] et al. [63] studied the cytotoxic effects of a hexane fraction from a methanolic extract of _A. leptopus_ flowers in vitro against a CHOK 1 cell line (Chinese hamster ovary cell line) and an A-549 cell line (human lung adenocarcinoma epithelial cell line) and reported there to be no cytotoxic effects, displaying the safety of the flowers. All components of the plant are edible and are consumed in Thai cuisine [8]. Overall, studies have shown that _A. leptopus_ has no acute toxic effect.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l l} \hline
**Part Used** & **Method** & **Toxicity** & **Reference** \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Roots} & In vivo & \multirow{4}{*}{No cytotoxicity up to a dose} \\  & Acute toxicity study & & \\  & with methanol extract on & of 2000 mg/kg B.W. & \\  & albino mice & & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Flowers} & In vivo & \multirow{4}{*}{No cytotoxicity up to a dose} \\  & Acute toxicity study & & \\  & with ethanol extract on & of 2000 mg/kg B.W. & \\  & albino mice & & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Flowers} & In vitro & \multirow{4}{*}{No cytotoxicity was} \\  & MTT assay against & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & CHOK 1 cell line and & & observed \\ \cline{1-1}  & A-549 cell line & & \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: Cytotoxic analysis of different _A. leptopus_ parts.
# A Country Risk Assessment from the Perspective of Cybersecurity in Local Entities
## Appendix D Statistical Analysis Prior to the Use of Machine Learning Techniques
### Willingness of the Entity to Update Its Servers  
An SSL/TLS certificate that has expired or that remains valid for more than 398 days represents a potential risk for the entity itself. The expiration of a certificate can be interpreted as an indication of inadequate maintenance. In accordance with the recommendations of CAB-Forum, a consortium of leading certification authorities and Internet browser providers, a digital certificate with a validity of less than 0 days or more than 398 days can be presumed to be non-compliant with the standards. Furthermore, if the IT service is performing improvement actions at least once a year, this indirectly indicates that the certificate is up to date.  
It has been determined that the data distribution does not follow a normal distribution (Kolmogorov-Smirnov test [63]), and thus the Pearson Chi-Square test [64] was employed to determine whether the population size was associated with the probability of non-updates in digital certificates:  
\[SSL/TLS=\left\{\begin{array}{l}KO\;if\;\left(0\leq Days_{\text{validity}} \right)\;\text{or}\;\left(Days_{\text{validity}}>398\right)\\ OK\;if\;0\leq Days_{\text{validity}}\leq 398\end{array}\right., \tag{1}\]  
\[Contrast\;hypothesis=\left\{\begin{array}{l}H_{0}\to\;Medians\;not\;significant\\ H_{1}\to\;Medians\;significant\end{array}\right., \tag{2}\]  
Given a significance level of \(\alpha\) = 0.05 (95%) and a \(p\)-value of less than 0.001, it can be inferred that there is a correlation between the size of the municipalities and their predisposition to update their corresponding digital certificates.
# A Topological Sensitive Node Importance Evaluation Method in Aerospace Information Networks
## 2 Related Work  
A spatial information network can be described as a graph \(G(V,E)\). The satellite network system is composed of \(N\) satellite nodes and inter-satellite links. \(V=\{1,2,\ldots,N\}\) represents the collection of satellite nodes and \(E=\{e_{ij}|i,j\in V,i\
eq j\}\) represents the collection of inter-satellite links.  
If the communication link of two satellites is not blocked by the earth at a certain time and the communication link distance is less than the maximum threshold between satellites, the two satellites are said to be \"visible\" or \"connectable\". Let the adjacency matrix of \(G(V,E)\) be \(A\in\mathbb{R}^{N*N}\), when two satellites \(i\) and \(j\) are visible, if \(a_{ij}=a_{ji}=1\), otherwise \(a_{ij}=a_{ji}=0\).  
Let \(D\in\mathbb{R}^{N*N}\) be the shortest path matrix, where \(d_{ij}\) represents the shortest path length between satellite nodes \(i\) and \(j\).  
**Definition 1**.: _Network efficiency [25]. Network efficiency is a metric of the efficiency of information exchange between nodes in a network. In complex networks, network efficiency applies to both local and global scales. On a local scale, it quantifies the network's ability to resist failures in a small range. Globally, it quantifies the efficiency of the simultaneous exchange of information in the entire network. Its equation is:_  
\[E=\frac{1}{N(N-1)}\sum_{i\
eq j}\frac{1}{d_{ij}} \tag{1}\]  
**Definition 2**.: _Degree centrality [26]. Degree centrality characterizes node centrality in network analysis. The greater the node degree means the higher centrality of the node and the more important the node is in the network. The calculation of node degree centrality is as follows:_  
\[DC(i)=\frac{k_{i}}{N-1} \tag{2}\]  
_where \(k_{i}\) represents the number of edges connected to node \(i\)._
## 4 Validation Experiment
### Validation Experiment of Optimal Parameter Combination
#### 4.1.2 Compression Verification Experiment  
Considering the anisotropic characteristics of FTB, a compression validation experiment was conducted under the previously calibrated parameters to validate the fidelity of the discrete element model.  
As shown in Figure 14, the mean pressure-time curve was obtained through a uniaxial compression test using a TMS-Pro texture analyzer. This experimental curve was compared with the simulation curve, which is shown in Figure 15, and both exhibited a consistent trend. This demonstrates that the established discrete element model for FTB accurately captures the variation in force over time during the compression process. The rupture force measured in the physical experiment was 40.61 N, while the simulation produced a rupture force of 40.28 N, resulting in a relative error of 0.82%. This close agreement between the simulation and experimental results confirms the accuracy of the established model.  
Figure 12: Shear simulation test and actual response test of FTB. (**a**) Physical image of the shear verification experiment. (**b**) Simulation diagram of shear verification experiment.  
Figure 13: The measured and simulated force-time curves in the uniaxial shear test.
## 3 Multiple RFI Sources Geolocation Method
### RFI Detection  
In our previous research, an RFI detection method for spaceborne SAR based on deep learning technology was proposed, which has achieved good results in detecting interference and identifying its type in the interfered SAR echo. More details can be found in [19; 20]. With this fast and accurate method, the existence of RFI in the echo can be effectively determined in this paper. The first step of this method is to transform the echo signal into the time-frequency domain using short-time Fourier transform (STFT) to obtain a time-frequency map. Next, a trained neural network takes this time-frequency map as input and determines whether there are RFI signals in it. If RFI exists, subsequent operations of the proposed method in this paper will then be performed.
## 3 Results
### Chemical and Stain Resistance  
The acid resistance test related to unglazed tiles was chosen for the characterization of these materials. The specimens were submerged in acid solution (HCl 3% vol.) for 12 days, after this time they were immersed in water for 5 days, then dried and the surface and edges by a visual check were evaluated. The samples can be classified into three classes: Class ULA (not visible effect); ULB (visible effect on the edges); ULC (visible effect on the surface and edges).  
Figure 7: SEM cross micrographs: (**a**) V125 900 \({}^{\circ}\)C, 60 min; (**b**) V125 1000 \({}^{\circ}\)C, 60 min.; (**c**) V75 900 \({}^{\circ}\)C, 60 min and (**d**) V75 1000 \({}^{\circ}\)C, 60 min.  
The acid resistance test pointed out good results (ULA) only for samples V125 and V75 fired at 1000 \({}^{\circ}\)C in agreement with low water absorption values obtained. From the above results, it is deduced high durability to the acid attack of the formed glassy phase which covers the open pores of the materials obtained.  
Further, the staining test is a typical example of an indirect verification of the capillary porosity. For carrying out the test, a paste prepared with green pigment in olive oil (as a colorant) was used.  
3-4 drops were poured over the surface of the samples and kept covered for 24 h to check the degree of absorption. Then, the surface have been cleansed with different cleaning agents. The samples can be classified in five classes: Class 5 (spot removed by warm water (55 \({}^{\circ}\)C)); Class 4 (spot removed by neutral detersive agent); Class 3 (spot removed by strong detersive agent); Class 2 (spot removed after immersion 24 h by a solvent); Class 1 (spot not removed).  
The performed test pointed out a decrease in the stain color intensity proportional to the sintering degree: Class 5 for the samples fired at 1000 \({}^{\circ}\)C, Class 4 for samples fired at 900 \({}^{\circ}\)C and Class 1 for the samples fired at 800 \({}^{\circ}\)C.
## 4 Discussion
### EMG Burst Duration  
The differences observed between exercises in the biceps and lower trapezius align with the expected muscle activation patterns for these exercises, as mentioned above. However, our findings regarding feedback condition differences provide significant insights into the effects of visual and verbal feedback combinations on movement performance.  
We observed a significant increase in EMG burst duration for all three muscles: biceps brachii, triceps brachii, and lower trapezius, during the \"reConnect Your Dots\" movement language condition, C3, which was the combination of visual feedback (motor imagery, internal focus of attention) and verbal feedback (external focus of attention). The increase in burst duration may suggest more focus or concentration on the movement, which may promote increased SS, thereby reducing AC joint displacement and promoting overall body stability (or core stability) [3; 42; 4].  
Muscles originating from a stable scapula can produce more force on the arm [34], enabling greater arm power and increased range of motion (ROM) in the glenohumeral joint. The biceps brachii, triceps brachii, and lower trapezius attach to the scapula and contribute to its stabilization during performing an action. We observed that the combination of MI (visual feedback) and verbal feedback led to longer EMG burst durations, indicating greater and continuous muscle activation, thus improving AC joint stability.  
Many research studies have supported the idea that strengthening muscles that stabilize the scapula improves arm movement techniques and therefore decreases susceptibility to injury [43; 44; 45]. Our findings suggest that the use of the combination of visual and verbal feedback simultaneously brings a similar effect of activating muscles for arm movement control in terms of AC joint stability. In addition, since scapular stabilization is highly dependent on core stabilization [3; 4; 42], our findings indicate that the combination of two types of feedback might assist in core muscle stability as well.
## 5 Results and Evaluations
### Quality Assessment of the Alignment Results
Conversely, GEM3 displays the least impressive performance among the specified FM aligners. Although adequate for some tasks, its effectiveness is restricted in situations where top-tier accuracy is essential. Therefore, the LF-EP-based FM aligner introduced in this research outperforms the other popular FM aligners across the four benchmarks, demonstrating its excellent reliability and precision. This finding substantiates the efficacy of implementing the LF-EP algorithm. Although SOAP2 demonstrates robustness and dependability, there is still room for improvement. Furthermore, the evaluation indicates that the performance quality of BOWTIE2, BWA, and GEM3 decreases progressively. Therefore, their suitability might fluctuate with the changing needs of specific tasks, ranging from high to lower levels.
## 3 Passive Thermal Control Methods
### Passive Radiator
A typical configuration for BMR radiator on a 6U satellite body is shown in Figure 4:2 In the same way, deployable radiator configuration is also implemented on the satellite body. These panels are thermally isolated from rest of the satellite body to minimize thermal conduction but a strong thermal coupling is established for the detector/component of interest which needs to be cooled. Thermal storage devices can be used to reduce the surface area of the radiator panels, which indirectly reduces the peak load if there is a transient heat load in the system. However, it is still challenging for small satellite thermal control technologies. Thermal dissipation for high power small satellites is challenging using only a body-mount radiator panel, and this is best addressed by increasing the radiating area by means of deployable panels. If deployable radiator panels are used, it is very important to ensure that the thermal conductivity is higher for the hinges used. Flexible thermal straps along with proper mechanical hinges, which have variable bending angles, can be used to deploy radiators [33]. Flexible thermal straps can be considered for thermal connection between the heat dissipating element and the deployable radiator. Figure 4:3 DR-Satellite Orientation with respect to Sun. Besides radiator surface area, thickness also has a considerable effect on its temperature. According to [34], [PERSON] and [PERSON] et al. derived relationships for heat transfer from an uniform plate heated at one edge. For a thin rectangular deployable radiator radiating in free space, it is assumed that the heat enters uniformly at the fin base and then it passes from the fin faces by radiation [33]. Heat dissipated by the fin faces is given by Equation (20) and this relationship takes thickness parameter (\(L\)) into consideration. Figure 4:4  
where, \(q_{actual}\)--Actual heat input at the base of the fin, \(\delta\)--width of the fin, \(k\)--Thermal conductivity, \(L\)--Radiator thickness, \(T_{b}\)--Radiator base temperature, \(T_{a}\)--Radiator tip temperature. The fin efficiency is calculated from Equation (20). It is defined as the ratio of the actual heat dissipation to the ideal dissipation [35]. In ideal heat dissipation, the entire fin is at the base temperature considered. Figure 4:5  
Figure 4:6  
Figure 4:7 Heat rejection capacity with surface area  
Figure 4:8 Heat rejection with temperature.
## 3 Simulations and Measurements
It shows that the antenna can produce fixed-frequency beam scanning with a small gain variation and a wide scanning range. In this research, a peak gain of 17.1 dBi was achieved with a beam-scanning range of 61\({}^{\circ}\) as well as a good CP property. Table 2 compares the performance of the proposed beam-scanning LWA with other similar works in the open literature. It is clear to see that our work can achieve high gain featuring good beam-scanning range and CP. Overall, these developed antennas exhibit significant advantages in terms of compactness, flexibility, and high performance, but they also face challenges such as manufacturing complexity, bandwidth limitations, and cost. Future research should focus on optimizing designs, improving manufacturing processes, and reducing costs to better meet the demands of practical applications. Figure 8: Results of the realized gain and axial ratio of state for 4 different frequencies, respectively, from (**a**) simulation and (**b**) measurement. Figure 9: Simulated results of (**a**) radiation efficiency and (**b**) realized gains and main beam directions.