esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# A Performance Analysis of Internet of Things Networking Protocols: Evaluating MQTT, CoAP, OPC UA
## 3 An Overview on IoT Communication Protocols and Frameworks
### Performance Aspects  
Recent studies addressed different performance aspects of NDN against IP-based approaches, to understand up to which point can NDN sustain large-scale IoT infrastructures. [PERSON] et al. have analyzed the performance of NDN between sensors and gateway/broker against CoAP and MQTT, evaluating different scenarios in the context of the FIT-IoT testbed [4]. For NDN, the code of CCN-lite has been considered. Experiments run considered 1-hop as well as multi-hop topologies, involving 70 and 50 nodes, respectively. Albeit this is an initial study, it shows that the NDN publish/subscribe model attains a better performance in the verge of topological variability lower packet loss. The results also show that the rate of Interest packets is an issue which delays content delivery larger time-to-completion occurs, as devices are constrained and PITs have limited sizes. This is an issue for unscheduled publishing scenarios. Nevertheless, packet loss is still reduced in comparison to the IP-based approaches evaluated MQTT and CoAP.  
The performance of the available protocols is an aspect that requires further investment of research. There are no clear _Key Performance Indicators_ for the protocols analysed.  
Therefore, in addition to an overall analysis on protocol features for available IoT communication protocols, this works proceeds with a performance evaluation for 3 of the most relevant and flexible protocols available for both consumer and industrial IoT scenarios: MQTT, CoAP, OPC UA.
## 3 Overview of Study Site  
### Geological Setting  
The landslide was located 600 km upstream of a large hydro-electrical station in Sichuan province of China, on the left bank slope of a secondary tributary of the Yangtze River (Figure 1). It is a typical slow large-scale landslide.  
The length of the landslide from head to toe is approximately 500-700 m, and the average width of the landslide body is approximately 700 m. Its volume is approximately 15 million m\({}^{3}\). It is mainly influenced by a variety of factors, such as rain, reservoir water, and ground water [1,5]. Since 1998, landslides have been systematically and comprehensively observed. Thus far, many geological and monitoring data have been accumulated. According to the borehole investigation results, the landslide comprises a set of basalt with  
Figure 1: Landslide location.  
a block structure in the upper part and a set of layered sedimentary rocks in the lower part of the slope and is mantled by loose deposits of quaternary systems. The sliding zone is mainly located in strongly weathered basalt (Figure 2) [1, 40].  
Based on the geological and geomorphological features and the deformation characteristics and history of the landslide, the landslide can be divided into three main sliding blocks--Block 1, Block 2, and Block 3 (Figure 3), which are, respectively, the old landslide area, main deformation area, and shallow landslide area. The three blocks have different movement and material characteristics. Block 1 has a total volume of 260 \(\times\) 104 m\({}^{3}\) and is stable at present. Block 2 has a total volume of approximately 250 \(\times\) 104 m\({}^{3}\), with a 180 \(\times\) 104 m\({}^{3}\) rock mass, which has developed into a strong creep mass.  
Block 3 has poor stability and has experienced several small shallow landslides and collapses in its front and side; however, a deep instability does not occur easily.  
Herein, our research focus is Block 2, which occupies the middle part of the landslide. It has an obvious deformation and is a potential threat to the hydro-electrical station.
## 3 Security Attacks in Smart Healthcare Systems
### Software-Based Attacks  
The smart healthcare system consists of various hardware and software that provide necessary services to the medical staff, patients, and other sectors of the healthcare ecosystem. One of the main critical weaknesses of a large technological organization is that it cannot adequately maintain its resources and infrastructure properly. This is one reason that the attacker first uses reconnaissance, i.e., scans the entire organization's network to find strong and weak vulnerabilities, either in software or in hardware. Software-based attacks can occur where the administrator does not update their software, tools, operating system, utility, and firmware. Outdated and obsolete software poses a severe threat to the healthcare infrastructure; for example, old bugs are not patched in the updated version of the software. Recently, four vulnerabilities have been found in healthcare services, such as CVE-2020-11022, 2020-11023, 2015-9251, and 2019-11358 are the basic jQuery-based vulnerabilities [74]. Another vulnerability, i.e., CVE-2020-0601, was found in the Biomerieux product, where an attacker signed a malicious executable using a spoofed code-signing certificate to proliferate ransomware attack [75]. Further, healthcare providers are not updating their firmware, which opens up the gate for attackers to counterfeit firmware that gains access to the medical devices and makes fake copies of the healthcare firmware. [PERSON] et al. [76] proposed a risk-based approach to maintain the cybersecurity between healthcare professionals, staff, patients, vendors, academics, and manufacturers in the modern healthcare systems. Further, they have discussed about the recent security and privacy research challenges to the healthcare systems due to the involvement of medical devices during the remote monitoring of patient's health.
# Integrated Robotic and Network Simulation Method
## 4 A Case-Study Illustrating the Use of the IRoNS Method
### Choosing Solutions
#### 4.2.4 Mobile Ad-Hoc Network  
A MANET is a wireless mobile local area network that does not rely on a central point to coordinate message exchanges in the network, the nodes forward packets to and from each other on their own. We chose the IEEE 802.11b standard for this simulation, given its robustness, which is part of the IEEE 802.11 series of WLAN standards. Devices using IEEE 802.11b experience interference from other devices operating in the 2.4 GHz band, be it other IEEE 802.11 devices not engaged in the team or Bluetooth devices, microwave ovens, and cordless telephones. These devices can be thought of as alien uncontrollable network traffic generators, creating occasional collisions with the team transmissions and consequent message delays and losses.  
This wireless network model was selected as a worst-case scenario and with the purpose of inserting complexity in the network part of the simulation. The network may be considered ideal or with any other type of technology or protocol.  
We also use an overlay protocol on top of IEEE 802.11b that organizes communications in periodic rounds, i.e., communication cycles, within which the robots in the team transmit one at a time, evenly spaced, such as proposed in [2]. As in this type of simulation we have total control of the network, we opted for this protocol to demonstrate that additional adaptations and behaviors can be considered, adding further complexity to the simulation. We used a communication cycle of 100 ms, which we deem adequate for the dynamics of the robots.
## 4 IoMT Authentication Taxonomy
### Authentication Categories  
The IoMT systems need a continuous feed of data from IoMT to look after the patient's situation. Accordingly, the IoMT systems need to authenticate those devices for a long period of time. IoMT authentication is classified into continuous and static from that perspective shown in Figure 12.  
Figure 11: Authentication procedures.  
Figure 12: Authentication categories.  
Static authentication is used to initiate a secure connection between entities. Once the authentication between entities is achieved, they can start communicating [97]. The entities stay authenticated as long as the connection exists, according to time passed, or according to other specified settings. Entities are authenticated once when the communication session starts. Therefore, this category is prone to many attacks which can capture active sessions such as hijacking attacks [4; 98].  
In contrast, continuous authentication is implemented repeatedly at every point in time. Even if an adversary impersonates the session, he needs to be authenticated continuously to the system. That guarantees better security for the IoMT system [99]. Continuous authentication cannot be substituted for static authentication; it is a complementary procedure [100; 101]. [PERSON] et al. [24] considered context-aware authentication of IoMT devices. They proposed two schemes, one for normal situations and the other for emergent situations. The proposed schemes enhance the patient experience and avoid delays in emergent situations.
###### Abstract  
The airborne relay system is an important support for improving the stability of communication systems in complex electromagnetic environments. As a key component of the airborne relay system, the antenna needs to have characteristics such as high gain, dual circular polarization, wide beam coverage, and miniaturization. Based on the septum circular polarizer, this paper proposes a high-performance circularly polarized antenna structure suitable for airborne relay systems, named AcpAS. The structure consists of a coaxial feed port, a coaxial-to-waveguide transition, a septum circular polarizer, and a parabolic metal housing. Based on this structure, two antennas operating at 19.6 GHz to 21.6 GHz and 29.2 GHz to 31.2 GHz are designed in this paper. Simulated and measured results show that the two antennas have dual circular polarization characteristics, with beam coverage range of more than \(\pm 55^{\circ}\) for gains higher than 0 dBi, and the radiation patterns exhibit good symmetry and wide-beam coverage characteristics.  
emergency communication; airborne relay; antenna; wide beam; septum polarizer +
Footnote †: journal: Acpas
## 4 Discussion
### Antimicrobial Properties and Biocompatibility
When resins containing zwitterionic substances are exposed to the oral environment, they repel the proteins in human saliva through their interaction with water molecules, thus preventing the adhesion of microorganisms in the oral cavity. It has been described that groups of zwitterionic substances have the ability to inhibit bacterial adhesion even after being exposed to hydrothermal fatigue through a thermocycling process, but it is not clear which mechanism of action causes the antimicrobial activity [19]. Regarding the nanodiamonds investigated, it was found that surface hydrophobicity is a parameter that influences the formation of biofilms on dental materials. Due to their antimicrobial activity and the high hydrophobicity of acrylic resins with nanodiamonds and nanodiamond aminates, these materials are able to resist the formation of biofilms and thus exhibit high antimicrobial activity [36]. The incorporation of zirconia and PEEK nanoparticles into PMMA resins does not alter cytocompatibility, as shown by the analysis of L929 fibroblast survival rates and blood compatibility. Several studies have already mentioned that dental materials can damage the cellular integrity of red blood cells if they have a hemolysis rate greater than 20%. The APTT is a sensitive test for the coagulation system, while the PT refers to hemostasis, with acceptable values ranging between 27-40 s and 11-14 s. In this case, it was found that all groups had values within the acceptable range, showing that zirconia and PEEK nanoparticles have good blood compatibility [16]. Regarding the cellulose nanocrystals reinforced with silver, the article did not describe the mechanism of action, but only what is described in the results [17]. Therefore, further studies are needed to analyze the mechanism of action of nanocrystals that exhibit antimicrobial activity and biocompatibility. [43] Finally, the titanium dioxide nanoparticles incorporated into the resins also have an antimicrobial effect by deactivating the cellular enzymes, which leads to the disintegration of the cell wall and thus to cell death. The article also states that a concentration of 0.4% titanium dioxide nanoparticles prevents the colonization of microorganisms [39; 40]. Preliminary studies on cytotoxicity and genotoxicity tests have shown that a concentration of 0.4% titanium dioxide nanoparticles shows positive results when this compound is incorporated into acrylic resins [39].
# Suitability of Active Noise Barriers for Construction Sites
## 1 Introduction
Each row of the control system could work either separately or together. Their results depicted that the maximum attenuation at receivers was attained when both rows of the control system were working simultaneously. Furthermore, they highlighted that the higher the density of secondary sources, the better the control effect. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [27] examined the performance of an active noise barrier, in which the height of barrier varied from 3 to 5 m, with three control sources and three error microphones linearly arranged above the top edge. The angles of control sources with the barrier changed from 0\({}^{\circ}\) to 90\({}^{\circ}\), and the error microphones were always placed perpendicular to the control sources. Their results showed that the angular orientation of the control sources and error microphones is a weak factor for acoustic pressure reduction at the shadow zone when the distance between the control sources and error microphones was less than a quarter wavelength of the primary noise. [PERSON] et al. [28] compared the performance of an active noise barrier with two types of control sources. It is shown that the noise reduction performance of the active noise barrier improves remarkably when the unidirectional control sources were replaced by the monopole control sources. Other investigations [29; 30] also show that the efficiency of the active noise barriers depends largely on the number and the location of error microphones and control sources, and the best noise control strategy is canceling the pressure at the target zone. However, real application in a construction site requires a compact design with the transducers located close to the barrier itself so that it can stand as a unique, mobile, and easy to setup device [31; 32]. Up to now, only some limited combinations of secondary sources and error microphones deployed around the barrier have been investigated [24; 33]. Therefore, there is no knowledge of which is the best possible configuration for a certain application, as, e.g., noise from construction activities. This study sets out to investigate the suitability of applying active noise control on barriers for construction sites and defining the configuration of the control devices, which gives the maximum attenuation. The suitable locations for the transducers are found among 341 potential positions around the barrier. The cancelation targets for noise control are the neighboring street area, defined by a horizontal plane of receivers at the shadow zone of the barrier, and buildings close to the construction site, defined by a vertical plane of receivers' places away from the barrier. In this regard, two stages are involved in discovering the best location of the transducers close to the barrier [34; 35; 36; 37; 38; 39]: First, the position of the control sources is found ensuring the maximum attenuation of acoustic pressure in the receiver zone. Second, a suitable position is selected for the error microphones that gives the greatest attenuation in the shadow area for the location of the control sources found in the first stage.
## 1 Introduction
However, no unique extraction method is recognized to be the best one for extracting bioactive compounds from plants due to their diversity. Therefore, to optimize the qualitative and quantitative properties of the bioactive compounds, the selection of an appropriate extraction technique and conditions are critical [11]. Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) is an advanced and environmentally friendly technique used to extract bioactive compounds from different materials. Supercritical CO\({}_{2}\) (SC-CO\({}_{2}\)) is one of the most often used supercritical solvents due to its good features, including non-toxic, cheap, non-explosive, and mild critical conditions (critical temperature 31.7 \({}^{\circ}\)C and critical pressure approximately 73.8 bar) [12]. Moreover, SC-CO\({}_{2}\) has physicochemical qualities that are intermediate between those of a liquid and a gas, with low viscosity, high density, and diffusivity that allow it to be an excellent alternative to traditional extraction technologies [13]. This technique can be used for a broad spectrum of chemical and biochemical extraction processes [14] because of its selectivity property, which can be adjusted by minor changes in pressure and/or temperature. SC-CO\({}_{2}\) produces excellent extracts with yields that are equivalent to those made using organic solvent extraction. Some results have shown the highest antioxidant and antifungal properties of SC-CO\({}_{2}\) extract compared to the conventional method [15; 16]. In addition to these, CO\({}_{2}\) has the benefit of being appropriate for extracting thermo-labile chemicals since it does not require extensive solvent heating. However, one of the limitations of this technique is that CO\({}_{2}\) is a non-polar solvent and may not be effective alone to extract polar compounds such as phenolics. As a result, there is an application of methanol, water, or ethanol as co-solvent or modifier to enhance the solvation power of SC-CO\({}_{2}\), improve its affinity for poorly soluble solutes (alkaloids, phenolics, and glycosidic compounds), increase solubility, as well as the extraction yield with respect to operating pressure and temperature [13]. The basic goals of this research were to extract the dried _Laminum album_ flower by using SC-CO\({}_{2}\) with methanol as co-solvent, to investigate in vitro antioxidant capacity of these extracts using different radical scavenging assays (DPPH and ABTS), reducing power assay (FRAP), total phenols estimation using Folin-Ciocalteu, and phenolic compounds quantitation by using UPLC-PDA (Waters, Manchester, MA, USA). This approach should complement the previously known extraction techniques of the _Laminum album_ and improve the dissemination of this green technology and the possibility of using _Laminum album_ flower extract in agriculture, food, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical industries.
## 3 Numerical Validation Examples
### Six-Story Shear Building
#### 3.1.3 Probability of Damage Detection  
The probability of damage is calculated based on the MPVs of mass and stiffness and corresponding the value of S.D. using Equation (54). It is found, in Figure 7, that the curves at the damaged location are distinguishable from those at a healthy location by observing the curve's distance from healthy cases. Furthermore, some quantities can be interpreted from curves.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**Proposed Approach**} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**Traditional Approach**} \\ \hline
**Parameter** & **Actual** & **Updated** & **S.D.** & **Error (\%)** & **Updated** & **S.D.** & **Error (\%)** \\ \hline \(\beta_{1}\) & 1 & 0.9965 & 0.0061 & 0.35 & 0.7477 & 0.003 & 25.23 \\ \(\beta_{2}\) & 0.7 & 0.6991 & 0.0105 & 0.13 & 1.1584 & 0.0028 & 65.49 \\ \(\beta_{3}\) & 1 & 0.9969 & 0.0085 & 0.31 & 0.752 & 0.0026 & 24.80 \\ \(\beta_{4}\) & 1 & 1.001 & 0.0055 & 0.10 & 1.5364 & 0.0024 & 53.64 \\ \(\beta_{5}\) & 0.8 & 0.7955 & 0.0024 & 0.56 & 0.6007 & 0.0019 & 24.91 \\ \(\beta_{6}\) & 1 & 0.9998 & 0.0006 & 0.02 & 1.6619 & 0.0019 & 66.19 \\ \(\beta_{1}\) & 1 & 1.0028 & 0.0025 & 0.28 & 1.1674 & 0.0049 & 16.74 \\ \(\beta_{2}\) & 0.8 & 0.7958 & 0.0012 & 0.53 & 0.9595 & 0.0024 & 19.94 \\ \(\beta_{3}\) & 1 & 1.0009 & 0.0012 & 0.09 & 1.0721 & 0.0028 & 7.21 \\ \(\alpha_{4}\) & 0.7 & 0.7012 & 0.0011 & 0.17 & 0.7179 & 0.0032 & 2.56 \\ \(\beta_{5}\) & 1 & 1.0022 & 0.0008 & 0.22 & 1.1287 & 0.0013 & 12.87 \\ \(\theta_{6}\) & 0.6 & 0.5979 & 0.0007 & 0.35 & 0.623 & 0.0002 & 3.83 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} Note: \(\beta\) and \(\theta\) are mass and stiffness parameters, respectively; S.D. is standard derivation.  
\end{table}
Table 6: Results of updated structural parameters for damage case No.2.  
Figure 6: Updated parameters by two approaches. Damage case No. 1: (**a**) mass; (**b**) stiffness. Damage case No. 2: (**c**) mass; (**d**) stiffness.  
For damage case No. 1, the probabilistic curves of the mass parameter at the fifth floor (\(\beta_{5}\)) and stiffness parameter (\(\theta_{3}\)) at the third-floor exhibit high probabilities (77.88% and 80.66%, respectively) of both having a possible reduction of 20%. Regarding damage case No. 2, the mass on the second floor (\(\beta_{2}\)) and stiffness on the fourth floor (\(\theta_{4}\)) have a possible reduction of 30% with a high probability of 70.72% and 73.1%, respectively. The proposed BMUA exhibits excellent performance for damage detection; both localization and quantification of damages are successfully identified.
###### Abstract
[10] conducted long-term monitoring of segment loads and structural internal forces in a large-diameter shield tunnel (\(D=14.5\) m) and found that actual earth pressures are just 48-60% of theoretical values, which provides an empirical basis for the load calculation of large-diameter tunnels. These studies collectively demonstrate that large-diameter tunnels exhibit distinct dynamic characteristics compared to conventional sizes, warranting further investigation. In research on super-large-diameter tunnels (\(D\geq 15.0\) m) [11; 12; 13; 14], [PERSON] et al. [15] defined the longitudinal ground settlement patterns of twin tunnels (\(D=15\) m), combining the three-dimensional random finite element methods and Monte Carlo simulation. [PERSON] et al. [16] provided critical design guidelines of large-diameter tunnel (\(D=15\) m) joints for high-pressure environments. [PERSON] et al. [17] compared vibration characteristics between super-large (\(D=15.2\) m) and small (\(d=6.2\) m) river-crossing twin tunnels using DEM models, demonstrating larger tunnels' superior stability when the relative spacing is the same (\(l/d=0.25\), \(l/D=0.25\)). [PERSON] et al. [18] proved that thicker secondary linings enhance load capacity by optimizing segment-lining interaction in \(15.2\) m shield tunnels. [PERSON] et al. [19] found that internal structures effectively reduce dynamic responses by physical model tests (\(D=15.2\) m). [PERSON] et al. [20] studied the impact of \(15.4\) m shield tunnel construction on adjacent existing subway tunnels by finite element model, measuring \(17.9\) mm displacements in adjacent subway tunnels and evaluating isolation pile effectiveness. [PERSON] et al. [21] revealed that excavation of super-large-diameter tunnels (\(D=15.56\) m) causes the maximum compressive stress in the existing tunnel lining at the haunch and the maximum tensile stress at the crown. From the above research results, it can be seen that current research on super-large-diameter tunnels primarily examines single-tunnel configurations, with limited studies on the dynamic response of twin tunnels. In this paper, the factors affecting the static and dynamic response of the ultra-large-diameter twin tunnels (\(D\) = 15.2 m) are further investigated by DEM based on the previous research of our group [17]. Three parameters with different internal walls, different spacings, and different water pressures are set up, and the static and dynamic responses of sleepers, segments, and surroundings of super-large twin tunnels under train vibration are investigated. This research provides scientific guidance for the design, construction, and operation of super-large-diameter twin tunnel projects.