###### Abstract  
Numerical modeling approaches are favored for performing long-term analyses of continuous prestressed concrete rigid-frame (CPCR) bridges due to the complexity and high cost of experimental testing on such structures. In this study, a refined numerical modeling approach is first presented and validated by comparing the field monitor data of an existing long-span CPCR bridge in China. Then, long-term deflection analysis--considering box girder cracks, concrete creep, joint damage behavior and prestress--is conducted based on the proposed refined modeling approach. It is found that the time-dependent loss of longitudinal prestress has the most significant influence on the long-term structural stiffness, while joint damage between different segments has limited impact on overall structural performance, especially for large-span bridge cases. The local stress distribution is significantly influenced by typical damage, albeit with a different scope of impact. Therefore, targeted reinforcement has to be performed to achieve satisfactory repair results under different damage conditions. p 2023 13 9727 10.3390/app13179727  
**Citation**: [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON]. **Long-Term Deflection Analysis of Large-Span Continuous Prestressed Concrete Rigid-Frame Bridges Based on a Refined Modeling Approach. **  
_Appl. Sci._**2023**, 13, 9727. [[https://doi.org/10.3390/app13179727](https://doi.org/10.3390/app13179727)]([https://doi.org/10.3390/app13179727](https://doi.org/10.3390/app13179727))
CPCR bridge under strong earthquake conditions [4]. The results of the test indicated that damage to the lower end of the central pier significantly reduced the seismic performance of continuous prestressed concrete rigid-frame bridges. [PERSON] et al. conducted a field test investigating the cracking mechanism of CPCR bridges using the Wenchuan earthquake in 2008 as an example [5], on the basis of which it was concluded that the position most prone to cracking was the middle-span length between the \(1/4\) and \(3/4\) points of the total span. According to the above studies, it can be seen that existing experimental studies have been limited to only one or two influencing factors, due to constraints such as laboratory space and high experimental costs. Excessive deflection of CPCR bridges is a complex systemic issue that arises from a multitude of factors influencing deterioration. Large deflections in bridges can result in girder cracking and prestress loss, all of which, in turn, further weaken the overall structural rigidity and accelerate bridge deformation [6]. Additionally, the long-term behavior of concrete, including creep and shrinkage, can also cause changes in the overall performance of CPCR bridges. Firstly, the long-term behavior of concrete induces internal force redistribution within the structure, resulting in prestress loss in the main beam [7]. Then, time-dependent properties may lead to the surface cracking of concrete [8]. Lastly, creep accelerates structural deformation and increases deflection, consequently causing an increase in initial eccentricity and generating secondary internal forces due to creep [9; 10], especially during the winter period [11] This weakens the bearing capacity of the control section. Numerical simulation methods have been widely accepted and recognized by scientific researchers since their inception due to the convenience of their application, the accuracy of their calculations and their clear theoretical foundations [12]. Given these advantages, refined numerical simulation approaches offer a reliable alternative for solving such engineering problems. As a result, they have been successfully applied on numerous occasions to predict bridge behaviors when considering different deterioration factors [13; 14; 15; 16], thereby validating their wide applicability and high efficiency.