克萊沃 (德國)

克萊沃的一個市鎮和城市，靠近德荷邊境與萊茵河。從11世紀開始，克萊沃成為同名伯國的首府，其後來成為公國。今天，克萊沃是德國北萊茵-威斯特法倫州克萊沃縣的首府。這座城市是萊茵-瓦爾應用技術大學的校區所在地之一。市鎮.已隱藏部分未翻譯內容，歡迎參與[ 翻譯]。The territory of Kleve comprises, next to the innercity, of fourteen villages and populated places:Bimmen, Brienen, Donsbrüggen, Düffelward, Griethausen, Keeken, Kellen, Materborn, Reichswalde, Rindern, Salmorth, Schenkenschanz, Warbeyen and Wardhausen.歷史.克萊沃伯國 1092–1417年克萊沃公國 1417–1521年於利希-克萊沃-貝格聯合公國 1521–1614年克萊沃公國 1614–1648年勃蘭登堡-普魯士 1648–1701年1701–1794年法蘭西共和國 1794–1804年法蘭西帝國 1804–1814年1815–1871年德意志帝國 1871–1918年魏瑪共和國 1919–1933年納粹德國 1933–1945年盟軍佔領下的德國 1945–1949年西德 1949–1990年1990年至今已隱藏部分未翻譯內容，歡迎參與[ 翻譯]。The name "Kleff" probably derives from Middle Dutch "clef", "clif" ‘cliff, bluff’, referring to the promontory on which the Schwanenburg castle was constructed. Since the city's coat of arms displays three clovers (German "Klee", Low German "Kliev"), the city's name is sometimes linked by folk etymology to the clover, but the corresponding Dutch word is "klever". Notably, Kleve was spelled with a "C" throughout its history until spelling reforms introduced in the 1930s required that the name be spelled with a "K". In 2008, the CDU announced its intention to return the name to its original spelling.The Schwanenburg Castle, where the dukes of Cleves resided, was founded on a steep hill. It is located at the northern terminus of the Kermisdahl where it joins with the Spoykanal, which was previously an important transportation link to the Rhine. The old castle has a massive tower, the "Schwanenturm" high, that is associated in legend with the Knight of the Swan, immortalized in Richard Wagner's "Lohengrin".Medieval Kleve grew together from four parts — the Schwanenburg Castle, the village below the castle, the first city of Kleve on Heideberg Hill, and the "Neustadt" ("New City"), dating from the 14th century. In 1242 Kleve received city rights. The Duchy of Cleves, which roughly covered today's districts of Kleve, Wesel and Duisburg, was united with the Duchy of Mark in 1368, was made a duchy itself in 1417, then united with the neighboring duchies of Jülich and Berg in 1521, when John III, Duke of Cleves, married Mary, heiress of Jülich-Berg-Ravenburg.Kleve's most famous native is Anne of Cleves (1515–1557), daughter of John III, Duke of Cleves and (briefly) wife of Henry VIII of England. Several local businesses are named after her, including the Anne von Kleve Galerie.The ducal dynasty became extinct in the male line in 1609, leading to a succession crisis in the duchies. After the Thirty Years' War ended in 1648, the succession dispute was resolved with Cleves passing to the elector of Brandenburg, thus becoming an exclave of the Margraviate of Brandenburg, later Brandenburg-Prussia.During the Thirty Years' War the city had been under the control of the Dutch Republic, which in 1647 had given Johann Moritz von Nassau-Siegen administrative control over the city. He approved a renovation of Schwanenburg Castle in the baroque style and commissioned the construction of extensive gardens that greatly influenced European landscape design. Significant amounts of his original plan for Kleve were put into effect and have been maintained to the present, a particularly well-loved example of which is the "Forstgarten" (Forest Garden).The mineral waters of Kleve and the wooded parkland surrounding it made it a fashionable spa in the 19th century. At this time, Kleve was named "Bad Cleve" (English: Spa of Cleves).During World War II Kleve was the site of one of the two radio wave stations that served the Knickebein aircraft navigation system. Luftwaffe bombers used radio beams from Kleve and a second station at Stolberg to navigate to British targets. The Knickebein system was eventually jammed by the British. It was replaced by the higher frequency X-Gerat system, which used transmitter stations located on the channel coast of France.Kleve was heavily bombed during the Second World War, and over 90 percent of buildings in the city were severely damaged. Most of the destruction was the result of a raid late in the war in 1945, conducted at the request of Lieutenant-General Brian Horrocks in preparation for Operation Veritable. Horrocks recounted his decision in the 1973 television documentary "The World at War":"Then they came to me and they said, “Do you want the town of Cleves taken out?” By "taken out" they meant the whole of the heavy bombers putting on to Cleves. Now, I knew that Cleves was a very fine old historical German town. Anne of Cleves, one of Henry VIII’s wives, came from there. I knew that there were a lot of civilians in Cleves, men, women and children. If I said no, they would live. If I said yes, they would die. A terrible decision you’ve got to take. But... everything depended on getting a high piece of ground at Materborn. The German reserves would have to come through Cleves, and we would have to breach the Siegfried Line and get there. And your own lives, your own troops, must come first, so I said yes, I did want it taken out. But when all those bombers went over, the night just before zero hour, to take out Cleves, I felt a murderer. And after the war I had an awful lot of nightmares, but always Cleves."Horrocks later said that this had been "the most terrible decision I had ever taken in my life" and that he felt "physically sick" when he saw the bombers overhead.As a result of the bombing, relatively little of the pre-1945 city remains. Those structures spared include a number of historic villas built during the heyday of the spa Bad Kleves, located along the B9 near the Tiergarten. Of those buildings destroyed, many were reconstructed, including most of the Schwanenburg and the "Stiftskirche", the Catholic parish church. Constructed on high ground, many of these landmarks can be seen from the surrounding communities.Since 1953 there has been a broadcasting facility for FM radio and television from regional broadcaster WDR near Kleve. The current aerial mast was brought into service in 1993. The steel tube mast rises 126.4 metres high and has a diameter of 1.6 metres. It is stabilized by guy wires attached at 57 and 101.6 metres height.After the Second World War important employers in the area were associated with the West German "Economic Miracle" ("Wirtschaftswunder"), and included the XOX Bisquitfabrik (XOX Biscuit Factory) GmbH and the Van den Berg'schen Margerinewerke (margarine plant), that manufactured biscuits and margarine. Another important employer was the Elefanten-Kinderschuhfabrik (Elefant Children's Shoes Factory).在當地，零售業越來越重要，尤其是在2002年歐元制度之後。荷蘭公民經常會越過開放式邊境來光顧克萊沃的零售商，因此導致克萊沃的購物收入歐元大部分來自荷蘭。較低的房價也吸引了一波荷蘭公民在該地區置業。人口學.人口普查資料.據2013年的克萊沃的統計年鑑，50,650人居住在該城市。人口密度約為每平方公里517.9人。86.7％的居民擁有德國公民身份。2013年，該市人口分佈為21歲以下年齡的人士佔總人口的19.7％，21歲至40歲的人士佔25.6％，41歲至60歲的人士佔29.7％，61歲至80歲的人士佔20.1％，81歲及更年老的人士則佔4.9％。每過100名女性就有96.7名男性，每過100名21歲或以上的女性，就有93.9名男性。81.3%的公民家庭中沒有18歲以下子女，9.2％有一個孩子，6.1％有兩個孩子，1.7％有三個孩子，只有0.1％人士表示自己有四個或更多的孩子。宗教.已隱藏部分未翻譯內容，歡迎參與[ 翻譯]。As the rest of the Lower Rhine region, Kleve is a predominantly Roman Catholic city. The city is part of the Diocese of Münster. 61.1% of the residents are Roman Catholics, 14.4% Protestant, and 24.6% "Other". The largest section of this group are residents without any religious affiliation, but there are also sizeable Russian Orthodox and Muslim communities in Kleve.The synagogue of Kleve was destroyed during "--" and is today commemorated on the "--" (Synagogue square) on which the building´s outline can be seen. The fifty killed Jewish citizens of Cleves are remembered with signs that tell their names, and dates and places of death.政府.市議會.已隱藏部分未翻譯內容，歡迎參與[ 翻譯]。Prior to the Nazi Era, Kleve's local politics were dominated by the Catholic Centre Party. This situation continued with the Christian Democratic successor party CDU after the Second World War, in spite of resettled displaced people from eastern Germany, most of them Protestants. Until 2004 the CDU controlled an absolute majority of the city council.Today, Kleve is governed by a coalition of CDU and the Green Party. Since the last local elections on 25 May 2014 the following parties are represented in Cleves' city council. In addition to nationwide parties, "--" (Open Cleves) has a number of seats.下一次地方選舉預定於2020年舉行。市長.已隱藏部分未翻譯內容，歡迎參與[ 翻譯]。In 2015, Sonja Northing (no party affiliation) became mayor of Kleve, with 64.5% of the vote. Her candidacy was supported by the SPD and FDP, and opposed by CDU and Green Party candidates. Northing was the first mayor of Cleves since World War I who was not a CDU member.語言.克萊沃和的大部分地區的本土語言都是被稱為克萊沃蘭語的荷蘭語方言，與南海爾德蘭語的關係最為密切；但該地官方語言是德語，後者在年輕一代中佔主導地位。已隱藏部分未翻譯內容，歡迎參與[ 翻譯]。Because of its geographical location at the Dutch-German border, there is a strong overlap in culture and language. One example of this is Govert Flinck (1615 – 1660), who though born in Kleve established himself as a Dutch artist. On the other hand, the Dutch artist Barend Cornelis Koekkoek (1803 – 1862) settled in Kleve and became a successful landscape painter. His works are collected by and exhibited in the local museum Haus Koekkoek for his and others' romantic paintings.姊妹城市.克萊沃的姊妹城市有：著名人物.已隱藏部分未翻譯內容，歡迎參與[ 翻譯]。