烏克蘭僑民選區

烏克蘭僑民選區在歐洲的分佈烏克蘭僑民選區為位於烏克蘭領土外的選區，包括位於烏克蘭駐外大使館和領事館內的所有投票站，以及烏克蘭維和特遣隊駐外軍事基地內的投票站。 僑民選區的地區選舉委員會的職責由中央選舉委員會履行。在這個地區，只舉行全國性的選舉，即總統和議會選舉，以及全國性的公民投票。那裡沒有舉行地方選舉。在投票當天部署的懸掛烏克蘭國旗的船隻上的投票站和南極洲維爾納德斯基研究基地的投票站，儘管實際上在烏克蘭領土之外，但都納入烏克蘭領土上的通常選區。船上的一個投票站包括在其註冊港所在地區， 極地站的投票站包含在烏克蘭國家南極科學中心總部所在的第223選區。在烏克蘭駐外機構中，不僅有使領館，還有駐國際組織代表和名譽領事館，但或者沒有投票站。除了大使館和領事館外，烏克蘭駐阿根廷大使館分館還有一個投票站，位於智利聖地亞哥市。任何沒有犯罪記錄的烏克蘭公民都可以申請成為外國選區選區選舉委員會委員，但候選人及其代表、政府官員除外。2011年11月，烏克蘭通過了新版《烏克蘭人民代表選舉法》，廢除了外國選區，其在國外的所有投票站平均分佈在基輔市的選區。然而，2012年4月，烏克蘭憲法法院宣佈這一法案違憲，理由是在基輔的選區增加外國投票站阻礙了居住在基輔的選民意願的充分反映， 因此後來外國選區重新納入法律。選民人數及其投票率.截至2019年烏克蘭總統選舉第一輪投票日，僑民選區有552,357名合格選民，其中268人在剛果民主共和國戈馬的軍事基地，42人在科索沃新塞洛的軍事基地。截至2019年烏克蘭議會選舉投票日，全球72個國家共有102個投票站，其中德國5個，美國、波蘭和義大利4個，加拿大、西班牙、土耳其和中國3個。 烏克蘭駐米蘭總領事館是僑民選區唯一設有兩個投票站的地方。僑民選區與普通選區的不同之處在於其投票率相當低， 由於投票區面積巨大，許多選民無法前往投票站，即使他們去了，他們也必須排很長的隊才能投票。 此外，有一種意見認為，由於申請領事登記的程式相當複雜，以及許多烏克蘭人向烏克蘭當局隱瞞他們在國外的事實，只有一小部分在國外的烏克蘭公民被列入外國選區的選民名單。 此外，要在外國選區投票，一個人必須去大使館或領事館兩次：一次登記，一次投票。與普通選區的差異.僑民選區的選舉程序與烏克蘭領土上的選區在許多方面有所不同。不同之處包括：廢除烏克蘭駐俄羅斯投票站.2018年，根據外交部的意見，中央選舉委員會決定關閉俄羅斯境內的所有烏克蘭投票站，即駐俄羅斯莫斯科大使館和駐聖彼得堡、頓河畔羅斯托夫、葉卡捷琳堡和新西伯利亞領事館。出於安全原因，居住在俄羅斯的選民轉移到鄰國的投票站。俄羅斯的北高加索聯邦管區和南部聯邦管區納入烏克蘭駐喬治亞大使館的選區，俄羅斯歐洲部分的其他地區納入烏克蘭駐芬蘭大使館的選區，俄羅斯亞洲部分納入烏克蘭位於哈薩克大使館轄區。 時任外交部長帕夫洛·克利姆金稱駐俄羅斯投票站存在重大安全風險，如執法、行政和宣傳對選民和選舉委員會成員的壓力、危險挑釁的可能性、特勤人員滲透到選舉委員會、俄羅斯當局干預選舉等。部長用這樣一份宣告總結了外交部的立場：這導致俄羅斯媒體聲稱2019年烏克蘭總統選舉是非法的，並辯稱俄羅斯領土上的投票站被廢除，俄羅斯觀察員被拒絕觀察烏克蘭選舉。這一決定於2019年1月在烏克蘭最高法院受到質疑，但法院承認其合法。在國外投票的困難.在2019年烏克蘭總統選舉，僑民選區552,357名登記選民中只有59,830人使用了投票權，即使在國家登記冊中有大約600萬烏克蘭公民在國外。因此，只有大約1%的海外烏克蘭公民參加選舉。許多居住在烏克蘭境外的烏克蘭人向烏克蘭官員隱瞞自己在那裡的情況，最大的原因是政客們頻繁發表宣告，表示有可能對在國外工作的人徵稅，並對雙重國籍實行懲罰，以及對烏克蘭當局的普遍不信任。那些決定投票的公民必須申請被列入國外投票站的選民名單，或者申請被列入烏克蘭外交機構的領事名單，這也將導致被列入選民名單。在這兩種情況下，他們都必須透過郵件傳送申請，以及烏克蘭護照和居留許可原件，這被認為是有風險的，或者親自來到外交機構。另一個國家的護照作為該國居留許可的證明是不合格的，因為烏克蘭不承認其公民的其他公民身份。因此，同樣擁有另一個國家護照的烏克蘭公民無法實現被新增到選民名單中，也無法被新增到領事名單中。親自前往大使館或領事館登記投票或投票對許多公民來說是一個問題，因為他們經常需要長途跋涉。例如，一個住在珀斯的烏克蘭人要走3000多公里才能到達堪培拉大使館，而一張穿越歐洲大陸的機票可能要花費800美元或更多。除了財務部分，前去投票還需要一天甚至幾天的時間。這一問題在巴西、南非、澳大利亞、中國等投票站少、領土大或投票站覆蓋幾個主要國家的國家尤為嚴重。在選舉日期間，在烏克蘭人眾多的國家，如德國、捷克共和國、美國、摩爾多瓦和愛沙尼亞，投票站前排起了長隊。由於外國投票站的容量較低，選民不得不排隊等候數小時。有時，當投票站關閉時，排隊的人仍然在那裡，所以它不得不繼續工作一段時間。此外，找人在外國選區選舉委員會工作往往是個問題。由於上述問題，國外的烏克蘭人正在積極倡導電子投票，至少對外國選民來說是這樣。反對透過網際網路投票的人說，人們會懷疑計票的真實性，也無法確保投票是自由和個人的，也就是說，如果一個人在另一個人的監督下投票，甚至在東道國的特殊服務監督下投票會怎麼樣。除此之外，網路投票的批評者擔心來自俄羅斯的大量選票，俄羅斯的誠實將受到質疑。此外，居住在國外的選民要求引入線上領事登記系統並允許郵寄投票。 除此之外，僑居選民對投票站的缺乏感到擔憂，並提出不僅在大使館和領事館，而且在烏克蘭或其他地方的名譽領事館開放投票站。 官方層面上，前外交部長帕夫洛·克利姆金指出，烏克蘭現行立法只允許在駐外使領館和軍事基地開設投票站，此外，並非所有國家都允許在外交使團之外開設投票站。 與此同時，克里姆金表示全力支援電子投票的理念。與其他國家對僑民投票做法的比較.世界上有兩種主要的方法將海外公民的選票歸屬於特定選區：他們的選票收集到一個海外選區，或者他們的選票以某種方式歸屬於位於本國領土上的選區。許多國家都有單一的外國選民，例如保加利亞或克羅埃西亞。與法國、葡萄牙或克羅埃西亞等許多其他國家不同，國外的烏克蘭選民不能選舉多數派議員。 在一些國家，外國選區不是一個而是幾個，每個選區只涵蓋外國領土的特定部分。例如，葡萄牙有兩個外國選區：一個包括歐洲國家，另一個包括所有歐洲以外的國家。在法國，有11個外國選區，每個選區都包括幾個歐洲國家或其他大陸的大部分地區。義大利和北馬其頓也有類似的“支離破碎”的外國選區。另一種方法是將海外公民的選票分配給本國領土上的一個或多個選區。在波蘭，海外公民計入華沙的第19選區；在白俄羅斯，外國選票歸屬於白俄羅斯外交部所在的明斯克第95庫帕洛夫區；至於投票本身，根據國家的不同，公民要麼必須親自來到國外的投票站，要麼可以遠端投票。包括挪威和澳大利亞在內的一些國家，允許那些在選舉日將在國外但不久前將在國內的選民提前投票。那些只允許在投票站投票的國家公民應該前往他們國家的外交使領館進行投票。摩爾多瓦是個例外，在特定條件下，該國選民可以在任何地方安排投票站，甚至在商店裡。烏克蘭立法只允許在烏克蘭的駐外使領館中進行海外投票。與烏克蘭不同，世界上許多國家為選民提供了在選民名單上登記、郵寄不允許投票。除歐洲議會選舉外，同樣的情況也適用於愛爾蘭。在英國，居住或暫時居住在國外的公民可以委託他人代表他們投票。在歐洲議會選舉期間，居住在另一歐盟成員國的一個歐盟成員國國民可以按照與當地公民相同的條件在居住國投票。例如，居住在西班牙的愛爾蘭公民可以作為西班牙選民參加選舉，並投票給西班牙提名的歐洲議會政黨。選舉結果.議會選舉.在外國選區，“親歐洲”政黨傳統上比“親俄羅斯”政黨獲得更多的選舉支援。例如，在2012年的議會選舉中，全烏克蘭聯盟“自由”贏得了最多的選票，以0.36%的差距超過了地區黨，而地區黨在烏克蘭領土上輕鬆獲勝，獲得了自由黨三倍的選票。另一個例子是，烏克蘭共產黨在外國選區獲得的選票總是比在烏克蘭少。2014年，反對黨集團在烏克蘭東部選區贏得了壓倒性多數，但在外國選區僅一個選區獲勝。投票站和選區列表.除駐俄羅斯大使館和領事館、駐梵蒂岡、印度尼西亞、伊拉克、巴基斯坦、塔吉克、安哥拉、衣索比亞、肯亞、奈及利亞、塞內加爾大使館、聖保羅領事館外，烏克蘭所有駐外使領館都設有國外投票站。此外，駐利比亞大使館，由於持續的軍事衝突，臨時設在突尼西亞。還有一些國家不屬於任何外國選區：冰島、阿爾巴尼亞、不丹、寮國、朝鮮、巴布亞紐幾內亞、海地、許多非洲國家，包括獅子山、幾內亞比索、甘比亞、賴比瑞亞、象牙海岸、布吉納法索、迦納、多哥、喀麥隆、赤道幾內亞、剛果、剛果民主共和國、查德、中非共和國、南蘇丹、烏干達、吉布提，厄利垂亞和索馬利亞，以及眾多太平洋和加勒比島國。投票站也設在有烏克蘭維和特遣隊的軍事基地。目前包括烏克蘭駐科索沃維和部隊的基地和剛果民主共和國第18獨立直升機支隊的基地。此前，聯合國賴比瑞亞特派團第56獨立直升機部隊也有一個投票站還有另一個投票站，與戈馬的投票站同時存在，該投票站至今仍然存在。按選民人數劃分的選區：地圖.[{"type": 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