2028年夏季奧林匹克運動會

第三十四屆夏季奧林匹克運動會，一般稱為LA28或2028洛杉磯奧運，將於2028年7月14日至7月30日在美國洛杉磯舉行。國際奧委會於2017年7月於瑞士洛桑舉行的第130次全會中決定，將於同年9月在秘魯利馬舉行的國際奧委會第130次全體會議上連同2024年奧運會主辦地決定主辦權，獲得主辦權的兩個城市再進行協商以決定先後舉辦的順序。打破以往在每屆的7年前才決定主辦城市的慣例。2017年7月11日，國際奧委會決定以投票同時選出2024年和2028年奧運會的舉辦城市，兩座城市同時獲得奧運會舉辦權。洛杉磯、巴黎和國際奧委會將在全會結束後立刻進行三方談判，尋求敲定一份“三方協議”，透過談判來決定舉辦奧運會的先後順序。2017年7月31日，經過洛杉磯與巴黎協商決定：由巴黎舉辦2024年夏季奧林匹克運動會，洛杉磯舉辦2028年夏季奧林匹克運動會。此舉使洛杉磯成為繼2012年倫敦奧運及2024年巴黎奧運後，第三個成功三度舉行夏季奧運會之城市，也是美國在進入21世紀後首個夏季奧運會及第5個由美國作東道主之夏季奧運會。之後國際奧委會於2017年9月13日在秘魯利馬舉行的第131屆國際奧林匹克委員會會議上正式確認這一協商。籌備.場地建設與翻新.已隱藏部分未翻譯內容，歡迎參與[ 翻譯]。While most host cities have seven years to prepare for the Olympic Games, Los Angeles will get an additional four, giving the city eleven years. The Los Angeles bid relied on a majority of existing venues; other venues that are already under construction or were planned regardless of the Games. Banc of California Stadium, which opened in 2018 as the home of Major League Soccer's Los Angeles FC, will host football (soccer) and several events in athletics. SoFi Stadium (which will be named as Los Angeles Olympic Stadium during the Games), which opened in 2020 as the home of the NFL's Los Angeles Rams and Los Angeles Chargers, will host the main opening ceremony, football, and archery. Around the time when Los Angeles won its bid, the Los Angeles Clippers proposed building a new arena in Inglewood. However, this venue has not yet been approved and has yet to be mentioned as a potential Olympic venue.The Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum underwent a major renovation and restoration program from 2017 to 2019. A new press box, loge boxes, and club seats were installed. This reduced stadium capacity from 93,607 to 78,467. As the track and field venue, future renovations include the re-installation of an athletics track.基礎設施.已隱藏部分未翻譯內容，歡迎參與[ 翻譯]。The Twenty-eight by '28 initiative is an effort set forth by Mayor Eric Garcetti that the Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority complete 28 transit infrastructure projects before the start of the games. Most of these projects were already in the planning stages but will receive accelerated priority, while several new projects were programmed with the initiative.As of 2019, the K Line light rail had been expected to open and be fully completed by 2021; revenue operation has since been delayed to late 2022. It will link the Crenshaw District, Inglewood and Westchester once completed. The K line will also connect to a people mover being constructed to link Los Angeles International Airport with the Aviation/96th Street station. The construction of the people mover will be expedited in anticipation of the 2028 Olympics, with a completion date of 2023 being set. The LAX people mover started construction in early 2018 and the K Line is currently 99.5% completed (as of January 2022). The Inglewood Transit Connector is another people mover planned to provide transportation between the K line and the Olympic venues in Inglewood.While various infrastructure improvements were planned regardless of the outcome of the Los Angeles Olympic bid, the extension of the Metro D Line will be expedited to serve the 2028 Olympics. Three phases were created to extend the line. The first phase will extend the D Line from the Wilshire/Western station to the new Wilshire/La Cienega station. This phase will be completed by 2023. The second phase will extend the D Line to Century City by 2025, while the third and final phase will extend the line to the West Los Angeles VA Medical Center in Westwood with a completion date set for 2026. The third phase will also include a station adjoining the UCLA campus, connecting the Olympic village and Pauley Pavilion with venues in downtown Los Angeles. Currently phase one, two and three broke ground and are under construction. Phase 3 did not have a "ground breaking ceremony", but did receive its federal funding grants in February 2020. Construction began in 2019 and remains on schedule.The Regional Connector in downtown Los Angeles will be complete in 2022. The project will connect the Metro E Line, which already links venues in Downtown Santa Monica to venues at Exposition Park and in downtown Los Angeles, to the Metro L Line. This will allow for direct rail service between Santa Monica and East Los Angeles. The Regional Connector will also link the Metro A Line with the Metro L Line, connecting the Long Beach area and San Gabriel Valley via downtown.These infrastructure improvements, among others, are being funded by "Measure R", a temporary half-cent sales tax increase, and "Measure M", a continuation of Measure R's tax increase plus an additional permanent half-cent sales tax increase, both tax measures applicable to Los Angeles County. Measure R was approved by voters in November 2008 and Measure M was approved by voters in November 2016.預算.已隱藏部分未翻譯內容，歡迎參與[ 翻譯]。In April 2019, the estimated cost of the Games was assessed as being approximately $6.88 billion with all the money coming from the private sector, although the Los Angeles city council and state of California legislators have agreed to serve as a "financial backstop." The organizers adjusted the budget for inflation after LA, which originally bid for the 2024 Games, agreed to wait four more years.The City of Los Angeles is the lead public guarantor, committing to spend up to $250 million to cover shortfalls. In 2016, the California legislature took action so that the Governor is empowered to negotiate the next $250 million in public backup, but only after the city backup money has been used first. LA 2024 also agreed to purchase a wide range of insurance policies, including natural disaster, terrorism, event cancellation, as well as reduced ticket sales. The games are expected to generate as much as they cost, with $2.5 billion coming in through sponsorships and nearly $2 billion earned through ticket sales. Average ticket prices for the games will range between $13 and $457 (in 2016 dollars).The federal government will designate the Olympics a National Special Security Event (NSSE) in which the US Secret Service heads a single chain of command. The US federal government will also cover the cost of security, with an agreement signed by the LA organizing committee and Department of Homeland Security in February 2020. The federal government will not be involved in the Games' funding, covering only security costs.比賽場地.根據目前國際奧委會的政策，擁有企業冠名的場館將不得在奧運會期間使用其贊助名稱。體育公園.全市將有四個“體育公園”，在現有、臨時和規劃中的場館以及興建中的場館舉辦賽事。這四個地點中最突出的將是市區體育公園，它將在洛杉磯市中心的各座場館舉辦賽事。市區體育公園將在洛杉磯市政廳和葛蘭特公園、洛杉磯會展中心、洛杉磯紀念體育場和南加州大學校區舉辦游泳、跳水、足球、羽球、公路自自車、擊劍、跆拳道和籃球等專案。除體育賽事外，市區體育公園還將是主新聞中心、媒體村和奧林匹克大家庭酒店所在地，並作為開幕式和閉幕式的舉辦地。其他體育公園包括山谷體育公園、南灣區體育公園和長灘體育公園。賽事.比賽專案.已隱藏部分未翻譯內容，歡迎參與[ 翻譯]。Under current IOC policies, the program of the Summer Olympics consists of 28 "core" sports that persist between Games, with other slots able to be filled with backing of the IOC and organizing committee in order to improve local interest, provided that the total number of participants does not exceed 10,500 athletes.On December 9, 2021, the IOC stated that boxing, modern pentathlon, and weightlifting had been removed from the "initial" program for the 2028 Summer Olympics, and would only be included if their respective governing bodies resolve issues raised by the IOC by 2023. In particular, the International Boxing Association (AIBA) has faced ongoing governance issues (which resulted in boxing at the 2020 Summer Olympics being overseen by an external task force), the International Weightlifting Federation has faced issues with doping and governance (resulting in weightlifting being considered "provisional" for the 2024 Summer Olympics), while the Union Internationale de Pentathlon Moderne (UIPM) must also finalize and seek approval for their proposed replacement of show jumping in the modern pentathlon.Additionally, the IOC executive board has proposed that skateboarding, sport climbing, and surfing be promoted to the core program of the 2028 Summer Olympics; the three sports successfully debuted as discretionary events at the 2020 Summer Olympics, and are expected to return in the same capacity in 2024.選辦專案.2022年8月，宣佈有9個運動專案入圍選辦專案，預計將在當月晚些時候進行展示。 它們包括:開閉幕式.據報導，2017 年 1 月，申辦委員會提議在 SoFi 體育場和歷史悠久的洛杉磯紀念體育館舉行開幕式和閉幕式，以便證明於 1932 年和 1984 年奧運會中的歷史見證。 該計劃稱火炬傳遞的最後一站將從體育館正式啟動，同時在 SoFi 體育場為參與者提供開幕式提供同步直播，以及在聖火在體育場重新點燃俱有歷史意義的奧運聖火在英格伍德點亮。 閉幕式將反向方式進行，開幕式則在 SoFi 體育場舉行，官方儀式則在體育館舉行。 該提議是史無前例的，這將標誌著開幕式和閉幕式中將會在兩個主要場館同時進行。 最終計劃正在等待國際奧委會的批准。宣傳.會徽.美國當地時間2020年9月1日，洛杉磯2028奧運會組委會發布了2028洛杉磯奧運會與殘奧會會徽，正式開啟邁向2028年的旅程。此係列一共26個全新的會徽，透過運動員、藝術家和倡言人共同的聲音，來歌頌運動、藝術以及洛杉磯社群，展現洛杉磯所代表的無限可能，以及創造力、多元化、自我展現和相容幷蓄。此次奧運會與殘奧會會徽專為數字時代而打造，反映了洛杉磯的精神，為使隨後8年的歷程保持新鮮感，醒目的字母L和數字28是會徽的基礎，透過動態且不斷變化的的字母A來表達這所城市不同的故事。而是次會徵設計的參與者包括男子攀石運動員納撒尼爾·科爾曼、女子衝浪運動員嘉莉莎·摩亞、女子滑板運動員絲佳·布朗、女子短跑運動員艾麗森·菲利克斯、男子田徑運動員史葛·巴西特、女子單板滑雪運動員克洛伊·金、The Hundreds聯合創始人兼CCO波比·亨德斯、歌手怪奇比莉、塗鴉藝術家查斯·包若克、女子足球員亞歷絲·摩根、男子殘疾田徑運動員萊克斯·吉萊特、墨西哥速食店商人祖·艾華茲、男子游泳運動員賈馬爾·希爾、前男子田徑運動員麥可·詹森、奧斯卡金像影后女星麗絲·韋達絲潘、視覺藝術家史提芬·夏靈頓、女子游泳運動員西蒙娜·曼努埃爾、捐贈平臺Swipe Out Hunger創辦人麗素·蘇米克、男子殘疾單車動員奧斯·山卓士、著名殘疾女演員勞倫·「露露」·史賓莎、女子劍擊運動員伊布蒂哈吉·穆罕默德、著名紋身師Dr. Woo、著名藝術家艾力斯·以沙維、社群負責人高坂亞登、男子花樣滑冰運動員亞當·裡彭、女子體操運動員加布麗埃勒·道格拉斯、加拿大藉YouTube紅人兼女演員莉莉·辛格、男子跳高殘疾運動員以斯拉·費治以及女子拳擊運動員錢特爾·拉華露。