生石花屬

生石花，俗稱石頭玉、屁屁花，是番杏科生石花屬物種的總稱。因其形態獨特、色彩斑斕，是當下廣受歡迎的觀賞植物。生石花是多肉植物的一種，主要產於南非和奈米比亞。植株矮小，主要由兩片對生的肉質葉聯結而成。頂端平坦，中央有裂縫，花朵從裂縫中開出。生石花具有明顯的季節性，其原生地夏季相當乾燥，通常夏天會休眠；到冬天照常生長。常見的生石花有：福來玉、花紋玉、日輪玉、朱弦玉、李夫人及壽麗玉等品種。生石花的種子非常細小，有如灰塵，播種時幾乎看不到，而幼苗非常相似，必須等到成體才能分辨出為哪些種類。描述.單個生石花屬植物由一對或多對幾乎融合的球根狀對生葉子組成，幾乎沒有莖。葉子之間的縫隙中包含分生組織，會產生新的花和葉。生石花的葉子大多埋在土壤表面之下，透過部分或完全半透明的上表面或視窗，讓光線進入葉片的內部進行光合作用。生石花季節性明顯，通常在在冬季只保留一對葉子，新葉會在植物體內生長。待春季時，老葉從中央裂縫分開長出新葉，隨著新葉的生長，老葉不斷枯竭，最終只剩下一對新葉。在旱季，生石花的葉子會因缺水而萎縮，消失在地面以下。由於氣候乾燥，環境中缺乏足夠的水分，原產地的生石花很少會有多對葉子。夏季新葉完全成熟之後，從葉子之間的裂縫會開出黃色或白色的花，通常每一對葉子只能開出一朵花。其花朵有香味。不像其它的高等植物，生石花的葉子很少是綠色，葉子常見的顏色多為奶油色、灰色、褐色等，圓點和紅線構成了葉子的視窗區域。為了避免被動物吃掉，生石花表面上的紋理能把植株與周圍環境和諧的融合。生石花是強制異型雜交品種，通常不能自花授粉或自家授粉。採種必須要有2株以上的實生體。和大多數仿石植物類似，生石花的果實是一種在潮濕時才會開啟的莢膜。通常種子會被落下的雨滴彈出，當莢膜變干時會重新關閉。莢膜有時可能脫離並完整的脫落，或幾年後解體。種植.生石花因其奇特的外形和花紋，成為受歡迎的家居植物，被不少多肉植物愛好者收藏觀賞。其種子和植株可在網際網路以及花店輕易找到。如果給予足夠的陽光和適宜的排水良好的土壤，生石花會較容易生長。在溫帶氣候區，生石花需在冬天斷水/大減澆水次數。須注意的是，如果生石花在此期間換皮，必須完全停止澆水，直至舊葉完全乾枯。當植株開花時，需繼續澆水直到冬季為止。為對外來熱量的保留以及利用，生石花在溫帶氣候適宜放在溫室種植。在較炎熱的熱帶或亞熱帶氣候區，生石花會進行夏季休眠，在此期間，須對生石花斷水/大減澆水次數(一月一次)。生石花在熱帶氣候的冬天需要較多水份。通常，生石花在秋季將最活躍，並最需要水，每個物種將在大約相同的時間開花。生石花最適宜種植在一個粗糙的排水良好的基質。假如土壤保留過多水份，生石花會因為過度吸水膨脹而導致表皮爆裂，有機會引起細菌感染。生石花為適應強光下生長的環境，發展出各種顏色的表皮來抵抗損傷和腐爛，然而持續過多澆水仍然是致命的。過多的熱量亦會傷害植株，因為他們不能透過蒸騰來使自己涼爽，只可依靠留在地表以下涼爽的土壤裡。生石花的繁殖主要靠播種或扦插。扦插只能在母株自然分裂成多個子頭時進行，因此大多數繁殖是靠種子播種。生石花可以人工方式，輕易地替與同種異株進行授粉。種子大約會在授粉後九個月成熟，它們十分容易萌發，但幼苗在生長頭一至兩年較小並且脆弱，並至少在兩到三年不會開花。* "Lithops aucampiae" subsp. "aucampiae"* "Lithops aucampiae" subsp. "aucampiae" var. "aucampiae"* "Lithops aucampiae" subsp. "aucampiae" var. "koelemanii" (de Boer) D.T.Cole* "Lithops aucampiae" subsp. "euniceae" (de Boer) D.T.Cole* "Lithops aucampiae" subsp. "euniceae" var. "euniceae"* "Lithops aucampiae" subsp. "euniceae" var. "fluminalis" D.T.Cole* "Lithops bromfieldii" var. "bromfieldii"* "Lithops bromfieldii" var. "glaudinae" (de Boer) D.T.Cole* "Lithops bromfieldii" var. "insularis" (L.Bolus) B.Fearn* "Lithops bromfieldii" var. "mennellii" (L.Bolus) B.Fearn* "Lithops comptonii" var. "comptonii"* "Lithops comptonii" var. "weberi" (Nel) D.T.Cole* "Lithops dinteri" subsp. "dinteri"* "Lithops dinteri" subsp. "dinteri" var. "dinteri"* "Lithops dinteri" subsp. "dinteri" var. "brevis" (L.Bolus) B. Fearn* "Lithops dinteri" subsp. "frederici" (D.T.Cole) D.T.Cole* "Lithops dinteri" subsp. "multipunctata" (de Boer) D.T.Cole* "Lithops divergens" var. "divergens"* "Lithops divergens" var. "amethystina" de Boer* "Lithops fulviceps" var. "fulviceps"* "Lithops fulviceps" var. "lactinea" D.T.Cole* "Lithops gesineae" var. "gesineae"* "Lithops gesineae" var. "annae" (de Boer) D.T.Cole* "Lithops gracilidelineata" subsp. "gracilidelineata"* "Lithops gracilidelineata" subsp. "gracilidelineata" var. "gracilidelineata"* "Lithops gracilidelineata" subsp. "gracilidelineata" var. "waldroniae" de Boer* "Lithops gracilidelineata" subsp. "brandbergensis" (Schwantes ex de Boer) D.T.Cole* "Lithops hallii" var. "hallii"* "Lithops hallii" var. "ochracea" (de Boer) D.T.Cole* "Lithops hookeri" var. "hookeri"* "Lithops hookeri" var. "dabneri" (L.Bolus) D.T.Cole* "Lithops hookeri" var. "elephina" (D.T.Cole) D.T.Cole* "Lithops hookeri" var. "lutea" (de Boer) D.T.Cole* "Lithops hookeri" var. "marginata" (Nel) D.T.Cole* "Lithops hookeri" var. "subfenestrata" (de Boer) D.T.Cole* "Lithops hookeri" var. "susannae" (D.T.Cole) D.T.Cole* "Lithops julii" subsp. "julii"* "Lithops julii" subsp. "fulleri" (N.E.Br.) B.Fearn* "Lithops julii" subsp. "fulleri" var. "fulleri"* "Lithops julii" subsp. "fulleri" var. "brunnea" de Boer* "Lithops julii" subsp. "fulleri" var. "rouxii" (de Boer) D.T.Cole* "Lithops karasmontana" subsp. "karasmontana"* "Lithops karasmontana" subsp. "karasmontana" var. "karasmontana"* "Lithops karasmontana" subsp. "karasmontana" var. "aiaisensis" (de Boer) D.T.Cole* "Lithops karasmontana" subsp. "karasmontana" var. "lericheana" (Dinter &amp; Schwantes) D.T.Cole* "Lithops karasmontana" subsp. "karasmontana" var. "tischeri" D.T.Cole* "Lithops karasmontana" subsp. "bella" (N.E.Br.) D.T.Cole* "Lithops karasmontana" subsp. "eberlanzii" (Dinter &amp; Schwant.) D.T.Cole* "紫勳（Lithops lesliei" subsp. "lesliei)"* "紫勳（Lithops lesliei" subsp. "lesliei" var. "lesliei)"* "寶留玉（Lithops lesliei" subsp. "lesliei" var. "hornii)" de Boer* "真理玉（Lithops lesliei" subsp. "lesliei" var. "mariae)" D.T.Cole* "小型紫勳（Lithops lesliei" subsp. "lesliei" var. "minor)" de Boer* "紫褐紫勳（Lithops lesliei" subsp. "lesliei" var. "rubrobrunnea)" de Boer* "弁天玉（Lithops lesliei" subsp. "lesliei" var. "venteri)" (Nel) de Boer &amp; Boom* "寶奇玉（Lithops lesliei" subsp. "burchellii)" D.T.Cole* "Lithops marmorata" var. "marmorata"* "Lithops marmorata" var. "elisae" (de Boer) D.T.Cole* "Lithops olivacea" var. "olivacea"* "Lithops olivacea" var. "newbrownii" D.T.Cole* "Lithops pseudotruncatella" subsp. "pseudotruncatella"* "Lithops pseudotruncatella" subsp. "pseudotruncatella" var. "pseudotruncatella"* "Lithops pseudotruncatella" subsp. "pseudotruncatella" var. "elisabethiae" (Dinter) de Boer &amp; Boom* "Lithops pseudotruncatella" subsp. "pseudotruncatella" var. "riehmerae" D.T.Cole* "Lithops pseudotruncatella" subsp. "archerae" (De Boer) D.T.Cole* "Lithops pseudotruncatella" subsp. "dendritica" (Nel) D.T.Cole* "Lithops pseudotruncatella" subsp. "groendrayensis" (Jacobsen) D.T.Cole* "Lithops pseudotruncatella" subsp. "volkii" (Schwantes ex de Boer &amp; Boom) D.T.Cole* "Lithops ruschiorum" var. "ruschiorum"* "Lithops ruschiorum" var. "lineata" (Nel) D.T.Cole* "Lithops schwantesii" subsp. "schwantesii"* "Lithops schwantesii" subsp. "schwantesii" var. "schwantesii"* "Lithops schwantesii" subsp. "schwantesii" var. "marthae" (Loesch &amp; Tischer) D.T.Cole* "Lithops schwantesii" subsp. "schwantesii" var. "rugosa" (Dinter) de Boer &amp; Boom* "Lithops schwantesii" subsp. "schwantesii" var. "urikosensis" (Dinter) De Boer &amp; Boom* "Lithops schwantesii" subsp. "gebseri" (de Boer) D.T.Cole* "Lithops verruculosa" var. "verruculosa"* "Lithops verruculosa" var. "glabra" de Boer* "Lithops villetii" subsp. villetii* "Lithops villetii" subsp. "deboeri" (Schwantes) D.T.Cole* "Lithops villetii" subsp. "kennedyi" (de Boer) D.T.Cole