帕倫克考古區

帕倫克，意思是“防禦工事”。歷史.早期的帕倫克歷史可以追溯到奧爾梅克文明時期，奧爾梅克文明可能在此建立過一個王朝。瑪雅文明古典時期，帕倫克是瑪雅西部地區一個大邦，已知最早的統治者是K'uk B'alam I，他於公元431年3月11日登上帕倫克的王位。帕倫克曾於公元599年和公元611年兩次被卡拉克穆爾打敗。公元615年，十二歲的巴加爾二世登基成為帕倫克國王，巴加爾在位時間長達68年。在巴加爾二世統治期間，帕倫克從衰弱中恢復過來，走向強大，進而成為瑪雅西部地區政治上的霸主，因此現在歷史學家也把巴加爾二世稱作“巴加爾大帝”。令巴加爾在今天得以非常著名的另一件事1952年考古學家發現了巴加爾陵墓以及其中巴加爾本人的遺骸，位於一座高高的瑪雅金字塔的地下，本來公認的瑪雅金字塔的用途是神廟，與埃及作為陵墓的金字塔的用途完全不同，1952年的發現使得今天的歷史學家開始重新審視瑪雅金字塔的意義。而巴加爾石棺上的神話圖案中類似於宇宙飛船的圖案也曾經令許多人驚訝不已。巴加爾以後，他的兩個兒子強·巴魯姆二世和K'inich K'an Joy Chitam II 相繼繼位，把帕倫克王朝的興盛時期又延續了四十年。巴加爾陵墓本身就是強·巴魯姆二世時修築而成。從巴加爾開始的一百年間，是帕倫克的鼎盛時期，今天帕倫克遺蹟中的主要建築物均於此時候建成。進入9世紀以後，同古典時期瑪雅文明的其他城邦一樣，帕倫克城市步入古典期崩潰，迅速衰落，並永遠地被遺棄在了叢林之中。統治者.已知的帕倫克城邦的統治者現代歷史.今天，帕倫克遺蹟已被列入世界文化遺產。Berlin, Heinrich (1963) The Palenque Triad. "Journal de la Société des Américanistes", n.s. 5(52):91-99. Paris.Carrasco, Michael D. (2005). The Mask Flange Iconographic Complex [electronic resource]: The Art, Ritual, and History of a Maya Sacred Image. Doctoral dissertation, The University of Texas at Austin. Available electronically from http://hdl.handle.net/2152/1027.Kerry Hull (2002) The Cosmogonic Symbolism of the Corbeled Vault in Maya Architecture. "Mexicon" Volume XXIV, No. 2, April.Fields, Virginia M. (1991) Iconographic heritage of the Maya Jester God. In "Sixth Palenque Round Table, 1986". Virginia M. Fields, ed. pp. 167 - 174 Palenque Round Table (6 session, 1986) University of Oklahoma Press Norman.Barbara Macleod (2000) Creation Redux: new thoughts on Maya cosmology from epigraphy, iconography, and archaeology. "PARI Journal" 1(2):1-8,18.(1996) Symbolic Sweatbaths of the Maya: Architectural Meaning in the Cross Group at Palenque, Mexico. "Latin American Antiquity", 7(2), pp. 132-151.(1965) The Birth of the Gods at Palenque. In "Estudios de Cultura Maya" 5, 93-134. México: Universidad Nacional AutÛnoma de Mexico.Lounsbury, Floyd G. (1976) A Rationale for the Initial Date of the Temple of the Cross at Palenque. In "The Art, Iconography, and Dynastic History of Palenque, Part III": Proceedings of the Segunda Mesa Redonda de Palenque, ed. Merle Greene Robertson, 211-224.Pebble Beach, Ca.: Robert Louis Stevenson School.Lounsbury, Floyd G. (1980) Some Problems in the Interpretation of the Mythological Portion of the Hieroglyphic Text of the temple of the Cross at Palenque. In "The Third Palenque Round Table, 1978, Part 2", ed. Merle Greene Robertson, 99-115. Palenque Round Table Series Vol. 5. Austin: University of Texas Press.Lounsbury, Floyd G. (1985) The Identities of the Mythological Figures in the "Cross Group" of Inscriptions at Palenque. In "Fourth Round Table of Palenque, 1980, vol. 6", gen. ed. ; vol. ed., , 45-58. San Francisco: Pre-Columbian Art Research Institute.Barbara C. Rands (1959) The Incensario Complex of Palenque, Chiapas. "American Antiquity", 25 (2):225-236.Garman Harbottle (1979) Thematic and Compositional Variation in Palenque Region Incensarios. In "Tercera Mesa Redonda de Palenque, Vol. IV", edited Merle Greene Robertson and Donnan C. Jeffers, 19-30. Palenque: Pre-Columbian Art Research, and Monterey: Herald Printers.(1991) "The Sculpture of Palenque Vol. IV". Princeton University Press, Princeton.Ruz, Alberto Lhuillier (1958) Exploraciones arqueológicas en Palenque: 1953. "Anales del Instituto Nacional de AntropologÌa e Historia". Vol. 10(39):69-116. Mexico.Sáenz, César A. (1956) Exploraciones en la Pirámide de la Cruz Foliada. Informe 5. Dirección de Monumentos Prehispánicos. Instituto Nacional de AntropologÌa e Historia, Mexico.Scarre, Chris (1999) "The Seventy Wonders of the Ancient World". Thames and Hudson.(1976) Accession Iconography of Chan-Bahlum in the Group of the Cross at Palenque. In "The Art, Iconography, and Dynastic History of Palenque, Part III". Proceedings of the Segunda Mesa Redonda de Palenque, ed. Merle Greene Robertson, 9-34. Pebble Beach, Ca.: Robert Luis Stevenson School.(1979) Genealogical Documentation in the Tri-Figure Panels at Palenque. In "Tercera Mesa Redonda de Palenque, Vol. IV", edited , 41-70. Palenque: Pre-Columbian Art Research, and Monterey: Herald Printers.(1985) "Some Suggested Readings of the Event and Office of Heir-Designate at Palenque". In "Phoneticism in Mayan Hieroglyphic Writing", 287-307. Albany: Institute of Mesoamerican Studies, State University of New York at Albany.(1986) "Architectural Development and Political History at Palenque". In "City-States of the Maya: Art and Architecture", edited Elizabeth P. Benson, 110-138. Denver: Rocky Mountain Institute for Pre-Columbian Studies.(1992) Notebook for the XVIth Maya Hieroglyphic Writing Workshop at Texas. Austin, Texas: University of Texas at Austin.(1994) Classic Maya Place Names Studies. "Pre-Columbian Art and Archaeology, 33". Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection.Archaeology of Native North America, 2010, Dean R. Snow, Prentice-Hall, New York. pp.(1983) "The Ancient Maya" Stanford, California: Stanford University