法語動詞變位

法語動詞變位，是指法語動詞為了表達不同的語式、時態、體、人稱和數而產生的形式變化。法語動詞可以分為三組：法語第三組動詞具有封閉性，不再增加新的動詞，大部分新增動詞屬於第二組。語氣和時態.法語變位中七種不同語氣：直陳式("indicatif")，虛擬式("subjonctif")，條件式("conditionnel")，命令式("impératif")，分詞("participe")，不定式"(infinitif)"，動名詞"(gérondif)"。需要結合語氣描述的時態如下所示，時態有時需要藉助助動詞來表達：助動詞."Avoir".該動詞在變位時詞幹會發生變化。未完成過去時變為"av-" /ys/）。 儘管詞幹會改變，但這些時態的變化也常被歸類為規則的 "-oir" 動詞.在現在時中，不僅詞幹會變化，時態變化也是不規則的：非限定形式：助動詞："avoir""Être".該動詞在變位時詞幹會發生變化，讀音也有所不同：未完成過去時變為"ét-" /swajɔ̃, swaje/）。在一般現在時中，不僅詞幹變化，詞綴也會發生不規則變化：非限定形式使用詞幹"êt-"/et/：助動詞："avoir"第一組動詞 (以 "-er" 結尾的動詞).以"-er"結尾的法語動詞佔據法語動詞的大部分，並與其他動詞變化有所區別。許多情況下在詞根與屈折詞綴中間可能會插入母音，此組動詞中會插入不發音的 "-e-" 、"-é" 或 "-ai" /a/ (其餘過去簡單時以及虛擬式未完成過去時)。此外，正字法中"-ir" 與 "-re" 結尾動詞在現在時和過去分詞出現的"-t" 在此類動詞中不存在，因此詞綴的最後子音為 "-Ø, -s, -Ø" ，而非其他類動詞的 "-s, -s, -t"。"Parler".非限定動詞形式：助動詞："avoir"特殊情況：特殊動詞：第二組動詞 (以 "-ir" 結尾的動詞 / 現在分詞以 -issant 結尾).以"-ir"結尾動詞與"-er"結尾動詞有幾處不同："choisir".非限定動詞形式：助動詞： "avoir" (用 "partir" 時助動詞使用 "être")動詞 haïr 在現在簡單時的單數形式中繪失去分音符號 ("i" 去除了他的變音符號, 代表初始音節的發音是單個母音 /aiʁ/-).魁北克法語 使用另外一種變位規則。在魁北克法語中，在歐洲法語裡發音不同的兩種詞幹都發/ai/。因此所有形式都使用帶分音符的"ï": "J'haïs, tu haïs, il/elle haït, nous haïssons, vous haïssez, ils/elles haïssent". 請注意， 魁北克法語裡"haïr"的 "h" 是不發音的, 所以魁北克法語裡 "Je" 省略為 "j'haïs" /ʒai/ 而歐洲法語使用 "je hais" /ʒə.ɛ/.第三組動詞.First sub-conjugation: Verbs with seven principal parts.Most irregular French verbs can be described with seven principal parts. In reality, few if any verbs have separate stems for all seven parts; instead, they tend to "inherit" the same stem as another part. Note that the endings for these verbs are basically the same as for regular "-ir" verbs; in fact, regular "-ir" verbs can be fit into this scheme by treating the "-iss-" variants as different principal parts.The following table shows how the paradigm of an irregular verb is constructed from its principal parts. Note that a few verbs construct the present indicative (especially the singular) differently.1 The "-t" is regularly dropped when directly following a "d" or "t" (e.g. "il vend" "he sells", not "*il vendt").Non-finite forms:The following table gives principal parts for a number of irregular verbs. There are a number of fair-sized groups of verbs that are conjugated alike; these are listed first. There are some additional irregularities in the present indicative, which are listed below. Nearly all irregularities affect the singular, and are purely issues of spelling. (Stems that are irregular in the sense of being unpredictable by the above rules are given in boldface.)1 Only in Quebec French2 The ending "-t" is regularly dropped when directly following a "d" or "t" (e.g. "il vend" "he sells", not "*il vendt").3 Alternation of "-ai-" and "-oi-" before consonant or unstressed "e", "-ay-" and "-oy-" before other vowels is automatic in all verbs.The following table shows an example paradigm of one of these verbs, "recevoir" "to receive".Non-finite forms:Verbs with eleven principal parts.Nine verbs also have an irregular subjunctive stem, used at least for the singular and third plural of the present subjunctive. These verbs can be said to have 11 principal parts, because the subjunctive stem may or may not be used for the first and second plural present subjunctive, the imperative and/or the present participle, in ways that vary from verb to verb.The following table shows how the paradigm of an 11-principal-part irregular verb is constructed from its principal parts. Note that these verbs are generally the most irregular verbs in French, and many of them construct the present indicative (especially the singular) in an idiosyncratic fashion. The verb "aller" also constructs its past participle and simple past differently, according to the endings for "-er" verbs.Non-finite forms:The following table gives the principal parts for the 11-principal-part verbs. (Stems that are irregular in the sense of being unpredictable by the above rules are given in boldface.)"Aller".The verb "aller" means "to go" and is sufficiently irregular that it merits listing its conjugation in full. It is the only verb with the first group ending "er" to have an irregular conjugation. It belongs to none of the three sections of the third group, and is often categorized on its own.The verb has different stems for different tenses. These are all pronounced differently: past "all-" /iʁ/. The inflections of these tenses are completely regular, and pronounced as in any other "-er" verb. However, in the simple present, not only are there stem changes, but the inflections are irregular as well:The non-finite forms are all based on "all-" /al/:Auxiliary verb: "être"1 In Classical French and even in certain dialects (like in Cajun and some Quebec dialects) "je vas" is used.三種型別動詞的詞尾變化.1. 在疑問句中，這個 "e" 會被寫成 "é" (傳統拼法) 或 "è" (修正拼法)，並且發做半開母音 "è" /maʁʃɛʒ/ 2. 這些動詞的結尾是 "-ont"： "ils sont "。2.1. 只有動詞 "être" 在這些地方會有例外： "nous sommes "。2.2. 這些動詞與它們的派生詞的結尾是 "-es"： "vous êtes" 。2.3. 只有動詞 "être" 和 "avoir" 的結尾有 "t"： "qu'il/elle/on soi-t "。3. 只有 "je/tu peux" 。4. 以 "-dre" 結尾的動詞在第三人稱單數時結尾為 "d" ，除了以 "-indre" 和 "-soudre" 結尾的動詞是以 "t" 結尾。動詞 "vaincre"  第三人稱單數的結尾分別為 "vainc" 和 "convainc"。5. 只有這些動詞是這樣變化的： "assaillir" 。6. 例外有 "je vins" 等等。現代法語口語的第一人稱複數.第一人稱複數結尾 "-ons" 以及相應的主格代詞 "nous" ，而此句在某些情況下也可被 "On chante !" 取代。