非洲大蝸牛科

非洲大蝸牛科又名瑪瑙螺科包括超過100個屬，都是原生於非洲的大型和中型陸生蝸牛，成蝸每年可以產3-6次卵，每次產卵因體形不同，每次產卵約50-500顆。分佈.該科的蝸牛分佈於撒哈拉以南非洲。解剖學.該科蝸牛的單倍體染色體大約有26到30。分類學.該科分類在非正式群體彎尿道亞目下，屬於柄眼亞目、真肺目，下領四個亞科。2017年，根據《布歇特等人的腹足類分類》，原來柄眼目之下的四大分類重組，本科成為了瑪瑙螺亞目的成員之餘，下領八個亞科的鑽頭螺科亦被併入本科。因此，非洲大蝸牛科成為了一個下領12個亞科的龐大分類，而不少亞科之下又再細分為多個族。亞科.以下為非洲大蝸牛科之下的12個亞科：屬.Subfamily Achatininae Swainson, 1840» Tribe Achatinini Swainson, 1840» Genus Achatina Lamarck, 1799» Genus Archachatina Albers, 1850» Genus Atopocochlis Crosse &amp; P. Fischer, 1888» Genus Bequaertina Mead, 1994» Genus Brownisca Mead, 2004» Genus Bruggenina Mead, 2004» Genus Burtoa Bourguignat, 1889» Genus Cochlitoma A. Férussac, 1821» Genus Leptocalina Bequaert, 1950» Genus Leptocallista Pilsbry, 1904» Genus Lignus Gray, 1834» Genus Metachatina Pilsbry, 1904» Genus Pseudachatina Albers, 1850» Genus Achatinus Montfort, 1810 accepted as Achatina Lamarck, 1799» Genus Achatium Link, 1807 accepted as Achatina Lamarck, 1799» Genus Agathina J. Férussac, 1807 accepted as Achatina Lamarck, 1799» Genus Burtopsis Bourguignat, 1889 accepted as Burtoa Bourguignat, 1889» Genus Euaethiops Clench &amp; Archer, 1930 accepted as Achatina (Euaethiopina) Bequaert, 1950» Genus Eutaxis Ancey, 1888 accepted as Atopocochlis Crosse &amp; P. Fischer, 1888» Genus Geodes Gistel, 1848 accepted as Achatina Lamarck, 1799» Genus Livinhacia Crosse, 1889 accepted as Burtoa Bourguignat, 1889» Genus Megachatina Bequaert &amp; Clench, 1936 accepted as Archachatina (Calachatina) Pilsbry, 1919 represented as Archachatina Albers, 1850» Genus Oncaea Gistel, 1848 accepted as Achatina Lamarck, 1799» Genus Parachatina Bourguignat, 1889 accepted as Achatina Lamarck, 1799» Genus Pseudotrochus Mörch, 1852 accepted as Lignus Gray, 1834» Genus Serpaea Bourguignat, 1889 accepted as Achatina Lamarck, 1799» Genus Urceus Mörch, 1857 accepted as Achatina Lamarck, 1799» Tribe Callistoplepini Mead, 1994» Genus Callistoplepa Ancey, 1888» Genus Leptocala Ancey, 1888» Genus Ganomidos d'Ailly, 1896 accepted as Callistoplepa Ancey, 1888» Genus Petitia Jousseaume, 1884 accepted as Leptocala Ancey, 1888» Tribe Limicolariini Schileyko, 1999» Genus Columna Perry, 1811» Genus Limicolaria Schumacher, 1817» Genus Limicolariopsis d'Ailly, 1910» Genus Perideriopsis Putzeys, 1898 accepted as Limicolaria Schumacher, 1817» Genus Rebmanniella Preston, 1911 accepted as Limicolariopsis d'Ailly, 1910Genus Arabicolaria Harzhauser &amp; Neubauer, 2016 †Subfamily Coeliaxinae Pilsbry, 1907» Genus Coeliaxis H. Adams &amp; Angas, 1865» Genus Ischnocion Pilsbry, 1907» Genus Neosubulina E.A. Smith, 1898» Genus Bathyaxis Ancey, 1887 accepted as Coeliaxis H. Adams &amp; Angas, 1865» Genus Microbeliscus Weyrauch, 1964 accepted as Ischnocion Pilsbry, 1907» Genus Nannobeliscus Weyrauch, 1967 accepted as Ischnocion Pilsbry, 1907» Genus Sphalerostoma Girard, 1892 accepted as Coeliaxis H. Adams &amp; Angas, 1865Subfamily Cryptelasminae Germain, 1916» Genus Cryptelasmus Pilsbry, 1907» Genus Thomea Girard, 1893Subfamily Glessulinae Godwin-Austin, 1920» Genus Glessula E. von Martens, 1860» Genus Electra Albers, 1850 accepted as Glessula E. von Martens, 1860» Genus Jadukamia Godwin-Austen, 1920 accepted as Glessula E. von Martens, 1860Genus Lissachatina Bequaert, 1950Subfamily Opeatinae Thiele, 1931» Genus Eremopeas Pilsbry, 1906» Genus Opeas Albers, 1850Genus Pacaudiella Harzhauser &amp; Neubauer, 2016 †Subfamily Petriolinae Schileyko, 1999» Genus Bocageia Girard, 1893» Genus Ceras Dupuis &amp; Putzeys, 1901» Genus Chilonopsis Fischer von Waldheim, 1848» Genus Cleostyla Dall, 1896» Genus Comoropeas Pilsbry, 1906» Genus Dictyoglessula Pilsbry, 1919» Genus Homorus Albers, 1850» Genus Ischnoglessula Pilsbry, 1919» Genus Itiopiana Preston, 1910» Genus Kempioconcha Preston, 1913» Genus Liobocageia Pilsbry, 1919» Genus Mabilliella Ancey, 1886» Genus Nothapalinus Connolly, 1923» Genus Nothapalus E. von Martens, 1897» Genus Oleata L. Ortiz de Zarate &amp; R. Ortiz de Zarate, 1959» Genus Oreohomorus Pilsbry, 1919» Genus Petriola Dall, 1905» Genus Subuliniscus Pilsbry, 1919» Genus Subulona E. von Martens, 1889» Genus Kempia Preston, 1913 accepted as Kempioconcha Preston, 1913» Genus Kenia Preston, 1911 accepted as Nothapalus E. von Martens, 1897» Genus Pileata L. Ortiz de Zarate &amp; R. Ortiz de Zarate, 1959 accepted as Subulona E. von Martens, 1889» Genus Pseudocerastus Germain, 1918 accepted as Kempioconcha Preston, 1913» Genus Trichodina Ancey, 1888 accepted as Petriola Dall, 1905Subfamily Pyrgininae Germain, 1916» Genus Pseudobalea Shuttleworth, 1854» Genus Pyrgina Greef, 1882Subfamily Rishetiinae Schileyko, 1999» Genus Bacillum Theobald, 1870» Genus Eutomopeas Pilsbry, 1946» Genus Rishetia Godwin-Austen, 1920» Genus Tortaxis Pilsbry, 1906» Genus Dikrangia Godwin-Austen, 1920 accepted as Rishetia Godwin-Austen, 1920» Genus Ranibania Schileyko &amp; Kuznetsov, 1996 accepted as Rishetia Godwin-Austen, 1920 (objective synonym)» Genus Tomopeas Pilsbry, 1906 accepted as Eutomopeas Pilsbry, 1946Subfamily Rumininae Wenz, 1923» Genus Balfouria Crosse, 1885» Genus Krapfiella Preston, 1911» Genus Lubricetta F. Haas, 1928» Genus Namibiella Zilch, 1954» Genus Riebeckia E. von Martens, 1883» Genus Rumina Risso, 1826» Genus Xerocerastus Kobelt &amp; Möllendorff, 1902» Genus Cylindrina Schlüter, 1838 accepted as Rumina Risso, 1826» Genus Eburnea Mousson, 1888 accepted as Xerocerastus Kobelt &amp; Möllendorff, 1902» Genus Orbitina Risso, 1826 accepted as Rumina Risso, 1826» Genus Sira A. Schmidt, 1855 accepted as Rumina Risso, 1826Subfamily Stenogyrinae P. Fischer &amp; Crosse, 1877» Genus Chryserpes Pilsbry, 1906» Genus Cupulella Aguayo &amp; Jaume, 1948» Genus Dolicholestes Pilsbry, 1906» Genus Lyobasis Pilsbry, 1903» Genus Neobeliscus Pilsbry, 1896» Genus Obeliscus H. Beck, 1837» Genus Ochroderma Ancey, 1885» Genus Ochrodermatina Thiele, 1931» Genus Ochrodermella Pilsbry, 1907» Genus Plicaxis Sykes, 1903» Genus Promoussonius Pilsbry, 1906» Genus Protobeliscus Pilsbry, 1906» Genus Rhodea H. Adams &amp; A. Adams, 1855» Genus Stenogyra Shuttleworth, 1854» Genus Synapterpes Pilsbry, 1896» Genus Zoniferella Pilsbry, 1906» Genus Oxycheilus Albers, 1850 accepted as Synapterpes Pilsbry, 1896» Genus Rhodina de Morgan, 1885 accepted as Plicaxis Sykes, 1903Subfamily Subulininae P. Fischer &amp; Crosse, 1877» Genus Allopeas H.B. Baker, 1935» Genus Beckianum H.B. Baker, 1961» Genus Curvella Chaper, 1885» Genus Dysopeas H.B. Baker, 1927» Genus Euonyma Melvill &amp; Ponsonby, 1896» Genus Fortuna Schlickum &amp; Strauch, 1972» Genus Hypolysia Melvill &amp; Ponsonby, 1901» Genus Lamellaxis Strebel &amp; Pfeffer, 1882» Genus Leptinaria H. Beck, 1837» Genus Leptopeas H.B. Baker, 1927» Genus Micropeas Connolly, 1923» Genus Neoglessula Pilsbry, 1909» Genus Paropeas Pilsbry, 1906» Genus Pelatrinia Pilsbry, 1907» Genus Prosopeas Mörch, 1876» Genus Pseudoglessula O. Boettger, 1892» Genus Pseudopeas Putzeys, 1899» Genus Striosubulina Thiele, 1933» Genus Subulina H. Beck, 1837» Genus Vegrandinia Salvador, Cunha &amp; Simone, 2013» Genus Zootecus Westerlund, 1887» Genus Chilogymnus Ehrenberg, 1831 (taxon inquirendum)» Genus Beccaria Bourguignat, 1883 accepted as Pseudopeas Putzeys, 1899» Genus Chilogymnus Jousseaume, 1894 accepted as Zootecus Westerlund, 1887 (junior synonym)» Genus Diaopeas F. Haas, 1962 accepted as Beckianum H.B. Baker, 1961» Genus Hapalus Albers, 1850 accepted as Curvella Chaper, 1885» Genus Nothus Albers, 1850 accepted as Leptinaria H. Beck, 1837» Genus Obeliscella Jousseaume, 1889 accepted as Zootecus Westerlund, 1887 (junior synonym)» Genus Synopeas Jousseaume, 1889 accepted as Beckianum H.B. Baker, 1961