10072339_1 Facial dermatitis, contact urticaria, rhinoconjunctivitis, and asthma induced by potato. 10072339 0 17 Facial dermatitis Negative_phenotype 10072339 19 36 contact urticaria Negative_phenotype 10072339 38 57 rhinoconjunctivitis Negative_phenotype 10072339 63 69 asthma Negative_phenotype 10072339 81 87 potato Plant 10072339 Increase 0 17 Facial dermatitis Negative_phenotype 81 87 potato Plant 10072339 Increase 19 36 contact urticaria Negative_phenotype 81 87 potato Plant 10072339 Increase 38 57 rhinoconjunctivitis Negative_phenotype 81 87 potato Plant 10072339 Increase 63 69 asthma Negative_phenotype 81 87 potato Plant 10072339_2 BACKGROUND: Potato contains multiple heat-labile proteins which can induce immediate hypersensitivity reactions. 10072339 12 18 Potato Plant 10072339 85 101 hypersensitivity Negative_phenotype 10072339 Increase 12 18 Potato Plant 85 101 hypersensitivity Negative_phenotype 10072339_3 Rhino-conjunctivitis, asthma, contact urticaria and protein contact dermatitis have been described in association with potato exposure. 10072339 0 20 Rhino-conjunctivitis Negative_phenotype 10072339 22 28 asthma Negative_phenotype 10072339 30 47 contact urticaria Negative_phenotype 10072339 52 78 protein contact dermatitis Negative_phenotype 10072339 119 125 potato Plant 10072339 Association 0 20 Rhino-conjunctivitis Negative_phenotype 119 125 potato Plant 10072339 Association 22 28 asthma Negative_phenotype 119 125 potato Plant 10072339 Association 52 78 protein contact dermatitis Negative_phenotype 119 125 potato Plant 10072339_4 OBJECTIVE: A patient with possible airborne facial dermatitis to potato is described. 10072339 44 61 facial dermatitis Negative_phenotype 10072339 65 71 potato Plant 10072339_5 RESULTS: A middle-aged atopic housewife with pre-existent atopic dermatitis suffered from rhino-conjunctivitis, asthma, and contact urticaria when pealing raw potatoes, but her main complaint was intense, treatment-resistant dermatitis of the face. 10072339 23 29 atopic Negative_phenotype 10072339 58 75 atopic dermatitis Negative_phenotype 10072339 90 110 rhino-conjunctivitis Negative_phenotype 10072339 112 118 asthma Negative_phenotype 10072339 124 141 contact urticaria Negative_phenotype 10072339 159 167 potatoes Plant 10072339 225 235 dermatitis Negative_phenotype 10072339 Increase 58 75 atopic dermatitis Negative_phenotype 159 167 potatoes Plant 10072339 Increase 90 110 rhino-conjunctivitis Negative_phenotype 159 167 potatoes Plant 10072339 Increase 124 141 contact urticaria Negative_phenotype 159 167 potatoes Plant 10072339 Increase 159 167 potatoes Plant 225 235 dermatitis Negative_phenotype 10072339_6 The investigations showed a positive prick test, a positive patch test, and positive specific serum IgE to raw potato. 10072339 111 117 potato Plant 10072339_7 Potato avoidance led not only to the resolution of the immediate symptoms, but also of the facial dermatitis, suggesting she had dermatitis due to this vegetable. 10072339 0 6 Potato Plant 10072339 91 108 facial dermatitis Negative_phenotype 10072339 129 139 dermatitis Negative_phenotype 10072339 Increase 0 6 Potato Plant 91 108 facial dermatitis Negative_phenotype 10072339 Increase 0 6 Potato Plant 129 139 dermatitis Negative_phenotype 10072339_8 CONCLUSIONS: Potato may induce contact dermatitis with positive immediate and delayed hypersensitivity tests. 10072339 13 19 Potato Plant 10072339 31 49 contact dermatitis Negative_phenotype 10072339 Increase 13 19 Potato Plant 31 49 contact dermatitis Negative_phenotype 10094584_1 Anti-obesity action of oolong tea. 10094584 0 12 Anti-obesity Positive_phenotype 10094584 30 33 tea Plant 10094584_2 OBJECTIVE: Oolong tea is traditionally reported to have anti-obesity and hypolipidaemic effects. 10094584 18 21 tea Plant 10094584 56 68 anti-obesity Positive_phenotype 10094584 73 87 hypolipidaemic Negative_phenotype 10094584 Increase 18 21 tea Plant 56 68 anti-obesity Positive_phenotype 10094584 Decrease 18 21 tea Plant 73 87 hypolipidaemic Negative_phenotype 10094584_3 The present study was performed to clarify whether oolong tea prevented obesity induced in mice by the oral administration of a high-fat diet for 10 weeks. 10094584 58 61 tea Plant 10094584 72 79 obesity Negative_phenotype 10094584_4 DESIGN: High-fat diet-induced obese mice were treated with oolong tea for 10 weeks. 10094584 30 35 obese Negative_phenotype 10094584 66 69 tea Plant 10094584_5 The effects of various active fractions isolated from oolong tea on noradrenaline-induced lipolysis were examined with isolated fat cells and a cell-free system consisting of lipid droplets and hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL). 10094584 61 64 tea Plant 10094584_6 RESULTS: The mean food consumption was not significantly different between high-fat diet-treated mice and high-fat plus oolong tea diet-treated mice. 10094584 127 130 tea Plant 10094584_7 Oolong tea prevented the obesity and fatty liver induced by a high-fat diet. 10094584 7 10 tea Plant 10094584 25 32 obesity Negative_phenotype 10094584 37 48 fatty liver Negative_phenotype 10094584 Decrease 7 10 tea Plant 25 32 obesity Negative_phenotype 10094584 Decrease 7 10 tea Plant 37 48 fatty liver Negative_phenotype 10094584_8 A water extract of oolong tea enhanced noradrenaline-induced lipolysis, and the active substance was identified as caffeine. 10094584 26 29 tea Plant 10094584_9 Caffeine enhanced noradrenaline-induced lipolysis in fat cells without a concomitant increase in HSL activity and also accelerated the hormone-induced lipolysis in a cell-free system consisting of lipid droplets and HSL, but not in the cell-free system with sonicated lipid droplets and HSL. 10094584_10 Oolong tea extract inhibited pancreatic lipase activity. 10094584 7 10 tea Plant 10094584_11 CONCLUSION: It was demonstrated that the anti-obesity effects of oolong tea in high-fat diet-treated mice might be due partly to the enhancing effect of caffeine isolated from oolong tea on noradrenaline-induced lipolysis in adipose tissue, and to the inhibitory action of some other substance in oolong tea on pancreatic lipase activity. 10094584 41 53 anti-obesity Positive_phenotype 10094584 72 75 tea Plant 10094584 183 186 tea Plant 10094584 304 307 tea Plant 10094584 Association 41 53 anti-obesity Positive_phenotype 72 75 tea Plant 10094584_12 Caffeine was found to enhance lipolysis through acting on lipid droplets but not on HSL. 10094584_13 The results suggest that oolong tea may be an effective crude drug for the treatment of obesity and fatty liver caused by a high-fat diet. 10094584 32 35 tea Plant 10094584 88 95 obesity Negative_phenotype 10094584 100 111 fatty liver Negative_phenotype 10094584 Decrease 32 35 tea Plant 88 95 obesity Negative_phenotype 10094584 Decrease 32 35 tea Plant 100 111 fatty liver Negative_phenotype 10230862_1 Inhibitory effect of Cordyceps sinensis on spontaneous liver metastasis of Lewis lung carcinoma and B16 melanoma cells in syngeneic mice. 10230862 21 39 Cordyceps sinensis Plant 10230862 55 95 liver metastasis of Lewis lung carcinoma Negative_phenotype 10230862 100 103 B16 Negative_phenotype 10230862 104 112 melanoma Negative_phenotype 10230862_2 We investigated the effect of the water extract of Cordyceps sinensis (WECS) on liver metastasis of Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) and B16 melanoma (B16) cells in mice. 10230862 51 69 Cordyceps sinensis Plant 10230862 71 75 WECS Plant 10230862 80 120 liver metastasis of Lewis lung carcinoma Negative_phenotype 10230862 122 125 LLC Negative_phenotype 10230862 131 134 B16 Negative_phenotype 10230862 135 143 melanoma Negative_phenotype 10230862 145 148 B16 Negative_phenotype 10230862_3 C57BL/6 mice were given a s.c. injection of LLC and B16 cells and sacrificed 20 and 26 days after tumor inoculation, respectively. 10230862 44 47 LLC Negative_phenotype 10230862 52 55 B16 Negative_phenotype 10230862 98 103 tumor Negative_phenotype 10230862_4 WECS was daily administered p.o. to the mice in a dose of 100 mg/kg body weight (wt.) in the experiment of LLC and in a dose of 100 or 200 mg/kg body wt. in the experiment of B16 from one week before tumor inoculation to one day before the date of sacrifice. 10230862 0 4 WECS Plant 10230862 107 110 LLC Negative_phenotype 10230862 175 178 B16 Negative_phenotype 10230862 200 205 tumor Negative_phenotype 10230862_5 The tumor cells increased in the thigh in LLC-inoculated mice and in the footpad in B16-inoculated mice. 10230862 4 9 tumor Negative_phenotype 10230862 42 45 LLC Negative_phenotype 10230862 84 87 B16 Negative_phenotype 10230862_6 The relative liver wt. of the tumor-inoculated mice significantly increased as compared to that of the normal mice due to the tumor metastasis, as verified by the hematoxylin-eosin staining pathological study in the LLC experiment. 10230862 13 22 liver wt. Neutral_phenotype 10230862 30 35 tumor Negative_phenotype 10230862 126 142 tumor metastasis Negative_phenotype 10230862 216 219 LLC Negative_phenotype 10230862_7 The relative liver wt. of the WECS-administered mice significantly decreased relative to that of the control mice in both the LLC and B16 experiments. 10230862 13 22 liver wt. Neutral_phenotype 10230862 30 34 WECS Plant 10230862 126 129 LLC Negative_phenotype 10230862 134 137 B16 Negative_phenotype 10230862 Decrease 13 22 liver wt. Neutral_phenotype 30 34 WECS Plant 10230862_8 WECS showed a strong cytotoxicity against LLC and B16 cells, while cordycepin (3'-deoxyadenosine), an active component of WECS, was not cytotoxic against these cells. 10230862 0 4 WECS Plant 10230862 42 45 LLC Negative_phenotype 10230862 50 53 B16 Negative_phenotype 10230862 122 126 WECS Plant 10230862_9 These findings suggest that WECS has an anti-metastatic activity that is probably due to components other than cordycepin. 10230862 28 32 WECS Plant 10230862 40 55 anti-metastatic Positive_phenotype 10230862 Increase 28 32 WECS Plant 40 55 anti-metastatic Positive_phenotype 10592946_1 Severe rhabdomyolysis following massive ingestion of oolong tea: caffeine intoxication with coexisting hyponatremia. 10592946 7 21 rhabdomyolysis Negative_phenotype 10592946 60 63 tea Plant 10592946 65 86 caffeine intoxication Negative_phenotype 10592946 103 115 hyponatremia Negative_phenotype 10592946_2 A 36-y-o patient with schizophrenia, who had consumed gradually increasing quantities of oolong tea that eventually reached 15 L each day, became delirious and was admitted to a psychiatric hospital. 10592946 22 35 schizophrenia Negative_phenotype 10592946 96 99 tea Plant 10592946 146 155 delirious Negative_phenotype 10592946_3 After abstinence from oolong tea his delirium resolved. 10592946 29 32 tea Plant 10592946 37 45 delirium Negative_phenotype 10592946 Increase 29 32 tea Plant 37 45 delirium Negative_phenotype 10592946_4 He was transferred to our hospital when he was discovered to have acute renal failure with hyponatremia (118 mEq/L) and severe rhabdomyolysis (creatine phosphokinase, 227,200 IU/L). 10592946 66 85 acute renal failure Negative_phenotype 10592946 91 103 hyponatremia Negative_phenotype 10592946 127 141 rhabdomyolysis Negative_phenotype 10592946_5 On admission rhabdomyolysis had begun to improve despite a worsening of the hyponatremia (113 mEq/L). 10592946 13 27 rhabdomyolysis Negative_phenotype 10592946 76 88 hyponatremia Negative_phenotype 10592946_6 With aggressive supportive therapy, including hypertonic saline administration and hemodialysis, the patient fully recovered without detectable sequelae. 10592946 144 152 sequelae Negative_phenotype 10592946_7 The clinical course suggests that caffeine, which is present in oolong tea, was mainly responsible for the rhabdomyolysis as well as the delirium, although severe hyponatremia has been reported to cause rhabdomyolysis on rare occasions. 10592946 71 74 tea Plant 10592946 107 121 rhabdomyolysis Negative_phenotype 10592946 137 145 delirium Negative_phenotype 10592946 163 175 hyponatremia Negative_phenotype 10592946 203 217 rhabdomyolysis Negative_phenotype 10592946 Increase 71 74 tea Plant 107 121 rhabdomyolysis Negative_phenotype 10592946 Increase 71 74 tea Plant 137 145 delirium Negative_phenotype 10592946_8 We hypothesize that caffeine toxicity injured the muscle cells, which were fragile due to the potassium depletion induced by the coexisting hyponatremia, to result in unusually severe rhabdomyolysis. 10592946 20 37 caffeine toxicity Negative_phenotype 10592946 38 56 injured the muscle Negative_phenotype 10592946 94 113 potassium depletion Negative_phenotype 10592946 140 152 hyponatremia Negative_phenotype 10592946 184 198 rhabdomyolysis Negative_phenotype 10592946_9 The possibility of severe rhabdomyolysis should be considered in a patient with water intoxication due to massive ingestion of caffeine-containing beverages. 10592946 26 40 rhabdomyolysis Negative_phenotype 10592946 80 98 water intoxication Negative_phenotype 10598013_1 The molecular mechanism of inhibition of interleukin-1beta-induced cyclooxygenase-2 expression in human synovial cells by Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F extract. 10598013 122 151 Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F Plant 10598013_2 OBJECTIVE: Several extracts of Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F (TWHF) have been reported to be effective in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. 10598013 31 60 Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F Plant 10598013 62 66 TWHF Plant 10598013 120 140 rheumatoid arthritis Negative_phenotype 10598013 Decrease 31 60 Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F Plant 120 140 rheumatoid arthritis Negative_phenotype 10598013 Decrease 62 66 TWHF Plant 120 140 rheumatoid arthritis Negative_phenotype 10598013_3 We investigated the effect of multi-glycosides ofTWHF (GTW), a TWHF extract, on interleukin (IL)-1beta stimulated human rheumatoid synovial cells. 10598013 49 53 TWHF Plant 10598013 55 58 GTW Plant 10598013 63 67 TWHF Plant 10598013_4 MATERIALS AND METHODS: IL-1beta-stimulated synovial cells were used to detect the effects of GTW on cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 and COX-2 activities, expression of COX protein and mRNA, and nuclear transcription factors in experiments using respective reporter plasmids. 10598013 93 96 GTW Plant 10598013_5 RESULTS: GTW inhibited prostaglandin E2 production by IL-1beta-stimulated synovial cells in a concentration-dependent manner, and also inhibited COX-2 protein and mRNA expression in a similar fashion to dexamethasone. 10598013 9 12 GTW Plant 10598013_6 However, GTW did not act as a glucocorticoid agonist. 10598013 9 12 GTW Plant 10598013_7 GTW repressed IL-1beta-induced nuclear factor-kappaB activity, but did not have a significant influence on activating protein-1 activity. 10598013 0 3 GTW Plant 10598013_8 CONCLUSION: The anti-rheumatic effect of GTW or TWHF may be partly mediated through the inhibition of prostaglandin E2 production in human synovial cells due to suppression of COX-2 mRNA, possibly via inhibition of nuclear factor-kappaB activity. 10598013 16 30 anti-rheumatic Positive_phenotype 10598013 41 44 GTW Plant 10598013 48 52 TWHF Plant 10598013 Increase 16 30 anti-rheumatic Positive_phenotype 41 44 GTW Plant 10598013 Increase 16 30 anti-rheumatic Positive_phenotype 48 52 TWHF Plant 10748958_1 Traditional Chinese medicines as immunosuppressive agents. 10748958 33 50 immunosuppressive Positive_phenotype 10748958_2 INTRODUCTION: Traditional Chinese Medicines (TCM) have been used for centuries in China to treat various immune-mediated disorders. 10748958 105 130 immune-mediated disorders Negative_phenotype 10748958_3 METHODS: This review focuses on the clinical and experimental studies that have been performed with TCM as immunosuppressive agents for the treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), atopic eczema and solid organ transplantation. 10748958 107 124 immunosuppressive Positive_phenotype 10748958 153 181 systemic lupus erythematosus Negative_phenotype 10748958 183 186 SLE Negative_phenotype 10748958 189 209 rheumatoid arthritis Negative_phenotype 10748958 211 213 RA Negative_phenotype 10748958 216 229 atopic eczema Negative_phenotype 10748958_4 RESULTS: The "thunder god" vine, Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F (TWHf), has been extensively used in China to treat SLE and RA. 10748958 33 62 Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F Plant 10748958 64 68 TWHf Plant 10748958 115 118 SLE Negative_phenotype 10748958 123 125 RA Negative_phenotype 10748958 Decrease 33 62 Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F Plant 115 118 SLE Negative_phenotype 10748958 Decrease 33 62 Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F Plant 123 125 RA Negative_phenotype 10748958 Decrease 64 68 TWHf Plant 115 118 SLE Negative_phenotype 10748958 Decrease 64 68 TWHf Plant 123 125 RA Negative_phenotype 10748958_5 TWHf not only inhibited mitogen-stimulated lymphoproliferation, but its active derivatives have also been shown to inhibit production of proinflammatory cytokines by monocytes and lymphocytes, as well as prostaglandin E2 production via the cyclooxygenase, COX-2, pathway, a potential mechanism of action in patients with RA. 10748958 0 4 TWHf Plant 10748958 321 323 RA Negative_phenotype 10748958_6 Demethylzelasteral (TZ-93), a triterpenoid isolated from the root cortex of TWHf, the plant alkaloid berbamine, and the hydrophobic extract of a Chinese herbal decoction, CMX-13, were all shown to be active in prolonging allograft survival in experimental animal models of heart, skin and single lung transplants, respectively. 10748958 76 80 TWHf Plant 10748958 221 239 allograft survival Positive_phenotype 10748958_7 There are few well-designed randomised placebo-controlled clinical trials demonstrating the efficacy of TCM in various diseases. 10748958_8 Zemaphyte, a decoction of 10 herbs, has been shown to be efficacious in the treatment of atopic dermatitis in both children and adults in two randomised double-blind placebo-controlled trials. 10748958 89 106 atopic dermatitis Negative_phenotype 10748958_9 CONCLUSION: There is both laboratory and clinical evidence that the derivatives of many of these herbs may have significant beneficial immunosuppressive effects, however, concerns of toxicity must also be addressed, as exact dosing of the active derivatives is difficult to achieve with the current prescriptions of TCM. 10748958 135 152 immunosuppressive Positive_phenotype 10748958 183 191 toxicity Negative_phenotype 10807109_1 Ginkgo biloba extract: mechanisms and clinical indications. 10807109 0 13 Ginkgo biloba Plant 10807109_2 OBJECTIVE: Ginkgo biloba may have a role in treating impairments in memory, cognitive speed, activities of daily living (ADL), edema, inflammation, and free-radical toxicity associated with traumatic brain injury (TBI), Alzheimer's dementia, stroke, vasoocclusive disorders, and aging. 10807109 11 24 Ginkgo biloba Plant 10807109 53 74 impairments in memory Negative_phenotype 10807109 76 91 cognitive speed Positive_phenotype 10807109 93 119 activities of daily living Positive_phenotype 10807109 121 124 ADL Positive_phenotype 10807109 127 132 edema Negative_phenotype 10807109 134 146 inflammation Negative_phenotype 10807109 152 173 free-radical toxicity Negative_phenotype 10807109 190 212 traumatic brain injury Negative_phenotype 10807109 214 217 TBI Negative_phenotype 10807109 220 240 Alzheimer's dementia Negative_phenotype 10807109 242 248 stroke Negative_phenotype 10807109 250 273 vasoocclusive disorders Negative_phenotype 10807109 279 284 aging Negative_phenotype 10807109_3 The purpose of this review is to provide a synthesis of the mechanisms of action, clinical indications, and safety of Ginkgo biloba extract. 10807109 118 131 Ginkgo biloba Plant 10807109_4 DATA SOURCES: Empirical studies, reviews, chapters, and conference proceedings were identified in the following databases: Medline, the Research Council for Complementary Medicine based on the British Library database, and Psychlnfo. 10807109_5 Ginkgo biloba, EGb 761, Tanakan, Tebonin, Rokan, and LI 1370 were the principal index terms. 10807109 0 13 Ginkgo biloba Plant 10807109 15 22 EGb 761 Plant 10807109 24 31 Tanakan Plant 10807109 33 40 Tebonin Plant 10807109 42 47 Rokan Plant 10807109 53 60 LI 1370 Plant 10807109_6 STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION: Controlled clinical studies with both positive and negative findings are included, in addition to animals studies illustrating mechanisms of activity. 10807109_7 DATA SYNTHESIS: Ginkgo has shown activity centrally and peripherally, affecting electrochemical, physiologic, neurologic, and vascular systems in animals and humans with few adverse side effects or drug interactions. 10807109 16 22 Ginkgo Plant 10807109 80 142 electrochemical, physiologic, neurologic, and vascular systems Positive_phenotype 10807109_8 Ginkgo shows promise in patients with dementia, normal aging, and cerebrovascular-related disorders. 10807109 0 6 Ginkgo Plant 10807109 38 46 dementia Negative_phenotype 10807109 48 60 normal aging Negative_phenotype 10807109 66 99 cerebrovascular-related disorders Negative_phenotype 10807109 Decrease 0 6 Ginkgo Plant 38 46 dementia Negative_phenotype 10807109 Decrease 0 6 Ginkgo Plant 48 60 normal aging Negative_phenotype 10807109 Decrease 0 6 Ginkgo Plant 66 99 cerebrovascular-related disorders Negative_phenotype 10807109_9 Clinical indications include memory, information processing, and ADL. 10807109 29 35 memory Positive_phenotype 10807109 37 59 information processing Positive_phenotype 10807109 65 68 ADL Positive_phenotype 10807109_10 CONCLUSIONS: Ginkgo shows promise in treating some of the neurologic sequelae associated with Alzheimer's disease, TBI, stroke, normal aging, edema, tinnitus, and macular degeneration. 10807109 13 19 Ginkgo Plant 10807109 58 77 neurologic sequelae Negative_phenotype 10807109 94 113 Alzheimer's disease Negative_phenotype 10807109 115 118 TBI Negative_phenotype 10807109 120 126 stroke Negative_phenotype 10807109 128 140 normal aging Negative_phenotype 10807109 142 147 edema Negative_phenotype 10807109 149 157 tinnitus Negative_phenotype 10807109 163 183 macular degeneration Negative_phenotype 10807109 Decrease 13 19 Ginkgo Plant 58 77 neurologic sequelae Negative_phenotype 10807109 Decrease 13 19 Ginkgo Plant 94 113 Alzheimer's disease Negative_phenotype 10807109 Decrease 13 19 Ginkgo Plant 115 118 TBI Negative_phenotype 10807109 Decrease 13 19 Ginkgo Plant 120 126 stroke Negative_phenotype 10807109 Decrease 13 19 Ginkgo Plant 128 140 normal aging Negative_phenotype 10807109 Decrease 13 19 Ginkgo Plant 142 147 edema Negative_phenotype 10807109 Decrease 13 19 Ginkgo Plant 149 157 tinnitus Negative_phenotype 10807109 Decrease 13 19 Ginkgo Plant 163 183 macular degeneration Negative_phenotype 10807109_11 Mechanisms of action may include antioxidant, neurotransmitter/receptor modulatory, and antiplatelet activating factor properties. 10807109 33 44 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 10807109 88 100 antiplatelet Positive_phenotype 10807109_12 While safe, caution is advised when recommending ginkgo to patients taking anticoagulants. 10807109 49 55 ginkgo Plant 10807109_13 Future studies should examine dose effects, component activity, mechanisms, and clinical applications. 10819439_1 Extract of Prunella vulgaris spikes inhibits HIV replication at reverse transcription in vitro and can be absorbed from intestine in vivo. 10819439 11 28 Prunella vulgaris Plant 10819439 45 48 HIV Negative_phenotype 10819439_2 It has been reported that extracts of the spike of Prunella vulgaris (PS) exhibit anti-HIV activity at the adsorption and reverse transcription stages. 10819439 51 68 Prunella vulgaris Plant 10819439 70 72 PS Plant 10819439 82 90 anti-HIV Positive_phenotype 10819439_3 In this study, the actual activity of PS in cells, kinetic analysis of the inhibitory activity of PS against HIV reverse transcriptase and the feasibility of oral administration were examined. 10819439 38 40 PS Plant 10819439 98 100 PS Plant 10819439 109 112 HIV Negative_phenotype 10819439_4 First, to clarify whether this extract shows anti-HIV activity in cells in vitro, the number of copies of proviral DNA in HIV-exposed cells was calculated. 10819439 45 53 anti-HIV Positive_phenotype 10819439 122 125 HIV Negative_phenotype 10819439_5 The number of copies was significantly decreased in cells cultured in the presence of PS extract, but not in the presence of dextran sulphate. 10819439 86 88 PS Plant 10819439_6 The activity of PS extract in the cells was also assessed by the drug addition test, during and after HIV adsorption. 10819439 16 18 PS Plant 10819439 102 105 HIV Negative_phenotype 10819439_7 PS extract and dextran sulphate suppressed HIV production to similar levels when added after HIV adsorption. 10819439 0 2 PS Plant 10819439 43 46 HIV Negative_phenotype 10819439 93 96 HIV Negative_phenotype 10819439_8 However, only PS extract suppressed HIV production at the same concentration when the drugs were added during HIV adsorption. 10819439 14 16 PS Plant 10819439 36 39 HIV Negative_phenotype 10819439 110 113 HIV Negative_phenotype 10819439_9 Presumably, the penetration of the PS extract into the cells was required for this activity. 10819439 35 37 PS Plant 10819439_10 Secondly, fractionated PS inhibited HIV reverse transcription in a non-competitive manner. 10819439 23 25 PS Plant 10819439 36 39 HIV Negative_phenotype 10819439_11 This fractionated PS kept anti-HIV activity, but inhibited HIV replication and adsorption to a lesser extent compared to dextran sulphate. 10819439 18 20 PS Plant 10819439 26 34 anti-HIV Positive_phenotype 10819439 59 62 HIV Negative_phenotype 10819439_12 Lastly, an active component(s) was detected in plasma in vivo, after injection into the intestine, which demonstrates the feasibility of oral administration dosing. 10841870_1 Urothelial carcinoma associated with the use of a Chinese herb (Aristolochia fangchi) BACKGROUND: Chinese-herb nephropathy is a progressive form of renal fibrosis that develops in some patients who take weight-reducing pills containing Chinese herbs. 10841870 0 20 Urothelial carcinoma Negative_phenotype 10841870 64 84 Aristolochia fangchi Plant 10841870 98 122 Chinese-herb nephropathy Negative_phenotype 10841870 148 162 renal fibrosis Negative_phenotype 10841870_2 Because of a manufacturing error, one of the herbs in these pills (Stephania tetrandra) was inadvertently replaced by Aristolochia fangchi, which is nephrotoxic and carcinogenic. 10841870 67 86 Stephania tetrandra Plant 10841870 118 138 Aristolochia fangchi Plant 10841870 149 160 nephrotoxic Negative_phenotype 10841870 165 177 carcinogenic Negative_phenotype 10841870 Increase 118 138 Aristolochia fangchi Plant 149 160 nephrotoxic Negative_phenotype 10841870 Increase 118 138 Aristolochia fangchi Plant 165 177 carcinogenic Negative_phenotype 10841870_3 METHODS: The diagnosis of a neoplastic lesion in the native urinary tract of a renal-transplant recipient who had Chinese-herb nephropathy prompted us to propose regular cystoscopic examinations and the prophylactic removal of the native kidneys and ureters in all our patients with end-stage Chinese-herb nephropathy who were being treated with either transplantation or dialysis. 10841870 28 45 neoplastic lesion Negative_phenotype 10841870 114 138 Chinese-herb nephropathy Negative_phenotype 10841870 293 317 Chinese-herb nephropathy Negative_phenotype 10841870_4 Surgical specimens were examined histologically and analyzed for the presence of DNA adducts formed by aristolochic acid. 10841870_5 All prescriptions written for Chinese-herb weight-reducing compounds during the period of exposure (1990 to 1992) in these patients were obtained, and the cumulative doses were calculated. 10841870_6 RESULTS: Among 39 patients who agreed to undergo prophylactic surgery, there were 18 cases of urothelial carcinoma (prevalence, 46 percent; 95 percent confidence interval, 29 to 62 percent): 17 cases of carcinoma of the ureter, renal pelvis, or both and 1 papillary bladder tumor. 10841870 94 114 urothelial carcinoma Negative_phenotype 10841870 203 226 carcinoma of the ureter Negative_phenotype 10841870 228 240 renal pelvis Negative_phenotype 10841870 256 279 papillary bladder tumor Negative_phenotype 10841870_7 Nineteen of the remaining patients had mild-to-moderate urothelial dysplasia, and two had normal urothelium. 10841870 39 76 mild-to-moderate urothelial dysplasia Negative_phenotype 10841870_8 All tissue samples analyzed contained aristolochic acid-related DNA adducts. 10841870_9 The cumulative dose of aristolochia was a significant risk factor for urothelial carcinoma, with total doses of more than 200 g associated with a higher risk of urothelial carcinoma. 10841870 23 35 aristolochia Plant 10841870 70 90 urothelial carcinoma Negative_phenotype 10841870 161 181 urothelial carcinoma Negative_phenotype 10841870 Increase 23 35 aristolochia Plant 70 90 urothelial carcinoma Negative_phenotype 10841870 Increase 23 35 aristolochia Plant 161 181 urothelial carcinoma Negative_phenotype 10841870_10 CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of urothelial carcinoma among patients with end-stage Chinese-herb nephropathy (caused by aristolochia species) is a high. 10841870 31 51 urothelial carcinoma Negative_phenotype 10841870 82 106 Chinese-herb nephropathy Negative_phenotype 10841870 118 130 aristolochia Plant 10841870 Increase 31 51 urothelial carcinoma Negative_phenotype 118 130 aristolochia Plant 10841870 Increase 82 106 Chinese-herb nephropathy Negative_phenotype 118 130 aristolochia Plant 10884715_1 Increased waist size and weight in relation to consumption of Areca catechu (betel-nut); a risk factor for increased glycaemia in Asians in east London. 10884715 10 20 waist size Neutral_phenotype 10884715 25 31 weight Neutral_phenotype 10884715 62 75 Areca catechu Plant 10884715 77 86 betel-nut Plant 10884715 117 126 glycaemia Negative_phenotype 10884715 Increase 10 20 waist size Neutral_phenotype 62 75 Areca catechu Plant 10884715 Increase 25 31 weight Neutral_phenotype 62 75 Areca catechu Plant 10884715 Increase 62 75 Areca catechu Plant 117 126 glycaemia Negative_phenotype 10884715 Increase 77 86 betel-nut Plant 117 126 glycaemia Negative_phenotype 10884715_2 Type 2 diabetes is commoner in Asians than Caucasians. 10884715 0 15 Type 2 diabetes Negative_phenotype 10884715_3 Many nitrosamines are diabetogenic, causing both type 2 and type 1 diabetes. 10884715 22 34 diabetogenic Negative_phenotype 10884715 49 75 type 2 and type 1 diabetes Negative_phenotype 10884715_4 Of CD1 mice fed with betel-nut or associated nitrosamines 8.5% develop glucose intolerance with marked obesity. 10884715 21 30 betel-nut Plant 10884715 71 90 glucose intolerance Negative_phenotype 10884715 103 110 obesity Negative_phenotype 10884715 Association 21 30 betel-nut Plant 71 90 glucose intolerance Negative_phenotype 10884715 Association 21 30 betel-nut Plant 103 110 obesity Negative_phenotype 10884715_5 Glycaemia and anthropometric risk markers for type 2 diabetes were therefore examined in relation to betel usage in 993 'healthy' Bangladeshis by one bilingual research-worker (N.M.). 10884715 0 9 Glycaemia Negative_phenotype 10884715 46 61 type 2 diabetes Negative_phenotype 10884715 101 106 betel Plant 10884715_6 Of these, 12% had known diabetes. 10884715 24 32 diabetes Negative_phenotype 10884715_7 A further 145 of 187 subjects 'at-risk' of diabetes (spot glucose > 6.5 mmol/l < 2 h after food, or > 4.5 mmol/l > 2 h after food) had a second blood glucose sample taken; sixty-one were confirmed as 'at-risk', and had an oral glucose tolerance test; nine new diabetics were identified. 10884715 43 51 diabetes Negative_phenotype 10884715 227 243 glucose toleranc Positive_phenotype 10884715 260 269 diabetics Negative_phenotype 10884715_8 Multiple regression analysis showed that spot blood glucose values decreased with time after eating (P = 0.0005) and increased independently with waist size (P = 0.0005) and age (P = 0.0005) without relationships to other aspects of the diet, season or smoking. 10884715 146 156 waist size Neutral_phenotype 10884715_9 Waist size was strongly related to betel usage independent of other factors such as age. 10884715 0 10 Waist size Neutral_phenotype 10884715 35 40 betel Plant 10884715 Association 0 10 Waist size Neutral_phenotype 35 40 betel Plant 10884715_10 Betel use interacted with sex, relating to increasing glycaemia only in females. 10884715 0 5 Betel Plant 10884715 54 63 glycaemia Negative_phenotype 10884715 Increase 0 5 Betel Plant 54 63 glycaemia Negative_phenotype 10884715_11 Since waist and age were the major markers of increasing glycaemia we suggest that betel chewing, a habit common to about 10% of the world population (more than 200 million people) may contribute to the risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus. 10884715 6 11 waist Neutral_phenotype 10884715 57 66 glycaemia Negative_phenotype 10884715 83 88 betel Plant 10884715 222 246 type 2 diabetes mellitus Negative_phenotype 10884715 Increase 83 88 betel Plant 222 246 type 2 diabetes mellitus Negative_phenotype 10942245_1 Inhibition of angiogenesis and induction of endothelial and tumor cell apoptosis by green tea in animal models of human high-grade non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. 10942245 60 80 tumor cell apoptosis Negative_phenotype 10942245 90 93 tea Plant 10942245 131 153 non-Hodgkin's lymphoma Negative_phenotype 10942245_2 Recent reports suggest that green tea consumption may prevent or delay the growth of human cancer, possibly by impairing tumor invasion and/or by an anti-angiogenic effect. 10942245 34 37 tea Plant 10942245 91 97 cancer Negative_phenotype 10942245 121 126 tumor Negative_phenotype 10942245 149 164 anti-angiogenic Positive_phenotype 10942245 Decrease 34 37 tea Plant 91 97 cancer Negative_phenotype 10942245 Decrease 34 37 tea Plant 121 126 tumor Negative_phenotype 10942245 Increase 34 37 tea Plant 149 164 anti-angiogenic Positive_phenotype 10942245_3 In NOD/SCID mice transplanted intraperitoneally with human non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) cell lines, Namalwa, RAP1-EIO and HS-Sultan, green tea prevented 50% of Namalwa tumors (P = 0.0017 by log-rank) and significantly inhibited RAP1-EIO and HS-Sultan tumor growth. 10942245 59 81 non-Hodgkin's lymphoma Negative_phenotype 10942245 83 86 NHL Negative_phenotype 10942245 100 107 Namalwa Negative_phenotype 10942245 109 117 RAP1-EIO Negative_phenotype 10942245 122 131 HS-Sultan Negative_phenotype 10942245 139 142 tea Plant 10942245 160 174 Namalwa tumors Negative_phenotype 10942245 228 236 RAP1-EIO Negative_phenotype 10942245 241 250 HS-Sultan Negative_phenotype 10942245 251 263 tumor growth Negative_phenotype 10942245 Decrease 139 142 tea Plant 160 174 Namalwa tumors Negative_phenotype 10942245 Decrease 139 142 tea Plant 228 236 RAP1-EIO Negative_phenotype 10942245 Decrease 139 142 tea Plant 241 250 HS-Sultan Negative_phenotype 10942245 Decrease 139 142 tea Plant 251 263 tumor growth Negative_phenotype 10942245_4 Notably, treatment with the chemotherapy drug cyclophosphamide at the maximum tolerable dose was unable to prevent Namalwa tumor occurrence. 10942245 28 40 chemotherapy Positive_phenotype 10942245 115 128 Namalwa tumor Negative_phenotype 10942245_5 In the three models evaluated, the frequency of apoptotic endothelial and tumor cells was significantly increased in mice given green tea compared to controls. 10942245 74 79 tumor Negative_phenotype 10942245 134 137 tea Plant 10942245 Decrease 74 79 tumor Negative_phenotype 134 137 tea Plant 10942245_6 These results support further trials in NHL to evaluate whether green tea, alone or in combination with chemotherapy, may delay or prevent disease progression. 10942245 40 43 NHL Negative_phenotype 10942245 70 73 tea Plant 10942245 104 116 chemotherapy Positive_phenotype 11025160_1 Ethnobotanical survey in the Palestinian area: a classification of the healing potential of medicinal plants. 11025160_2 An ethnobotanical survey was carried out in the West Bank to evaluate the relative efficacy of the plants used to treat skin diseases and prostate cancer. 11025160 120 133 skin diseases Negative_phenotype 11025160 138 153 prostate cancer Negative_phenotype 11025160_3 A total number of 102 informants, 30 years and older and either native born or had been living in the West Bank for more than 30 years, were interviewed using a previously prepared questionnaire. 11025160_4 Of about 165 plant species mentioned by the informants, 63 (38.1%) were mentioned by three or more informants. 11025160_5 On the basis of their primary uses, 21 of these plants were reported to relieve skin disorders, 17 for urinary system disorders, 16 for gastric disorders, nine for cancer and prostate disorders, eight for arthritis, five for respiratory problems, and five for other ailments. 11025160 80 94 skin disorders Negative_phenotype 11025160 103 127 urinary system disorders Negative_phenotype 11025160 136 153 gastric disorders Negative_phenotype 11025160 164 170 cancer Negative_phenotype 11025160 175 193 prostate disorders Negative_phenotype 11025160 205 214 arthritis Negative_phenotype 11025160 225 245 respiratory problems Negative_phenotype 11025160_6 Indices on fidelity levels (FLs), relative popularity level (RPL), and rank-order priority (ROP) were calculated. 11025160_7 Plants were classified in two groups: 'popular' (RPL=1) or 'unpopular' (RPL<1). 11025160_8 The following plant species were classified as popular in this study: Teucrium polium, Matricaria aurea, Urtica pilulifera, Paronychia argentea, Petroselinum sativum, and Salvia fruticosa. 11025160 70 85 Teucrium polium Plant 11025160 87 103 Matricaria aurea Plant 11025160 105 122 Urtica pilulifera Plant 11025160 124 143 Paronychia argentea Plant 11025160 145 165 Petroselinum sativum Plant 11025160 171 187 Salvia fruticosa Plant 11025160_9 The remaining 57 species were classified as 'unpopular'. 11025160_10 Fifty-nine plants were claimed to be effective against cancer and prostate disorders, which include Arum dioscorides, U. pilulifera, Allium sativum, Viscum cruciatum, and Allium cepa. 11025160 55 61 cancer Negative_phenotype 11025160 66 84 prostate disorders Negative_phenotype 11025160 100 116 Arum dioscorides Plant 11025160 118 131 U. pilulifera Plant 11025160 133 147 Allium sativum Plant 11025160 149 165 Viscum cruciatum Plant 11025160 171 182 Allium cepa Plant 11025160 Decrease 55 61 cancer Negative_phenotype 100 116 Arum dioscorides Plant 11025160 Decrease 55 61 cancer Negative_phenotype 118 131 U. pilulifera Plant 11025160 Decrease 55 61 cancer Negative_phenotype 133 147 Allium sativum Plant 11025160 Decrease 55 61 cancer Negative_phenotype 149 165 Viscum cruciatum Plant 11025160 Decrease 55 61 cancer Negative_phenotype 171 182 Allium cepa Plant 11025160 Decrease 66 84 prostate disorders Negative_phenotype 100 116 Arum dioscorides Plant 11025160 Decrease 66 84 prostate disorders Negative_phenotype 118 131 U. pilulifera Plant 11025160 Decrease 66 84 prostate disorders Negative_phenotype 133 147 Allium sativum Plant 11025160 Decrease 66 84 prostate disorders Negative_phenotype 149 165 Viscum cruciatum Plant 11025160 Decrease 66 84 prostate disorders Negative_phenotype 171 182 Allium cepa Plant 11146047_1 Protective effect of green tea extract on ischemia/reperfusion-induced brain injury in Mongolian gerbils. 11146047 27 30 tea Plant 11146047 42 83 ischemia/reperfusion-induced brain injury Negative_phenotype 11146047_2 Free radical-induced oxidative damages of macromolecules and cell death are important factors in the pathogenesis of ischemia/reperfusion brain injury. 11146047 21 38 oxidative damages Negative_phenotype 11146047 117 150 ischemia/reperfusion brain injury Negative_phenotype 11146047_3 In the present study, an investigation as to whether green tea extract reduces ischemia/reperfusion-induced brain injury in Mongolian gerbils was conducted. 11146047 59 62 tea Plant 11146047 79 120 ischemia/reperfusion-induced brain injury Negative_phenotype 11146047_4 The effect of green tea on the ischemia/reperfusion-induced production of hydrogen peroxide, lipid peroxidation and oxidative DNA damage (formation of 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine), and cell death in addition to locomotor activity was studied. 11146047 20 23 tea Plant 11146047 116 136 oxidative DNA damage Negative_phenotype 11146047_5 Two doses (0.5 or 2%) of green tea extract were added into the drinking water and to be accessed by animals ad libitum for 3 weeks prior to the induction of ischemia. 11146047 31 34 tea Plant 11146047 157 165 ischemia Negative_phenotype 11146047_6 A global ischemia was induced by the bilateral occlusion of the common carotid arteries for 5 min. 11146047 9 17 ischemia Negative_phenotype 11146047 37 87 bilateral occlusion of the common carotid arteries Negative_phenotype 11146047_7 Reperfusion was achieved by releasing the occlusion and restoring blood circulation for 48 h. 11146047 0 11 Reperfusion Negative_phenotype 11146047 66 83 blood circulation Positive_phenotype 11146047_8 The infarction volumes were 112+/-31 mm(3) and 76+/-11 mm(3) in the 0.5 and 2% green tea pretreated animals compared to 189+/-12 mm(3) in the ischemia/reperfusion animals. 11146047 4 14 infarction Negative_phenotype 11146047 85 88 tea Plant 11146047 142 162 ischemia/reperfusion Negative_phenotype 11146047_9 Green tea extract also reduced the levels of ischemia/reperfusion-induced hydrogen peroxide (from 1470+/-170 to 1034+/-46 and 555+/-30 nmole/mg protein), lipid peroxidation products (from 1410+/-210 to 930+/-40 and 330+/-20 nmole/mg protein) and 8-oxodG (from 3.9+/-0.1 to 2.8+/-0.3 and1.9+/-0.3 ng/microg DNA, x10(-2)) by pretreatment of 0.5 or 2% green tea for 3 weeks, respectively. 11146047 6 9 tea Plant 11146047 355 358 tea Plant 11146047_10 Moreover, green tea also reduced the number of ischemia/reperfusion-induced apoptotic cells (from 59+/-12 to 37+/-8, 15+/-11 apoptotic cells/high power field in the striatum region) and locomotor activity (from 15140+/-2940 to 3900+/-600 and 4100+/-1200). 11146047 16 19 tea Plant 11146047_11 This study therefore suggests that green tea may be a useful agent for the prevention of cerebral ischemia damage. 11146047 41 44 tea Plant 11146047 89 113 cerebral ischemia damage Negative_phenotype 11146047 Decrease 41 44 tea Plant 89 113 cerebral ischemia damage Negative_phenotype 11206275_1 Combination cancer chemoprevention with green tea extract and sulindac shown in intestinal tumor formation in Min mice. 11206275 12 18 cancer Negative_phenotype 11206275 46 49 tea Plant 11206275 80 96 intestinal tumor Negative_phenotype 11206275 110 113 Min Negative_phenotype 11206275_2 Green tea is the most effective beverage for cancer prevention in humans. 11206275 6 9 tea Plant 11206275 45 51 cancer Negative_phenotype 11206275 Decrease 6 9 tea Plant 45 51 cancer Negative_phenotype 11206275_3 Looking at the concept of combination cancer chemoprevention, we previously reported the synergistic effects of (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) with sulindac, and the additive effects of EGCG with tamoxifen, on cancer-preventive activity in human lung cancer cell line PC-9. 11206275 38 44 cancer Negative_phenotype 11206275 215 232 cancer-preventive Positive_phenotype 11206275 251 262 lung cancer Negative_phenotype 11206275 273 277 PC-9 Negative_phenotype 11206275_4 This paper reports confirmation of the synergistic effects of EGCG with sulindac on the inhibition of intestinal tumors in multiple intestinal neoplasia (Min) mice. 11206275 102 152 intestinal tumors in multiple intestinal neoplasia Negative_phenotype 11206275 154 157 Min Negative_phenotype 11206275_5 Treatment with both green tea extract and sulindac significantly reduced the number of tumors from 72.3 +/- 28.3 to 32.0 +/- 18.7 tumors per mouse, a decrease of 44.3%, whereas treatment with green tea extract alone or with sulindac alone reduced it to 56.7 +/- 3.5 and 49.0 +/- 12.7, respectively. 11206275 26 29 tea Plant 11206275 87 93 tumors Negative_phenotype 11206275 130 136 tumors Negative_phenotype 11206275 198 201 tea Plant 11206275 Decrease 26 29 tea Plant 87 93 tumors Negative_phenotype 11206275_6 The results also indicated that green tea extract inhibited tumor growth in Min mice almost as potently as sulindac itself did. 11206275 38 41 tea Plant 11206275 60 79 tumor growth in Min Negative_phenotype 11206275 Decrease 38 41 tea Plant 60 79 tumor growth in Min Negative_phenotype 11206275_7 The three treated groups did not show any adenocarcinomas, whereas 10.8% of the control group did. 11206275 42 57 adenocarcinomas Negative_phenotype 11206275_8 Since cancer-preventive agents like sulindac and tamoxifen are associated with adverse effects, we discuss the possibility of non-toxic, combination cancer chemoprevention with green tea, looking at the goal of truly effective cancer prevention. 11206275 6 12 cancer Negative_phenotype 11206275 149 155 cancer Negative_phenotype 11206275 183 186 tea Plant 11206275 227 233 cancer Negative_phenotype 11206275 Decrease 149 155 cancer Negative_phenotype 183 186 tea Plant 11206275 Decrease 183 186 tea Plant 227 233 cancer Negative_phenotype 11238807_1 Antioxidant health effects of aged garlic extract. 11238807 0 11 Antioxidant Positive_phenotype 11238807 35 41 garlic Plant 11238807_2 Oxidative modification of DNA, proteins and lipids by reactive oxygen species (ROS) plays a role in aging and disease, including cardiovascular, neurodegenerative and inflammatory diseases and cancer. 11238807 54 77 reactive oxygen species Negative_phenotype 11238807 79 82 ROS Negative_phenotype 11238807 100 105 aging Negative_phenotype 11238807 129 188 cardiovascular, neurodegenerative and inflammatory diseases Negative_phenotype 11238807 193 199 cancer Negative_phenotype 11238807_3 Extracts of fresh garlic that are aged over a prolonged period to produce aged garlic extract (AGE) contain antioxidant phytochemicals that prevent oxidant damage. 11238807 18 24 garlic Plant 11238807 79 85 garlic Plant 11238807 95 98 AGE Plant 11238807_4 These include unique water-soluble organosulfur compounds, lipid-soluble organosulfur components and flavonoids, notably allixin and selenium. 11238807_5 Long-term extraction of garlic (up to 20 mo) ages the extract, creating antioxidant properties by modifying unstable molecules with antioxidant activity, such as allicin, and increasing stable and highly bioavailable water-soluble organosulfur compounds, such as S-allylcysteine and S-allylmercaptocysteine. 11238807 24 30 garlic Plant 11238807 72 83 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 11238807 132 143 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 11238807 Increase 24 30 garlic Plant 72 83 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 11238807_6 AGE exerts antioxidant action by scavenging ROS, enhancing the cellular antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase, and increasing glutathione in the cells. 11238807 0 3 AGE Plant 11238807 11 21 antioxidan Positive_phenotype 11238807 33 47 scavenging ROS Positive_phenotype 11238807 Increase 0 3 AGE Plant 11 21 antioxidan Positive_phenotype 11238807 Increase 0 3 AGE Plant 33 47 scavenging ROS Positive_phenotype 11238807_7 AGE inhibits lipid peroxidation, reducing ischemic/reperfusion damage and inhibiting oxidative modification of LDL, thus protecting endothelial cells from the injury by the oxidized molecules, which contributes to atherosclerosis. 11238807 0 3 AGE Plant 11238807 42 69 ischemic/reperfusion damage Negative_phenotype 11238807 214 229 atherosclerosis Negative_phenotype 11238807 Decrease 0 3 AGE Plant 42 69 ischemic/reperfusion damage Negative_phenotype 11238807 Decrease 0 3 AGE Plant 214 229 atherosclerosis Negative_phenotype 11238807_8 AGE inhibits the activation of the oxidant-induced transcription factor, nuclear factor (NF)-kappa B, which has clinical significance in human immunodeficiency virus gene expression and atherogenesis. 11238807 0 3 AGE Plant 11238807 186 199 atherogenesis Negative_phenotype 11238807_9 AGE protects DNA against free radical--mediated damage and mutations, inhibits multistep carcinogenesis and defends against ionizing radiation and UV-induced damage, including protection against some forms of UV-induced immunosuppression. 11238807 0 3 AGE Plant 11238807 89 103 carcinogenesis Negative_phenotype 11238807 Decrease 0 3 AGE Plant 89 103 carcinogenesis Negative_phenotype 11238807_10 AGE may have a role in protecting against loss of brain function in aging and possess other antiaging effects, as suggested by its ability to increase cognitive functions, memory and longevity in a senescence-accelerated mouse model. 11238807 0 3 AGE Plant 11238807 42 73 loss of brain function in aging Negative_phenotype 11238807 92 101 antiaging Positive_phenotype 11238807 151 170 cognitive functions Positive_phenotype 11238807 172 178 memory Positive_phenotype 11238807 183 192 longevity Positive_phenotype 11238807 Decrease 0 3 AGE Plant 42 73 loss of brain function in aging Negative_phenotype 11238807 Increase 0 3 AGE Plant 92 101 antiaging Positive_phenotype 11238807 Increase 0 3 AGE Plant 151 170 cognitive functions Positive_phenotype 11238807 Increase 0 3 AGE Plant 172 178 memory Positive_phenotype 11238807 Increase 0 3 AGE Plant 183 192 longevity Positive_phenotype 11238807_11 AGE has been shown to protect against the cardiotoxic effects of doxorubicin, an antineoplastic agent used in cancer therapy and against liver toxicity caused by carbon tetrachloride (an industrial chemical) and acetaminophen, an analgesic. 11238807 0 3 AGE Plant 11238807 42 53 cardiotoxic Negative_phenotype 11238807 81 95 antineoplastic Positive_phenotype 11238807 110 116 cancer Negative_phenotype 11238807 137 151 liver toxicity Negative_phenotype 11238807 Decrease 0 3 AGE Plant 42 53 cardiotoxic Negative_phenotype 11238807 Increase 0 3 AGE Plant 81 95 antineoplastic Positive_phenotype 11238807 Decrease 0 3 AGE Plant 110 116 cancer Negative_phenotype 11238807 Decrease 0 3 AGE Plant 137 151 liver toxicity Negative_phenotype 11238807_12 Substantial experimental evidence shows the ability of AGE to protect against oxidant-induced disease, acute damage from aging, radiation and chemical exposure, and long-term toxic damage. 11238807 55 58 AGE Plant 11238807 78 101 oxidant-induced disease Negative_phenotype 11238807 121 126 aging Negative_phenotype 11238807 128 137 radiation Negative_phenotype 11238807 142 159 chemical exposure Negative_phenotype 11238807 165 187 long-term toxic damage Negative_phenotype 11238807 Decrease 55 58 AGE Plant 78 101 oxidant-induced disease Negative_phenotype 11238807 Decrease 55 58 AGE Plant 121 126 aging Negative_phenotype 11238807 Decrease 55 58 AGE Plant 128 137 radiation Negative_phenotype 11238807 Decrease 55 58 AGE Plant 142 159 chemical exposure Negative_phenotype 11238807 Decrease 55 58 AGE Plant 165 187 long-term toxic damage Negative_phenotype 11238807_13 Although additional observations are warranted in humans, compelling evidence supports the beneficial health effects attributed to AGE, i.e., reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease, stroke, cancer and aging, including the oxidant-mediated brain cell damage that is implicated in Alzheimer's disease. 11238807 131 134 AGE Plant 11238807 163 185 cardiovascular disease Negative_phenotype 11238807 187 193 stroke Negative_phenotype 11238807 195 201 cancer Negative_phenotype 11238807 206 211 aging Negative_phenotype 11238807 227 261 oxidant-mediated brain cell damage Negative_phenotype 11238807 284 303 Alzheimer's disease Negative_phenotype 11238807 Decrease 131 134 AGE Plant 163 185 cardiovascular disease Negative_phenotype 11238807 Decrease 131 134 AGE Plant 187 193 stroke Negative_phenotype 11238807 Decrease 131 134 AGE Plant 195 201 cancer Negative_phenotype 11238807 Decrease 131 134 AGE Plant 206 211 aging Negative_phenotype 11238807 Decrease 131 134 AGE Plant 227 261 oxidant-mediated brain cell damage Negative_phenotype 11238807 Decrease 131 134 AGE Plant 284 303 Alzheimer's disease Negative_phenotype 11238818_1 Enhanced immunocompetence by garlic: role in bladder cancer and other malignancies. 11238818 29 35 garlic Plant 11238818 45 59 bladder cancer Negative_phenotype 11238818 70 82 malignancies Negative_phenotype 11238818_2 Of the many beneficial actions of garlic, inhibition of the growth of cancer is perhaps the most remarkable. 11238818 34 40 garlic Plant 11238818 70 76 cancer Negative_phenotype 11238818_3 Our previous animal studies demonstrated that aged garlic extract was highly effective, and unlike the approved immunotherapy for human bladder cancer, bacillus Calmette--Gu rin (BCG), garlic was effective when added to the diet. 11238818 51 57 garlic Plant 11238818 136 150 bladder cancer Negative_phenotype 11238818 152 178 bacillus Calmette--Gu rin Negative_phenotype 11238818 180 183 BCG Negative_phenotype 11238818 186 192 garlic Plant 11238818_4 To elucidate the mechanism of this antitumor effect, the literature describing antitumor and immune-enhancing effects of garlic is reviewed. 11238818 35 44 antitumor Positive_phenotype 11238818 79 88 antitumor Positive_phenotype 11238818 93 109 immune-enhancing Positive_phenotype 11238818 121 127 garlic Plant 11238818_5 Garlic can detoxify carcinogens by stimulation of cytochrome P(450) enzymes, antioxidant activity or sulfur compound binding. 11238818 0 6 Garlic Plant 11238818 20 31 carcinogens Negative_phenotype 11238818 77 88 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 11238818 Decrease 0 6 Garlic Plant 20 31 carcinogens Negative_phenotype 11238818 Increase 0 6 Garlic Plant 77 88 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 11238818_6 Studies demonstrate a direct toxic effect of garlic to sarcoma and gastric, colon, bladder and prostate cancer cells in tissue culture, but these effects cannot explain the inhibition of growth of transplanted cancer in animal models. 11238818 29 34 toxic Negative_phenotype 11238818 45 51 garlic Plant 11238818 55 62 sarcoma Negative_phenotype 11238818 67 110 gastric, colon, bladder and prostate cancer Negative_phenotype 11238818 210 216 cancer Negative_phenotype 11238818_7 The most likely explanation of this effect is immune stimulation. 11238818 46 64 immune stimulation Positive_phenotype 11238818_8 Comparison of the effects of garlic to BCG immunotherapy reveals many similarities. 11238818 29 35 garlic Plant 11238818 39 42 BCG Negative_phenotype 11238818_9 Both stimulate proliferation of lymphocytes and macrophage phagocytosis, induce the infiltration of macrophages and lymphocytes in transplanted tumors, induce splenic hypertrophy, stimulate release of interleukin-2, tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interferon-gamma, enhance natural killer cell, killer cell and lymphokine-activated killer cell activity. 11238818 144 150 tumors Negative_phenotype 11238818 159 178 splenic hypertrophy Negative_phenotype 11238818_10 These activities represent effective stimulation of the immune response. 11238818 56 62 immune Positive_phenotype 11238818_11 Studies suggest that garlic may be useful in preventing the suppression of immune response that is associated with increased risk of malignancy. 11238818 21 27 garlic Plant 11238818 75 81 immune Positive_phenotype 11238818 133 143 malignancy Negative_phenotype 11238818_12 Data suggest that maintenance of immune stimulation can significantly reduce the risk of cancer. 11238818 33 51 immune stimulation Positive_phenotype 11238818 89 95 cancer Negative_phenotype 11238818_13 Clinical trials should be initiated to test the hypothesis that the immune stimulation and other beneficial effects of garlic are able to reduce the incidence of cancer. 11238818 68 86 immune stimulation Positive_phenotype 11238818 119 125 garlic Plant 11238818 162 168 cancer Negative_phenotype 11273016_1 Anti-fibrotic effects of a hot-water extract from Salvia miltiorrhiza roots on liver fibrosis induced by biliary obstruction in rats. 11273016 0 13 Anti-fibrotic Positive_phenotype 11273016 50 69 Salvia miltiorrhiza Plant 11273016 85 124 fibrosis induced by biliary obstruction Negative_phenotype 11273016_2 The anti-fibrotic effects of a hot-water extract form the traditional Chinese medicinal herb Salvia miltiorrhiza (Labiatae) on liver fibrosis induced by biliary obstruction was studied in rats. 11273016 4 17 anti-fibrotic Positive_phenotype 11273016 93 112 Salvia miltiorrhiza Plant 11273016 114 122 Labiatae Plant 11273016 127 141 liver fibrosis Negative_phenotype 11273016 153 172 biliary obstruction Negative_phenotype 11273016_3 Liver fibrosis was induced in male Sprague-Dawley rats by bile duct ligation and scission (BDL). 11273016 0 14 Liver fibrosis Negative_phenotype 11273016 58 89 bile duct ligation and scission Negative_phenotype 11273016 91 94 BDL Negative_phenotype 11273016_4 After surgery, the hot-water extract of S. miltiorrhiza roots (100 mg kg(-1), p.o.) 11273016 40 55 S. miltiorrhiza Plant 11273016_5 was administered daily for 28 days. 11273016_6 The concentrations of aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, total bilirubin and total cholesterol in serum and hydroxyproline and malondialdehyde contents in liver were significantly increased in BDL rats. 11273016 110 127 total cholesterol Neutral_phenotype 11273016 226 229 BDL Negative_phenotype 11273016_7 Treatment with the extract of S. miltiorrhiza significantly reduced (P < 0.01) the serum aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, and total cholesterol concentrations in BDL rats. 11273016 30 45 S. miltiorrhiza Plant 11273016 161 178 total cholesterol Neutral_phenotype 11273016 197 200 BDL Negative_phenotype 11273016_8 The liver hydroxyproline content in BDL rats treated with extract was also reduced to 68% of that in BDL control rats (P < 0.01). 11273016 36 39 BDL Negative_phenotype 11273016 101 104 BDL Negative_phenotype 11273016_9 The liver malondialdehyde content in BDL rats treated with the extract was also reduced to 47% of that in BDL control rats (P < 0.01). 11273016 37 40 BDL Negative_phenotype 11273016 106 109 BDL Negative_phenotype 11273016_10 The morphological characteristics of fibrotic livers were improved in BDL rats treated with extract. 11273016 37 52 fibrotic livers Negative_phenotype 11273016 70 73 BDL Negative_phenotype 11273016_11 Immunohistochemical examination of fibrotic liver showed that the extract of S. miltiorrhiza markedly reduced protein expression of alpha-smooth muscle cell-like actin, which indicates that hepatic stellate cell activation was inhibited during liver fibrosis development. 11273016 35 49 fibrotic liver Negative_phenotype 11273016 77 92 S. miltiorrhiza Plant 11273016 244 258 liver fibrosis Negative_phenotype 11273016 Decrease 35 49 fibrotic liver Negative_phenotype 77 92 S. miltiorrhiza Plant 11273016 Decrease 77 92 S. miltiorrhiza Plant 244 258 liver fibrosis Negative_phenotype 11273016_12 The results indicate that the hot-water extract of S. miltiorrhiza roots inhibits fibrosis and lipid peroxidation in rats with liver fibrosis induced by biliary obstruction. 11273016 51 66 S. miltiorrhiza Plant 11273016 82 90 fibrosis Negative_phenotype 11273016 127 172 liver fibrosis induced by biliary obstruction Negative_phenotype 11273016 Decrease 51 66 S. miltiorrhiza Plant 82 90 fibrosis Negative_phenotype 11273016 Decrease 51 66 S. miltiorrhiza Plant 127 172 liver fibrosis induced by biliary obstruction Negative_phenotype 11304697_1 Protective effect of green tea on the risks of chronic gastritis and stomach cancer. 11304697 27 30 tea Plant 11304697 47 64 chronic gastritis Negative_phenotype 11304697 69 83 stomach cancer Negative_phenotype 11304697_2 Despite the declining trend, stomach cancer remains the second most common cancer worldwide. 11304697 29 43 stomach cancer Negative_phenotype 11304697 75 81 cancer Negative_phenotype 11304697_3 We examined the role of green tea consumption on chronic gastritis and stomach cancer risks. 11304697 30 33 tea Plant 11304697 49 66 chronic gastritis Negative_phenotype 11304697 71 85 stomach cancer Negative_phenotype 11304697_4 A population-based case-control study was conducted in Yangzhong, China, with 133 stomach cancer cases, 166 chronic gastritis cases, and 433 healthy controls. 11304697 82 96 stomach cancer Negative_phenotype 11304697 108 125 chronic gastritis Negative_phenotype 11304697_5 Epidemiologic data were collected by standard questionnaire and odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated using logistic regression models in SAS. 11304697_6 Inverse association was observed between green tea drinking and chronic gastritis and stomach cancer risks. 11304697 47 50 tea Plant 11304697 64 81 chronic gastritis Negative_phenotype 11304697 86 100 stomach cancer Negative_phenotype 11304697 Decrease 47 50 tea Plant 64 81 chronic gastritis Negative_phenotype 11304697 Decrease 47 50 tea Plant 86 100 stomach cancer Negative_phenotype 11304697_7 After adjusting for age, gender, education, body mass index, pack-years of smoking and alcohol drinking, ORs of green tea drinking were 0.52 (95% CI: 0.29-0.94) and 0.49 (95% CI: 0.31-0.77) for stomach cancer and chronic gastritis, respectively. 11304697 44 59 body mass index Neutral_phenotype 11304697 118 121 tea Plant 11304697 194 208 stomach cancer Negative_phenotype 11304697 213 230 chronic gastritis Negative_phenotype 11304697 Decrease 118 121 tea Plant 194 208 stomach cancer Negative_phenotype 11304697 Decrease 118 121 tea Plant 213 230 chronic gastritis Negative_phenotype 11304697_8 In addition, dose-response relationships were observed with years of green tea drinking in both diseases. 11304697 75 78 tea Plant 11304697_9 The results provide further support on the protective effect of green tea against stomach cancer. 11304697 70 73 tea Plant 11304697 82 96 stomach cancer Negative_phenotype 11304697 Decrease 70 73 tea Plant 82 96 stomach cancer Negative_phenotype 11304697_10 This is the first time that green tea drinking was found to be protective against chronic gastritis, which may be of importance when designing intervention strategies for stomach cancer and its pre-malignant lesions in the high-risk population. 11304697 34 37 tea Plant 11304697 82 99 chronic gastritis Negative_phenotype 11304697 171 185 stomach cancer Negative_phenotype 11304697 194 215 pre-malignant lesions Negative_phenotype 11304697 Decrease 34 37 tea Plant 82 99 chronic gastritis Negative_phenotype 11304697 Decrease 34 37 tea Plant 171 185 stomach cancer Negative_phenotype 11304697 Increase 34 37 tea Plant 194 215 pre-malignant lesions Negative_phenotype 11306704_1 Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F extract suppresses proinflammatory cytokine-induced expression of matrix metalloproteinase genes in articular chondrocytes by inhibiting activating protein-1 and nuclear factor-kappaB activities. 11306704 0 29 Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F Plant 11306704_2 The major pathologic manifestations of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and osteoarthritis (OA) are joint inflammation and articular cartilage resorption by proinflammatory cytokine-stimulated matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and aggrecanases. 11306704 39 59 rheumatoid arthritis Negative_phenotype 11306704 61 63 RA Negative_phenotype 11306704 69 83 osteoarthritis Negative_phenotype 11306704 85 87 OA Negative_phenotype 11306704 93 111 joint inflammation Negative_phenotype 11306704 116 146 articular cartilage resorption Negative_phenotype 11306704_3 The Chinese herbal remedy Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F (TWHF) is effective for treatment of various types of arthritis. 11306704 26 55 Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F Plant 11306704 57 61 TWHF Plant 11306704 110 119 arthritis Negative_phenotype 11306704 Decrease 26 55 Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F Plant 110 119 arthritis Negative_phenotype 11306704 Decrease 57 61 TWHF Plant 110 119 arthritis Negative_phenotype 11306704_4 However, mechanisms and targets of its actions are poorly understood. 11306704_5 Anti-inflammatory activities of the extracts of this plant were previously attributed to inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 mRNA and prostaglandin E(2) synthesis. 11306704 0 17 Anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 11306704_6 Here, we show that in primary human femoral head osteoarthritic and normal bovine chondrocytes, TWHF partially or completely inhibited mRNA and protein expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin (IL)-1, and IL-17-inducible MMP-3 and MMP-13. 11306704 22 63 primary human femoral head osteoarthritic Negative_phenotype 11306704 96 100 TWHF Plant 11306704_7 This agent also inhibited cytokine-stimulated MMP-3 protein expression in human synovial fibroblasts. 11306704_8 A dose range of 2.5 to 10 ng/ml of TWHF was effectively inhibitory for IL-1. 11306704 35 39 TWHF Plant 11306704_9 Pretreatment for 30 min or 1 h (but not 2-10 h) after IL-1 treatment with TWHF inhibited MMP-3 RNA induction. 11306704 74 78 TWHF Plant 11306704_10 The inhibitory doses had no adverse effect on the viability of chondrocytes. 11306704_11 Mechanistic studies revealed no impact on the activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase, p38, and c-Jun N-terminal kinase mitogen-activated protein kinases. 11306704_12 Instead, TWHF partially inhibited DNA binding capacity of cytokine-stimulated activating protein-1 (AP-1) and nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) transcription factors. 11306704 9 13 TWHF Plant 11306704_13 Therefore, besides its anti-inflammatory activity, this agent may also be effective in blocking cartilage matrix resorption by MMPs by impairing AP-1 and NF-kappaB binding activities. 11306704 23 40 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 11306704 96 123 cartilage matrix resorption Negative_phenotype 11306704_14 Thus, TWHF extract contains novel inhibitors of MMP expression that may be of therapeutic potential in arthritis and other conditions associated with increased MMPs. 11306704 6 10 TWHF Plant 11306704 103 112 arthritis Negative_phenotype 11306704 Decrease 6 10 TWHF Plant 103 112 arthritis Negative_phenotype 11315755_1 Indian medicinal plants as antiradicals and DNA cleavage protectors. 11315755 27 39 antiradicals Positive_phenotype 11315755_2 Celastrus paniculatus L. (Celastraceae) (CP), Picrorhiza kurroa L. (Scrophulariaceae) (PK) and Withania somnifera L. (Solanaceae) (WS) are Indian medicinal plants having a remarkable reputation, as a factor of health care, among the indigenous medical practitioners. 11315755 0 24 Celastrus paniculatus L. Plant 11315755 41 43 CP Plant 11315755 46 66 Picrorhiza kurroa L. Plant 11315755 87 89 PK Plant 11315755 95 116 Withania somnifera L. Plant 11315755 131 133 WS Plant 11315755_3 The plants exhibit varying degrees of therapeutic value some of which useful in the treatment of cognitive dysfunction, epilepsy, insomnia, rheumatism, gout, dyspepsia. 11315755 97 118 cognitive dysfunction Negative_phenotype 11315755 120 128 epilepsy Negative_phenotype 11315755 130 138 insomnia Negative_phenotype 11315755 140 150 rheumatism Negative_phenotype 11315755 152 156 gout Negative_phenotype 11315755 158 167 dyspepsia Negative_phenotype 11315755_4 In this work, we have investigated the free radical scavenging capacity of methanolic extracts from CP, PK, WS and the effect on DNA cleavage induced by H2O2 UV-photholysis. 11315755 100 102 CP Plant 11315755 104 106 PK Plant 11315755 108 110 WS Plant 11315755_5 In addition, we investigated whether these plant extracts are capable of reducing the hydrogen peroxide-induced cytotoxicity and DNA damage in human non-immortalized fibroblasts. 11315755 129 139 DNA damage Negative_phenotype 11315755_6 These extracts showed a dose-dependent free radical scavenging capacity and a protective effect on DNA cleavage; methanolic extracts from PK was more active than extracts from CP and WS. 11315755 99 111 DNA cleavage Negative_phenotype 11315755 138 140 PK Plant 11315755 176 178 CP Plant 11315755 183 185 WS Plant 11315755_7 These results were confirmed by a significant protective effect on H2O2-induced cytoxicity and DNA damage in human non-immortalized fibroblasts. 11315755 95 105 DNA damage Negative_phenotype 11315755_8 These antioxidant effects of active principle of CP, PK and WS may explain, at least in part, the reported anti-stress, immunomodulatory, cognition-facilitating, anti-inflammatory and antiaging effects produced by them in experimental animal and in clinical situations and may justify the further investigation of their other beneficial biological properties. 11315755 6 17 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 11315755 49 51 CP Plant 11315755 53 55 PK Plant 11315755 60 62 WS Plant 11315755 107 118 anti-stress Positive_phenotype 11315755 120 136 immunomodulatory Positive_phenotype 11315755 138 160 cognition-facilitating Positive_phenotype 11315755 162 179 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 11315755 184 193 antiaging Positive_phenotype 11315755 Increase 6 17 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 49 51 CP Plant 11315755 Increase 6 17 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 53 55 PK Plant 11315755 Increase 6 17 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 60 62 WS Plant 11315755 Increase 49 51 CP Plant 107 118 anti-stress Positive_phenotype 11315755 Increase 49 51 CP Plant 120 136 immunomodulatory Positive_phenotype 11315755 Increase 49 51 CP Plant 138 160 cognition-facilitating Positive_phenotype 11315755 Increase 49 51 CP Plant 162 179 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 11315755 Increase 49 51 CP Plant 184 193 antiaging Positive_phenotype 11315755 Increase 53 55 PK Plant 107 118 anti-stress Positive_phenotype 11315755 Increase 53 55 PK Plant 120 136 immunomodulatory Positive_phenotype 11315755 Increase 53 55 PK Plant 138 160 cognition-facilitating Positive_phenotype 11315755 Increase 53 55 PK Plant 162 179 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 11315755 Increase 53 55 PK Plant 184 193 antiaging Positive_phenotype 11315755 Increase 60 62 WS Plant 120 136 immunomodulatory Positive_phenotype 11315755 Increase 60 62 WS Plant 138 160 cognition-facilitating Positive_phenotype 11315755 Increase 60 62 WS Plant 162 179 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 11315755 Increase 60 62 WS Plant 184 193 antiaging Positive_phenotype 11432452_1 Cardiac effects of the extract and active components of radix stephaniae tetrandrae. 11432452 62 83 stephaniae tetrandrae Plant 11432452_2 II. 11432452_3 Myocardial infarct, arrhythmias, coronary arterial flow and heart rate in the isolated perfused rat heart. 11432452 0 18 Myocardial infarct Negative_phenotype 11432452 20 31 arrhythmias Negative_phenotype 11432452 33 55 coronary arterial flow Neutral_phenotype 11432452 60 70 heart rate Neutral_phenotype 11432452_4 The primary purpose of the present study was to compare the cardioprotective effects of the extract from radix stephaniae tetrandrae (RST) and its individual compounds, tetrandrine (Tet) and fanchinoline (Fan). 11432452 60 76 cardioprotective Positive_phenotype 11432452 111 132 stephaniae tetrandrae Plant 11432452 134 137 RST Plant 11432452_5 Secondly, we also compared the cardiac effects of the individual compounds and the RST extract with those of verapamil, a classical Ca2+ channel blocker. 11432452 83 86 RST Plant 11432452_6 The Langendorff isolated perfused rat heart preparation was used. 11432452_7 Regional ischaemia and reperfusion was employed to induce myocardial infarct and arrhythmia. 11432452 9 34 ischaemia and reperfusion Negative_phenotype 11432452 58 76 myocardial infarct Negative_phenotype 11432452 81 91 arrhythmia Negative_phenotype 11432452_8 Infarct, arrhythmia, heart rate and coronary artery flow were determined in hearts treated with vehicle, RST extract, Tet, Fan, or verapamil. 11432452 0 7 Infarct Negative_phenotype 11432452 9 19 arrhythmia Negative_phenotype 11432452 21 31 heart rate Neutral_phenotype 11432452 36 56 coronary artery flow Neutral_phenotype 11432452 105 108 RST Plant 11432452_9 It was found that RST extract, of which only 9% was Tet, and Tet alone produced equally potent ameliorating effects on arrhythmia and infarct induced by ischaemia and reperfusion without further inhibiting ischaemia-reduced heart rate and coronary artery flow. 11432452 18 21 RST Plant 11432452 119 129 arrhythmia Negative_phenotype 11432452 134 162 infarct induced by ischaemia Negative_phenotype 11432452 167 178 reperfusion Negative_phenotype 11432452 206 234 ischaemia-reduced heart rate Negative_phenotype 11432452 239 259 coronary artery flow Negative_phenotype 11432452 Decrease 18 21 RST Plant 119 129 arrhythmia Negative_phenotypeNegative_phenotype 11432452 Decrease 18 21 RST Plant 134 162 infarct induced by ischaemia Negative_phenotype 11432452 Decrease 18 21 RST Plant 167 178 reperfusion Negative_phenotype 11432452_10 Fan had no effects on arrhythmia and infarct induced by ischaemia and reperfusion; but it induced S-T segment elevation and further reduced heart rate and coronary artery flow during ischaemia. 11432452 22 32 arrhythmia Negative_phenotype 11432452 37 65 infarct induced by ischaemia Negative_phenotype 11432452 70 81 reperfusion Negative_phenotype 11432452 98 109 S-T segment Neutral_phenotype 11432452 140 150 heart rate Neutral_phenotype 11432452 155 175 coronary artery flow Neutral_phenotype 11432452 183 192 ischaemia Negative_phenotype 11432452_11 Verapamil also ameliorated the effects of ischaemia and reperfusion on arrhythmia and infarct. 11432452 42 93 ischaemia and reperfusion on arrhythmia and infarct Negative_phenotype 11432452_12 It should be noted that 1 microM verapamil, that produced comparable effects on infarct and arrhythmia to the RST extract and Tet, further inhibited heart rate during ischaemia. 11432452 80 87 infarct Negative_phenotype 11432452 92 102 arrhythmia Negative_phenotype 11432452 110 113 RST Plant 11432452 149 159 heart rate Neutral_phenotype 11432452 167 176 ischaemia Negative_phenotype 11432452 Decrease 80 87 infarct Negative_phenotype 110 113 RST Plant 11432452 Decrease 92 102 arrhythmia Negative_phenotype 110 113 RST Plant 11432452 Decrease 110 113 RST Plant 149 159 heart rate Neutral_phenotype 11432452_13 The results indicate that the RST extract produces equally potent cardioprotective and anti-arrhythmic effects as Tet alone. 11432452 30 33 RST Plant 11432452 66 82 cardioprotective Positive_phenotype 11432452 87 102 anti-arrhythmic Positive_phenotype 11432452 Increase 30 33 RST Plant 66 82 cardioprotective Positive_phenotype 11432452 Increase 30 33 RST Plant 87 102 anti-arrhythmic Positive_phenotype 11432452_14 Both RST extract and Tet may be better choices for the treatment of arrhythmia and infarct induced by myocardial ischaemia and reperfusion than the classical Ca2+ channel blocker, verapamil as they do not further reduce heart rate during ischaemia. 11432452 5 8 RST Plant 11432452 68 78 arrhythmia Negative_phenotype 11432452 83 122 infarct induced by myocardial ischaemia Negative_phenotype 11432452 127 138 reperfusion Negative_phenotype 11432452 220 230 heart rate Neutral_phenotype 11432452 238 247 ischaemia Negative_phenotype 11432452 Decrease 5 8 RST Plant 68 78 arrhythmia Negative_phenotype 11432452 Decrease 5 8 RST Plant 83 122 infarct induced by myocardial ischaemia Negative_phenotype 11432452 Decrease 5 8 RST Plant 127 138 reperfusion Negative_phenotype 11491579_1 Anti-stress activity of Indian Hypericum perforatum L. 11491579 0 11 Anti-stress Positive_phenotype 11491579 31 54 Hypericum perforatum L. Plant 11491579_2 Indian Hypericum perforatum (IHp) was investigated on a 14-day mild, unpredictable and inescapable foot shock stress (FSS) induced perturbations in behaviour (depression), suppressed male sexual behaviour and cognitive dysfunction in albino rats. 11491579 7 27 Hypericum perforatum Plant 11491579 29 32 IHp Plant 11491579 99 157 foot shock stress (FSS) induced perturbations in behaviour Negative_phenotype 11491579 159 169 depression Negative_phenotype 11491579 183 204 male sexual behaviour Neutral_phenotype 11491579 209 240 cognitive dysfunction in albino Negative_phenotype 11491579_3 Gastric ulceration, and adrenal gland and spleen weights, were also used as the stress indices. 11491579 0 18 Gastric ulceration Negative_phenotype 11491579 24 37 adrenal gland Neutral_phenotype 11491579 42 56 spleen weights Neutral_phenotype 11491579 80 94 stress indices Negative_phenotype 11491579_4 Panax ginseng (PG) was used as the standard adaptogenic agent for comparison. 11491579 0 13 Panax ginseng Plant 11491579 15 17 PG Plant 11491579_5 FSS induced marked gastric ulceration, significant increase in adrenal gland weight with concomitant decrease in spleen weight. 11491579 0 37 FSS induced marked gastric ulceration Negative_phenotype 11491579 63 83 adrenal gland weight Neutral_phenotype 11491579 113 126 spleen weight Neutral_phenotype 11491579_6 Chronic stress also suppressed male sexual behaviour, induced behavioural depression (Porsolt's swim despair test and learned helplessness test) and cognitive dysfunction (attenuated retention of learning in active and passive avoidance tests). 11491579 0 14 Chronic stress Negative_phenotype 11491579 31 52 male sexual behaviour Neutral_phenotype 11491579 62 84 behavioural depression Negative_phenotype 11491579 149 170 cognitive dysfunction Negative_phenotype 11491579_7 All these FSS induced perturbations were attenuated dose dependently by IHp (100 and 200 mg/kg, po) and PG (100 mg/kg, po). 11491579 10 35 FSS induced perturbations Negative_phenotype 11491579 72 75 IHp Plant 11491579 104 106 PG Plant 11491579 Decrease 10 35 FSS induced perturbations Negative_phenotype 72 75 IHp Plant 11491579 Decrease 10 35 FSS induced perturbations Negative_phenotype 104 106 PG Plant 11491579_8 The results indicate that IHp has significant anti-stress activity, qualitatively comparable to PG, against a variety of behavioural and physiological perturbations induced by chronic stress, which has been proposed to be a better indicator of clinical stress than acute stress, and may indicate adaptogenic activity. 11491579 26 29 IHp Plant 11491579 46 57 anti-stress Positive_phenotype 11491579 96 98 PG Plant 11491579 121 190 behavioural and physiological perturbations induced by chronic stress Negative_phenotype 11491579 244 259 clinical stress Negative_phenotype 11491579 265 277 acute stress Negative_phenotype 11491579 Increase 26 29 IHp Plant 46 57 anti-stress Positive_phenotype 11491579 Decrease 26 29 IHp Plant 121 190 behavioural and physiological perturbations induced by chronic stress Negative_phenotype 11491579 Association 26 29 IHp Plant 244 259 clinical stress Negative_phenotype 11491579 Association 26 29 IHp Plant 265 277 acute stress Negative_phenotype 11491579 Increase 46 57 anti-stress Positive_phenotype 96 98 PG Plant 11491579 Decrease 96 98 PG Plant 121 190 behavioural and physiological perturbations induced by chronic stress Negative_phenotype 11491579 Association 96 98 PG Plant 244 259 clinical stress Negative_phenotype 11491579 Association 96 98 PG Plant 265 277 acute stress Negative_phenotype 11497284_1 Anticancer activity of an aqueous mistletoe extract (AME) in syngeneic murine tumor models. 11497284 0 10 Anticancer Positive_phenotype 11497284 34 43 mistletoe Plant 11497284 53 56 AME Plant 11497284 78 83 tumor Negative_phenotype 11497284_2 Mistletoe extracts have been used for decades for non-specific stimulation of the immune system in cancer therapy. 11497284 0 9 Mistletoe Plant 11497284 82 95 immune system Positive_phenotype 11497284 99 105 cancer Negative_phenotype 11497284 Increase 0 9 Mistletoe Plant 82 95 immune system Positive_phenotype 11497284 Decrease 0 9 Mistletoe Plant 99 105 cancer Negative_phenotype 11497284_3 Mistletoe lectins (ML) have been identified as the active principle with cytotoxic and immunomodulatory potencies. 11497284 87 103 immunomodulatory Positive_phenotype 11497284_4 In the present in vivo experiments, the anticancer effects of an aqueous mistletoe extract (AME) were investigated in different subcutaneously growing syngeneic murine tumors such as Renca renal cell carcinoma, C8 colon 38 carcinoma, F9 testicular carcinoma, B16 melanoma and Lewis lung carcinoma. 11497284 40 50 anticancer Positive_phenotype 11497284 73 82 mistletoe Plant 11497284 92 95 AME Plant 11497284 168 174 tumors Negative_phenotype 11497284 183 209 Renca renal cell carcinoma Negative_phenotype 11497284 211 232 C8 colon 38 carcinoma Negative_phenotype 11497284 234 236 F9 Negative_phenotype 11497284 237 257 testicular carcinoma Negative_phenotype 11497284 259 262 B16 Negative_phenotype 11497284 263 271 melanoma Negative_phenotype 11497284 276 296 Lewis lung carcinoma Negative_phenotype 11497284_5 The animals used were immunocompetent mice of different strains (C57BL/6, BALB/c), depending on the type of tumor tested. 11497284 108 113 tumor Negative_phenotype 11497284_6 After tumor transplantation, the mice were treated with AME at dose levels corresponding to 0, 0.3, 3, 30 or 300 ng ML/kg/d by the i.p. 11497284 6 11 tumor Negative_phenotype 11497284 56 59 AME Plant 11497284_7 or s.c. route for a maximum of 4 consecutive weeks. 11497284_8 The tumor volume was determined by serial caliper measurements and expressed relative to controls. 11497284 4 9 tumor Negative_phenotype 11497284_9 Significant tumor growth inhibition was observed with the Renca , C8 colon 38 and F9 testicular carcinomas at 30 and 300 ng ML/kg/d. 11497284 12 24 tumor growth Negative_phenotype 11497284 58 106 Renca , C8 colon 38 and F9 testicular carcinomas Negative_phenotype 11497284_10 These findings were confirmed in independent repeat experiments. 11497284_11 No inhibitory effects were seen with the Lewis lung carcinoma and B16 melanoma under the conditions described above. 11497284 41 61 Lewis lung carcinoma Negative_phenotype 11497284 66 69 B16 Negative_phenotype 11497284 70 78 melanoma Negative_phenotype 11497284_12 In conclusion, AME showed in vivo anticancer activity in different transplantable syngeneic murine tumor models following repeated parenteral treatment. 11497284 15 18 AME Plant 11497284 34 44 anticancer Positive_phenotype 11497284 99 104 tumor Negative_phenotype 11497284 Increase 15 18 AME Plant 34 44 anticancer Positive_phenotype 11497284 Decrease 15 18 AME Plant 99 104 tumor Negative_phenotype 11497284_13 In view of the low dose levels used, the effects are most likely due to the immunostimulatory rather than to the cytotoxic potencies of AME. 11497284 76 93 immunostimulatory Positive_phenotype 11497284 136 139 AME Plant 11497284 Increase 76 93 immunostimulatory Positive_phenotype 136 139 AME Plant 11500915_1 Green tea extracts decrease carcinogen-induced mammary tumor burden in rats and rate of breast cancer cell proliferation in culture. 11500915 6 9 tea Plant 11500915 47 60 mammary tumor Negative_phenotype 11500915 88 101 breast cancer Negative_phenotype 11500915 Decrease 6 9 tea Plant 47 60 mammary tumor Negative_phenotype 11500915 Decrease 6 9 tea Plant 88 101 breast cancer Negative_phenotype 11500915_2 Epidemiological evidence suggests tea (Camellia sinensis L.) has chemopreventive effects against various tumors. 11500915 34 37 tea Plant 11500915 39 59 Camellia sinensis L. Plant 11500915 65 80 chemopreventive Positive_phenotype 11500915 105 111 tumors Negative_phenotype 11500915 Increase 34 37 tea Plant 65 80 chemopreventive Positive_phenotype 11500915 Decrease 34 37 tea Plant 105 111 tumors Negative_phenotype 11500915 Increase 39 59 Camellia sinensis L. Plant 65 80 chemopreventive Positive_phenotype 11500915 Decrease 39 59 Camellia sinensis L. Plant 105 111 tumors Negative_phenotype 11500915_3 Green tea contains many polyphenols, including epigallocatechin-3 gallate (EGCG), which possess anti-oxidant qualities. 11500915 6 9 tea Plant 11500915 96 108 anti-oxidant Positive_phenotype 11500915 Increase 6 9 tea Plant 96 108 anti-oxidant Positive_phenotype 11500915_4 Reduction of chemically induced mammary gland carcinogenesis by green tea in a carcinogen-induced rat model has been suggested previously, but the results reported were not statistically significant. 11500915 32 60 mammary gland carcinogenesis Negative_phenotype 11500915 70 73 tea Plant 11500915 Decrease 32 60 mammary gland carcinogenesis Negative_phenotype 70 73 tea Plant 11500915_5 Here we have tested the effects of green tea on mammary tumorigenesis using the 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) Sprague-Dawley (S-D) rat model. 11500915 41 44 tea Plant 11500915 48 69 mammary tumorigenesis Negative_phenotype 11500915_6 We report that green tea significantly increased mean latency to first tumor, and reduced tumor burden and number of invasive tumors per tumor-bearing animal; although, it did not affect tumor number in the female rats. 11500915 21 24 tea Plant 11500915 71 76 tumor Negative_phenotype 11500915 90 95 tumor Negative_phenotype 11500915 126 132 tumors Negative_phenotype 11500915 137 142 tumor Negative_phenotype 11500915 187 192 tumor Negative_phenotype 11500915 Decrease 21 24 tea Plant 71 76 tumor Negative_phenotype 11500915 Decrease 21 24 tea Plant 90 95 tumor Negative_phenotype 11500915 Decrease 21 24 tea Plant 126 132 tumors Negative_phenotype 11500915 Decrease 21 24 tea Plant 137 142 tumor Negative_phenotype 11500915_7 Furthermore, we show that proliferation and/or viability of cultured Hs578T and MDA-MB-231 estrogen receptor-negative breast cancer cell lines was reduced by EGCG treatment. 11500915 69 75 Hs578T Negative_phenotype 11500915 80 90 MDA-MB-231 Negative_phenotype 11500915 118 131 breast cancer Negative_phenotype 11500915_8 Similar negative effects on proliferation were observed with the DMBA-transformed D3-1 cell line. 11500915_9 Growth inhibition of Hs578T cells correlated with induction of p27(Kip1) cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor (CKI) expression. 11500915 21 27 Hs578T Negative_phenotype 11500915_10 Hs578T cells expressing elevated levels of p27(Kip1) protein due to stable ectopic expression displayed increased G1 arrest. 11500915 0 6 Hs578T Negative_phenotype 11500915_11 Thus, green tea had significant chemopreventive effects on carcinogen-induced mammary tumorigenesis in female S-D rats. 11500915 12 15 tea Plant 11500915 32 47 chemopreventive Positive_phenotype 11500915 78 99 mammary tumorigenesis Negative_phenotype 11500915 Increase 12 15 tea Plant 32 47 chemopreventive Positive_phenotype 11500915 Decrease 12 15 tea Plant 78 99 mammary tumorigenesis Negative_phenotype 11500915_12 In culture, inhibition of human breast cancer cell proliferation by EGCG was mediated in part via induction of the p27(Kip1) CKI. 11500915 32 45 breast cancer Negative_phenotype 11543732_1 Effects of Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) and quercetin on lipopolysaccharide-induced signaling pathways involved in the release of tumor necrosis factor-alpha. 11543732 11 24 Ginkgo biloba Plant 11543732 34 41 EGb 761 Plant 11543732_2 Administration of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to laboratory animals and cultured macrophages induces tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), a pro-inflammatory cytokine. 11543732_3 Pretreatment with Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) inhibited the in vivo production of TNF-alpha (measured by ELISA) after challenge with LPS. 11543732 18 31 Ginkgo biloba Plant 11543732 41 48 EGb 761 Plant 11543732_4 To begin to understand the mechanism of this inhibition, we evaluated the in vitro effects of EGb 761 and its flavonoid component, quercetin, on LPS-treated RAW 264.7 macrophages. 11543732 94 101 EGb 761 Plant 11543732_5 Pretreatment with EGb 761 or quercetin concentration-dependently inhibited TNF-alpha release, as measured by the L929 fibroblast assay. 11543732 18 25 EGb 761 Plant 11543732_6 Northern blotting demonstrated that quercetin inhibited LPS-induced TNF-alpha mRNA, but did not alter its half-life. 11543732_7 Activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and the redox-sensitive transcription factors, nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) and activator protein 1 (AP-1), are key events in the signal transduction pathways mediating TNF-alpha induction. 11543732_8 Phosphorylation of extracellular signal-related kinases 1 and 2 (ERK 1/2), p38 MAPK, and Jun N-terminal kinase/stress-activated protein kinase (JNK/SAPK), members of the MAPK family, was analyzed by western blotting. 11543732_9 Our results suggest that quercetin is unique in its ability to inhibit TNF-alpha transcription by inhibiting the phosphorylation and activation of JNK/SAPK and, therefore, suppressing AP-1-DNA binding [assessed by electrophoretic mobility shift analysis (EMSA)]. 11543732_10 Results from western analysis, EMSA, and transient transfections suggest that EGb 761 diminishes LPS-induced NF-kappaB but has no effect on LPS-induced TNF-alpha transcription. 11543732 78 85 EGb 761 Plant 11543732_11 Both EGb 761 and quercetin inhibited ERK1/2 phosphorylation and p38 MAPK activity, which are important in the post-transcriptional regulation of TNF-alpha mRNA. 11543732 5 12 EGb 761 Plant 11596116_1 Salvia miltiorrhiza inhibits intimal hyperplasia and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 expression after balloon injury in cholesterol-fed rabbits. 11596116 0 19 Salvia miltiorrhiza Plant 11596116 29 48 intimal hyperplasia Negative_phenotype 11596116 101 115 balloon injury Negative_phenotype 11596116 Decrease 0 19 Salvia miltiorrhiza Plant 29 48 intimal hyperplasia Negative_phenotype 11596116 Association 0 19 Salvia miltiorrhiza Plant 101 115 balloon injury Negative_phenotype 11596116_2 Antioxidants that prevent low density lipoproteins (LDL) from oxidation may inhibit atherosclerosis and post-angioplasty restenosis. 11596116 0 12 Antioxidants Positive_phenotype 11596116 84 99 atherosclerosis Negative_phenotype 11596116 104 131 post-angioplasty restenosis Negative_phenotype 11596116_3 Salvia miltiorrhiza (SM) has been shown to inhibit LDL oxidation and reduce atherosclerosis in cholesterol-fed rabbits. 11596116 0 19 Salvia miltiorrhiza Plant 11596116 21 23 SM Plant 11596116 76 91 atherosclerosis Negative_phenotype 11596116 Decrease 0 19 Salvia miltiorrhiza Plant 76 91 atherosclerosis Negative_phenotype 11596116 Decrease 21 23 SM Plant 76 91 atherosclerosis Negative_phenotype 11596116_4 The effects of SM on neointimal hyperplasia and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) expression after balloon injury were studied. 11596116 15 17 SM Plant 11596116 21 43 neointimal hyperplasia Negative_phenotype 11596116 104 118 balloon injury Negative_phenotype 11596116_5 Male New Zealand white rabbits were fed a 2% cholesterol diet together with daily SM (4.8 gm/kg body wt.) treatment (SM; n=10) or without SM as a control (C; n=9) for 6 weeks. 11596116 82 84 SM Plant 11596116 117 119 SM Plant 11596116 138 140 SM Plant 11596116_6 Probucol-treated (0.6 gm/kg body wt.) rabbits (P; n=9) were used as a positive control group. 11596116_7 A balloon injury of the abdominal aorta was performed at the end of the third week. 11596116 2 16 balloon injury Negative_phenotype 11596116_8 Aortas were harvested at the end of 6 weeks. 11596116_9 The plasma cholesterol levels were lowered in SM group. 11596116 4 29 plasma cholesterol levels Neutral_phenotype 11596116 46 48 SM Plant 11596116 Decrease 4 29 plasma cholesterol levels Neutral_phenotype 46 48 SM Plant 11596116_10 The neointimal hyperplasia in abdominal aortas was significantly inhibited in SM group [neointima/media area ratio: 0.63+/-0.05 (SM) versus 0.78+/-0.05 (C); P < 0.05] and in P group [0.45+/-0.02 (P) versus 0.78+/-0.05 (C); P < 0.05] when compared with C group. 11596116 4 26 neointimal hyperplasia Negative_phenotype 11596116 78 80 SM Plant 11596116 129 131 SM Plant 11596116 Decrease 4 26 neointimal hyperplasia Negative_phenotype 78 80 SM Plant 11596116_11 SM treatment significantly reduced MCP-1 mRNA and protein expression in balloon-injured abdominal aorta. 11596116 0 2 SM Plant 11596116 72 103 balloon-injured abdominal aorta Negative_phenotype 11596116 Decrease 0 2 SM Plant 72 103 balloon-injured abdominal aorta Negative_phenotype 11596116_12 These inhibitory effects on intimal response after balloon injury might be attributed to antioxidant capacity and cholesterol lowering effect of SM. 11596116 51 65 balloon injury Negative_phenotype 11596116 89 100 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 11596116 114 134 cholesterol lowering Positive_phenotype 11596116 145 147 SM Plant 11596116 Decrease 51 65 balloon injury Negative_phenotype 145 147 SM Plant 11596116 Increase 89 100 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 145 147 SM Plant 11596116 Increase 114 134 cholesterol lowering Positive_phenotype 145 147 SM Plant 11596116_13 SM treatment may offer some protection against post-angioplasty restenosis. 11596116 0 2 SM Plant 11596116 47 74 post-angioplasty restenosis Negative_phenotype 11596116 Increase 0 2 SM Plant 47 74 post-angioplasty restenosis Negative_phenotype 11603280_1 Cardiovascular actions of Radix Stephaniae Tetrandrae: a comparison with its main component, tetrandrine. 11603280 32 53 Stephaniae Tetrandrae Plant 11603280_2 A comparison of the cardiovascular actions of the extract of Radix Stephaniae Tetrandrae (RST), the root of a Chinese hero Stephania tetrandra S Moore, in rats with those of tetrandrine (Tet), the best known active component of RST was reviewed. 11603280 67 88 Stephaniae Tetrandrae Plant 11603280 90 93 RST Plant 11603280 123 150 Stephania tetrandra S Moore Plant 11603280 228 231 RST Plant 11603280_3 The RST extract inhibits Ca2+ influx into the myocyte and reduces protein release during reperfusion with a Ca2+ containing solution following perfusion with a Ca2+ free solution (Ca2+ paradox), and arrhythmia during reperfusion in the isolated perfused heart. 11603280 4 7 RST Plant 11603280 89 100 reperfusion Negative_phenotype 11603280 199 228 arrhythmia during reperfusion Negative_phenotype 11603280_4 It also reduces the infarct size induced by ischemia/reperfusion in vitro and in vivo. 11603280 20 27 infarct Negative_phenotype 11603280 44 64 ischemia/reperfusion Negative_phenotype 11603280_5 In addition, the RST extract suppresses elevation of arterial blood pressure in DOCA-salt hypertensive rats. 11603280 17 20 RST Plant 11603280 53 76 arterial blood pressure Neutral_phenotype 11603280 90 102 hypertensive Negative_phenotype 11603280 Decrease 17 20 RST Plant 53 76 arterial blood pressure Neutral_phenotype 11603280_6 It does not further reduce the heart rate and coronary flow significantly during myocardial ischemia. 11603280 31 41 heart rate Neutral_phenotype 11603280 46 59 coronary flow Neutral_phenotype 11603280 81 100 myocardial ischemia Negative_phenotype 11603280_7 The effects are similar to those of Tet. 11603280_8 When compared with the same doses of Tet alone, the RST extract, of which 9% is Tet, produces equally potent effects on infarction, arrhythmias, coronary flow and heart rate, and has a greater inhibitory effect on protein release during Ca2+ paradox. 11603280 52 55 RST Plant 11603280 120 130 infarction Negative_phenotype 11603280 132 143 arrhythmias Negative_phenotype 11603280 145 158 coronary flow Neutral_phenotype 11603280 163 173 heart rate Neutral_phenotype 11603280 Decrease 52 55 RST Plant 120 130 infarction Negative_phenotype 11603280 Decrease 52 55 RST Plant 132 143 arrhythmias Negative_phenotype 11603280 Decrease 52 55 RST Plant 145 158 coronary flow Neutral_phenotype 11603280 Decrease 52 55 RST Plant 163 173 heart rate Neutral_phenotype 11603280_9 The combination at 1:1 ratio of Tet and fangchinoline (Fan), another main component, which constitutes 6% of the RST extract and has no significant effects on the heart, produces comparable effects on protein release during Ca2+ paradox as Tet alone. 11603280 113 116 RST Plant 11603280_10 The observations suggest that the efficacy of the RST extract cannot be accounted for by Tet alone. 11603280 50 53 RST Plant 11603280_11 Some of the effects may be due to an interaction between the components of the extract. 11603280_12 The RST extract also produces similar effects as verapamil, a prototype Ca2+ channel antagonist widely used in the treatment of ischemic heart diseases and hypertension, except that verapamil, at 1 mumol/L, a concentration that produces similar cardiac effects as the RST extract, further reduces heart rate significantly during ischemia. 11603280 4 7 RST Plant 11603280 128 151 ischemic heart diseases Negative_phenotype 11603280 156 168 hypertension Negative_phenotype 11603280 268 271 RST Plant 11603280 297 307 heart rate Neutral_phenotype 11603280 329 337 ischemia Negative_phenotype 11603280 Decrease 4 7 RST Plant 128 151 ischemic heart diseases Negative_phenotype 11603280 Decrease 4 7 RST Plant 156 168 hypertension Negative_phenotype 11603280 Decrease 268 271 RST Plant 297 307 heart rate Neutral_phenotype 11603280 Decrease 268 271 RST Plant 329 337 ischemia Negative_phenotype 11603280_13 So the RST extract may be a therapeutically better agent in the treatment of ischemic heart diseases and hypertension than Ca2+ channel antagonists because of the absence of the inhibitory effect on heart rate during myocardial ischemia. 11603280 7 10 RST Plant 11603280 77 100 ischemic heart diseases Negative_phenotype 11603280 105 117 hypertension Negative_phenotype 11603280 199 209 heart rate Neutral_phenotype 11603280 217 236 myocardial ischemia Negative_phenotype 11603280 Decrease 7 10 RST Plant 77 100 ischemic heart diseases Negative_phenotype 11603280 Decrease 7 10 RST Plant 105 117 hypertension Negative_phenotype 11603288_1 Long-term outcome of acute renal injury induced by Aristolochia manshuriensis Kom in rats. 11603288 21 39 acute renal injury Negative_phenotype 11603288 51 81 Aristolochia manshuriensis Kom Plant 11603288 Increase 21 39 acute renal injury Negative_phenotype 51 81 Aristolochia manshuriensis Kom Plant 11603288_2 AIM: To investigate the long-term functional and morphological changes of the kidney induced by acute intoxication of Aristolochia manshuriensis Kom in rats. 11603288 96 114 acute intoxication Negative_phenotype 11603288 118 148 Aristolochia manshuriensis Kom Plant 11603288_3 METHODS: Experimental model of acute renal injury was established in the Sprague-Dawley rats with oral administration of decoctions of Chinese herb, Aristolochia manshuriensis Kom, at dosages of 50 g.kg-1.d-1 and 30 g.kg-1.d-1 for 7 consecutive days, and 20 g.kg-1.d-1 for 15 consecutive days. 11603288 31 49 acute renal injury Negative_phenotype 11603288 149 179 Aristolochia manshuriensis Kom Plant 11603288_4 Renal function was assayed at months 0 (right after treatment), 1, 3, and 6 of the experiment. 11603288 0 14 Renal function Positive_phenotype 11603288_5 Renal histological examination was also performed. 11603288_6 RESULTS: 1) At month 0, the renal functional changes of acute renal injury included azotemia, low molecular weight proteinuria, glycosuria, hypoosmotic urine, and NAG enzymuria. 11603288 28 44 renal functional Positive_phenotype 11603288 56 74 acute renal injury Negative_phenotype 11603288 84 92 azotemia Negative_phenotype 11603288 94 126 low molecular weight proteinuria Negative_phenotype 11603288 128 138 glycosuria Negative_phenotype 11603288 140 157 hypoosmotic urine Negative_phenotype 11603288_7 Histopathological changes showed acute tubular necrosis, predominantly at the corticomedullary junction. 11603288 33 55 acute tubular necrosis Negative_phenotype 11603288_8 2) At months 1 and 3, the renal function of rats of the experiment was gradually restored and histopathologic examination suggested that the tubular lesions gradually recovered. 11603288 26 40 renal function Positive_phenotype 11603288 141 156 tubular lesions Negative_phenotype 11603288_9 In HE sections, basophilic deposits were observed in the tubular cytoplasm. 11603288 16 35 basophilic deposits Negative_phenotype 11603288_10 And interstitial infiltration of inflammatory cells was not prominent. 11603288 4 45 interstitial infiltration of inflammatory Negative_phenotype 11603288_11 3) At months 6, renal preneoplastic lesions, renal tumors, and extrarenal tumors occurred in rats. 11603288 16 43 renal preneoplastic lesions Negative_phenotype 11603288 45 57 renal tumors Negative_phenotype 11603288 63 80 extrarenal tumors Negative_phenotype 11603288_12 The occurrence of renal preneoplastic lesions at dosages of 50 g.kg-1.d-1, 30 g.kg-1.d-1, and 20 g.kg-1.d-1 were 100.0% at all three doses, renal tumors 42.8%, 25.0%, and 0%, respectively, extrarenal tumors 14.4%, 12.5%, and 12.5%, respectively, and systemic tumors 57.2%, 37.5%, and 12.5%, respectively. 11603288 18 45 renal preneoplastic lesions Negative_phenotype 11603288 140 152 renal tumors Negative_phenotype 11603288 189 206 extrarenal tumors Negative_phenotype 11603288 259 265 tumors Negative_phenotype 11603288_13 The occurrence of basophilic deposits, renal preneoplastic lesions, renal tumors, and extrarenal tumors in normal control group was nil. 11603288 18 37 basophilic deposits Negative_phenotype 11603288 39 66 renal preneoplastic lesions Negative_phenotype 11603288 68 80 renal tumors Negative_phenotype 11603288 86 103 extrarenal tumors Negative_phenotype 11603288_14 CONCLUSIONS: 1) Administration of large dosage of Aristolochia manshuriensis Kom induces acute renal failure in rats. 11603288 50 80 Aristolochia manshuriensis Kom Plant 11603288 89 108 acute renal failure Negative_phenotype 11603288 Increase 50 80 Aristolochia manshuriensis Kom Plant 89 108 acute renal failure Negative_phenotype 11603288_15 2) The long-term renal function and histopathologic changes of acute renal injury induced by Aristolochia manshuriensis Komrecover spontaneously. 11603288 17 31 renal function Positive_phenotype 11603288 63 81 acute renal injury Negative_phenotype 11603288 93 130 Aristolochia manshuriensis Komrecover Plant 11603288 Association 17 31 renal function Positive_phenotype 93 130 Aristolochia manshuriensis Komrecover Plant 11603288 Association 63 81 acute renal injury Negative_phenotype 93 130 Aristolochia manshuriensis Komrecover Plant 11603288_16 3) Aristolochia manshuriensis Kom has been proved to be oncogenic for the first time. 11603288 3 33 Aristolochia manshuriensis Kom Plant 11603288 56 65 oncogenic Negative_phenotype 11603288 Increase 3 33 Aristolochia manshuriensis Kom Plant 56 65 oncogenic Negative_phenotype 11642575_1 Stipatosis or hypersensitivity pneumonitis caused by esparto (Stipa tenacissima) fibers. 11642575 0 10 Stipatosis Negative_phenotype 11642575 14 42 hypersensitivity pneumonitis Negative_phenotype 11642575 53 60 esparto Plant 11642575 62 79 Stipa tenacissima Plant 11642575 Increase 0 10 Stipatosis Negative_phenotype 53 60 esparto Plant 11642575 Increase 0 10 Stipatosis Negative_phenotype 62 79 Stipa tenacissima Plant 11642575 Increase 14 42 hypersensitivity pneumonitis Negative_phenotype 53 60 esparto Plant 11642575 Increase 14 42 hypersensitivity pneumonitis Negative_phenotype 62 79 Stipa tenacissima Plant 11642575_2 Hypersensitivity pneumonitis or extrinsic allergic alveolitis may be defined as an immunological pulmonary disease caused by a variety of antigens reaching the lungs through inhaled organic and inorganic dusts derived from different sources, although they are usually occupational. 11642575 0 28 Hypersensitivity pneumonitis Negative_phenotype 11642575 32 61 extrinsic allergic alveolitis Negative_phenotype 11642575 83 114 immunological pulmonary disease Negative_phenotype 11642575_3 Farmer's lung and pigeon breeder's lung are probably the most well-known types of hypersensitivity pneumonitis worldwide. 11642575 82 110 hypersensitivity pneumonitis Negative_phenotype 11642575_4 Esparto grass (Stipa tenacissima), which is a grammineous plant which is commonly found in the Mediterranean countries, has a wide variety of uses. 11642575 0 13 Esparto grass Plant 11642575 15 32 Stipa tenacissima Plant 11642575_5 Esparto fiber is used for the manufacturing of ropes, hemp sandals, rush mats and parkets; for decorative stucco plates, used on walls and ceilings. 11642575 0 7 Esparto Plant 11642575_6 Esparto supports a large industry in Spain. 11642575 0 7 Esparto Plant 11642575_7 The first reports referring to esparto dust as a cause of respiratory disease did not appear until the 1960s, and it was first described as a byssinosis-like disorder. 11642575 31 38 esparto Plant 11642575 58 77 respiratory disease Negative_phenotype 11642575 142 166 byssinosis-like disorder Negative_phenotype 11642575 Increase 31 38 esparto Plant 142 166 byssinosis-like disorder Negative_phenotype 11642575_8 The first cases reported, in which immunologic and challenge tests were used to confirm this association, were described 14 years ago and referred as hypersensitivity pneumonitis nominated as stipatosis. 11642575 150 178 hypersensitivity pneumonitis Negative_phenotype 11642575 192 202 stipatosis Negative_phenotype 11642575_9 Later, a large number of cases of esparto dust-induced hypersensitivity pneumonitis were reported by different authors, so that esparto may be nowadays considered as the main substance causing extrinsic allergic alveolitis in Spain. 11642575 34 41 esparto Plant 11642575 55 83 hypersensitivity pneumonitis Negative_phenotype 11642575 128 135 esparto Plant 11642575 193 222 extrinsic allergic alveolitis Negative_phenotype 11642575 Increase 34 41 esparto Plant 55 83 hypersensitivity pneumonitis Negative_phenotype 11642575 Increase 128 135 esparto Plant 193 222 extrinsic allergic alveolitis Negative_phenotype 11642575_10 Afumigatus has been revealed to be the main inducing cause of stipatosis but probably is not the only one since other microorganisms could be implicated. 11642575 0 10 Afumigatus Negative_phenotype 11642575 62 72 stipatosis Negative_phenotype 11642575_11 On the other hand esparto fibers may also cause occupational asthma. 11642575 18 25 esparto Plant 11642575 48 67 occupational asthma Negative_phenotype 11642575 Increase 18 25 esparto Plant 48 67 occupational asthma Negative_phenotype 11642575_12 In this article the prominent clinical findings of this disease as well as the results of serologic, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and specific inhalation tests are shown. 11642575_13 A complete historical review of esparto-induced allergic respiratory disease is also described. 11642575 32 39 esparto Plant 11642575 48 76 allergic respiratory disease Negative_phenotype 11642575 Increase 32 39 esparto Plant 48 76 allergic respiratory disease Negative_phenotype 11666121_1 Flight microangiopathy in medium- to long-distance flights: prevention of edema and microcirculation alterations with total triterpenic fraction of Centella asiatica. 11666121 0 22 Flight microangiopathy Negative_phenotype 11666121 74 79 edema Negative_phenotype 11666121 84 112 microcirculation alterations Negative_phenotype 11666121 148 165 Centella asiatica Plant 11666121_2 The aim of this study was the evaluation of microcirculatory alterations associated with edema in passengers travelling for more than 3 hours and the study of the effects of TTFCA (total triterpenic fraction of Centella asiatica) on the development of microcirculation alterations and edema, in a prospective, randomized study. 11666121 44 72 microcirculatory alterations Negative_phenotype 11666121 89 94 edema Negative_phenotype 11666121 174 179 TTFCA Plant 11666121 211 228 Centella asiatica Plant 11666121 252 280 microcirculation alterations Negative_phenotype 11666121 285 290 edema Negative_phenotype 11666121_3 Laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF), transcutaneous PO2 and PCO2, rate of ankle swelling (RAS) were used. 11666121 60 82 rate of ankle swelling Neutral_phenotype 11666121 84 87 RAS Neutral_phenotype 11666121_4 Subjects were randomized after informed consent into two groups: one control group (no drug or other treatment), and a treatment group (TTFCA 60 mg thrice daily for 2 days before the flight, the day of the flight, and for another day after the flight). 11666121 136 141 TTFCA Plant 11666121_5 Inclusion criteria were age range between 30 and 50, mild-moderate superficial venous disease with varicose veins. 11666121 79 93 venous disease Negative_phenotype 11666121 99 113 varicose veins Negative_phenotype 11666121_6 Subjects traveled in economy class. 11666121_7 In controls there was a progressive increase in CO2, RAS, and edema score and a progressive decrease in flux (RF) and venoarteriolar response with flying time. 11666121 53 56 RAS Neutral_phenotype 11666121 62 67 edema Negative_phenotype 11666121 104 108 flux Neutral_phenotype 11666121 110 112 RF Neutral_phenotype 11666121 118 141 venoarteriolar response Neutral_phenotype 11666121_8 The variations in all parameters were milder (p>0.05) in the TTFCA group. 11666121 61 66 TTFCA Plant 11666121_9 RAS and edema were significantly lower in the TTFCA-treated group (p<0.025). 11666121 0 3 RAS Neutral_phenotype 11666121 8 13 edema Negative_phenotype 11666121 46 51 TTFCA Plant 11666121 Decrease 0 3 RAS Neutral_phenotype 46 51 TTFCA Plant 11666121 Decrease 8 13 edema Negative_phenotype 46 51 TTFCA Plant 11666121_10 The progressive increase in RAS, PCO2, and the decrease in VAR and O2 were linearly associated with flight time (up to 10 hours). 11666121 28 31 RAS Neutral_phenotype 11666121_11 These results are very interesting and indicate an option for patients prone to edema and microcirculation disturbances during long flights. 11666121 80 85 edema Negative_phenotype 11666121 90 119 microcirculation disturbances Negative_phenotype 11666125_1 Treatment of edema and increased capillary filtration in venous hypertension with total triterpenic fraction of Centella asiatica: a clinical, prospective, placebo-controlled, randomized, dose-ranging trial. 11666125 13 18 edema Negative_phenotype 11666125 57 76 venous hypertension Negative_phenotype 11666125 112 129 Centella asiatica Plant 11666125_2 The variation of capillary filtration rate (CFR), ankle circumference (AC), and ankle edema (AE) was evaluated in three groups of patients with venous hypertension (ambulatory venous pressure >42 mm Hg) and in a group of normal subjects before and after treatment for 4 weeks with total triterpenic fraction of Centella asiatica (TTFCA), a venoactive drug acting on the microcirculation and on capillary permeability. 11666125 17 42 capillary filtration rate Neutral_phenotype 11666125 44 47 CFR Neutral_phenotype 11666125 50 69 ankle circumference Neutral_phenotype 11666125 71 73 AC Neutral_phenotype 11666125 80 91 ankle edema Negative_phenotype 11666125 93 95 AE Negative_phenotype 11666125 144 163 venous hypertension Negative_phenotype 11666125 311 328 Centella asiatica Plant 11666125 330 335 TTFCA Plant 11666125 370 386 microcirculation Neutral_phenotype 11666125 394 416 capillary permeability Neutral_phenotype 11666125_3 Group A (20 patients)was treated with TTFCA 60 mg thrice daily, group B (20 patients) was treated with 30 mg thrice daily; group C (12 patients) was treated with placebo; and group D (10 normal subjects) was treated with TTFCA 60 mg thrice daily in a randomized study. 11666125 38 43 TTFCA Plant 11666125 221 226 TTFCA Plant 11666125_4 Capillary filtration rate was assessed by venous occlusion plethysmography, ankle edema by a new system called AET (ankle edema tester). 11666125 0 25 Capillary filtration rate Neutral_phenotype 11666125 76 87 ankle edema Negative_phenotype 11666125_5 Subjective symptoms of venous hypertension were assessed by an analogue scale line considering four symptoms: swelling sensation, restless lower extremity, pain and cramps, and tiredness. 11666125 23 42 venous hypertension Negative_phenotype 11666125 110 128 swelling sensation Negative_phenotype 11666125 130 154 restless lower extremity Negative_phenotype 11666125 156 160 pain Negative_phenotype 11666125 165 171 cramps Negative_phenotype 11666125 177 186 tiredness Negative_phenotype 11666125_6 CFR, AC, and AE were significantly higher in patients in comparison with normal subjects. 11666125 0 3 CFR Neutral_phenotype 11666125 5 7 AC Neutral_phenotype 11666125 13 15 AE Negative_phenotype 11666125_7 After 4 weeks of TTFCA treatment, there was a significant decrease of CFR, AC, and AET time in patients. 11666125 17 22 TTFCA Plant 11666125 70 73 CFR Neutral_phenotype 11666125 75 77 AC Neutral_phenotype 11666125 Decrease 17 22 TTFCA Plant 70 73 CFR Neutral_phenotype 11666125 Decrease 17 22 TTFCA Plant 75 77 AC Neutral_phenotype 11666125_8 This was also greater in the higher dose group. 11666125_9 No significant change was observed in the placebo group and in normal subjects treated with TTFCA. 11666125 92 97 TTFCA Plant 11666125_10 Symptoms were also significantly improved in the two groups treated with the active drug according to the dose. 11666125_11 No significant changes were observed in the placebo group. 11666125_12 In conclusion, the improvement of signs and symptoms by TTFCA observed in patients with venous hypertension was well correlated with the improvement of CFR and ankle edema. 11666125 56 61 TTFCA Plant 11666125 88 107 venous hypertension Negative_phenotype 11666125 152 155 CFR Neutral_phenotype 11666125 160 171 ankle edema Negative_phenotype 11666125 Decrease 56 61 TTFCA Plant 88 107 venous hypertension Negative_phenotype 11666125 Increase 56 61 TTFCA Plant 152 155 CFR Neutral_phenotype 11666125 Decrease 56 61 TTFCA Plant 160 171 ankle edema Negative_phenotype 11666125_13 Dose ranging showed that 180 mg/day is more effective in improving symptoms and CFR. 11666125 80 83 CFR Neutral_phenotype 11699390_1 Triptolide, a novel immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory agent purified from a Chinese herb Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F. Triptolide is a diterpenoid triepoxide purified from a Chinese herb Tripterygium Wilfordii Hook F (TWHF). 11699390 20 37 immunosuppressive Positive_phenotype 11699390 42 59 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 11699390 95 125 Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F. Plant 11699390 194 223 Tripterygium Wilfordii Hook F Plant 11699390 225 229 TWHF Plant 11699390_2 TWHF has been used in traditional Chinese medicine for more than two thousand years. 11699390 0 4 TWHF Plant 11699390_3 However, its potential value was recognized by the western medicine only after investigators observed the effectiveness of TWHF in the treatment of leprosy and rheumatoid arthritis. 11699390 123 127 TWHF Plant 11699390 148 155 leprosy Negative_phenotype 11699390 160 180 rheumatoid arthritis Negative_phenotype 11699390 Decrease 123 127 TWHF Plant 148 155 leprosy Negative_phenotype 11699390 Decrease 123 127 TWHF Plant 160 180 rheumatoid arthritis Negative_phenotype 11699390_4 Triptolide has been identified as the major component responsible for the immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory effects of TWHF. 11699390 74 91 immunosuppressive Positive_phenotype 11699390 96 113 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 11699390 125 129 TWHF Plant 11699390 Increase 74 91 immunosuppressive Positive_phenotype 125 129 TWHF Plant 11699390 Increase 96 113 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 125 129 TWHF Plant 11699390_5 Triptolide inhibits both Ca(2+)-dependent and Ca(2+)-independent pathways and affects T cell activation through inhibition of interleukin-2 transcription at a site different from the target of cyclosporin A. Triptolide also has inhibitory effects on a variety of proinflammatory cytokines and mediators and on the expression of adhesion molecules by endothelial cells. 11699390_6 Triptolide is effective for the treatment of a variety of autoimmune diseases and in prevention of allograft rejection and graft-versus-host disease in both animals and humans. 11699390 58 77 autoimmune diseases Negative_phenotype 11699390 99 118 allograft rejection Negative_phenotype 11699390 123 148 graft-versus-host disease Negative_phenotype 11699390_7 Moreover, triptolide possesses antitumor and male anti-fertility effect. 11699390 31 40 antitumor Positive_phenotype 11699390 45 64 male anti-fertility Negative_phenotype 11699390_8 However, the toxicities of triptolide may be associated with renal, cardiac, hematopoietic and reproductive systems. 11699390 13 23 toxicities Negative_phenotype 11699390_9 Currently available data suggest that triptolide is a promising immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory agent and should be explored further in autoimmune diseases and transplantation. 11699390 64 81 immunosuppressive Positive_phenotype 11699390 86 103 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 11699390 144 163 autoimmune diseases Negative_phenotype 11789230_1 [Experimental study on effect of folium Ginkgo biloba in treating pulmonary interstitial fibrosis in rats]. 11789230 40 53 Ginkgo biloba Plant 11789230 66 97 pulmonary interstitial fibrosis Negative_phenotype 11789230_2 OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the therapeutic effect and mechanism of folium Ginkgo biloba (FGB) in treating pulmonary interstitial fibrosis (PIF) induced by bleomycin in rats. 11789230 70 83 Ginkgo biloba Plant 11789230 85 88 FGB Plant 11789230 102 133 pulmonary interstitial fibrosis Negative_phenotype 11789230 135 138 PIF Negative_phenotype 11789230_3 METHODS: PIF models of bleomycin-A5-induced pulmonary fibrosis were established in rats, they were treated by Bailuda, a preparation of FGB, and the pathological changes, collagen protein level, nuclear factor kB(NF-kB) activity, transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) mRNA expression and protein level of the lung tissue were measured. 11789230 9 12 PIF Negative_phenotype 11789230 44 62 pulmonary fibrosis Negative_phenotype 11789230 136 139 FGB Plant 11789230_4 RESULTS: In the Bailuda treated group after treatment, amelioration of the pulmonary alveolitis and fibrosis were shown in pathological section (P < 0.05) and collagen protein content was lesser (P < 0.01) as compared with those in the model control group. 11789230 75 95 pulmonary alveolitis Negative_phenotype 11789230 100 108 fibrosis Negative_phenotype 11789230_5 After 1 week of Bailuda treatment, the NF-kB activity of pulmonary alveola macrophage lowered by 47.3%, and levels of TGF-beta mRNA expression and protein were all decreased (P < 0.05). 11789230_6 CONCLUSIONS: Bailuda has definite effect in treating PIF. 11789230 53 56 PIF Negative_phenotype 11789230_7 The mechanism may be through inhibiting the activity of NF-kB, decreasing TGF-beta mRNA expression and protein, so as to ameliorate the inflammation and fibrosis. 11789230 136 148 inflammation Negative_phenotype 11789230 153 161 fibrosis Negative_phenotype 11795518_1 A new function of green tea: prevention of lifestyle-related diseases. 11795518 24 27 tea Plant 11795518 43 69 lifestyle-related diseases Negative_phenotype 11795518_2 In the normal human life span, there occur lifestyle-related diseases that may be preventable with nontoxic agents. 11795518 20 29 life span Neutral_phenotype 11795518 43 69 lifestyle-related diseases Negative_phenotype 11795518_3 This paper deals with the preventive activity of green tea in some lifestyle-related diseases. 11795518 55 58 tea Plant 11795518 67 93 lifestyle-related diseases Negative_phenotype 11795518 Decrease 55 58 tea Plant 67 93 lifestyle-related diseases Negative_phenotype 11795518_4 Green tea is one of the most practical cancer preventives, as we have shown in various in vitro and in vivo experiments, along with epidemiological studies. 11795518 6 9 tea Plant 11795518 39 45 cancer Negative_phenotype 11795518 Decrease 6 9 tea Plant 39 45 cancer Negative_phenotype 11795518_5 Among various biological effects of green tea, we have focused on its inhibitory effect on TNF-alpha gene expression mediated through inhibition of NF-kappaB and AP-1 activation. 11795518 42 45 tea Plant 11795518_6 Based on our recent results with TNF-alpha-deficient mice, TNF-alpha is an endogenous tumor promoter. 11795518_7 TNF-alpha is also known to be a central mediator in chronic inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis. 11795518 52 81 chronic inflammatory diseases Negative_phenotype 11795518 90 110 rheumatoid arthritis Negative_phenotype 11795518 115 133 multiple sclerosis Negative_phenotype 11795518_8 We therefore hypothesized that green tea might be a preventive agent for chronic inflammatory diseases. 11795518 37 40 tea Plant 11795518 73 102 chronic inflammatory diseases Negative_phenotype 11795518_9 To test this hypothesis, TNF-alpha transgenic mice, which overexpress TNF-alpha only in the lungs, were examined. 11795518_10 The TNF-alpha transgenic mouse is an animal model of human idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis which also frequently develops lung cancer. 11795518 59 88 idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis Negative_phenotype 11795518 120 131 lung cancer Negative_phenotype 11795518_11 Expressions of TNF-alpha and IL-6 were inhibited in the lungs of these mice after treatment with green tea in drinking water for 4 months. 11795518 103 106 tea Plant 11795518_12 In addition, judging from the results of a prospective cohort study in Saitama Prefecture, Japan, green tea helps to prevent cardiovascular disease. 11795518 104 107 tea Plant 11795518 125 147 cardiovascular disease Negative_phenotype 11795518 Decrease 104 107 tea Plant 125 147 cardiovascular disease Negative_phenotype 11795518_13 In this study, a decreased relative risk of death from cardiovascular disease was found for people consuming over 10 cups of green tea a day, and green tea also had life-prolonging effects on cumulative survival. 11795518 44 77 death from cardiovascular disease Negative_phenotype 11795518 131 134 tea Plant 11795518 152 155 tea Plant 11795518 165 180 life-prolonging Positive_phenotype 11795518 203 211 survival Positive_phenotype 11795518 Decrease 44 77 death from cardiovascular disease Negative_phenotype 131 134 tea Plant 11795518 Increase 152 155 tea Plant 165 180 life-prolonging Positive_phenotype 11795518_14 These data suggest that green tea has preventive effects on both chronic inflammatory diseases and lifestyle-related diseases (including cardiovascular disease and cancer), resulting in prolongation of life span. 11795518 30 33 tea Plant 11795518 65 94 chronic inflammatory diseases Negative_phenotype 11795518 99 125 lifestyle-related diseases Negative_phenotype 11795518 137 159 cardiovascular disease Negative_phenotype 11795518 164 170 cancer Negative_phenotype 11795518 202 211 life span Neutral_phenotype 11795518 Decrease 30 33 tea Plant 65 94 chronic inflammatory diseases Negative_phenotype 11795518 Decrease 30 33 tea Plant 99 125 lifestyle-related diseases Negative_phenotype 11795518 Decrease 30 33 tea Plant 137 159 cardiovascular disease Negative_phenotype 11795518 Decrease 30 33 tea Plant 164 170 cancer Negative_phenotype 11795518 Increase 30 33 tea Plant 202 211 life span Neutral_phenotype 11819701_1 Effect of Boschniakia rossica on expression of GST-P, p53 and p21(ras)proteins in early stage of chemical hepatocarcinogenesis and its anti-inflammatory activities in rats. 11819701 10 29 Boschniakia rossica Plant 11819701 106 126 hepatocarcinogenesis Negative_phenotype 11819701 135 152 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 11819701 Association 10 29 Boschniakia rossica Plant 106 126 hepatocarcinogenesis Negative_phenotype 11819701 Association 10 29 Boschniakia rossica Plant 135 152 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 11819701_2 AIM:To investigate the effect of Boschniakia rossica (BR) extract on expression of GST-P, p53 and p21(ras) proteins in early stage of chemical hepatocarcinogenesis in rats and its anti-inflammatory activities. 11819701 33 52 Boschniakia rossica Plant 11819701 54 56 BR Plant 11819701 143 163 hepatocarcinogenesis Negative_phenotype 11819701 180 197 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 11819701_3 METHODS:The expression of tumor marker-placental form glutathione S-transferase (GST-P), p53 and p21(ras) proteins were investigated by immunohisto-chemical techniques and ABC method. 11819701_4 Anti-inflammatory activities of BR were studied by xylene and croton oil-induced mouse ear edema, carrageenin, histamine and hot scald-induced rat pow edema, adjuvant-induced rat arthritis and cotton pellet induced mouse granuloma formation methods. 11819701 32 34 BR Plant 11819701 87 96 ear edema Negative_phenotype 11819701 147 156 pow edema Negative_phenotype 11819701 179 188 arthritis Negative_phenotype 11819701 221 230 granuloma Negative_phenotype 11819701_5 RESULTS:The 500mg/kg of BR-H2O extract frac-tionated from BR-Methanol extract had inhibitory effect on the formation of DEN-induced GST-P-positive foci in rat liver (GST-P staining was 78% positive in DEN+AAF group vs 20% positive in DEN+AAF+BR group, P<0.05) and the expression of mutant p53 and p21(ras) protein was lower than that of hepatic preneoplastic lesions (33% and 22% positive respectively in DEN+AAF group vs negative in DEN+AAF+BR group). 11819701 24 26 BR Plant 11819701 58 60 BR Plant 11819701 337 366 hepatic preneoplastic lesions Negative_phenotype 11819701 Association 58 60 BR Plant 337 366 hepatic preneoplastic lesions Negative_phenotype 11819701_6 Both CH(2)Cl(2) and H(2)O extracts from BR had anti-inflamatory effect in xylene and crotonoil induced mouse ear edema (inhibitory rates were 26%-29% and 35%-59%, respectively). 11819701 40 42 BR Plant 11819701 47 63 anti-inflamatory Positive_phenotype 11819701 109 118 ear edema Negative_phenotype 11819701 Increase 40 42 BR Plant 47 63 anti-inflamatory Positive_phenotype 11819701 Decrease 40 42 BR Plant 109 118 ear edema Negative_phenotype 11819701_7 BR H(2)O extract exhibited inhibitory effect in carrageenin, histamine and hot scald-induced hind paw edema and adjuvant-induced arthritis in rats and cotton pellet-induced granuloma formation in mice. 11819701 93 107 hind paw edema Negative_phenotype 11819701 129 138 arthritis Negative_phenotype 11819701 173 182 granuloma Negative_phenotype 11819701_8 CONCLUSION:BR extract exhibited inhibitory effect on formation of preneoplastic hepatic foci in early stage of rat chemical hepato-carcinogenesis. 11819701 11 13 BR Plant 11819701 66 92 preneoplastic hepatic foci Negative_phenotype 11819701 124 145 hepato-carcinogenesis Negative_phenotype 11819701 Decrease 11 13 BR Plant 66 92 preneoplastic hepatic foci Negative_phenotype 11819701 Decrease 11 13 BR Plant 124 145 hepato-carcinogenesis Negative_phenotype 11819701_9 Both CH(2)Cl(2) and H(2)O extracts from BR exerted anti-inflammatory effect in rats and mice. 11819701 40 42 BR Plant 11819701 51 68 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 11819701 Increase 40 42 BR Plant 51 68 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 11865085_1 Progression rate of Chinese herb nephropathy: impact of Aristolochia fangchi ingested dose. 11865085 33 44 nephropathy Negative_phenotype 11865085 56 76 Aristolochia fangchi Plant 11865085_2 BACKGROUND: Renal failure after ingestion of Chinese herbs between 1990 and 1992 was related to the replacement of Stephania tetrandra by Aristolochia fangchi (ST-AF), containing nephrotoxic and carcinogenic aristolochic acids. 11865085 12 25 Renal failure Negative_phenotype 11865085 115 134 Stephania tetrandra Plant 11865085 138 158 Aristolochia fangchi Plant 11865085 160 165 ST-AF Plant 11865085 179 190 nephrotoxic Negative_phenotype 11865085 Association 12 25 Renal failure Negative_phenotype 138 158 Aristolochia fangchi Plant 11865085 Association 12 25 Renal failure Negative_phenotype 160 165 ST-AF Plant 11865085_3 However, the relationship between ST-AF and renal failure is still a matter of debate. 11865085 34 39 ST-AF Plant 11865085 44 57 renal failure Negative_phenotype 11865085 Association 34 39 ST-AF Plant 44 57 renal failure Negative_phenotype 11865085_4 We therefore tested the impact of the ST-AF ingested dose on the progression of renal function deterioration. 11865085 38 43 ST-AF Plant 11865085 80 108 renal function deterioration Negative_phenotype 11865085_5 METHODS: Analysis of medical charts and prescriptions between 1990 and 1992 was carried out to determine the presence of risk factors for kidney failure and the cumulative dose of pill components. 11865085 138 152 kidney failure Negative_phenotype 11865085_6 Individual progression rate of renal impairment was studied by the time-course of the inverse of blood creatinine level (1/P(creat)). 11865085 31 47 renal impairment Negative_phenotype 11865085_7 RESULTS: Patients were divided into an end-stage renal disease (ESRD) group (n=44) and a chronic renal failure (CRF) group (n=27) according to their P(creat) at the time of this study. 11865085 39 62 end-stage renal disease Negative_phenotype 11865085 64 68 ESRD Negative_phenotype 11865085 89 110 chronic renal failure Negative_phenotype 11865085 112 115 CRF Negative_phenotype 11865085_8 The mean number of risk factors (+/-SD) was equally distributed within both groups (1.50+/-0.18 vs 1.59+/-0.17, P=0.74). 11865085_9 Patients from the ESRD group ingested significantly higher cumulative doses of ST--AF (192+/-13.1 g vs 138+/- 16.3 g), Magnolia officinalis, (80.1+/-6.3 g vs 59.8+/-11.7 g), diethylpropion (14.7+/-1.4 g vs 10.0+/-1.4 g) and fenfluramine (14.1+/-1.6 g vs 8.7+/-1.3 g). 11865085 18 22 ESRD Negative_phenotype 11865085 79 85 ST--AF Plant 11865085 119 139 Magnolia officinalis Plant 11865085_10 In the ESRD group, some patients who had received steroids had a slower progression to ESRD than the others. 11865085 7 11 ESRD Negative_phenotype 11865085 87 91 ESRD Negative_phenotype 11865085_11 In multiple regression analysis, ST-AF emerged as the only significant drug predicting the slope of the progression of renal failure. 11865085 33 38 ST-AF Plant 11865085 119 132 renal failure Negative_phenotype 11865085 Association 33 38 ST-AF Plant 119 132 renal failure Negative_phenotype 11865085_12 Moreover, hypothesizing a linear dose-response relationship, the risk of developing ESRD linearly increased with ST-AF doses. 11865085 84 88 ESRD Negative_phenotype 11865085 113 118 ST-AF Plant 11865085 Increase 84 88 ESRD Negative_phenotype 113 118 ST-AF Plant 11865085_13 CONCLUSIONS: The relationship between the cumulative ST-AF dose and the renal failure progression rate confirms that regular ingestion of Aristolochia sp. extracts is causally involved in the onset of chronic interstitial nephropathy leading to ESRD. 11865085 53 58 ST-AF Plant 11865085 72 85 renal failure Negative_phenotype 11865085 138 154 Aristolochia sp. Plant 11865085 201 233 chronic interstitial nephropathy Negative_phenotype 11865085 245 249 ESRD Negative_phenotype 11865085 Association 53 58 ST-AF Plant 72 85 renal failure Negative_phenotype 11865085 Increase 53 58 ST-AF Plant 201 233 chronic interstitial nephropathy Negative_phenotype 11865085 Increase 53 58 ST-AF Plant 245 249 ESRD Negative_phenotype 11865085 Increase 72 85 renal failure Negative_phenotype 138 154 Aristolochia sp. Plant 11865085 Increase 138 154 Aristolochia sp. Plant 201 233 chronic interstitial nephropathy Negative_phenotype 11865085 Increase 138 154 Aristolochia sp. Plant 245 249 ESRD Negative_phenotype 11877958_1 [Cedar pollinosis in Japanese schoolchildren: results from a large questionnaire-based survey]. 11877958 1 17 Cedar pollinosis Negative_phenotype 11877958_2 PURPOSE: To evaluate the prevalence and clinical characteristics of Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica) pollinosis (CP) in Japanese schoolchildren. 11877958 68 116 Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica) pollinosis Negative_phenotype 11877958 118 120 CP Negative_phenotype 11877958_3 METHODS: Questionnaire made by the Study Group of Epidemiology of Allergic Diseases founded by the Japanese Ministry of Public Health and Welfare was distributed to 56,108 schoolchildren living in the suburban areas of Kyoto, Japan. 11877958 66 83 Allergic Diseases Negative_phenotype 11877958_4 The data recovered from 50,086 children (recovery rate 89.3%) was analyzed. 11877958_5 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Overall prevalence of CP was 5.2%. 11877958 46 48 CP Negative_phenotype 11877958_6 The prevalence was higher in older children, and in those born in autumn and winter. 11877958_7 Prevalence of CP in southern urban area was significantly higher (p < 0.001) than that in northern rural area, suggesting that urban environment including air pollution might increase the prevalence of CP. 11877958 14 16 CP Negative_phenotype 11877958 202 204 CP Negative_phenotype 11877958_8 Among children with AD, there was statistically significant correlation between the severity of AD and the presence of CP (p = 0.016), i.e. those with CP tended to have more severe AD symptoms. 11877958 20 22 AD Negative_phenotype 11877958 84 98 severity of AD Negative_phenotype 11877958 119 121 CP Negative_phenotype 11877958 151 153 CP Negative_phenotype 11877958 181 192 AD symptoms Negative_phenotype 11877958_9 On the other hand, the severity of BA was not affected by the presence of CP (p = 0.323). 11877958 23 37 severity of BA Negative_phenotype 11877958 74 76 CP Negative_phenotype 11877958_10 These data suggest a contribution of cedar pollen to AD, but not to BA, symptoms. 11877958 37 42 cedar Plant 11877958 53 55 AD Negative_phenotype 11877958 68 70 BA Negative_phenotype 11877958 Increase 37 42 cedar Plant 53 55 AD Negative_phenotype 11877958_11 Overall, our present data shown that CP has become one of the important allergic diseases in childhood, and that further evaluation of CP among children would be necessary. 11877958 37 39 CP Negative_phenotype 11877958 72 89 allergic diseases Negative_phenotype 11877958 135 137 CP Negative_phenotype 11880120_1 Activation of inducible nitric oxide synthase by Euonymus alatus in mouse peritoneal macrophages. 11880120 49 64 Euonymus alatus Plant 11880120_2 BACKGROUND: Euonymus alatus (EA) has been used for tumor therapy. 11880120 12 27 Euonymus alatus Plant 11880120 29 31 EA Plant 11880120 51 56 tumor Negative_phenotype 11880120 Decrease 12 27 Euonymus alatus Plant 51 56 tumor Negative_phenotype 11880120 Decrease 29 31 EA Plant 51 56 tumor Negative_phenotype 11880120_3 However, it is still unclear how this herb prevents the diseases in experimental models. 11880120_4 Nitric oxide (NO) as a potent macrophage-derived effector molecule against a variety of tumors has received increasing attention. 11880120 88 94 tumors Negative_phenotype 11880120_5 METHODS: Using mouse peritoneal macrophages, we have examined the mechanism by which EA regulates NO production. 11880120 85 87 EA Plant 11880120_6 RESULTS: When EA was used in combination with recombinant interferon-gamma (rIFN-gamma), there was a marked cooperative induction of NO production. 11880120 14 16 EA Plant 11880120_7 However, EA had no effect on NO production by itself. 11880120 9 11 EA Plant 11880120_8 The increased production of NO from rIFN-gamma plus EA-stimulated cells was almost completely inhibited by pre-treatment with pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC), an inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB). 11880120 52 54 EA Plant 11880120_9 Furthermore, treatment of peritoneal macrophages with rIFN-gamma plus EA caused a significant increase in tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) production. 11880120 70 72 EA Plant 11880120_10 PDTC also decreased the effects of EA on TNF-alpha production significantly. 11880120 35 37 EA Plant 11880120_11 CONCLUSIONS: EA increases the production of NO and TNF-alpha by rIFN-gamma-primed macrophages and suggest that NF-kappaB plays a critical role in mediating these effects of EA. 11880120 13 15 EA Plant 11880120 173 175 EA Plant 11903231_1 Oral administration of persimmon leaf extract ameliorates skin symptoms and transepidermal water loss in atopic dermatitis model mice, NC/Nga. 11903231 23 32 persimmon Plant 11903231 58 71 skin symptoms Negative_phenotype 11903231 76 122 transepidermal water loss in atopic dermatitis Negative_phenotype 11903231 Decrease 23 32 persimmon Plant 58 71 skin symptoms Negative_phenotype 11903231 Decrease 23 32 persimmon Plant 76 122 transepidermal water loss in atopic dermatitis Negative_phenotype 11903231_2 BACKGROUND: We have previously shown that persimmon leaf extract and its major flavonoid constituent, astragalin, inhibited histamine release by basophils and that oral administration of these substances prior to the onset into an atopic dermatitis (AD) model mouse, NC/Nga, prevented development of dermatitis. 11903231 42 51 persimmon Plant 11903231 231 248 atopic dermatitis Negative_phenotype 11903231 250 252 AD Negative_phenotype 11903231 300 310 dermatitis Negative_phenotype 11903231 Decrease 42 51 persimmon Plant 231 248 atopic dermatitis Negative_phenotype 11903231 Decrease 42 51 persimmon Plant 250 252 AD Negative_phenotype 11903231 Decrease 42 51 persimmon Plant 300 310 dermatitis Negative_phenotype 11903231_3 OBJECTIVES: This study was designed to assess the clinical therapeutic effect of persimmon leaf extract and astragalin in NC/Nga mice suffering from dermatitis and the dose-response preventive effects of persimmon leaf extract on dermatitis and transepidermal water loss (TEWL). 11903231 81 90 persimmon Plant 11903231 149 159 dermatitis Negative_phenotype 11903231 204 213 persimmon Plant 11903231 230 240 dermatitis Negative_phenotype 11903231 245 270 transepidermal water loss Negative_phenotype 11903231 272 276 TEWL Negative_phenotype 11903231_4 METHODS: The efficacy of persimmon leaf extract or astragalin in NC/Nga mice was judged by measurement of skin severity, scratching behaviour, serum IgE levels or TEWL. 11903231 25 34 persimmon Plant 11903231 106 119 skin severity Negative_phenotype 11903231 121 141 scratching behaviour Negative_phenotype 11903231 163 167 TEWL Negative_phenotype 11903231_5 RESULTS: Oral administration of persimmon leaf extract (250 mg kg(-1)) or astragalin (1.5 mg kg-1) for 4 weeks into NC/Nga mice with overt dermatitis resulted in a decrease in the severity of the condition. 11903231 32 41 persimmon Plant 11903231 139 149 dermatitis Negative_phenotype 11903231 Decrease 32 41 persimmon Plant 139 149 dermatitis Negative_phenotype 11903231_6 The preventive effect of persimmon leaf extract on the dermatitis was dose-dependent and continuous intake of persimmon leaf extract significantly decreased its onset and development. 11903231 25 34 persimmon Plant 11903231 55 65 dermatitis Negative_phenotype 11903231 110 119 persimmon Plant 11903231 Decrease 25 34 persimmon Plant 55 65 dermatitis Negative_phenotype 11903231 Decrease 55 65 dermatitis Negative_phenotype 110 119 persimmon Plant 11903231_7 In addition, TEWL was also suppressed at a persimmon leaf extract dose of 250 mg kg(-1). 11903231 13 17 TEWL Negative_phenotype 11903231 43 52 persimmon Plant 11903231 Decrease 13 17 TEWL Negative_phenotype 43 52 persimmon Plant 11903231_8 No significant adverse reaction by these substances could be observed. 11903231 15 31 adverse reaction Negative_phenotype 11903231_9 CONCLUSIONS: These observations suggest that persimmon leaf extract or the flavonoid astragalin may be alternative substances for the management of AD. 11903231 45 54 persimmon Plant 11903231 148 150 AD Negative_phenotype 11903231 Decrease 45 54 persimmon Plant 148 150 AD Negative_phenotype 11917253_1 The extract of the flowers of Prunus persica, a new cosmetic ingredient, protects against solar ultraviolet-induced skin damage in vivo. 11917253 30 44 Prunus persica Plant 11917253 116 127 skin damage Negative_phenotype 11917253 Decrease 30 44 Prunus persica Plant 116 127 skin damage Negative_phenotype 11917253_2 The flowers of Prunus persica Batsch have been used for skin disorders in East Asia from ancient times. 11917253 15 36 Prunus persica Batsch Plant 11917253 56 70 skin disorders Negative_phenotype 11917253 Decrease 15 36 Prunus persica Batsch Plant 56 70 skin disorders Negative_phenotype 11917253_3 In this investigation, the ethanol extract from this plant material was prepared and several major constituents were isolated. 11917253_4 In addition, the protective effects of the extract were evaluated against solar ultraviolet (UV)-induced skin damage using in vivo animal models of UVB-induced erythema in guinea pigs and ear edema in ICR mice. 11917253 105 116 skin damage Negative_phenotype 11917253 160 168 erythema Negative_phenotype 11917253 188 197 ear edema Negative_phenotype 11917253_5 From the extract, four kaempferol glycoside derivatives were successfully isolated and their contents were measured with HPLC. 11917253_6 Among the derivatives isolated, the content of multiflorin B was highest (3.3%, w/w). 11917253_7 The P. persica extract clearly inhibited UVB-induced erythema formation dose dependently when topically applied (IC(50) = 0.5 mg/cm(2)). 11917253 4 14 P. persica Plant 11917253 53 61 erythema Negative_phenotype 11917253 Decrease 4 14 P. persica Plant 53 61 erythema Negative_phenotype 11917253_8 It also inhibited UVB-induced ear edema (49% inhibition at 3.0 mg/ear). 11917253 34 39 edema Negative_phenotype 11917253_9 Moreover, multiflorin B inhibited UVB-induced erythema formation (80% inhibition at 0.3 mg/cm(2)), indicating that this compound is one of the active principles of the extract. 11917253 46 54 erythema Negative_phenotype 11917253_10 All these results suggest that P. persica extract may be useful for protection against UVB-induced skin damage when topically applied. 11917253 31 41 P. persica Plant 11917253 99 110 skin damage Negative_phenotype 11917253 Decrease 31 41 P. persica Plant 99 110 skin damage Negative_phenotype 11995930_1 Effects of tea from Turnera ulmifolia L. on mouse gastric mucosa support the Turneraceae as a new source of antiulcerogenic drugs. 11995930 20 40 Turnera ulmifolia L. Plant 11995930 108 123 antiulcerogenic Positive_phenotype 11995930 Increase 20 40 Turnera ulmifolia L. Plant 108 123 antiulcerogenic Positive_phenotype 11995930_2 Turnera ulmifolia is a plant belonging to the family Turneraceae, popularly known in Brazil as chanana. 11995930 0 17 Turnera ulmifolia Plant 11995930 95 102 chanana Plant 11995930_3 This species is distributed from Guyana to southern Brazil where it is considered a weed. 11995930_4 The plant occurs in tropical rain forest, fields, and gardens. 11995930_5 Chanana tea is used in Brazilian folk medicine for the treatment of diseases related mainly to gastric dysfunction including gastric and duodenal ulcers. 11995930 0 7 Chanana Plant 11995930 95 114 gastric dysfunction Negative_phenotype 11995930 125 152 gastric and duodenal ulcers Negative_phenotype 11995930 Decrease 0 7 Chanana Plant 95 114 gastric dysfunction Negative_phenotype 11995930 Decrease 0 7 Chanana Plant 125 152 gastric and duodenal ulcers Negative_phenotype 11995930_6 In this study, the ability of a lyophilized infusion, as an aqueous fraction (AqF) of the aerial parts of T. ulmifolia, was investigated for its ability to prevent ulceration of the gastric and duodenal mucosa was examined in mice and rats, respectively. 11995930 106 118 T. ulmifolia Plant 11995930 164 209 ulceration of the gastric and duodenal mucosa Negative_phenotype 11995930_7 The AqF significantly reduced the formation of lesions associated with HCl/ethanol administration by 39% and 46%, respectively, at doses of 500 mg/kg and 1000 mg/kg, p.o. 11995930 47 54 lesions Negative_phenotype 11995930_8 The AqF also significantly reduced the incidence of gastric lesions induced by a combination of indomethacin and bethanechol by 58% and 72% at doses of 500 mg/kg and 1000 mg/kg, respectively. 11995930 52 67 gastric lesions Negative_phenotype 11995930_9 In stress-induced gastric ulcer, the inhibition by the AqF was 48%, 57%, and 58% at doses of 250 mg/kg, 500 mg/kg, and 1000 mg/kg, respectively (p<0.05). 11995930 3 31 stress-induced gastric ulcer Negative_phenotype 11995930_10 A pyloric ligature experiment showed that the highest dose of the AqF significantly affected the gastric juice parameters by increasing the pH from 2.5 (control) to 5.3 and decreasing the acid output from 11.3 (control) to 3.7 mEq/ml/4 h. 11995930_11 The AqF had no significant effect on duodenal ulcers induced by cysteamine. 11995930 37 52 duodenal ulcers Negative_phenotype 11995930_12 Preliminary phytochemical screening confirmed that flavonoids were the major constituents of the AqF of T. ulmifolia. 11995930 104 116 T. ulmifolia Plant 11995930_13 These results indicate that this extract has a significant antiulcerogenic effect, as popularly believed. 11995930 59 74 antiulcerogenic Positive_phenotype 12009034_1 Cortex mori extract induces cancer cell apoptosis through inhibition of microtubule assembly. 12009034 0 11 Cortex mori Plant 12009034 28 34 cancer Negative_phenotype 12009034 Decrease 0 11 Cortex mori Plant 28 34 cancer Negative_phenotype 12009034_2 The water extract from the root bark of Cortex Mori (CM, Morus alba L.: Sangbaikpi), a mulberry tree, has been known in Chinese traditional medicine to have antiphlogistic, diuretic, and expectorant properties. 12009034 40 51 Cortex Mori Plant 12009034 53 55 CM Plant 12009034 57 70 Morus alba L. Plant 12009034 72 82 Sangbaikpi Plant 12009034 87 95 mulberry Plant 12009034 157 171 antiphlogistic Positive_phenotype 12009034 173 181 diuretic Positive_phenotype 12009034 187 198 expectorant Positive_phenotype 12009034 Increase 40 51 Cortex Mori Plant 157 171 antiphlogistic Positive_phenotype 12009034 Increase 40 51 Cortex Mori Plant 173 181 diuretic Positive_phenotype 12009034 Increase 40 51 Cortex Mori Plant 187 198 expectorant Positive_phenotype 12009034 Increase 53 55 CM Plant 157 171 antiphlogistic Positive_phenotype 12009034 Increase 53 55 CM Plant 173 181 diuretic Positive_phenotype 12009034 Increase 53 55 CM Plant 187 198 expectorant Positive_phenotype 12009034 Increase 57 70 Morus alba L. Plant 157 171 antiphlogistic Positive_phenotype 12009034 Increase 57 70 Morus alba L. Plant 173 181 diuretic Positive_phenotype 12009034 Increase 57 70 Morus alba L. Plant 187 198 expectorant Positive_phenotype 12009034 Increase 72 82 Sangbaikpi Plant 157 171 antiphlogistic Positive_phenotype 12009034 Increase 72 82 Sangbaikpi Plant 173 181 diuretic Positive_phenotype 12009034 Increase 72 82 Sangbaikpi Plant 187 198 expectorant Positive_phenotype 12009034 Increase 87 95 mulberry Plant 157 171 antiphlogistic Positive_phenotype 12009034 Increase 87 95 mulberry Plant 173 181 diuretic Positive_phenotype 12009034 Increase 87 95 mulberry Plant 187 198 expectorant Positive_phenotype 12009034_3 In this study, the cytotoxicity of CM against tumor cells and its mechanism was examined. 12009034 35 37 CM Plant 12009034 46 51 tumor Negative_phenotype 12009034_4 CM exhibited cytotoxic activity on K-562, B380 human leukemia cells and B16 mouse melanoma cells at concentrations of > 1 mg/ml. 12009034 0 2 CM Plant 12009034 35 40 K-562 Negative_phenotype 12009034 42 46 B380 Negative_phenotype 12009034 53 61 leukemia Negative_phenotype 12009034 72 75 B16 Negative_phenotype 12009034 82 90 melanoma Negative_phenotype 12009034 Decrease 0 2 CM Plant 35 40 K-562 Negative_phenotype 12009034 Decrease 0 2 CM Plant 42 46 B380 Negative_phenotype 12009034 Decrease 0 2 CM Plant 53 61 leukemia Negative_phenotype 12009034 Decrease 0 2 CM Plant 72 75 B16 Negative_phenotype 12009034 Decrease 0 2 CM Plant 82 90 melanoma Negative_phenotype 12009034_5 A DNA fragmentation, PARP cleavage, and nuclear condensation assay showed that those cells exposed to CM underwent apoptosis. 12009034 102 104 CM Plant 12009034_6 The water extract of Scutellarie Radix (SR) was used as a negative control and showed no cytotoxicity in those cells. 12009034 21 32 Scutellarie Plant 12009034 40 42 SR Plant 12009034_7 The flow cytometric profiles of the CM-treated cells were also indicative of apoptosis. 12009034 36 38 CM Plant 12009034_8 However, they did not appear to exert the G1 arrest, which is observed in other tubulin inhibitor agents such as vincristine, taxol. 12009034_9 The protein-binding test using Biacore and a microtubule assembly-disassembly assay provided evidence showing that CM bound to the tubulins resulting in a marked inhibition of the assembly, but not the disassembly of microtubules. 12009034 115 117 CM Plant 12009034_10 The possible nonspecific effect of the CM extract could be excluded due to the results using SR, which did not affect the assembly process. 12009034 39 41 CM Plant 12009034 93 95 SR Plant 12009034_11 Overall, the water extract of CM induces apoptosis of tumor cells by inhibiting microtubule assembly. 12009034 30 32 CM Plant 12009034 54 59 tumor Negative_phenotype 12009034 Decrease 30 32 CM Plant 54 59 tumor Negative_phenotype 12067102_1 Inhibitory effect of Carthamus tinctorius L. seed extracts on bone resorption mediated by tyrosine kinase, COX-2 (cyclooxygenase) and PG (prostaglandin) E2. 12067102 21 44 Carthamus tinctorius L. Plant 12067102 62 77 bone resorption Negative_phenotype 12067102_2 Anti-bone resorption properties of the Korean herbal formulation, Honghwain (HHI; Carthamus tinctorius L. seed) was biochemically investigated. 12067102 0 20 Anti-bone resorption Positive_phenotype 12067102 66 75 Honghwain Plant 12067102 77 80 HHI Plant 12067102 82 105 Carthamus tinctorius L. Plant 12067102_3 On processing bone metabolism, PGE2 accelerated production of IL-1beta in fetal mouse osteoblast and stimulated physiological activation substance, IL-1beta. 12067102_4 The novel class of Src tyrosine kinase inhibitors, Herbimycin A (HERB) and HHI reduced COX-2 mRNA levels as well as PGE2 production induced by IL-1beta, TNF-alpha and IL-6. 12067102 75 78 HHI Plant 12067102_5 HHI inhibited in vitro and in vivo bone resorption by inhibition of phosphorylation of peptide substrates. 12067102 0 3 HHI Plant 12067102 35 50 bone resorption Negative_phenotype 12067102 Decrease 0 3 HHI Plant 35 50 bone resorption Negative_phenotype 12067102_6 HHI dose-dependently reduced the hypercalcemia induced in mice by IL-1beta and partly prevented bone loss and microarchitectural changes in young ovariectomized rats, showing that the protective effect on bone was exerted via the inhibition of bone resorption. 12067102 0 3 HHI Plant 12067102 33 46 hypercalcemia Negative_phenotype 12067102 96 105 bone loss Negative_phenotype 12067102 244 259 bone resorption Negative_phenotype 12067102 Decrease 0 3 HHI Plant 33 46 hypercalcemia Negative_phenotype 12067102 Decrease 0 3 HHI Plant 96 105 bone loss Negative_phenotype 12067102 Decrease 0 3 HHI Plant 244 259 bone resorption Negative_phenotype 12067102_7 These results indicate that the synergy between IL-beta, TNF-alpha, IL-6 on PGE2 production is due to an enhanced gene expression of COX-2 and that tyrosine kinase (s) are involved in the signal transduction of COX-2 in mouse calvarial osteoblasts. 12067102_8 Thus, HHI as a possible Src family kinase inhibitor may be useful for the treatment of diseases associated with elevated bone loss. 12067102 6 9 HHI Plant 12067102 121 130 bone loss Negative_phenotype 12067102 Decrease 6 9 HHI Plant 121 130 bone loss Negative_phenotype 12164264_1 Effect of methanol extract from flower petals of Tagetes patula L. on acute and chronic inflammation model. 12164264 49 66 Tagetes patula L. Plant 12164264 70 100 acute and chronic inflammation Negative_phenotype 12164264_2 The methanol extract of the florets of Tagetes patula (MEFTP) inhibited acute and chronic inflammation in mice and rats. 12164264 39 53 Tagetes patula Plant 12164264 55 60 MEFTP Plant 12164264 72 102 acute and chronic inflammation Negative_phenotype 12164264 Decrease 39 53 Tagetes patula Plant 72 102 acute and chronic inflammation Negative_phenotype 12164264 Decrease 55 60 MEFTP Plant 72 102 acute and chronic inflammation Negative_phenotype 12164264_3 MEFTP significantly suppressed hind-paw oedema induced by gamma-carrageenin in mice. 12164264 0 5 MEFTP Plant 12164264 31 46 hind-paw oedema Negative_phenotype 12164264 Decrease 0 5 MEFTP Plant 31 46 hind-paw oedema Negative_phenotype 12164264_4 Furthermore, MEFTP not only inhibited the hind-paw oedema induced by various acute phlogogens, such as histamine, serotonin, bradykinin and prostaglandin E1, but also suppressed the increase of vascular permeability by acetic acid, indicating that it primarily acts at the exudative stage of inflammation. 12164264 13 18 MEFTP Plant 12164264 42 93 hind-paw oedema induced by various acute phlogogens Negative_phenotype 12164264 194 215 vascular permeability Negative_phenotype 12164264 292 304 inflammation Negative_phenotype 12164264 Decrease 13 18 MEFTP Plant 42 93 hind-paw oedema induced by various acute phlogogens Negative_phenotype 12164264 Decrease 13 18 MEFTP Plant 194 215 vascular permeability Negative_phenotype 12164264 Decrease 13 18 MEFTP Plant 292 304 inflammation Negative_phenotype 12164264_5 In the chronic inflammation, MEFTP did not inhibit the proliferation of granulation tissue when tested by the cotton pellet method, however, it was effective on the development of adjuvant arthritis in rats. 12164264 7 27 chronic inflammation Negative_phenotype 12164264 29 34 MEFTP Plant 12164264 180 198 adjuvant arthritis Negative_phenotype 12164264 Decrease 29 34 MEFTP Plant 180 198 adjuvant arthritis Negative_phenotype 12164264_6 Oral MEFTP inhibited acute and chronic inflammation in mice and rats. 12164264 5 10 MEFTP Plant 12164264 21 51 acute and chronic inflammation Negative_phenotype 12164264 Decrease 5 10 MEFTP Plant 21 51 acute and chronic inflammation Negative_phenotype 12222662_1 Studies on the antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory and anti pyretic effects of Isatis indigotica root. 12222662 15 30 antinociceptive Positive_phenotype 12222662 32 49 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 12222662 54 66 anti pyretic Positive_phenotype 12222662 78 95 Isatis indigotica Plant 12222662_2 The root of Isatis indigotica (Cruciferae), popularly known as Ban-Lan-Gen is used in traditional Chinese medicine for seasonal febrile diseases, pestilence, mumps, eruptive diseases, inflammatory diseases with redness of skin, sore throat, etc. 12222662 12 29 Isatis indigotica Plant 12222662 31 41 Cruciferae Plant 12222662 63 74 Ban-Lan-Gen Plant 12222662 119 144 seasonal febrile diseases Negative_phenotype 12222662 146 156 pestilence Negative_phenotype 12222662 158 163 mumps Negative_phenotype 12222662 165 182 eruptive diseases Negative_phenotype 12222662 184 226 inflammatory diseases with redness of skin Negative_phenotype 12222662 228 239 sore throat Negative_phenotype 12222662 Decrease 12 29 Isatis indigotica Plant 119 144 seasonal febrile diseases Negative_phenotype 12222662 Decrease 12 29 Isatis indigotica Plant 146 156 pestilence Negative_phenotype 12222662 Decrease 12 29 Isatis indigotica Plant 158 163 mumps Negative_phenotype 12222662 Decrease 12 29 Isatis indigotica Plant 165 182 eruptive diseases Negative_phenotype 12222662 Decrease 12 29 Isatis indigotica Plant 184 226 inflammatory diseases with redness of skin Negative_phenotype 12222662 Decrease 12 29 Isatis indigotica Plant 228 239 sore throat Negative_phenotype 12222662 Decrease 31 41 Cruciferae Plant 119 144 seasonal febrile diseases Negative_phenotype 12222662 Decrease 31 41 Cruciferae Plant 146 156 pestilence Negative_phenotype 12222662 Decrease 31 41 Cruciferae Plant 158 163 mumps Negative_phenotype 12222662 Decrease 31 41 Cruciferae Plant 165 182 eruptive diseases Negative_phenotype 12222662 Decrease 31 41 Cruciferae Plant 184 226 inflammatory diseases with redness of skin Negative_phenotype 12222662 Decrease 31 41 Cruciferae Plant 228 239 sore throat Negative_phenotype 12222662 Decrease 63 74 Ban-Lan-Gen Plant 119 144 seasonal febrile diseases Negative_phenotype 12222662 Decrease 63 74 Ban-Lan-Gen Plant 146 156 pestilence Negative_phenotype 12222662 Decrease 63 74 Ban-Lan-Gen Plant 158 163 mumps Negative_phenotype 12222662 Decrease 63 74 Ban-Lan-Gen Plant 165 182 eruptive diseases Negative_phenotype 12222662 Decrease 63 74 Ban-Lan-Gen Plant 184 226 inflammatory diseases with redness of skin Negative_phenotype 12222662 Decrease 63 74 Ban-Lan-Gen Plant 228 239 sore throat Negative_phenotype 12222662_3 In this study, we evaluated the antinociceptive, antiinflammatory and antipyretic effects of Isatis indigotica root methanolic extract. 12222662 32 47 antinociceptive Positive_phenotype 12222662 49 65 antiinflammatory Positive_phenotype 12222662 70 81 antipyretic Positive_phenotype 12222662 93 110 Isatis indigotica Plant 12222662_4 The results showed that Isatis indigotica root extract significantly and dose-dependently inhibited the writhing responses of mice and decreased the licking time in both the early and late phases of the formalin test. 12222662 24 41 Isatis indigotica Plant 12222662 104 112 writhing Negative_phenotype 12222662 Decrease 24 41 Isatis indigotica Plant 104 112 writhing Negative_phenotype 12222662_5 It also reduced the paw edema induced by carrageenan in rats. 12222662 20 29 paw edema Negative_phenotype 12222662_6 In addition, it potently attenuated pyrexia induced by lipopolysaccharide. 12222662 36 43 pyrexia Negative_phenotype 12396303_1 Evodia rutaecarpa protects against circulation failure and organ dysfunction in endotoxaemic rats through modulating nitric oxide release. 12396303 0 17 Evodia rutaecarpa Plant 12396303 35 54 circulation failure Negative_phenotype 12396303 59 76 organ dysfunction Negative_phenotype 12396303 80 92 endotoxaemic Negative_phenotype 12396303 Decrease 0 17 Evodia rutaecarpa Plant 35 54 circulation failure Negative_phenotype 12396303 Decrease 0 17 Evodia rutaecarpa Plant 59 76 organ dysfunction Negative_phenotype 12396303_2 Using a rat model of septic shock we studied the effects of Evodia rutaecarpa, a Chinese herbal medicine with antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activity, on haemodynamic parameters, biochemical markers of organ function and nitric oxide (NO) production. 12396303 21 33 septic shock Negative_phenotype 12396303 60 77 Evodia rutaecarpa Plant 12396303 110 123 antimicrobial Positive_phenotype 12396303 128 145 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 12396303_3 Anaesthetized rats challenged with a high dosage of endotoxin (Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide; LPS; 50 mg kg(-1), i.v.) for 6 h showed a severe decrease in mean arterial pressure. 12396303 166 183 arterial pressure Neutral_phenotype 12396303_4 This was accompanied by delayed bradycardia, vascular hyporeactivity to phenylephrine and increase in plasma levels of lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase, bilirubin and creatinine, as well as NOx (NO2- plus NO3-). 12396303 32 43 bradycardia Negative_phenotype 12396303 45 68 vascular hyporeactivity Negative_phenotype 12396303_5 Pretreatment with ethanol extract of E. rutaecarpa (25, 50 and 100 mg kg(-1), i.v. ), 1 h before LPS, dose-dependently prevented the circulation failure, vascular hyporeactivity to phenylephrine, prevented liver dysfunction and reduced the NOx over-production in plasma in endotoxaemic rats. 12396303 37 50 E. rutaecarpa Plant 12396303 133 152 circulation failure Negative_phenotype 12396303 206 223 liver dysfunction Negative_phenotype 12396303 273 285 endotoxaemic Negative_phenotype 12396303 Decrease 37 50 E. rutaecarpa Plant 133 152 circulation failure Negative_phenotype 12396303 Decrease 37 50 E. rutaecarpa Plant 206 223 liver dysfunction Negative_phenotype 12396303 Decrease 37 50 E. rutaecarpa Plant 273 285 endotoxaemic Negative_phenotype 12396303_6 A selective inducible NO-synthase (iNOS) inhibitor, aminoguanidine (15 mg kg(-1), i.v. ), also effectively ameliorated the above pathophysiological phenomenon associated with endotoxaemia so that the normal condition was approached. 12396303 175 187 endotoxaemia Negative_phenotype 12396303_7 Endotoxaemia for 6 h resulted in a significant increase in iNOS activity in the liver homogenate, which was attenuated significantly by E. rutaecarpa pretreatment. 12396303 136 149 E. rutaecarpa Plant 12396303_8 In summary, E. rutaecarpa, at the dosages used, exerted these beneficial effects probably through inhibition of iNOS activity and subsequent modulation of the release of NO. 12396303 12 25 E. rutaecarpa Plant 12396303_9 These significant results may offer E. rutaecarpa as a candidate for the treatment of this model of endotoxaemia. 12396303 36 49 E. rutaecarpa Plant 12396303 100 112 endotoxaemia Negative_phenotype 12396303 Decrease 36 49 E. rutaecarpa Plant 100 112 endotoxaemia Negative_phenotype 12499071_1 Anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties of the stem bark extract of Mitragyna ciliata (Rubiaceae) Aubr v. _ Pellegr. 12499071 0 17 Anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 12499071 22 31 analgesic Positive_phenotype 12499071 71 120 Mitragyna ciliata (Rubiaceae) Aubr v. _ Pellegr. Plant 12499071_2 Mitragyna ciliata is widely used in traditional medicine for the treatment of inflammation, hypertension, headache, rheumatism, gonorrhoea and broncho-pulmonary diseases. 12499071 0 17 Mitragyna ciliata Plant 12499071 78 90 inflammation Negative_phenotype 12499071 92 104 hypertension Negative_phenotype 12499071 106 114 headache Negative_phenotype 12499071 116 126 rheumatism Negative_phenotype 12499071 128 138 gonorrhoea Negative_phenotype 12499071 143 169 broncho-pulmonary diseases Negative_phenotype 12499071 Decrease 0 17 Mitragyna ciliata Plant 78 90 inflammation Negative_phenotype 12499071 Decrease 0 17 Mitragyna ciliata Plant 92 104 hypertension Negative_phenotype 12499071 Decrease 0 17 Mitragyna ciliata Plant 106 114 headache Negative_phenotype 12499071 Decrease 0 17 Mitragyna ciliata Plant 116 126 rheumatism Negative_phenotype 12499071 Decrease 0 17 Mitragyna ciliata Plant 128 138 gonorrhoea Negative_phenotype 12499071 Decrease 0 17 Mitragyna ciliata Plant 143 169 broncho-pulmonary diseases Negative_phenotype 12499071_3 In the present study, the anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties of the stem bark extract of M. ciliata were investigated. 12499071 26 43 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 12499071 48 57 analgesic Positive_phenotype 12499071 97 107 M. ciliata Plant 12499071_4 The stem bark of this plant was extracted over Soxhlet with hexane followed by another extraction with methanol. 12499071_5 The resulting methanol extract was used for the pharmacological test. 12499071_6 Anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated on the basis of the inhibitory effect of the extract on 5-lipoxygenase, and carrageenin-induced hind paw oedema in the rat. 12499071 0 17 Anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 12499071 137 152 hind paw oedema Negative_phenotype 12499071_7 The methanol extract, at a dose of 19.2 microg/ml, exhibited no inhibition on 5-lipoxygenase. 12499071_8 However, this extract administered per os (50 mg/kg) produced about 70% inhibition of carrageenin-induced paw oedema 1 h after administration. 12499071 106 116 paw oedema Negative_phenotype 12499071_9 This inhibition was maintained to about 50% 2 h after administration. 12499071_10 The dose of 50 mg/kg of MeOH extract significantly decreased sensitivity to pain from 78.75 to 107.5 g These findings suggest that extracts of the bark of M. ciliata, possess potent anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects. 12499071 76 80 pain Negative_phenotype 12499071 155 165 M. ciliata Plant 12499071 182 199 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 12499071 204 213 analgesic Positive_phenotype 12499071 Decrease 76 80 pain Negative_phenotype 155 165 M. ciliata Plant 12499071 Increase 155 165 M. ciliata Plant 182 199 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 12499071 Increase 155 165 M. ciliata Plant 204 213 analgesic Positive_phenotype 12499071_11 Chemical analysis of the extract showed the presence of alkaloids and kaempferol derivative which may be responsible for the anti-inflammatory properties. 12499071 125 142 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 12537594_1 Effect of garlic on cardiovascular disorders: a review. 12537594 10 16 garlic Plant 12537594 20 44 cardiovascular disorders Negative_phenotype 12537594_2 Garlic and its preparations have been widely recognized as agents for prevention and treatment of cardiovascular and other metabolic diseases, atherosclerosis, hyperlipidemia, thrombosis, hypertension and diabetes. 12537594 0 6 Garlic Plant 12537594 98 112 cardiovascular Negative_phenotype 12537594 123 141 metabolic diseases Negative_phenotype 12537594 143 158 atherosclerosis Negative_phenotype 12537594 160 174 hyperlipidemia Negative_phenotype 12537594 176 186 thrombosis Negative_phenotype 12537594 188 200 hypertension Negative_phenotype 12537594 205 213 diabetes Negative_phenotype 12537594 Decrease 0 6 Garlic Plant 98 112 cardiovascular Negative_phenotype 12537594 Decrease 0 6 Garlic Plant 123 141 metabolic diseases Negative_phenotype 12537594 Decrease 0 6 Garlic Plant 143 158 atherosclerosis Negative_phenotype 12537594 Decrease 0 6 Garlic Plant 160 174 hyperlipidemia Negative_phenotype 12537594 Decrease 0 6 Garlic Plant 176 186 thrombosis Negative_phenotype 12537594 Decrease 0 6 Garlic Plant 188 200 hypertension Negative_phenotype 12537594 Decrease 0 6 Garlic Plant 205 213 diabetes Negative_phenotype 12537594_3 Effectiveness of garlic in cardiovascular diseases was more encouraging in experimental studies, which prompted several clinical trials. 12537594 17 23 garlic Plant 12537594 27 50 cardiovascular diseases Negative_phenotype 12537594 Decrease 17 23 garlic Plant 27 50 cardiovascular diseases Negative_phenotype 12537594_4 Though many clinical trials showed a positive effect of garlic on almost all cardiovascular conditions mentioned above, however a number of negative studies have recently cast doubt on the efficacy of garlic specially its cholesterol lowering effect of garlic. 12537594 56 62 garlic Plant 12537594 77 102 cardiovascular conditions Neutral_phenotype 12537594 201 207 garlic Plant 12537594 222 242 cholesterol lowering Positive_phenotype 12537594 253 259 garlic Plant 12537594 Increase 56 62 garlic Plant 77 102 cardiovascular conditions Neutral_phenotype 12537594 Increase 222 242 cholesterol lowering Positive_phenotype 253 259 garlic Plant 12537594_5 It is a great challenge for scientists all over the world to make a proper use of garlic and enjoy its maximum beneficial effect as it is the cheapest way to prevent cardiovascular disease. 12537594 82 88 garlic Plant 12537594 166 188 cardiovascular disease Negative_phenotype 12537594 Decrease 82 88 garlic Plant 166 188 cardiovascular disease Negative_phenotype 12537594_6 This review has attempted to make a bridge the gap between experimental and clinical study and to discuss the possible mechanisms of such therapeutic actions of garlic. 12537594 161 167 garlic Plant 12546719_1 Anti-inflammatory effects of aqueous extract from Dichroa febrifuga root in rat liver. 12546719 0 17 Anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 12546719 50 67 Dichroa febrifuga Plant 12546719_2 AIM: To study the anti-inflammatory effects of aqueous extract from Dichroa febrifuga root (AEDF) for suppression in the process of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced sepsis in the rat liver. 12546719 18 35 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 12546719 68 85 Dichroa febrifuga Plant 12546719 92 96 AEDF Plant 12546719 165 171 sepsis Negative_phenotype 12546719_3 METHODS: The inhibitory effect of AEDF on the alteration of inflammatory proteins was investigated by Western blot and immunohistochemical analysis. 12546719 34 38 AEDF Plant 12546719_4 RESULTS: Western blot analysis showed that the level of nuclear factor (NF)-kappaBp65 was markedly up-regulated and (I)-kappaBalpha was down-regulated by LPS (8 mg/kg) challenge. 12546719_5 However, AEDF 100 mg/kg inhibited induction of NF-kappaBp65 and degradation of I-kappaBalpha in the liver of LPS-challenged rats. 12546719 9 13 AEDF Plant 12546719_6 Immunohistochemical analysis showed that while the expression of the NF-kappaBp65, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) tended to increase, that of I-kappaBalpha was decreased in the hepatocytes of rats challenged with LPS. 12546719_7 A slight decline of NF-kappaBp65, TNF-alpha and iNOS, but an increase of I-kappaBalpha were observed in the hepatocytes of the rats pretreated with AEDF. 12546719 148 152 AEDF Plant 12546719_8 CONCLUSION: AEDF may act as a therapeutic agent for inflammatory disease through a regulation of inflammation-related proteins. 12546719 12 16 AEDF Plant 12546719 52 72 inflammatory disease Negative_phenotype 12546719 Decrease 12 16 AEDF Plant 52 72 inflammatory disease Negative_phenotype 12576214_1 Anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties of Clerodendrum petasites S. Moore. 12576214 0 17 Anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 12576214 22 33 antipyretic Positive_phenotype 12576214 48 79 Clerodendrum petasites S. Moore Plant 12576214_2 The methanol extract from Clerodendrum petasites S. Moore (CP extract) was assessed for anti-inflammatory and antipyretic activities on the experimental animal models. 12576214 26 57 Clerodendrum petasites S. Moore Plant 12576214 59 61 CP Plant 12576214 88 105 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 12576214 110 121 antipyretic Positive_phenotype 12576214_3 It was found that CP extract possessed moderate inhibitory activity on acute phase of inflammation in a dose-related manner as seen in ethyl phenylpropiolate-induced ear edema (ED(50)=2.34 mg/ear) as well as carrageenin-induced hind paw edema (ED(30)=420.41 mg/kg) in rats. 12576214 18 20 CP Plant 12576214 71 98 acute phase of inflammation Negative_phenotype 12576214 166 175 ear edema Negative_phenotype 12576214 228 242 hind paw edema Negative_phenotype 12576214 Decrease 18 20 CP Plant 71 98 acute phase of inflammation Negative_phenotype 12576214 Decrease 18 20 CP Plant 166 175 ear edema Negative_phenotype 12576214 Decrease 18 20 CP Plant 228 242 hind paw edema Negative_phenotype 12576214_4 However, CP extract did not elicit any inhibitory effect on arachidonic acid-induced hind paw edema in rats. 12576214 9 11 CP Plant 12576214 85 99 hind paw edema Negative_phenotype 12576214_5 In subchronic inflammatory model, CP extract provoked a significant reduction of transudation but had no effect on proliferative phase when tested in cotton pellet-induced granuloma model. 12576214 3 26 subchronic inflammatory Negative_phenotype 12576214 34 36 CP Plant 12576214 172 181 granuloma Negative_phenotype 12576214_6 CP extract also reduced the alkaline phosphatase activity in serum of rats in this animal model. 12576214 0 2 CP Plant 12576214_7 Moreover, CP extract possessed an excellent antipyretic effect when tested in yeast-induced hyperthermic rats. 12576214 10 12 CP Plant 12576214 44 55 antipyretic Positive_phenotype 12576214 92 104 hyperthermic Negative_phenotype 12576214 Increase 10 12 CP Plant 44 55 antipyretic Positive_phenotype 12576214 Decrease 10 12 CP Plant 92 104 hyperthermic Negative_phenotype 12576214_8 It is postulated that the anti-inflammatory and antipyretic effects of CP extract are caused by the inhibition of the prostaglandin synthesis. 12576214 26 43 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 12576214 48 59 antipyretic Positive_phenotype 12576214 71 73 CP Plant 12576214 Increase 26 43 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 71 73 CP Plant 12576214 Increase 48 59 antipyretic Positive_phenotype 71 73 CP Plant 12576214_9 Anyhow, CP extract did not possess any analgesic activity in acetic acid-induced writhing response in mice. 12576214 8 10 CP Plant 12576214 39 48 analgesic Positive_phenotype 12576214 81 89 writhing Negative_phenotype 12576214_10 The results obtained show that C. petasites has beneficial properties since it possesses potent antipyretic and moderate anti-inflammatory activities without ulcerogenic effect. 12576214 31 43 C. petasites Plant 12576214 96 107 antipyretic Positive_phenotype 12576214 121 138 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 12576214 158 169 ulcerogenic Negative_phenotype 12576214 Increase 31 43 C. petasites Plant 96 107 antipyretic Positive_phenotype 12576214 Increase 31 43 C. petasites Plant 121 138 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 12577425_1 [Immunomodulatory activity and anti-tumor activity of Oldenlandia diffusa in vitro]. 12577425 1 17 Immunomodulatory Positive_phenotype 12577425 31 41 anti-tumor Positive_phenotype 12577425 54 73 Oldenlandia diffusa Plant 12577425_2 OBJECTIVE: To study the effect of Oldenlandia diffusa (OD) on lymphocytes and tumor cells in vitro. 12577425 34 53 Oldenlandia diffusa Plant 12577425 55 57 OD Plant 12577425 78 83 tumor Negative_phenotype 12577425_3 METHODS: Effects of OD extract (ODE) on proliferation of spleen cells of mice and the phagocytosis of monocytes to tumor cells using 3H incorporation were analysed, and effect on specific activity of natural killer (NK) cells to human and mice's tumor cells was determined using free 51 Cr experiments, effects on B cells' antibody production and cytokine of monocyte production were investigated by ELISA and biological method, the chemical composition of OD was analyzed by chromatography, protease digestion and sugar decomposition (NaIO4) test. 12577425 20 22 OD Plant 12577425 32 35 ODE Plant 12577425 115 120 tumor Negative_phenotype 12577425 246 251 tumor Negative_phenotype 12577425 457 459 OD Plant 12577425_4 RESULTS: ODE could vigorously promote the proliferative activity of spleen cells in mice, specific lethal activity of human and mice's NK cell to tumor cells, B cells' antibody production, monocytes' cytokine production and its phagocytosis to remove the tumor cells. 12577425 9 12 ODE Plant 12577425 146 151 tumor Negative_phenotype 12577425 255 260 tumor Negative_phenotype 12577425 Decrease 9 12 ODE Plant 146 151 tumor Negative_phenotype 12577425 Decrease 9 12 ODE Plant 255 260 tumor Negative_phenotype 12577425_5 By means of chromatography, protease E digestion and NaIO4 treatment, the result of chemical composition analysis showed that the component of OD was 90 kDa glycoprotein. 12577425 143 145 OD Plant 12577425_6 CONCLUSION: ODE has immuno-modulating activity and anti-tumor activity in vitro through stimulating the immune system to kill or engulf tumor cells, which could be used clinically for immune function modulation and to treat tumor and other diseases. 12577425 12 15 ODE Plant 12577425 20 37 immuno-modulating Positive_phenotype 12577425 51 61 anti-tumor Positive_phenotype 12577425 104 117 immune system Positive_phenotype 12577425 136 141 tumor Negative_phenotype 12577425 184 210 immune function modulation Positive_phenotype 12577425 224 229 tumor Negative_phenotype 12577425 Increase 12 15 ODE Plant 20 37 immuno-modulating Positive_phenotype 12577425 Increase 12 15 ODE Plant 51 61 anti-tumor Positive_phenotype 12577425 Increase 12 15 ODE Plant 104 117 immune system Positive_phenotype 12577425 Decrease 12 15 ODE Plant 136 141 tumor Negative_phenotype 12577425 Increase 12 15 ODE Plant 184 210 immune function modulation Positive_phenotype 12577425 Decrease 12 15 ODE Plant 224 229 tumor Negative_phenotype 12587418_1 [In vitro evaluation of the chemopreventive potential of saffron]. 12587418 28 43 chemopreventive Positive_phenotype 12587418 57 64 saffron Plant 12587418_2 Cancer is a very important national health problem in Mexico, while a significant increase in the total and childhood cancer mortality has been recorded during the last decades. 12587418 0 6 Cancer Negative_phenotype 12587418 108 124 childhood cancer Negative_phenotype 12587418_3 Chemoprevention, defined as the use of natural or synthetic agents to prevent or to block the development of cancer in human beings, is a new and promising strategy in the battle against cancer. 12587418 0 15 Chemoprevention Positive_phenotype 12587418 109 115 cancer Negative_phenotype 12587418 187 193 cancer Negative_phenotype 12587418_4 Saffron, obtained from the dried red-dark stigmas of Crocus sativus L., an important spice rich in carotenoids, is commonly consumed in different parts of the world and used as a medical drug to treat numerous diseases. 12587418 0 7 Saffron Plant 12587418 53 70 Crocus sativus L. Plant 12587418_5 OBJECTIVE: To test the toxicity of saffron extract in vivo; to separate different ingredients in saffron extracts; to examine the cytotoxic effect of saffron and its main components on the growth of different human malignant cells in vitro; to evaluate the mutagenic and antimutagenic activities of saffron extract. 12587418 23 31 toxicity Negative_phenotype 12587418 35 42 saffron Plant 12587418 97 104 saffron Plant 12587418 150 157 saffron Plant 12587418 215 224 malignant Negative_phenotype 12587418 257 266 mutagenic Negative_phenotype 12587418 271 284 antimutagenic Positive_phenotype 12587418 299 306 saffron Plant 12587418_6 METHODS: HPLC with photodiode-array detection was used for semi-preparative separation of different ingredients of saffron crude extract. 12587418 115 122 saffron Plant 12587418_7 Colony formation assay was used to determinate the cytotoxic activity of saffron extract and its components on human tumor cells in vitro. 12587418 73 80 saffron Plant 12587418 117 122 tumor Negative_phenotype 12587418_8 Mutagenicity and antimutagenicity assays were performed by the Ames method. 12587418_9 RESULTS: Saffron is not toxic, non-mutagenic, non-antimutagenic and non-comutagenic. 12587418 9 16 Saffron Plant 12587418 24 29 toxic Negative_phenotype 12587418 31 44 non-mutagenic Positive_phenotype 12587418 46 63 non-antimutagenic Positive_phenotype 12587418 68 83 non-comutagenic Positive_phenotype 12587418_10 Twelve components were isolated: crocin-1, crocin-2, crocin-3, picrocroein, acid form of picrocrocin, HTCC-diglycosil-kaempferol trans-crocin-4, trans-crocin-2, trans-crocin-3, safranal, crocetin and cis-crocin-3. 12587418_11 Saffron extract itself and some of its ingredients displayed a dose-dependent inhibitory activity against different types of human malignant cells in vitro. 12587418 0 7 Saffron Plant 12587418 131 140 malignant Negative_phenotype 12587418 Decrease 0 7 Saffron Plant 131 140 malignant Negative_phenotype 12587418_12 HeLa cells were more susceptible to saffron than other tested cells. 12587418 0 4 HeLa Negative_phenotype 12587418 36 43 saffron Plant 12587418 Association 0 4 HeLa Negative_phenotype 36 43 saffron Plant 12587418_13 CONCLUSIONS: Taken together, our results and literature data indicate that saffron could be used as a potential cancer chemopreventive agent in clinical trials. 12587418 75 82 saffron Plant 12587418 112 118 cancer Negative_phenotype 12587418 Decrease 75 82 saffron Plant 112 118 cancer Negative_phenotype 12675854_1 Effect of green tea extract on cardiac hypertrophy following 5/6 nephrectomy in the rat. 12675854 16 19 tea Plant 12675854 31 50 cardiac hypertrophy Negative_phenotype 12675854_2 BACKGROUND: Left ventricular hypertrophy commonly complicates chronic renal failure. 12675854 12 40 Left ventricular hypertrophy Negative_phenotype 12675854 62 83 chronic renal failure Negative_phenotype 12675854_3 We have observed that at least one pathway of left ventricular hypertrophy appears to involve signaling through reactive oxygen species (ROS). 12675854 46 74 left ventricular hypertrophy Negative_phenotype 12675854_4 Green tea is a substance that appears to have substantial antioxidant activity, yet is safe and is currently widely used. 12675854 6 9 tea Plant 12675854 58 69 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 12675854 Increase 6 9 tea Plant 58 69 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 12675854_5 We, therefore, studied whether green tea supplementation could attenuate the development of left ventricular hypertrophy in an animal model of chronic renal failure. 12675854 37 40 tea Plant 12675854 92 120 left ventricular hypertrophy Negative_phenotype 12675854 143 164 chronic renal failure Negative_phenotype 12675854_6 METHODS: Male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to sham or remnant kidney surgery and given green tea extract (0.1% and 0.25%) or plain drinking water for the next 4 weeks. 12675854 99 102 tea Plant 12675854_7 Heart weight, body weight, and cardiac Na-K-ATPase activity were measured at the end of this period. 12675854 0 12 Heart weight Neutral_phenotype 12675854 14 25 body weight Neutral_phenotype 12675854_8 To further test our hypothesis, we performed studies in cardiac myocytes isolated from adult male Sprague-Dawley rats. 12675854_9 We measured the generation of ROS using the oxidant sensitive dye dichlorofluorescein (DCF) as well as (3H)phenylalanine incorporation following exposure to cardiac glycosides with and without green tea extract. 12675854 199 202 tea Plant 12675854_10 RESULTS: Administration of green tea extract at 0.25% resulted in attenuation of left ventricular hypertrophy, hypertension, and preserved cardiac Na-K-ATPase activity in rats subjected to remnant kidney surgery (all P < 0.01). 12675854 33 36 tea Plant 12675854 81 109 left ventricular hypertrophy Negative_phenotype 12675854 111 123 hypertension Negative_phenotype 12675854 Decrease 33 36 tea Plant 81 109 left ventricular hypertrophy Negative_phenotype 12675854 Decrease 33 36 tea Plant 111 123 hypertension Negative_phenotype 12675854_11 In subsequent studies performed in isolated cardiac myocytes, both ouabain and marinobufagenin (MBG) were both found to increase ROS production and (3H)phenylalanine incorporation at concentrations substantially below their inhibitor concentration (IC) 50 for the sodium pump. 12675854_12 Addition of green tea extract prevented increases in ROS production as well as (3H)phenylalanine incorporation in these isolated cardiac myocytes. 12675854 18 21 tea Plant 12675854_13 CONCLUSION: Green tea extract appears to block the development of cardiac hypertrophy in experimental renal failure. 12675854 18 21 tea Plant 12675854 66 115 cardiac hypertrophy in experimental renal failure Negative_phenotype 12675854 Decrease 18 21 tea Plant 66 115 cardiac hypertrophy in experimental renal failure Negative_phenotype 12675854_14 Some of this effect may be related to the attenuation of hypertension, but a direct effect on cardiac myocyte ROS production and growth was also identified. 12675854 57 69 hypertension Negative_phenotype 12675854_15 Clinical studies of green tea extract in chronic renal failure patients may be warranted. 12675854 26 29 tea Plant 12675854 41 62 chronic renal failure Negative_phenotype 12675854 Decrease 26 29 tea Plant 41 62 chronic renal failure Negative_phenotype 12856858_1 Effect of salvia miltiorrhiza bunge on cerebral infarct in ischemia-reperfusion injured rats. 12856858 10 35 salvia miltiorrhiza bunge Plant 12856858 39 87 cerebral infarct in ischemia-reperfusion injured Negative_phenotype 12856858_2 According to the theory of traditional Chinese medicine, cerebral infarction results from blood stasis, and the method of quickening the blood and dispelling stasis is used to treat cerebral infarct. 12856858 57 102 cerebral infarction results from blood stasis Negative_phenotype 12856858 122 142 quickening the blood Positive_phenotype 12856858 147 164 dispelling stasis Positive_phenotype 12856858 182 198 cerebral infarct Negative_phenotype 12856858_3 salvia miltorrhiza bunge (SM) is a Chinese herb, which is considered to have an action of quickening the blood and dispelling stasis, and is frequently used to treat related disorders of blood stasis such as cerebrovascular accident and ischemic heart disease. 12856858 0 24 salvia miltorrhiza bunge Plant 12856858 26 28 SM Plant 12856858 90 110 quickening the blood Positive_phenotype 12856858 115 132 dispelling stasis Positive_phenotype 12856858 187 199 blood stasis Negative_phenotype 12856858 208 232 cerebrovascular accident Negative_phenotype 12856858 237 259 ischemic heart disease Negative_phenotype 12856858 Increase 0 24 salvia miltorrhiza bunge Plant 90 110 quickening the blood Positive_phenotype 12856858 Increase 0 24 salvia miltorrhiza bunge Plant 115 132 dispelling stasis Positive_phenotype 12856858 Decrease 0 24 salvia miltorrhiza bunge Plant 187 199 blood stasis Negative_phenotype 12856858 Decrease 0 24 salvia miltorrhiza bunge Plant 208 232 cerebrovascular accident Negative_phenotype 12856858 Decrease 0 24 salvia miltorrhiza bunge Plant 237 259 ischemic heart disease Negative_phenotype 12856858 Increase 26 28 SM Plant 90 110 quickening the blood Positive_phenotype 12856858 Increase 26 28 SM Plant 115 132 dispelling stasis Positive_phenotype 12856858 Decrease 26 28 SM Plant 187 199 blood stasis Negative_phenotype 12856858 Decrease 26 28 SM Plant 208 232 cerebrovascular accident Negative_phenotype 12856858 Decrease 26 28 SM Plant 237 259 ischemic heart disease Negative_phenotype 12856858_4 The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of SM on cerebral infarct in ischemia-reperfusion injured rats. 12856858 62 64 SM Plant 12856858 68 116 cerebral infarct in ischemia-reperfusion injured Negative_phenotype 12856858_5 A total of 30 Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were studied. 12856858_6 A model of focal cerebral infarct was developed by occluding both common carotid arteries and the right middle cerebral artery for 90 minutes. 12856858 11 33 focal cerebral infarct Negative_phenotype 12856858 51 89 occluding both common carotid arteries Negative_phenotype 12856858_7 After 24 hours reperfusion, the rats were killed and the brain tissue was stained with 2, 3, 5-triphenyl-tetrazolium chloride (TTC). 12856858 15 26 reperfusion Negative_phenotype 12856858_8 The areas of cerebral infarct were calculated, and lumino-chemiluminesence (CL) counts and lucigenin-CL counts of peripheral blood taken at this time were measured. 12856858 13 29 cerebral infarct Negative_phenotype 12856858_9 The changes in the area of cerebral infarct were used as an index to evaluate the effect of SM on cerebral infarct. 12856858 27 43 cerebral infarct Negative_phenotype 12856858 92 94 SM Plant 12856858 98 114 cerebral infarct Negative_phenotype 12856858_10 The results indicated that pretreatment with intraperitoneal injection of 30 mg/kg and 15 mg/kg SM reduced the area of cerebral infarct and also reduced the luminol-CL counts of peripheral blood in ischemia-reperfusion injured rats. 12856858 96 98 SM Plant 12856858 119 135 cerebral infarct Negative_phenotype 12856858 198 226 ischemia-reperfusion injured Negative_phenotype 12856858 Decrease 96 98 SM Plant 119 135 cerebral infarct Negative_phenotype 12856858 Decrease 96 98 SM Plant 198 226 ischemia-reperfusion injured Negative_phenotype 12856858_11 This study has demonstrated that SM can reduce the area of cerebral infarct in ischemia-reperfusion injured rats, suggesting it may be useful in the treatment of cerebral infarct in humans. 12856858 33 35 SM Plant 12856858 59 107 cerebral infarct in ischemia-reperfusion injured Negative_phenotype 12856858 162 178 cerebral infarct Negative_phenotype 12856858 Decrease 33 35 SM Plant 59 107 cerebral infarct in ischemia-reperfusion injured Negative_phenotype 12856858 Decrease 33 35 SM Plant 162 178 cerebral infarct Negative_phenotype 12856858_12 The therapeutic effect of SM may be partly due to its free radical scavenging activities. 12856858 26 28 SM Plant 12856861_1 In vitro cytotoxic, antiviral and immunomodulatory effects of Plantago major and Plantago asiatica. 12856861 20 29 antiviral Positive_phenotype 12856861 34 50 immunomodulatory Positive_phenotype 12856861 62 76 Plantago major Plant 12856861 81 99 Plantago asiatica. Plant 12856861_2 Plantago major linn. and P. asiatica Linn. (Plantaginaceae) are commonly used as folk medicine in Taiwan for treating infectious diseases related to the respiratory, urinary and digestive tracts. 12856861 0 20 Plantago major linn. Plant 12856861 25 42 P. asiatica Linn. Plant 12856861 118 194 infectious diseases related to the respiratory, urinary and digestive tracts Negative_phenotype 12856861 Decrease 0 20 Plantago major linn. Plant 118 194 infectious diseases related to the respiratory, urinary and digestive tracts Negative_phenotype 12856861 Decrease 25 42 P. asiatica Linn. Plant 118 194 infectious diseases related to the respiratory, urinary and digestive tracts Negative_phenotype 12856861_3 In this study, we investigated the antiviral, cytotoxic and immunomodulatory activities of hot water extracts of these two species in vitro on a series of viruses, namely herpesviruses (HSV-1 and HSV-2), adenoviruses (ADV-3, ADV-8 and ADV-11), and on various human leukemia, lymphoma and carcinoma cells with XTT, BrdU and IFN-gamma kits. 12856861 35 44 antiviral Positive_phenotype 12856861 60 76 immunomodulatory Positive_phenotype 12856861 155 162 viruses Negative_phenotype 12856861 171 184 herpesviruses Negative_phenotype 12856861 186 191 HSV-1 Negative_phenotype 12856861 196 201 HSV-2 Negative_phenotype 12856861 204 216 adenoviruses Negative_phenotype 12856861 218 223 ADV-3 Negative_phenotype 12856861 225 230 ADV-8 Negative_phenotype 12856861 235 241 ADV-11 Negative_phenotype 12856861 265 273 leukemia Negative_phenotype 12856861 275 283 lymphoma Negative_phenotype 12856861 288 297 carcinoma Negative_phenotype 12856861_4 Results showed that hot water extract of P. asiatica possessed significant inhibitory activity on the proliferation of lymphoma (U937) and carcinoma (bladder, bone, cervix, kidney, lung and stomach) cells and on viral infection (HSV-2 and ADV-11). 12856861 41 52 P. asiatica Plant 12856861 119 127 lymphoma Negative_phenotype 12856861 129 133 U937 Negative_phenotype 12856861 139 198 carcinoma (bladder, bone, cervix, kidney, lung and stomach) Negative_phenotype 12856861 212 227 viral infection Negative_phenotype 12856861 229 234 HSV-2 Negative_phenotype 12856861 239 245 ADV-11 Negative_phenotype 12856861 Decrease 41 52 P. asiatica Plant 119 127 lymphoma Negative_phenotype 12856861 Decrease 41 52 P. asiatica Plant 129 133 U937 Negative_phenotype 12856861 Decrease 41 52 P. asiatica Plant 139 157 139 198 carcinoma (bladder, bone, cervix, kidney, lung and stomach) Negative_phenotype 12856861 Decrease 41 52 P. asiatica Plant 212 227 viral infection Negative_phenotype 12856861 Decrease 41 52 P. asiatica Plant 229 234 HSV-2 Negative_phenotype 12856861 Decrease 41 52 P. asiatica Plant 239 245 ADV-11 Negative_phenotype 12856861_5 P. major and P. asiatica both exhibited dual effects of immunodulatory activity, enhancing lymphocyte proliferation and secretion of interferon-gamma at low concentrations (< 50 microg/ml), but inhibiting this effect at high concentration (> 50 microg/ml). 12856861 0 8 P. major Plant 12856861 13 24 P. asiatica Plant 12856861 56 70 immunodulatory Positive_phenotype 12856861 Increase 0 8 P. major Plant 56 70 immunodulatory Positive_phenotype 12856861 Increase 13 24 P. asiatica Plant 56 70 immunodulatory Positive_phenotype 12856861_6 The present study concludes that hot water extracts of P. major and P. asiatica possess abroad-spectrum of antileukemia, anticarcinoma and antiviral activities, as well as activities which modulate cell-mediated immunity. 12856861 55 63 P. major Plant 12856861 68 79 P. asiatica Plant 12856861 107 119 antileukemia Positive_phenotype 12856861 121 134 anticarcinoma Positive_phenotype 12856861 139 148 antiviral Positive_phenotype 12856861 198 220 cell-mediated immunity Positive_phenotype 12856861 Increase 55 63 P. major Plant 107 119 antileukemia Positive_phenotype 12856861 Increase 55 63 P. major Plant 121 134 anticarcinoma Positive_phenotype 12856861 Increase 55 63 P. major Plant 139 148 antiviral Positive_phenotype 12856861 Increase 55 63 P. major Plant 198 220 cell-mediated immunity Positive_phenotype 12856861 Increase 68 79 P. asiatica Plant 107 119 antileukemia Positive_phenotype 12856861 Increase 68 79 P. asiatica Plant 121 134 anticarcinoma Positive_phenotype 12856861 Increase 68 79 P. asiatica Plant 139 148 antiviral Positive_phenotype 12856861 Increase 68 79 P. asiatica Plant 198 220 cell-mediated immunity Positive_phenotype 12856861_7 Further investigations to elucidate the active component(s) of P. asiatica and P. major and to evaluate their clinical application are warranted. 12856861 63 74 P. asiatica Plant 12856861 79 87 P. major Plant 12859423_1 Effect of Centella asiatica on cognition and oxidative stress in an intracerebroventricular streptozotocin model of Alzheimer's disease in rats. 12859423 10 27 Centella asiatica Plant 12859423 31 40 cognition Positive_phenotype 12859423 45 61 oxidative stress Negative_phenotype 12859423 116 135 Alzheimer's disease Negative_phenotype 12859423_2 1. 12859423_3 Centella asiatica, an Indian medicinal plant, has been described as possessing central nervous system activity, such as improving intelligence. 12859423 0 17 Centella asiatica Plant 12859423 79 101 central nervous system Positive_phenotype 12859423 130 142 intelligence Positive_phenotype 12859423 Increase 0 17 Centella asiatica Plant 79 101 central nervous system Positive_phenotype 12859423 Increase 0 17 Centella asiatica Plant 130 142 intelligence Positive_phenotype 12859423_4 In addition, we have demonstrated that C. asiatica has cognitive-enhancing and anti-oxidant properties in normal rats. 12859423 39 50 C. asiatica Plant 12859423 55 74 cognitive-enhancing Positive_phenotype 12859423 79 91 anti-oxidant Positive_phenotype 12859423 Increase 39 50 C. asiatica Plant 55 74 cognitive-enhancing Positive_phenotype 12859423 Increase 39 50 C. asiatica Plant 79 91 anti-oxidant Positive_phenotype 12859423_5 Oxidative stress or an impaired endogenous anti-oxidant mechanism is an important factor that has been implicated in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and cognitive deficits seen in the elderly. 12859423 0 16 Oxidative stress Negative_phenotype 12859423 43 55 anti-oxidant Positive_phenotype 12859423 117 136 Alzheimer's disease Negative_phenotype 12859423 138 140 AD Negative_phenotype 12859423 146 164 cognitive deficits Negative_phenotype 12859423_6 2. 12859423_7 Intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) streptozotocin (STZ) in rats has been likened to sporadic AD in humans and the cognitive impairment is associated with free radical generation in this model. 12859423 91 93 AD Negative_phenotype 12859423 112 132 cognitive impairment Negative_phenotype 12859423_8 Therefore, in the present study, the effect of an aqueous extract of C. asiatica (100, 200 and 300 mg/kg for 21 days) was evaluated in i.c.v. STZ-induced cognitive impairment and oxidative stress in rats. 12859423 69 80 C. asiatica Plant 12859423 154 174 cognitive impairment Negative_phenotype 12859423 179 195 oxidative stress Negative_phenotype 12859423_9 3. 12859423_10 Male Wistar rats were injected with STZ (3 mg/kg, i.c.v.) bilaterally on the days 1 and 3. 12859423_11 Cognitive behaviour was assessed using passive avoidance and elevated plus-maze paradigms on the days 13, 14 and 21. 12859423 0 19 Cognitive behaviour Positive_phenotype 12859423_12 Rats were killed on the day 21 for estimation of oxidative stress parameters (malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione, superoxide dismutase and catalase) in the whole brain upon completion of the behavioural task. 12859423 49 65 oxidative stress Negative_phenotype 12859423_13 4. 12859423_14 Rats treated with C. asiatica showed a dose-dependent increase in cognitive behaviour in both paradigms. 12859423 18 29 C. asiatica Plant 12859423 66 85 cognitive behaviour Positive_phenotype 12859423 Increase 18 29 C. asiatica Plant 66 85 cognitive behaviour Positive_phenotype 12859423_15 A significant decrease in MDA and an increase in glutathione and catalase levels were observed only in rats treated with 200 and 300 mg/kg C. asiatica. 12859423 139 150 C. asiatica Plant 12859423_16 5. 12859423_17 The present findings indicate that an aqueous extract of C. asiatica is effective in preventing the cognitive deficits, as well as the oxidative stress, caused by i.c.v. STZ in rats. 12859423 57 68 C. asiatica Plant 12859423 100 118 cognitive deficits Negative_phenotype 12859423 135 151 oxidative stress Negative_phenotype 12859423 Decrease 57 68 C. asiatica Plant 100 118 cognitive deficits Negative_phenotype 12859423 Decrease 57 68 C. asiatica Plant 135 151 oxidative stress Negative_phenotype 12941440_1 Acetone extract of Bupleurum scorzonerifolium inhibits proliferation of A549 human lung cancer cells via inducing apoptosis and suppressing telomerase activity. 12941440 19 45 Bupleurum scorzonerifolium Plant 12941440 72 76 A549 Negative_phenotype 12941440 83 94 lung cancer Negative_phenotype 12941440 Decrease 19 45 Bupleurum scorzonerifolium Plant 72 76 A549 Negative_phenotype 12941440 Decrease 19 45 Bupleurum scorzonerifolium Plant 83 94 lung cancer Negative_phenotype 12941440_2 Bupleuri radix, a traditional Chinese herb, has been widely used to treat liver diseases such as hepatitis and cirrhosis. 12941440 0 8 Bupleuri Plant 12941440 74 88 liver diseases Negative_phenotype 12941440 97 106 hepatitis Negative_phenotype 12941440 111 120 cirrhosis Negative_phenotype 12941440 Decrease 0 8 Bupleuri Plant 74 88 liver diseases Negative_phenotype 12941440 Decrease 0 8 Bupleuri Plant 97 106 hepatitis Negative_phenotype 12941440 Decrease 0 8 Bupleuri Plant 111 120 cirrhosis Negative_phenotype 12941440_3 The acetone extract of Bupleurum scorzonerifolium (AE-BS) showed a dose-dependently antiproliferative effect on the proliferation of A549 human lung cancer cells. 12941440 23 49 Bupleurum scorzonerifolium Plant 12941440 51 56 AE-BS Plant 12941440 84 101 antiproliferative Positive_phenotype 12941440 133 137 A549 Negative_phenotype 12941440 144 155 lung cancer Negative_phenotype 12941440 Decrease 23 49 Bupleurum scorzonerifolium Plant 84 101 antiproliferative Positive_phenotype 12941440 Decrease 23 49 Bupleurum scorzonerifolium Plant 144 155 lung cancer Negative_phenotype 12941440 Decrease 51 56 AE-BS Plant 84 101 antiproliferative Positive_phenotype 12941440 Decrease 51 56 AE-BS Plant 144 155 lung cancer Negative_phenotype 12941440_4 The IC(50) of AE-BS, i.e., the concentration required to inhibit proliferation of A549 cells, was 59 +/- 4.5 microg/ml on day 1. 12941440 14 19 AE-BS Plant 12941440 82 86 A549 Negative_phenotype 12941440 Decrease 14 19 AE-BS Plant 82 86 A549 Negative_phenotype 12941440_5 The IC(50) of AE-BS for WI38 human normal lung fibroblast cells, however, was significant higher than that for A549 cells (150 +/- 16 microg/ml, p< 0.01). 12941440 14 19 AE-BS Plant 12941440 111 115 A549 Negative_phenotype 12941440_6 After 72 hours of exposure, AE-BS (60 microg/ml) significantly reduced A549 cell proliferation to 33 +/- 3.2% of control. 12941440 28 33 AE-BS Plant 12941440 71 75 A549 Negative_phenotype 12941440 Decrease 28 33 AE-BS Plant 71 75 A549 Negative_phenotype 12941440_7 In TUNEL assay, A549 cells treated with AE-BS showed typical morphologic features of apoptosis, and the percentage of apoptotic cells was approximately 38 % on day 1. 12941440 16 20 A549 Negative_phenotype 12941440 40 45 AE-BS Plant 12941440 Decrease 16 20 A549 Negative_phenotype 40 45 AE-BS Plant 12941440_8 In the TRAP assay, AE-BS-treated cells demonstrated significantly lower telomerase activity on day 3. 12941440 19 24 AE-BS Plant 12941440_9 This result indicates that the AE-BS could suppress the proliferation of lung cancer cells via inhibition of telomerase activity and activation of apoptosis. 12941440 31 36 AE-BS Plant 12941440 73 84 lung cancer Negative_phenotype 12941440 Decrease 31 36 AE-BS Plant 73 84 lung cancer Negative_phenotype 14561529_1 Tochu (Eucommia ulmoides) leaf extract prevents ammonia and vitamin C deficiency induced gastric mucosal injury. 14561529 0 5 Tochu Plant 14561529 7 24 Eucommia ulmoides Plant 14561529 89 111 gastric mucosal injury Negative_phenotype 14561529 Decrease 0 5 Tochu Plant 89 111 gastric mucosal injury Negative_phenotype 14561529 Decrease 7 24 Eucommia ulmoides Plant 89 111 gastric mucosal injury Negative_phenotype 14561529_2 The ingestion of dietary antioxidants, including vitamin C (VC), is suggested to play an important role in the prevention of gastric cancer associated with Helicobacter pylori (HP) infection. 14561529 25 37 antioxidants Positive_phenotype 14561529 125 139 gastric cancer Negative_phenotype 14561529 156 190 Helicobacter pylori (HP) infection Negative_phenotype 14561529_3 Recently, water extracts of Tochu (Du-zhong, Eucommia ulmoidea OLIVER) leaves (WETL) have been reported to have potent antioxidant and antimutagenic effects. 14561529 28 33 Tochu Plant 14561529 35 43 Du-zhong Plant 14561529 45 69 Eucommia ulmoidea OLIVER Plant 14561529 79 83 WETL Plant 14561529 119 130 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 14561529 135 148 antimutagenic Positive_phenotype 14561529 Increase 28 33 Tochu Plant 119 130 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 14561529 Increase 28 33 Tochu Plant 135 148 antimutagenic Positive_phenotype 14561529 Increase 35 43 Du-zhong Plant 119 130 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 14561529 Increase 35 43 Du-zhong Plant 135 148 antimutagenic Positive_phenotype 14561529 Increase 45 69 Eucommia ulmoidea OLIVER Plant 119 130 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 14561529 Increase 45 69 Eucommia ulmoidea OLIVER Plant 135 148 antimutagenic Positive_phenotype 14561529 Increase 79 83 WETL Plant 119 130 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 14561529 Increase 79 83 WETL Plant 135 148 antimutagenic Positive_phenotype 14561529_4 The present study investigated the effect(s) of VC and WETL on gastric mucosal injury induced by ammonia and a VC deficient diet. 14561529 55 59 WETL Plant 14561529 63 85 gastric mucosal injury Negative_phenotype 14561529_5 Guinea pigs fed the water containing ammonia and/or a VC-deficient diet were simultaneously treated with WETL or VC. 14561529 105 109 WETL Plant 14561529_6 Intramucosal levels of thiobarubiturate reactive substances (TBARS), an index of lipid peroxidation, increased significantly in animals fed ammoniated water and VC-deficient diets. 14561529_7 This was accompanied by accelerated cell proliferation and increases in immunohistochemical staining indices for oxidative stress-induced DNA adducts and strand breaks (e.g., BrdU-uptake, 8-OhdG, ssDNA and the TUNEL reaction). 14561529 113 129 oxidative stress Negative_phenotype 14561529_8 The administration of either WETL or VC to the ammoniated water and VC-deficient diets ameliorated the increases in intramucosal TBARS levels and labeling indices of BrdU, 8-OHdG, ssDNA and TUNEL, i.e., the levels were similar to those measured in the normal-fed control animals. 14561529 29 33 WETL Plant 14561529_9 These data suggest that insufficient VC ingestion may be an important risk factor for gastric cancer development in patients with HP infections. 14561529 86 100 gastric cancer Negative_phenotype 14561529 130 143 HP infections Negative_phenotype 14561529_10 Furthermore, our results suggest that WETL or some constituent may contribute to the prevention of oxidative gastric injury that precedes carcinogenesis. 14561529 38 42 WETL Plant 14561529 99 123 oxidative gastric injury Negative_phenotype 14561529 138 152 carcinogenesis Negative_phenotype 14561529 Decrease 38 42 WETL Plant 99 123 oxidative gastric injury Negative_phenotype 14561529 Decrease 38 42 WETL Plant 138 152 carcinogenesis Negative_phenotype 14669258_1 Effect of Nigella sativa (black seed) on subjective feeling in patients with allergic diseases. 14669258 10 24 Nigella sativa Plant 14669258 26 36 black seed Plant 14669258 77 94 allergic diseases Negative_phenotype 14669258_2 Nigella sativa (black seed) is an important medicinal herb. 14669258 0 14 Nigella sativa Plant 14669258 16 26 black seed Plant 14669258_3 In many Arabian, Asian and African countries, black seed oil is used as a natural remedy for a wide range of diseases, including various allergies. 14669258 46 56 black seed Plant 14669258 137 146 allergies Negative_phenotype 14669258 Decrease 46 56 black seed Plant 137 146 allergies Negative_phenotype 14669258_4 The plant's mechanism of action is still largely unknown. 14669258_5 Due to the lack of study data on its efficacy in allergies, four studies on the clinical efficacy of Nigella sativa in allergic diseases are presented. 14669258 49 58 allergies Negative_phenotype 14669258 101 115 Nigella sativa Plant 14669258 119 136 allergic diseases Negative_phenotype 14669258_6 In these studies, a total of 152 patients with allergic diseases (allergic rhinitis, bronchial asthma, atopic eczema) were treated with Nigella sativa oil, given in capsules at a dose of 40 to 80 mg/kg/day. 14669258 47 64 allergic diseases Negative_phenotype 14669258 66 83 allergic rhinitis Negative_phenotype 14669258 85 101 bronchial asthma Negative_phenotype 14669258 103 116 atopic eczema Negative_phenotype 14669258 136 150 Nigella sativa Plant 14669258_7 The patients scored the subjective severity of target symptoms using a predefined scale. 14669258_8 The following laboratory parameters were investigated: IgE, eosinophil count, endogenous cortisol in plasma and urine, ACTH, triglycerides, total cholesterol, LDL and HDL cholesterol and lymphocyte subpopulations. 14669258 140 157 total cholesterol Neutral_phenotype 14669258 159 182 LDL and HDL cholesterol Neutral_phenotype 14669258_9 The score of subjective feeling decreased over the course of treatment with black seed oil in all four studies. 14669258 76 86 black seed Plant 14669258_10 A slight decrease in plasma triglycerides and a discrete increase in HDL cholesterol occurred while the lymphocyte subpopulations, endogenous cortisol levels and ACTH release remained unchanged. 14669258 69 84 HDL cholesterol Neutral_phenotype 14669258_11 Black seed oil therefore proved to be an effective adjuvant for the treatment of allergic diseases. 14669258 0 10 Black seed Plant 14669258 81 98 allergic diseases Negative_phenotype 14669258 Decrease 0 10 Black seed Plant 81 98 allergic diseases Negative_phenotype 14692732_1 A review of clinical and experimental observations about antidepressant actions and side effects produced by Hypericum perforatum extracts. 14692732 57 71 antidepressant Positive_phenotype 14692732 109 129 Hypericum perforatum Plant 14692732_2 Hypericum perforatum is an herbaceous perennial plant, also known as "St. John's wort", used popularly as a natural antidepressant. 14692732 0 20 Hypericum perforatum Plant 14692732 70 85 St. John's wort Plant 14692732 116 130 antidepressant Positive_phenotype 14692732 Increase 0 20 Hypericum perforatum Plant 116 130 antidepressant Positive_phenotype 14692732 Increase 70 85 St. John's wort Plant 116 130 antidepressant Positive_phenotype 14692732_3 Although some clinical and experimental studies suggest it has some properties similar to conventional antidepressants, the proposed mechanism of action seems to be multiple: a non-selective blockade of the reuptake of serotonin, noradrenaline and dopamine; an increase in density of serotonergic and dopaminergic receptors and an increased affinity for GABAergic receptors; moreover, the inhibition of monoaminoxidase enzyme activity has been involved. 14692732 103 118 antidepressants Positive_phenotype 14692732_4 In any case, the increase of monoamine concentrations in the synaptic cleft resembles several actions exerted by clinically effective antidepressants. 14692732 134 149 antidepressants Positive_phenotype 14692732_5 In the present article, we review some of the controversial evidence derived from clinical and experimental studies suggesting that H. perforatum exerts antidepressant-like actions, and we also review some of its side effects, such as nausea, rash, fatigue, restlessness, photosensitivity, acute neuropathy, and even episodes of mania and serotonergic syndrome when administered simultaneously with other antidepressant drugs. 14692732 132 145 H. perforatum Plant 14692732 153 167 antidepressant Positive_phenotype 14692732 235 241 nausea Negative_phenotype 14692732 243 247 rash Negative_phenotype 14692732 249 256 fatigue Negative_phenotype 14692732 258 270 restlessness Negative_phenotype 14692732 272 288 photosensitivity Negative_phenotype 14692732 290 306 acute neuropathy Negative_phenotype 14692732 317 334 episodes of mania Negative_phenotype 14692732 339 360 serotonergic syndrome Negative_phenotype 14692732 405 419 antidepressant Positive_phenotype 14692732 Increase 132 145 H. perforatum Plant 153 167 antidepressant Positive_phenotype 14692732 Increase 132 145 H. perforatum Plant 235 241 nausea Negative_phenotype 14692732 Increase 132 145 H. perforatum Plant 243 247 rash Negative_phenotype 14692732 Increase 132 145 H. perforatum Plant 249 256 fatigue Negative_phenotype 14692732 Increase 132 145 H. perforatum Plant 258 270 restlessness Negative_phenotype 14692732 Increase 132 145 H. perforatum Plant 272 288 photosensitivity Negative_phenotype 14692732 Increase 132 145 H. perforatum Plant 290 306 acute neuropathy Negative_phenotype 14692732 Increase 132 145 H. perforatum Plant 317 334 episodes of mania Negative_phenotype 14692732 Increase 132 145 H. perforatum Plant 339 360 serotonergic syndrome Negative_phenotype 14692732_6 All of the foregoing suggests that H. perforatum extracts appear to exert potentially significant pharmacological activity involving several neurotransmission systems supposed to be involved in the pathophysiology of depression. 14692732 35 48 H. perforatum Plant 14692732 141 166 neurotransmission systems Positive_phenotype 14692732 217 227 depression Negative_phenotype 14692732 Increase 35 48 H. perforatum Plant 141 166 neurotransmission systems Positive_phenotype 14692732 Decrease 35 48 H. perforatum Plant 217 227 depression Negative_phenotype 14692732_7 However, little information regarding the safety of H. perforatum is available, including potential herb-drug interactions. 14692732 52 65 H. perforatum Plant 14692732_8 There is a need for additional research on the pharmacological and biochemical activity of H. perforatum, as well as its side-effects and its several bioactive constituents to further elucidate the mechanisms of antidepressant actions. 14692732 91 104 H. perforatum Plant 14692732 212 226 antidepressant Positive_phenotype 14692732 Decrease 91 104 H. perforatum Plant 212 226 antidepressant Positive_phenotype 14738908_1 Antifibrotic effect of the Chinese herbs, Astragalus mongholicus and Angelica sinensis, in a rat model of chronic puromycin aminonucleoside nephrosis. 14738908 0 12 Antifibrotic Positive_phenotype 14738908 42 64 Astragalus mongholicus Plant 14738908 69 86 Angelica sinensis Plant 14738908 106 149 chronic puromycin aminonucleoside nephrosis Negative_phenotype 14738908_2 Nephrotic syndrome has long been treated in China with two herbs, Astragalus mongholicus and Angelica sinensis, which may have antifibrotic effects. 14738908 0 18 Nephrotic syndrome Negative_phenotype 14738908 66 88 Astragalus mongholicus Plant 14738908 93 110 Angelica sinensis Plant 14738908 127 139 antifibrotic Positive_phenotype 14738908 Decrease 0 18 Nephrotic syndrome Negative_phenotype 66 88 Astragalus mongholicus Plant 14738908 Decrease 0 18 Nephrotic syndrome Negative_phenotype 93 110 Angelica sinensis Plant 14738908 Increase 66 88 Astragalus mongholicus Plant 127 139 antifibrotic Positive_phenotype 14738908 Increase 93 110 Angelica sinensis Plant 127 139 antifibrotic Positive_phenotype 14738908_3 METHODS: Rats with chronic puromycin-induced nephrosis were treated with Astragalus and Angelica 3 mL/d (n = 7) or enalapril 10 mg/kg/d (n = 7). 14738908 45 54 nephrosis Negative_phenotype 14738908 73 83 Astragalus Plant 14738908 88 96 Angelica Plant 14738908_4 Normal control rats (n = 7) received saline rather than puromycin, and an untreated control group (n = 7) received puromycin but no treatment. 14738908_5 After 12 weeks, stained sections of the glomerulus and tubulointerstitium were evaluated for injury. 14738908 93 99 injury Negative_phenotype 14738908_6 Immunohistochemistry staining measured extracellular matrix components, transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGFbeta1), osteopontin, ED-1-positive cells, and alpha-actin. 14738908_7 TGFbeta1 mRNA was assessed by in situ hybridization. 14738908_8 Renin, ACE activity, angiotensin, and aldosterone were measured by radioimmunoassay or colorimetry. 14738908_9 In the untreated rats, chronic renal injury progressed to marked fibrosis at 12 weeks. 14738908 23 43 chronic renal injury Negative_phenotype 14738908 65 73 fibrosis Negative_phenotype 14738908_10 Astragalus and Angelica significantly reduced deterioration of renal function and histologic damage. 14738908 0 10 Astragalus Plant 14738908 15 23 Angelica Plant 14738908 63 77 renal function Positive_phenotype 14738908 82 99 histologic damage Negative_phenotype 14738908 Increase 0 10 Astragalus Plant 63 77 renal function Positive_phenotype 14738908 Decrease 0 10 Astragalus Plant 82 99 histologic damage Negative_phenotype 14738908 Increase 15 23 Angelica Plant 63 77 renal function Positive_phenotype 14738908 Decrease 15 23 Angelica Plant 82 99 histologic damage Negative_phenotype 14738908_11 Expressions of type III and IV collagen, fibronectin, and laminin also decreased significantly. 14738908_12 This anti-fibrotic effect was similar to that of enalapril. 14738908 5 18 anti-fibrotic Positive_phenotype 14738908_13 The herbs had no effect on the renin-angiotensin system but did reduce the number of ED-1-positive, and alpha-actin positive cells and expression of osteopontin compared to untreated controls. 14738908_14 The combination of Astragalus and Angelica retarded the progression of renal fibrosis and deterioration of renal function with comparable effects of enalapril. 14738908 19 29 Astragalus Plant 14738908 34 42 Angelica Plant 14738908 71 85 renal fibrosis Negative_phenotype 14738908 107 121 renal function Positive_phenotype 14738908 Decrease 19 29 Astragalus Plant 71 85 renal fibrosis Negative_phenotype 14738908 Increase 19 29 Astragalus Plant 107 121 renal function Positive_phenotype 14738908 Decrease 34 42 Angelica Plant 71 85 renal fibrosis Negative_phenotype 14738908 Increase 34 42 Angelica Plant 107 121 renal function Positive_phenotype 14738908_15 These effects were not caused by blocking the intrarenal renin-angiotensin system, but associated with suppression of the overexpression of TGFbeta1 and osteopontin, reduction of infiltrating macrophages, and less activation of renal intrinsic cells [corrected]. 14750206_1 Anti-inflammatory activity, cytotoxicity and active compounds of Tinospora smilacina Benth. 14750206 0 17 Anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 14750206 65 91 Tinospora smilacina Benth. Plant 14750206_2 Tinospora smilacina Benth. has been used in Australian indigenous medicine for the treatment of headache, rheumatoid arthritis and other inflammatory disorders. 14750206 0 26 Tinospora smilacina Benth. Plant 14750206 96 104 headache Negative_phenotype 14750206 106 126 rheumatoid arthritis Negative_phenotype 14750206 137 159 inflammatory disorders Negative_phenotype 14750206 Decrease 0 26 Tinospora smilacina Benth. Plant 96 104 headache Negative_phenotype 14750206 Decrease 0 26 Tinospora smilacina Benth. Plant 106 126 rheumatoid arthritis Negative_phenotype 14750206 Decrease 0 26 Tinospora smilacina Benth. Plant 137 159 inflammatory disorders Negative_phenotype 14750206_3 As part of an investigation into the anti-inflammatory potential of plants using an ethnopharmacological approach, the present study sought to evaluate the efficacy and safety of Tinospora smilacina. 14750206 37 54 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 14750206 179 198 Tinospora smilacina Plant 14750206_4 An ethanol extract of this plant was evaluated in vitro for anti-inflammatory activities on cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) and phospholipase A(2) (PA(2)). 14750206 60 77 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 14750206_5 The ethanol extract of Tinospora smilacina showed inhibitory activities on COX-1, COX-2, 5-LO and PA(2) with the IC(50) values of 63.5, 81.2, 92.1 and 30.5 micro g/mL respectively. 14750206 23 42 Tinospora smilacina Plant 14750206_6 Cytotoxic effect of the extracts of Tinospora smilacina was investigated in vitro using ATP-based luminescence assay and the results showed no cytotoxic effect on cell lines of skin fibroblasts (1BR3), human Caucasian hepatocyte carcinoma (Hep G2) and human Caucasian promyelocytic leukaemia (HL-60). 14750206 36 55 Tinospora smilacina Plant 14750206 218 238 hepatocyte carcinoma Negative_phenotype 14750206 240 246 Hep G2 Negative_phenotype 14750206 268 291 promyelocytic leukaemia Negative_phenotype 14750206 293 298 HL-60 Negative_phenotype 14750206_7 This paper also describes the results of fractionations and bioassay guided chemical studies, suggesting that the anti-inflammatory activity is due to triterpene-fatty acid esters and free fatty acids. 14750206 114 131 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 14975056_1 Case report: fatal poisoning with Colchicum autumnale. 14975056 13 28 fatal poisoning Negative_phenotype 14975056 34 53 Colchicum autumnale Plant 14975056_2 INTRODUCTION: Colchicum autumnale, commonly known as the autumn crocus, contains alkaloid colchicine with antimitotic properties. 14975056 14 33 Colchicum autumnale Plant 14975056 57 70 autumn crocus Plant 14975056_3 CASE REPORT: A 76-year-old man with a history of alcoholic liver disease and renal insufficiency, who mistakenly ingested Colchicum autumnale instead of wild garlic (Aliium ursinum), presented with nausea, vomiting and diarrhea 12 hours after ingestion. 14975056 49 72 alcoholic liver disease Negative_phenotype 14975056 77 96 renal insufficiency Negative_phenotype 14975056 122 141 Colchicum autumnale Plant 14975056 153 164 wild garlic Plant 14975056 166 180 Aliium ursinum Plant 14975056 198 204 nausea Negative_phenotype 14975056 206 214 vomiting Negative_phenotype 14975056 219 227 diarrhea Negative_phenotype 14975056 Increase 122 141 Colchicum autumnale Plant 198 204 nausea Negative_phenotype 14975056 Increase 122 141 Colchicum autumnale Plant 206 214 vomiting Negative_phenotype 14975056 Increase 122 141 Colchicum autumnale Plant 219 227 diarrhea Negative_phenotype 14975056_4 On admission the patient had laboratory signs of dehydration. 14975056 49 60 dehydration Negative_phenotype 14975056_5 On the second day the patient became somnolent and developed respiratory insufficiency. 14975056 37 46 somnolent Negative_phenotype 14975056 61 86 respiratory insufficiency Negative_phenotype 14975056_6 The echocardiogram showed heart dilatation with diffuse hypokinesia with positive troponin I. 14975056 26 42 heart dilatation Negative_phenotype 14975056 48 67 diffuse hypokinesia Negative_phenotype 14975056_7 The respiratory insufficiency was further deteriorated by pneumonia, confirmed by chest X-ray and later on by autopsy. 14975056 4 29 respiratory insufficiency Negative_phenotype 14975056 58 67 pneumonia Negative_phenotype 14975056_8 Laboratory tests also revealed rhabdomyolysis, coagulopathy and deterioration of renal function and hepatic function. 14975056 31 45 rhabdomyolysis Negative_phenotype 14975056 47 59 coagulopathy Negative_phenotype 14975056 81 95 renal function Positive_phenotype 14975056 100 116 hepatic function Positive_phenotype 14975056_9 The toxicological analysis disclosed colchicine in the patient's urine (6 microgram/l) and serum (9 microgram/l) on the second day. 14975056_10 Therapy was supportive with hydration, vasopressors, mechanical ventilation and antibiotics. 14975056_11 On the third day the patient died due to asystolic cardiac arrest. 14975056 41 65 asystolic cardiac arrest Negative_phenotype 14975056_12 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Colchicine poisoning should be considered in patients with gastroenterocolitis after a meal of wild plants. 14975056 27 47 Colchicine poisoning Negative_phenotype 14975056 86 105 gastroenterocolitis Negative_phenotype 14975056_13 Management includes only intensive support therapy. 14975056_14 A more severe clinical presentation should be expected in patients with pre-existing liver and renal diseases. 14975056 85 109 liver and renal diseases Negative_phenotype 14975056_15 The main reasons for death are cardiovascular collapse, respiratory failure and leukopenia with infection. 14975056 21 26 death Negative_phenotype 14975056 31 54 cardiovascular collapse Negative_phenotype 14975056 56 75 respiratory failure Negative_phenotype 14975056 80 105 leukopenia with infection Negative_phenotype 15067330_1 Ganoderma lucidum inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis in human prostate cancer cells PC-3. 15067330 0 17 Ganoderma lucidum Plant 15067330 72 87 prostate cancer Negative_phenotype 15067330 94 98 PC-3 Negative_phenotype 15067330 Decrease 0 17 Ganoderma lucidum Plant 72 87 prostate cancer Negative_phenotype 15067330 Decrease 0 17 Ganoderma lucidum Plant 94 98 PC-3 Negative_phenotype 15067330_2 Ganoderma lucidum (Reishi), an oriental medical mushroom, has been widely used in Asian countries for centuries to prevent or treat different diseases, including cancer. 15067330 0 17 Ganoderma lucidum Plant 15067330 19 25 Reishi Plant 15067330 162 168 cancer Negative_phenotype 15067330 Decrease 0 17 Ganoderma lucidum Plant 162 168 cancer Negative_phenotype 15067330 Decrease 19 25 Reishi Plant 162 168 cancer Negative_phenotype 15067330_3 However, the mechanism(s) responsible for the effects of Ganoderma lucidum on cancer cells remain to be elucidated. 15067330 57 74 Ganoderma lucidum Plant 15067330 78 84 cancer Negative_phenotype 15067330_4 We have previously demonstrated that Ganoderma lucidum down-regulated the expression of NF-kappaB-regulated urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) and uPA receptor (uPAR), which resulted in suppression of cell migration of highly invasive human breast and prostate cancer cells. 15067330 37 54 Ganoderma lucidum Plant 15067330 244 270 breast and prostate cancer Negative_phenotype 15067330 Decrease 37 54 Ganoderma lucidum Plant 244 270 breast and prostate cancer Negative_phenotype 15067330_5 In this study, we investigated the effects of Ganoderma lucidum on cell proliferation, cell cycle, and apoptosis in human prostate cancer cells PC-3. 15067330 46 63 Ganoderma lucidum Plant 15067330 122 137 prostate cancer Negative_phenotype 15067330 144 148 PC-3 Negative_phenotype 15067330_6 Our data demonstrate that Ganoderma lucidum inhibits cell proliferation in a dose- and time-dependent manner by the down-regulation of expression of cyclin B and Cdc2 and by the up-regulation of p21 expression. 15067330 26 43 Ganoderma lucidum Plant 15067330_7 The inhibition of cell growth was also demonstrated by cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase. 15067330_8 Furthermore, Ganoderma lucidum induced apoptosis of PC-3 cells with a slight decrease in the expression of NF-kappaB-regulated Bcl-2 and Bcl-xl. 15067330 13 30 Ganoderma lucidum Plant 15067330 52 56 PC-3 Negative_phenotype 15067330 Decrease 13 30 Ganoderma lucidum Plant 52 56 PC-3 Negative_phenotype 15067330_9 However, the expression of proapoptotic Bax protein was markedly up-regulated, resulting in the enhancement of the ratio of Bax/Bcl-2 and Bax/Bcl-xl. 15067330_10 Thus, Ganoderma lucidum exerts its effect on cancer cells by multiple mechanisms and may have potential therapeutic use for the prevention and treatment of cancer. 15067330 6 23 Ganoderma lucidum Plant 15067330 45 51 cancer Negative_phenotype 15067330 156 162 cancer Negative_phenotype 15067330 Decrease 6 23 Ganoderma lucidum Plant 45 51 cancer Negative_phenotype 15067330 Decrease 6 23 Ganoderma lucidum Plant 156 162 cancer Negative_phenotype 15080204_1 Systemic granulomatous disease in Brazilian cattle grazing pasture containing vetch (Vicia spp). 15080204 9 30 granulomatous disease Negative_phenotype 15080204 78 83 vetch Plant 15080204 85 94 Vicia spp Plant 15080204_2 Vetch associated disease (hairy vetch poisoning) was observed in 8 herds of dairy cows in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, southern Brazil. 15080204 0 5 Vetch Plant 15080204 26 47 hairy vetch poisoning Negative_phenotype 15080204 Association 0 5 Vetch Plant 26 47 hairy vetch poisoning Negative_phenotype 15080204_3 In the pasture where 4 of these 8 herds were, Vicia villosa was the only vetch species represented, while cattle in the remaining 4 herds had access to both V villosa and V sativa but with large predominance of the former. 15080204 46 59 Vicia villosa Plant 15080204 73 78 vetch Plant 15080204 157 166 V villosa Plant 15080204 171 179 V sativa Plant 15080204_4 Observed clinical signs included fever, dramatic drop in milk yield, thickening and wrinkling of the skin with multifocal plaques of alopecia, pruritus, conjunctivitis, nasal and ocular serous discharge, loss of weight and diarrhea. 15080204 33 38 fever Negative_phenotype 15080204 57 67 milk yield Neutral_phenotype 15080204 69 105 thickening and wrinkling of the skin Negative_phenotype 15080204 111 141 multifocal plaques of alopecia Negative_phenotype 15080204 143 151 pruritus Negative_phenotype 15080204 153 167 conjunctivitis Negative_phenotype 15080204 169 202 nasal and ocular serous discharge Negative_phenotype 15080204 212 218 weight Neutral_phenotype 15080204 223 231 diarrhea Negative_phenotype 15080204_5 The mean morbidity in the 8 affected herds, representing 219 cattle, was 11.1% and the mortality was 100%. 15080204 9 18 morbidity Negative_phenotype 15080204 87 96 mortality Negative_phenotype 15080204_6 The duration of the clinical disease varied from 10 to 30 d. Gross lesions consisted of multifocal to coalescing grey-white soft to moderately firm nodules which infiltrated several organs, but were particularly prominent in lymph nodes, adrenal, renal cortex, spleen, liver, and myocardium. 15080204 61 74 Gross lesions Negative_phenotype 15080204_7 Microscopically the lesions consisted of extensive cellular infiltration composed of variable proportions of epithelioid macrophages, lymphocytes, plasma cells, and multinucleated giant cells; variable numbers of eosinophils were present in the inflammatory foci of several organs, but they were more prominent in the myocardium. 15080204 20 27 lesions Negative_phenotype 15080204 245 262 inflammatory foci Negative_phenotype 15088997_1 Acute poisoning with autumn crocus (Colchicum autumnale L.). 15088997 0 15 Acute poisoning Negative_phenotype 15088997 21 34 autumn crocus Plant 15088997 36 58 Colchicum autumnale L. Plant 15088997 Association 0 15 Acute poisoning Negative_phenotype 21 34 autumn crocus Plant 15088997 Association 0 15 Acute poisoning Negative_phenotype 36 58 Colchicum autumnale L. Plant 15088997_2 INTRODUCTION: Colchicum autumnale, commonly known as the autumn crocus or meadow saffron, contains the antimitotic colchicine, which binds to tubulin and prevents it forming microtubules that are part of the cytoskeleton in all cells. 15088997 14 33 Colchicum autumnale Plant 15088997 57 70 autumn crocus Plant 15088997 74 88 meadow saffron Plant 15088997_3 CASE REPORT: A 71-year-old woman ate a plant she thought to be wild garlic (Allium ursinum). 15088997 63 74 wild garlic Plant 15088997 76 90 Allium ursinum Plant 15088997_4 Ten hours later she arrived at the emergency department complaining of nausea, vomiting and watery diarrhea. 15088997 71 77 nausea Negative_phenotype 15088997 79 87 vomiting Negative_phenotype 15088997 92 107 watery diarrhea Negative_phenotype 15088997_5 Ingestion of a poisonous plant was suspected and she was treated with gastric lavage, oral activated charcoal and an infusion of normal saline. 15088997_6 Toxicology analysis with gas chromatography and mass spectrometry revealed colchicine in the patient's gastric lavage, blood (5 microg/l) and urine (30 microg/l). 15088997_7 She developed arrhythmias, liver failure, pancreatitis, ileus, and bone marrow suppression with pancytopenia. 15088997 14 25 arrhythmias Negative_phenotype 15088997 27 40 liver failure Negative_phenotype 15088997 42 54 pancreatitis Negative_phenotype 15088997 56 61 ileus Negative_phenotype 15088997 67 108 bone marrow suppression with pancytopenia Negative_phenotype 15088997_8 Alopecia began in the third week. 15088997 0 8 Alopecia Negative_phenotype 15088997_9 Treatment was supportive only. 15088997_10 Five months later she had no clinical or laboratory signs of poisoning. 15088997 61 70 poisoning Negative_phenotype 15088997_11 DISCUSSION: The patient mistakenly ingested autumn crocus instead of wild garlic because of their great similarity. 15088997 44 57 autumn crocus Plant 15088997 69 80 wild garlic Plant 15088997_12 Colchicine primarily blocks mitosis in tissues with rapid cell turnover; this results in gastroenterocolitis in the first phase of colchicine poisoning, bone marrow hypoplasia with pancytopenia in the second and alopecia in the third, all of which were present in our patient. 15088997 89 108 gastroenterocolitis Negative_phenotype 15088997 131 151 colchicine poisoning Negative_phenotype 15088997 153 193 bone marrow hypoplasia with pancytopenia Negative_phenotype 15088997 212 220 alopecia Negative_phenotype 15088997_13 Colchicine toxicity in tissues without rapid cell turnover caused arrhythmias, acute liver failure and pancreatitis. 15088997 0 19 Colchicine toxicity Negative_phenotype 15088997 66 77 arrhythmias Negative_phenotype 15088997 79 98 acute liver failure Negative_phenotype 15088997 103 115 pancreatitis Negative_phenotype 15088997_14 CONCLUSION: Colchicine poisoning can result in gastroenterocolitis followed by multi-organ dysfunction syndrome. 15088997 12 32 Colchicine poisoning Negative_phenotype 15088997 47 66 gastroenterocolitis Negative_phenotype 15088997 79 111 multi-organ dysfunction syndrome Negative_phenotype 15088997_15 In unexplained gastroenterocolitis after ingestion of wild plants as a salad or spice, especially when wild garlic is mentioned, we should always consider autumn crocus. 15088997 15 34 gastroenterocolitis Negative_phenotype 15088997 103 114 wild garlic Plant 15088997 155 168 autumn crocus Plant 15088997_16 Diagnosis could be confirmed only by toxicology analyses. 15088997_17 Management of colchicine poisoning is restricted to supportive therapy. 15088997 14 34 colchicine poisoning Negative_phenotype 15154282_1 The effect of Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) on hepatic sinusoidal endothelial cells and hepatic microcirculation in CCl4 rats. 15154282 14 27 Ginkgo biloba Plant 15154282 37 44 EGb 761 Plant 15154282 90 114 hepatic microcirculation Neutral_phenotype 15154282_2 It has been shown that Ginkgo biloba Extract (EGb 761) increases peripheral and cerebral blood flow and microcirculation and improves myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury. 15154282 23 36 Ginkgo biloba Plant 15154282 46 53 EGb 761 Plant 15154282 65 99 peripheral and cerebral blood flow Neutral_phenotype 15154282 104 120 microcirculation Neutral_phenotype 15154282 134 172 myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury Negative_phenotype 15154282 Increase 23 36 Ginkgo biloba Plant 65 99 peripheral and cerebral blood flow Neutral_phenotype 15154282 Increase 23 36 Ginkgo biloba Plant 104 120 microcirculation Neutral_phenotype 15154282 Decrease 23 36 Ginkgo biloba Plant 134 172 myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury Negative_phenotype 15154282 Increase 46 53 EGb 761 Plant 65 99 peripheral and cerebral blood flow Neutral_phenotype 15154282 Increase 46 53 EGb 761 Plant 104 120 microcirculation Neutral_phenotype 15154282 Decrease 46 53 EGb 761 Plant 134 172 myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury Negative_phenotype 15154282_3 This study was designed to investigate the effect of EGb 761 on hepatic endothelial cells and hepatic microcirculation. 15154282 53 60 EGb 761 Plant 15154282 94 118 hepatic microcirculation Neutral_phenotype 15154282_4 Sixty male Wister rats were divided into normal, carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) and EGb groups, and were given normal saline, CCl4 and CCl4 plus EGb 761, respectively, for 10 weeks. 15154282 142 149 EGb 761 Plant 15154282_5 Samples were taken from the medial lobe of the rat livers ten weeks later. 15154282_6 Hepatic sinusoidal endothelial cells and other parameters of hepatic microcirculation were observed under transmission electron microscopy (TEM). 15154282 61 85 hepatic microcirculation Neutral_phenotype 15154282_7 The amount of malondialdehyde (MDA), endothelin (ET-1), platelet-activating factor (PAF) and nitric oxide (NO) in liver tissue was determined by spectrophotometry and radioimmunoassay, respectively. 15154282_8 Compared with the CCl4 group, aggregation of blood cell or micro thrombosis in hepatic sinusoids, deposition of collagen in hepatic sinusoids and space of Disse, injury of endothelial cells and capillization of hepatic sinusoid was significantly reduced in the EGb group. 15154282 30 55 aggregation of blood cell Negative_phenotype 15154282 59 75 micro thrombosis Negative_phenotype 15154282 98 120 deposition of collagen Negative_phenotype 15154282 162 189 injury of endothelial cells Negative_phenotype 15154282 261 264 EGb Plant 15154282 Decrease 30 55 aggregation of blood cell Negative_phenotype 261 264 EGb Plant 15154282 Decrease 59 75 micro thrombosis Negative_phenotype 261 264 EGb Plant 15154282 Decrease 98 120 deposition of collagen Negative_phenotype 261 264 EGb Plant 15154282 Decrease 162 189 injury of endothelial cells Negative_phenotype 261 264 EGb Plant 15154282_9 The amount of MDA, ET-1 and PAF was markedly reduced in the EGb group than in the CCl4 group, while no significant difference in the amount of NO was observed between the two groups. 15154282 60 63 EGb Plant 15154282_10 The results demonstrate that EGb 761 has protective effect on hepatic endothelial cells and hepatic microcirculation in rats with chronic liver injury induced by CCl4. 15154282 29 36 EGb 761 Plant 15154282 92 116 hepatic microcirculation Neutral_phenotype 15154282 130 150 chronic liver injury Negative_phenotype 15154282 Increase 29 36 EGb 761 Plant 92 116 hepatic microcirculation Neutral_phenotype 15154282 Decrease 29 36 EGb 761 Plant 130 150 chronic liver injury Negative_phenotype 15154282_11 The mechanisms may involve its inhibition on ET-1, PAF and lipid peroxidation. 15182917_1 Pharmacological actions and potential uses of Momordica charantia: a review. 15182917 46 65 Momordica charantia Plant 15182917_2 Since ancient times, plants and herbal preparations have been used as medicine. 15182917_3 Research carried out in last few decades has certified several such claims of use of several plants of traditional medicine. 15182917_4 Popularity of Momordica charantia (MC) in various systems of traditional medicine for several ailments (antidiabetic, abortifacient, anthelmintic, contraceptive, dysmenorrhea, eczema, emmenagogue, antimalarial, galactagogue, gout, jaundice, abdominal pain, kidney (stone), laxative, leprosy, leucorrhea, piles, pneumonia, psoriasis, purgative, rheumatism, fever and scabies) focused the investigator's attention on this plant. 15182917 14 33 Momordica charantia Plant 15182917 35 37 MC Plant 15182917 104 116 antidiabetic Positive_phenotype 15182917 118 131 abortifacient Negative_phenotype 15182917 133 145 anthelmintic Positive_phenotype 15182917 147 160 contraceptive Positive_phenotype 15182917 162 174 dysmenorrhea Negative_phenotype 15182917 176 182 eczema Negative_phenotype 15182917 184 195 emmenagogue Positive_phenotype 15182917 197 209 antimalarial Positive_phenotype 15182917 211 223 galactagogue Positive_phenotype 15182917 225 229 gout Negative_phenotype 15182917 231 239 jaundice Negative_phenotype 15182917 241 255 abdominal pain Negative_phenotype 15182917 257 271 kidney (stone) Negative_phenotype 15182917 273 281 laxative Positive_phenotype 15182917 283 290 leprosy Negative_phenotype 15182917 292 302 leucorrhea Negative_phenotype 15182917 304 309 piles Negative_phenotype 15182917 311 320 pneumonia Negative_phenotype 15182917 322 331 psoriasis Negative_phenotype 15182917 333 342 purgative Positive_phenotype 15182917 344 354 rheumatism Negative_phenotype 15182917 356 361 fever Negative_phenotype 15182917 366 373 scabies Negative_phenotype 15182917_5 Over 100 studies using modern techniques have authenticated its use in diabetes and its complications (nephropathy, cataract, insulin resistance), as antibacterial as well as antiviral agent (including HIV infection), as anthelmintic and abortifacient. 15182917 71 79 diabetes Negative_phenotype 15182917 103 114 nephropathy Negative_phenotype 15182917 116 124 cataract Negative_phenotype 15182917 126 144 insulin resistance Negative_phenotype 15182917 150 163 antibacterial Positive_phenotype 15182917 175 190 antiviral agent Positive_phenotype 15182917 202 215 HIV infection Negative_phenotype 15182917 221 233 anthelmintic Positive_phenotype 15182917 238 251 abortifacient Negative_phenotype 15182917_6 Traditionally it has also been used in treating peptic ulcers, interestingly in a recent experimental studies have exhibited its potential against Helicobacter pylori. 15182917 48 61 peptic ulcers Negative_phenotype 15182917 147 166 Helicobacter pylori Negative_phenotype 15182917_7 Most importantly, the studies have shown its efficacy in various cancers (lymphoid leukemia, lymphoma, choriocarcinoma, melanoma, breast cancer, skin tumor, prostatic cancer, squamous carcinoma of tongue and larynx, human bladder carcinomas and Hodgkin's disease). 15182917 65 72 cancers Negative_phenotype 15182917 74 91 lymphoid leukemia Negative_phenotype 15182917 93 101 lymphoma Negative_phenotype 15182917 103 118 choriocarcinoma Negative_phenotype 15182917 120 128 melanoma Negative_phenotype 15182917 130 143 breast cancer Negative_phenotype 15182917 145 155 skin tumor Negative_phenotype 15182917 157 173 prostatic cancer Negative_phenotype 15182917 175 214 squamous carcinoma of tongue and larynx Negative_phenotype 15182917 222 240 bladder carcinomas Negative_phenotype 15182917 245 262 Hodgkin's disease Negative_phenotype 15182917_8 There are few reports available on clinical use of MC in diabetes and cancer patients that have shown promising results. 15182917 51 53 MC Plant 15182917 57 65 diabetes Negative_phenotype 15182917 70 76 cancer Negative_phenotype 15182917 Decrease 51 53 MC Plant 57 65 diabetes Negative_phenotype 15182917 Decrease 51 53 MC Plant 70 76 cancer Negative_phenotype 15207385_1 Effects of adlay on azoxymethane-induced colon carcinogenesis in rats. 15207385 11 16 adlay Plant 15207385 41 61 colon carcinogenesis Negative_phenotype 15207385_2 Adlay (Coix lachryma-jobi L. var. ma-yuen Stapf) is a grass crop used in traditional Chinese medicine and as a nutritious food. 15207385 0 5 Adlay Plant 15207385 7 47 Coix lachryma-jobi L. var. ma-yuen Stapf Plant 15207385_3 It has been reported that adlay has anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor activity. 15207385 26 31 adlay Plant 15207385 36 53 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 15207385 58 68 anti-tumor Positive_phenotype 15207385 Increase 26 31 adlay Plant 36 53 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 15207385 Increase 26 31 adlay Plant 58 68 anti-tumor Positive_phenotype 15207385_4 Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is an inducible enzyme functionally related to both inflammation and colon carcinogenesis and is the target of many chemopreventive agents. 15207385 77 89 inflammation Negative_phenotype 15207385 94 114 colon carcinogenesis Negative_phenotype 15207385 141 156 chemopreventive Positive_phenotype 15207385_5 This study investigated the effect of adlay on colon carcinogenesis and COX-2 expression. 15207385 38 43 adlay Plant 15207385 47 67 colon carcinogenesis Negative_phenotype 15207385_6 In a short-term experiment, male F344 rats were fed diets containing different doses of dehulled adlay and received the colon-specific carcinogen, azoxymethane (AOM), by intraperitoneal injection. 15207385 97 102 adlay Plant 15207385 120 145 colon-specific carcinogen Negative_phenotype 15207385 Decrease 97 102 adlay Plant 120 145 colon-specific carcinogen Negative_phenotype 15207385_7 All rats were killed after 5 weeks of feeding, and the colons were examined for the preneoplastic lesion, aberrant crypt foci (ACF). 15207385 84 104 preneoplastic lesion Negative_phenotype 15207385 106 125 aberrant crypt foci Negative_phenotype 15207385 127 130 ACF Negative_phenotype 15207385_8 Dietary dehulled adlay at levels of 10%, 20%, or 40% significantly reduced the numbers of ACF and aberrant crypts. 15207385 17 22 adlay Plant 15207385 90 93 ACF Negative_phenotype 15207385 98 113 aberrant crypts Negative_phenotype 15207385 Decrease 17 22 adlay Plant 90 93 ACF Negative_phenotype 15207385 Decrease 17 22 adlay Plant 98 113 aberrant crypts Negative_phenotype 15207385_9 Dehulled adlay reduced the number of ACF of different sizes but did not affect the crypt multiplicity. 15207385 9 14 adlay Plant 15207385 37 40 ACF Negative_phenotype 15207385 83 101 crypt multiplicity Neutral_phenotype 15207385 Decrease 9 14 adlay Plant 37 40 ACF Negative_phenotype 15207385_10 Most ACF were found in the middle and distal colons; dehulled adlay significantly suppressed the formation of ACF in the middle colon. 15207385 5 8 ACF Negative_phenotype 15207385 62 67 adlay Plant 15207385 110 113 ACF Negative_phenotype 15207385 Decrease 62 67 adlay Plant 110 113 ACF Negative_phenotype 15207385_11 In a long-term experiment, male F344 rats were fed diets containing different doses of dehulled adlay and injected with AOM. 15207385 96 101 adlay Plant 15207385_12 All rats were killed after 52 weeks of feeding, and colons were examined for tumors and COX-2 protein expression. 15207385 77 83 tumors Negative_phenotype 15207385_13 The results indicated that dehulled adlay did not inhibit colon tumors in spite of a slight suppressing effect in the proximal colon. 15207385 36 41 adlay Plant 15207385 58 70 colon tumors Negative_phenotype 15207385_14 Rats fed diets containing 20% dehulled adlay had less COX-2 protein expression in both proximal and distal colon tumors. 15207385 39 44 adlay Plant 15207385 107 119 colon tumors Negative_phenotype 15207385 Decrease 39 44 adlay Plant 107 119 colon tumors Negative_phenotype 15207385_15 The inconsistent effects between COX-2 protein expression and tumor outcome may be due to regional differences in the colon and the malignancy of the tumors. 15207385 62 67 tumor Negative_phenotype 15207385 132 156 malignancy of the tumors Negative_phenotype 15207385_16 These findings suggest that dehulled adlay suppresses early events in colon carcinogenesis but not the formation of tumors. 15207385 37 42 adlay Plant 15207385 70 90 colon carcinogenesis Negative_phenotype 15207385 116 122 tumors Negative_phenotype 15207385 Decrease 37 42 adlay Plant 70 90 colon carcinogenesis Negative_phenotype 15224410_1 Effects of Nigella sativa on oxidative stress and beta-cell damage in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. 15224410 11 25 Nigella sativa Plant 15224410 29 45 oxidative stress Negative_phenotype 15224410 50 66 beta-cell damage Negative_phenotype 15224410 93 101 diabetic Negative_phenotype 15224410_2 The aim of the present study was to evaluate the possible protective effects of Nigella sativa L. (NS) against beta-cell damage from streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes in rats. 15224410 80 97 Nigella sativa L. Plant 15224410 99 101 NS Plant 15224410 111 127 beta-cell damage Negative_phenotype 15224410 162 170 diabetes Negative_phenotype 15224410_3 STZ was injected intraperitoneally at a single dose of 50 mg/kg to induce diabetes. 15224410 74 82 diabetes Negative_phenotype 15224410_4 NS (0.2 ml/kg/day, i.p.) was injected for 3 days prior to STZ administration, and these injections were continued throughout the 4-week study. 15224410 0 2 NS Plant 15224410_5 Oxidative stress is believed to play a role in the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus (DM). 15224410 0 16 Oxidative stress Negative_phenotype 15224410 67 84 diabetes mellitus Negative_phenotype 15224410 86 88 DM Negative_phenotype 15224410_6 To assess changes in the cellular antioxidant defense system, we measured the activities of antioxidant enzymes (such as glutathione peroxidase (GSHPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT)) in pancreatic homogenates. 15224410 34 60 antioxidant defense system Positive_phenotype 15224410_7 We also measured serum nitric oxide (NO) and erythrocyte and pancreatic tissue malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, a marker of lipid peroxidation, to determine whether there is an imbalance between oxidant and antioxidant status. 15224410 204 215 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 15224410_8 Pancreatic beta-cells were examined by immunohistochemical methods. 15224410_9 STZ induced a significant increase in lipid peroxidation and serum NO concentrations, and decreased antioxidant enzyme activity. 15224410_10 NS treatment has been shown to provide a protective effect by decreasing lipid peroxidation and serum NO, and increasing antioxidant enzyme activity. 15224410 0 2 NS Plant 15224410_11 Islet cell degeneration and weak insulin immunohistochemical staining was observed in rats with STZ-induced diabetes. 15224410 108 116 diabetes Negative_phenotype 15224410_12 Increased intensity of staining for insulin, and preservation of beta-cell numbers were apparent in the NS-treated diabetic rats. 15224410 104 106 NS Plant 15224410 115 123 diabetic Negative_phenotype 15224410_13 These findings suggest that NS treatment exerts a therapeutic protective effect in diabetes by decreasing oxidative stress and preserving pancreatic beta-cell integrity. 15224410 28 30 NS Plant 15224410 83 91 diabetes Negative_phenotype 15224410 106 122 oxidative stress Negative_phenotype 15224410 Decrease 28 30 NS Plant 83 91 diabetes Negative_phenotype 15224410 Decrease 28 30 NS Plant 106 122 oxidative stress Negative_phenotype 15224410_14 Consequently, NS may be clinically useful for protecting beta-cells against oxidative stress. 15224410 14 16 NS Plant 15224410 76 92 oxidative stress Negative_phenotype 15224410 Decrease 14 16 NS Plant 76 92 oxidative stress Negative_phenotype 15261763_1 Acetone extract of Angelica sinensis inhibits proliferation of human cancer cells via inducing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. 15261763 19 36 Angelica sinensis Plant 15261763 69 75 cancer Negative_phenotype 15261763 Decrease 19 36 Angelica sinensis Plant 69 75 cancer Negative_phenotype 15261763_2 Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) 15261763_3 Diels, a traditional Chinese medicine, has been widely prescribed in treatment of gynecological diseases. 15261763 82 104 gynecological diseases Negative_phenotype 15261763_4 Bio-based assays for extracts of Angelica sinensis showed that the acetone extract (AE-AS) had dose-dependently antiproliferative effect on A549, HT29, DBTRG-05MG and J5 human cancer cells. 15261763 33 50 Angelica sinensis Plant 15261763 84 89 AE-AS Plant 15261763 112 129 antiproliferative Positive_phenotype 15261763 140 144 A549 Negative_phenotype 15261763 146 150 HT29 Negative_phenotype 15261763 152 162 DBTRG-05MG Negative_phenotype 15261763 167 169 J5 Negative_phenotype 15261763 176 182 cancer Negative_phenotype 15261763 Decrease 33 50 Angelica sinensis Plant 112 129 antiproliferative Positive_phenotype 15261763 Increase 33 50 Angelica sinensis Plant 112 129 antiproliferative Positive_phenotype 15261763 Decrease 33 50 Angelica sinensis Plant 140 144 A549 Negative_phenotype 15261763 Decrease 33 50 Angelica sinensis Plant 146 150 HT29 Negative_phenotype 15261763 Decrease 33 50 Angelica sinensis Plant 152 162 DBTRG-05MG Negative_phenotype 15261763 Decrease 33 50 Angelica sinensis Plant 167 169 J5 Negative_phenotype 15261763 Decrease 33 50 Angelica sinensis Plant 176 182 cancer Negative_phenotype 15261763 Increase 84 89 AE-AS Plant 112 129 antiproliferative Positive_phenotype 15261763 Decrease 84 89 AE-AS Plant 140 144 A549 Negative_phenotype 15261763 Decrease 84 89 AE-AS Plant 152 162 DBTRG-05MG Negative_phenotype 15261763 Decrease 84 89 AE-AS Plant 152 162 DBTRG-05MG Negative_phenotype 15261763 Decrease 84 89 AE-AS Plant 167 169 J5 Negative_phenotype 15261763 Decrease 84 89 AE-AS Plant 176 182 cancer Negative_phenotype 15261763_5 The IC50 values of AE-AS on mentioned cancer cells ranged from 35 to 50 microg/ml after 24 h of treatment. 15261763 19 24 AE-AS Plant 15261763 38 44 cancer Negative_phenotype 15261763_6 After 72 h of exposure, AE-AS (40 microg/ml) significantly reduced A549 cell proliferation to 24 +/- 3.2% of control. 15261763 24 29 AE-AS Plant 15261763 67 71 A549 Negative_phenotype 15261763 Decrease 24 29 AE-AS Plant 67 71 A549 Negative_phenotype 15261763_7 In A549 cells, the cell cycle analysis showed that AE-AS induced a significant increase in the number of cells in G0/G1, with a concomitant decrease in the number of cells in S phase. 15261763 3 7 A549 Negative_phenotype 15261763 51 56 AE-AS Plant 15261763 Decrease 3 7 A549 Negative_phenotype 51 56 AE-AS Plant 15261763_8 AE-AS-induced chromatin changes and apoptosis of A549 cells were confirmed by Hoechst 33342 DNA staining and annexin V staining. 15261763 0 5 AE-AS Plant 15261763 49 53 A549 Negative_phenotype 15261763 Decrease 0 5 AE-AS Plant 49 53 A549 Negative_phenotype 15261763_9 A549 cells treated with AE-AS caused activation of caspase-9 and -3, and AE-AS-induced apoptosis could be inhibited by the broad-spectrum caspase inhibitor, z-VAD-fmk. 15261763 0 4 A549 Negative_phenotype 15261763 24 29 AE-AS Plant 15261763 73 78 AE-AS Plant 15261763 Decrease 0 4 A549 Negative_phenotype 24 29 AE-AS Plant 15261763_10 The Western blot indicated the AE-AS-triggered apoptosis is mediated via suppression of Bcl-2 oncoprotein expression rather than p53 or Bax. 15261763 31 36 AE-AS Plant 15261763_11 Besides, AE-AS decreased the levels of cdk4 protein was observed. 15261763 9 14 AE-AS Plant 15261763_12 These results indicate that the AE-AS could induce G1/S arrest and activate the mechanism of apoptosis in human cancer cells. 15261763 32 37 AE-AS Plant 15261763 112 118 cancer Negative_phenotype 15261763 Decrease 32 37 AE-AS Plant 112 118 cancer Negative_phenotype 15261763_13 Extracts obtained from different methods of fractionation might possess distinct bioactivity. 15261763_14 These results prompted us to further evaluate the in vivo anticancer effects and elucidate the chemical composition profile of AE-AS. 15261763 58 68 anticancer Positive_phenotype 15261763 127 132 AE-AS Plant 15261763 Increase 58 68 anticancer Positive_phenotype 127 132 AE-AS Plant 15261971_1 Anticancer and antiviral activities of Youngia japonica (L.) DC (Asteraceae, Compositae). 15261971 0 10 Anticancer Positive_phenotype 15261971 15 24 antiviral Positive_phenotype 15261971 39 63 Youngia japonica (L.) DC Plant 15261971 77 87 Compositae Plant 15261971 Increase 0 10 Anticancer Positive_phenotype 39 63 Youngia japonica (L.) DC Plant 15261971 Increase 0 10 Anticancer Positive_phenotype 77 87 Compositae Plant 15261971 Increase 15 24 antiviral Positive_phenotype 39 63 Youngia japonica (L.) DC Plant 15261971 Increase 15 24 antiviral Positive_phenotype 77 87 Compositae Plant 15261971_2 Aqueous and ethanol extracts of Youngia japonica (also known as Oriental hawksbeard) were tested in vitro for anti-tumor activity against three cell lines, human promyelocytic leukaemia (HL-60), human myelogenous leukaemia (chronic K-562) and mouse Sarcoma 180 (S-180), and for antiviral activity against respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), influenza A virus (Flu A) and herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) by cytopathic effect (CPE) reduction assay. 15261971 32 48 Youngia japonica Plant 15261971 64 83 Oriental hawksbeard Plant 15261971 110 120 anti-tumor Positive_phenotype 15261971 162 185 promyelocytic leukaemia Negative_phenotype 15261971 187 192 HL-60 Negative_phenotype 15261971 201 222 myelogenous leukaemia Negative_phenotype 15261971 232 237 K-562 Negative_phenotype 15261971 249 260 Sarcoma 180 Negative_phenotype 15261971 262 267 S-180 Negative_phenotype 15261971 278 287 antiviral Positive_phenotype 15261971 305 332 respiratory syncytial virus Negative_phenotype 15261971 334 337 RSV Negative_phenotype 15261971 340 357 influenza A virus Negative_phenotype 15261971 359 364 Flu A Negative_phenotype 15261971 370 397 herpes simplex virus type 1 Negative_phenotype 15261971 399 404 HSV-1 Negative_phenotype 15261971 409 419 cytopathic Negative_phenotype 15261971 428 431 CPE Negative_phenotype 15261971_3 Hot water extract of Youngia japonica inhibited cell proliferation and growth of all cancer cell lines to various extent. 15261971 21 37 Youngia japonica Plant 15261971 85 91 cancer Negative_phenotype 15261971 Decrease 21 37 Youngia japonica Plant 85 91 cancer Negative_phenotype 15261971_4 K-562 cells were the most sensitive to the extract whereas S-180 cells were the least. 15261971 0 5 K-562 Negative_phenotype 15261971 59 64 S-180 Negative_phenotype 15261971_5 It did not show any significant cytotoxic effects on normal mammalian Vero cells up to the concentration of 450 microg/mL. 15261971_6 The ethanol extract of whole plant of Youngia japonica exhibited antiviral activity against RSV cultured in HEp-2 cells, but did not have any activity against Flu A and HSV-1. 15261971 38 54 Youngia japonica Plant 15261971 65 74 antiviral Positive_phenotype 15261971 92 95 RSV Negative_phenotype 15261971 108 113 HEp-2 Negative_phenotype 15261971 159 164 Flu A Negative_phenotype 15261971 169 174 HSV-1 Negative_phenotype 15261971 Increase 38 54 Youngia japonica Plant 65 74 antiviral Positive_phenotype 15261971 Decrease 38 54 Youngia japonica Plant 92 95 RSV Negative_phenotype 15261971 Decrease 38 54 Youngia japonica Plant 108 113 HEp-2 Negative_phenotype 15261971_7 Two partially purified fractions (Fr.10 and Fr.11) from the 95% ethanol extract exhibited significant anti-RSV with 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) in the range of 3.0-6.0 microg/mL. 15261971 102 110 anti-RSV Positive_phenotype 15261971_8 The ratio of the viral titer reduction in the absence (viral control) and presence of the maximal non-cytotoxic concentration (MNCC) of the Fr.10 and Fr.11 was both estimated to be 1 x 10(4) (RF, viral titer reduction factors), indicating that their anti-RSV activity was high enough to justify for further analysis. 15261971 250 258 anti-RSV Positive_phenotype 15261971_9 Our preliminary analysis showed that the antiviral ingredients were likely to contain phenolic compounds including tannins by chemical tests. 15268973_1 Salacia oblonga improves cardiac fibrosis and inhibits postprandial hyperglycemia in obese Zucker rats. 15268973 0 15 Salacia oblonga Plant 15268973 25 41 cardiac fibrosis Negative_phenotype 15268973 55 90 postprandial hyperglycemia in obese Negative_phenotype 15268973 Decrease 0 15 Salacia oblonga Plant 25 41 cardiac fibrosis Negative_phenotype 15268973 Decrease 0 15 Salacia oblonga Plant 55 90 postprandial hyperglycemia in obese Negative_phenotype 15268973_2 Diabetes has a markedly greater incidence of cardiovascular disease than the non-diabetic population. 15268973 0 8 Diabetes Negative_phenotype 15268973 45 67 cardiovascular disease Negative_phenotype 15268973_3 The heart shows a slowly developing increase in fibrosis in diabetes. 15268973 48 56 fibrosis Negative_phenotype 15268973 60 68 diabetes Negative_phenotype 15268973_4 Extended cardiac fibrosis results in increased myocardial stiffness, causing ventricular dysfunction and, ultimately, heart failure. 15268973 9 25 cardiac fibrosis Negative_phenotype 15268973 47 67 myocardial stiffness Negative_phenotype 15268973 77 100 ventricular dysfunction Negative_phenotype 15268973 118 131 heart failure Negative_phenotype 15268973_5 Reversal of fibrosis may improve organ function survival. 15268973 12 20 fibrosis Negative_phenotype 15268973_6 Postprandial hyperglycemia plays an important role in the development of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular complications, and has been proposed as an independent risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. 15268973 0 26 Postprandial hyperglycemia Negative_phenotype 15268973 73 88 type 2 diabetes Negative_phenotype 15268973 93 121 cardiovascular complications Negative_phenotype 15268973 179 202 cardiovascular diseases Negative_phenotype 15268973_7 Salacia oblonga (S.O.) is traditionally used in the prevention and treatment of diabetes. 15268973 0 15 Salacia oblonga Plant 15268973 17 21 S.O. Plant 15268973 80 88 diabetes Negative_phenotype 15268973 Decrease 0 15 Salacia oblonga Plant 80 88 diabetes Negative_phenotype 15268973 Decrease 17 21 S.O. Plant 80 88 diabetes Negative_phenotype 15268973_8 We investigated the effects of its water extract on cardiac fibrosis and hyperglycemia in a genetic model of type 2 diabetes, the obese Zucker rat (OZR). 15268973 52 68 cardiac fibrosis Negative_phenotype 15268973 73 86 hyperglycemia Negative_phenotype 15268973 109 124 type 2 diabetes Negative_phenotype 15268973 130 135 obese Negative_phenotype 15268973 148 151 OZR Negative_phenotype 15268973_9 Chronic administration of the extract markedly improved interstitial and perivascular fibrosis in the hearts of the OZR. 15268973 56 94 interstitial and perivascular fibrosis Negative_phenotype 15268973 116 119 OZR Negative_phenotype 15268973_10 It also reduced plasma glucose levels in non-fasted OZR, whereas it had little effect in the fasted animals, suggesting inhibition of postprandial hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetic animals, which might play a role in improvement of the cardiac complications of OZR. 15268973 16 37 plasma glucose levels Neutral_phenotype 15268973 52 55 OZR Negative_phenotype 15268973 134 179 postprandial hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetic Negative_phenotype 15268973 235 263 cardiac complications of OZR Negative_phenotype 15268973_11 Furthermore, S.O. 15268973 13 17 S.O. Plant 15268973_12 markedly suppressed the overexpression of mRNAs encoding transforming growth factor betas 1 and 3 in the OZR heart, which may be an important part of the overall molecular mechanisms. 15268973_13 S.O. dose-dependently inhibited the increase of plasma glucose in sucrose-, but not in glucose-loaded mice. 15268973 0 4 S.O. Plant 15268973 48 62 plasma glucose Neutral_phenotype 15268973 Decrease 0 4 S.O. Plant 48 62 plasma glucose Neutral_phenotype 15268973_14 S.O. demonstrated a strong inhibition of alpha-glucosidase activity in vitro, which is suggested to contribute to the improvement of postprandial hyperglycemia. 15268973 0 4 S.O. Plant 15268973 133 159 postprandial hyperglycemia Negative_phenotype 15268973 Decrease 0 4 S.O. Plant 133 159 postprandial hyperglycemia Negative_phenotype 15286441_1 Isodon japonicus decreases immediate-type allergic reaction and tumor necrosis factor-alpha production. 15286441 0 16 Isodon japonicus Plant 15286441 27 50 immediate-type allergic Negative_phenotype 15286441 Decrease 0 16 Isodon japonicus Plant 27 50 immediate-type allergic Negative_phenotype 15286441_2 BACKGROUND: The immediate-type allergic reaction is involved in many allergic diseases such as asthma, allergic rhinitis and sinusitis. 15286441 16 39 immediate-type allergic Negative_phenotype 15286441 69 86 allergic diseases Negative_phenotype 15286441 95 101 asthma Negative_phenotype 15286441 103 120 allergic rhinitis Negative_phenotype 15286441 125 134 sinusitis Negative_phenotype 15286441_3 The discovery of drugs for the treatment of immediate-type allergic disease is a very important subject in human health. 15286441 44 75 immediate-type allergic disease Negative_phenotype 15286441_4 Isodon japonicus Hara (Labiatae) (IJAE) has been used for centuries as a traditional medicine in Korea and is known to have an anti-inflammatory effect. 15286441 0 21 Isodon japonicus Hara Plant 15286441 23 31 Labiatae Plant 15286441 34 38 IJAE Plant 15286441 127 144 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 15286441 Increase 0 21 Isodon japonicus Hara Plant 127 144 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 15286441 Increase 23 31 Labiatae Plant 127 144 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 15286441 Increase 34 38 IJAE Plant 127 144 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 15286441_5 However, its specific mechanism of action is still unknown. 15286441_6 In this report, we investigated the effect of IJAE on the immediate-type allergic reaction and studied its possible mechanisms of action, focusing on the mast cell-mediated allergic reaction. 15286441 46 50 IJAE Plant 15286441 58 81 immediate-type allergic Negative_phenotype 15286441 173 181 allergic Negative_phenotype 15286441_7 METHODS: IJAE extracts were anally administered to mice for high and fast absorption. 15286441 9 13 IJAE Plant 15286441_8 Compound 48/80-induced mortality and compound 48/80- or immunoglobulin E (IgE)-induced histamine release were measured to evaluate the antiallergic effects of IJAE. 15286441 23 32 mortality Negative_phenotype 15286441 135 147 antiallergic Positive_phenotype 15286441 159 163 IJAE Plant 15286441_9 The effect of IJAE on the model of local allergic reaction in vivo, passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA), was investigated. 15286441 14 18 IJAE Plant 15286441 41 49 allergic Negative_phenotype 15286441 68 97 passive cutaneous anaphylaxis Negative_phenotype 15286441 99 102 PCA Negative_phenotype 15286441_10 The production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) was measured by Western blotting. 15286441_11 RESULTS: IJAE inhibited compound 48/80-induced systemic reactions and plasma histamine release in mice. 15286441 9 13 IJAE Plant 15286441_12 IJAE decreased the PCA reaction activated by anti-dinitrophenyl (DNP) IgE antibody. 15286441 0 4 IJAE Plant 15286441 19 22 PCA Negative_phenotype 15286441 Decrease 0 4 IJAE Plant 19 22 PCA Negative_phenotype 15286441_13 IJAE dose-dependently reduced histamine release from rat peritoneal mast cells activated by compound 48/80 or anti-DNP IgE. 15286441 0 4 IJAE Plant 15286441_14 Furthermore, IJAE decreased the production of TNF-alpha in phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate plus calcium ionophore A23187-stimulated human mast cells. 15286441 13 17 IJAE Plant 15286441_15 CONCLUSION: Our findings provide evidence that IJAE inhibits mast cell-derived immediate-type allergic reactions, and also demonstrate the involvement of TNF-alpha in these effects. 15286441 47 51 IJAE Plant 15286441 79 102 immediate-type allergic Negative_phenotype 15286441 Decrease 47 51 IJAE Plant 79 102 immediate-type allergic Negative_phenotype 15286441_16 We propose the clinical use of IJAE in mast cell-mediated immediate-type allergic diseases. 15286441 31 35 IJAE Plant 15286441 58 90 immediate-type allergic diseases Negative_phenotype 15286441 Decrease 31 35 IJAE Plant 58 90 immediate-type allergic diseases Negative_phenotype 15301742_1 Antitumor activity and antioxidant role of Bauhinia racemosa against Ehrlich ascites carcinoma in Swiss albino mice [corrected]. 15301742 0 9 Antitumor Positive_phenotype 15301742 23 34 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 15301742 43 60 Bauhinia racemosa Plant 15301742 69 94 Ehrlich ascites carcinoma Negative_phenotype 15301742 104 110 albino Negative_phenotype 15301742_2 AIM: To study the antitumor effect and antioxidant role of Bauhinia racemosa. 15301742 18 27 antitumor Positive_phenotype 15301742 39 50 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 15301742 59 76 Bauhinia racemosa Plant 15301742_3 METHODS: Antitumor activity and antioxidant status of methanol extract (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg) of Bauhinia racemosa stem bark was evaluated against Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) tumor in mice. 15301742 9 18 Antitumor Positive_phenotype 15301742 32 43 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 15301742 99 116 Bauhinia racemosa Plant 15301742 149 174 Ehrlich ascites carcinoma Negative_phenotype 15301742 176 179 EAC Negative_phenotype 15301742 181 186 tumor Negative_phenotype 15301742_4 Acute and short-term toxicity studies were performed initially in order to ascertain the safety of methanol extract of Bauhinia racemosa (MEBR). 15301742 21 29 toxicity Negative_phenotype 15301742 119 136 Bauhinia racemosa Plant 15301742 138 142 MEBR Plant 15301742_5 After 24 h of tumor inoculation, the extract was administered daily for 14 d. After administration of the last dose followed by 18 h fasting, mice were then sacrificed for observation of antitumor activity. 15301742 14 19 tumor Negative_phenotype 15301742 187 196 antitumor Positive_phenotype 15301742_6 The effect of MEBR on the growth of transplantable murine tumor, life span of EAC bearing hosts and simultaneous alterations in the hematological profile and liver biochemical parameters (lipid peroxidation, antioxidant enzymes) were estimated. 15301742 14 18 MEBR Plant 15301742 58 63 tumor Negative_phenotype 15301742 78 81 EAC Negative_phenotype 15301742_7 RESULTS: The MEBR showed decrease in tumor volume, packed cell volume and viable cell count, and increased the nonviable cell count and mean survival time thereby increasing life span of EAC tumor bearing mice. 15301742 13 17 MEBR Plant 15301742 37 42 tumor Negative_phenotype 15301742 141 149 survival Positive_phenotype 15301742 187 196 EAC tumor Negative_phenotype 15301742 Decrease 13 17 MEBR Plant 37 42 tumor Negative_phenotype 15301742 Increase 13 17 MEBR Plant 141 149 survival Positive_phenotype 15301742 Decrease 13 17 MEBR Plant 187 196 EAC tumor Negative_phenotype 15301742_8 Hematological profile reverted to more or less normal levels in extract treated mice. 15301742_9 Treatment with MEBR decreased the levels of lipid peroxidation and increased the levels of glutathione, superoxide dismutase and catalase. 15301742 15 19 MEBR Plant 15301742_10 CONCLUSION: The methanol extract of Bauhinia racemosa stem bark exhibited antitumor effect by modulating lipid peroxidation and augmenting antioxidant defense system in EAC bearing mice. 15301742 36 53 Bauhinia racemosa Plant 15301742 74 83 antitumor Positive_phenotype 15301742 139 165 antioxidant defense system Positive_phenotype 15301742 169 172 EAC Negative_phenotype 15301742 Increase 36 53 Bauhinia racemosa Plant 74 83 antitumor Positive_phenotype 15301742 Increase 36 53 Bauhinia racemosa Plant 139 165 antioxidant defense system Positive_phenotype 15301742 Decrease 36 53 Bauhinia racemosa Plant 169 172 EAC Negative_phenotype 15306167_1 Insulin-secretagogue activity and cytoprotective role of the traditional antidiabetic plant Scoparia dulcis (Sweet Broomweed). 15306167 73 85 antidiabetic Positive_phenotype 15306167 92 107 Scoparia dulcis Plant 15306167 109 124 Sweet Broomweed Plant 15306167_2 Scoparia dulcis (Sweet Broomweed) has been documented as a traditional treatment of diabetes. 15306167 0 15 Scoparia dulcis Plant 15306167 17 32 Sweet Broomweed Plant 15306167 84 92 diabetes Negative_phenotype 15306167 Decrease 0 15 Scoparia dulcis Plant 84 92 diabetes Negative_phenotype 15306167 Decrease 17 32 Sweet Broomweed Plant 84 92 diabetes Negative_phenotype 15306167_3 The administration of an aqueous extract of Scoparia dulcis at a dose of 200 mg/kg body weight significantly decreased the blood glucose with significant increase in plasma insulin level in streptozotocin diabetic rats at the end of 15 days treatment. 15306167 44 59 Scoparia dulcis Plant 15306167 123 136 blood glucose Neutral_phenotype 15306167 166 186 plasma insulin level Neutral_phenotype 15306167 205 213 diabetic Negative_phenotype 15306167 Decrease 44 59 Scoparia dulcis Plant 123 136 blood glucose Neutral_phenotype 15306167 Increase 44 59 Scoparia dulcis Plant 166 186 plasma insulin level Neutral_phenotype 15306167_4 The insulin secretagogue action of Scoparia dulcis plant extract (SPEt) was further investigated using isolated pancreatic islets from mice. 15306167 35 50 Scoparia dulcis Plant 15306167 66 70 SPEt Plant 15306167_5 SPEt at a dose of 10 microg/ml evoked 6.0 fold stimulation of insulin secretion from isolated islets indicating its insulin secretagogue activity. 15306167 0 4 SPEt Plant 15306167_6 In addition the effect of SPEt on streptozotocin induced cell death and nitric oxide (NO) in terms of nitrite production were also examined. 15306167 26 30 SPEt Plant 15306167_7 SPEt protected against streptozotocin- mediated cytotoxicity (88%) and NO production in rat insulinoma cell line (RINm5F). 15306167 0 4 SPEt Plant 15306167 92 102 insulinoma Negative_phenotype 15306167 114 120 RINm5F Negative_phenotype 15306167 Decrease 0 4 SPEt Plant 92 102 insulinoma Negative_phenotype 15306167 Decrease 0 4 SPEt Plant 114 120 RINm5F Negative_phenotype 15306167_8 Above results suggest the glucose lowering effect of SPEt to be associated with potentiation of insulin release from pancreatic islets. 15306167 26 33 glucose Neutral_phenotype 15306167 53 57 SPEt Plant 15306167 Decrease 26 33 glucose Neutral_phenotype 53 57 SPEt Plant 15306167_9 Our results revealed the possible therapeutic value of Scoparia dulcis for the better control, management and prevention of diabetes mellitus progression. 15306167 55 70 Scoparia dulcis Plant 15306167 124 141 diabetes mellitus Negative_phenotype 15306167 Decrease 55 70 Scoparia dulcis Plant 124 141 diabetes mellitus Negative_phenotype 15325848_1 Anticancer activity and mechanism of Scutellaria barbata extract on human lung cancer cell line A549. 15325848 0 10 Anticancer Positive_phenotype 15325848 37 56 Scutellaria barbata Plant 15325848 74 85 lung cancer Negative_phenotype 15325848 96 100 A549 Negative_phenotype 15325848_2 Scutellaria barbata (S. barbata), a traditional Chinese herbal medicine native to southern China, is widely used as an anti-inflammatory and a diuretic in China. 15325848 0 19 Scutellaria barbata Plant 15325848 21 31 S. barbata Plant 15325848 119 136 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 15325848 143 151 diuretic Positive_phenotype 15325848 Increase 0 19 Scutellaria barbata Plant 119 136 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 15325848 Increase 0 19 Scutellaria barbata Plant 143 151 diuretic Positive_phenotype 15325848 Increase 21 31 S. barbata Plant 119 136 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 15325848 Increase 21 31 S. barbata Plant 143 151 diuretic Positive_phenotype 15325848_3 Several studies have indicated that extracts of S. barbata have growth inhibitory effects on a number of human cancers. 15325848 48 58 S. barbata Plant 15325848 111 118 cancers Negative_phenotype 15325848 Decrease 48 58 S. barbata Plant 111 118 cancers Negative_phenotype 15325848_4 Treatment of lung cancer, digestive system cancers, hepatoma, breast cancer, and chorioepithelioma by S. barbata extracts was reported. 15325848 13 24 lung cancer Negative_phenotype 15325848 26 50 digestive system cancers Negative_phenotype 15325848 52 60 hepatoma Negative_phenotype 15325848 62 75 breast cancer Negative_phenotype 15325848 81 98 chorioepithelioma Negative_phenotype 15325848 102 112 S. barbata Plant 15325848 Decrease 13 24 lung cancer Negative_phenotype 102 112 S. barbata Plant 15325848 Decrease 26 50 digestive system cancers Negative_phenotype 102 112 S. barbata Plant 15325848 Decrease 52 60 hepatoma Negative_phenotype 102 112 S. barbata Plant 15325848 Decrease 62 75 breast cancer Negative_phenotype 102 112 S. barbata Plant 15325848 Decrease 81 98 chorioepithelioma Negative_phenotype 102 112 S. barbata Plant 15325848_5 However, the mechanism underlying the antitumor activity was unclear. 15325848 38 47 antitumor Positive_phenotype 15325848_6 In this study, we studied the growth inhibitory effect of S. barbata and determined its mechanism of antitumor activity using human lung cancer cell line A549. 15325848 58 68 S. barbata Plant 15325848 101 110 antitumor Positive_phenotype 15325848 132 143 lung cancer Negative_phenotype 15325848 154 158 A549 Negative_phenotype 15325848_7 Our results showed that ethanol extracts of S. barbata greatly inhibited A549 cell growth, with IC50 of 0.21 mg/ml. 15325848 44 54 S. barbata Plant 15325848 73 77 A549 Negative_phenotype 15325848 Decrease 44 54 S. barbata Plant 73 77 A549 Negative_phenotype 15325848_8 The major mechanisms of inhibition included cell apoptosis and cytotoxic effects. 15325848_9 cDNA microarray analysis showed that 16 genes, involved in DNA damage, cell cycle control, nucleic acid binding and protein phosphorylation, underwent more than 5-fold change. 15325848 59 69 DNA damage Negative_phenotype 15325848_10 These data indicated that these processes are involved in S. barbata-mediated killing of cancer cells. 15325848 58 68 S. barbata Plant 15325848 89 95 cancer Negative_phenotype 15325848 Decrease 58 68 S. barbata Plant 89 95 cancer Negative_phenotype 15325848_11 A surprising finding is that CD209, related to dendritic cell (DC) function, was dramatically downregulated by 102-fold. 15325848_12 Further functional studies are needed to assess the role of the array-identified genes in S. barbata mediated anticancer activity. 15325848 90 100 S. barbata Plant 15325848 110 120 anticancer Positive_phenotype 15350833_1 A water extract of Curcuma longa L. (Zingiberaceae) rescues PC12 cell death caused by pyrogallol or hypoxia/reoxygenation and attenuates hydrogen peroxide induced injury in PC12 cells. 15350833 19 35 Curcuma longa L. Plant 15350833 60 64 PC12 Negative_phenotype 15350833 163 169 injury Negative_phenotype 15350833 173 177 PC12 Negative_phenotype 15350833 Decrease 19 35 Curcuma longa L. Plant 60 64 PC12 Negative_phenotype 15350833 Decrease 19 35 Curcuma longa L. Plant 163 169 injury Negative_phenotype 15350833 Decrease 19 35 Curcuma longa L. Plant 173 177 PC12 Negative_phenotype 15350833_2 A number of studies indicate that free radicals are involved in the neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease (AD). 15350833 68 108 neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease Negative_phenotype 15350833 110 112 AD Negative_phenotype 15350833_3 The role of superoxide anion (O2*-) in neuronal cell injury induced by reactive oxygen species (ROS) was examined in PC12 cells using pyrogallol (1,2,3-benzenetrior), a donor to release O2*-. 15350833 39 59 neuronal cell injury Negative_phenotype 15350833 117 121 PC12 Negative_phenotype 15350833_4 Pyrogallol induced PC12 cell death at concentrations, which evidently increased intracellular O2*-, as assessed by O2*- sensitive fluorescent precursor hydroethidine (HEt). 15350833 19 23 PC12 Negative_phenotype 15350833_5 A water extract of Curcuma longa L. (Zingiberaceae) (CLE), having O2*- scavenging activity rescued PC12 cells from pyrogallol-induced cell death. 15350833 19 35 Curcuma longa L. Plant 15350833 53 56 CLE Plant 15350833 99 103 PC12 Negative_phenotype 15350833 Decrease 19 35 Curcuma longa L. Plant 99 103 PC12 Negative_phenotype 15350833 Decrease 53 56 CLE Plant 99 103 PC12 Negative_phenotype 15350833_6 Hypoxia/reoxygenation injury of PC12 cells was also blocked by CLE. 15350833 0 28 Hypoxia/reoxygenation injury Negative_phenotype 15350833 32 36 PC12 Negative_phenotype 15350833 63 66 CLE Plant 15350833 Decrease 0 28 Hypoxia/reoxygenation injury Negative_phenotype 63 66 CLE Plant 15350833 Decrease 32 36 PC12 Negative_phenotype 63 66 CLE Plant 15350833_7 The present study was also conducted to examine the effect of CLE on H2O2 -induced toxicity in rat pheochromocytoma line PC12 by measuring cell lesion, level of lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzyme activities. 15350833 62 65 CLE Plant 15350833 83 91 toxicity Negative_phenotype 15350833 99 115 pheochromocytoma Negative_phenotype 15350833 121 125 PC12 Negative_phenotype 15350833_8 Following a 30 min exposure of the cells to H2O2 (150 microM), a marked decrease in cell survival, activities of glutathione peroxidase and catalase as well as increased production of malondialdehyde (MDA) were found. 15350833_9 Pretreatment of the cells with CLE (0.5-10 microg/ml) prior to H2O2 exposure significantly elevated the cell survival, antioxidant enzyme activities and decreased the level of MDA. 15350833 31 34 CLE Plant 15350833_10 The above-mentioned neuroprotective effects are also observed with tacrine (THA, 1 microM), suggesting that the neuroprotective effects of cholinesterase inhibitor might partly contribute to the clinical efficacy in AD treatment. 15350833 20 35 neuroprotective Positive_phenotype 15350833 112 127 neuroprotective Positive_phenotype 15350833 216 218 AD Negative_phenotype 15350833_11 Further understanding of the underlying mechanism of the protective effects of these radical scavengers reducing intracellular O2*- on neuronal cell death may lead to development of new therapeutic treatments for hypoxic/ischemic brain injury. 15350833 213 242 hypoxic/ischemic brain injury Negative_phenotype 15388295_1 Evaluation of antioxidant and neuroprotective effect of Ocimum sanctum on transient cerebral ischemia and long-term cerebral hypoperfusion. 15388295 14 25 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 15388295 30 45 neuroprotective Positive_phenotype 15388295 56 70 Ocimum sanctum Plant 15388295 74 101 transient cerebral ischemia Negative_phenotype 15388295 116 138 cerebral hypoperfusion Negative_phenotype 15388295_2 Free radicals are implicated in causation of cerebral reperfusion injury and chronic cerebral hypoperfusion in rats is associated with functional and histopathological disturbances. 15388295 45 72 cerebral reperfusion injury Negative_phenotype 15388295 77 107 chronic cerebral hypoperfusion Negative_phenotype 15388295_3 Ocimum sanctum (OS), a plant widely used in Ayurveda, has been shown to possess anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and cognition-enhancing properties. 15388295 0 14 Ocimum sanctum Plant 15388295 16 18 OS Plant 15388295 80 97 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 15388295 99 110 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 15388295 115 134 cognition-enhancing Positive_phenotype 15388295 Increase 0 14 Ocimum sanctum Plant 80 97 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 15388295 Increase 0 14 Ocimum sanctum Plant 99 110 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 15388295 Increase 0 14 Ocimum sanctum Plant 115 134 cognition-enhancing Positive_phenotype 15388295 Increase 16 18 OS Plant 80 97 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 15388295 Increase 16 18 OS Plant 99 110 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 15388295 Increase 16 18 OS Plant 115 134 cognition-enhancing Positive_phenotype 15388295_4 In the present study, we investigated the effect of methanolic extract of OS leaves in cerebral reperfusion injury as well as long-term hypoperfusion. 15388295 74 76 OS Plant 15388295 87 114 cerebral reperfusion injury Negative_phenotype 15388295 136 149 hypoperfusion Negative_phenotype 15388295_5 Occlusion of bilateral common carotid arteries (BCCA) for 30 min followed by 45 min reperfusion caused increase in lipid peroxidation and up-regulation of superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity accompanied by fall in tissue total sulfhydryl groups (TSH) in rat forebrains. 15388295 0 46 Occlusion of bilateral common carotid arteries Negative_phenotype 15388295 48 52 BCCA Negative_phenotype 15388295 84 95 reperfusion Negative_phenotype 15388295_6 Ascorbic acid levels were unchanged, however. 15388295_7 OS pretreatment (200 mg/kg/day for 7 days) prevented this reperfusion-induced rise in lipid peroxidation and SOD activity. 15388295 0 2 OS Plant 15388295 58 69 reperfusion Negative_phenotype 15388295_8 OS pretreatment also stabilized the levels of TSH during reperfusion. 15388295 0 2 OS Plant 15388295 57 68 reperfusion Negative_phenotype 15388295 Decrease 0 2 OS Plant 57 68 reperfusion Negative_phenotype 15388295_9 Long-term cerebral hypoperfusion (a model of cerebrovascular insufficiency and dementia) induced by permanent occlusion of BCCA for 15 days demonstrated altered exploratory behavior in open-field testing and memory deficits as tested by Morris' water maze. 15388295 10 32 cerebral hypoperfusion Negative_phenotype 15388295 45 74 cerebrovascular insufficiency Negative_phenotype 15388295 79 87 dementia Negative_phenotype 15388295 100 127 permanent occlusion of BCCA Negative_phenotype 15388295 208 223 memory deficits Negative_phenotype 15388295_10 Histopathological examination of hypoperfused animals revealed reactive changes, like cellular edema, gliosis and perivascular inflammatory infiltrate. 15388295 33 45 hypoperfused Negative_phenotype 15388295 86 100 cellular edema Negative_phenotype 15388295 102 109 gliosis Negative_phenotype 15388295 114 150 perivascular inflammatory infiltrate Negative_phenotype 15388295_11 OS treatment (200 mg/kg/day for 15 days) significantly prevented these hypoperfusion-induced functional and structural disturbances. 15388295 0 2 OS Plant 15388295 71 131 hypoperfusion-induced functional and structural disturbances Negative_phenotype 15388295 Decrease 0 2 OS Plant 71 131 hypoperfusion-induced functional and structural disturbances Negative_phenotype 15388295_12 The results suggest that OS may be useful in treatment of cerebral reperfusion injury and cerebrovascular insufficiency states. 15388295 25 27 OS Plant 15388295 58 85 cerebral reperfusion injury Negative_phenotype 15388295 90 119 cerebrovascular insufficiency Negative_phenotype 15388295 Decrease 25 27 OS Plant 58 85 cerebral reperfusion injury Negative_phenotype 15388295 Decrease 25 27 OS Plant 90 119 cerebrovascular insufficiency Negative_phenotype 15481639_1 Rosa rugosa attenuates diabetic oxidative stress in rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes. 15481639 0 11 Rosa rugosa Plant 15481639 23 48 diabetic oxidative stress Negative_phenotype 15481639 85 93 diabetes Negative_phenotype 15481639 Decrease 0 11 Rosa rugosa Plant 23 48 diabetic oxidative stress Negative_phenotype 15481639 Decrease 0 11 Rosa rugosa Plant 85 93 diabetes Negative_phenotype 15481639_2 The effects of Rosa rugosa on diabetic oxidative stress were investigated using rats with streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes. 15481639 15 26 Rosa rugosa Plant 15481639 30 55 diabetic oxidative stress Negative_phenotype 15481639 119 127 diabetes Negative_phenotype 15481639_3 The diabetic rats showed less body weight gain and heavier kidney and liver weights than normal rats, while the oral administration of Rosa rugosa at a dose of 100 or 200 mg/kg body weight/day for 20 days attenuated the physiological changes induced by diabetes. 15481639 4 12 diabetic Negative_phenotype 15481639 30 41 body weight Neutral_phenotype 15481639 51 65 heavier kidney Negative_phenotype 15481639 70 83 liver weights Neutral_phenotype 15481639 135 146 Rosa rugosa Plant 15481639 253 261 diabetes Negative_phenotype 15481639 Decrease 135 146 Rosa rugosa Plant 253 261 diabetes Negative_phenotype 15481639_4 In addition, administrating Rosa rugosa to diabetic rats resulted in significant and dose-dependent decreases in the serum glucose and glycosylated protein levels, implying that Rosa rugosa improves the abnormal glucose metabolism that leads to oxidative stress. 15481639 28 39 Rosa rugosa Plant 15481639 43 51 diabetic Negative_phenotype 15481639 117 130 serum glucose Neutral_phenotype 15481639 135 162 glycosylated protein levels Neutral_phenotype 15481639 178 189 Rosa rugosa Plant 15481639 203 230 abnormal glucose metabolism Negative_phenotype 15481639 245 261 oxidative stress Negative_phenotype 15481639 Decrease 28 39 Rosa rugosa Plant 43 51 diabetic Negative_phenotype 15481639 Decrease 178 189 Rosa rugosa Plant 203 230 abnormal glucose metabolism Negative_phenotype 15481639 Decrease 178 189 Rosa rugosa Plant 245 261 oxidative stress Negative_phenotype 15481639_5 Diabetic rats had higher serum levels of superoxide and nitrite/nitrate. 15481639 0 8 Diabetic Negative_phenotype 15481639_6 However, the administration of Rosa rugosa dose-dependently reduced the over-production of radicals associated with diabetes, suggesting Rosa rugosa is a radical scavenger that would play a crucial role in protecting against diabetic oxidative stress. 15481639 31 42 Rosa rugosa Plant 15481639 116 124 diabetes Negative_phenotype 15481639 137 148 Rosa rugosa Plant 15481639 225 250 diabetic oxidative stress Negative_phenotype 15481639 Decrease 31 42 Rosa rugosa Plant 116 124 diabetes Negative_phenotype 15481639 Decrease 137 148 Rosa rugosa Plant 225 250 diabetic oxidative stress Negative_phenotype 15481639_7 Rosa rugosa significantly and dose-dependently reduced thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance levels in serum, hepatic and renal mitochondria, implying that Rosa rugosa would alleviate the oxidative stress associated with diabetes by inhibiting lipid peroxidation. 15481639 0 11 Rosa rugosa Plant 15481639 157 168 Rosa rugosa Plant 15481639 189 205 oxidative stress Negative_phenotype 15481639 222 230 diabetes Negative_phenotype 15481639 Decrease 157 168 Rosa rugosa Plant 189 205 oxidative stress Negative_phenotype 15481639 Decrease 157 168 Rosa rugosa Plant 222 230 diabetes Negative_phenotype 15481639_8 This study provides evidence that Rosa rugosa has potential as a treatment for diabetes through attenuating oxidative stress induced by the diabetic condition. 15481639 34 45 Rosa rugosa Plant 15481639 79 87 diabetes Negative_phenotype 15481639 108 124 oxidative stress Negative_phenotype 15481639 140 148 diabetic Negative_phenotype 15481639 Decrease 34 45 Rosa rugosa Plant 79 87 diabetes Negative_phenotype 15481639 Decrease 34 45 Rosa rugosa Plant 108 124 oxidative stress Negative_phenotype 15481639 Decrease 34 45 Rosa rugosa Plant 140 148 diabetic Negative_phenotype 15507333_1 Anti-inflammatory and hypoglycaemic effects of Tetrapleura tetraptera (Taub) [Fabaceae] fruit aqueous extract in rats. 15507333 0 17 Anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 15507333 22 35 hypoglycaemic Positive_phenotype 15507333 47 76 Tetrapleura tetraptera (Taub) Plant 15507333_2 The fruit of Tetrapleura tetraptera (Taub) [Fabaceae] is frequently used in Tropical African traditional medicine for the management and/or control of an array of human ailments, including arthritis and other inflammatory conditions, asthma, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, epilepsy, schistosomiasis, and so on. 15507333 13 42 Tetrapleura tetraptera (Taub) Plant 15507333 189 198 arthritis Negative_phenotype 15507333 209 221 inflammatory Negative_phenotype 15507333 234 240 asthma Negative_phenotype 15507333 242 259 diabetes mellitus Negative_phenotype 15507333 261 273 hypertension Negative_phenotype 15507333 275 283 epilepsy Negative_phenotype 15507333 285 300 schistosomiasis Negative_phenotype 15507333 Decrease 13 42 Tetrapleura tetraptera (Taub) Plant 189 198 arthritis Negative_phenotype 15507333 Decrease 13 42 Tetrapleura tetraptera (Taub) Plant 209 221 inflammatory Negative_phenotype 15507333 Decrease 13 42 Tetrapleura tetraptera (Taub) Plant 234 240 asthma Negative_phenotype 15507333 Decrease 13 42 Tetrapleura tetraptera (Taub) Plant 242 259 diabetes mellitus Negative_phenotype 15507333 Decrease 13 42 Tetrapleura tetraptera (Taub) Plant 261 273 hypertension Negative_phenotype 15507333 Decrease 13 42 Tetrapleura tetraptera (Taub) Plant 275 283 epilepsy Negative_phenotype 15507333 Decrease 13 42 Tetrapleura tetraptera (Taub) Plant 285 300 schistosomiasis Negative_phenotype 15507333_3 The present study was undertaken to examine the anti-inflammatory and hypoglycaemic effects of Tetrapleura tetraptera (Taub) fruit aqueous extract in rats. 15507333 48 65 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 15507333 70 83 hypoglycaemic Positive_phenotype 15507333 95 124 Tetrapleura tetraptera (Taub) Plant 15507333_4 Fresh egg albumin-induced pedal oedema and streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes mellitus were used as experimental test models of inflammation and diabetes. 15507333 26 38 pedal oedema Negative_phenotype 15507333 72 89 diabetes mellitus Negative_phenotype 15507333 131 143 inflammation Negative_phenotype 15507333 148 156 diabetes Negative_phenotype 15507333_5 Diclofenac (DIC, 100mg/kg p.o.) and chlorpropamide (250 mg/kg p.o.) were employed as reference anti-inflammatory and hypoglycaemic agents, respectively, for comparison. 15507333 95 112 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 15507333 117 130 hypoglycaemic Positive_phenotype 15507333_6 Tetrapleura tetraptera (TTE, 50-800 mg/kg p.o.) produced dose-related, significant reductions (P < 0.05-0.001) of the fresh egg albumin-induced acute inflammation of the rat hind paw oedema. 15507333 0 22 Tetrapleura tetraptera Plant 15507333 24 27 TTE Plant 15507333 144 162 acute inflammation Negative_phenotype 15507333 174 189 hind paw oedema Negative_phenotype 15507333 Decrease 0 22 Tetrapleura tetraptera Plant 144 162 acute inflammation Negative_phenotype 15507333 Decrease 0 22 Tetrapleura tetraptera Plant 174 189 hind paw oedema Negative_phenotype 15507333 Decrease 24 27 TTE Plant 144 162 acute inflammation Negative_phenotype 15507333 Decrease 24 27 TTE Plant 174 189 hind paw oedema Negative_phenotype 15507333_7 The plant extract (TTE, 50-800 mg/kg p.o.) also produced dose-dependent, significant reductions (P < 0.05-0.001) in the blood glucose concentrations of both fasted normal and fasted diabetic rats. 15507333 19 22 TTE Plant 15507333 120 148 blood glucose concentrations Neutral_phenotype 15507333 182 190 diabetic Negative_phenotype 15507333 Decrease 19 22 TTE Plant 120 148 blood glucose concentrations Neutral_phenotype 15507333 Decrease 19 22 TTE Plant 182 190 diabetic Negative_phenotype 15507333_8 The results of this experimental animal study indicate that T. tetraptera fruit aqueous extract possesses anti-inflammatory and hypoglycaemic properties. 15507333 60 73 T. tetraptera Plant 15507333 106 123 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 15507333 128 141 hypoglycaemic Positive_phenotype 15507333 Increase 60 73 T. tetraptera Plant 106 123 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 15507333 Increase 60 73 T. tetraptera Plant 128 141 hypoglycaemic Positive_phenotype 15507333_9 These findings lend pharmacological credence to the suggested folkloric uses of the plant's fruit in the management and/or control of arthritis and other inflammatory conditions, as well as in adult-onset, type-2 diabetes mellitus in some Yoruba-speaking communities of South-Western Nigeria. 15507333 134 143 arthritis Negative_phenotype 15507333 154 166 inflammatory Negative_phenotype 15507333 206 230 type-2 diabetes mellitus Negative_phenotype 15547686_1 Differential effects of Viscum album extract IscadorQu on cell cycle progression and apoptosis in cancer cells. 15547686 24 36 Viscum album Plant 15547686 98 104 cancer Negative_phenotype 15547686_2 Extracts from European mistletoe or Viscum album L. have been reported to exert cytotoxic and immunomodulatory effects in vitro and in vivo. 15547686 14 32 European mistletoe Plant 15547686 36 51 Viscum album L. Plant 15547686 94 110 immunomodulatory Positive_phenotype 15547686 Increase 14 32 European mistletoe Plant 94 110 immunomodulatory Positive_phenotype 15547686 Increase 36 51 Viscum album L. Plant 94 110 immunomodulatory Positive_phenotype 15547686_3 The mechanism of this anti-tumoral activity is however, largely unknown. 15547686 22 34 anti-tumoral Positive_phenotype 15547686_4 In this study we tested the hypothesis that IscadorQu, an aqueous fermented extract from the European mistletoe grown on oaks, induces tumor regression by cell cycle inhibition and/or interference with apoptotic signaling pathways in cancer cells. 15547686 93 111 European mistletoe Plant 15547686 121 125 oaks Plant 15547686 135 140 tumor Negative_phenotype 15547686 234 240 cancer Negative_phenotype 15547686 Decrease 93 111 European mistletoe Plant 135 140 tumor Negative_phenotype 15547686 Decrease 93 111 European mistletoe Plant 234 240 cancer Negative_phenotype 15547686 Decrease 121 125 oaks Plant 135 140 tumor Negative_phenotype 15547686 Decrease 121 125 oaks Plant 234 240 cancer Negative_phenotype 15547686_5 Also a possible effect on angiogenesis, which is a prerequisite for tumor growth in vivo, is studied in endothelial cell cultures. 15547686 68 80 tumor growth Negative_phenotype 15547686_6 Furthermore, we examined which apoptotic signaling route is activated by staining cells for specific pro-apoptotic proteins. 15547686_7 To characterize these properties, 6 different human cancer cell lines, one epidermis derived cell line and 2 endothelial cell cultures were incubated with different concentrations of IscadorQu. 15547686 52 58 cancer Negative_phenotype 15547686_8 Cell cycle kinetics parameters were measured by bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) pulse labeling and tubulin staining. 15547686_9 Apoptotic responses were detected by M30 CytoDeath or Annexin V/propidium iodide assays. 15547686_10 Characterization of the apoptotic pathway was performed by staining cells for active caspase 3, active caspase 8, cytochrome C and chloromethyl-X-rosamine. 15547686_11 The results of this study show that sensitivity to IscadorQu treatment varies strongly between different cell lines. 15547686_12 In sensitive cell lines, including tumor and endothelial cell cultures, IscadorQu caused early cell cycle inhibition followed by apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner. 15547686 35 40 tumor Negative_phenotype 15547686_13 Apoptosis was induced by activating the mitochondrial but not the death receptor-dependent pathway. 15588681_1 Methanolic extract of Pereskia bleo (Kunth) DC. (Cactaceae) induces apoptosis in breast carcinoma, T47-D cell line. 15588681 22 47 Pereskia bleo (Kunth) DC. Plant 15588681 81 97 breast carcinoma Negative_phenotype 15588681 99 104 T47-D Negative_phenotype 15588681 Decrease 22 47 Pereskia bleo (Kunth) DC. Plant 81 97 breast carcinoma Negative_phenotype 15588681 Decrease 22 47 Pereskia bleo (Kunth) DC. Plant 99 104 T47-D Negative_phenotype 15588681_2 Currently, breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related death in women. 15588681 11 24 breast cancer Negative_phenotype 15588681 49 69 cancer-related death Negative_phenotype 15588681_3 Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop alternative therapeutic measures against this deadly disease. 15588681_4 Here, we report the cytotoxicity activity and the mechanism of cell death exhibited by the methanol extract prepared from Pereskia bleo (Kunth) DC. (Cactaceae) plant against human breast carcinoma cell line, T-47D. 15588681 122 147 Pereskia bleo (Kunth) DC. Plant 15588681 180 196 breast carcinoma Negative_phenotype 15588681 208 213 T-47D Negative_phenotype 15588681_5 In vitro cytotoxicity screening of methanol extract of Pereskia bleo plant indicated the presence of cytotoxicity activity of the extract against T-47D cells with EC50 of 2.0 microg/ml. 15588681 55 68 Pereskia bleo Plant 15588681 146 151 T-47D Negative_phenotype 15588681 Decrease 55 68 Pereskia bleo Plant 146 151 T-47D Negative_phenotype 15588681_6 T-47D cell death elicited by the extract was found to be apoptotic in nature based a clear indication of DNA fragmentation which is a hallmark of apoptosis. 15588681 0 5 T-47D Negative_phenotype 15588681_7 In addition, ultrastructural analysis also revealed apoptotic characteristics (the presence of chromatin margination and apoptotic bodies) in the extract-treated cells. 15588681_8 RT-PCR analysis showed the mRNA expression levels of c-myc, and caspase 3 were markedly increased in the cells treated with the plant extract. 15588681_9 However, p53 expression was only slightly increased as compared to caspase 3 and c-myc. 15588681_10 Thus, the results from this study strongly suggest that the methanol extract of Pereskia bleo may contain bioactive compound(s) that caused breast carcinoma, T-47D cell death by apoptosis mechanism via the activation of caspase-3 and c-myc pathways. 15588681 80 93 Pereskia bleo Plant 15588681 140 156 breast carcinoma Negative_phenotype 15588681 158 163 T-47D Negative_phenotype 15588681 Decrease 80 93 Pereskia bleo Plant 140 156 breast carcinoma Negative_phenotype 15588681 Decrease 80 93 Pereskia bleo Plant 158 163 T-47D Negative_phenotype 15613745_1 Extract of grapefruit-seed reduces acute pancreatitis induced by ischemia/reperfusion in rats: possible implication of tissue antioxidants. 15613745 11 21 grapefruit Plant 15613745 35 85 acute pancreatitis induced by ischemia/reperfusion Negative_phenotype 15613745 126 138 antioxidants Positive_phenotype 15613745 Decrease 11 21 grapefruit Plant 35 85 acute pancreatitis induced by ischemia/reperfusion Negative_phenotype 15613745 Association 11 21 grapefruit Plant 126 138 antioxidants Positive_phenotype 15613745_2 Grapefruit seed extract (GSE) has been shown to exert antibacterial, antifungal and antioxidant activity possibly due to the presence of naringenin, the flavonoid with cytoprotective action on the gastric mucosa. 15613745 0 10 Grapefruit Plant 15613745 25 28 GSE Plant 15613745 54 67 antibacterial Positive_phenotype 15613745 69 79 antifungal Positive_phenotype 15613745 84 95 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 15613745 Increase 0 10 Grapefruit Plant 54 67 antibacterial Positive_phenotype 15613745 Increase 0 10 Grapefruit Plant 69 79 antifungal Positive_phenotype 15613745 Increase 0 10 Grapefruit Plant 84 95 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 15613745 Increase 25 28 GSE Plant 54 67 antibacterial Positive_phenotype 15613745 Increase 25 28 GSE Plant 69 79 antifungal Positive_phenotype 15613745 Increase 25 28 GSE Plant 84 95 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 15613745_3 No study so far has been undertaken to determine whether this GSE is also capable of preventing acute pancreatic damage induced by ischemia/reperfusion (I/R), which is known to result from reduction of anti-oxidative capability of pancreatic tissue, and whether its possible preventive effect involves an antioxidative action of this biocomponent. 15613745 62 65 GSE Plant 15613745 96 151 acute pancreatic damage induced by ischemia/reperfusion Negative_phenotype 15613745 153 156 I/R Negative_phenotype 15613745 202 216 anti-oxidative Positive_phenotype 15613745 305 318 antioxidative Positive_phenotype 15613745_4 In this study carried out on rats with acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis induced by 30 min partial pancreatic ischemia followed by 6 h of reperfusion, the GSE or vehicle (vegetable glycerin) was applied intragastrically in gradually increasing amounts (50-500 microl) 30 min before I/R. 15613745 39 69 acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis Negative_phenotype 15613745 96 115 pancreatic ischemia Negative_phenotype 15613745 135 146 reperfusion Negative_phenotype 15613745 152 155 GSE Plant 15613745 279 282 I/R Negative_phenotype 15613745_5 Pretreatment with GSE decreased the extent of pancreatitis with maximal protective effect of GSE at the dose 250 microl. 15613745 18 21 GSE Plant 15613745 46 58 pancreatitis Negative_phenotype 15613745 93 96 GSE Plant 15613745 Decrease 18 21 GSE Plant 46 58 pancreatitis Negative_phenotype 15613745 Decrease 46 58 pancreatitis Negative_phenotype 93 96 GSE Plant 15613745_6 GSE reduced the pancreatitis-evoked increase in serum lipase and poly-C specific ribonuclease activity, and attenuated the marked fall in pancreatic blood flow and pancreatic DNA synthesis. 15613745 0 3 GSE Plant 15613745 16 28 pancreatitis Negative_phenotype 15613745 138 159 pancreatic blood flow Neutral_phenotype 15613745 Decrease 0 3 GSE Plant 16 28 pancreatitis Negative_phenotype 15613745 Decrease 0 3 GSE Plant 138 159 pancreatic blood flow Neutral_phenotype 15613745_7 GSE administered alone increased significantly pancreatic tissue content of lipid peroxidation products, malondialdehyde and 4-hydroxyalkens, and when administered before I/R, GSE reduced the pancreatitis-induced lipid peroxidation. 15613745 0 3 GSE Plant 15613745 171 174 I/R Negative_phenotype 15613745 176 179 GSE Plant 15613745 192 204 pancreatitis Negative_phenotype 15613745 Decrease 176 179 GSE Plant 192 204 pancreatitis Negative_phenotype 15613745_8 We conclude that GSE exerts protective activity against I/R-induced pancreatitis probably due to the activation of antioxidative mechanisms in the pancreas and the improvement of pancreatic blood flow. 15613745 17 20 GSE Plant 15613745 56 80 I/R-induced pancreatitis Negative_phenotype 15613745 115 128 antioxidative Positive_phenotype 15613745 179 200 pancreatic blood flow Neutral_phenotype 15613745 Decrease 17 20 GSE Plant 56 80 I/R-induced pancreatitis Negative_phenotype 15613745 Increase 17 20 GSE Plant 115 128 antioxidative Positive_phenotype 15613745 Increase 17 20 GSE Plant 179 200 pancreatic blood flow Neutral_phenotype 15635170_1 Methanol extract of Xanthium strumarium L. possesses anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive activities. 15635170 20 42 Xanthium strumarium L. Plant 15635170 53 70 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 15635170 75 91 anti-nociceptive Positive_phenotype 15635170 Increase 20 42 Xanthium strumarium L. Plant 53 70 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 15635170 Increase 20 42 Xanthium strumarium L. Plant 75 91 anti-nociceptive Positive_phenotype 15635170_2 As an attempt to identify bioactive natural products with anti-inflammatory activity, we evaluated the effects of the methanol extract of the semen of Xanthium strumarium L. (MEXS) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) production in RAW 264.7 cells. 15635170 58 75 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 15635170 151 173 Xanthium strumarium L. Plant 15635170 175 179 MEXS Plant 15635170_3 Our data indicate that MEXS is a potent inhibitor of NO, PGE2 and TNF-alpha production. 15635170 23 27 MEXS Plant 15635170_4 Consistent with these findings, the expression levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) protein and iNOS, COX-2 and TNF-alpha mRNA were down-regulated in a concentration-dependent manner. 15635170_5 Furthermore, MEXS inhibited nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB) DNA binding activity and the translocation of NF-kappaB to the nucleus by blocking the degradation of inhibitor of kappa B-alpha (IkappaB-alpha). 15635170 13 17 MEXS Plant 15635170_6 We further evaluated the anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive activities of MEXS in vivo. 15635170 25 42 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 15635170 47 63 anti-nociceptive Positive_phenotype 15635170 78 82 MEXS Plant 15635170_7 MEXS (100, 200 mg/kg/d, p.o.) 15635170 0 4 MEXS Plant 15635170_8 reduced acute paw edema induced by carrageenin in rats, and showed analgesic activities in an acetic acid-induced abdominal constriction test and a hot plate test in mice. 15635170 8 23 acute paw edema Negative_phenotype 15635170 67 76 analgesic Positive_phenotype 15635170 114 136 abdominal constriction Negative_phenotype 15635170_9 Thus, our study suggests that the inhibitions of iNOS, COX-2 expression, and TNF-alpha release by the methanol extract of the semen of Xanthium strumarium L. are achieved by blocking NF-kappaB activation, and that this is also responsible for its anti-inflammatory effects. 15635170 135 157 Xanthium strumarium L. Plant 15635170 247 264 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 15635170 Increase 135 157 Xanthium strumarium L. Plant 247 264 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 15787740_1 Inhibition by Artocarpus tonkinensis of the development of collagen-induced arthritis in rats. 15787740 14 36 Artocarpus tonkinensis Plant 15787740 76 85 arthritis Negative_phenotype 15787740_2 Extracts of the leaves and roots from the tree Artocarpus tonkinensis A Cheval (family Moraceae) are used in traditional Vietnamese medicine in order to treat backache as well as rheumatic joint diseases. 15787740 47 78 Artocarpus tonkinensis A Cheval Plant 15787740 159 167 backache Negative_phenotype 15787740 179 203 rheumatic joint diseases Negative_phenotype 15787740 Decrease 47 78 Artocarpus tonkinensis A Cheval Plant 159 167 backache Negative_phenotype 15787740 Decrease 47 78 Artocarpus tonkinensis A Cheval Plant 179 203 rheumatic joint diseases Negative_phenotype 15787740_3 We prepared an ethyl acetate (EtOAc) extract from this plant and tested its anti-inflammatory properties in an experimental arthritis model, collagen-induced arthritis (CIA). 15787740 76 93 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 15787740 124 133 arthritis Negative_phenotype 15787740 158 167 arthritis Negative_phenotype 15787740 169 172 CIA Negative_phenotype 15787740_4 CIA was induced in Dark Agouti rats by means of immunization with collagen type II (CII) emulsified in incomplete Freund's adjuvant. 15787740 0 3 CIA Negative_phenotype 15787740_5 Starting at the day of immunization, the rats were treated daily with intraperitoneal injections of Artocarpus extract. 15787740 100 110 Artocarpus Plant 15787740_6 Arthritis progression was measured by means of clinical scoring of paws and anti-CII antibody titres were measured by means of ELISA. 15787740 0 9 Arthritis Negative_phenotype 15787740_7 In vitro, lymph node (LN) cell cultures were treated with Artocarpus extract and the apoptosis-inducing effect was determined with FACS staining by using annexin V and propidium iodide as well as the TUNEL method. 15787740 58 68 Artocarpus Plant 15787740_8 Treatment of the rats with Artocarpus extract decreased arthritis incidence and severity and delayed disease onset. 15787740 27 37 Artocarpus Plant 15787740 56 65 arthritis Negative_phenotype 15787740 Decrease 27 37 Artocarpus Plant 56 65 arthritis Negative_phenotype 15787740_9 When treatment was started after the onset of arthritis, a tendency towards arthritis amelioration was observed. 15787740 46 55 arthritis Negative_phenotype 15787740 76 85 arthritis Negative_phenotype 15787740_10 In vitro, Artocarpus extract acted as a T-cell modulator, inhibiting mitogen-induced T-cell proliferation and inducing apoptosis of activated LN-derived lymphocytes. 15787740 10 20 Artocarpus Plant 15787740_11 Thus, we have demonstrated that an EtOAc extract of Artocarpus, a plant traditionally used in Vietnamese folk medicine for treating arthritic conditions, has beneficial effects in an experimental arthritis model. 15787740 52 62 Artocarpus Plant 15787740 132 141 arthritic Negative_phenotype 15787740 196 205 arthritis Negative_phenotype 15787740 Decrease 52 62 Artocarpus Plant 132 141 arthritic Negative_phenotype 15787740 Decrease 52 62 Artocarpus Plant 196 205 arthritis Negative_phenotype 15787740_12 This effect is likely to be T cell-dependent and mediated through apoptosis induction in activated cells. 15845653_1 Tectorigenin and other phytochemicals extracted from leopard lily Belamcanda chinensis affect new and established targets for therapies in prostate cancer. 15845653 53 65 leopard lily Plant 15845653 66 86 Belamcanda chinensis Plant 15845653 139 154 prostate cancer Negative_phenotype 15845653 Association 53 65 leopard lily Plant 139 154 prostate cancer Negative_phenotype 15845653 Association 66 86 Belamcanda chinensis Plant 139 154 prostate cancer Negative_phenotype 15845653_2 Isoflavones have been shown to exert antiproliferative effects on cancer cells by steroid receptor signaling. 15845653 66 72 cancer Negative_phenotype 15845653_3 In this study, we demonstrate the potential of plant constituents extracted from Belamcanda chinensis as anticancer drugs, which regulate the aberrant expression of genes relevant in proliferation, invasion, immortalization and apoptosis. 15845653 81 101 Belamcanda chinensis Plant 15845653 105 115 anticancer Positive_phenotype 15845653 Increase 81 101 Belamcanda chinensis Plant 105 115 anticancer Positive_phenotype 15845653_4 LNCaP cells were treated with B.chinensis extract, tectorigenin or other isoflavones and mRNA expression was quantified by using real time RT-PCR. 15845653 0 5 LNCaP Negative_phenotype 15845653 30 41 B.chinensis Plant 15845653_5 In addition, ELISA, TRAP assays and western blots were used to measure protein expression or activity. 15845653_6 Male nude mice (n=18) were injected subcutaneously with LNCaP cells and were fed with extracts from B.chinensis, and tumor development was monitored versus a control animal group (n=18). 15845653 56 61 LNCaP Negative_phenotype 15845653 100 111 B.chinensis Plant 15845653 117 122 tumor Negative_phenotype 15845653_7 Tectorigenin and several other phytochemicals downregulated PDEF, PSA and IGF-1 receptor mRNA expression in vitro. 15845653_8 Furthermore, PSA secretion and IGF-1 receptor protein expression were diminished, and hTERT mRNA expression and telomerase activity decreased after tectorigenin treatments. 15845653_9 However, TIMP-3 mRNA was upregulated on tectorigenin treatment. 15845653_10 Growth of subcutaneous tumors in nude mice was delayed and diminished in animals fed with extracts from B.chinensis. 15845653 10 29 subcutaneous tumors Negative_phenotype 15845653 104 115 B.chinensis Plant 15845653 Decrease 10 29 subcutaneous tumors Negative_phenotype 104 115 B.chinensis Plant 15845653_11 The downregulation of PDEF, PSA, hTERT and IGF-1 receptor gene expression by tectorigenin demonstrates the antiproliferative potential of these agents. 15845653_12 The upregulation of TIMP-3 gene expression indicates a pro-apoptotic function of the drug and a reduction of the invasiveness of tumors. 15845653 129 135 tumors Negative_phenotype 15845653_13 The animal experiments demonstrate that B.chinensis markedly inhibited the development of tumors in vivo. 15845653 40 51 B.chinensis Plant 15845653 90 96 tumors Negative_phenotype 15845653 Decrease 40 51 B.chinensis Plant 90 96 tumors Negative_phenotype 15845653_14 Thus, these compounds may be useful for the prevention or treatment of human prostate cancer. 15845653 77 92 prostate cancer Negative_phenotype 15867250_1 The antitumor effects of Angelica sinensis on malignant brain tumors in vitro and in vivo. 15867250 4 13 antitumor Positive_phenotype 15867250 25 42 Angelica sinensis Plant 15867250 46 68 malignant brain tumors Negative_phenotype 15867250_2 PURPOSE: In this study, we have examined the antitumor effects of chloroform extract of Angelica sinensis (AS-C), a traditional Chinese medicine, on glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) brain tumors in vitro and in vivo. 15867250 45 54 antitumor Positive_phenotype 15867250 88 105 Angelica sinensis Plant 15867250 107 111 AS-C Plant 15867250 149 172 glioblastoma multiforme Negative_phenotype 15867250 174 177 GBM Negative_phenotype 15867250 179 191 brain tumors Negative_phenotype 15867250_3 EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: In vitro, GBM cells were treated with AS-C, and the cell proliferation, changes in distributions of cell cycle, and apoptosis were determined. 15867250 31 34 GBM Negative_phenotype 15867250 59 63 AS-C Plant 15867250_4 In vivo, human DBTRG-05MG and rat RG2 GBM tumor cells were injected s.c. or i.c. and were treated with AS-C. 15867250 15 25 DBTRG-05MG Negative_phenotype 15867250 34 37 RG2 Negative_phenotype 15867250 38 41 GBM Negative_phenotype 15867250 42 47 tumor Negative_phenotype 15867250 103 107 AS-C Plant 15867250_5 Effects on tumor growth were determined by tumor volume, magnetic resonance imaging, survival, and histology analysis. 15867250 11 23 tumor growth Negative_phenotype 15867250 43 48 tumor Negative_phenotype 15867250 85 93 survival Positive_phenotype 15867250_6 RESULTS: The AS-C displays potency in suppressing growth of malignant brain tumor cells without cytotoxicity to fibroblasts. 15867250 13 17 AS-C Plant 15867250 60 81 malignant brain tumor Negative_phenotype 15867250 Decrease 13 17 AS-C Plant 60 81 malignant brain tumor Negative_phenotype 15867250_7 Growth suppression of malignant brain tumor cells by AS-C results from cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. 15867250 22 43 malignant brain tumor Negative_phenotype 15867250 53 57 AS-C Plant 15867250 Decrease 22 43 malignant brain tumor Negative_phenotype 53 57 AS-C Plant 15867250_8 AS-C can up-regulate expression of cdk inhibitors, including p21, to decrease phosphorylation of Rb proteins resulting in cell arrest at the G0-G1 phase for DBTRG-05MG and RG2 cells. 15867250 0 4 AS-C Plant 15867250 157 167 DBTRG-05MG Negative_phenotype 15867250 172 175 RG2 Negative_phenotype 15867250 Decrease 0 4 AS-C Plant 157 167 DBTRG-05MG Negative_phenotype 15867250 Decrease 0 4 AS-C Plant 172 175 RG2 Negative_phenotype 15867250_9 The apoptosis-associated proteins are dramatically increased and activated in DBTRG-05MG cells and RG2 cells by AS-C but RG2 cells without p53 protein expression. 15867250 78 88 DBTRG-05MG Negative_phenotype 15867250 99 102 RG2 Negative_phenotype 15867250 112 116 AS-C Plant 15867250 121 124 RG2 Negative_phenotype 15867250 Decrease 78 88 DBTRG-05MG Negative_phenotype 112 116 AS-C Plant 15867250 Decrease 99 102 RG2 Negative_phenotype 112 116 AS-C Plant 15867250_10 In vitro results showed AS-C triggered both p53-dependent and p53-independent pathways for apoptosis. 15867250 24 28 AS-C Plant 15867250_11 In in vivo studies, AS-C not only can suppress growths of malignant brain tumors of rat and human origin but also shrink the volumes of in situ GBM, significantly prolonging survivals. 15867250 20 24 AS-C Plant 15867250 58 80 malignant brain tumors Negative_phenotype 15867250 144 147 GBM Negative_phenotype 15867250 163 183 prolonging survivals Positive_phenotype 15867250 Decrease 20 24 AS-C Plant 58 80 malignant brain tumors Negative_phenotype 15867250 Decrease 20 24 AS-C Plant 144 147 GBM Negative_phenotype 15867250 Increase 20 24 AS-C Plant 163 183 prolonging survivals Positive_phenotype 15867250_12 CONCLUSIONS: The in vitro and in vivo anticancer effects of AS-C indicate that it has sufficient potential to warrant further investigation and development as a new anti-brain tumor agent. 15867250 38 48 anticancer Positive_phenotype 15867250 60 64 AS-C Plant 15867250 165 181 anti-brain tumor Positive_phenotype 15867250 Increase 38 48 anticancer Positive_phenotype 60 64 AS-C Plant 15867250 Increase 60 64 AS-C Plant 165 181 anti-brain tumor Positive_phenotype 15870944_1 Growth inhibition of U937 leukemia cells by aqueous extract of Cordyceps militaris through induction of apoptosis. 15870944 21 25 U937 Negative_phenotype 15870944 26 34 leukemia Negative_phenotype 15870944 63 82 Cordyceps militaris Plant 15870944_2 Cordyceps militaris is a traditional herbal ingredient, which has been used for patients suffering from cancer in Oriental medicine. 15870944 0 19 Cordyceps militaris Plant 15870944 104 110 cancer Negative_phenotype 15870944 Decrease 0 19 Cordyceps militaris Plant 104 110 cancer Negative_phenotype 15870944_3 In the present study, we investigated the biochemical mechanisms of anti-proliferative effects by aqueous extract of C. militaris (AECM) in human leukemia U937 cells. 15870944 68 86 anti-proliferative Positive_phenotype 15870944 117 129 C. militaris Plant 15870944 131 135 AECM Plant 15870944 146 154 leukemia Negative_phenotype 15870944 155 159 U937 Negative_phenotype 15870944_4 It was found that AECM could inhibit cell growth of U937 cells in a dose-dependent manner, which was associated with morphological change and apoptotic cell death such as formation of apoptotic bodies and DNA fragmentation. 15870944 18 22 AECM Plant 15870944 52 56 U937 Negative_phenotype 15870944 Decrease 18 22 AECM Plant 52 56 U937 Negative_phenotype 15870944_5 We observed the down-regulation of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 expression and proteolytic activation of caspase-3 in AECM-treated U937 cells. 15870944 110 114 AECM Plant 15870944 123 127 U937 Negative_phenotype 15870944_6 However, AECM did not affect the pro-apoptotic Bax expression and activity of caspase-9. 15870944 9 13 AECM Plant 15870944_7 Furthermore, Western blotting and RT-PCR revealed that AECM treatment caused a dose-dependent inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 and prostaglandin E2 accumulation. 15870944 55 59 AECM Plant 15870944_8 Taken together, these results indicated that the anti-proliferative effects of AECM were associated with the induction of apoptotic cell death through regulation of several major growth regulatory gene products such as Bcl-2 family expression and caspase protease activity, and AECM may have therapeutic potential in human leukemia treatment. 15870944 49 67 anti-proliferative Positive_phenotype 15870944 79 83 AECM Plant 15870944 278 282 AECM Plant 15870944 323 331 leukemia Negative_phenotype 15870944 Increase 49 67 anti-proliferative Positive_phenotype 79 83 AECM Plant 15870944 Decrease 278 282 AECM Plant 323 331 leukemia Negative_phenotype 15894133_1 Punica granatum flower extract, a potent alpha-glucosidase inhibitor, improves postprandial hyperglycemia in Zucker diabetic fatty rats. 15894133 0 15 Punica granatum Plant 15894133 79 124 postprandial hyperglycemia in Zucker diabetic Negative_phenotype 15894133 Decrease 0 15 Punica granatum Plant 79 124 postprandial hyperglycemia in Zucker diabetic Negative_phenotype 15894133_2 Postprandial hyperglycemia plays an important role in the development of type 2 diabetes and has been proposed as an independent risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. 15894133 0 26 Postprandial hyperglycemia Negative_phenotype 15894133 73 88 type 2 diabetes Negative_phenotype 15894133 145 168 cardiovascular diseases Negative_phenotype 15894133_3 The flowering part of Punica granatum Linn. (Punicaceae) (PGF) has been recommended in Unani literature as a remedy for diabetes. 15894133 22 43 Punica granatum Linn. Plant 15894133 58 61 PGF Plant 15894133 120 128 diabetes Negative_phenotype 15894133 Decrease 22 43 Punica granatum Linn. Plant 120 128 diabetes Negative_phenotype 15894133 Decrease 58 61 PGF Plant 120 128 diabetes Negative_phenotype 15894133_4 We investigated the effect and action mechanism of a methanolic extract from PGF on hyperglycemia in vivo and in vitro. 15894133 77 80 PGF Plant 15894133 84 97 hyperglycemia Negative_phenotype 15894133_5 Oral administration of PGF extract markedly lowered plasma glucose levels in non-fasted Zucker diabetic fatty rats (a genetic model of obesity and type 2 diabetes), whereas it had little effect in the fasted animals, suggesting it affected postprandial hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes. 15894133 23 26 PGF Plant 15894133 52 73 plasma glucose levels Neutral_phenotype 15894133 95 103 diabetic Negative_phenotype 15894133 135 142 obesity Negative_phenotype 15894133 147 162 type 2 diabetes Negative_phenotype 15894133 240 285 postprandial hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes Negative_phenotype 15894133 Decrease 23 26 PGF Plant 52 73 plasma glucose levels Neutral_phenotype 15894133 Decrease 23 26 PGF Plant 95 103 diabetic Negative_phenotype 15894133 Decrease 23 26 PGF Plant 135 142 obesity Negative_phenotype 15894133 Decrease 23 26 PGF Plant 147 162 type 2 diabetes Negative_phenotype 15894133 Decrease 23 26 PGF Plant 240 285 postprandial hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes Negative_phenotype 15894133_6 In support of this conclusion the extract was found to markedly inhibit the increase of plasma glucose levels after sucrose loading, but not after glucose loading in mice, and it had no effect on glucose levels in normal mice. 15894133 88 109 plasma glucose levels Neutral_phenotype 15894133 196 210 glucose levels Neutral_phenotype 15894133_7 In vitro, PGF extract demonstrated a potent inhibitory effect on alpha-glucosidase activity (IC50: 1.8 microg/ml). 15894133 10 13 PGF Plant 15894133_8 The inhibition is dependent on the concentration of enzyme and substrate, as well as on the length of pretreatment with the enzyme. 15894133_9 These findings strongly suggest that PGF extract improves postprandial hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes and obesity, at least in part, by inhibiting intestinal alpha-glucosidase activity. 15894133 37 40 PGF Plant 15894133 58 115 postprandial hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes and obesity Negative_phenotype 15894133 Decrease 37 40 PGF Plant 58 115 postprandial hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes and obesity Negative_phenotype 15901350_1 In-vitro and in-vivo anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive effects of the methanol extract of the roots of Morinda officinalis. 15901350 21 38 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 15901350 43 58 antinociceptive Positive_phenotype 15901350 107 126 Morinda officinalis Plant 15901350_2 The anti-inflammatory effects of the methanol extract of the roots of Morinda officinalis (MEMO) (Rubiaceae) were evaluated in-vitro and in-vivo. 15901350 4 21 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 15901350 70 89 Morinda officinalis Plant 15901350 91 95 MEMO Plant 15901350_3 The effects of MEMO on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)induced responses in the murine macrophage cell line RAW 264.7 were examined. 15901350 15 19 MEMO Plant 15901350_4 MEMO potently inhibited the production of nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin E2 and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. 15901350 0 4 MEMO Plant 15901350_5 Consistent with these results, the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) at the protein level, and of iNOS, COX-2 and TNF-alpha at the mRNA level, was also inhibited by MEMO in a concentration-dependent manner. 15901350 213 217 MEMO Plant 15901350_6 Furthermore, MEMO inhibited the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB) activation induced by LPS, and this was associated with the prevention of degradation of the inhibitor kappaB (IkappaB), and subsequently with attenuated p65 protein in the nucleus. 15901350 13 17 MEMO Plant 15901350_7 The anti-inflammatory effect of MEMO was examined in rats using the carrageenan-induced oedema model. 15901350 4 21 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 15901350 32 36 MEMO Plant 15901350 88 94 oedema Negative_phenotype 15901350_8 The antinociceptive effects of MEMO were assessed in mice using the acetic acid-induced abdominal constriction test and the hot-plate test. 15901350 4 19 antinociceptive Positive_phenotype 15901350 31 35 MEMO Plant 15901350 88 110 abdominal constriction Negative_phenotype 15901350_9 MEMO (100, 200 mg kg-1 per day, p.o.) 15901350 0 4 MEMO Plant 15901350_10 exhibited anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive effects in these animal models. 15901350 10 27 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 15901350 32 47 antinociceptive Positive_phenotype 15901350_11 Taken together, the data demonstrate that MEMO has anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activity, inhibiting iNOS, COX-2 and TNF-alpha expression by down-regulating NF-kappaB binding activity. 15901350 42 46 MEMO Plant 15901350 51 68 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 15901350 73 88 antinociceptive Positive_phenotype 15901350 Increase 42 46 MEMO Plant 51 68 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 15901350 Increase 42 46 MEMO Plant 73 88 antinociceptive Positive_phenotype 15930737_1 Gastrodia elata blume and an active component, p-hydroxybenzyl alcohol reduce focal ischemic brain injury through antioxidant related gene expressions. 15930737 0 21 Gastrodia elata blume Plant 15930737 84 105 ischemic brain injury Negative_phenotype 15930737 114 125 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 15930737 Decrease 0 21 Gastrodia elata blume Plant 84 105 ischemic brain injury Negative_phenotype 15930737 Increase 0 21 Gastrodia elata blume Plant 114 125 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 15930737_2 Ischaemic stroke is a leading cause of death and long-lasting disability. 15930737 0 16 Ischaemic stroke Negative_phenotype 15930737 39 44 death Negative_phenotype 15930737 49 72 long-lasting disability Negative_phenotype 15930737_3 Gastrodia elata blume (GEB) is a Chinese herb that is widely used to treat convulsive disorders, such as epilepsy, and p-hydroxybenzyl alcohol (HBA) is the active ingredient in GEB. 15930737 0 21 Gastrodia elata blume Plant 15930737 23 26 GEB Plant 15930737 75 95 convulsive disorders Negative_phenotype 15930737 105 113 epilepsy Negative_phenotype 15930737 177 180 GEB Plant 15930737 Decrease 0 21 Gastrodia elata blume Plant 105 113 epilepsy Negative_phenotype 15930737 Decrease 0 21 Gastrodia elata blume Plant 105 113 epilepsy Negative_phenotype 15930737 Decrease 23 26 GEB Plant 75 95 convulsive disorders Negative_phenotype 15930737 Decrease 23 26 GEB Plant 75 95 convulsive disorders Negative_phenotype 15930737 Decrease 75 95 convulsive disorders Negative_phenotype 177 180 GEB Plant 15930737 Decrease 105 113 epilepsy Negative_phenotype 177 180 GEB Plant 15930737_4 The present study was conducted to evaluate the effects of GEB and HBA on the brain damage and transcriptional levels of Protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) and 1-Cys peroxiredoxin (1-Cys Prx) genes known to play a role in antioxidant systems after transient focal ischemia in the rat brain. 15930737 59 62 GEB Plant 15930737 78 90 brain damage Negative_phenotype 15930737 221 232 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 15930737 257 271 focal ischemia Negative_phenotype 15930737_5 Focal ischemia was induced in rats by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). 15930737 0 14 Focal ischemia Negative_phenotype 15930737 38 70 middle cerebral artery occlusion Negative_phenotype 15930737 72 76 MCAO Negative_phenotype 15930737_6 All animals underwent ischemia for 1 h, followed by 24 h of reperfusion. 15930737 22 30 ischemia Negative_phenotype 15930737 60 71 reperfusion Negative_phenotype 15930737_7 Coronal brain slices were stained with 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride or total RNA was extracted for the analysis of gene expression. 15930737_8 Histopathologic analysis revealed a significant (p<0.05) decrease in infarct size in the ipsilateral brain with GEB extracts or HBA. 15930737 69 76 infarct Negative_phenotype 15930737 112 115 GEB Plant 15930737_9 Moreover, the levels of PDI and 1-Cys Prx transcription were significantly increased in the GEB extract- or HBA-treated group compared with the untreated group (p<0.05). 15930737 92 95 GEB Plant 15930737_10 This study therefore indicated that GEB and HBA provide neuroprotection by preventing brain damage through the increased expression of genes encoding antioxidant proteins after transient focal cerebral ischemia and may be effective as neuroprotective agents at the cellular and molecular levels in the brain. 15930737 36 39 GEB Plant 15930737 56 71 neuroprotection Positive_phenotype 15930737 86 98 brain damage Negative_phenotype 15930737 150 161 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 15930737 187 210 focal cerebral ischemia Negative_phenotype 15930737 235 250 neuroprotective Positive_phenotype 15930737 Decrease 36 39 GEB Plant 86 98 brain damage Negative_phenotype 15930737 Increase 36 39 GEB Plant 150 161 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 15930737 Decrease 36 39 GEB Plant 187 210 focal cerebral ischemia Negative_phenotype 15930737 Increase 36 39 GEB Plant 235 250 neuroprotective Positive_phenotype 15936049_1 Anti-allergic effects of Lycopus lucidus on mast cell-mediated allergy model. 15936049 0 13 Anti-allergic Positive_phenotype 15936049 25 40 Lycopus lucidus Plant 15936049 63 70 allergy Negative_phenotype 15936049_2 The current study characterizes the mechanism by which the aqueous extract of Lycopus lucidus Turcz. (Labiatae) (LAE) decreases mast cell-mediated immediate-type allergic reaction. 15936049 78 100 Lycopus lucidus Turcz. Plant 15936049 102 110 Labiatae Plant 15936049 113 116 LAE Plant 15936049 147 170 immediate-type allergic Negative_phenotype 15936049 Decrease 78 100 Lycopus lucidus Turcz. Plant 147 170 immediate-type allergic Negative_phenotype 15936049 Decrease 102 110 Labiatae Plant 147 170 immediate-type allergic Negative_phenotype 15936049 Decrease 113 116 LAE Plant 147 170 immediate-type allergic Negative_phenotype 15936049_3 The immediate-type allergic reaction is involved in many allergic diseases such as asthma and allergic rhinitis. 15936049 4 27 immediate-type allergic Negative_phenotype 15936049 57 74 allergic diseases Negative_phenotype 15936049 83 89 asthma Negative_phenotype 15936049 94 111 allergic rhinitis Negative_phenotype 15936049_4 LAE has been used as a traditional medicine in Korea and is known to have an anti-inflammatory effect. 15936049 0 3 LAE Plant 15936049 77 94 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 15936049 Increase 0 3 LAE Plant 77 94 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 15936049_5 However, its specific mechanism of action is still unknown. 15936049_6 LAE was anally administered to mice for high and fast absorption. 15936049 0 3 LAE Plant 15936049_7 LAE inhibited compound 48/80-induced systemic reactions in mice. 15936049 0 3 LAE Plant 15936049_8 LAE decreased the local allergic reaction, passive cutaneous anaphylaxis, activated by anti-dinitrophenyl (DNP) IgE antibody. 15936049 0 3 LAE Plant 15936049 24 32 allergic Negative_phenotype 15936049 43 72 passive cutaneous anaphylaxis Negative_phenotype 15936049 Decrease 0 3 LAE Plant 24 32 allergic Negative_phenotype 15936049 Decrease 0 3 LAE Plant 43 72 passive cutaneous anaphylaxis Negative_phenotype 15936049_9 LAE dose-dependently reduced histamine release from rat peritoneal mast cells activated by compound 48/80 or anti-DNP IgE. 15936049 0 3 LAE Plant 15936049_10 Furthermore, LAE decreased the secretion of TNF-alpha and IL-6 in phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) plus calcium ionophore A23187-stimulated human mast cells. 15936049 13 16 LAE Plant 15936049_11 The inhibitory effect of LAE on the pro-inflammatory cytokine was p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) dependent. 15936049 25 28 LAE Plant 15936049_12 LAE attenuated PMA plus A23187-induced degradation of IkappaBalpha and nuclear translocation of NF-kappaB, and specifically blocked activation of p38 MAPK, but not that of c-jun N-terminal kinase and extracellular signal-regulated kinase. 15936049 0 3 LAE Plant 15936049_13 Our findings provide evidence that LAE inhibits mast cell-derived immediate-type allergic reactions and involvement of pro-inflammatory cytokines, p38 MAPK, and NF-kappaB in these effects. 15936049 35 38 LAE Plant 15936049 66 89 immediate-type allergic Negative_phenotype 15936049 Decrease 35 38 LAE Plant 66 89 immediate-type allergic Negative_phenotype 15949201_1 Carboxyatractyloside poisoning in humans. 15949201 21 30 poisoning Negative_phenotype 15949201_2 OBJECTIVE: Cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium) is an herbaceous annual plant with worldwide distribution. 15949201 11 20 Cocklebur Plant 15949201 22 41 Xanthium strumarium Plant 15949201_3 The seeds contain the glycoside carboxyatractyloside, which is highly toxic to animals. 15949201 70 75 toxic Negative_phenotype 15949201_4 We describe nine cases of carboxyatractyloside poisoning in humans which, to our knowledge, has not previously been reported. 15949201 47 56 poisoning Negative_phenotype 15949201_5 The clinical, laboratory and histopathological findings and our therapeutic approach are also discussed. 15949201_6 SUBJECTS AND METHODS: The patients presented with acute onset abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting, drowsiness, palpitations, sweating and dyspnoea. 15949201 50 76 acute onset abdominal pain Negative_phenotype 15949201 78 84 nausea Negative_phenotype 15949201 89 97 vomiting Negative_phenotype 15949201 99 109 drowsiness Negative_phenotype 15949201 111 123 palpitations Negative_phenotype 15949201 125 133 sweating Negative_phenotype 15949201 138 146 dyspnoea Negative_phenotype 15949201_7 Three of them developed convulsions followed by loss of consciousness and death. 15949201 24 35 convulsions Negative_phenotype 15949201 48 69 loss of consciousness Negative_phenotype 15949201 74 79 death Negative_phenotype 15949201_8 RESULTS: Laboratory findings showed raised liver enzymes, indicating severe hepatocellular damage. 15949201 76 97 hepatocellular damage Negative_phenotype 15949201_9 BUN and creatinine levels were raised, especially in the fatal cases who also displayed findings of consumption coagulopathy. 15949201 112 124 coagulopathy Negative_phenotype 15949201_10 CPK-MB values indicative of myocardial injury were also raised, especially in the fatal cases. 15949201 28 45 myocardial injury Negative_phenotype 15949201_11 Three of the patients died within 48 hours of ingesting carboxyatractyloside. 15949201_12 Post-mortem histopathology of the liver confirmed centrilobular hepatic necrosis and renal proximal tubular necrosis, secondary changes owing to increased permeability and microvascular haemorrhage in the cerebrum and cerebellum, and leucocytic infiltrates in the muscles and various organs including pancreas, lungs and myocardium. 15949201 50 80 centrilobular hepatic necrosis Negative_phenotype 15949201 85 116 renal proximal tubular necrosis Negative_phenotype 15949201 186 197 haemorrhage Negative_phenotype 15949201_13 CONCLUSIONS: Carboxyatractyloside poisoning causes multiple organ dysfunction and can be fatal. 15949201 34 43 poisoning Negative_phenotype 15949201 51 77 multiple organ dysfunction Negative_phenotype 15949201_14 Coagulation abnormalities, hyponatraemia, marked hypoglycaemia, icterus and hepatic and renal failure are signs of a poor prognosis. 15949201 0 25 Coagulation abnormalities Negative_phenotype 15949201 27 40 hyponatraemia Negative_phenotype 15949201 49 62 hypoglycaemia Negative_phenotype 15949201 64 101 icterus and hepatic and renal failure Negative_phenotype 15949201_15 No antidote is available and supportive therapy is the mainstay of treatment. 15949201 0 11 No antidote Positive_phenotype 15968732_1 Protective effects of Ginkgo biloba extract on the ethanol-induced gastric ulcer in rats. 15968732 22 35 Ginkgo biloba Plant 15968732 67 80 gastric ulcer Negative_phenotype 15968732_2 AIM: To evaluate the preventive effect of Ginkgo biloba extract (GbE) on ethanol-induced gastric mucosal injuries in rats. 15968732 42 55 Ginkgo biloba Plant 15968732 65 68 GbE Plant 15968732 89 113 gastric mucosal injuries Negative_phenotype 15968732_3 METHODS: Female Wistar albino rats were used for the studies. 15968732 23 29 albino Negative_phenotype 15968732_4 We randomly divided the rats for each study into five subgroups: normal control, experimental control, and three experimental groups. 15968732_5 The gastric ulcers were induced by instilling 1 mL 50% ethanol into the stomach. 15968732 4 18 gastric ulcers Negative_phenotype 15968732_6 We gave GbE 8.75, 17.5, 26.25 mg/kg intravenously to the experimental groups respectively 30 min prior to the ulcerative challenge. 15968732 8 11 GbE Plant 15968732 110 120 ulcerative Negative_phenotype 15968732_7 We removed the stomachs 45 min later. 15968732_8 The gastric ulcers, gastric mucus and the content of non-protein sulfhydryl groups (NP-SH), malondialdehyde (MDA), c-Jun kinase (JNK) activity in gastric mucosa were evaluated. 15968732 4 18 gastric ulcers Negative_phenotype 15968732_9 The amount of gastric juice and its acidity were also measured. 15968732_10 RESULTS: The findings of our study are as follows: (1) GbE pretreatment was found to provide a dose-dependent protection against the ethanol-induced gastric ulcers in rats; (2) the GbE pretreatment afforded a dose-dependent inhibition of ethanol-induced depletion of stomach wall mucus, NP-SH contents and increase in the lipid peroxidation (increase MDA) in gastric tissue; (3) gastric ulcer induced by ethanol produced an increase in JNK activity in gastric mucosa which also significantly inhibited by pretreatment with GbE; and (4) GbE alone had no inhibitory effect on gastric secretion in pylorus-ligated rats. 15968732 55 58 GbE Plant 15968732 149 163 gastric ulcers Negative_phenotype 15968732 181 184 GbE Plant 15968732 254 285 depletion of stomach wall mucus Negative_phenotype 15968732 379 392 gastric ulcer Negative_phenotype 15968732 523 526 GbE Plant 15968732 536 539 GbE Plant 15968732 Decrease 55 58 GbE Plant 149 163 gastric ulcers Negative_phenotype 15968732 Decrease 379 392 gastric ulcer Negative_phenotype 523 526 GbE Plant 15968732_11 CONCLUSION: The finding of this study showed that GbE significantly inhibited the ethanol-induced gastric lesions in rats. 15968732 50 53 GbE Plant 15968732 98 113 gastric lesions Negative_phenotype 15968732 Decrease 50 53 GbE Plant 98 113 gastric lesions Negative_phenotype 15968732_12 We suggest that the preventive effect of GbE may be mediated through: (1) inhibition of lipid peroxidation; (2) preservation of gastric mucus and NP-SH; and (3) blockade of cell apoptosis. 15968732 41 44 GbE Plant 15982838_1 Liriopis tuber inhibit OVA-induced airway inflammation and bronchial hyperresponsiveness in murine model of asthma. 15982838 0 14 Liriopis tuber Plant 15982838 35 54 airway inflammation Negative_phenotype 15982838 59 114 bronchial hyperresponsiveness in murine model of asthma Negative_phenotype 15982838 Decrease 0 14 Liriopis tuber Plant 35 54 airway inflammation Negative_phenotype 15982838 Decrease 0 14 Liriopis tuber Plant 59 114 bronchial hyperresponsiveness in murine model of asthma Negative_phenotype 15982838_2 Liriope platyphylla is one of the well-known herb used in oriental medicine for treatment asthma and bronchial and lung inflammation. 15982838 0 19 Liriope platyphylla Plant 15982838 90 96 asthma Negative_phenotype 15982838 101 132 bronchial and lung inflammation Negative_phenotype 15982838 Decrease 0 19 Liriope platyphylla Plant 90 96 asthma Negative_phenotype 15982838 Decrease 0 19 Liriope platyphylla Plant 101 132 bronchial and lung inflammation Negative_phenotype 15982838_3 Anti-asthmatic effects of Liriope platyphylla in the development of OVA-induced airway inflammation and murine asthma model have not been fully investigated in vivo. 15982838 0 14 Anti-asthmatic Positive_phenotype 15982838 26 45 Liriope platyphylla Plant 15982838 80 99 airway inflammation Negative_phenotype 15982838 111 117 asthma Negative_phenotype 15982838_4 Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the mucosa and is associated with excess production of Th2 cytokines and eosinophil accumulation in lung. 15982838 0 6 Asthma Negative_phenotype 15982838 12 40 chronic inflammatory disease Negative_phenotype 15982838_5 To clarify the anti-inflammatory and anti-asthmatic effects of Liriope platyphylla, we examined the influence of liriopis tuber (LRT) on the development of pulmonary eosinophilic inflammation in murine model of asthma. 15982838 15 32 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 15982838 37 51 anti-asthmatic Positive_phenotype 15982838 63 82 Liriope platyphylla Plant 15982838 113 127 liriopis tuber Plant 15982838 129 132 LRT Plant 15982838 156 217 pulmonary eosinophilic inflammation in murine model of asthma Negative_phenotype 15982838_6 Our results have shown that LRT were demonstrated on the accumulation of eosinophills into airways, with reduction of eosinophil, total lung leukocytes numbers by reduction IL-5, IL-13, IL-4 and IgE levels in the BALF and serum. 15982838 28 31 LRT Plant 15982838_7 Moreover, LRT decreased eosinophil CCR3 expression and CD11b expression in lung cells. 15982838 10 13 LRT Plant 15982838_8 These results indicate that LRT has a deep inhibitory effects on airway inflammation and hyperresponsiveness in murine model of asthma and play an crucial role as a immunomodulator which possess anti-inflammatory and anti-asthmatic property by modulating the relationship between Th1/Th2 cytokine imbalance. 15982838 28 31 LRT Plant 15982838 65 84 airway inflammation Negative_phenotype 15982838 89 134 hyperresponsiveness in murine model of asthma Negative_phenotype 15982838 165 180 immunomodulator Positive_phenotype 15982838 195 212 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 15982838 217 231 anti-asthmatic Positive_phenotype 15982838 Decrease 28 31 LRT Plant 65 84 airway inflammation Negative_phenotype 15982838 Decrease 28 31 LRT Plant 89 134 hyperresponsiveness in murine model of asthma Negative_phenotype 15982838 Increase 28 31 LRT Plant 165 180 immunomodulator Positive_phenotype 15982838 Increase 28 31 LRT Plant 195 212 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 15982838 Increase 28 31 LRT Plant 217 231 anti-asthmatic Positive_phenotype 16008127_1 Chemoprotective activity of an extract of Phyllanthus amarus against cyclophosphamide induced toxicity in mice. 16008127 42 60 Phyllanthus amarus Plant 16008127 94 102 toxicity Negative_phenotype 16008127_2 The effect of 75% methanolic extract of the plant Phyllanthus amarus (P. amarus) was studied against cyclophosphamide (CTX) induced toxicity in mice. 16008127 50 68 Phyllanthus amarus Plant 16008127 70 79 P. amarus Plant 16008127 132 140 toxicity Negative_phenotype 16008127_3 Administration of CTX (25 mg/kg b.wt, i.p.) for 14 days produced significant myelosuppression as seen from the decreased WBC count and bone marrow cellularity. 16008127 77 93 myelosuppression Negative_phenotype 16008127 121 130 WBC count Neutral_phenotype 16008127 135 158 bone marrow cellularity Neutral_phenotype 16008127_4 Administration of P. amarus extract at doses 250 and 750 mg/kg b.wt significantly reduced the myelosuppression and improved the WBC count, bone marrow cellularity as well as the number of maturing monocytes. 16008127 18 27 P. amarus Plant 16008127 94 110 myelosuppression Negative_phenotype 16008127 128 137 WBC count Neutral_phenotype 16008127 139 162 bone marrow cellularity Neutral_phenotype 16008127 Decrease 18 27 P. amarus Plant 94 110 myelosuppression Negative_phenotype 16008127 Increase 18 27 P. amarus Plant 128 137 WBC count Neutral_phenotype 16008127 Increase 18 27 P. amarus Plant 139 162 bone marrow cellularity Neutral_phenotype 16008127_5 CTX treatment also reduced the activity of glutathione system and increased the activity of phase I enzyme that metabolize CTX to its toxic side products. 16008127 134 139 toxic Negative_phenotype 16008127_6 P. amarus administration was found to decrease the activity of phase I enzyme. 16008127 0 9 P. amarus Plant 16008127_7 Administration of P. amarus also increased the cellular glutathione (GSH) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST), thereby decreasing the effect of toxic metabolites of CTX on the cells. 16008127 18 27 P. amarus Plant 16008127 144 149 toxic Negative_phenotype 16008127 Decrease 18 27 P. amarus Plant 144 149 toxic Negative_phenotype 16008127_8 Administration of P. amarus did not reduce the tumor reducing activity of CTX. 16008127 18 27 P. amarus Plant 16008127 47 52 tumor Negative_phenotype 16008127_9 In fact, there was a synergistic action of CTX and P. amarus in reducing the solid tumors in mice. 16008127 51 60 P. amarus Plant 16008127 77 89 solid tumors Negative_phenotype 16008127 Decrease 51 60 P. amarus Plant 77 89 solid tumors Negative_phenotype 16008127_10 Results indicated that administration of P. amarus can significantly reduce the toxic side effects of CTX and is not interfering with the antitumor efficiency of CTX. 16008127 41 50 P. amarus Plant 16008127 80 98 toxic side effects Negative_phenotype 16008127 138 147 antitumor Positive_phenotype 16008127 Decrease 41 50 P. amarus Plant 80 98 toxic side effects Negative_phenotype 16047560_1 Microglia, apoptosis and interleukin-1beta expression in the effect of sophora japonica l. on cerebral infarct induced by ischemia-reperfusion in rats. 16047560 71 90 sophora japonica l. Plant 16047560 94 142 cerebral infarct induced by ischemia-reperfusion Negative_phenotype 16047560_2 Sophora Japonica L. (SJ) is a traditional Chinese herb used to cool blood, stop bleeding and to treat hemorrhoids with bleeding. 16047560 0 19 Sophora Japonica L. Plant 16047560 21 23 SJ Plant 16047560 80 88 bleeding Negative_phenotype 16047560 102 127 hemorrhoids with bleeding Negative_phenotype 16047560 Decrease 0 19 Sophora Japonica L. Plant 80 88 bleeding Negative_phenotype 16047560 Decrease 0 19 Sophora Japonica L. Plant 102 127 hemorrhoids with bleeding Negative_phenotype 16047560 Decrease 21 23 SJ Plant 80 88 bleeding Negative_phenotype 16047560 Decrease 21 23 SJ Plant 102 127 hemorrhoids with bleeding Negative_phenotype 16047560_3 Although several recent studies found that both SJ and Ginkgo biloba have the same components of quercetin and rutin, only Ginkgo biloba has been widely used to treat cerebrovascular disorders and dementia in humans. 16047560 48 50 SJ Plant 16047560 55 68 Ginkgo biloba Plant 16047560 123 136 Ginkgo biloba Plant 16047560 167 192 cerebrovascular disorders Negative_phenotype 16047560 197 205 dementia Negative_phenotype 16047560 Decrease 123 136 Ginkgo biloba Plant 167 192 cerebrovascular disorders Negative_phenotype 16047560 Decrease 123 136 Ginkgo biloba Plant 197 205 dementia Negative_phenotype 16047560_4 This study investigated the effect of SJ on cerebral infarct in rats. 16047560 38 40 SJ Plant 16047560 44 60 cerebral infarct Negative_phenotype 16047560_5 A total of 66 Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were studied. 16047560_6 Focal cerebral infarct was established by occluding the bilateral common carotid arteries and the right middle cerebral artery for 90 minutes. 16047560 6 22 cerebral infarct Negative_phenotype 16047560 42 89 occluding the bilateral common carotid arteries Negative_phenotype 16047560_7 After 24 hours of reperfusion, the neurological status was evaluated. 16047560 18 29 reperfusion Negative_phenotype 16047560 35 54 neurological status Neutral_phenotype 16047560_8 The rats were then killed, and brain tissue was stained with 2,3,5-triphenyl-tetrazolium chloride. 16047560_9 The grading scale of neurological deficit and the ratio of cerebral infarction area were used as an index to evaluate the effect of SJ on cerebral infarct. 16047560 21 41 neurological deficit Negative_phenotype 16047560 59 78 cerebral infarction Negative_phenotype 16047560 132 134 SJ Plant 16047560 138 154 cerebral infarct Negative_phenotype 16047560_10 In addition, the number of ED1 and interleukin-1beta immunostaining positive cells, and apoptotic cells were measured in the cerebral infarction zone. 16047560 125 144 cerebral infarction Negative_phenotype 16047560_11 The results indicated that pre-treatment with 100 or 200 mg/kg SJ and post-treatment with 200 mg/kg SJ significantly reduced the grade of neurological deficit and the ratio of cerebral infarction area. 16047560 63 65 SJ Plant 16047560 100 102 SJ Plant 16047560 138 158 neurological deficit Negative_phenotype 16047560 176 195 cerebral infarction Negative_phenotype 16047560 Decrease 63 65 SJ Plant 138 158 neurological deficit Negative_phenotype 16047560 Decrease 63 65 SJ Plant 176 195 cerebral infarction Negative_phenotype 16047560 Decrease 100 102 SJ Plant 138 158 neurological deficit Negative_phenotype 16047560 Decrease 100 102 SJ Plant 176 195 cerebral infarction Negative_phenotype 16047560_12 In addition, pre-treatment with 200 mg/kg SJ also significantly reduced ED1 and interleukin-1beta immunostaining positive cells, and apoptotic cells in ischemia-reperfusion cerebral infarct rats. 16047560 42 44 SJ Plant 16047560 152 189 ischemia-reperfusion cerebral infarct Negative_phenotype 16047560 Decrease 42 44 SJ Plant 152 189 ischemia-reperfusion cerebral infarct Negative_phenotype 16047560_13 This study demonstrated that SJ could reduce the cerebral infarction area and neurological deficit induced by ischemia-reperfusion in rats, suggesting its potential as a treatment for cerebral infarct in humans. 16047560 29 31 SJ Plant 16047560 49 68 cerebral infarction Negative_phenotype 16047560 78 98 neurological deficit Negative_phenotype 16047560 110 130 ischemia-reperfusion Negative_phenotype 16047560 184 200 cerebral infarct Negative_phenotype 16047560 Decrease 29 31 SJ Plant 49 68 cerebral infarction Negative_phenotype 16047560 Decrease 29 31 SJ Plant 78 98 neurological deficit Negative_phenotype 16047560 Decrease 29 31 SJ Plant 110 130 ischemia-reperfusion Negative_phenotype 16047560 Decrease 29 31 SJ Plant 184 200 cerebral infarct Negative_phenotype 16047560_14 This effect of SJ involves its suppressive action of microglia, interleukin-1beta and apoptosis. 16047560 15 17 SJ Plant 16095853_1 Euonymus alatus prevents the hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia induced by high-fat diet in ICR mice. 16095853 0 15 Euonymus alatus Plant 16095853 29 42 hyperglycemia Negative_phenotype 16095853 47 61 hyperlipidemia Negative_phenotype 16095853 Decrease 0 15 Euonymus alatus Plant 29 42 hyperglycemia Negative_phenotype 16095853 Decrease 0 15 Euonymus alatus Plant 47 61 hyperlipidemia Negative_phenotype 16095853_2 Euonymus alatus (EA), known as a Gui Jeon Wu in China, has been used as a folk medicine for regulating blood circulation, relieving pain, eliminating blood clot, and treating dysmenorrhea in Asian countries. 16095853 0 15 Euonymus alatus Plant 16095853 17 19 EA Plant 16095853 33 44 Gui Jeon Wu Plant 16095853 103 120 blood circulation Positive_phenotype 16095853 132 136 pain Negative_phenotype 16095853 150 160 blood clot Negative_phenotype 16095853 175 187 dysmenorrhea Negative_phenotype 16095853 Association 0 15 Euonymus alatus Plant 103 120 blood circulation Positive_phenotype 16095853 Decrease 0 15 Euonymus alatus Plant 132 136 pain Negative_phenotype 16095853 Decrease 0 15 Euonymus alatus Plant 150 160 blood clot Negative_phenotype 16095853 Decrease 0 15 Euonymus alatus Plant 175 187 dysmenorrhea Negative_phenotype 16095853 Association 17 19 EA Plant 103 120 blood circulation Positive_phenotype 16095853 Decrease 17 19 EA Plant 132 136 pain Negative_phenotype 16095853 Decrease 17 19 EA Plant 150 160 blood clot Negative_phenotype 16095853 Decrease 17 19 EA Plant 175 187 dysmenorrhea Negative_phenotype 16095853 Association 33 44 Gui Jeon Wu Plant 103 120 blood circulation Positive_phenotype 16095853 Decrease 33 44 Gui Jeon Wu Plant 132 136 pain Negative_phenotype 16095853_3 Although EA has anecdotally ascertained to show the anti-hyperglycemic activity by enhancing insulin secretion, there is no sufficient experimental evidence for anti-hyperglycemic activity of EA. 16095853 9 11 EA Plant 16095853 52 70 anti-hyperglycemic Positive_phenotype 16095853 161 179 anti-hyperglycemic Positive_phenotype 16095853 192 194 EA Plant 16095853 Increase 9 11 EA Plant 52 70 anti-hyperglycemic Positive_phenotype 16095853_4 The purpose of this study was to investigate the preventive effect of 50% ethanol extract of EA in high-fat diet-induced hyperglycemic and hyperlipidemic ICR mice. 16095853 93 95 EA Plant 16095853 121 134 hyperglycemic Negative_phenotype 16095853 139 153 hyperlipidemic Negative_phenotype 16095853_5 At 6 week old, the ICR mice were randomly divided into five groups; two control and three treatment groups. 16095853_6 The control mice was to receive either a regular diet (RD) or high-fat diet (HFD), and the treatment groups were fed a high-fat diet with either 350, 700 mg/kg of EA (EA350 and EA700) or 250 mg/kg of metformin (MET250) for a 10-week period. 16095853 163 165 EA Plant 16095853_7 EA not only reduced body weight in a dose dependent manner, but also corrected associated hyperinsulinemia and hyperlipidemia. 16095853 0 2 EA Plant 16095853 20 31 body weight Neutral_phenotype 16095853 90 106 hyperinsulinemia Negative_phenotype 16095853 111 125 hyperlipidemia Negative_phenotype 16095853 Decrease 0 2 EA Plant 20 31 body weight Neutral_phenotype 16095853 Decrease 0 2 EA Plant 90 106 hyperinsulinemia Negative_phenotype 16095853 Decrease 0 2 EA Plant 111 125 hyperlipidemia Negative_phenotype 16095853_8 EA exerted beneficial effects on glucose and lipid homeostasis in diabetes that are not secondary to its ability to decrease food intake but its specific effects on hepatic lipogenesis related genes (SREBPla, FAS, GAPT) and PPAR-gamma gene expression in periepididymal fat. 16095853 0 2 EA Plant 16095853 66 74 diabetes Negative_phenotype 16095853 Decrease 0 2 EA Plant 66 74 diabetes Negative_phenotype 16095853_9 Taken together, the combined effect of EA to reduce plasma glucose and lipid levels, and reduce the deposition of triglyceride in the liver are indicative of a marked improvement in obesity-related diabetes and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. 16095853 39 41 EA Plant 16095853 52 66 plasma glucose Neutral_phenotype 16095853 71 83 lipid levels Neutral_phenotype 16095853 114 126 triglyceride Neutral_phenotype 16095853 182 206 obesity-related diabetes Negative_phenotype 16095853 211 244 non-alcoholic fatty liver disease Negative_phenotype 16095853 Decrease 39 41 EA Plant 52 66 plasma glucose Neutral_phenotype 16095853 Decrease 39 41 EA Plant 71 83 lipid levels Neutral_phenotype 16095853 Decrease 39 41 EA Plant 114 126 triglyceride Neutral_phenotype 16095853 Decrease 39 41 EA Plant 182 206 obesity-related diabetes Negative_phenotype 16095853 Decrease 39 41 EA Plant 211 244 non-alcoholic fatty liver disease Negative_phenotype 16129467_1 Salacia oblonga root improves cardiac lipid metabolism in Zucker diabetic fatty rats: modulation of cardiac PPAR-alpha-mediated transcription of fatty acid metabolic genes. 16129467 0 15 Salacia oblonga Plant 16129467 65 73 diabetic Negative_phenotype 16129467 Decrease 0 15 Salacia oblonga Plant 65 73 diabetic Negative_phenotype 16129467_2 Excess cardiac triglyceride accumulation in diabetes and obesity induces lipotoxicity, which predisposes the myocytes to death. 16129467 15 27 triglyceride Neutral_phenotype 16129467 44 52 diabetes Negative_phenotype 16129467 57 85 obesity induces lipotoxicity Negative_phenotype 16129467_3 On the other hand, increased cardiac fatty acid (FA) oxidation plays a role in the development of myocardial dysfunction in diabetes. 16129467 98 132 myocardial dysfunction in diabetes Negative_phenotype 16129467_4 PPAR-alpha plays an important role in maintaining homeostasis of lipid metabolism. 16129467_5 We have previously demonstrated that the extract from Salacia oblonga root (SOE), an Ayurvedic anti-diabetic and anti-obesity medicine, improves hyperlipidemia in Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats (a genetic model of type 2 diabetes and obesity) and possesses PPAR-alpha activating properties. 16129467 54 69 Salacia oblonga Plant 16129467 76 79 SOE Plant 16129467 95 108 anti-diabetic Positive_phenotype 16129467 113 125 anti-obesity Positive_phenotype 16129467 145 178 hyperlipidemia in Zucker diabetic Negative_phenotype 16129467 186 189 ZDF Negative_phenotype 16129467 216 231 type 2 diabetes Negative_phenotype 16129467 236 243 obesity Negative_phenotype 16129467 Increase 54 69 Salacia oblonga Plant 95 108 anti-diabetic Positive_phenotype 16129467 Increase 54 69 Salacia oblonga Plant 113 125 anti-obesity Positive_phenotype 16129467 Decrease 54 69 Salacia oblonga Plant 145 178 hyperlipidemia in Zucker diabetic Negative_phenotype 16129467 Decrease 54 69 Salacia oblonga Plant 186 189 ZDF Negative_phenotype 16129467 Decrease 54 69 Salacia oblonga Plant 216 231 type 2 diabetes Negative_phenotype 16129467 Increase 76 79 SOE Plant 95 108 anti-diabetic Positive_phenotype 16129467 Increase 76 79 SOE Plant 113 125 anti-obesity Positive_phenotype 16129467 Decrease 76 79 SOE Plant 145 178 hyperlipidemia in Zucker diabetic Negative_phenotype 16129467 Decrease 76 79 SOE Plant 186 189 ZDF Negative_phenotype 16129467 Decrease 76 79 SOE Plant 216 231 type 2 diabetes Negative_phenotype 16129467 Decrease 76 79 SOE Plant 236 243 obesity Negative_phenotype 16129467_6 Here we demonstrate that chronic oral administration of SOE reduces cardiac triglyceride and FA contents and decreases the Oil red O-stained area in the myocardium of ZDF rats, which parallels the effects on plasma triglyceride and FA levels. 16129467 56 59 SOE Plant 16129467 76 88 triglyceride Neutral_phenotype 16129467 167 170 ZDF Negative_phenotype 16129467 215 227 triglyceride Neutral_phenotype 16129467 232 241 FA levels Neutral_phenotype 16129467 Decrease 56 59 SOE Plant 76 88 triglyceride Neutral_phenotype 16129467 Decrease 56 59 SOE Plant 167 170 ZDF Negative_phenotype 16129467 Decrease 56 59 SOE Plant 215 227 triglyceride Neutral_phenotype 16129467 Decrease 56 59 SOE Plant 232 241 FA levels Neutral_phenotype 16129467_7 Furthermore, the treatment suppressed cardiac overexpression of both FA transporter protein-1 mRNA and protein in ZDF rats, suggesting inhibition of increased cardiac FA uptake as the basis for decreased cardiac FA levels. 16129467 114 117 ZDF Negative_phenotype 16129467 212 222 FA levels. Neutral_phenotype 16129467_8 Additionally, the treatment also inhibited overexpression in ZDF rat heart of PPAR-alpha mRNA and protein and carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1, acyl-CoA oxidase and 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase mRNAs and restored the downregulated acetyl-CoA carboxylase mRNA. 16129467 61 64 ZDF Negative_phenotype 16129467_9 These results suggest that SOE inhibits cardiac FA oxidation in ZDF rats. 16129467 27 30 SOE Plant 16129467 64 67 ZDF Negative_phenotype 16129467 Decrease 27 30 SOE Plant 64 67 ZDF Negative_phenotype 16129467_10 Thus, our findings suggest that improvement by SOE of excess cardiac lipid accumulation and increased cardiac FA oxidation in diabetes and obesity occurs by reduction of cardiac FA uptake, thereby modulating cardiac PPAR-alpha-mediated FA metabolic gene transcription. 16129467 47 50 SOE Plant 16129467 61 87 cardiac lipid accumulation Negative_phenotype 16129467 126 134 diabetes Negative_phenotype 16129467 139 146 obesity Negative_phenotype 16129467 Decrease 47 50 SOE Plant 61 87 cardiac lipid accumulation Negative_phenotype 16129467 Decrease 47 50 SOE Plant 126 134 diabetes Negative_phenotype 16129467 Decrease 47 50 SOE Plant 139 146 obesity Negative_phenotype 16142402_1 Effect of processed Scutellaria baicalensis on dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis in mice. 16142402 20 43 Scutellaria baicalensis Plant 16142402 78 85 colitis Negative_phenotype 16142402_2 Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi (Labiatae) has been used in the treatment of inflammatory diseases. 16142402 0 30 Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi Plant 16142402 32 40 Labiatae Plant 16142402 76 88 inflammatory Negative_phenotype 16142402 Decrease 0 30 Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi Plant 76 88 inflammatory Negative_phenotype 16142402 Decrease 32 40 Labiatae Plant 76 88 inflammatory Negative_phenotype 16142402_3 Drug processing (Poje) is the process of treating crude drugs by several methods before use. 16142402_4 The aim of this study was to determine the effect of processed Scutellaria baicalensis on experimental ulcerative colitis induced by dextran sulfate sodium (DSS). 16142402 63 86 Scutellaria baicalensis Plant 16142402 103 121 ulcerative colitis Negative_phenotype 16142402_5 The types of processed Scutellaria baicalensis used in this study were parched Scutellaria baicalensis (PS) and rice wine-baked Scutellaria baicalensis (RWBS). 16142402 23 46 Scutellaria baicalensis Plant 16142402 79 102 Scutellaria baicalensis Plant 16142402 104 106 PS Plant 16142402 128 151 Scutellaria baicalensis Plant 16142402 153 157 RWBS Plant 16142402_6 Experimental colitis was induced in mice using a daily treatment of 5% DSS in the drinking water for 7 days. 16142402 13 20 colitis Negative_phenotype 16142402_7 The water extracts of processed Scutellaria baicalensis (1 g/kg) were administered orally once a day for 7 days. 16142402 32 55 Scutellaria baicalensis Plant 16142402_8 The mice were divided in four groups: i) water plus DSS group, ii) crude Scutellaria baicalensis (CS) plus DSS group, iii) PS plus DSS group, and iv) RWBS plus DSS group. 16142402 73 96 Scutellaria baicalensis Plant 16142402 98 100 CS Plant 16142402 123 125 PS Plant 16142402 150 154 RWBS Plant 16142402_9 RWBS ameliorated all of the inflammatory symptoms, such as body weight loss, rectal bleeding and histological damage, compared to CS. 16142402 0 4 RWBS Plant 16142402 28 49 inflammatory symptoms Negative_phenotype 16142402 59 70 body weight Neutral_phenotype 16142402 77 92 rectal bleeding Negative_phenotype 16142402 97 116 histological damage Negative_phenotype 16142402 130 132 CS Plant 16142402 Decrease 0 4 RWBS Plant 28 49 inflammatory symptoms Negative_phenotype 16142402 Decrease 0 4 RWBS Plant 59 70 body weight Neutral_phenotype 16142402 Decrease 0 4 RWBS Plant 77 92 rectal bleeding Negative_phenotype 16142402 Decrease 0 4 RWBS Plant 97 116 histological damage Negative_phenotype 16142402_10 Furthermore, RWBS significantly reduced the mucosal myeloperoxidase activity, and TNF-alpha (tumor necrosis factor-alpha), COX-2 (cyclooxygenase-2), NF-kappaB (nuclear factor-kappa B) and chymase expression more than CS. 16142402 13 17 RWBS Plant 16142402 217 219 CS Plant 16142402_11 But these effects were not shown in the PS plus DSS group. 16142402 40 42 PS Plant 16142402_12 Efficacy of Scutellaria baicalensis was increased after rice wine baking, but not after parching. 16142402 12 35 Scutellaria baicalensis Plant 16142402_13 The findings in this study suggest that RWBS may be a useful therapeutic agent for ulcerative colitis. 16142402 40 44 RWBS Plant 16142402 83 101 ulcerative colitis Negative_phenotype 16142402 Decrease 40 44 RWBS Plant 83 101 ulcerative colitis Negative_phenotype 16153742_1 Inhibitory effect of green tea extract on beta-amyloid-induced PC12 cell death by inhibition of the activation of NF-kappaB and ERK/p38 MAP kinase pathway through antioxidant mechanisms. 16153742 27 30 tea Plant 16153742 63 67 PC12 Negative_phenotype 16153742 163 174 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 16153742_2 Beta-amyloid peptide (Abeta) is considered responsible for the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). 16153742 79 98 Alzheimer's disease Negative_phenotype 16153742 100 102 AD Negative_phenotype 16153742_3 Several lines of evidence support that Abeta-induced cytotoxicity is mediated through the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). 16153742_4 Thus, agents that scavenge ROS level may usefully impede the development or progress of AD. 16153742 88 90 AD Negative_phenotype 16153742_5 Green tea extract has been known to have such antioxidant properties. 16153742 6 9 tea Plant 16153742 46 57 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 16153742 Increase 6 9 tea Plant 46 57 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 16153742_6 Our previous studies demonstrate that green tea extract protected ischemia/reperfusion-induced brain cell death by scavenging oxidative damages of macromolecules. 16153742 44 47 tea Plant 16153742 66 111 ischemia/reperfusion-induced brain cell death Negative_phenotype 16153742 126 143 oxidative damages Negative_phenotype 16153742 Decrease 44 47 tea Plant 66 111 ischemia/reperfusion-induced brain cell death Negative_phenotype 16153742 Decrease 44 47 tea Plant 126 143 oxidative damages Negative_phenotype 16153742_7 In this study, we investigated the effects of green tea extract on Abeta-induced oxidative cell death in cultured rat pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells. 16153742 52 55 tea Plant 16153742 118 134 pheochromocytoma Negative_phenotype 16153742 136 140 PC12 Negative_phenotype 16153742_8 PC12 cells treated with Abeta25-35 (10-50 microM) showed intracellular ROS elevation, the formation of 8-oxodG (an oxidized form of DNA), and underwent apoptotic cell death in a dose-dependent manner. 16153742 0 4 PC12 Negative_phenotype 16153742_9 Abeta(25-35) treatment upregulated pro-apoptotic p53 at the gene level, and Bax and caspase-3 at the protein level, but downregulated anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 protein. 16153742_10 Interestingly, co-treated green tea extract (10-50 microg/ml) dose-dependently attenuated Abeta(25-35) (50 microM)-induced cell death, intracellular ROS levels, and 8-oxodG formation, in addition to p53, Bax, and caspase-3 expression, but upregulated Bcl-2. 16153742 32 35 tea Plant 16153742_11 Furthermore, green tea extract prevented the Abeta(25-35)-induced activations of the NF-kappaB and ERK and p38 MAP kinase pathways. 16153742 19 22 tea Plant 16153742_12 Our study suggests that green tea extract may usefully prevent or retard the development and progression of AD. 16153742 30 33 tea Plant 16153742 108 110 AD Negative_phenotype 16153742 Decrease 30 33 tea Plant 108 110 AD Negative_phenotype 16154304_1 Macrophage activation induced by Orbignya phalerata Mart. 16154304 33 57 Orbignya phalerata Mart. Plant 16154304_2 Babassu is the popular name of Orbignya phalerata Mart. 16154304 0 7 Babassu Plant 16154304 31 55 Orbignya phalerata Mart. Plant 16154304_3 [Arecaceae (Palmae)], which fruits mesocarp has been used in Brazil as medicine for the treatment of pains, constipation, obesity, leukemia, rheumatism, ulcerations, tumors and inflammations. 16154304 12 18 Palmae Plant 16154304 101 106 pains Negative_phenotype 16154304 108 120 constipation Negative_phenotype 16154304 122 129 obesity Negative_phenotype 16154304 131 139 leukemia Negative_phenotype 16154304 141 151 rheumatism Negative_phenotype 16154304 153 164 ulcerations Negative_phenotype 16154304 166 172 tumors Negative_phenotype 16154304 177 190 inflammations Negative_phenotype 16154304 Decrease 12 18 Palmae Plant 101 106 pains Negative_phenotype 16154304 Decrease 12 18 Palmae Plant 108 120 constipation Negative_phenotype 16154304 Decrease 12 18 Palmae Plant 122 129 obesity Negative_phenotype 16154304 Decrease 12 18 Palmae Plant 131 139 leukemia Negative_phenotype 16154304 Decrease 12 18 Palmae Plant 141 151 rheumatism Negative_phenotype 16154304 Decrease 12 18 Palmae Plant 153 164 ulcerations Negative_phenotype 16154304 Decrease 12 18 Palmae Plant 166 172 tumors Negative_phenotype 16154304 Decrease 12 18 Palmae Plant 177 190 inflammations Negative_phenotype 16154304_4 In this study, we investigated the effect of babassu mesocarp flour aqueous extract (BM) on C3H/HePas mice peritoneal cellular migration and macrophage activation by measuring the nitric oxide (NO), hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) release, spreading activity and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II expression. 16154304 45 52 babassu Plant 16154304 85 87 BM Plant 16154304_5 Our results demonstrate that BM injected once ip in mice at 10 and 20 mg/kg increased the cellular influx to the peritoneal cavity, the MHC class II expression and the spreading ability, and also induced the production of NO, TNF and H(2)O(2). 16154304 29 31 BM Plant 16154304_6 The increase in NO-production and MHC expression was also observed after the addition of BM to resident macrophage cultures (100 microg/ml). 16154304 89 91 BM Plant 16154304_7 Thus, BM-treatment was able to activate peritoneal macrophages in vitro and in vivo inducing the production of inflammatory and cytotoxic metabolites, which could justify the popular use of babassu mesocarp in the treatment of tumor diseases, but not in inflammatory pathologies. 16154304 6 8 BM Plant 16154304 111 123 inflammatory Negative_phenotype 16154304 190 197 babassu Plant 16154304 227 232 tumor Negative_phenotype 16154304 254 266 inflammatory Negative_phenotype 16154304 Increase 6 8 BM Plant 111 123 inflammatory Negative_phenotype 16154304 Decrease 190 197 babassu Plant 227 232 tumor Negative_phenotype 16170979_1 Therapeutic uses of Ocimum sanctum Linn (Tulsi) with a note on eugenol and its pharmacological actions: a short review. 16170979 20 39 Ocimum sanctum Linn Plant 16170979 41 46 Tulsi Plant 16170979_2 The medicinal plants are widely used by the traditional medical practitioners for curing various diseases in their day to day practice. 16170979_3 In traditional systems of medicine, different parts (leaves, stem, flower, root, seeds and even whole plant) of Ocimum sanctum Linn (known as Tulsi in Hindi), a small herb seen throughout India, have been recommended for the treatment of bronchitis, bronchial asthma, malaria, diarrhea, dysentery, skin diseases, arthritis, painful eye diseases, chronic fever, insect bite etc. 16170979 112 131 Ocimum sanctum Linn Plant 16170979 142 147 Tulsi Plant 16170979 238 248 bronchitis Negative_phenotype 16170979 250 266 bronchial asthma Negative_phenotype 16170979 268 275 malaria Negative_phenotype 16170979 277 285 diarrhea Negative_phenotype 16170979 287 296 dysentery Negative_phenotype 16170979 298 311 skin diseases Negative_phenotype 16170979 313 322 arthritis Negative_phenotype 16170979 324 344 painful eye diseases Negative_phenotype 16170979 346 359 chronic fever Negative_phenotype 16170979 361 372 insect bite Negative_phenotype 16170979 Decrease 112 131 Ocimum sanctum Linn Plant 238 248 bronchitis Negative_phenotype 16170979 Decrease 112 131 Ocimum sanctum Linn Plant 250 266 bronchial asthma Negative_phenotype 16170979 Decrease 112 131 Ocimum sanctum Linn Plant 268 275 malaria Negative_phenotype 16170979 Decrease 112 131 Ocimum sanctum Linn Plant 277 285 diarrhea Negative_phenotype 16170979 Decrease 112 131 Ocimum sanctum Linn Plant 287 296 dysentery Negative_phenotype 16170979 Decrease 112 131 Ocimum sanctum Linn Plant 298 311 skin diseases Negative_phenotype 16170979 Decrease 112 131 Ocimum sanctum Linn Plant 313 322 arthritis Negative_phenotype 16170979 Decrease 112 131 Ocimum sanctum Linn Plant 324 344 painful eye diseases Negative_phenotype 16170979 Decrease 112 131 Ocimum sanctum Linn Plant 346 359 chronic fever Negative_phenotype 16170979 Decrease 112 131 Ocimum sanctum Linn Plant 361 372 insect bite Negative_phenotype 16170979 Decrease 142 147 Tulsi Plant 238 248 bronchitis Negative_phenotype 16170979 Decrease 142 147 Tulsi Plant 250 266 bronchial asthma Negative_phenotype 16170979 Decrease 142 147 Tulsi Plant 268 275 malaria Negative_phenotype 16170979 Decrease 142 147 Tulsi Plant 277 285 diarrhea Negative_phenotype 16170979 Decrease 142 147 Tulsi Plant 287 296 dysentery Negative_phenotype 16170979 Decrease 142 147 Tulsi Plant 298 311 skin diseases Negative_phenotype 16170979 Decrease 142 147 Tulsi Plant 313 322 arthritis Negative_phenotype 16170979 Decrease 142 147 Tulsi Plant 324 344 painful eye diseases Negative_phenotype 16170979 Decrease 142 147 Tulsi Plant 346 359 chronic fever Negative_phenotype 16170979 Decrease 142 147 Tulsi Plant 361 372 insect bite Negative_phenotype 16170979_4 The Ocimum sanctum L. has also been suggested to possess antifertility, anticancer, antidiabetic, antifungal, antimicrobial, hepatoprotective, cardioprotective, antiemetic, antispasmodic, analgesic, adaptogenic and diaphoretic actions. 16170979 4 21 Ocimum sanctum L. Plant 16170979 57 70 antifertility Positive_phenotype 16170979 72 82 anticancer Positive_phenotype 16170979 84 96 antidiabetic Positive_phenotype 16170979 98 108 antifungal Positive_phenotype 16170979 110 123 antimicrobial Positive_phenotype 16170979 125 141 hepatoprotective Positive_phenotype 16170979 143 159 cardioprotective Positive_phenotype 16170979 161 171 antiemetic Positive_phenotype 16170979 173 186 antispasmodic Positive_phenotype 16170979 188 197 analgesic Positive_phenotype 16170979 199 210 adaptogenic Positive_phenotype 16170979 215 226 diaphoretic Positive_phenotype 16170979 Increase 4 21 Ocimum sanctum L. Plant 57 70 antifertility Positive_phenotype 16170979 Increase 4 21 Ocimum sanctum L. Plant 72 82 anticancer Positive_phenotype 16170979 Increase 4 21 Ocimum sanctum L. Plant 84 96 antidiabetic Positive_phenotype 16170979 Increase 4 21 Ocimum sanctum L. Plant 98 108 antifungal Positive_phenotype 16170979 Increase 4 21 Ocimum sanctum L. Plant 110 123 antimicrobial Positive_phenotype 16170979 Increase 4 21 Ocimum sanctum L. Plant 125 141 hepatoprotective Positive_phenotype 16170979 Increase 4 21 Ocimum sanctum L. Plant 143 159 cardioprotective Positive_phenotype 16170979 Increase 4 21 Ocimum sanctum L. Plant 161 171 antiemetic Positive_phenotype 16170979 Increase 4 21 Ocimum sanctum L. Plant 173 186 antispasmodic Positive_phenotype 16170979 Increase 4 21 Ocimum sanctum L. Plant 188 197 analgesic Positive_phenotype 16170979 Increase 4 21 Ocimum sanctum L. Plant 199 210 adaptogenic Positive_phenotype 16170979 Increase 4 21 Ocimum sanctum L. Plant 215 226 diaphoretic Positive_phenotype 16170979_5 Eugenol (1-hydroxy-2-methoxy-4-allylbenzene), the active constituent present in Ocimum sanctum L., has been found to be largely responsible for the therapeutic potentials of Tulsi. 16170979 80 97 Ocimum sanctum L. Plant 16170979 174 179 Tulsi Plant 16170979_6 Although because of its great therapeutic potentials and wide occurrence in India the practitioners of traditional systems of medicine have been using Ocimum sanctum L. for curing various ailments, a rational approach to this traditional medical practice with modern system of medicine is, however, not much available. 16170979 151 168 Ocimum sanctum L. Plant 16170979 180 196 various ailments Negative_phenotype 16170979 Decrease 151 168 Ocimum sanctum L. Plant 180 196 various ailments Negative_phenotype 16170979_7 In order to establish the therapeutic uses of Ocimum sanctum L. in modern medicine, in last few decades several Indian scientists and researchers have studied the pharmacological effects of steam distilled, petroleum ether and benzene extracts of various parts of Tulsi plant and eugenol on immune system, reproductive system, central nervous system, cardiovascular system, gastric system, urinary system and blood biochemistry and have described the therapeutic significance of Tulsi in management of various ailments. 16170979 46 63 Ocimum sanctum L. Plant 16170979 264 269 Tulsi Plant 16170979 291 304 immune system Positive_phenotype 16170979 306 325 reproductive system Positive_phenotype 16170979 327 349 central nervous system Positive_phenotype 16170979 351 372 cardiovascular system Positive_phenotype 16170979 374 388 gastric system Positive_phenotype 16170979 390 404 urinary system Positive_phenotype 16170979 479 484 Tulsi Plant 16170979 502 518 various ailments Negative_phenotype 16170979 Decrease 479 484 Tulsi Plant 502 518 various ailments Negative_phenotype 16170979_8 These pharmacological studies have established a scientific basis for therapeutic uses of this plant. 16177203_1 A diet supplemented with husks of Plantago ovata reduces the development of endothelial dysfunction, hypertension, and obesity by affecting adiponectin and TNF-alpha in obese Zucker rats. 16177203 34 48 Plantago ovata Plant 16177203 76 99 endothelial dysfunction Negative_phenotype 16177203 101 113 hypertension Negative_phenotype 16177203 119 126 obesity Negative_phenotype 16177203 169 174 obese Negative_phenotype 16177203 Decrease 34 48 Plantago ovata Plant 76 99 endothelial dysfunction Negative_phenotype 16177203 Decrease 34 48 Plantago ovata Plant 101 113 hypertension Negative_phenotype 16177203 Decrease 34 48 Plantago ovata Plant 119 126 obesity Negative_phenotype 16177203 Decrease 34 48 Plantago ovata Plant 169 174 obese Negative_phenotype 16177203_2 The aim of the present study was to analyze whether consumption of a fiber-supplemented diet containing 3.5% Plantago ovata husks prevented many of the abnormalities clustered in the metabolic syndrome, including obesity, dyslipidemia, hypertension and endothelial dysfunction. 16177203 109 123 Plantago ovata Plant 16177203 183 201 metabolic syndrome Negative_phenotype 16177203 213 220 obesity Negative_phenotype 16177203 222 234 dyslipidemia Negative_phenotype 16177203 236 248 hypertension Negative_phenotype 16177203 253 276 endothelial dysfunction Negative_phenotype 16177203_3 For this purpose, obese Zucker rats, a model of type 2 diabetes, and their lean littermates were studied. 16177203 18 23 obese Negative_phenotype 16177203 48 63 type 2 diabetes Negative_phenotype 16177203_4 Rats consumed a standard control diet or that diet supplemented with 3.5% P. ovata husks for 25 wk. 16177203 74 82 P. ovata Plant 16177203_5 Body weights were measured weekly. 16177203 0 12 Body weights Neutral_phenotype 16177203_6 Systolic blood pressure (SBP) was measured monthly. 16177203 0 23 Systolic blood pressure Neutral_phenotype 16177203 25 28 SBP Neutral_phenotype 16177203_7 At the end of the treatment, plasma concentrations of triglycerides, total cholesterol, FFAs, glucose, insulin, adiponectin, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) were determined, and studies on vascular function were performed using aortic rings. 16177203 29 67 plasma concentrations of triglycerides Neutral_phenotype 16177203 69 86 total cholesterol Neutral_phenotype 16177203 94 101 glucose Neutral_phenotype 16177203 201 218 vascular function Positive_phenotype 16177203_8 Rats fed the P. ovata husk-supplemented diet had a significantly reduced body weight gain compared with those fed the standard diet. 16177203 13 21 P. ovata Plant 16177203 73 84 body weight Neutral_phenotype 16177203 Decrease 13 21 P. ovata Plant 73 84 body weight Neutral_phenotype 16177203_9 Decreased endothelium-dependent relaxation in response to acetylcholine (ACh) by aortic rings from obese Zucker rats was improved in those fed the fiber-supplemented diet. 16177203 99 104 obese Negative_phenotype 16177203_10 The greater SBP, higher plasma concentrations of triglycerides, total cholesterol, FFA, glucose, insulin, and TNF-alpha, and the hypoadinectinemia that occurred in obese Zucker rats that consumed the control diet were significantly improved in those fed the fiber-supplemented diet. 16177203 12 15 SBP Neutral_phenotype 16177203 24 62 plasma concentrations of triglycerides Neutral_phenotype 16177203 64 81 total cholesterol Neutral_phenotype 16177203 88 95 glucose Neutral_phenotype 16177203 129 169 hypoadinectinemia that occurred in obese Negative_phenotype 16177203_11 We conclude that intake of a P. ovata husk-supplemented diet prevents endothelial dysfunction, hypertension, and obesity development, and ameliorates dyslipidemia and abnormal plasma concentrations of adiponectin and TNF-alpha in obese Zucker rats. 16177203 29 37 P. ovata Plant 16177203 70 93 endothelial dysfunction Negative_phenotype 16177203 95 107 hypertension Negative_phenotype 16177203 113 120 obesity Negative_phenotype 16177203 150 162 dyslipidemia Negative_phenotype 16177203 176 212 plasma concentrations of adiponectin Neutral_phenotype 16177203 217 226 TNF-alpha Neutral_phenotype 16177203 230 235 obese Negative_phenotype 16177203 Decrease 29 37 P. ovata Plant 70 93 endothelial dysfunction Negative_phenotype 16177203 Decrease 29 37 P. ovata Plant 95 107 hypertension Negative_phenotype 16177203 Decrease 29 37 P. ovata Plant 113 120 obesity Negative_phenotype 16177203 Decrease 29 37 P. ovata Plant 150 162 dyslipidemia Negative_phenotype 16177203 Decrease 29 37 P. ovata Plant 176 212 plasma concentrations of adiponectin Neutral_phenotype 16177203 Decrease 29 37 P. ovata Plant 217 226 TNF-alpha Neutral_phenotype 16182479_1 In vitro anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative effects of Cinnamomum camphora extracts. 16182479 9 26 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 16182479 31 45 anti-oxidative Positive_phenotype 16182479 57 76 Cinnamomum camphora Plant 16182479_2 Cinnamomum camphora Sieb (Lauraceae) has long been prescribed in traditional medicine for the treatment of inflammation-related diseases such as rheumatism, sprains, bronchitis and muscle pains. 16182479 0 24 Cinnamomum camphora Sieb Plant 16182479 145 155 rheumatism Negative_phenotype 16182479 157 164 sprains Negative_phenotype 16182479 166 176 bronchitis Negative_phenotype 16182479 181 193 muscle pains Negative_phenotype 16182479 Decrease 0 24 Cinnamomum camphora Sieb Plant 145 155 rheumatism Negative_phenotype 16182479 Decrease 0 24 Cinnamomum camphora Sieb Plant 157 164 sprains Negative_phenotype 16182479 Decrease 0 24 Cinnamomum camphora Sieb Plant 166 176 bronchitis Negative_phenotype 16182479 Decrease 0 24 Cinnamomum camphora Sieb Plant 181 193 muscle pains Negative_phenotype 16182479_3 In this study, therefore, we aimed to investigate the inhibitory effects of Cinnamomum camphora on various inflammatory phenomena to explore its potential anti-inflammatory mechanisms under non-cytotoxic (less than 100 microg/ml) conditions. 16182479 76 95 Cinnamomum camphora Plant 16182479 107 119 inflammatory Negative_phenotype 16182479 155 172 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 16182479_4 The total crude extract (100 microg/ml) prepared with 80% methanol (MeOH extract) and its fractions (100 microg/ml) obtained by solvent partition with hexane and ethyl acetate (EtOAc) significantly blocked the production of interleukin (IL)-1 beta, IL-6 and the tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha from RAW264.7 cells stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) up to 20-70%. 16182479_5 The hexane and EtOAc extracts (100 microg/ml) also inhibited nitric oxide (NO) production in LPS/interferon (IFN)-gamma-activated macrophages by 65%. 16182479_6 The MeOH extract (100 microg/ml) as well as two fractions (100 microg/ml) prepared by solvent partition with n-butanol (BuOH) and EtOAc strongly suppressed the prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) production in LPS/IFN-gamma-activated macrophages up to 70%. 16182479_7 It is interesting to note that hexane, BuOH and EtOAc extracts (100 microg/ml) also inhibited the functional activation of beta1-integrins (CD29) assessed by U937 homotypic aggregation up to 70-80%. 16182479_8 Furthermore, EtOAc and BuOH extracts displayed strong anti-oxidative activity with IC(50) values of 14 and 15 microM, respectively, when tested by the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and xanthine oxide (XO) assays. 16182479 54 68 anti-oxidative Positive_phenotype 16182479_9 Taken together, these data suggest that the anti-inflammatory actions of Cinnamomum camphora may be due to the modulation of cytokine, NO and PGE(2) production and oxidative stress, and of the subfractions tested, the EtOAc extract may be further studied to isolate the active anti-inflammatory principles. 16182479 44 61 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 16182479 73 92 Cinnamomum camphora Plant 16182479 164 180 oxidative stress Negative_phenotype 16182479 277 294 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 16182479 Increase 44 61 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 73 92 Cinnamomum camphora Plant 16182479 Decrease 73 92 Cinnamomum camphora Plant 164 180 oxidative stress Negative_phenotype 16192356_1 Pomegranate fruit juice for chemoprevention and chemotherapy of prostate cancer. 16192356 0 11 Pomegranate Plant 16192356 28 43 chemoprevention Positive_phenotype 16192356 48 60 chemotherapy Positive_phenotype 16192356 64 79 prostate cancer Negative_phenotype 16192356_2 Prostate cancer is the most common invasive malignancy and the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths among U.S. males, with a similar trend in many Western countries. 16192356 0 15 Prostate cancer Negative_phenotype 16192356 35 54 invasive malignancy Negative_phenotype 16192356 87 108 cancer-related deaths Negative_phenotype 16192356_3 One approach to control this malignancy is its prevention through the use of agents present in diet consumed by humans. 16192356 29 39 malignancy Negative_phenotype 16192356_4 Pomegranate from the tree Punica granatum possesses strong antioxidant and antiinflammatory properties. 16192356 0 11 Pomegranate Plant 16192356 26 41 Punica granatum Plant 16192356 59 70 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 16192356 75 91 antiinflammatory Positive_phenotype 16192356 Increase 0 11 Pomegranate Plant 59 70 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 16192356 Increase 0 11 Pomegranate Plant 75 91 antiinflammatory Positive_phenotype 16192356 Increase 26 41 Punica granatum Plant 59 70 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 16192356 Increase 26 41 Punica granatum Plant 75 91 antiinflammatory Positive_phenotype 16192356_5 We recently showed that pomegranate fruit extract (PFE) possesses remarkable antitumor-promoting effects in mouse skin. 16192356 24 35 pomegranate Plant 16192356 51 54 PFE Plant 16192356 77 86 antitumor Positive_phenotype 16192356_6 In this study, employing human prostate cancer cells, we evaluated the antiproliferative and proapoptotic properties of PFE. 16192356 31 46 prostate cancer Negative_phenotype 16192356 71 88 antiproliferative Positive_phenotype 16192356 120 123 PFE Plant 16192356_7 PFE (10-100 microg/ml; 48 h) treatment of highly aggressive human prostate cancer PC3 cells resulted in a dose-dependent inhibition of cell growth/cell viability and induction of apoptosis. 16192356 0 3 PFE Plant 16192356 66 81 prostate cancer Negative_phenotype 16192356 82 85 PC3 Negative_phenotype 16192356 Decrease 0 3 PFE Plant 66 81 prostate cancer Negative_phenotype 16192356 Decrease 0 3 PFE Plant 82 85 PC3 Negative_phenotype 16192356_8 Immunoblot analysis revealed that PFE treatment of PC3 cells resulted in (i) induction of Bax and Bak (proapoptotic); (ii) down-regulation of Bcl-X(L) and Bcl-2 (antiapoptotic); (iii) induction of WAF1/p21 and KIP1/p27; (iv) a decrease in cyclins D1, D2, and E; and (v) a decrease in cyclin-dependent kinase (cdk) 2, cdk4, and cdk6 expression. 16192356 34 37 PFE Plant 16192356 51 54 PC3 Negative_phenotype 16192356 Decrease 34 37 PFE Plant 51 54 PC3 Negative_phenotype 16192356_9 These data establish the involvement of the cyclin kinase inhibitor-cyclin-cdk network during the antiproliferative effects of PFE. 16192356 98 115 antiproliferative Positive_phenotype 16192356 127 130 PFE Plant 16192356_10 Oral administration of PFE (0.1% and 0.2%, wt/vol) to athymic nude mice implanted with androgen-sensitive CWR22Rnu1 cells resulted in a significant inhibition in tumor growth concomitant with a significant decrease in serum prostate-specific antigen levels. 16192356 23 26 PFE Plant 16192356 106 115 CWR22Rnu1 Negative_phenotype 16192356 162 174 tumor growth Negative_phenotype 16192356 Decrease 23 26 PFE Plant 106 115 CWR22Rnu1 Negative_phenotype 16192356 Decrease 23 26 PFE Plant 162 174 tumor growth Negative_phenotype 16192356_11 We suggest that pomegranate juice may have cancer-chemopreventive as well as cancer-chemotherapeutic effects against prostate cancer in humans. 16192356 16 27 pomegranate Plant 16192356 43 49 cancer Negative_phenotype 16192356 77 83 cancer Negative_phenotype 16192356 117 132 prostate cancer Negative_phenotype 16192356 Decrease 16 27 pomegranate Plant 43 49 cancer Negative_phenotype 16192356 Decrease 16 27 pomegranate Plant 77 83 cancer Negative_phenotype 16192356 Decrease 16 27 pomegranate Plant 117 132 prostate cancer Negative_phenotype 16213118_1 Anti-inflammatory effect of Houttuynia cordata injection. 16213118 0 17 Anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 16213118 28 46 Houttuynia cordata Plant 16213118_2 Houttuynia cordata (Saururaceae) injection (HCI) is a traditional Chinese medicine used in China. 16213118 0 18 Houttuynia cordata Plant 16213118 44 47 HCI Plant 16213118_3 It was chosen as one of eight types of traditional Chinese medicine that play a unique role in severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) owing to the effect of curbing inflammation. 16213118 95 128 severe acute respiratory syndrome Negative_phenotype 16213118 130 134 SARS Negative_phenotype 16213118 167 179 inflammation Negative_phenotype 16213118_4 In order to validate this plausible anti-inflammatory property, the chemical composition of HCI has been analysed by GC/MS, 22 components were identified, and the inflammation induced by carrageenan in the rat pleurisy model and by xylene in the mice ear edema model was adopted to study the anti-inflammatory activity of HCI. 16213118 36 53 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 16213118 92 95 HCI Plant 16213118 163 175 inflammation Negative_phenotype 16213118 210 218 pleurisy Negative_phenotype 16213118 251 260 ear edema Negative_phenotype 16213118 292 309 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 16213118 322 325 HCI Plant 16213118_5 Injection of carrageenan into the pleural cavity elicited an acute inflammatory response characterized by protein rich fluid accumulation and leukocyte infiltration in the pleural cavity. 16213118 61 79 acute inflammatory Negative_phenotype 16213118 142 186 leukocyte infiltration in the pleural cavity Negative_phenotype 16213118_6 The peak inflammatory response was obtained at 24 h when the fluid volume, protein concentration, C-reactive protein and cell infiltration were maximums. 16213118 9 21 inflammatory Negative_phenotype 16213118 121 138 cell infiltration Negative_phenotype 16213118_7 The results showed that these parameters were attenuated by HCI at any dose and touched bottom at dose of 0.54 ml/100 g, although less strong than dexamethasone. 16213118 60 63 HCI Plant 16213118_8 This drug was also effective in inhibiting xylene induced ear edema, and the percentage of inhibition came to 50% at dose of 80 microl/20 g. The results clearly indicate that HCI have anti-inflammatory activity. 16213118 58 67 ear edema Negative_phenotype 16213118 175 178 HCI Plant 16213118 184 201 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 16213118 Increase 175 178 HCI Plant 184 201 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 16300877_1 Potential anticancer activity of litchi fruit pericarp extract against hepatocellular carcinoma in vitro and in vivo. 16300877 10 20 anticancer Positive_phenotype 16300877 33 54 litchi fruit pericarp Plant 16300877 71 95 hepatocellular carcinoma Negative_phenotype 16300877_2 Litchi fruit pericarp (LFP) extract contains significant amounts of polyphenolic compounds, and exhibits powerful antioxidative activity against fat oxidation in vitro. 16300877 0 21 Litchi fruit pericarp Plant 16300877 23 26 LFP Plant 16300877 114 127 antioxidative Positive_phenotype 16300877 145 158 fat oxidation Negative_phenotype 16300877 Increase 0 21 Litchi fruit pericarp Plant 114 127 antioxidative Positive_phenotype 16300877 Decrease 0 21 Litchi fruit pericarp Plant 145 158 fat oxidation Negative_phenotype 16300877 Increase 23 26 LFP Plant 114 127 antioxidative Positive_phenotype 16300877 Decrease 23 26 LFP Plant 145 158 fat oxidation Negative_phenotype 16300877_3 The purpose of this study is to confirm the anticancer activity of LFP extract against hepatocellular carcinoma in vitro and in vivo, and to elucidate the mechanism of its activity. 16300877 44 54 anticancer Positive_phenotype 16300877 67 70 LFP Plant 16300877 87 111 hepatocellular carcinoma Negative_phenotype 16300877_4 Human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line was tested in vitro for cytotoxicity, colony formation inhibition, and cell cycle distribution through flow cytometry after treatment with water-soluble crude ethanolic extract (CEE) from LFP. 16300877 6 30 hepatocellular carcinoma Negative_phenotype 16300877 229 232 LFP Plant 16300877_5 Murine hepatoma bearing-mice were fed doses of 0.15, 0.3, and 0.6g/kg/day of water-soluble CEE in DH(2)O p.o. 16300877 7 15 hepatoma Negative_phenotype 16300877_6 for 10 days, respectively, to test the anticancer activity and BrdU incorporation of cancer cells in vivo. 16300877 39 49 anticancer Positive_phenotype 16300877 85 91 cancer Negative_phenotype 16300877_7 LFP extract demonstrated a dose- and time-dependent inhibitory effect on cancer cell growth; IC(50) was 80microg/ml, and significantly inhibited colony formation in vitro, tumor growth and BrdU incorporation into cancer cells in vivo. 16300877 0 3 LFP Plant 16300877 73 79 cancer Negative_phenotype 16300877 172 184 tumor growth Negative_phenotype 16300877 213 219 cancer Negative_phenotype 16300877 Decrease 0 3 LFP Plant 73 79 cancer Negative_phenotype 16300877 Decrease 0 3 LFP Plant 172 184 tumor growth Negative_phenotype 16300877 Decrease 0 3 LFP Plant 213 219 cancer Negative_phenotype 16300877_8 The tumor inhibitory rates at doses of 0.15, 0.3, and 0.6g/kg/day were 17.31% (P>0.05), 30.77% (P<0.05), and 44.23% (P<0.01), respectively. 16300877 4 9 tumor Negative_phenotype 16300877_9 BrdU labeled tumor cells of treated animals were 11.80+/-2.79%, and were significantly lower than that in untreated controls (23.00+/-5.42%, P<0.05). 16300877 13 18 tumor Negative_phenotype 16300877_10 Our findings showed that LFP extract exhibited potential anticancer activity against hepatocellular carcinoma in vitro and in vivo through proliferating inhibition and apoptosis induction of cancer cells. 16300877 25 28 LFP Plant 16300877 57 67 anticancer Positive_phenotype 16300877 85 109 hepatocellular carcinoma Negative_phenotype 16300877 191 197 cancer Negative_phenotype 16300877 Increase 25 28 LFP Plant 57 67 anticancer Positive_phenotype 16300877 Decrease 25 28 LFP Plant 85 109 hepatocellular carcinoma Negative_phenotype 16300877 Decrease 25 28 LFP Plant 191 197 cancer Negative_phenotype 16306813_1 Pomegranate flower extract diminishes cardiac fibrosis in Zucker diabetic fatty rats: modulation of cardiac endothelin-1 and nuclear factor-kappaB pathways. 16306813 0 11 Pomegranate Plant 16306813 38 73 cardiac fibrosis in Zucker diabetic Negative_phenotype 16306813 Decrease 0 11 Pomegranate Plant 38 73 cardiac fibrosis in Zucker diabetic Negative_phenotype 16306813_2 The diabetic heart shows increased fibrosis, which impairs cardiac function. 16306813 4 18 diabetic heart Negative_phenotype 16306813 35 43 fibrosis Negative_phenotype 16306813 59 75 cardiac function Positive_phenotype 16306813_3 Endothelin (ET)-1 and nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) interactively regulate fibroblast growth. 16306813_4 We have recently demonstrated that Punica granatum flower (PGF), a Unani anti-diabetic medicine, is a dual activator of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-alpha and -gamma, and improves hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, and fatty heart in Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rat, a genetic animal model of type 2 diabetes and obesity. 16306813 35 50 Punica granatum Plant 16306813 59 62 PGF Plant 16306813 73 86 anti-diabetic Positive_phenotype 16306813 201 214 hyperglycemia Negative_phenotype 16306813 216 230 hyperlipidemia Negative_phenotype 16306813 236 266 fatty heart in Zucker diabetic Negative_phenotype 16306813 274 277 ZDF Negative_phenotype 16306813 310 325 type 2 diabetes Negative_phenotype 16306813 330 337 obesity Negative_phenotype 16306813 Increase 35 50 Punica granatum Plant 73 86 anti-diabetic Positive_phenotype 16306813 Decrease 35 50 Punica granatum Plant 201 214 hyperglycemia Negative_phenotype 16306813 Decrease 35 50 Punica granatum Plant 216 230 hyperlipidemia Negative_phenotype 16306813 Decrease 35 50 Punica granatum Plant 236 266 fatty heart in Zucker diabetic Negative_phenotype 16306813 Decrease 35 50 Punica granatum Plant 274 277 ZDF Negative_phenotype 16306813 Decrease 35 50 Punica granatum Plant 310 325 type 2 diabetes Negative_phenotype 16306813 Decrease 35 50 Punica granatum Plant 330 337 obesity Negative_phenotype 16306813 Increase 59 62 PGF Plant 73 86 anti-diabetic Positive_phenotype 16306813 Decrease 59 62 PGF Plant 201 214 hyperglycemia Negative_phenotype 16306813 Decrease 59 62 PGF Plant 216 230 hyperlipidemia Negative_phenotype 16306813 Decrease 59 62 PGF Plant 236 266 fatty heart in Zucker diabetic Negative_phenotype 16306813 Decrease 59 62 PGF Plant 274 277 ZDF Negative_phenotype 16306813 Decrease 59 62 PGF Plant 310 325 type 2 diabetes Negative_phenotype 16306813 Decrease 59 62 PGF Plant 330 337 obesity Negative_phenotype 16306813_5 Here, we demonstrated that six-week treatment with PGF extract (500 mg/kg, p.o.) in Zucker diabetic fatty rats reduced the ratios of van Gieson-stained interstitial collagen deposit area to total left ventricular area and perivascular collagen deposit areas to coronary artery media area in the heart. 16306813 51 54 PGF Plant 16306813 91 99 diabetic Negative_phenotype 16306813 Decrease 51 54 PGF Plant 91 99 diabetic Negative_phenotype 16306813_6 This was accompanied by suppression of overexpressed cardiac fibronectin and collagen I and III mRNAs. 16306813_7 Punica granatum flower extract reduced the up-regulated cardiac mRNA expression of ET-1, ETA, inhibitor-kappaBbeta and c-jun, and normalized the down-regulated mRNA expression of inhibitor-kappaBalpha in Zucker diabetic fatty rats. 16306813 0 15 Punica granatum Plant 16306813 211 219 diabetic Negative_phenotype 16306813 Decrease 0 15 Punica granatum Plant 211 219 diabetic Negative_phenotype 16306813_8 In vitro, Punica granatum flower extract and its components oleanolic acid, ursolic acid, and gallic acid inhibited lipopolysaccharide-induced NF-kappaB activation in macrophages. 16306813 10 25 Punica granatum Plant 16306813_9 Our findings indicate that Punica granatum flower extract diminishes cardiac fibrosis in Zucker diabetic fatty rats, at least in part, by modulating cardiac ET-1 and NF-kappaB signaling. 16306813 27 42 Punica granatum Plant 16306813 69 104 cardiac fibrosis in Zucker diabetic Negative_phenotype 16306813 Decrease 27 42 Punica granatum Plant 69 104 cardiac fibrosis in Zucker diabetic Negative_phenotype 16307762_1 Ascitic and solid Ehrlich tumor inhibition by Chenopodium ambrosioides L. treatment. 16307762 0 31 Ascitic and solid Ehrlich tumor Negative_phenotype 16307762 46 73 Chenopodium ambrosioides L. Plant 16307762_2 The leaves of Chenopodium ambrosioides L. [Chenopodiaceae] ('mastruz') have been indicated for the treatment of several diseases, among which the cancer. 16307762 14 41 Chenopodium ambrosioides L. Plant 16307762 61 68 mastruz Plant 16307762 146 152 cancer Negative_phenotype 16307762 Decrease 14 41 Chenopodium ambrosioides L. Plant 146 152 cancer Negative_phenotype 16307762 Decrease 61 68 mastruz Plant 146 152 cancer Negative_phenotype 16307762_3 There are no results focusing the effect of C. ambrosioides treatment on tumor development in vivo. 16307762 44 59 C. ambrosioides Plant 16307762 73 78 tumor Negative_phenotype 16307762_4 The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of treatment with C. ambrosioides on Ehrlich tumor development. 16307762 70 85 C. ambrosioides Plant 16307762 89 102 Ehrlich tumor Negative_phenotype 16307762_5 Swiss mice were treated by intraperitoneal route (i.p.) with hydroalcoholic extract from leaves of C. ambrosioides (5 mg/kg) or with PBS (control group) 48 h before or 48 h later the Ehrlich tumor implantation. 16307762 99 114 C. ambrosioides Plant 16307762 183 196 Ehrlich tumor Negative_phenotype 16307762_6 The tumor cells were implanted on the left footpad (solid tumor) or in the peritoneal cavity (ascitic tumor). 16307762 4 9 tumor Negative_phenotype 16307762 52 63 solid tumor Negative_phenotype 16307762 94 107 ascitic tumor Negative_phenotype 16307762_7 To determine the solid tumor growth, footpad was measured each 2 days until the fourteenth day, when the feet were weighed. 16307762 23 35 tumor growth Negative_phenotype 16307762_8 Ascitic tumor development was evaluated after 8 days of tumor implantation by quantification of the ascitic fluid volume and tumor cell number. 16307762 0 13 Ascitic tumor Negative_phenotype 16307762 56 61 tumor Negative_phenotype 16307762 100 113 ascitic fluid Negative_phenotype 16307762 125 130 tumor Negative_phenotype 16307762_9 The i.p. 16307762_10 administration of C. ambrosioides extract before or after the tumor implantation significantly inhibited the solid and ascitic Ehrlich tumor forms. 16307762 18 33 C. ambrosioides Plant 16307762 62 67 tumor Negative_phenotype 16307762 109 140 solid and ascitic Ehrlich tumor Negative_phenotype 16307762 Decrease 18 33 C. ambrosioides Plant 62 67 tumor Negative_phenotype 16307762 Decrease 18 33 C. ambrosioides Plant 109 140 solid and ascitic Ehrlich tumor Negative_phenotype 16307762_11 This inhibition was observed in ascitic tumor cell number, in the ascitic volume, in the tumor-bearing foot size and foot weight when compared to control mice. 16307762 32 45 ascitic tumor Negative_phenotype 16307762 66 73 ascitic Negative_phenotype 16307762 89 94 tumor Negative_phenotype 16307762 117 128 foot weight Neutral_phenotype 16307762_12 The treatments also increased the survival of tumor-bearing mice. 16307762 34 42 survival Positive_phenotype 16307762 46 51 tumor Negative_phenotype 16307762_13 In conclusion, C. ambrosioides has a potent anti-tumoral effect which was evident with a small dose and even when the treatment was given two days after the tumor implantation. 16307762 15 30 C. ambrosioides Plant 16307762 44 56 anti-tumoral Positive_phenotype 16307762 157 162 tumor Negative_phenotype 16307762 Increase 15 30 C. ambrosioides Plant 44 56 anti-tumoral Positive_phenotype 16307762 Decrease 15 30 C. ambrosioides Plant 157 162 tumor Negative_phenotype 16307762_14 This effect is probably related with anti-oxidant properties of C. ambrosioides. 16307762 37 49 anti-oxidant Positive_phenotype 16307762 64 79 C. ambrosioides Plant 16307762 Increase 37 49 anti-oxidant Positive_phenotype 64 79 C. ambrosioides Plant 16335796_1 Ganoderma lucidum inhibits inducible nitric oxide synthase expression in macrophages. 16335796 0 17 Ganoderma lucidum Plant 16335796_2 Nitric oxide (NO) is a principal mediator in many physiological and pathological processes. 16335796_3 Overproduction of NO via the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) has cytotoxic effect through the formation of peroxynitrite with superoxide anion. 16335796_4 The iNOS is mainly expressed in macrophages and is able to produce large amount of NO. 16335796_5 The expression of iNOS is mainly regulated at the transcriptional level. 16335796_6 The iNOS-mediated NO production plays a role in the development of atherosclerosis. 16335796 67 82 atherosclerosis Negative_phenotype 16335796_7 Ganoderma lucidum (G. lucidum, Linzhi or Reishi) is a traditional herbal medicine which is commonly used as health supplement. 16335796 0 17 Ganoderma lucidum Plant 16335796 19 29 G. lucidum Plant 16335796 31 37 Linzhi Plant 16335796 41 47 Reishi Plant 16335796_8 Several studies have demonstrated its effectiveness against cancer, immunological disorders and cardiovascular diseases. 16335796 60 66 cancer Negative_phenotype 16335796 68 91 immunological disorders Negative_phenotype 16335796 96 119 cardiovascular diseases Negative_phenotype 16335796_9 The objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of G. lucidum on iNOS-mediated NO production in macrophages. 16335796 68 78 G. lucidum Plant 16335796_10 Human monocytic cell (THP-1) derived macrophages were incubated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) for 24 h. 16335796_11 Such treatment significantly stimulated NO production (253% versus the control). 16335796_12 Such a stimulatory effect was resulted from increased iNOS mRNA expression (270% versus the control) and iNOS activity (169.5% versus the control) in macrophages. 16335796_13 The superoxide anion level was also elevated (150% versus the control) in LPS-treated macrophages. 16335796_14 Treatment of macrophages with G. lucidum extract (100 microg/ml) completely abolished LPS-induced iNOS mRNA expression and NO production. 16335796 30 40 G. lucidum Plant 16335796_15 Such an inhibitory effect of G. lucidum was mediated via its antioxidant action against LPS-induced superoxide anion generation in macrophages. 16335796 29 39 G. lucidum Plant 16335796 61 72 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 16335796 Increase 29 39 G. lucidum Plant 61 72 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 16335796_16 These results suggest that G. lucidum may exert a therapeutic effect against atherosclerosis via ameliorating iNOS-mediated NO overproduction in macrophages. 16335796 27 37 G. lucidum Plant 16335796 77 92 atherosclerosis Negative_phenotype 16335796 Decrease 27 37 G. lucidum Plant 77 92 atherosclerosis Negative_phenotype 16355449_1 Effects of Gingko biloba extract on gap junction changes induced by reperfusion/reoxygenation after ischemia/hypoxia in rat brain. 16355449 11 24 Gingko biloba Plant 16355449 68 93 reperfusion/reoxygenation Negative_phenotype 16355449 100 116 ischemia/hypoxia Negative_phenotype 16355449_2 Gap junction communication between astrocytes plays an important role in the brain. 16355449_3 The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of Gingko biloba extract (GBE) on the changes of connexin 43 (Cx43) mRNA and protein expression levels of rat cortex and hippocampus induced by ischemia-reperfusion and astrocyte gap junction intercellular communication (GJIC) induced by hypoxia-reoxygenation. 16355449 60 73 Gingko biloba Plant 16355449 83 86 GBE Plant 16355449 201 221 ischemia-reperfusion Negative_phenotype 16355449 295 316 hypoxia-reoxygenation Negative_phenotype 16355449_4 After 2 hours of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) followed by 24 hours of reperfusion, there was obvious neurological deficit in rats. 16355449 17 49 middle cerebral artery occlusion Negative_phenotype 16355449 51 55 MCAO Negative_phenotype 16355449 81 92 reperfusion Negative_phenotype 16355449 112 132 neurological deficit Negative_phenotype 16355449_5 Cx43 mRNA and protein expression levels of rat cortex and hippocampus in the ischemia hemisphere were decreased significantly. 16355449 77 96 ischemia hemisphere Negative_phenotype 16355449_6 When GBE at doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg body weight was administrated by p.o. 16355449 5 8 GBE Plant 16355449_7 daily for 7 days, the neurological deficit was improved, and lower Cx43 mRNA and protein expression levels induced by ischemia-reperfusion were recovered to normal. 16355449 22 42 neurological deficit Negative_phenotype 16355449 118 138 ischemia-reperfusion Negative_phenotype 16355449_8 The i.p. 16355449_9 injection of nimodipine (0.7 mg/kg weight body) also showed improvement on neurological deficit and Cx43 expression levels. 16355449 75 95 neurological deficit Negative_phenotype 16355449_10 Astrocyte GJIC was measured by the fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP). 16355449_11 Hypoxia-reoxygenation induced a significant decrease in GJIC. 16355449 0 21 Hypoxia-reoxygenation Negative_phenotype 16355449_12 Pretreatment with GBE (100 mg/l) and nimodipine (1.6 mg/l) significantly prevented the hypoxia-reoxygenation inhibition of GJIC. 16355449 18 21 GBE Plant 16355449 87 108 hypoxia-reoxygenation Negative_phenotype 16355449 Decrease 18 21 GBE Plant 87 108 hypoxia-reoxygenation Negative_phenotype 16355449_13 These results suggest that GBE could exert its neuroprotective effects by improvement of Cx43 expression and GJIC induced by hypoxia/ischemia-reoxygenation/ reperfusion injury. 16355449 27 30 GBE Plant 16355449 47 62 neuroprotective Positive_phenotype 16355449 125 175 hypoxia/ischemia-reoxygenation/ reperfusion injury Negative_phenotype 16355449 Increase 27 30 GBE Plant 47 62 neuroprotective Positive_phenotype 16355449 Decrease 27 30 GBE Plant 125 175 hypoxia/ischemia-reoxygenation/ reperfusion injury Negative_phenotype 16361073_1 Ethyl acetate extract of Patrinia scabiosaefolia downregulates anti-apoptotic Bcl-2/Bcl-X(L) expression, and induces apoptosis in human breast carcinoma MCF-7 cells independent of caspase-9 activation. 16361073 25 48 Patrinia scabiosaefolia Plant 16361073 136 152 breast carcinoma Negative_phenotype 16361073 153 158 MCF-7 Negative_phenotype 16361073 Decrease 25 48 Patrinia scabiosaefolia Plant 136 152 breast carcinoma Negative_phenotype 16361073 Decrease 25 48 Patrinia scabiosaefolia Plant 153 158 MCF-7 Negative_phenotype 16361073_2 Patrinia scabiosaefolia Fisch. 16361073 0 30 Patrinia scabiosaefolia Fisch. Plant 16361073_3 is a Chinese medicinal herb used traditionally for treating intestinal carbuncle. 16361073 60 80 intestinal carbuncle Negative_phenotype 16361073_4 Although Patrinia scabiosaefolia has also been suggested for cancer therapy, there has not been any scientific evidence supporting this application. 16361073 9 32 Patrinia scabiosaefolia Plant 16361073 61 67 cancer Negative_phenotype 16361073 Decrease 9 32 Patrinia scabiosaefolia Plant 61 67 cancer Negative_phenotype 16361073_5 In this study, a panel of human cancer cells, including breast carcinoma MCF-7; hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2; skin melanoma A375; lung carcinoma A549 and prostate adenocarcinoma PC-3, were treated in vitro with ethyl acetate extract of Patrinia scabiosaefolia (EAE-PS) for 48 h. 16361073 32 38 cancer Negative_phenotype 16361073 56 72 breast carcinoma Negative_phenotype 16361073 73 78 MCF-7 Negative_phenotype 16361073 80 104 hepatocellular carcinoma Negative_phenotype 16361073 105 110 HepG2 Negative_phenotype 16361073 112 125 skin melanoma Negative_phenotype 16361073 126 130 A375 Negative_phenotype 16361073 132 146 lung carcinoma Negative_phenotype 16361073 147 151 A549 Negative_phenotype 16361073 156 179 prostate adenocarcinoma Negative_phenotype 16361073 180 184 PC-3 Negative_phenotype 16361073 238 261 Patrinia scabiosaefolia Plant 16361073 263 269 EAE-PS Plant 16361073_6 Results from MTT study showed that MCF-7 was the most responsive (IC50 = 112.3 microg/ml) while PC-3 was the most resistant (IC50 = 348.7 microg/ml) one to cell growth inhibition. 16361073 35 40 MCF-7 Negative_phenotype 16361073 96 100 PC-3 Negative_phenotype 16361073_7 DNA flow cytometry demonstrated that EAE-PS induced apoptosis in the resistant MCF-7 cells by 14.5-fold of the control level after 36 h of treatment. 16361073 37 43 EAE-PS Plant 16361073 79 84 MCF-7 Negative_phenotype 16361073 Decrease 37 43 EAE-PS Plant 79 84 MCF-7 Negative_phenotype 16361073_8 Immunoblot studies further illustrated that although EAE-PS downregulated the anti-apoptotic Bcl-2/Bcl-X(L) expression in breast cancer cells, the induced apoptosis could not be prevented by the caspase-9 inhibitor (Z-LEHD-FMK). 16361073 53 59 EAE-PS Plant 16361073 122 135 breast cancer Negative_phenotype 16361073 Decrease 53 59 EAE-PS Plant 122 135 breast cancer Negative_phenotype 16361073_9 All these results suggest that EAE-PS retards MCF-7 cell growth by activating the caspase-independent mitochondrial cell death pathway. 16361073 31 37 EAE-PS Plant 16361073 46 51 MCF-7 Negative_phenotype 16361073 Decrease 31 37 EAE-PS Plant 46 51 MCF-7 Negative_phenotype 16361073_10 Results from this study support future research and development of the bioactive ingredients from Patrinia scabiosaefolia as anticancer agents, especially against those apoptosis-resistant cancers with deregulated Bcl-2/Bcl-X(L) expression. 16361073 98 121 Patrinia scabiosaefolia Plant 16361073 125 135 anticancer Positive_phenotype 16361073 189 196 cancers Negative_phenotype 16361073 Increase 98 121 Patrinia scabiosaefolia Plant 125 135 anticancer Positive_phenotype 16361073 Decrease 98 121 Patrinia scabiosaefolia Plant 189 196 cancers Negative_phenotype 16370525_1 Anti-HIV activity against immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-I) and type II (HIV-II) of compounds isolated from the stem bark of Combretum molle. 16370525 0 8 Anti-HIV Positive_phenotype 16370525 26 84 immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-I) and type II (HIV-II) Negative_phenotype 16370525 129 144 Combretum molle Plant 16370525_2 In vitro anti-HIV activity of various extracts prepared from the stem bark of Combretum molle (R. Br. Ex. G. Don.) Engl _ Diels (Combretaceae), a plant widely used in Ethiopian traditional medicine for the treatment of liver diseases, malaria and tuberculosis has been assessed against human imnmuunodeficiencvy virus type 1 (HIV-1) and type 2 (HIV-2). 16370525 9 17 anti-HIV Positive_phenotype 16370525 78 127 Combretum molle (R. Br. Ex. G. Don.) Engl _ Diels Plant 16370525 219 233 liver diseases Negative_phenotype 16370525 235 242 malaria Negative_phenotype 16370525 247 259 tuberculosis Negative_phenotype 16370525 286 351 human imnmuunodeficiencvy virus type 1 (HIV-1) and type 2 (HIV-2) Negative_phenotype 16370525_3 The total extract was prepared by percolation with 80% methanol whilst the petroleum ether, chloroform, acetone and 100% methanol fractions were obtained by successive hot extraction using Soxhlet apparatus. 16370525_4 Selective inhibition of viral growth was assessed by the simultaneous determination of the in vitro cytotoxicity of each of the extracts against MT-4 cells. 16370525 24 29 viral Negative_phenotype 16370525 145 149 MT-4 Negative_phenotype 16370525_5 Results obtained in this study indicate that the acetone fraction possessed the highest selective inhibition of HIV-1 replicatuon. 16370525 112 117 HIV-1 Negative_phenotype 16370525_6 Phytochemical investigation of the acetone fraction resulted in the isolation of two tannins and two oleanane-type pentacyclic triterpene glycosides. 16370525_7 One of the tannins was identified as puncalagin (an ellagitannin), whilst the structure of the other (CM-A) has not yet been fully elucidated. 16370525_8 The saponins that were characterized as arjunglucoside (also called 4-epi-sericoside) and sericoside did not inhibit replication of either HIV-1 or HIV-2. 16370525 139 144 HIV-1 Negative_phenotype 16370525 148 153 HIV-2 Negative_phenotype 16370525_9 On the other hand, both punicalgin and CM-A displayed selective inhibition of HIV-1 replication with selectrvitv indices (ratio of 50% cytotoxic concentration to 50% effective antiviral concentration) of 16 and 25, respectivelvy and afforded cell protection of viral induced cytopathic effect of 100% when compared with control samples. 16370525 78 83 HIV-1 Negative_phenotype 16370525 176 185 antiviral Positive_phenotype 16370525 261 285 viral induced cytopathic Negative_phenotype 16370525_10 Neither of the tannins exhibited a selective inhibition to HIV-2 replication at nontoxic doses. 16370525 59 64 HIV-2 Negative_phenotype 16372366_1 Panax ginseng reduces adriamycin-induced heart failure in rats. 16372366 0 13 Panax ginseng Plant 16372366 41 54 heart failure Negative_phenotype 16372366 Decrease 0 13 Panax ginseng Plant 41 54 heart failure Negative_phenotype 16372366_2 The purpose of this study was to investigate the protective effects of Panax ginseng on adriamycin-induced heart failure. 16372366 71 84 Panax ginseng Plant 16372366 107 120 heart failure Negative_phenotype 16372366_3 Wistar rats were divided into four groups: control, adriamycin, ginseng and adriamycin with ginseng. 16372366 64 71 ginseng Plant 16372366 92 99 ginseng Plant 16372366_4 Adriamycin (cumulative dose, 15 mg/kg) was administered to rats in six equal intraperitoneal injections over a period of 2 weeks. 16372366_5 Ginseng was administered via an oral feeding tube once a day for 30 days (cumulative dose, 150 g/kg). 16372366 0 7 Ginseng Plant 16372366_6 At the end of the 5 week post-treatment period, the hearts of the rats were used to study the synthesis rates of DNA, RNA and protein, myocardial antioxidants and lipid peroxidation. 16372366 146 158 antioxidants Positive_phenotype 16372366_7 At the end of 3 weeks treatment, heart failure was characterized by ascites, congested liver and depressed cardiac function. 16372366 33 46 heart failure Negative_phenotype 16372366 68 75 ascites Negative_phenotype 16372366 77 92 congested liver Negative_phenotype 16372366 107 123 cardiac function Positive_phenotype 16372366_8 Nucleic acid as well as protein synthesis was inhibited, lipid peroxidation was increased and myocardial glutathione peroxidase activity was decreased indicating adriamycin-induced heart failure. 16372366 181 194 heart failure Negative_phenotype 16372366_9 In contrast, the administration of ginseng, before and concurrent with adriamycin, significantly attenuated the myocardial effects, lowered the mortality as well as the amount of ascites, increased in myocardial glutathione peroxidase, macromolecular biosynthesis and superoxide dismutase activities, with a concomitant decrease in lipid peroxidation. 16372366 35 42 ginseng Plant 16372366 144 153 mortality Negative_phenotype 16372366 179 186 ascites Negative_phenotype 16372366 Decrease 35 42 ginseng Plant 144 153 mortality Negative_phenotype 16372366 Decrease 35 42 ginseng Plant 179 186 ascites Negative_phenotype 16372366_10 These findings indicated that ginseng may be partially protective against adriamycin-induced heart failure. 16372366 30 37 ginseng Plant 16372366 93 106 heart failure Negative_phenotype 16372366 Decrease 30 37 ginseng Plant 93 106 heart failure Negative_phenotype 16388923_1 Studies on hepatoprotective and antioxidant actions of Strychnos potatorum Linn. 16388923 11 27 hepatoprotective Positive_phenotype 16388923 32 43 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 16388923 55 80 Strychnos potatorum Linn. Plant 16388923_2 seeds on CCl4-induced acute hepatic injury in experimental rats. 16388923 22 42 acute hepatic injury Negative_phenotype 16388923_3 Strychnos potatorum Linn. 16388923 0 25 Strychnos potatorum Linn. Plant 16388923_4 seeds are used in the Indian traditional system of medicine for the treatment of hepatopathy, nephropathy, gonorrhoea, leucorrhoea, gastropathy, bronchitis, chronic diarrhoea, strangury, renal and vesicle calculi, diabetes and eye diseases. 16388923 81 92 hepatopathy Negative_phenotype 16388923 94 105 nephropathy Negative_phenotype 16388923 107 117 gonorrhoea Negative_phenotype 16388923 119 130 leucorrhoea Negative_phenotype 16388923 132 143 gastropathy Negative_phenotype 16388923 145 155 bronchitis Negative_phenotype 16388923 157 174 chronic diarrhoea Negative_phenotype 16388923 176 185 strangury Negative_phenotype 16388923 187 212 renal and vesicle calculi Negative_phenotype 16388923 214 222 diabetes Negative_phenotype 16388923 227 239 eye diseases Negative_phenotype 16388923_5 The present study describes the hepatoprotective and antioxidant activities of the seed powder (SPP) and aqueous extract (SPE) of Strychnos potatorum seeds against CCl4-induced acute hepatic injury. 16388923 32 48 hepatoprotective Positive_phenotype 16388923 53 64 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 16388923 96 99 SPP Plant 16388923 122 125 SPE Plant 16388923 130 149 Strychnos potatorum Plant 16388923 177 197 acute hepatic injury Negative_phenotype 16388923 Increase 32 48 hepatoprotective Positive_phenotype 96 99 SPP Plant 16388923 Increase 32 48 hepatoprotective Positive_phenotype 122 125 SPE Plant 16388923 Increase 32 48 hepatoprotective Positive_phenotype 130 149 Strychnos potatorum Plant 16388923 Increase 53 64 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 96 99 SPP Plant 16388923 Increase 53 64 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 122 125 SPE Plant 16388923 Increase 53 64 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 130 149 Strychnos potatorum Plant 16388923 Decrease 96 99 SPP Plant 177 197 acute hepatic injury Negative_phenotype 16388923 Decrease 122 125 SPE Plant 177 197 acute hepatic injury Negative_phenotype 16388923 Decrease 130 149 Strychnos potatorum Plant 177 197 acute hepatic injury Negative_phenotype 16388923_6 Hepatic injury was achieved by injecting 3 ml/kg, s.c. of CCl4 in equal proportion with olive oil. 16388923 0 14 Hepatic injury Negative_phenotype 16388923_7 Both SPP and SPE at the doses 100 and 200 mg/kg, p.o. 16388923 5 8 SPP Plant 16388923 13 16 SPE Plant 16388923_8 offered significant (p < 0.001) hepatoprotective action by reducing the serum marker enzymes like serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT) and serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT). 16388923 32 48 hepatoprotective Positive_phenotype 16388923_9 They also reduced the elevated levels of ALP and serum bilirubin. 16388923_10 Reduced enzymic and nonenzymic antioxidant levels and elevated lipid peroxide levels were restored to normal by administration of SPP and SPE. 16388923 31 42 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 16388923 130 133 SPP Plant 16388923 138 141 SPE Plant 16388923 Increase 31 42 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 130 133 SPP Plant 16388923 Increase 31 42 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 138 141 SPE Plant 16388923_11 Histopathological studies further confirmed the hepatoprotective activity of SPP and SPE when compared with the CCl4 treated control groups. 16388923 48 64 hepatoprotective Positive_phenotype 16388923 77 80 SPP Plant 16388923 85 88 SPE Plant 16388923 Increase 48 64 hepatoprotective Positive_phenotype 77 80 SPP Plant 16388923 Increase 48 64 hepatoprotective Positive_phenotype 85 88 SPE Plant 16388923_12 The results obtained were compared with Silymarin (50 mg/kg, p.o. ), the standard drug. 16388923_13 In conclusion, SPE (200 mg/kg, p.o.) showed significant hepatoprotective activity similar to that of the standard drug, Silymarin (50 mg/kg, p.o. ). 16388923 15 18 SPE Plant 16388923 56 72 hepatoprotective Positive_phenotype 16388923 Increase 15 18 SPE Plant 56 72 hepatoprotective Positive_phenotype 16414865_1 Bioactivity evaluation of Bergenia ciliata. 16414865 26 42 Bergenia ciliata Plant 16414865_2 Bergenia ciliata was subjected to bioactivity analysis. 16414865 0 16 Bergenia ciliata Plant 16414865_3 The records of these investigations are described in this communication. 16414865_4 A study made on the bioactivity analysis of medicinal herb Bergenia ciliata, which in folkloric medicine is used to cure hypoglycemic activity. 16414865 59 75 Bergenia ciliata Plant 16414865 121 133 hypoglycemic Negative_phenotype 16414865_5 A battery of assays was performed on different extracts of Bergenia ciliata which include hypoglycemic activities, toxic evaluations such as acute systemic and intracutaneous toxicity as well hemolysis test. 16414865 59 75 Bergenia ciliata Plant 16414865 90 102 hypoglycemic Negative_phenotype 16414865 115 120 toxic Negative_phenotype 16414865 141 183 acute systemic and intracutaneous toxicity Negative_phenotype 16414865 192 201 hemolysis Negative_phenotype 16414865_6 Bergenia ciliata has been employed in folklore medicine to treat symptoms of diabetes mellitus. 16414865 0 16 Bergenia ciliata Plant 16414865 65 94 symptoms of diabetes mellitus Negative_phenotype 16414865 Decrease 0 16 Bergenia ciliata Plant 65 94 symptoms of diabetes mellitus Negative_phenotype 16414865_7 All the extracts except chloroform extract of root and leaves of Bergenia ciliata were found to possess hypoglycemic activity in Streptozotocin (STZ) treated rats. 16414865 65 81 Bergenia ciliata Plant 16414865 104 116 hypoglycemic Negative_phenotype 16414865 Decrease 65 81 Bergenia ciliata Plant 104 116 hypoglycemic Negative_phenotype 16414865_8 Therefore the plant can be classified as hypoglycemic, hypoglycemic activity in experimental diabetes ranging from 40-70% of its onset to reduce blood glucose level. 16414865 41 53 hypoglycemic Negative_phenotype 16414865 55 67 hypoglycemic Negative_phenotype 16414865 93 101 diabetes Negative_phenotype 16414865 145 164 blood glucose level Neutral_phenotype 16414865_9 The toxicological investigations of Bergenia ciliata with particular reference to acute systematic toxicity and intracutaneous toxicity in experimental animals displayed that it elicit severe toxicity. 16414865 36 52 Bergenia ciliata Plant 16414865 82 107 acute systematic toxicity Negative_phenotype 16414865 112 135 intracutaneous toxicity Negative_phenotype 16414865 192 200 toxicity Negative_phenotype 16414865 Increase 36 52 Bergenia ciliata Plant 82 107 acute systematic toxicity Negative_phenotype 16414865 Increase 36 52 Bergenia ciliata Plant 112 135 intracutaneous toxicity Negative_phenotype 16414865 Increase 36 52 Bergenia ciliata Plant 192 200 toxicity Negative_phenotype 16414865_10 The symptoms of toxicity in intracutaneous test showed erythema and edema whereas assessment of acute systemic toxicity frequently observed breathing problem and initiations of diarrhea with blood in stool of experimental model and caused gastero-intestinal syndrome. 16414865 4 24 symptoms of toxicity Negative_phenotype 16414865 55 63 erythema Negative_phenotype 16414865 68 73 edema Negative_phenotype 16414865 96 119 acute systemic toxicity Negative_phenotype 16414865 140 157 breathing problem Negative_phenotype 16414865 177 185 diarrhea Negative_phenotype 16414865 191 205 blood in stool Negative_phenotype 16414865 239 266 gastero-intestinal syndrome Negative_phenotype 16414865_11 Bergenia ciliata can produce toxicity suggesting a role in certain diseases. 16414865 0 16 Bergenia ciliata Plant 16414865 29 37 toxicity Negative_phenotype 16414865 Increase 0 16 Bergenia ciliata Plant 29 37 toxicity Negative_phenotype 16414865_12 It is therefore, premature to speculate about mechanism of effect until toxin(s) is unequivocally identified. 16414865 72 77 toxin Negative_phenotype 16414865_13 The hemolysis test on the extract of Bergenia ciliata was almost devoid of activity. 16414865 4 13 hemolysis Negative_phenotype 16414865 37 53 Bergenia ciliata Plant 16437743_1 Therapeutic effects and molecular mechanisms of Ginkgo biloba extract on liver fibrosis in rats. 16437743 48 61 Ginkgo biloba Plant 16437743 73 87 liver fibrosis Negative_phenotype 16437743_2 Oxidative stress can be implicated as a cause of liver fibrosis. 16437743 0 16 Oxidative stress Negative_phenotype 16437743 49 63 liver fibrosis Negative_phenotype 16437743_3 In this sense, Ginkgo Biloba Extract (EGB), an antioxidant, may be beneficial in restraining liver fibrosis. 16437743 15 28 Ginkgo Biloba Plant 16437743 38 41 EGB Plant 16437743 47 58 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 16437743 93 107 liver fibrosis Negative_phenotype 16437743 Increase 15 28 Ginkgo Biloba Plant 47 58 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 16437743 Decrease 15 28 Ginkgo Biloba Plant 93 107 liver fibrosis Negative_phenotype 16437743 Increase 38 41 EGB Plant 47 58 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 16437743 Decrease 38 41 EGB Plant 93 107 liver fibrosis Negative_phenotype 16437743_4 The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of EGB on experimental liver fibrosis. 16437743 53 56 EGB Plant 16437743 73 87 liver fibrosis Negative_phenotype 16437743_5 Rat liver fibrosis was induced by intraperitoneal injection of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) twice a week for 8 weeks. 16437743 4 18 liver fibrosis Negative_phenotype 16437743_6 Three groups of rats received EGB (0.25, 0.5 and 1.0 g/kg, respectively) by stomach everyday. 16437743 30 33 EGB Plant 16437743_7 CCl4 administration induced liver fibrosis, which was inhibited by EGB in a dose-dependent manner. 16437743 28 42 liver fibrosis Negative_phenotype 16437743 67 70 EGB Plant 16437743 Decrease 28 42 liver fibrosis Negative_phenotype 67 70 EGB Plant 16437743_8 The histopathologic score of fibrosis, liver function and the levels of plasma hyaluronic acid (HA) and laminin (LN) were significantly improved in rats treated with CCl4 + EGB, compared with those treated with CCl4 only (p < 0.01 or p < 0.05). 16437743 29 37 fibrosis Negative_phenotype 16437743 39 53 liver function Positive_phenotype 16437743 173 176 EGB Plant 16437743 Decrease 29 37 fibrosis Negative_phenotype 173 176 EGB Plant 16437743 Increase 39 53 liver function Positive_phenotype 173 176 EGB Plant 16437743_9 The activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) were notably elevated, while malondialdehyde (MDA) content was significantly decreased in the rats treated with CCl4 + EGB (p < 0.01 or p < 0.05). 16437743 200 203 EGB Plant 16437743_10 Inhibition of hepatic stellate cell (HSC) activation and nuclear factor kappaBP65 (NF-kappaBP65) expression was demonstrated in the livers of EGB-treated rats. 16437743 142 145 EGB Plant 16437743_11 The activation of NF-kappaB was significantly suppressed in EGB-treated rats determined by electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA). 16437743 60 63 EGB Plant 16437743_12 Furthermore, EGB reduced expressions of transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) and collagen I mRNA. 16437743 13 16 EGB Plant 16437743_13 In conclusion, EGB is able to ameliorate liver injury and prevent rats from CCl4-induced liver fibrosis by suppressing oxidative stress. 16437743 15 18 EGB Plant 16437743 41 53 liver injury Negative_phenotype 16437743 89 103 liver fibrosis Negative_phenotype 16437743 119 135 oxidative stress Negative_phenotype 16437743 Decrease 15 18 EGB Plant 41 53 liver injury Negative_phenotype 16437743 Decrease 15 18 EGB Plant 89 103 liver fibrosis Negative_phenotype 16437743 Decrease 15 18 EGB Plant 119 135 oxidative stress Negative_phenotype 16437743_14 This process may be related to inhibiting the induction of NF-kappaB on HSC activation and the expression of TGF-beta1. 16444665_1 Green tea (Camellia sinensis) extract ameliorates endotoxin induced sickness behavior and liver damage in rats. 16444665 6 9 tea Plant 16444665 11 28 Camellia sinensis Plant 16444665 68 85 sickness behavior Negative_phenotype 16444665 90 102 liver damage Negative_phenotype 16444665 Decrease 6 9 tea Plant 68 85 sickness behavior Negative_phenotype 16444665 Decrease 6 9 tea Plant 90 102 liver damage Negative_phenotype 16444665 Decrease 11 28 Camellia sinensis Plant 68 85 sickness behavior Negative_phenotype 16444665 Decrease 11 28 Camellia sinensis Plant 90 102 liver damage Negative_phenotype 16444665_2 Immune activation, either by cytokines or endotoxin, elicits a constellation of nonspecific symptoms such as weakness, malaise, listlessness, fatigue, adipsia, anorexia, depression and anxiety collectively termed as sickness behavior. 16444665 0 17 Immune activation Positive_phenotype 16444665 109 117 weakness Negative_phenotype 16444665 119 126 malaise Negative_phenotype 16444665 128 140 listlessness Negative_phenotype 16444665 142 149 fatigue Negative_phenotype 16444665 151 158 adipsia Negative_phenotype 16444665 160 168 anorexia Negative_phenotype 16444665 170 180 depression Negative_phenotype 16444665 185 192 anxiety Negative_phenotype 16444665 216 233 sickness behavior Negative_phenotype 16444665_3 Further, endotoxin administration in animals has been implicated in the pathogenesis of many types of liver disease. 16444665 102 115 liver disease Negative_phenotype 16444665_4 Green tea, a common household drink, is rich in antioxidant polyphenols demonstrating inhibitory effects on cytokine production. 16444665 6 9 tea Plant 16444665 48 59 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 16444665 Increase 6 9 tea Plant 48 59 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 16444665_5 The present study was designed to investigate the effect of chronic treatment of green tea extract (GTE) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced sickness behavior and liver damage in rats. 16444665 87 90 tea Plant 16444665 100 103 GTE Plant 16444665 141 158 sickness behavior Negative_phenotype 16444665 163 175 liver damage Negative_phenotype 16444665_6 The hypothesis was tested through the analysis of LPS-induced behavioral changes in rats, in plus maze and open field paradigms. 16444665_7 Other parameters such as feeding and water consumption, weight loss and organ weight index were also estimated. 16444665 25 54 feeding and water consumption Neutral_phenotype 16444665 56 62 weight Neutral_phenotype 16444665 72 90 organ weight index Neutral_phenotype 16444665_8 Liver function tests were conducted to investigate the effect of GTE supplementation on LPS-induced hepatic dysfunction. 16444665 65 68 GTE Plant 16444665 100 119 hepatic dysfunction Negative_phenotype 16444665_9 The results of the study demonstrated that GTE significantly attenuated LPS-induced sickness behavior as well as hepatic damage either by its antioxidant activity or by inhibiting LPS induced cytokine production in rats. 16444665 43 46 GTE Plant 16444665 84 101 sickness behavior Negative_phenotype 16444665 113 127 hepatic damage Negative_phenotype 16444665 142 153 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 16444665 Decrease 43 46 GTE Plant 84 101 sickness behavior Negative_phenotype 16444665 Decrease 43 46 GTE Plant 113 127 hepatic damage Negative_phenotype 16444665 Increase 43 46 GTE Plant 142 153 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 16462030_1 Enhancement of neuroprotection of mulberry leaves (Morus alba L.) prepared by the anaerobic treatment against ischemic damage. 16462030 15 30 neuroprotection Positive_phenotype 16462030 34 42 mulberry Plant 16462030 51 64 Morus alba L. Plant 16462030 110 125 ischemic damage Negative_phenotype 16462030_2 Several neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases have been attributed to gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) depletion in the brain. 16462030 39 75 Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases Negative_phenotype 16462030_3 In order to provide a pharmacological basis for the neuroprotective actions of the enhanced accumulation of GABA in mulberry leaves (ML) against cerebral ischemia in vitro and in vivo, a process was developed to enhance the accumulation of GABA in mulberry leaves (GAML) as a result of the various anaerobic treatments. 16462030 52 67 neuroprotective Positive_phenotype 16462030 116 124 mulberry Plant 16462030 133 135 ML Plant 16462030 145 162 cerebral ischemia Negative_phenotype 16462030 248 256 mulberry Plant 16462030 265 269 GAML Plant 16462030_4 The GABA concentrations were changed by N(2) gas purging, the reaction temperature, reaction time, pH and the leaf size. 16462030_5 GABA enhanced the potential of neuroprotection in the PC12 cells damaged by H(2)O(2)-induced oxidation. 16462030 31 46 neuroprotection Positive_phenotype 16462030 54 58 PC12 Negative_phenotype 16462030_6 GAML reduced the cytotoxicity in the PC12 cells against oxygen glucose deprivation-induced cerebral ischemic condition. 16462030 0 4 GAML Plant 16462030 37 41 PC12 Negative_phenotype 16462030 91 108 cerebral ischemic Negative_phenotype 16462030 Decrease 0 4 GAML Plant 37 41 PC12 Negative_phenotype 16462030 Decrease 0 4 GAML Plant 91 108 cerebral ischemic Negative_phenotype 16462030_7 The neuroprotective effect of GAML was further demonstrated in vivo using middle cerebral artery occlusion brain injury model. 16462030 4 19 neuroprotective Positive_phenotype 16462030 30 34 GAML Plant 16462030 74 119 middle cerebral artery occlusion brain injury Negative_phenotype 16462030 Increase 4 19 neuroprotective Positive_phenotype 30 34 GAML Plant 16462030 Decrease 30 34 GAML Plant 74 119 middle cerebral artery occlusion brain injury Negative_phenotype 16462030_8 GAML significantly decreased the infarct volume of the brain compared with than control group. 16462030 0 4 GAML Plant 16462030 33 47 infarct volume Negative_phenotype 16462030 Decrease 0 4 GAML Plant 33 47 infarct volume Negative_phenotype 16462030_9 Overall, these results suggest that the anaerobic treatment of ML makes GAML enhance the neuroprotection effect against in vivo cerebral ischemia such as in vitro. 16462030 63 65 ML Plant 16462030 72 76 GAML Plant 16462030 89 104 neuroprotection Positive_phenotype 16462030 128 145 cerebral ischemia Negative_phenotype 16462030 Increase 63 65 ML Plant 89 104 neuroprotection Positive_phenotype 16462030 Decrease 63 65 ML Plant 128 145 cerebral ischemia Negative_phenotype 16462030 Increase 72 76 GAML Plant 89 104 neuroprotection Positive_phenotype 16462030 Decrease 72 76 GAML Plant 128 145 cerebral ischemia Negative_phenotype 16475702_1 Diallyl disulfide inhibits WEHI-3 leukemia cells in vivo. 16475702 27 33 WEHI-3 Negative_phenotype 16475702 34 42 leukemia Negative_phenotype 16475702_2 Enhanced garlic (Allium sativum) consumption is closely related to reduced cancer incidence, as shown in epidemiological studies. 16475702 9 15 garlic Plant 16475702 17 31 Allium sativum Plant 16475702 75 81 cancer Negative_phenotype 16475702 Decrease 9 15 garlic Plant 75 81 cancer Negative_phenotype 16475702 Decrease 17 31 Allium sativum Plant 75 81 cancer Negative_phenotype 16475702_3 Diallyl disulfide (DADS), a component of garlic, inhibits the proliferation of human blood, colon, lung and skin cancer cells. 16475702 41 47 garlic Plant 16475702 85 119 blood, colon, lung and skin cancer Negative_phenotype 16475702 Decrease 41 47 garlic Plant 85 119 blood, colon, lung and skin cancer Negative_phenotype 16475702_4 Although DADS had been reported to induce apoptosis in human leukemia HL-60 cells, there are no reports regarding whether or not it affects leukemia cells in vivo. 16475702 61 69 leukemia Negative_phenotype 16475702 70 75 HL-60 Negative_phenotype 16475702 140 148 leukemia Negative_phenotype 16475702_5 Therefore, the present study is focused on the in vivo effects of DADS on WEHI-3 leukemia cells. 16475702 74 80 WEHI-3 Negative_phenotype 16475702 81 89 leukemia Negative_phenotype 16475702_6 The effects of DADS on murine WEHI-3 cells were initially examined, and the results indicated that DADS induced cytotoxicity and that this effect was dose-dependent. 16475702 30 36 WEHI-3 Negative_phenotype 16475702_7 The effects of DADS on WEHI-3 in BALBIc mice were also examined, and the results indicated that DADS decreased the percentage of MAC-3 marker, indicating that differentiation of the precursor of macrophage and T cells was inhibited. 16475702 23 29 WEHI-3 Negative_phenotype 16475702_8 The weights of liver and spleen were also measured, and the results indicated that DADS decreased the weight of these organs. 16475702 4 31 weights of liver and spleen Neutral_phenotype 16475702_9 An important characteristic of WEHI-3 leukemia is the enlarged spleen in mice after i.p. 16475702 31 37 WEHI-3 Negative_phenotype 16475702 38 46 leukemia Negative_phenotype 16475702_10 injection of WEHI-3 cells. 16475702 13 19 WEHI-3 Negative_phenotype 16475702_11 Based on pathological examination, the function of DADS was observed in the liver and spleen of mice previously injected with WEHI-3 cells. 16475702 126 132 WEHI-3 Negative_phenotype 16475702_12 Apparently, DADS affects WEHI-3 cells both in vitro and in vivo. 16475702 25 31 WEHI-3 Negative_phenotype 16499028_1 [Experimental study about the protective effect of Ginkgo biloba extract on renal acute ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats]. 16499028 51 64 Ginkgo biloba Plant 16499028 76 115 renal acute ischemia-reperfusion injury Negative_phenotype 16499028_2 OBJECTIVE: To study the protective effect of Ginkgo biloba extract(EGb) on the kidney in the case of ischemia-reperfusion injury. 16499028 45 58 Ginkgo biloba Plant 16499028 67 70 EGb Plant 16499028 101 128 ischemia-reperfusion injury Negative_phenotype 16499028_3 METHOD: The model of renal ischemia-reperfusion injury in male rats was made by ligation of left renal artery for 45 min and 4 h of reperfusion. 16499028 21 54 renal ischemia-reperfusion injury Negative_phenotype 16499028 132 143 reperfusion Negative_phenotype 16499028_4 The rats with pretreament were fed with EGb prior to operation. 16499028 40 43 EGb Plant 16499028_5 The change of MDA, SOD, Na+-K+-ATPase, Ca2+-ATPase in kidney and BUN, Cr in plasma were determined. 16499028_6 The renal pathologic changes were observed. 16499028_7 RESULT: After ischemia-reperfusion, the content of MDA in renal cortex and the levels of BUN, Cr in plasma were increased,the activity of SOD,Na+-K+-ATPase, Ca2+-ATPase in renal cortex were decreased, and the phathological changes induced by ischemia-reperfusion in renal tissues were observed clearly. 16499028 14 34 ischemia-reperfusion Negative_phenotype 16499028 242 279 ischemia-reperfusion in renal tissues Negative_phenotype 16499028_8 The pretreatment of rats with EGb coued significantly prevente the reduction of SOD, Na+-K+-ATPase, Ca2+-ATPase activity in renal cortex and the increase of MDA content in renal cortex, decrease the concenration of BUN, Cr in plasma. 16499028 30 33 EGb Plant 16499028_9 The pathological changes of proximal tubular cells in rats kidneys induced by ischemia-reperfusion were also prevented by the pretreatment with EGb. 16499028 78 98 ischemia-reperfusion Negative_phenotype 16499028 144 147 EGb Plant 16499028 Decrease 78 98 ischemia-reperfusion Negative_phenotype 144 147 EGb Plant 16499028_10 CONCLUSION: EGb can protect rats from renal injuries caused by ischemia-reperfusion. 16499028 12 15 EGb Plant 16499028 38 83 renal injuries caused by ischemia-reperfusion Negative_phenotype 16499028 Decrease 12 15 EGb Plant 38 83 renal injuries caused by ischemia-reperfusion Negative_phenotype 16540336_1 Hypericum perforatum L. extract - novel photosensitizer against human bladder cancer cells. 16540336 0 23 Hypericum perforatum L. Plant 16540336 70 84 bladder cancer Negative_phenotype 16540336_2 The polar methanolic fraction (PMF) of the Hypericum perforatum L. extract has recently been developed and tested as a novel, natural photosensitizer for use in the photodynamic therapy (PDT), and photodynamic diagnosis (PDD). 16540336 43 66 Hypericum perforatum L. Plant 16540336_3 PMF has been tested on HL-60 leukemic cells and cord blood hemopoietic progenitors. 16540336 23 28 HL-60 Negative_phenotype 16540336 29 37 leukemic Negative_phenotype 16540336_4 In the present study, the efficacy of PMF as a phototoxic agent against urinary bladder carcinoma has been studied using the T24 (high grade metastatic cancer), and RT4 (primary low grade papillary transitional cell carcinoma) human bladder cancer cells. 16540336 72 97 urinary bladder carcinoma Negative_phenotype 16540336 125 128 T24 Negative_phenotype 16540336 141 158 metastatic cancer Negative_phenotype 16540336 165 168 RT4 Negative_phenotype 16540336 188 225 papillary transitional cell carcinoma Negative_phenotype 16540336 233 247 bladder cancer Negative_phenotype 16540336_5 Following cell culture incubation, PMF was excited using 630 nm laser light. 16540336_6 The photosensitizer exhibited significant photocytotoxicity in both cell lines at a concentration of 60microg/ml, with 4-8 J/cm(2) light dose, resulting in cell destruction from 80% to 86%. 16540336_7 At the concentration of 20microg/ml PMF was not active in either cell line. 16540336_8 These results were compared with the results obtained in the same cell lines, under the same conditions with a clinically approved photosensitizer, Photofrin. 16540336_9 Photofrin was used in the maximum clinically tolerable dose of 4microg/ml, and it was also excited with 630 nm laser light. 16540336_10 In the T24 cell Photofrin exhibited slightly less photocytotocixity, compared with PMF, resulting in 77% cell death with 8J/cm(2) light dose. 16540336 7 10 T24 Negative_phenotype 16540336_11 However, against the RT4 cells Photofrin resulted in minimal cell death (9%) with even 8J/cm(2) light dose. 16540336 21 24 RT4 Negative_phenotype 16540336_12 Finally, the type of cell death induced by PMF photoactivation was studied using flow cytometry and DNA laddering. 16540336_13 Cell death by PMF photodynamic action in these two bladder cell lines is caused predominently by apoptosis. 16540336_14 The reported significant photocytotoxicity, selective localization, natural abundance, easy, and inexpensive preparation, underscore that the PMF extract hold the promise of being a novel, effective PDT photosensitizer. 16597000_1 Salicornia herbacea prevents high fat diet-induced hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia in ICR mice. 16597000 0 19 Salicornia herbacea Plant 16597000 51 64 hyperglycemia Negative_phenotype 16597000 69 83 hyperlipidemia Negative_phenotype 16597000 Decrease 0 19 Salicornia herbacea Plant 51 64 hyperglycemia Negative_phenotype 16597000 Decrease 0 19 Salicornia herbacea Plant 69 83 hyperlipidemia Negative_phenotype 16597000_2 Salicornia herbacea L. (Chenopodiaceae) has been used as a seasoned vegetable by living in coastal areas. 16597000 0 22 Salicornia herbacea L. Plant 16597000_3 S. herbacea (SH) has been demonstrated to stimulate cytokine production, nitric oxide release, and to show anti-oxidative effect. 16597000 0 11 S. herbacea Plant 16597000 13 15 SH Plant 16597000 107 121 anti-oxidative Positive_phenotype 16597000 Increase 0 11 S. herbacea Plant 107 121 anti-oxidative Positive_phenotype 16597000 Increase 13 15 SH Plant 107 121 anti-oxidative Positive_phenotype 16597000_4 In a series of investigations to develop potential anti-diabetic and/or anti-hyperlipidemic agents from Korean indigenous plants, 50% ethanol extract of Salicornia herbacea was found to prevent the onset of the hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia induced by high fat diet in ICR mice. 16597000 51 64 anti-diabetic Positive_phenotype 16597000 72 91 anti-hyperlipidemic Positive_phenotype 16597000 153 172 Salicornia herbacea Plant 16597000 211 224 hyperglycemia Negative_phenotype 16597000 229 243 hyperlipidemia Negative_phenotype 16597000 Decrease 153 172 Salicornia herbacea Plant 211 224 hyperglycemia Negative_phenotype 16597000 Decrease 153 172 Salicornia herbacea Plant 229 243 hyperlipidemia Negative_phenotype 16597000_5 At 6 week old, the ICR mice were randomly divided into five groups; two control and three treatment groups. 16597000_6 The control mice were to receive either a regular diet (RD) or high-fat diet (HFD), and the treatment groups were fed a high fat diet with either 350 mg/kg, 700 mg/kg of SH (SH350 and SH700) or 250 mg/kg of metformin (MT250) for a 10-week period. 16597000 170 172 SH Plant 16597000_7 SH not only reduced body weight but also corrected associated hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia in a dose dependent manner. 16597000 0 2 SH Plant 16597000 20 31 body weight Neutral_phenotype 16597000 62 75 hyperglycemia Negative_phenotype 16597000 80 94 hyperlipidemia Negative_phenotype 16597000 Decrease 0 2 SH Plant 20 31 body weight Neutral_phenotype 16597000 Decrease 0 2 SH Plant 62 75 hyperglycemia Negative_phenotype 16597000 Decrease 0 2 SH Plant 80 94 hyperlipidemia Negative_phenotype 16597000_8 SH exerted beneficial effects on the plasma glucose and lipid homeostasis possibly ascribed to its specific effects on lipogenesis related genes (SREBP1a, FAS, GAPT), and PEPCK, glucose 6-phosphatase gene expressions in liver. 16597000 0 2 SH Plant 16597000 37 51 plasma glucose Neutral_phenotype 16597000_9 Ethanol extract of S. herbacea has potential as a preventive agent for type 2 diabetes (and possibly hyperlipidemia) and deserves future clinical trial. 16597000 19 30 S. herbacea Plant 16597000 71 86 type 2 diabetes Negative_phenotype 16597000 101 115 hyperlipidemia Negative_phenotype 16597000 Decrease 19 30 S. herbacea Plant 71 86 type 2 diabetes Negative_phenotype 16597000 Decrease 19 30 S. herbacea Plant 101 115 hyperlipidemia Negative_phenotype 16651713_1 Anti-inflammatory activity of Ailanthus altissima in ovalbumin-induced lung inflammation. 16651713 0 17 Anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 16651713 30 49 Ailanthus altissima Plant 16651713 71 88 lung inflammation Negative_phenotype 16651713_2 As part of an ongoing investigation to find bioactive medicinal herbs exerting anti-inflammation activity, the effect of an ethanol extract from the parts of Ailanthus altissima (Simaroubaceae) was evaluated in both in vitro and in in vivo system. 16651713 79 96 anti-inflammation Positive_phenotype 16651713 158 177 Ailanthus altissima Plant 16651713_3 The ethanol extract of A. altissima (EAa) inhibited generation of the cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) dependent phases of prostaglandin D2 in bone marrow-derived mast cells (BMMC) in a concentration-dependent manner with an IC50 value of 214.6 microg/ml. 16651713 23 35 A. altissima Plant 16651713 37 40 EAa Plant 16651713_4 However, this compound did not inhibit COX-2 protein expression up to a concentration of 400 microg/ml in the BMMC, indicating that EAa directly inhibits COX-2 activity. 16651713 132 135 EAa Plant 16651713_5 In addition, EAa inhibited leukotriene C4 production with an IC50 value of 25.7 microg/ml. 16651713 13 16 EAa Plant 16651713_6 Furthermore, this compound inhibited degranulation reaction in a dose dependent manner, with an IC50 value of 27.3 microg/ml. 16651713_7 Ovalbumin (OVA)-sensitized mice were orally pretreated with EAa before aerosol challenges. 16651713 60 63 EAa Plant 16651713_8 EAa reduced the eosinophil infiltration into the airway and the eotaxin, IL-4, and IL-13 mRNA expression levels. 16651713 0 3 EAa Plant 16651713 16 55 eosinophil infiltration into the airway Negative_phenotype 16651713 Decrease 0 3 EAa Plant 16 55 eosinophil infiltration into the airway Negative_phenotype 16651713_9 These results suggest that the anti-inflammation activity of A. altissima in OVA-induced lung inflammation may occur in part via the down regulation of T(H)2 cytokines and eotaxin transcripts as well as the inhibition of inflammatory mediators. 16651713 31 48 anti-inflammation Positive_phenotype 16651713 61 73 A. altissima Plant 16651713 89 106 lung inflammation Negative_phenotype 16651713 Increase 31 48 anti-inflammation Positive_phenotype 61 73 A. altissima Plant 16651713 Decrease 61 73 A. altissima Plant 89 106 lung inflammation Negative_phenotype 16707202_1 Du-Zhong (Eucommia ulmoides Oliv.) leaves inhibits CCl4-induced hepatic damage in rats. 16707202 0 8 Du-Zhong Plant 16707202 10 33 Eucommia ulmoides Oliv. Plant 16707202 64 78 hepatic damage Negative_phenotype 16707202 Decrease 0 8 Du-Zhong Plant 64 78 hepatic damage Negative_phenotype 16707202 Decrease 10 33 Eucommia ulmoides Oliv. Plant 64 78 hepatic damage Negative_phenotype 16707202_2 The protective effects of water extract of Du-Zhong (Eucommia ulmoides Oliv.) leaves (WEDZ) and its active compound (protocatechuic acid; PCA) on liver damage were evaluated by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced chronic hepatotoxicity in rats. 16707202 43 51 Du-Zhong Plant 16707202 53 76 Eucommia ulmoides Oliv. Plant 16707202 86 90 WEDZ Plant 16707202 146 158 liver damage Negative_phenotype 16707202 213 235 chronic hepatotoxicity Negative_phenotype 16707202_3 Wistar rats were orally treated with WEDZ (0.1, 0.5, and 1.0 g/kg bw) or PCA (0.1 g/kg bw) with administration of CCl4 (0.5 ml/rat, 20% CCl4 in olive oil) for 28 consecutive days. 16707202 37 41 WEDZ Plant 16707202_4 It showed that CCl4-treated rats increased the relative organ weights of liver and kidney. 16707202 62 89 weights of liver and kidney Neutral_phenotype 16707202_5 CCl4-induced rats liver damage and significantly (p<0.05) increased the GOT, GPT, LDH and ALP levels in serum as compared with the control group. 16707202 18 30 liver damage Negative_phenotype 16707202_6 Treatment with WEDZ or PCA could decrease the GOT, GPT, LDH and ALP levels in serum when compared with CCl4-treated group. 16707202 15 19 WEDZ Plant 16707202_7 CCl4-treated rats also significantly (p<0.05) decreased the GSH content in liver and trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) in serum whereas increased (p<0.05) MDA content in liver as compared with the control group. 16707202_8 Treatment with WEDZ or PCA also significantly (p<0.05) increased the GSH content and significantly (p<0.05) decreased the MDA content in liver. 16707202 15 19 WEDZ Plant 16707202_9 Administration of WEDZ or PCA could increase the activities of GPx, GRd and GST in liver. 16707202 18 22 WEDZ Plant 16707202_10 Liver histopathology showed that WEDZ or PCA reduced the incidence of liver lesions including hepatic cells cloudy swelling, lymphocytes infiltration, cytoplasmic vacuolization, hepatic necrosis and fibrous connective tissue proliferated induced by CCl4 in rats. 16707202 33 37 WEDZ Plant 16707202 70 83 liver lesions Negative_phenotype 16707202 108 123 cloudy swelling Negative_phenotype 16707202 125 149 lymphocytes infiltration Negative_phenotype 16707202 151 176 cytoplasmic vacuolization Negative_phenotype 16707202 178 194 hepatic necrosis Negative_phenotype 16707202 Decrease 33 37 WEDZ Plant 70 83 liver lesions Negative_phenotype 16707202 Decrease 33 37 WEDZ Plant 108 123 cloudy swelling Negative_phenotype 16707202 Decrease 33 37 WEDZ Plant 125 149 lymphocytes infiltration Negative_phenotype 16707202 Decrease 33 37 WEDZ Plant 151 176 cytoplasmic vacuolization Negative_phenotype 16707202 Decrease 33 37 WEDZ Plant 178 194 hepatic necrosis Negative_phenotype 16707202_11 The data suggest that oral administration with WEDZ for 28 consecutive days significantly decrease the intensity of hepatic damage induced by CCl4 in rats. 16707202 47 51 WEDZ Plant 16707202 116 130 hepatic damage Negative_phenotype 16707202 Decrease 47 51 WEDZ Plant 116 130 hepatic damage Negative_phenotype 16787723_1 Anti-inflammatory effects of an ethanolic extract from Clematis mandshurica Rupr. 16787723 0 17 Anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 16787723 55 81 Clematis mandshurica Rupr. Plant 16787723_2 Clematis mandshurica Rupr (Ranunculaceae) roots are used in traditional Korean medicine to treat inflammation-related diseases. 16787723 0 25 Clematis mandshurica Rupr Plant 16787723 97 126 inflammation-related diseases Negative_phenotype 16787723 Decrease 0 25 Clematis mandshurica Rupr Plant 97 126 inflammation-related diseases Negative_phenotype 16787723_3 Therefore, we undertook to investigate their inhibitory effect on inflammation under non-cytotoxic conditions. 16787723 66 78 inflammation Negative_phenotype 16787723_4 The ethanolic extract of Clematis mandshurica at 100 microg/ml was found to significantly block the production of the pro-inflammatory mediators, nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)), in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/interferon(IFN)-gamma-stimulated mouse peritoneal macrophages, by up to 77% and 59%, respectively. 16787723 25 45 Clematis mandshurica Plant 16787723_5 In addition, it significantly inhibited cell proliferation and cytokine production (interleukin (IL)-2 and IFN-gamma) in splenocytes stimulated with Con A (concanavalin A; 5 microg/ml). 16787723_6 Furthermore, when splenocytes from extract fed mice (200 mg/kg for 2 weeks) were activated with Con A, cell proliferation and the production of IL-2 and IFN-gamma were significantly inhibited. 16787723_7 In addition, the extract reduced in vivo inflammation in oxazolone-induced delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) model mice. 16787723 41 104 inflammation in oxazolone-induced delayed type hypersensitivity Negative_phenotype 16787723 106 109 DTH Negative_phenotype 16787723_8 Taken together, these data suggest that Clematis mandshurica is able to ameliorate inflammatory disease by exerting an anti-inflammatory effect in cases of proinflammatory and cell-mediated inflammation. 16787723 40 60 Clematis mandshurica Plant 16787723 83 103 inflammatory disease Negative_phenotype 16787723 119 136 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 16787723 156 171 proinflammatory Negative_phenotype 16787723 190 202 inflammation Negative_phenotype 16787723 Decrease 40 60 Clematis mandshurica Plant 83 103 inflammatory disease Negative_phenotype 16787723 Increase 40 60 Clematis mandshurica Plant 119 136 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 16787723 Decrease 40 60 Clematis mandshurica Plant 156 171 proinflammatory Negative_phenotype 16787723 Decrease 40 60 Clematis mandshurica Plant 190 202 inflammation Negative_phenotype 16789436_1 Tamarix gallica ameliorates thioacetamide-induced hepatic oxidative stress and hyperproliferative response in Wistar rats. 16789436 0 15 Tamarix gallica Plant 16789436 50 74 hepatic oxidative stress Negative_phenotype 16789436 79 97 hyperproliferative Negative_phenotype 16789436 Decrease 0 15 Tamarix gallica Plant 50 74 hepatic oxidative stress Negative_phenotype 16789436 Decrease 0 15 Tamarix gallica Plant 79 97 hyperproliferative Negative_phenotype 16789436_2 Tamarix gallica, a hepatic stimulant and tonic, was examined for its ability to inhibit thioacetamide (TAA)-induced hepatic oxidative stress, toxicity and early tumor promotion response in male Wistar rats. 16789436 0 15 Tamarix gallica Plant 16789436 19 36 hepatic stimulant Positive_phenotype 16789436 116 140 hepatic oxidative stress Negative_phenotype 16789436 142 150 toxicity Negative_phenotype 16789436 161 166 tumor Negative_phenotype 16789436_3 TAA (6.6 mmol/kg body wt. 16789436_4 i.p) enhanced lipid peroxidation, hydrogen peroxide content, glutathione S-transferase and xanthine oxidase with reduction in the activities of hepatic antioxidant enzymes viz., glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and caused depletion in the level of hepatic glutathione content. 16789436_5 A marked increase in liver damage markers was also observed. 16789436 21 33 liver damage Negative_phenotype 16789436_6 TAA treatment also enhanced tumor promotion markers, ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity and [3H] thymidine incorporation into hepatic DNA. 16789436 28 33 tumor Negative_phenotype 16789436_7 Pretreatment of rats orally with Tamarix gallica extract (25 and 50 mg/kg body weight) prevented TAA-promoted oxidative stress and toxicity. 16789436 33 48 Tamarix gallica Plant 16789436 110 126 oxidative stress Negative_phenotype 16789436 131 139 toxicity Negative_phenotype 16789436 Decrease 33 48 Tamarix gallica Plant 110 126 oxidative stress Negative_phenotype 16789436 Decrease 33 48 Tamarix gallica Plant 131 139 toxicity Negative_phenotype 16789436_8 Prophylaxis with Tamarix gallica significantly reduced the susceptibility of the hepatic microsomal membrane for iron-ascorbate induced lipid peroxidation, H2O2 content, glutathione S-transferase and xanthine oxidase activities. 16789436 17 32 Tamarix gallica Plant 16789436_9 There was also reversal of the elevated levels of liver marker parameters and tumor promotion markers. 16789436 78 83 tumor Negative_phenotype 16789436_10 Our data suggests that Tamarix gallica is a potent chemopreventive agent and may suppress TAA-mediated hepatic oxidative stress, toxicity, and tumor promotion response in rats. 16789436 23 38 Tamarix gallica Plant 16789436 51 66 chemopreventive Positive_phenotype 16789436 103 127 hepatic oxidative stress Negative_phenotype 16789436 129 137 toxicity Negative_phenotype 16789436 143 148 tumor Negative_phenotype 16789436 Increase 23 38 Tamarix gallica Plant 51 66 chemopreventive Positive_phenotype 16789436 Decrease 23 38 Tamarix gallica Plant 103 127 hepatic oxidative stress Negative_phenotype 16789436 Decrease 23 38 Tamarix gallica Plant 129 137 toxicity Negative_phenotype 16789436 Decrease 23 38 Tamarix gallica Plant 143 148 tumor Negative_phenotype 16792749_1 Inhibitory effects of Rumex japonicus Houtt. 16792749 22 44 Rumex japonicus Houtt. Plant 16792749_2 on the development of atopic dermatitis-like skin lesions in NC/Nga mice. 16792749 22 57 atopic dermatitis-like skin lesions Negative_phenotype 16792749_3 BACKGROUND: Rumex japonicus Houtt. (RJH) is one of the herbs used in Eastern countries for the treatment of atopic dermatitis (AD). 16792749 12 34 Rumex japonicus Houtt. Plant 16792749 36 39 RJH Plant 16792749 108 125 atopic dermatitis Negative_phenotype 16792749 127 129 AD Negative_phenotype 16792749 Decrease 12 34 Rumex japonicus Houtt. Plant 108 125 atopic dermatitis Negative_phenotype 16792749 Decrease 12 34 Rumex japonicus Houtt. Plant 127 129 AD Negative_phenotype 16792749 Decrease 36 39 RJH Plant 108 125 atopic dermatitis Negative_phenotype 16792749 Decrease 36 39 RJH Plant 127 129 AD Negative_phenotype 16792749_4 It has been shown to have an antioxidative effect in human skin disease. 16792749 29 42 antioxidative Positive_phenotype 16792749 59 71 skin disease Negative_phenotype 16792749_5 OBJECTIVES: To examine whether RJH extract (RJH-E) suppresses the development of AD-like skin lesions in NC/Nga mice, which are induced by the repeated application of picryl chloride (PC). 16792749 31 34 RJH Plant 16792749 44 49 RJH-E Plant 16792749 81 101 AD-like skin lesions Negative_phenotype 16792749_6 METHODS: The efficacy of RJH-E in NC/Nga mice was assessed by measuring symptom severity, scratching behaviour, Staphylococcus aureus numbers on an ear, and serum levels of IgE, interleukin (IL)-4 and interferon (IFN)-gamma. 16792749 25 30 RJH-E Plant 16792749 72 88 symptom severity Negative_phenotype 16792749 90 110 scratching behaviour Negative_phenotype 16792749 112 133 Staphylococcus aureus Negative_phenotype 16792749_7 RESULTS: Oral administration of RJH-E to NC/Nga mice treated with PC inhibited the development of AD-like skin lesions as exemplified by a significant decrease in total skin symptom severity scores, and a decrease in hypertrophy, hyperkeratosis and infiltration of inflammatory cells in the skin. 16792749 32 37 RJH-E Plant 16792749 98 118 AD-like skin lesions Negative_phenotype 16792749 169 190 skin symptom severity Negative_phenotype 16792749 217 228 hypertrophy Negative_phenotype 16792749 230 244 hyperkeratosis Negative_phenotype 16792749 Decrease 32 37 RJH-E Plant 98 118 AD-like skin lesions Negative_phenotype 16792749 Decrease 32 37 RJH-E Plant 169 190 skin symptom severity Negative_phenotype 16792749 Decrease 32 37 RJH-E Plant 217 228 hypertrophy Negative_phenotype 16792749 Decrease 32 37 RJH-E Plant 230 244 hyperkeratosis Negative_phenotype 16792749_8 The scratching behaviour and numbers of S. aureus, which are known to be exacerbated in AD, were also significantly reduced by RJH-E. No significant change was observed in the serum levels of IFN-gamma, whereas IgE and IL-4 levels were significantly reduced by RJH-E. 16792749 4 24 scratching behaviour Negative_phenotype 16792749 40 49 S. aureus Negative_phenotype 16792749 88 90 AD Negative_phenotype 16792749 127 132 RJH-E Plant 16792749 261 266 RJH-E Plant 16792749 Decrease 4 24 scratching behaviour Negative_phenotype 127 132 RJH-E Plant 16792749 Decrease 40 49 S. aureus Negative_phenotype 127 132 RJH-E Plant 16792749 Decrease 88 90 AD Negative_phenotype 127 132 RJH-E Plant 16792749_9 CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that RJH-E inhibits the development of AD-like skin lesions in NC/Nga mice by suppressing the T-helper 2 cell response. 16792749 40 45 RJH-E Plant 16792749 74 94 AD-like skin lesions Negative_phenotype 16792749 Decrease 40 45 RJH-E Plant 74 94 AD-like skin lesions Negative_phenotype 16792749_10 Our results indicate that RJH treatment could provide an effective alternative therapy for the management of AD. 16792749 26 29 RJH Plant 16792749 109 111 AD Negative_phenotype 16792749 Decrease 26 29 RJH Plant 109 111 AD Negative_phenotype 16806112_1 Neuroprotective role of Z-ligustilide against forebrain ischemic injury in ICR mice. 16806112 0 15 Neuroprotective Positive_phenotype 16806112 56 71 ischemic injury Negative_phenotype 16806112_2 Radix Angelica sinensis, known as Danggui in Chinese, has been used to treat cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases in Traditional Chinese Medicine for a long time. 16806112 6 23 Angelica sinensis Plant 16806112 34 41 Danggui Plant 16806112 77 120 cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases Negative_phenotype 16806112 Decrease 6 23 Angelica sinensis Plant 77 120 cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases Negative_phenotype 16806112 Decrease 34 41 Danggui Plant 77 120 cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases Negative_phenotype 16806112_3 Modern phytochemical studies showed that Z-ligustilide (LIG) is the main lipophilic component of Danggui. 16806112 97 104 Danggui Plant 16806112_4 In this study, we examined whether LIG could protect ischemia/reperfusion-induced brain injury by minimizing oxidative stress and anti-apoptosis. 16806112 82 94 brain injury Negative_phenotype 16806112 109 125 oxidative stress Negative_phenotype 16806112_5 Transient forebrain cerebral ischemia (FCI) was induced by the bilateral common carotid arteries occlusion for 30 min. 16806112 10 37 forebrain cerebral ischemia Negative_phenotype 16806112 39 42 FCI Negative_phenotype 16806112 63 106 bilateral common carotid arteries occlusion Negative_phenotype 16806112_6 LIG was intraperitoneally injected to ICR mice at the beginning of reperfusion. 16806112_7 As determined via 2,3,5-triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining at 24 h following ischemia, the infarction volume in the FCI mice treated without LIG (22.1 +/- 2.6%) was significantly higher than that in the FCI mice treated with 5 mg/kg (11.8 +/- 5.2%) and 20 mg/kg (2.60 +/- 1.5%) LIG (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). 16806112 88 96 ischemia Negative_phenotype 16806112 102 130 infarction volume in the FCI Negative_phenotype 16806112 214 217 FCI Negative_phenotype 16806112_8 LIG treatment significantly decreased the level of malondialdehyde (MDA) and increased the activities of the antioxidant enzyme glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in the ischemic brain tissues (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01 vs. FCI group). 16806112 198 206 ischemic Negative_phenotype 16806112_9 In addition, LIG provided a great increase in Bcl-2 expression as well as a significant decrease in Bax and caspase-3 immunoreactivities in the ischemic cortex. 16806112 144 152 ischemic Negative_phenotype 16806112_10 The findings demonstrated that LIG could significantly protect the brain from damage induced by transient forebrain cerebral ischemia. 16806112 106 133 forebrain cerebral ischemia Negative_phenotype 16806112_11 The antioxidant and anti-apoptotic properties of LIG may contribute to the neuroprotective potential of LIG in cerebral ischemic damage. 16806112 4 15 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 16806112 75 90 neuroprotective Positive_phenotype 16806112 111 128 cerebral ischemic Negative_phenotype 16819169_1 Inhibition of anaphylaxis-like reaction and mast cell activation by water extract from the fruiting body of Phellinus linteus. 16819169 14 25 anaphylaxis Negative_phenotype 16819169 108 125 Phellinus linteus Plant 16819169_2 Mast cell-mediated anaphylactic reaction is involved in many allergic diseases such as asthma and allergic rhinitis. 16819169 19 31 anaphylactic Negative_phenotype 16819169 61 78 allergic diseases Negative_phenotype 16819169 87 93 asthma Negative_phenotype 16819169 98 115 allergic rhinitis Negative_phenotype 16819169_3 Phellinus linteus has been used as a traditional herb medicine in oriental countries and is known to have anti-tumor, immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, and anti-allergic activities. 16819169 0 17 Phellinus linteus Plant 16819169 106 116 anti-tumor Positive_phenotype 16819169 118 134 immunomodulatory Positive_phenotype 16819169 136 153 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 16819169 159 172 anti-allergic Positive_phenotype 16819169 Increase 0 17 Phellinus linteus Plant 106 116 anti-tumor Positive_phenotype 16819169 Increase 0 17 Phellinus linteus Plant 118 134 immunomodulatory Positive_phenotype 16819169 Increase 0 17 Phellinus linteus Plant 136 153 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 16819169 Increase 0 17 Phellinus linteus Plant 159 172 anti-allergic Positive_phenotype 16819169_4 However, roles of Phellinus linteus in the mast cell-mediated anaphylactic reactions have not fully been examined. 16819169 18 35 Phellinus linteus Plant 16819169 62 74 anaphylactic Negative_phenotype 16819169_5 In the present study, we have investigated the effects of water extract from the fruiting body of Phellinus linteus (WEPL) on mast cell-mediated anaphylaxis-like reactions. 16819169 98 115 Phellinus linteus Plant 16819169 117 121 WEPL Plant 16819169 145 156 anaphylaxis Negative_phenotype 16819169_6 Oral administration of WEPL inhibited the compound 48/80-induced systemic anaphylaxis-like reaction and ear swelling response. 16819169 23 27 WEPL Plant 16819169 74 85 anaphylaxis Negative_phenotype 16819169 104 116 ear swelling Negative_phenotype 16819169 Decrease 23 27 WEPL Plant 74 85 anaphylaxis Negative_phenotype 16819169 Decrease 23 27 WEPL Plant 104 116 ear swelling Negative_phenotype 16819169_7 WEPL also inhibited the anti-dinitrophenyl (DNP) IgE-mediated passive systemic and cutaneous anaphylaxis. 16819169 0 4 WEPL Plant 16819169 62 104 passive systemic and cutaneous anaphylaxis Negative_phenotype 16819169 Decrease 0 4 WEPL Plant 62 104 passive systemic and cutaneous anaphylaxis Negative_phenotype 16819169_8 WEPL had no cytotoxicity on rat peritoneal mast cells (RPMC). 16819169 0 4 WEPL Plant 16819169_9 WEPL dose-dependently reduced histamine release from RPMC activated by compound 48/80 or anti-DNP IgE. 16819169 0 4 WEPL Plant 16819169_10 Moreover, WEPL decreased the compound 48/80-induced calcium uptake into RPMC. 16819169 10 14 WEPL Plant 16819169_11 Furthermore, WEPL increased the level of intracellular cAMP and significantly inhibited the compound 48/80-induced cAMP reduction in RPMC. 16819169 13 17 WEPL Plant 16819169_12 These results suggest that WEPL may serve as an effective therapeutic agent for allergic diseases. 16819169 27 31 WEPL Plant 16819169 80 97 allergic diseases Negative_phenotype 16819169 Decrease 27 31 WEPL Plant 80 97 allergic diseases Negative_phenotype 16822210_1 Effect of spices on lipid metabolism in 1,2-dimethylhydrazine-induced rat colon carcinogenesis. 16822210 74 94 colon carcinogenesis Negative_phenotype 16822210_2 Colon cancer is the second most common cancer among men and women worldwide. 16822210 0 12 Colon cancer Negative_phenotype 16822210 39 45 cancer Negative_phenotype 16822210_3 We investigated the effect of red chilli (Capsicum annum L.), cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.), and black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) on colon cancer induced in rats by a colon-specific carcinogen, 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH). 16822210 30 40 red chilli Plant 16822210 42 59 Capsicum annum L. Plant 16822210 62 67 cumin Plant 16822210 69 87 Cuminum cyminum L. Plant 16822210 94 106 black pepper Plant 16822210 108 123 Piper nigrum L. Plant 16822210 128 140 colon cancer Negative_phenotype 16822210 162 187 colon-specific carcinogen Negative_phenotype 16822210_4 Colon cancer was induced by subcutaneous injection of DMH at a dosage of 20 mg/kg of body weight (15 doses, at 1-week intervals). 16822210 0 12 Colon cancer Negative_phenotype 16822210 85 96 body weight Neutral_phenotype 16822210_5 The rats were continued with the standard pellet diet and supplemented red chilli [C. annum L., 0.015% (wt/wt) mixed with the diet], cumin seeds [C. cyminum L., 1.25% (wt/wt) mixed with the diet], and black pepper (P. nigrum L., 0.5% (wt/wt) mixed with the diet] throughout the experimental period. 16822210 71 81 red chilli Plant 16822210 83 94 C. annum L. Plant 16822210 133 138 cumin Plant 16822210 146 159 C. cyminum L. Plant 16822210 201 213 black pepper Plant 16822210 215 227 P. nigrum L. Plant 16822210_6 After the total experimental period of 32 weeks (including 2 weeks of acclimatization) the incidence and number of tumors in the colon were observed to be significantly higher in the rats administered DMH and/or red chillis, as compared with the cumin + DMH and black pepper + DMH groups. 16822210 115 134 tumors in the colon Negative_phenotype 16822210 212 223 red chillis Plant 16822210 246 251 cumin Plant 16822210 262 274 black pepper Plant 16822210 Increase 115 134 tumors in the colon Negative_phenotype 212 223 red chillis Plant 16822210_7 No tumors were observed in the control, cumin + DMH, or black pepper + DMH groups. 16822210 40 45 cumin Plant 16822210 56 68 black pepper Plant 16822210_8 The levels of fecal bile acids and neutral sterols in 24-hour fecal samples were significantly decreased in DMH + chilli-administered rats, while the excretion of fecal bile acids and neutral sterols was significantly increased in cumin + DMH- and black pepper + DMH-administered rats. 16822210 114 120 chilli Plant 16822210 231 236 cumin Plant 16822210 248 260 black pepper Plant 16822210_9 In DMH-, chilli-, and chilli + DMH-administered rats the levels of cholesterol, cholesterol/phospholipid ratio, and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase activity were decreased in cumin + DMH- and black pepper + DMH-treated rats. 16822210 9 15 chilli Plant 16822210 22 28 chilli Plant 16822210 57 78 levels of cholesterol Neutral_phenotype 16822210 184 189 cumin Plant 16822210 201 213 black pepper Plant 16822210_10 The phospholipid levels were reduced in the DMH, chilli, and chilli + DMH groups as compared with the cumin + DMH and black pepper + DMH groups. 16822210 49 55 chilli Plant 16822210 61 67 chilli Plant 16822210 102 107 cumin Plant 16822210 118 130 black pepper Plant 16822210_11 Our results show that chilli supplementation promotes colon carcinogenesis, whereas cumin or black pepper suppresses colon carcinogensis in the presence of the procarcinogen DMH. 16822210 22 28 chilli Plant 16822210 54 74 colon carcinogenesis Negative_phenotype 16822210 84 89 cumin Plant 16822210 93 105 black pepper Plant 16822210 117 136 colon carcinogensis Negative_phenotype 16822210 Increase 22 28 chilli Plant 54 74 colon carcinogenesis Negative_phenotype 16822210 Decrease 84 89 cumin Plant 117 136 colon carcinogensis Negative_phenotype 16822210 Decrease 93 105 black pepper Plant 117 136 colon carcinogensis Negative_phenotype 16837801_1 Hepatitis induced by Noni juice from Morinda citrifolia: a rare cause of hepatotoxicity or the tip of the iceberg? 16837801 0 9 Hepatitis Negative_phenotype 16837801 21 25 Noni Plant 16837801 37 55 Morinda citrifolia Plant 16837801 73 87 hepatotoxicity Negative_phenotype 16837801_2 A 24-year-old female patient presented to her community hospital with mild elevations of serum transaminase and bilirubin levels. 16837801_3 Because of multiple sclerosis, she was treated with interferon beta-1a for 6 weeks. 16837801 11 29 multiple sclerosis Negative_phenotype 16837801_4 After exclusion of viral hepatitis due to hepatitis A-E, interferon beta-1a was withdrawn under the suspicion of drug-induced hepatitis. 16837801 19 34 viral hepatitis Negative_phenotype 16837801 42 55 hepatitis A-E Negative_phenotype 16837801 126 135 hepatitis Negative_phenotype 16837801_5 One week later, she was admitted again to her community hospital with severe icterus. 16837801 70 84 severe icterus Negative_phenotype 16837801_6 The transaminase and bilirubin levels were highly elevated, and a beginning impairment of the liver synthesis was expressed by a reduced prothrombin time. 16837801 76 109 impairment of the liver synthesis Negative_phenotype 16837801_7 The confinement to our department occurred with a fulminant hepatitis and the suspicion of beginning acute liver failure. 16837801 60 69 hepatitis Negative_phenotype 16837801 101 120 acute liver failure Negative_phenotype 16837801_8 There was no evidence for hepatitis due to potentially hepatotoxic viruses, alcoholic hepatitis, Budd-Chiari syndrome, hemochromatosis, and Wilson's disease. 16837801 26 35 hepatitis Negative_phenotype 16837801 55 74 hepatotoxic viruses Negative_phenotype 16837801 76 95 alcoholic hepatitis Negative_phenotype 16837801 97 117 Budd-Chiari syndrome Negative_phenotype 16837801 119 134 hemochromatosis Negative_phenotype 16837801 140 156 Wilson's disease Negative_phenotype 16837801_9 In her serum there were high titers of liver-kidney microsomal type 1 autoantibody; the serum gamma globulin levels were in the normal range. 16837801_10 Fine-needle aspiration biopsy of the liver ruled out an autoimmune hepatitis but showed signs of drug-induced toxicity. 16837801 56 76 autoimmune hepatitis Negative_phenotype 16837801 110 118 toxicity Negative_phenotype 16837801_11 During the interview, she admitted that for 'general immune system stimulation' she had been drinking Noni juice, a Polynesian herbal remedy made from a tropical fruit (Morinda citrifolia), during the past 4 weeks. 16837801 53 66 immune system Positive_phenotype 16837801 102 106 Noni Plant 16837801 169 187 Morinda citrifolia Plant 16837801_12 After cessation of the Noni juice ingestion, her transaminase levels normalized quickly and were in the normal range within 1 month. 16837801 23 27 Noni Plant 16865263_1 Coriolus versicolor (Yunzhi) extract attenuates growth of human leukemia xenografts and induces apoptosis through the mitochondrial pathway. 16865263 0 19 Coriolus versicolor Plant 16865263 21 27 Yunzhi Plant 16865263 64 72 leukemia Negative_phenotype 16865263 Decrease 0 19 Coriolus versicolor Plant 64 72 leukemia Negative_phenotype 16865263 Decrease 21 27 Yunzhi Plant 64 72 leukemia Negative_phenotype 16865263_2 Coriolus versicolor (CV), also called Yunzhi, has been demonstrated to exert anti-tumor effects on various types of cancer cells. 16865263 0 19 Coriolus versicolor Plant 16865263 21 23 CV Plant 16865263 38 44 Yunzhi Plant 16865263 77 87 anti-tumor Positive_phenotype 16865263 116 122 cancer Negative_phenotype 16865263 Increase 0 19 Coriolus versicolor Plant 77 87 anti-tumor Positive_phenotype 16865263 Decrease 0 19 Coriolus versicolor Plant 116 122 cancer Negative_phenotype 16865263 Increase 21 23 CV Plant 77 87 anti-tumor Positive_phenotype 16865263 Decrease 21 23 CV Plant 116 122 cancer Negative_phenotype 16865263 Increase 38 44 Yunzhi Plant 77 87 anti-tumor Positive_phenotype 16865263 Decrease 38 44 Yunzhi Plant 116 122 cancer Negative_phenotype 16865263_3 Our previous studies have demonstrated that a standardized aqueous ethanol extract prepared from CV inhibited the proliferation of human leukemia cells via induction of apoptosis. 16865263 97 99 CV Plant 16865263 137 145 leukemia Negative_phenotype 16865263 Decrease 97 99 CV Plant 137 145 leukemia Negative_phenotype 16865263_4 The present study aimed to evaluate the underlying mechanisms of apoptosis through modulation of Bax, Bcl-2 and cytochrome c protein expressions in a human pro-myelocytic leukemia (HL-60) cell line, as well as the potential of the CV extract as anti-leukemia agent using the athymic mouse xenograft model. 16865263 171 179 leukemia Negative_phenotype 16865263 181 186 HL-60 Negative_phenotype 16865263 231 233 CV Plant 16865263 245 258 anti-leukemia Positive_phenotype 16865263 275 282 athymic Negative_phenotype 16865263_5 Our results demonstrated that the CV extract dose-dependently suppressed the proliferation of HL-60 cells (IC50 = 150.6 microg/ml), with increased nucleosome production from apoptotic cells. 16865263 34 36 CV Plant 16865263 94 99 HL-60 Negative_phenotype 16865263 Decrease 34 36 CV Plant 94 99 HL-60 Negative_phenotype 16865263_6 Expression of pro-apoptotic protein Bax was significantly up-regulated in HL-60 cells treated with the CV extract, especially after 16 and 24 h. 16865263 74 79 HL-60 Negative_phenotype 16865263 103 105 CV Plant 16865263 Decrease 74 79 HL-60 Negative_phenotype 103 105 CV Plant 16865263_7 Meanwhile, expression of anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 was concomitantly down-regulated, as reflected by the increased Bax/Bcl-2 ratio. 16865263_8 The CV extract markedly, but transiently, promoted the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria to cytosol after 24-h incubation. 16865263 4 6 CV Plant 16865263_9 In vivo studies in the athymic nude mouse xenograft model also confirmed the growth-inhibitory activity of the CV extract on human leukemia cells. 16865263 23 30 athymic Negative_phenotype 16865263 111 113 CV Plant 16865263 131 139 leukemia Negative_phenotype 16865263 Decrease 111 113 CV Plant 131 139 leukemia Negative_phenotype 16865263_10 In conclusion, the CV extract attenuated the human leukemia cell proliferation in vivo, and in vitro possibly by inducing apoptosis through the mitochondrial pathway. 16865263 19 21 CV Plant 16865263 51 59 leukemia Negative_phenotype 16865263 Decrease 19 21 CV Plant 51 59 leukemia Negative_phenotype 16865263_11 The CV extract is likely to be valuable for the treatment of some forms of human leukemia. 16865263 4 6 CV Plant 16865263 81 89 leukemia Negative_phenotype 16865263 Decrease 4 6 CV Plant 81 89 leukemia Negative_phenotype 16872560_1 Dose-response efficacy of caraway (Carum carvi L.) on tissue lipid peroxidation and antioxidant profile in rat colon carcinogenesis. 16872560 26 33 caraway Plant 16872560 35 49 Carum carvi L. Plant 16872560 84 95 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 16872560 111 131 colon carcinogenesis Negative_phenotype 16872560_2 Colon cancer is a leading cause of cancer death and its prevention is of great interest throughout the world. 16872560 0 12 Colon cancer Negative_phenotype 16872560 35 41 cancer Negative_phenotype 16872560_3 This study was conducted to examine the efficacy of different doses of dietary caraway (Carum carvi L.) on tissue lipid peroxidation (LPO) and antioxidant profile in rat colon carcinogenesis. 16872560 79 86 caraway Plant 16872560 88 102 Carum carvi L. Plant 16872560 143 154 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 16872560 170 190 colon carcinogenesis Negative_phenotype 16872560_4 Wistar male rats were divided into 6 groups and were fed a modified pellet diet for the whole of 30 weeks. 16872560_5 To induce colon cancer, rats were given a weekly subcutaneous injection of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH) at a dose of 20 mg kg(-1) (based on body weight) for the first 15 weeks. 16872560 10 22 colon cancer Negative_phenotype 16872560 139 150 body weight Neutral_phenotype 16872560_6 Caraway was supplemented every day orally at doses of 30, 60 and 90 mg kg(-1) for different groups of rats for the total period of 30 weeks. 16872560 0 7 Caraway Plant 16872560_7 All rats were sacrificed at the end of 30 weeks, the colons were examined visually for masses and were subsequently evaluated histologically. 16872560_8 The results showed diminished levels of intestinal, colonic and caecal LPO products, such as conjugated dienes (CD), lipid hydroperoxides (LOOH) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and also the antioxidants superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), reduced glutathione (GSH) and glutathione reductase (GR) in DMH treated rats, which were significantly reversed (P<0.05) on caraway supplementation. 16872560 210 222 antioxidants Positive_phenotype 16872560 391 398 caraway Plant 16872560_9 Moreover, enhanced activity of intestinal, colonic and caecal glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione S-transferase (GST) and colonic ascorbic acid and alpha-tocopherol levels were observed in carcinogen-treated rats, which were significantly (P<0.05) reduced on caraway supplementation. 16872560 265 272 caraway Plant 16872560_10 Thus, our study showed that caraway supplementation at a dose of 60 mg kg(-1) had a modulatory role on tissue LPO, antioxidant profile and prevented DMH-induced histopathological lesions in colon cancer rats. 16872560 28 35 caraway Plant 16872560 115 126 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 16872560 161 202 histopathological lesions in colon cancer Negative_phenotype 16872560 Increase 28 35 caraway Plant 115 126 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 16872560 Decrease 28 35 caraway Plant 161 202 histopathological lesions in colon cancer Negative_phenotype 16880625_1 Protective effect of sun ginseng against diabetic renal damage. 16880625 21 32 sun ginseng Plant 16880625 41 62 diabetic renal damage Negative_phenotype 16880625_2 The effect of sun ginseng (SG, heat-processed Panax ginseng C. A. MEYER at 120 degrees C) on diabetic renal damage was investigated using streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. 16880625 14 25 sun ginseng Plant 16880625 27 29 SG Plant 16880625 46 71 Panax ginseng C. A. MEYER Plant 16880625 93 114 diabetic renal damage Negative_phenotype 16880625 161 169 diabetic Negative_phenotype 16880625_3 The diabetic rats showed loss of body weight gain, and increases in food and water intake and urine volume, while the oral administration of SG at a dose of 50 or 100 mg/kg body weight/d for 15 d attenuated water intake and urine excretion induced by diabetes. 16880625 4 12 diabetic Negative_phenotype 16880625 33 44 body weight Neutral_phenotype 16880625 68 89 food and water intake Neutral_phenotype 16880625 94 106 urine volume Neutral_phenotype 16880625 141 143 SG Plant 16880625 173 184 body weight Neutral_phenotype 16880625 207 219 water intake Neutral_phenotype 16880625 224 239 urine excretion Neutral_phenotype 16880625 251 259 diabetes Negative_phenotype 16880625_4 In addition, the diabetic rats given SG at a dose of 100 mg/kg body weight showed significant decreases in serum glucose, serum glycosylated protein and urinary protein levels, suggesting that SG improves the abnormal conditions that lead to oxidative stress. 16880625 17 25 diabetic Negative_phenotype 16880625 37 39 SG Plant 16880625 63 74 body weight Neutral_phenotype 16880625 107 120 serum glucose Neutral_phenotype 16880625 122 148 serum glycosylated protein Neutral_phenotype 16880625 153 175 urinary protein levels Neutral_phenotype 16880625 193 195 SG Plant 16880625 242 258 oxidative stress Negative_phenotype 16880625 Decrease 17 25 diabetic Negative_phenotype 37 39 SG Plant 16880625 Decrease 37 39 SG Plant 63 74 body weight Neutral_phenotype 16880625 Decrease 37 39 SG Plant 107 120 serum glucose Neutral_phenotype 16880625 Decrease 37 39 SG Plant 122 148 serum glycosylated protein Neutral_phenotype 16880625 Decrease 37 39 SG Plant 153 175 urinary protein levels Neutral_phenotype 16880625 Decrease 193 195 SG Plant 242 258 oxidative stress Negative_phenotype 16880625_5 Furthermore, SG significantly reduced advanced glycation endproduct (AGE) formation and thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance levels elevated in the kidneys of diabetic rats. 16880625 13 15 SG Plant 16880625 150 169 kidneys of diabetic Negative_phenotype 16880625 Decrease 13 15 SG Plant 150 169 kidneys of diabetic Negative_phenotype 16880625_6 This implies that SG would alleviate the oxidative stress under diabetes through the inhibition of lipid peroxidation. 16880625 18 20 SG Plant 16880625 41 72 oxidative stress under diabetes Negative_phenotype 16880625 Decrease 18 20 SG Plant 41 72 oxidative stress under diabetes Negative_phenotype 16880625_7 SG also reduced the overexpression of cyclooxygenase-2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase in the kidney induced by hyperglycemia via deactivation the activation of nuclear factor-kappa B. 16880625 0 2 SG Plant 16880625 116 129 hyperglycemia Negative_phenotype 16880625 Decrease 0 2 SG Plant 116 129 hyperglycemia Negative_phenotype 16880625_8 Furthermore, treatment with SG decreased the levels of 3-nitrotyrosine, carboxymethyllysine and receptors for AGE which increase under diabetes. 16880625 28 30 SG Plant 16880625 135 143 diabetes Negative_phenotype 16880625 Decrease 28 30 SG Plant 135 143 diabetes Negative_phenotype 16880625_9 These findings indicate that oxidative stress is increased in the diabetic rat kidney and that SG can prevent renal damage associated with diabetes by attenuating the oxidative stress. 16880625 29 45 oxidative stress Negative_phenotype 16880625 66 74 diabetic Negative_phenotype 16880625 95 97 SG Plant 16880625 110 122 renal damage Negative_phenotype 16880625 139 147 diabetes Negative_phenotype 16880625 167 183 oxidative stress Negative_phenotype 16880625 Decrease 95 97 SG Plant 110 122 renal damage Negative_phenotype 16880625 Decrease 95 97 SG Plant 139 147 diabetes Negative_phenotype 16880625 Decrease 95 97 SG Plant 167 183 oxidative stress Negative_phenotype 16890260_1 Mosla dianthera inhibits mast cell-mediated allergic reactions through the inhibition of histamine release and inflammatory cytokine production. 16890260 0 15 Mosla dianthera Plant 16890260 44 52 allergic Negative_phenotype 16890260 Decrease 0 15 Mosla dianthera Plant 44 52 allergic Negative_phenotype 16890260_2 In this study, we investigated the effect of the aqueous extract of Mosla dianthera (Maxim.) (AEMD) on the mast cell-mediated allergy model and studied the possible mechanism of action. 16890260 68 92 Mosla dianthera (Maxim.) Plant 16890260 94 98 AEMD Plant 16890260 126 133 allergy Negative_phenotype 16890260_3 Mast cell-mediated allergic disease is involved in many diseases such as asthma, sinusitis and rheumatoid arthritis. 16890260 19 35 allergic disease Negative_phenotype 16890260 73 79 asthma Negative_phenotype 16890260 81 90 sinusitis Negative_phenotype 16890260 95 115 rheumatoid arthritis Negative_phenotype 16890260_4 The discovery of drugs for the treatment of allergic disease is an important subject in human health. 16890260 44 60 allergic disease Negative_phenotype 16890260_5 AEMD inhibited compound 48/80-induced systemic reactions in mice. 16890260 0 4 AEMD Plant 16890260_6 AEMD decreased immunoglobulin E-mediated local allergic reactions, passive cutaneous anaphylaxis. 16890260 0 4 AEMD Plant 16890260 47 55 allergic Negative_phenotype 16890260 67 96 passive cutaneous anaphylaxis Negative_phenotype 16890260 Decrease 0 4 AEMD Plant 47 55 allergic Negative_phenotype 16890260 Decrease 0 4 AEMD Plant 67 96 passive cutaneous anaphylaxis Negative_phenotype 16890260_7 AEMD attenuated intracellular calcium level and release of histamine from rat peritoneal mast cells activated by compound 48/80. 16890260 0 4 AEMD Plant 16890260_8 Furthermore, AEMD attenuated the phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) and calcium ionophore A23187-stimulated TNF-alpha, IL-8 and IL-6 secretion in human mast cells. 16890260 13 17 AEMD Plant 16890260_9 The inhibitory effect of AEMD on the pro-inflammatory cytokines was nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) dependent. 16890260 25 29 AEMD Plant 16890260_10 AEMD decreased PMA and A23187-induced degradation of IkappaBalpha and nuclear translocation of NF-kappaB. 16890260 0 4 AEMD Plant 16890260_11 Our findings provide evidence that AEMD inhibits mast cell-derived immediate-type allergic reactions and involvement of pro-inflammatory cytokines and NF-kappaB in these effects. 16890260 35 39 AEMD Plant 16890260 67 90 immediate-type allergic Negative_phenotype 16890260 Decrease 35 39 AEMD Plant 67 90 immediate-type allergic Negative_phenotype 16927526_1 Nitric oxide involvement in the anti-tumor effect of mistletoe (Viscum album L.) extracts Iscador on human macrophages. 16927526 32 42 anti-tumor Positive_phenotype 16927526 53 62 mistletoe Plant 16927526 64 79 Viscum album L. Plant 16927526_2 Lectins from different types of mistletoe (Viscum album, VA) have cytotoxic and immunomodulatory properties that may be relevant in the inhibition of tumor growth. 16927526 32 41 mistletoe Plant 16927526 43 55 Viscum album Plant 16927526 57 59 VA Plant 16927526 80 96 immunomodulatory Positive_phenotype 16927526 150 162 tumor growth Negative_phenotype 16927526 Increase 32 41 mistletoe Plant 80 96 immunomodulatory Positive_phenotype 16927526 Increase 32 41 mistletoe Plant 150 162 tumor growth Negative_phenotype 16927526 Increase 43 55 Viscum album Plant 80 96 immunomodulatory Positive_phenotype 16927526 Increase 43 55 Viscum album Plant 150 162 tumor growth Negative_phenotype 16927526 Increase 57 59 VA Plant 80 96 immunomodulatory Positive_phenotype 16927526 Increase 57 59 VA Plant 150 162 tumor growth Negative_phenotype 16927526_3 The mechanism of this anti-tumoral activity remains unknown, although recent investigations point out the induction of anti-tumoral cytotoxic T cell activation. 16927526 22 34 anti-tumoral Positive_phenotype 16927526 119 131 anti-tumoral Positive_phenotype 16927526_4 In this study therapeutically available mistletoe extracts (Iscador) prepared from Quercus (VA-Q), apple (Malus, VA-M) or pine (Pinus, VA-P) were used to investigate their capacity to induce tumor regression through the modulation of another T helper-1 (Th-1)-mediated anti-tumoral activity: the activation of macrophages. 16927526 40 49 mistletoe Plant 16927526 83 90 Quercus Plant 16927526 92 96 VA-Q Plant 16927526 99 104 apple Plant 16927526 106 111 Malus Plant 16927526 113 117 VA-M Plant 16927526 122 126 pine Plant 16927526 128 133 Pinus Plant 16927526 135 139 VA-P Plant 16927526 191 196 tumor Negative_phenotype 16927526 269 281 anti-tumoral Positive_phenotype 16927526_5 Macrophages are essential targets for both pro- or anti-inflammatory drugs and constitute an essential member of the anti-tumoral immune response. 16927526 51 68 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 16927526 117 136 anti-tumoral immune Positive_phenotype 16927526_6 Freshly isolated human monocyte-derived macrophages are activated and various VA extracts are directly incorporated to cultures to assay their properties on the inflammatory and/or tumor cytotoxic responses. 16927526 78 80 VA Plant 16927526 161 173 inflammatory Negative_phenotype 16927526 181 186 tumor Negative_phenotype 16927526_7 The data indicate that immunomodulatory activities of VA extracts differ according to their origin. 16927526 23 39 immunomodulatory Positive_phenotype 16927526 54 56 VA Plant 16927526_8 VA-M and VA-P were able to increase anti-tumoral activity of activated human macrophages, with a possible role for nitric oxide in this effect. 16927526 0 4 VA-M Plant 16927526 9 13 VA-P Plant 16927526 36 48 anti-tumoral Positive_phenotype 16927526 Increase 0 4 VA-M Plant 36 48 anti-tumoral Positive_phenotype 16927526 Increase 9 13 VA-P Plant 36 48 anti-tumoral Positive_phenotype 16945186_1 Anti-inflammatory, analgesic and anti-oedematous effects of Lafoensia pacari extract and ellagic acid. 16945186 0 17 Anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 16945186 19 28 analgesic Positive_phenotype 16945186 33 48 anti-oedematous Positive_phenotype 16945186 60 76 Lafoensia pacari Plant 16945186_2 Lafoensia pacari St. Hil. (Lythraceae) is used in traditional medicine to treat inflammation. 16945186 0 25 Lafoensia pacari St. Hil. Plant 16945186 80 92 inflammation Negative_phenotype 16945186 Decrease 0 25 Lafoensia pacari St. Hil. Plant 80 92 inflammation Negative_phenotype 16945186_3 Previously, we demonstrated the anti-inflammatory effect that the ethanolic extract of L. pacari has in Toxocara canis infection (a model of systemic eosinophilia). 16945186 32 49 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 16945186 87 96 L. pacari Plant 16945186 104 128 Toxocara canis infection Negative_phenotype 16945186 141 162 systemic eosinophilia Negative_phenotype 16945186 Increase 32 49 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 87 96 L. pacari Plant 16945186 Decrease 87 96 L. pacari Plant 104 128 Toxocara canis infection Negative_phenotype 16945186 Decrease 87 96 L. pacari Plant 141 162 systemic eosinophilia Negative_phenotype 16945186_4 In this study, we tested the anti-inflammatory activity of the same L. pacari extract in mice injected intraperitoneally with beta-glucan present in fraction 1 (F1) of the Histoplasma capsulatum cell wall (a model of acute eosinophilic inflammation). 16945186 29 46 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 16945186 68 77 L. pacari Plant 16945186 223 248 eosinophilic inflammation Negative_phenotype 16945186_5 We also determined the anti-oedematous, analgesic and anti-pyretic effects of L. pacari extract in carrageenan-induced paw oedema, acetic acid writhing and LPS-induced fever, respectively. 16945186 23 38 anti-oedematous Positive_phenotype 16945186 40 49 analgesic Positive_phenotype 16945186 54 66 anti-pyretic Positive_phenotype 16945186 78 87 L. pacari Plant 16945186 119 129 paw oedema Negative_phenotype 16945186 143 151 writhing Negative_phenotype 16945186 168 173 fever Negative_phenotype 16945186 Increase 23 38 anti-oedematous Positive_phenotype 78 87 L. pacari Plant 16945186 Increase 40 49 analgesic Positive_phenotype 78 87 L. pacari Plant 16945186 Increase 54 66 anti-pyretic Positive_phenotype 78 87 L. pacari Plant 16945186 Decrease 78 87 L. pacari Plant 119 129 paw oedema Negative_phenotype 16945186 Decrease 78 87 L. pacari Plant 143 151 writhing Negative_phenotype 16945186 Decrease 78 87 L. pacari Plant 168 173 fever Negative_phenotype 16945186_6 L. pacari extract significantly inhibited leucocyte recruitment into the peritoneal cavity induced by beta-glucan. 16945186 0 9 L. pacari Plant 16945186_7 In addition, the L. pacari extract presented significant analgesic, anti-oedematous and anti-pyretic effects. 16945186 17 26 L. pacari Plant 16945186 57 66 analgesic Positive_phenotype 16945186 68 83 anti-oedematous Positive_phenotype 16945186 88 100 anti-pyretic Positive_phenotype 16945186 Increase 17 26 L. pacari Plant 57 66 analgesic Positive_phenotype 16945186 Increase 17 26 L. pacari Plant 68 83 anti-oedematous Positive_phenotype 16945186 Increase 17 26 L. pacari Plant 88 100 anti-pyretic Positive_phenotype 16945186_8 Bioassay-guided fractionation of the L. pacari extract in the F1 model led us to identify ellagic acid. 16945186 37 46 L. pacari Plant 16945186_9 As did the extract, ellagic acid presented anti-inflammatory, anti-oedematous and analgesic effects. 16945186 43 60 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 16945186 62 77 anti-oedematous Positive_phenotype 16945186 82 91 analgesic Positive_phenotype 16945186_10 However, ellagic acid had no anti-pyretic effect, suggesting that other compounds present in the plant stem are responsible for this effect. 16945186 29 41 anti-pyretic Positive_phenotype 16945186_11 Nevertheless, our results demonstrate potential therapeutic effects of L. pacari extract and ellagic acid, providing new prospects for the development of drugs to treat pain, oedema and inflammation. 16945186 71 80 L. pacari Plant 16945186 169 173 pain Negative_phenotype 16945186 175 181 oedema Negative_phenotype 16945186 186 198 inflammation Negative_phenotype 16945186 Decrease 71 80 L. pacari Plant 169 173 pain Negative_phenotype 16945186 Decrease 71 80 L. pacari Plant 175 181 oedema Negative_phenotype 16945186 Decrease 71 80 L. pacari Plant 186 198 inflammation Negative_phenotype 16959454_1 Treatment of THP-1 cells with Uncaria tomentosa extracts differentially regulates the expression if IL-1beta and TNF-alpha. 16959454 30 47 Uncaria tomentosa Plant 16959454_2 Uncaria tomentosa, commonly known as cat's claw, is a medicinal plant native to Peru, which has been used for decades in the treatment of various inflammatory disorders. 16959454 0 17 Uncaria tomentosa Plant 16959454 146 168 inflammatory disorders Negative_phenotype 16959454 Decrease 0 17 Uncaria tomentosa Plant 146 168 inflammatory disorders Negative_phenotype 16959454_3 Uncaria tomentosa can be used as an antioxidant, has anti-apoptotic properties, and can enhance DNA repair, however it is best know for its anti-inflammatory properties. 16959454 0 17 Uncaria tomentosa Plant 16959454 36 47 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 16959454 96 106 DNA repair Positive_phenotype 16959454 140 157 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 16959454 Increase 0 17 Uncaria tomentosa Plant 36 47 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 16959454 Increase 0 17 Uncaria tomentosa Plant 96 106 DNA repair Positive_phenotype 16959454 Increase 0 17 Uncaria tomentosa Plant 140 157 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 16959454_4 Treatment with Uncaria tomentosa extracts inhibits the production of the pro-inflammatory cytokine, TNF-alpha, which is a critical mediator of the immune response. 16959454 15 32 Uncaria tomentosa Plant 16959454 147 153 immune Positive_phenotype 16959454 Increase 15 32 Uncaria tomentosa Plant 147 153 immune Positive_phenotype 16959454_5 In this paper, we showed that treatment of THP-1 monocyte-like cells with Uncaria tomentosa extracts inhibited the MAP kinase signaling pathway and altered cytokine expression. 16959454 74 91 Uncaria tomentosa Plant 16959454_6 Using ELISA assays, we showed that treatment with Uncaria tomentosa extracts augmented LPS-dependent expression of IL-1beta by 2.4-fold, while inhibiting the LPS-dependent expression of TNF-alpha by 5.5-fold. 16959454 50 67 Uncaria tomentosa Plant 16959454_7 We also showed that treatment of LPS-stimulated THP-1 cells with Uncaria tomentosa extracts blocked ERK1/2 and MEK1/2 phosphorylation in a dose-dependent manner. 16959454 65 82 Uncaria tomentosa Plant 16959454_8 These data demonstrate that treatment of THP-1 cells with Uncaria tomentosa extracts has opposite effects on IL-1beta and TNF-alpha secretion, and that these changes may involve effects on the MAP kinase pathway. 16959454 58 75 Uncaria tomentosa Plant 16964420_1 Inhibition of oxidative stress-induced invasiveness of cancer cells by Ganoderma lucidum is mediated through the suppression of interleukin-8 secretion. 16964420 14 30 oxidative stress Negative_phenotype 16964420 55 61 cancer Negative_phenotype 16964420 71 88 Ganoderma lucidum Plant 16964420_2 Epidemiological studies suggest that the intake of natural/nutrient products is inversely related to cancer risk. 16964420 101 107 cancer Negative_phenotype 16964420_3 While oxidative stress, generating reactive oxygen species, has been linked to cancer initiation and progression, dietary antioxidants have reduced the risk of certain cancers. 16964420 6 22 oxidative stress Negative_phenotype 16964420 79 85 cancer Negative_phenotype 16964420 122 134 antioxidants Positive_phenotype 16964420 168 175 cancers Negative_phenotype 16964420_4 Experimental studies have demonstrated that antioxidants and phytochemicals could prevent cancer metastasis, and antioxidants were suggested as adjuvants in cancer therapy. 16964420 44 56 antioxidants Positive_phenotype 16964420 90 107 cancer metastasis Negative_phenotype 16964420 113 125 antioxidants Positive_phenotype 16964420 157 163 cancer Negative_phenotype 16964420_5 Ganoderma lucidum is an Asian medicinal mushroom that has been used for the past two thousand years for the treatment of various diseases, including cancer. 16964420 0 17 Ganoderma lucidum Plant 16964420 149 155 cancer Negative_phenotype 16964420 Decrease 0 17 Ganoderma lucidum Plant 149 155 cancer Negative_phenotype 16964420_6 G. lucidum is currently popular as a dietary supplement in the form of tea, powder or extract. 16964420 0 10 G. lucidum Plant 16964420_7 We have previously demonstrated that G. lucidum suppresses growth, angiogenesis and invasiveness of highly invasive and metastatic breast cancer cells. 16964420 37 47 G. lucidum Plant 16964420 107 144 invasive and metastatic breast cancer Negative_phenotype 16964420 Decrease 37 47 G. lucidum Plant 107 144 invasive and metastatic breast cancer Negative_phenotype 16964420_8 The present study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of G. lucidum on oxidative stress-induced metastatic behavior of poorly-invasive MCF-7 breast cancer cells. 16964420 59 69 G. lucidum Plant 16964420 73 89 oxidative stress Negative_phenotype 16964420 137 142 MCF-7 Negative_phenotype 16964420 143 156 breast cancer Negative_phenotype 16964420_9 We show that G. lucidum inhibits oxidative stress-induced migration of MCF-7 cells by the down-regulation of MAPK signaling. 16964420 13 23 G. lucidum Plant 16964420 33 49 oxidative stress Negative_phenotype 16964420 71 76 MCF-7 Negative_phenotype 16964420 Decrease 13 23 G. lucidum Plant 33 49 oxidative stress Negative_phenotype 16964420 Decrease 13 23 G. lucidum Plant 71 76 MCF-7 Negative_phenotype 16964420_10 G. lucidum suppressed oxidative stress stimulated phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases (Erk1/2), which resulted in the down-regulation of expression of c-fos, and in the inhibition of transcription factors AP-1 and NF-kappaB. 16964420 0 10 G. lucidum Plant 16964420 22 38 oxidative stress Negative_phenotype 16964420 Decrease 0 10 G. lucidum Plant 22 38 oxidative stress Negative_phenotype 16964420_11 The biological effect of G. lucidum on cell migration was mediated by the suppression of secretion of interleukin-8 from MCF-7 cells exposed to oxidative stress. 16964420 25 35 G. lucidum Plant 16964420 121 126 MCF-7 Negative_phenotype 16964420 144 160 oxidative stress Negative_phenotype 16964420 Decrease 25 35 G. lucidum Plant 121 126 MCF-7 Negative_phenotype 16964420 Decrease 25 35 G. lucidum Plant 144 160 oxidative stress Negative_phenotype 16964420_12 In summary, our results suggest that G. lucidum inhibits the oxidative stress-induced invasive behavior of breast cancer cells by modulating Erk1/2 signaling and can be potentially considered as an antioxidant in adjuvant cancer therapy. 16964420 37 47 G. lucidum Plant 16964420 61 77 oxidative stress Negative_phenotype 16964420 107 120 breast cancer Negative_phenotype 16964420 198 209 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 16964420 222 228 cancer Negative_phenotype 16964420 Decrease 37 47 G. lucidum Plant 61 77 oxidative stress Negative_phenotype 16964420 Decrease 37 47 G. lucidum Plant 107 120 breast cancer Negative_phenotype 16964420 Increase 37 47 G. lucidum Plant 198 209 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 16964420 Decrease 37 47 G. lucidum Plant 222 228 cancer Negative_phenotype 19095054_1 Pharmacological properties of the extract and some isolated compounds of Clausena lansium stem bark: anti-trichomonal, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective and antioxidant effects. 19095054 73 89 Clausena lansium Plant 19095054 101 117 anti-trichomonal Positive_phenotype 19095054 119 131 antidiabetic Positive_phenotype 19095054 133 150 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 19095054 152 168 hepatoprotective Positive_phenotype 19095054 173 184 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 19095054_2 ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Clausena lansium (Fool's Curry Leaf) is used for various ethnomedical conditions in some countries, including bronchitis, malaria, viral hepatitis, acute and chronic gastro-intestinal inflammation, and as a spicy substitute of the popular Curry leaf tree (Murraya koenigii). 19095054 32 48 Clausena lansium Plant 19095054 50 67 Fool's Curry Leaf Plant 19095054 142 152 bronchitis Negative_phenotype 19095054 154 161 malaria Negative_phenotype 19095054 163 178 viral hepatitis Negative_phenotype 19095054 180 228 acute and chronic gastro-intestinal inflammation Negative_phenotype 19095054 271 286 Curry leaf tree Plant 19095054 288 304 Murraya koenigii Plant 19095054 Decrease 32 48 Clausena lansium Plant 142 152 bronchitis Negative_phenotype 19095054 Decrease 32 48 Clausena lansium Plant 154 161 malaria Negative_phenotype 19095054 Decrease 32 48 Clausena lansium Plant 163 178 viral hepatitis Negative_phenotype 19095054 Decrease 32 48 Clausena lansium Plant 180 228 acute and chronic gastro-intestinal inflammation Negative_phenotype 19095054 Decrease 50 67 Fool's Curry Leaf Plant 142 152 bronchitis Negative_phenotype 19095054 Decrease 50 67 Fool's Curry Leaf Plant 154 161 malaria Negative_phenotype 19095054 Decrease 50 67 Fool's Curry Leaf Plant 163 178 viral hepatitis Negative_phenotype 19095054 Decrease 50 67 Fool's Curry Leaf Plant 180 228 acute and chronic gastro-intestinal inflammation Negative_phenotype 19095054_3 AIM OF THE STUDY: This study was to evaluate the ethnomedical uses of the stem bark in inflammatory conditions, hepatotoxicity and to determine the anti-diabetic and anti-trichomonal properties of the plant. 19095054 87 99 inflammatory Negative_phenotype 19095054 112 126 hepatotoxicity Negative_phenotype 19095054 148 161 anti-diabetic Positive_phenotype 19095054 166 182 anti-trichomonal Positive_phenotype 19095054_4 MATERIALS AND METHOD: Anti-trichomonal, in vivo and in vitro antidiabetic and insulin stimulating, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective and anti-oxidant activities using Trichomonas gallinae, glucose loaded rats and in vitro insulin secreting cell line (INS-1 cell), carrageenin-induced rat paw oedema, CCl(4)-induced hepatotoxicity and DPPH scavenging ability methods respectively for the extracts and some isolates were determined. 19095054 22 38 Anti-trichomonal Positive_phenotype 19095054 61 73 antidiabetic Positive_phenotype 19095054 99 116 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 19095054 118 134 hepatoprotective Positive_phenotype 19095054 139 151 anti-oxidant Positive_phenotype 19095054 290 300 paw oedema Negative_phenotype 19095054 317 331 hepatotoxicity Negative_phenotype 19095054_5 RESULTS: A dichloromethane extract was superior over methanolic extract with respect to an anti-trichomonal activity which was measured after 24 and 48 h. 19095054 91 107 anti-trichomonal Positive_phenotype 19095054_6 The isolated compounds imperatorin and 3-formylcarbazole had the main anti-trichomonal activity (LC(50)s of 6.0, 3.0 and 3.6, 9.7 microg/mL after 24 and 48 h, respectively). 19095054 70 86 anti-trichomonal Positive_phenotype 19095054_7 Methanolic extract (100 mg/kg) induced maximum and significant (p<0.05) anti-hyperglycaemic activity of 15.8% at 30 min and a 38.5% increase in plasma insulin at 60 min, compared to control. 19095054 72 91 anti-hyperglycaemic Positive_phenotype 19095054 144 158 plasma insulin Neutral_phenotype 19095054_8 The increase in plasma insulin after 60 min, compared to 0 min, was 62.0% (p<0.05). 19095054 16 30 plasma insulin Neutral_phenotype 19095054_9 The significant 174.6% increase of insulin release from INS-1 cells (in vitro) at 0.1 mg/ml indicates that it mediates its antidiabetic action mainly by stimulating insulin release. 19095054 123 135 antidiabetic Positive_phenotype 19095054_10 Imperatorin and chalepin were the major active constituents increasing in vitro insulin release to 170.3 and 137.9%, respectively. 19095054_11 100 mg/kg of the methanolic extract produced an anti-inflammatory activity after 4 h. 19095054 48 65 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 19095054_12 A sedative effect was not observed. 19095054 2 10 sedative Positive_phenotype 19095054_13 100 and 200 mg/kg of methanolic extract administered i.p., reduced CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity firstly by 5.3 and 8.4% reduction in phenobarbitone-sleeping time respectively, secondly by reversing the reduction in serum liver proteins by 7.0-8.8%, serum AST, ALT and ALP activities by 27.7-107.9% and thirdly by diminishing increased values of plasma AST, ALT and ALP activities by 13.2-83.8%. 19095054 80 94 hepatotoxicity Negative_phenotype 19095054 214 234 serum liver proteins Neutral_phenotype 19095054 248 270 serum AST, ALT and ALP Neutral_phenotype 19095054 344 367 plasma AST, ALT and ALP Neutral_phenotype 19095054_14 The extract exhibited antioxidant activities. 19095054 22 33 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 19095054_15 CONCLUSION: The hepatoprotective activity of C. lansium is partly due to its anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties and confirms its folkloric use in the treatment of gastro-intestinal inflammation, bronchitis and hepatitis. 19095054 16 32 hepatoprotective Positive_phenotype 19095054 45 55 C. lansium Plant 19095054 77 89 anti-oxidant Positive_phenotype 19095054 94 111 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 19095054 174 204 gastro-intestinal inflammation Negative_phenotype 19095054 206 216 bronchitis Negative_phenotype 19095054 221 230 hepatitis Negative_phenotype 19095054 Increase 16 32 hepatoprotective Positive_phenotype 45 55 C. lansium Plant 19095054 Increase 45 55 C. lansium Plant 77 89 anti-oxidant Positive_phenotype 19095054 Increase 45 55 C. lansium Plant 94 111 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 19095054 Decrease 45 55 C. lansium Plant 174 204 gastro-intestinal inflammation Negative_phenotype 19095054 Decrease 45 55 C. lansium Plant 206 216 bronchitis Negative_phenotype 19095054 Decrease 45 55 C. lansium Plant 221 230 hepatitis Negative_phenotype 19095054_16 In addition the use of C. lansium stem bark would be useful in diabetes and trichomoniasis. 19095054 23 33 C. lansium Plant 19095054 63 71 diabetes Negative_phenotype 19095054 76 90 trichomoniasis Negative_phenotype 19095054 Decrease 23 33 C. lansium Plant 63 71 diabetes Negative_phenotype 19095054 Decrease 23 33 C. lansium Plant 76 90 trichomoniasis Negative_phenotype 19393729_1 Cardiospermum halicacabum ethanol extract inhibits LPS induced COX-2, TNF-alpha and iNOS expression, which is mediated by NF-kappaB regulation, in RAW264.7 cells. 19393729 0 25 Cardiospermum halicacabum Plant 19393729_2 AIM OF THIS STUDY: Cardiospermum halicacabum L. is well known for its anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic activities. 19393729 19 47 Cardiospermum halicacabum L. Plant 19393729 70 87 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 19393729 89 98 analgesic Positive_phenotype 19393729 103 114 antipyretic Positive_phenotype 19393729 Increase 19 47 Cardiospermum halicacabum L. Plant 70 87 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 19393729 Increase 19 47 Cardiospermum halicacabum L. Plant 89 98 analgesic Positive_phenotype 19393729 Increase 19 47 Cardiospermum halicacabum L. Plant 103 114 antipyretic Positive_phenotype 19393729_3 It has been used in Ayurveda and folk medicine for the treatment of rheumatism, fever and earache. 19393729 68 78 rheumatism Negative_phenotype 19393729 80 85 fever Negative_phenotype 19393729 90 97 earache Negative_phenotype 19393729_4 But its mechanism of anti-inflammatory and analgesic action is still unclear, hence in this context, the objective of our study is to reveal the mechanism of anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity of Cardiospermum halicacabum L. which would form an additional proof to the traditional knowledge of Cardiospermum halicacabum L. 19393729 21 38 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 19393729 43 52 analgesic Positive_phenotype 19393729 158 175 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 19393729 180 189 analgesic Positive_phenotype 19393729 202 230 Cardiospermum halicacabum L. Plant 19393729 300 328 Cardiospermum halicacabum L. Plant 19393729_5 MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this study the ethanolic extract of the whole plant was used to evaluate the anti-inflammatory action in mouse macrophage cell line RAW264.7 cells. 19393729 103 120 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 19393729_6 The expression levels of cyclooxygenase (COX)-1, COX-2, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and COX-2 protein expression by semi-quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and western blot and nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-kappaB) binding activity by electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA). 19393729_7 RESULTS: We found that the ethanol extract dose dependently inhibit mRNA expression of COX-2, TNF-alpha, iNOS and COX-2 protein expression. 19393729_8 But the extract did not affect the expression of COX-1 mRNA expression. 19393729_9 Furthermore, Cardiospermum halicacabum L. ethanol extract inhibited the TNF-alpha induced DNA binding activity of NF-kappaB, which was associated with decreased p65 protein level in the nucleus in Jurkat cells. 19393729 13 41 Cardiospermum halicacabum L. Plant 19393729 197 203 Jurkat Negative_phenotype 19393729 Decrease 13 41 Cardiospermum halicacabum L. Plant 197 203 Jurkat Negative_phenotype 19393729_10 CONCLUSION: These results enabled to understand the mechanisms behind the anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity of Cardiospermum halicacabum L. 19393729 74 91 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 19393729 96 105 analgesic Positive_phenotype 19393729 118 145 Cardiospermum halicacabum L Plant 19393729 Increase 74 91 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 118 145 Cardiospermum halicacabum L Plant 19393729 Increase 96 105 analgesic Positive_phenotype 118 145 Cardiospermum halicacabum L Plant 19588362_1 Green tea (Camellia sinensis) for the prevention of cancer. 19588362 6 9 tea Plant 19588362 11 28 Camellia sinensis Plant 19588362 52 58 cancer Negative_phenotype 19588362_2 BACKGROUND: Tea is one of the most commonly consumed beverages worldwide. 19588362 12 15 Tea Plant 19588362_3 Teas from the plant Camellia sinensis can be grouped into green, black and oolong tea. 19588362 0 4 Teas Plant 19588362 20 37 Camellia sinensis Plant 19588362 82 85 tea Plant 19588362_4 Cross-culturally tea drinking habits vary. 19588362 17 20 tea Plant 19588362_5 Camellia sinensis contains the active ingredient polyphenol, which has a subgroup known as catechins. 19588362 0 17 Camellia sinensis Plant 19588362_6 Catechins are powerful antioxidants. 19588362 23 35 antioxidants Positive_phenotype 19588362_7 It has been suggested that green tea polyphenol may inhibit cell proliferation and observational studies have suggested that green tea may have cancer-preventative effects. 19588362 131 134 tea Plant 19588362 144 163 cancer-preventative Positive_phenotype 19588362 Increase 131 134 tea Plant 144 163 cancer-preventative Positive_phenotype 19588362_8 OBJECTIVES: To critically assess any associations between green tea consumption and the risk of cancer incidence and mortality. 19588362 64 67 tea Plant 19588362 96 102 cancer Negative_phenotype 19588362 117 126 mortality Negative_phenotype 19588362_9 SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched eligible studies up to January 2009 in the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), MEDLINE, EMBASE, Amed, CancerLit, Psych INFO and Phytobase and reference lists of previous reviews and included studies. 19588362_10 SELECTION CRITERIA: We included all prospective, controlled interventional studies and observational studies, which either assessed the associations between green tea consumption and risk of cancer incidence or that reported on cancer mortality. 19588362 163 166 tea Plant 19588362 191 197 cancer Negative_phenotype 19588362 228 234 cancer Negative_phenotype 19588362_11 DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: At least two review authors independently applied the study criteria, extracted data and assessed methodological quality of studies. 19588362_12 Due to the nature of included studies, which were mainly epidemiological, results were summarised descriptively according to cancer diagnosis. 19588362 125 131 cancer Negative_phenotype 19588362_13 MAIN RESULTS: Fifty-one studies with more than 1.6 million participants were included. 19588362_14 Twenty-seven of them were case-control studies, 23 cohort studies and one randomised controlled trial (RCT). 19588362_15 Twenty-seven studies tried to establish an association between green tea consumption and cancer of the digestive tract, mainly of the upper gastrointestinal tract, five with breast cancer, five with prostate cancer, three with lung cancer, two with ovarian cancer, two with urinary bladder cancer one with oral cancer, three further studies included patients with various cancer diagnoses. 19588362 69 72 tea Plant 19588362 89 118 cancer of the digestive tract Negative_phenotype 19588362 174 187 breast cancer Negative_phenotype 19588362 199 214 prostate cancer Negative_phenotype 19588362 227 238 lung cancer Negative_phenotype 19588362 249 263 ovarian cancer Negative_phenotype 19588362 274 296 urinary bladder cancer Negative_phenotype 19588362 306 317 oral cancer Negative_phenotype 19588362 372 378 cancer Negative_phenotype 19588362_16 The methodological quality was measured with the Newcastle-Ottawa scale (NOS). 19588362_17 The 9 nested case-control studies within prospective cohorts were of high methodological quality, 13 of medium, and 1 of low. 19588362_18 One retrospective case-control study was of high methodological quality and 21 of medium and 5 of low. 19588362_19 Results from studies assessing associations between green tea and risk of digestive tract cancer incidence were highly contradictory. 19588362 58 61 tea Plant 19588362 74 96 digestive tract cancer Negative_phenotype 19588362_20 There was limited evidence that green tea could reduce the incidence of liver cancer. 19588362 38 41 tea Plant 19588362 72 84 liver cancer Negative_phenotype 19588362_21 The evidence for esophageal, gastric, colon, rectum, and pancreatic cancer was conflicting. 19588362 17 74 esophageal, gastric, colon, rectum, and pancreatic cancer Negative_phenotype 19588362_22 In prostate cancer, observational studies with higher methodological quality and the only included RCT suggested a decreased risk in men consuming higher quantities green tea or green tea extracts. 19588362 3 18 prostate cancer Negative_phenotype 19588362 171 174 tea Plant 19588362 184 187 tea Plant 19588362 Decrease 3 18 prostate cancer Negative_phenotype 171 174 tea Plant 19588362 Decrease 3 18 prostate cancer Negative_phenotype 184 187 tea Plant 19588362_23 However, there was limited to moderate evidence that the consumption of green tea reduced the risk of lung cancer, especially in men, and urinary bladder cancer or that it could even increase the risk of the latter. 19588362 78 81 tea Plant 19588362 102 113 lung cancer Negative_phenotype 19588362 138 160 urinary bladder cancer Negative_phenotype 19588362 Decrease 78 81 tea Plant 102 113 lung cancer Negative_phenotype 19588362 Decrease 78 81 tea Plant 138 160 urinary bladder cancer Negative_phenotype 19588362_24 There was moderate to strong evidence that green tea consumption does not decrease the risk of dying from gastric cancer. 19588362 49 52 tea Plant 19588362 106 120 gastric cancer Negative_phenotype 19588362_25 There was limited moderate to strong evidence for lung, pancreatic and colorectal cancer. 19588362 50 88 lung, pancreatic and colorectal cancer Negative_phenotype 19588362_26 AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: There is insufficient and conflicting evidence to give any firm recommendations regarding green tea consumption for cancer prevention. 19588362 118 121 tea Plant 19588362 138 144 cancer Negative_phenotype 19588362_27 The results of this review, including its trends of associations, need to be interpreted with caution and their generalisability is questionable, as the majority of included studies were carried out in Asia (n = 47) where the tea drinking culture is pronounced. 19588362_28 Desirable green tea intake is 3 to 5 cups per day (up to 1200 ml/day), providing a minimum of 250 mg/day catechins. 19588362 16 19 tea Plant 19588362_29 If not exceeding the daily recommended allowance, those who enjoy a cup of green tea should continue its consumption. 19588362 81 84 tea Plant 19588362_30 Drinking green tea appears to be safe at moderate, regular and habitual use. 19588362 15 18 tea Plant 19614563_1 Kava and St. John's Wort: current evidence for use in mood and anxiety disorders. 19614563 0 4 Kava Plant 19614563 9 24 St. John's Wort Plant 19614563 54 80 mood and anxiety disorders Negative_phenotype 19614563_2 BACKGROUND: Mood and anxiety disorders pose significant health burdens on the community. 19614563 12 38 Mood and anxiety disorders Negative_phenotype 19614563_3 Kava and St. John's wort (SJW) are the most commonly used herbal medicines in the treatment of anxiety and depressive disorders, respectively. 19614563 0 4 Kava Plant 19614563 9 24 St. John's wort Plant 19614563 26 29 SJW Plant 19614563 95 102 anxiety Negative_phenotype 19614563 107 127 depressive disorders Negative_phenotype 19614563 Decrease 0 4 Kava Plant 95 102 anxiety Negative_phenotype 19614563 Decrease 0 4 Kava Plant 107 127 depressive disorders Negative_phenotype 19614563 Decrease 9 24 St. John's wort Plant 95 102 anxiety Negative_phenotype 19614563 Decrease 9 24 St. John's wort Plant 107 127 depressive disorders Negative_phenotype 19614563 Decrease 26 29 SJW Plant 95 102 anxiety Negative_phenotype 19614563 Decrease 26 29 SJW Plant 107 127 depressive disorders Negative_phenotype 19614563_4 OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to conduct a comprehensive review of kava and SJW, to review any evidence of efficacy, mode of action, pharmacokinetics, safety and use in major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, seasonal affective disorder (SAD), generalized anxiety disorder, social phobia (SP), panic disorder (PD), obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). 19614563 81 85 kava Plant 19614563 90 93 SJW Plant 19614563 183 208 major depressive disorder Negative_phenotype 19614563 210 226 bipolar disorder Negative_phenotype 19614563 228 255 seasonal affective disorder Negative_phenotype 19614563 257 260 SAD Negative_phenotype 19614563 263 291 generalized anxiety disorder Negative_phenotype 19614563 293 306 social phobia Negative_phenotype 19614563 308 310 SP Negative_phenotype 19614563 313 327 panic disorder Negative_phenotype 19614563 329 331 PD Negative_phenotype 19614563 334 363 obsessive-compulsive disorder Negative_phenotype 19614563 365 368 OCD Negative_phenotype 19614563 375 405 post-traumatic stress disorder Negative_phenotype 19614563 407 411 PTSD Negative_phenotype 19614563_5 METHODS: A systematic review was conducted using the electronic databases MEDLINE, CINAHL, and The Cochrane Library during late 2008. 19614563_6 The search criteria involved mood and anxiety disorder search terms in combination with kava, Piper methysticum, kavalactones, St. John's wort, Hypericum perforatum, hypericin, and hyperforin. 19614563 29 54 mood and anxiety disorder Negative_phenotype 19614563 88 92 kava Plant 19614563 94 111 Piper methysticum Plant 19614563 127 142 St. John's wort Plant 19614563 144 164 Hypericum perforatum Plant 19614563_7 Additional search criteria for safety, pharmacodynamics, and pharmacokinetics were employed. 19614563_8 A subsequent forward search was conducted of the papers using Web of Science cited reference search. 19614563_9 RESULTS: Current evidence supports the use of SJW in treating mild-moderate depression, and for kava in treatment of generalized anxiety. 19614563 46 49 SJW Plant 19614563 62 86 mild-moderate depression Negative_phenotype 19614563 96 100 kava Plant 19614563 117 136 generalized anxiety Negative_phenotype 19614563 Decrease 46 49 SJW Plant 62 86 mild-moderate depression Negative_phenotype 19614563 Decrease 96 100 kava Plant 117 136 generalized anxiety Negative_phenotype 19614563_10 In respect to the other disorders, only weak preliminary evidence exists for use of SJW in SAD. 19614563 84 87 SJW Plant 19614563 91 94 SAD Negative_phenotype 19614563_11 Currently there is no published human trial on use of kava in affective disorders, or in OCD, PTSD, PD, or SP. 19614563 54 58 kava Plant 19614563 62 81 affective disorders Negative_phenotype 19614563 89 92 OCD Negative_phenotype 19614563 94 98 PTSD Negative_phenotype 19614563 100 102 PD Negative_phenotype 19614563 107 109 SP Negative_phenotype 19614563_12 These disorders constitute potential applications that warrant exploration. 19614563_13 CONCLUSIONS: Current evidence for herbal medicines in the treatment of depression and anxiety only supports the use of Hypericum perforatum for depression, and Piper methysticum for generalized anxiety. 19614563 71 81 depression Negative_phenotype 19614563 86 93 anxiety Negative_phenotype 19614563 119 139 Hypericum perforatum Plant 19614563 144 154 depression Negative_phenotype 19614563 160 177 Piper methysticum Plant 19614563 182 201 generalized anxiety Negative_phenotype 19614563 Decrease 119 139 Hypericum perforatum Plant 144 154 depression Negative_phenotype 19614563 Decrease 160 177 Piper methysticum Plant 182 201 generalized anxiety Negative_phenotype 19703745_1 Crude extracts of Solanum lyratum protect endothelial cells against oxidized low-density lipoprotein-induced injury by direct antioxidant action. 19703745 18 33 Solanum lyratum Plant 19703745 109 115 injury Negative_phenotype 19703745 126 137 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 19703745 Decrease 18 33 Solanum lyratum Plant 109 115 injury Negative_phenotype 19703745 Increase 18 33 Solanum lyratum Plant 126 137 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 19703745_2 BACKGROUND: Oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) is a proatherogenic molecule that accumulates in the vascular wall and contributes to the pathogenesis of vascular dysfunction early in the development of atherosclerosis. 19703745 159 223 vascular dysfunction early in the development of atherosclerosis Negative_phenotype 19703745_3 The whole plant of Solanum lyratum is a traditional Chinese medicine that has been used for centuries to treat cancer, tumors, and herpes. 19703745 19 34 Solanum lyratum Plant 19703745 111 117 cancer Negative_phenotype 19703745 119 125 tumors Negative_phenotype 19703745 131 137 herpes Negative_phenotype 19703745 Decrease 19 34 Solanum lyratum Plant 111 117 cancer Negative_phenotype 19703745 Decrease 19 34 Solanum lyratum Plant 119 125 tumors Negative_phenotype 19703745 Decrease 19 34 Solanum lyratum Plant 131 137 herpes Negative_phenotype 19703745_4 However, the cellular and molecular mechanisms of its antioxidant effects are still largely unknown. 19703745 54 65 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 19703745_5 This study tested the hypothesis that Solanum lyratum Thunberg extract (SLE) could block oxLDL-induced endothelial dysfunction in cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). 19703745 38 62 Solanum lyratum Thunberg Plant 19703745 72 75 SLE Plant 19703745 103 126 endothelial dysfunction Negative_phenotype 19703745_6 Possible mechanisms were explored. 19703745_7 METHODS: Antioxidative activities of SLE were assayed by measuring the scavenging of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) free radical and the inhibition of copper-mediated or cell-mediated LDL oxidation. 19703745 9 22 Antioxidative Positive_phenotype 19703745 37 40 SLE Plant 19703745_8 Production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the expression of adhesion molecules were evaluated in HUVECs after exposure to oxLDL and treatment with SLE. 19703745 153 156 SLE Plant 19703745_9 Several apoptotic signaling pathways were investigated. 19703745_10 RESULTS: SLE scavenged DPPH and also delayed the kinetics of LDL oxidation in a dose-dependent manner. 19703745 9 12 SLE Plant 19703745_11 SLE attenuated the level of oxLDL-induced ROS generation, diminished the expression of endothelial NO synthase (eNOS), and enhanced the expression of adhesion molecules (vascular cellular adhesion molecule-1, E-selectin, and monocyte chemotactic protein-1) and the adherence of monocytic THP-1 cells to HUVECs. 19703745 0 3 SLE Plant 19703745_12 OxLDL increased the concentration of intracellular calcium, disturbed the balance of the Bcl-2 protein family, destabilized the mitochondrial membrane potential, increased the amount of cytochrome c released into the cytosol, and increased the activation of caspase 3. 19703745_13 These detrimental effects were ameliorated dose-dependently by SLE (P < .05). 19703745 63 66 SLE Plant 19703745_14 CONCLUSION: Crude extracts of Solanum lyratum protect against oxLDL-induced injury in endothelial cells by direct antioxidant action. 19703745 30 45 Solanum lyratum Plant 19703745 76 82 injury Negative_phenotype 19703745 114 125 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 19703745 Decrease 30 45 Solanum lyratum Plant 76 82 injury Negative_phenotype 19703745 Increase 30 45 Solanum lyratum Plant 114 125 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 19703745_15 CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by lipid-laden lesions within arterialblood vessel walls. 19703745 20 35 Atherosclerosis Negative_phenotype 19703745 41 69 chronic inflammatory disease Negative_phenotype 19703745 87 106 lipid-laden lesions Negative_phenotype 19703745_16 Inhibiting the oxidation of low-density lipoprotein may be an effective way to prevent or delay theprogression of atherosclerosis. 19703745 114 129 atherosclerosis Negative_phenotype 19703745_17 This study underscores the potential clinical benefits and application of Solanum lyratumextract in controlling oxidized low-density lipoprotein-associated vascular injury and cardiovascular disease. 19703745 74 96 Solanum lyratumextract Plant 19703745 156 171 vascular injury Negative_phenotype 19703745 176 198 cardiovascular disease Negative_phenotype 19703745 Decrease 74 96 Solanum lyratumextract Plant 156 171 vascular injury Negative_phenotype 19703745 Decrease 74 96 Solanum lyratumextract Plant 176 198 cardiovascular disease Negative_phenotype 19715749_1 Anti-inflammatory, anti-nociceptive, and anti-psychiatric effects by the rhizomes of Alpinia officinarum on complete Freund's adjuvant-induced arthritis in rats. 19715749 0 17 Anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 19715749 19 35 anti-nociceptive Positive_phenotype 19715749 41 57 anti-psychiatric Positive_phenotype 19715749 85 104 Alpinia officinarum Plant 19715749 143 152 arthritis Negative_phenotype 19715749_2 ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Alpinia officinarum Hance (Zingiberaceae) is an annual plant. 19715749 32 57 Alpinia officinarum Hance Plant 19715749_3 Its rhizome has long been used as an anti-inflammatory, an analgesic, a stomachic and a carminative in traditional medicine. 19715749 37 54 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 19715749 59 68 analgesic Positive_phenotype 19715749 72 81 stomachic Positive_phenotype 19715749 88 99 carminative Positive_phenotype 19715749_4 OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to test the anti-inflammatory effects of Alpinia officinarum rhizomes on acute and chronic arthritis in SD rats. 19715749 49 66 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 19715749 78 97 Alpinia officinarum Plant 19715749 110 137 acute and chronic arthritis Negative_phenotype 19715749_5 METHODS: Alpinia officinarum rhizomes were extracted by refluxing using 80% ethanol. 19715749 9 28 Alpinia officinarum Plant 19715749_6 The fractions were prepared by the fractionation of ethyl acetate (EtOAc), n-butanol, and water. 19715749_7 This extract was administrated to rats by peroral injection. 19715749_8 Acute arthritis was induced by a subcutaneous injection of carrageenan into the hind paw of SD rats. 19715749 0 15 Acute arthritis Negative_phenotype 19715749_9 Chronic arthritis was stimulated by a subcutaneous injection of complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) into the hind paw of SD rats. 19715749 0 17 Chronic arthritis Negative_phenotype 19715749_10 The paw volume was measured using a plethysmometer, thermal hyperalgesia was tested using a thermal plantar tester, hyperalgesia was evaluated by ankle flexion evoked vocalizations, and the expression of c-Fos in the brain hippocampus was measured with the avidin-biotin-peroxidase technique. 19715749 4 14 paw volume Negative_phenotype 19715749 52 72 thermal hyperalgesia Negative_phenotype 19715749 116 128 hyperalgesia Negative_phenotype 19715749_11 Nitric oxide (NO) production was evaluated on nitrite by a Griess assay in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced murine macrophage RAW 264.7 cells. 19715749_12 RESULTS: An 80% ethanolic extract showed acute anti-inflammatory activity that it reduced the edema volume in carrageenan-stimulated arthritis and inhibited NO generation in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells. 19715749 47 64 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 19715749 94 99 edema Negative_phenotype 19715749_13 In addition, this extract showed chronic anti-rheumatic and analgesic activities by suppressing the swelling volume, by recovering the paw withdrawal latency, and by inhibiting the flexion scores in CFA-induced arthritis. 19715749 33 55 chronic anti-rheumatic Positive_phenotype 19715749 60 69 analgesic Positive_phenotype 19715749 100 108 swelling Negative_phenotype 19715749 135 157 paw withdrawal latency Negative_phenotype 19715749 211 220 arthritis Negative_phenotype 19715749_14 Particularly, this medicine had potent meaningful effects on the second signal of the left hind paw in the form of an immunological reaction compared to its effects on the first signal in the right hind paw after the CFA treatment. 19715749_15 This also shows an anti-psychiatric effect through control of the expression of the c-Fos protein of the brain hippocampus in CFA-stimulated arthritis. 19715749 19 35 anti-psychiatric Positive_phenotype 19715749 141 150 arthritis Negative_phenotype 19715749_16 On the other hand, each fraction showed acute anti-inflammatory effects; the action of the EtOAc fraction may have resulted from the suppression of NO production. 19715749 46 63 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 19715749_17 CONCLUSIONS: Alpinia officinarum rhizomes may be viable therapeutic or preventive candidates for the treatment of acute and chronic arthritis. 19715749 13 32 Alpinia officinarum Plant 19715749 114 141 acute and chronic arthritis Negative_phenotype 19715749 Decrease 13 32 Alpinia officinarum Plant 114 141 acute and chronic arthritis Negative_phenotype 19783524_1 Ethnopharmacology of the plants of genus Ajuga. 19783524 41 46 Ajuga Plant 19783524_2 The plants of genus Ajuga are evergreen, clump-forming rhizomatous perennial or annual herbaceous flowering species, with Ajuga being one of the 266 genera of the family Lamiaceae. 19783524 20 25 Ajuga Plant 19783524 122 127 Ajuga Plant 19783524_3 There are at least 301 species of the genus Ajuga with many variations. 19783524 44 49 Ajuga Plant 19783524_4 These plants, growing in Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia and North America, are used in gardens as ground cover or border for their foliage and beautiful flowers. 19783524_5 Many of these plants have been used in traditional medicine as a remedy for fever, toothache, dysentery, malaria, high blood pressure, diabetes, gastrointestinal disorders, as anthelmintic, diuretic and antifungal, anti-inflammatory, and antimycobacterial agents. 19783524 76 81 fever Negative_phenotype 19783524 83 92 toothache Negative_phenotype 19783524 94 103 dysentery Negative_phenotype 19783524 105 112 malaria Negative_phenotype 19783524 114 133 high blood pressure Negative_phenotype 19783524 135 143 diabetes Negative_phenotype 19783524 145 171 gastrointestinal disorders Negative_phenotype 19783524 176 188 anthelmintic Positive_phenotype 19783524 190 198 diuretic Positive_phenotype 19783524 203 213 antifungal Positive_phenotype 19783524 215 232 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 19783524 238 255 antimycobacterial Positive_phenotype 19783524_6 They are also used as insect growth inhibitor s. A large number of compounds have been isolated from the Ajuga plants, including phytoecdysteroids, neo-clerodane-diterpenes and diterpenoids, triterpenes, sterols, anthocyanidin-glucosides and iridoid glycosides, withanolides, flavonoids, triglycerides and essential oils. 19783524 105 110 Ajuga Plant 19783524_7 These compounds possess a broad spectrum of biological, pharmacological and medicinal properties, such as anabolic, analgesic, antibacterial, antiestrogenic, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, antihypertensive, antileukemic, antimalarial, antimycobacterial, antioxidant, antipyretic, cardiotonic, cytotoxic, hypoglycemic, and vasorelaxing activity, as well as antifeedant and insect growth-inhibitory properties. 19783524 106 114 anabolic Positive_phenotype 19783524 116 125 analgesic Positive_phenotype 19783524 127 140 antibacterial Positive_phenotype 19783524 142 156 antiestrogenic Positive_phenotype 19783524 158 168 antifungal Positive_phenotype 19783524 170 187 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 19783524 189 205 antihypertensive Positive_phenotype 19783524 207 219 antileukemic Positive_phenotype 19783524 221 233 antimalarial Positive_phenotype 19783524 235 252 antimycobacterial Positive_phenotype 19783524 254 265 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 19783524 267 278 antipyretic Positive_phenotype 19783524 280 291 cardiotonic Positive_phenotype 19783524 304 316 hypoglycemic Positive_phenotype 19783524 322 334 vasorelaxing Positive_phenotype 19783524 356 367 antifeedant Positive_phenotype 19783524_8 Thus, genus Ajuga has significant medicinal and economic importance. 19783524 12 17 Ajuga Plant 19789931_1 Ailanthus altissima swingle has anti-anaphylactic effect and inhibits inflammatory cytokine expression via suppression of nuclear factor-kappaB activation. 19789931 0 27 Ailanthus altissima swingle Plant 19789931 32 49 anti-anaphylactic Positive_phenotype 19789931 Increase 0 27 Ailanthus altissima swingle Plant 32 49 anti-anaphylactic Positive_phenotype 19789931_2 Ailanthus altissima swingle (ailanthic cortex, AAS) has been used as a traditional medicine for fever, bleeding, infection, and inflammation for many years in Korea. 19789931 0 27 Ailanthus altissima swingle Plant 19789931 29 45 ailanthic cortex Plant 19789931 47 50 AAS Plant 19789931 96 101 fever Negative_phenotype 19789931 103 111 bleeding Negative_phenotype 19789931 113 122 infection Negative_phenotype 19789931 128 140 inflammation Negative_phenotype 19789931 Decrease 0 27 Ailanthus altissima swingle Plant 96 101 fever Negative_phenotype 19789931 Decrease 0 27 Ailanthus altissima swingle Plant 103 111 bleeding Negative_phenotype 19789931 Decrease 0 27 Ailanthus altissima swingle Plant 113 122 infection Negative_phenotype 19789931 Decrease 0 27 Ailanthus altissima swingle Plant 128 140 inflammation Negative_phenotype 19789931 Decrease 29 45 ailanthic cortex Plant 96 101 fever Negative_phenotype 19789931 Decrease 29 45 ailanthic cortex Plant 103 111 bleeding Negative_phenotype 19789931 Decrease 29 45 ailanthic cortex Plant 113 122 infection Negative_phenotype 19789931 Decrease 29 45 ailanthic cortex Plant 128 140 inflammation Negative_phenotype 19789931 Decrease 47 50 AAS Plant 96 101 fever Negative_phenotype 19789931 Decrease 47 50 AAS Plant 103 111 bleeding Negative_phenotype 19789931 Decrease 47 50 AAS Plant 113 122 infection Negative_phenotype 19789931 Decrease 47 50 AAS Plant 128 140 inflammation Negative_phenotype 19789931_3 However, its mechanisms have not been examined. 19789931_4 In the present study, we investigate the effect of AAS on the mast-cell-mediated allergic and inflammatory reaction using in vivo and in vitro models and elucidate its molecular mechanisms. 19789931 51 54 AAS Plant 19789931 81 89 allergic Negative_phenotype 19789931 94 106 inflammatory Negative_phenotype 19789931_5 AAS significantly inhibited compound 48/48-induced edema and systemic anaphylaxis. 19789931 0 3 AAS Plant 19789931 51 56 edema Negative_phenotype 19789931 61 81 systemic anaphylaxis Negative_phenotype 19789931 Decrease 0 3 AAS Plant 51 56 edema Negative_phenotype 19789931 Decrease 0 3 AAS Plant 61 81 systemic anaphylaxis Negative_phenotype 19789931_6 AAS significantly inhibited passive cutaneous anaphylaxis. 19789931 0 3 AAS Plant 19789931 28 57 passive cutaneous anaphylaxis Negative_phenotype 19789931 Decrease 0 3 AAS Plant 28 57 passive cutaneous anaphylaxis Negative_phenotype 19789931_7 AAS inhibited histamine release from rat peritoneal mast cells (RPMCs) in a dose-dependent manner. 19789931 0 3 AAS Plant 19789931_8 Moreover, AAS significantly inhibited production of inflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-8 on the phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate and calcium ionophore A23187 (PMACI)-stimulated human mast cell line, HMC-1 cells. 19789931 10 13 AAS Plant 19789931_9 AAS inhibits the IgE or stem cell factor-induced TNF production on RPMCs. 19789931 0 3 AAS Plant 19789931_10 In activated HMC-1 cells, the expression level of NF-kappaB/Rel A protein increased in the nucleus, whereas the level of NF-kappaB/Rel A in the nucleus was decreased by AAS treatment. 19789931 169 172 AAS Plant 19789931_11 In addition, AAS inhibited the PMACI-induced IkappaBalpha degradation. 19789931 13 16 AAS Plant 19789931_12 In conclusion, the present results indicate that AAS has potent anti-anaphylactic and anti-inflammatory properties. 19789931 49 52 AAS Plant 19789931 64 81 anti-anaphylactic Positive_phenotype 19789931 86 103 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 19789931 Increase 49 52 AAS Plant 64 81 anti-anaphylactic Positive_phenotype 19789931 Increase 49 52 AAS Plant 86 103 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 19939212_1 Ganoderma lucidum: a potent pharmacological macrofungus. 19939212 0 17 Ganoderma lucidum Plant 19939212_2 Ganoderma lucidum (Ling Zhi) is a basidiomycete white rot macrofungus which has been used extensively as "the mushroom of immortality" in China, Japan, Korea and other Asian countries for 2000 years. 19939212 0 17 Ganoderma lucidum Plant 19939212 19 27 Ling Zhi Plant 19939212_3 A great deal of work has been carried out on therapeutic potential of Ganoderma lucidum. 19939212 70 87 Ganoderma lucidum Plant 19939212_4 The basidiocarp, mycelia and spores of Ganoderma lucidum contain approximately 400 different bioactive compounds, which mainly include triterpenoids, polysaccharides, nucleotides, sterols, steroids, fatty acids, proteins/peptides and trace elements which has been reported to have a number of pharmacological effects including immunomodulation, anti-atherosclerotic, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, chemo-preventive, antitumor, chemo and radio protective, sleep promoting, antibacterial, antiviral (including anti-HIV), hypolipidemic, anti-fibrotic, hepatoprotective, anti-diabetic, anti-androgenic, anti-angiogenic, anti-herpetic, antioxidative and radical-scavenging, anti-aging, hypoglycemic, estrogenic activity and anti-ulcer properties. 19939212 39 56 Ganoderma lucidum Plant 19939212 327 343 immunomodulation Positive_phenotype 19939212 345 365 anti-atherosclerotic Positive_phenotype 19939212 367 384 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 19939212 386 395 analgesic Positive_phenotype 19939212 397 413 chemo-preventive Positive_phenotype 19939212 415 424 antitumor Positive_phenotype 19939212 426 452 chemo and radio protective Positive_phenotype 19939212 454 469 sleep promoting Positive_phenotype 19939212 471 484 antibacterial Positive_phenotype 19939212 486 495 antiviral Positive_phenotype 19939212 507 515 anti-HIV Positive_phenotype 19939212 518 531 hypolipidemic Positive_phenotype 19939212 533 546 anti-fibrotic Positive_phenotype 19939212 548 564 hepatoprotective Positive_phenotype 19939212 566 579 anti-diabetic Positive_phenotype 19939212 581 596 anti-androgenic Positive_phenotype 19939212 598 613 anti-angiogenic Positive_phenotype 19939212 615 628 anti-herpetic Positive_phenotype 19939212 630 643 antioxidative Positive_phenotype 19939212 668 678 anti-aging Positive_phenotype 19939212 680 692 hypoglycemic Positive_phenotype 19939212 694 704 estrogenic Positive_phenotype 19939212 718 728 anti-ulcer Positive_phenotype 19939212 Increase 39 56 Ganoderma lucidum Plant 327 343 immunomodulation Positive_phenotype 19939212 Increase 39 56 Ganoderma lucidum Plant 345 365 anti-atherosclerotic Positive_phenotype 19939212 Increase 39 56 Ganoderma lucidum Plant 367 384 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 19939212 Increase 39 56 Ganoderma lucidum Plant 386 395 analgesic Positive_phenotype 19939212 Increase 39 56 Ganoderma lucidum Plant 397 413 chemo-preventive Positive_phenotype 19939212 Increase 39 56 Ganoderma lucidum Plant 415 424 antitumor Positive_phenotype 19939212 Increase 39 56 Ganoderma lucidum Plant 426 452 chemo and radio protective Positive_phenotype 19939212 Increase 39 56 Ganoderma lucidum Plant 454 469 sleep promoting Positive_phenotype 19939212 Increase 39 56 Ganoderma lucidum Plant 471 484 antibacterial Positive_phenotype 19939212 Increase 39 56 Ganoderma lucidum Plant 486 495 antiviral Positive_phenotype 19939212 Increase 39 56 Ganoderma lucidum Plant 507 515 anti-HIV Positive_phenotype 19939212 Increase 39 56 Ganoderma lucidum Plant 518 531 hypolipidemic Positive_phenotype 19939212 Increase 39 56 Ganoderma lucidum Plant 533 546 anti-fibrotic Positive_phenotype 19939212 Increase 39 56 Ganoderma lucidum Plant 548 564 hepatoprotective Positive_phenotype 19939212 Increase 39 56 Ganoderma lucidum Plant 566 579 anti-diabetic Positive_phenotype 19939212 Increase 39 56 Ganoderma lucidum Plant 581 596 anti-androgenic Positive_phenotype 19939212 Increase 39 56 Ganoderma lucidum Plant 598 613 anti-angiogenic Positive_phenotype 19939212 Increase 39 56 Ganoderma lucidum Plant 615 628 anti-herpetic Positive_phenotype 19939212 Increase 39 56 Ganoderma lucidum Plant 630 643 antioxidative Positive_phenotype 19939212 Increase 39 56 Ganoderma lucidum Plant 668 678 anti-aging Positive_phenotype 19939212 Increase 39 56 Ganoderma lucidum Plant 680 692 hypoglycemic Positive_phenotype 19939212 Increase 39 56 Ganoderma lucidum Plant 694 704 estrogenic Positive_phenotype 19939212 Increase 39 56 Ganoderma lucidum Plant 718 728 anti-ulcer Positive_phenotype 19939212_5 Ganoderma lucidum has now become recognized as an alternative adjuvant in the treatment of leukemia, carcinoma, hepatitis and diabetes. 19939212 0 17 Ganoderma lucidum Plant 19939212 91 99 leukemia Negative_phenotype 19939212 101 110 carcinoma Negative_phenotype 19939212 112 121 hepatitis Negative_phenotype 19939212 126 134 diabetes Negative_phenotype 19939212 Decrease 0 17 Ganoderma lucidum Plant 91 99 leukemia Negative_phenotype 19939212 Decrease 0 17 Ganoderma lucidum Plant 101 110 carcinoma Negative_phenotype 19939212 Decrease 0 17 Ganoderma lucidum Plant 112 121 hepatitis Negative_phenotype 19939212 Decrease 0 17 Ganoderma lucidum Plant 126 134 diabetes Negative_phenotype 19939212_6 The macrofungus is very rare in nature rather not sufficient for commercial exploitation for vital therapeutic emergencies, therefore, the cultivation on solid substrates, stationary liquid medium or by submerged cultivation has become an essential aspect to meet the driving force towards the increasing demands in the international market. 19939212_7 Present review focuses on the pharmacological aspects, cultivation methods and bioactive metabolites playing a significant role in various therapeutic applications. 21029769_1 Protective effect of Ilex latifolia, a major component of "kudingcha", against transient focal ischemia-induced neuronal damage in rats. 21029769 21 35 Ilex latifolia Plant 21029769 79 127 transient focal ischemia-induced neuronal damage Negative_phenotype 21029769_2 AIMS OF THE STUDY: Ilex latifolia (Aquifoliaceae), a primary component of "kudingcha", has been used in Chinese folk medicine to treat various kinds of diseases including headaches, inflammatory diseases, and cardiac ischemic injury. 21029769 19 33 Ilex latifolia Plant 21029769 171 180 headaches Negative_phenotype 21029769 182 203 inflammatory diseases Negative_phenotype 21029769 209 232 cardiac ischemic injury Negative_phenotype 21029769 Decrease 19 33 Ilex latifolia Plant 171 180 headaches Negative_phenotype 21029769 Decrease 19 33 Ilex latifolia Plant 182 203 inflammatory diseases Negative_phenotype 21029769 Decrease 19 33 Ilex latifolia Plant 209 232 cardiac ischemic injury Negative_phenotype 21029769_3 The present study investigated the protective effect of the ethanol extract of Ilex latifolia against transient, focal, ischemia-induced neuronal damage. 21029769 79 93 Ilex latifolia Plant 21029769 102 152 transient, focal, ischemia-induced neuronal damage Negative_phenotype 21029769_4 MATERIALS AND METHODS: Transient focal ischemia was induced by 2 h middle cerebral artery occlusion followed by 24 h reperfusion (MCAO/reperfusion) in rats. 21029769 23 47 Transient focal ischemia Negative_phenotype 21029769 74 99 cerebral artery occlusion Negative_phenotype 21029769 117 128 reperfusion Negative_phenotype 21029769 130 146 MCAO/reperfusion Negative_phenotype 21029769_5 After MCAO/reperfusion, brain infarction and neuronal death were measured by triphenyltetrazolium chloride and hematoxylin and eosin staining, respectively. 21029769 6 22 MCAO/reperfusion Negative_phenotype 21029769 24 40 brain infarction Negative_phenotype 21029769 45 59 neuronal death Negative_phenotype 21029769_6 Glutathione concentration and lipid peroxidation rate were measured. 21029769_7 The expression levels of phosphorylated mitogen activated proteins kinases (MAPKs), cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2), and anti-apoptotic and pro-apoptotic proteins were detected by Western blot. 21029769_8 RESULTS: Ilex latifolia (50-200 mg/kg) significantly reduced MCAO/reperfusion-induced infarction and edema formation, neurological deficits, and brain cell death. 21029769 9 23 Ilex latifolia Plant 21029769 61 96 MCAO/reperfusion-induced infarction Negative_phenotype 21029769 101 106 edema Negative_phenotype 21029769 118 139 neurological deficits Negative_phenotype 21029769 145 161 brain cell death Negative_phenotype 21029769 Decrease 9 23 Ilex latifolia Plant 61 96 MCAO/reperfusion-induced infarction Negative_phenotype 21029769 Decrease 9 23 Ilex latifolia Plant 101 106 edema Negative_phenotype 21029769 Decrease 9 23 Ilex latifolia Plant 118 139 neurological deficits Negative_phenotype 21029769 Decrease 9 23 Ilex latifolia Plant 145 161 brain cell death Negative_phenotype 21029769_9 Depletion of glutathione level and lipid peroxidation induced by MCAO/reperfusion were inhibited by administration of Ilex latifolia. 21029769 65 81 MCAO/reperfusion Negative_phenotype 21029769 118 132 Ilex latifolia Plant 21029769 Decrease 65 81 MCAO/reperfusion Negative_phenotype 118 132 Ilex latifolia Plant 21029769_10 The increase of phosphorylated MAPKs, COX-2, and proapoptotic proteins and the decrease of antiapoptotic protein in MCAO/reperfusion rats were significantly inhibited by treatment with Ilex latifolia. 21029769 116 132 MCAO/reperfusion Negative_phenotype 21029769 185 199 Ilex latifolia Plant 21029769 Decrease 116 132 MCAO/reperfusion Negative_phenotype 185 199 Ilex latifolia Plant 21029769_11 CONCLUSION: Ilex latifolia ameliorated ischemic injury induced by MCAO/reperfusion in rats, and this neuroprotective effect might be associated with its anti-apoptotic effect, resulting from anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory actions. 21029769 12 26 Ilex latifolia Plant 21029769 39 82 ischemic injury induced by MCAO/reperfusion Negative_phenotype 21029769 101 116 neuroprotective Positive_phenotype 21029769 191 205 anti-oxidative Positive_phenotype 21029769 210 227 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 21029769 Decrease 12 26 Ilex latifolia Plant 39 82 ischemic injury induced by MCAO/reperfusion Negative_phenotype 21029769 Increase 12 26 Ilex latifolia Plant 191 205 anti-oxidative Positive_phenotype 21029769 Increase 12 26 Ilex latifolia Plant 210 227 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 21069254_1 Protective effects of Curcuma longa against cerulein-induced acute pancreatitis and pancreatitis-associated lung injury. 21069254 22 35 Curcuma longa Plant 21069254 61 79 acute pancreatitis Negative_phenotype 21069254 84 119 pancreatitis-associated lung injury Negative_phenotype 21069254_2 Curcuma longa (CL) has been reported to possess a variety of pharmacological activities. 21069254 0 13 Curcuma longa Plant 21069254 15 17 CL Plant 21069254_3 However, the effects of CL on acute pancreatitis (AP) have not yet been determined. 21069254 24 26 CL Plant 21069254 30 48 acute pancreatitis Negative_phenotype 21069254 50 52 AP Negative_phenotype 21069254_4 To this end, we examined the effects of CL on cerulein-induced AP. 21069254 40 42 CL Plant 21069254 63 65 AP Negative_phenotype 21069254_5 Cell viability and cytokine productions were measured in pancreatic acini. 21069254_6 Mice were divided into 3 groups: i) Normal group, ii) normal saline-treated group, iii) group treated with CL at a dose of 0.05, 0.1, 0.5 and 1 g/kg. 21069254 107 109 CL Plant 21069254_7 CL was administered orally to mice for 7 days. 21069254 0 2 CL Plant 21069254_8 The mice were intraperitoneally injected with the stable cholecystokinin analogue, cerulein (50 g/kg), every hour for a total of 6 h. 21069254_9 The mice were sacrificed 6 h after the completion of the cerulein injections. 21069254_10 Blood samples were obtained to determine serum amylase, lipase and cytokine levels. 21069254_11 The pancreas was rapidly removed for morphological examination, measurement of tissue myeloperoxidase activity, as well as the level of cytokines and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1). 21069254_12 The CL treatment reduced cerulein-induced cell death and cytokine production in pancreatic acini. 21069254 4 6 CL Plant 21069254_13 The administration of CL significantly ameliorated the severity of pancreatitis and pancreatitis-associated lung injury, as was shown by the reduction in pancreatic edema, neutrophil infiltration, vacuolization, necrosis, serum amylase, lipase and cytokine levels, and mRNA expression of multiple inflammatory mediators such as interleukin (IL)-1 and -6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-a. 21069254 22 24 CL Plant 21069254 55 79 severity of pancreatitis Negative_phenotype 21069254 84 119 pancreatitis-associated lung injury Negative_phenotype 21069254 154 170 pancreatic edema Negative_phenotype 21069254 172 195 neutrophil infiltration Negative_phenotype 21069254 197 210 vacuolization Negative_phenotype 21069254 212 220 necrosis Negative_phenotype 21069254 Decrease 22 24 CL Plant 55 79 severity of pancreatitis Negative_phenotype 21069254 Decrease 22 24 CL Plant 84 119 pancreatitis-associated lung injury Negative_phenotype 21069254 Decrease 22 24 CL Plant 154 170 pancreatic edema Negative_phenotype 21069254 Decrease 22 24 CL Plant 172 195 neutrophil infiltration Negative_phenotype 21069254 Decrease 22 24 CL Plant 197 210 vacuolization Negative_phenotype 21069254 Decrease 22 24 CL Plant 212 220 necrosis Negative_phenotype 21069254_14 In order to identify the regulatory mechanism of CL on cerulein-induced pancreatitis, we examined the level of HO-1 in the pancreas. 21069254 49 51 CL Plant 21069254 72 84 pancreatitis Negative_phenotype 21069254_15 We found that the administration of CL induced HO-1. 21069254 36 38 CL Plant 21069254_16 Our results suggest that CL plays a protective role in the development of AP and pancreatitis-associated lung injury. 21069254 25 27 CL Plant 21069254 74 76 AP Negative_phenotype 21069254 81 116 pancreatitis-associated lung injury Negative_phenotype 21069254 Decrease 25 27 CL Plant 74 76 AP Negative_phenotype 21069254 Decrease 25 27 CL Plant 81 116 pancreatitis-associated lung injury Negative_phenotype 21075193_1 Investigation of in vitro and in vivo anti-asthmatic properties of Siphonochilus aethiopicus. 21075193 38 52 anti-asthmatic Positive_phenotype 21075193 67 92 Siphonochilus aethiopicus Plant 21075193_2 AIM OF THE STUDY: Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the lungs, characterized by increased sensitivity to bronchoconstriction associated with infiltration of immune cells, mucus hypersecretion and structural remodelling of the airways. 21075193 18 24 Asthma Negative_phenotype 21075193 30 58 chronic inflammatory disease Negative_phenotype 21075193 115 134 bronchoconstriction Negative_phenotype 21075193 181 201 mucus hypersecretion Negative_phenotype 21075193 206 243 structural remodelling of the airways Negative_phenotype 21075193_3 In South Africa, the indigenous plant Siphonochilus aethiopicus, is used by traditional health practitioners to treat colds, wheezing of the chest, coughs, influenza, sinus problems and mild asthma. 21075193 38 63 Siphonochilus aethiopicus Plant 21075193 118 123 colds Negative_phenotype 21075193 125 147 wheezing of the chest, Negative_phenotype 21075193 148 154 coughs Negative_phenotype 21075193 156 165 influenza Negative_phenotype 21075193 167 181 sinus problems Negative_phenotype 21075193 191 197 asthma Negative_phenotype 21075193 Decrease 38 63 Siphonochilus aethiopicus Plant 118 123 colds Negative_phenotype 21075193 Decrease 38 63 Siphonochilus aethiopicus Plant 125 147 wheezing of the chest, Negative_phenotype 21075193 Decrease 38 63 Siphonochilus aethiopicus Plant 148 154 coughs Negative_phenotype 21075193 Decrease 38 63 Siphonochilus aethiopicus Plant 156 165 influenza Negative_phenotype 21075193 Decrease 38 63 Siphonochilus aethiopicus Plant 167 181 sinus problems Negative_phenotype 21075193 Decrease 38 63 Siphonochilus aethiopicus Plant 191 197 asthma Negative_phenotype 21075193_4 In this study we aimed to investigate the potential anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic properties of S. aethiopicus in vitro and its efficacy in a mouse model of allergic asthma. 21075193 52 69 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 21075193 74 87 anti-allergic Positive_phenotype 21075193 102 116 S. aethiopicus Plant 21075193 163 178 allergic asthma Negative_phenotype 21075193_5 MATERIALS AND METHODS: The dried and powdered S. aethiopicus plant material was extracted separately with organic solvents (diethyl ether, ethanol) and water. 21075193 46 60 S. aethiopicus Plant 21075193_6 Dried extracts as well as a purified furanoterpenoid compound present in the extracts were screened in vitro in a glucocorticoid and histamine H(1) receptor binding assay and a phosphodiesterase IV enzyme inhibition assay. 21075193_7 Extracts were also evaluated for efficacy against ovalbumin (OVA)-induced allergic airway disease in mice. 21075193 74 97 allergic airway disease Negative_phenotype 21075193_8 RESULTS: Biological assaying of extracts of the plant and the isolated furanoterpenoid showed significant in vitro inhibition of glucocorticoid and histamine H(1) receptor binding and phosphodiesterase IV activity, supporting a possible anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic and bronchodilatory effect. 21075193 237 254 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 21075193 256 269 anti-allergic Positive_phenotype 21075193 274 289 bronchodilatory Positive_phenotype 21075193_9 Administration of S. aethiopicus extracts to OVA-sensitized and challenged mice significantly reduced lung inflammation and the percentage of eosinophils in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid but did not influence airway hyperreactivity. 21075193 18 32 S. aethiopicus Plant 21075193 102 119 lung inflammation Negative_phenotype 21075193 208 230 airway hyperreactivity Negative_phenotype 21075193 Decrease 18 32 S. aethiopicus Plant 102 119 lung inflammation Negative_phenotype 21075193_10 CONCLUSION: This study provides evidence that S. aethiopicus has anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic properties in vitro and in vivo. 21075193 46 60 S. aethiopicus Plant 21075193 65 82 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 21075193 87 100 anti-allergic Positive_phenotype 21075193 Increase 46 60 S. aethiopicus Plant 65 82 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 21075193 Increase 46 60 S. aethiopicus Plant 87 100 anti-allergic Positive_phenotype 21075193_11 These findings may support anecdotal accounts of its effectiveness against asthma, sinusitis, colds and flu. 21075193 75 81 asthma Negative_phenotype 21075193 83 92 sinusitis Negative_phenotype 21075193 94 99 colds Negative_phenotype 21075193 104 107 flu Negative_phenotype 21089181_1 Modulation of the y-aminobutyric acid (GABA) system by Passiflora incarnata L. Passiflora incarnata L. (Passifloraceae) is important in herbal medicine for treating anxiety or nervousness, Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD), symptoms of opiate withdrawal, insomnia, neuralgia, convulsion, spasmodic asthma, ADHD, palpitations, cardiac rhythm abnormalities, hypertension, sexual dysfunction and menopause. 21089181 55 78 Passiflora incarnata L. Plant 21089181 79 102 Passiflora incarnata L. Plant 21089181 165 172 anxiety Negative_phenotype 21089181 176 187 nervousness Negative_phenotype 21089181 189 217 Generalized Anxiety Disorder Negative_phenotype 21089181 219 222 GAD Negative_phenotype 21089181 225 254 symptoms of opiate withdrawal Negative_phenotype 21089181 256 264 insomnia Negative_phenotype 21089181 266 275 neuralgia Negative_phenotype 21089181 277 287 convulsion Negative_phenotype 21089181 289 305 spasmodic asthma Negative_phenotype 21089181 307 311 ADHD Negative_phenotype 21089181 313 325 palpitations Negative_phenotype 21089181 327 355 cardiac rhythm abnormalities Negative_phenotype 21089181 357 369 hypertension Negative_phenotype 21089181 371 389 sexual dysfunction Negative_phenotype 21089181 394 403 menopause Negative_phenotype 21089181 Decrease 79 102 Passiflora incarnata L. Plant 165 172 anxiety Negative_phenotype 21089181 Decrease 79 102 Passiflora incarnata L. Plant 176 187 nervousness Negative_phenotype 21089181 Decrease 79 102 Passiflora incarnata L. Plant 189 217 Generalized Anxiety Disorder Negative_phenotype 21089181 Decrease 79 102 Passiflora incarnata L. Plant 219 222 GAD Negative_phenotype 21089181 Decrease 79 102 Passiflora incarnata L. Plant 225 254 symptoms of opiate withdrawal Negative_phenotype 21089181 Decrease 79 102 Passiflora incarnata L. Plant 256 264 insomnia Negative_phenotype 21089181 Decrease 79 102 Passiflora incarnata L. Plant 266 275 neuralgia Negative_phenotype 21089181 Decrease 79 102 Passiflora incarnata L. Plant 277 287 convulsion Negative_phenotype 21089181 Decrease 79 102 Passiflora incarnata L. Plant 289 305 spasmodic asthma Negative_phenotype 21089181 Decrease 79 102 Passiflora incarnata L. Plant 307 311 ADHD Negative_phenotype 21089181 Decrease 79 102 Passiflora incarnata L. Plant 313 325 palpitations Negative_phenotype 21089181 Decrease 79 102 Passiflora incarnata L. Plant 327 355 cardiac rhythm abnormalities Negative_phenotype 21089181 Decrease 79 102 Passiflora incarnata L. Plant 357 369 hypertension Negative_phenotype 21089181 Decrease 79 102 Passiflora incarnata L. Plant 371 389 sexual dysfunction Negative_phenotype 21089181 Decrease 79 102 Passiflora incarnata L. Plant 394 403 menopause Negative_phenotype 21089181_2 However, the mechanism of action is still under discussion. 21089181_3 Despite gaps in our understanding of neurophysiological processes, it is increasingly being recognized that dysfunction of the GABA system is implicated in many neuropsychiatric conditions, including anxiety and depressive disorders. 21089181 200 207 anxiety Negative_phenotype 21089181 212 232 depressive disorders Negative_phenotype 21089181_4 Therefore, the in vitro effects of a dry extract of Passiflora incarnata (sole active ingredient in Pascoflair 425 mg) on the GABA system were investigated. 21089181 52 72 Passiflora incarnata Plant 21089181_5 The extract inhibited [(3) H]-GABA uptake into rat cortical synaptosomes but had no effect on GABA release and GABA transaminase activity. 21089181_6 Passiflora incarnata inhibited concentration dependently the binding of [(3) H]- SR95531 to GABA(A) -receptors and of [(3) H]-CGP 54626 to GABA(B) -receptors. 21089181 0 20 Passiflora incarnata Plant 21089181_7 Using the [(35) S]-GTPyS binding assay Passiflora could be classified as an antagonist of the GABA(B) receptor. 21089181 39 49 Passiflora Plant 21089181_8 In contrast, the ethanol- and the benzodiazepine-site of the GABA(A) -receptor were not affected by this extract. 21089181_9 In conclusion, the first evidence was shown that numerous pharmacological effects of Passiflora incarnata are mediated via modulation of the GABA system including affinity to GABA(A) and GABA(B) receptors, and effects on GABA uptake. 21089181 85 105 Passiflora incarnata Plant 21129471_1 Topical application of Rehmannia glutinosa extract inhibits mite allergen-induced atopic dermatitis in NC/Nga mice. 21129471 23 42 Rehmannia glutinosa Plant 21129471 60 99 mite allergen-induced atopic dermatitis Negative_phenotype 21129471 Decrease 23 42 Rehmannia glutinosa Plant 60 99 mite allergen-induced atopic dermatitis Negative_phenotype 21129471_2 AIM OF THE STUDY: Rehmannia glutinosa is known in Asia as a traditional herbal medicine with anti-inflammatory properties. 21129471 18 37 Rehmannia glutinosa Plant 21129471 93 110 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 21129471 Increase 18 37 Rehmannia glutinosa Plant 93 110 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 21129471_3 Atopic dermatitis (AD) is an inflammatory skin disease associated with enhanced T-helper 2 (Th2) lymphocyte responses to allergens that results in elevated serum IgE levels and leukocyte infiltration. 21129471 0 17 Atopic dermatitis Negative_phenotype 21129471 19 21 AD Negative_phenotype 21129471 29 54 inflammatory skin disease Negative_phenotype 21129471 177 199 leukocyte infiltration Negative_phenotype 21129471_4 Although some studies have shown that Rehmannia glutinosa extract (RGE) has anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic activities, these properties have not been demonstrated in AD. 21129471 38 57 Rehmannia glutinosa Plant 21129471 67 70 RGE Plant 21129471 76 93 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 21129471 98 111 anti-allergic Positive_phenotype 21129471 171 173 AD Negative_phenotype 21129471 Increase 38 57 Rehmannia glutinosa Plant 76 93 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 21129471 Increase 38 57 Rehmannia glutinosa Plant 98 111 anti-allergic Positive_phenotype 21129471 Increase 67 70 RGE Plant 76 93 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 21129471 Increase 67 70 RGE Plant 98 111 anti-allergic Positive_phenotype 21129471_5 This study investigated the effectiveness of RGE as a therapeutic candidate in an AD model as well as its underlying mechanism of action. 21129471 45 48 RGE Plant 21129471 82 84 AD Negative_phenotype 21129471_6 MATERIALS AND METHODS: The effects of RGE on mite allergen (Dermatophagoides farinae)-treated NC/Nga mice were evaluated by skin symptom severity, ear thickness, production of serum IgE and histamine, and expression of cytokines, chemokines, and adhesion molecules in the ear lesions. 21129471 38 41 RGE Plant 21129471 45 58 mite allergen Negative_phenotype 21129471 60 84 Dermatophagoides farinae Negative_phenotype 21129471 124 145 skin symptom severity Negative_phenotype 21129471 147 160 ear thickness Negative_phenotype 21129471 272 283 ear lesions Negative_phenotype 21129471_7 In addition, the levels of thymus and activation-regulated chemokine (TARC), macrophage-derived chemokine (MDC), and regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES) produced in both TNF-a- and IFN-y-stimulated human keratinocytes were investigated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). 21129471_8 RESULTS: RGE treatment of NC/Nga mice significantly reduced dermatitis scores, ear thicknesses, and serum histamine levels. 21129471 9 12 RGE Plant 21129471 60 70 dermatitis Negative_phenotype 21129471 79 94 ear thicknesses Negative_phenotype 21129471 Decrease 9 12 RGE Plant 60 70 dermatitis Negative_phenotype 21129471 Decrease 9 12 RGE Plant 79 94 ear thicknesses Negative_phenotype 21129471_9 Histological analyses demonstrated decreased thickening of the epidermis/dermis as well as dermal infiltration by inflammatory cells. 21129471 45 79 thickening of the epidermis/dermis Negative_phenotype 21129471 98 126 infiltration by inflammatory Negative_phenotype 21129471_10 In the ear lesions, mRNA expression levels of IL-4, TNF-a, VCAM-1, and ICAM-1 were inhibited by RGE treatment. 21129471 7 18 ear lesions Negative_phenotype 21129471 96 99 RGE Plant 21129471_11 RGE also suppressed the production of TARC, MDC, and RANTES in both the ear lesions and keratinocytes. 21129471 0 3 RGE Plant 21129471 72 83 ear lesions Negative_phenotype 21129471_12 CONCLUSIONS: RGE inhibits the development of AD in NC/Nga mice by suppressing the expression of cytokines, chemokines, and adhesion molecules. 21129471 13 16 RGE Plant 21129471 45 47 AD Negative_phenotype 21129471 Decrease 13 16 RGE Plant 45 47 AD Negative_phenotype 21182924_1 Anti-inflammatory activity of Terminalia paniculata bark extract against acute and chronic inflammation in rats. 21182924 0 17 Anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 21182924 30 51 Terminalia paniculata Plant 21182924 73 103 acute and chronic inflammation Negative_phenotype 21182924_2 ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Terminalia paniculata Roxb. (Family-Combretaceae) is a wild tree commonly used in traditional ayurvedic medicine for the treatment of inflammation of parotid glands and in menstrual disorders. 21182924 32 59 Terminalia paniculata Roxb. Plant 21182924 166 196 inflammation of parotid glands Negative_phenotype 21182924 204 223 menstrual disorders Negative_phenotype 21182924 Decrease 32 59 Terminalia paniculata Roxb. Plant 166 196 inflammation of parotid glands Negative_phenotype 21182924 Decrease 32 59 Terminalia paniculata Roxb. Plant 204 223 menstrual disorders Negative_phenotype 21182924_3 AIM OF THE STUDY: To explore the folk use of Terminalia paniculata on pharmacological grounds to evaluate the scientific basis of anti-inflammatory activity. 21182924 45 66 Terminalia paniculata Plant 21182924 130 147 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 21182924_4 MATERIALS AND METHODS: The anti-inflammatory activity of Terminalia paniculata was studied against carrageenan-induced hind paw edema, air pouch inflammation and complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA)-induced arthritis in rats. 21182924 27 44 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 21182924 57 78 Terminalia paniculata Plant 21182924 119 133 hind paw edema Negative_phenotype 21182924 145 157 inflammation Negative_phenotype 21182924 203 212 arthritis Negative_phenotype 21182924_5 The aqueous extract of Terminalia paniculata bark (TPW) was administered at the concentrations of 100, 200 and 400mg/kg body weight. 21182924 23 44 Terminalia paniculata Plant 21182924 51 54 TPW Plant 21182924 120 131 body weight Neutral_phenotype 21182924_6 RESULTS: TPW showed significant (p<0.05) anti-inflammatory activity by reducing the edema volume in carrageenan-induced paw edema in rats. 21182924 9 12 TPW Plant 21182924 41 58 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 21182924 84 89 edema Negative_phenotype 21182924 120 129 paw edema Negative_phenotype 21182924 Increase 9 12 TPW Plant 41 58 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 21182924 Decrease 9 12 TPW Plant 84 89 edema Negative_phenotype 21182924 Decrease 9 12 TPW Plant 120 129 paw edema Negative_phenotype 21182924_7 Further, TPW (400mg/kg) also reduced the carrageenan-induced leukocyte migration (50.92 5.71%) and myeloperoxidase activity (49.31 5.24%) in air pouch exudates. 21182924 9 12 TPW Plant 21182924_8 TPW (200mg/kg) exhibits anti-rheumatic and analgesic activities by improving the altered haematological milieu (ESR, CRP, RF, WBC, RBC and Hb) and also by inhibiting the flexion scores and radiographic changes in CFA-induced arthritis. 21182924 0 3 TPW Plant 21182924 24 38 anti-rheumatic Positive_phenotype 21182924 43 52 analgesic Positive_phenotype 21182924 225 234 arthritis Negative_phenotype 21182924 Increase 0 3 TPW Plant 24 38 anti-rheumatic Positive_phenotype 21182924 Increase 0 3 TPW Plant 43 52 analgesic Positive_phenotype 21182924 Decrease 0 3 TPW Plant 225 234 arthritis Negative_phenotype 21182924_9 This extract also had significant (p<0.05) effects on the occurrence of secondary lesions compared to CFA control. 21182924 72 89 secondary lesions Negative_phenotype 21182924_10 CONCLUSIONS: Terminalia paniculata bark may be a potential preventive or therapeutic candidate for the treatment of chronic inflammation and arthritis. 21182924 13 34 Terminalia paniculata Plant 21182924 116 136 chronic inflammation Negative_phenotype 21182924 141 150 arthritis Negative_phenotype 21182924 Decrease 13 34 Terminalia paniculata Plant 116 136 chronic inflammation Negative_phenotype 21182924 Decrease 13 34 Terminalia paniculata Plant 141 150 arthritis Negative_phenotype 21195946_1 Inhibitory effect of Platycodon grandiflorum on T(H)1 and T(H)2 immune responses in a murine model of 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene-induced atopic dermatitis-like skin lesions. 21195946 21 44 Platycodon grandiflorum Plant 21195946 64 70 immune Positive_phenotype 21195946 135 170 atopic dermatitis-like skin lesions Negative_phenotype 21195946_2 BACKGROUND: Platycodon grandiflorum is a traditional Asian medicine that is used to treat pulmonary and respiratory allergic disorders. 21195946 12 35 Platycodon grandiflorum Plant 21195946 90 134 pulmonary and respiratory allergic disorders Negative_phenotype 21195946 Decrease 12 35 Platycodon grandiflorum Plant 90 134 pulmonary and respiratory allergic disorders Negative_phenotype 21195946_3 OBJECTIVE: to investigate the effects of P grandiflorum in vivo in an animal model of atopic dermatitis (AD), with particular emphasis on its effects on T(H)1 and T(H)2 immune responses. 21195946 41 55 P grandiflorum Plant 21195946 86 103 atopic dermatitis Negative_phenotype 21195946 105 107 AD Negative_phenotype 21195946 169 175 immune Positive_phenotype 21195946_4 METHODS: we established a model of AD-like skin lesions in NC/Nga mice. 21195946 35 55 AD-like skin lesions Negative_phenotype 21195946_5 After oral administration of P grandiflorum, we measured cytokine and immunoglobulin profiles along with histologic examination of skin. 21195946 29 43 P grandiflorum Plant 21195946_6 RESULTS: P grandiflorum was nontoxic in a 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene-induced model of AD-like skin lesions in NC/Nga mice. 21195946 9 23 P grandiflorum Plant 21195946 84 104 AD-like skin lesions Negative_phenotype 21195946_7 AD symptoms in skin lesions improved after oral administration of P grandiflorum. 21195946 0 27 AD symptoms in skin lesions Negative_phenotype 21195946 66 80 P grandiflorum Plant 21195946 Increase 0 27 AD symptoms in skin lesions Negative_phenotype 66 80 P grandiflorum Plant 21195946_8 IgE secretion was significantly downregulated in P grandiflorum-treated animals, accompanied by decreased levels of interleukin (IL) 4 and IgG1 and increased serum levels of IL-12p40 and IgG2a. 21195946 49 63 P grandiflorum Plant 21195946_9 In isolated splenocytes, the production of the T(H)1 cytokines IL-12p40 and interferon-y was upregulated by P grandiflorum, whereas the levels of the T(H)2 cytokines IL-4 and IL-5 were downregulated in a mouse model of AD-like skin lesions. 21195946 108 122 P grandiflorum Plant 21195946 219 239 AD-like skin lesions Negative_phenotype 21195946 Decrease 108 122 P grandiflorum Plant 219 239 AD-like skin lesions Negative_phenotype 21195946_10 CONCLUSIONS: these results suggest that P grandiflorum inhibits the development of AD-like skin lesions in NC/Nga mice by suppressing the T(H)2 cell response and increasing the T(H)1 cell responses. 21195946 40 54 P grandiflorum Plant 21195946 83 103 AD-like skin lesions Negative_phenotype 21195946 Decrease 40 54 P grandiflorum Plant 83 103 AD-like skin lesions Negative_phenotype 21195946_11 Our results indicate that P grandiflorum is safe and effective as a natural herbal medicine for the treatment of AD-like skin lesions. 21195946 26 40 P grandiflorum Plant 21195946 113 133 AD-like skin lesions Negative_phenotype 21195946 Decrease 26 40 P grandiflorum Plant 113 133 AD-like skin lesions Negative_phenotype 21251971_1 Morus bombycis Koidzumi extract suppresses collagen-induced arthritis by inhibiting the activation of nuclear factor-kB and activator protein-1 in mice. 21251971 0 23 Morus bombycis Koidzumi Plant 21251971 60 69 arthritis Negative_phenotype 21251971 Decrease 0 23 Morus bombycis Koidzumi Plant 60 69 arthritis Negative_phenotype 21251971_2 ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Morus bombycis Koidzumi is widely distributed in Asia. 21251971 32 55 Morus bombycis Koidzumi Plant 21251971_3 In Korea, it has been used in traditional medicine because of its apparent anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and hepatoprotective properties. 21251971 75 92 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 21251971 94 105 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 21251971 111 127 hepatoprotective Positive_phenotype 21251971_4 AIM OF THE STUDY: Although the extract of Morus bombycis Koidzumi (MB) has long since been used as a traditional anti-inflammatory medicine in Korea, its effect on arthritis remains unknown. 21251971 42 65 Morus bombycis Koidzumi Plant 21251971 67 69 MB Plant 21251971 113 130 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 21251971 164 173 arthritis Negative_phenotype 21251971 Increase 42 65 Morus bombycis Koidzumi Plant 113 130 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 21251971 Increase 67 69 MB Plant 113 130 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 21251971_5 We aimed to investigate the anti-arthritis activity of MB and the mechanism underlying it. 21251971 28 42 anti-arthritis Positive_phenotype 21251971 55 57 MB Plant 21251971_6 MATERIALS AND METHODS: The anti-arthritis activity of MB was assessed by using mouse models of type II collagen-induced arthritis (CIA). 21251971 27 41 anti-arthritis Positive_phenotype 21251971 54 56 MB Plant 21251971 120 129 arthritis Negative_phenotype 21251971 131 134 CIA Negative_phenotype 21251971_7 The clinical arthritis index and histopathological changes were evaluated in mice. 21251971 13 28 arthritis index Negative_phenotype 21251971_8 Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA), and other biologic approaches were used for measuring the effect of MB on arthritis and understanding the underlying mechanism. 21251971 171 173 MB Plant 21251971 177 186 arthritis Negative_phenotype 21251971_9 RESULTS: MB significantly decreased the clinical arthritis index in CIA mice; this was confirmed by examining histological changes in joints. 21251971 9 11 MB Plant 21251971 49 71 arthritis index in CIA Negative_phenotype 21251971 Decrease 9 11 MB Plant 49 71 arthritis index in CIA Negative_phenotype 21251971_10 Infiltration of immune cells, synovial hyperplasia, cartilage destruction, and bone erosion in the hind paw were largely suppressed by MB. 21251971 30 50 synovial hyperplasia Negative_phenotype 21251971 52 73 cartilage destruction Negative_phenotype 21251971 79 107 bone erosion in the hind paw Negative_phenotype 21251971 135 137 MB Plant 21251971 Decrease 30 50 synovial hyperplasia Negative_phenotype 135 137 MB Plant 21251971 Decrease 52 73 cartilage destruction Negative_phenotype 135 137 MB Plant 21251971 Decrease 79 107 bone erosion in the hind paw Negative_phenotype 135 137 MB Plant 21251971_11 The mRNA levels of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1/MMP-3, inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-a, interleukin (IL)-1b, IL-6), and chemokines (macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1, RANTES) were significantly suppressed by MB in a dose-dependent manner. 21251971 282 284 MB Plant 21251971_12 The number of osteoclasts in the hind tibia was also significantly decreased. 21251971_13 With regard to the mechanism, MB suppressed the activation of nuclear factor (NF)-kB and activator protein (AP)-1 in CIA mice. 21251971 30 32 MB Plant 21251971 117 120 CIA Negative_phenotype 21251971_14 CONCLUSIONS: MB produced an anti-arthritis effect in CIA mice by inhibiting the production of critical inflammatory mediators and osteoclasts through the downregulation of NF-kB and AP-1. 21251971 13 15 MB Plant 21251971 28 56 anti-arthritis effect in CIA Positive_phenotype 21251971 Increase 13 15 MB Plant 28 56 anti-arthritis effect in CIA Positive_phenotype 21277968_1 Cordyceps militaris extract suppresses dextran sodium sulfate-induced acute colitis in mice and production of inflammatory mediators from macrophages and mast cells. 21277968 0 19 Cordyceps militaris Plant 21277968 70 83 acute colitis Negative_phenotype 21277968_2 ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Cordyceps militaris is a well-known medicinal mushroom used for treatment of asthma, and other bronchial and lung inflammatory diseases. 21277968 32 51 Cordyceps militaris Plant 21277968 109 115 asthma Negative_phenotype 21277968 127 167 bronchial and lung inflammatory diseases Negative_phenotype 21277968 Decrease 32 51 Cordyceps militaris Plant 109 115 asthma Negative_phenotype 21277968 Decrease 32 51 Cordyceps militaris Plant 127 167 bronchial and lung inflammatory diseases Negative_phenotype 21277968_3 AIM OF THE STUDY: To investigate the anti-inflammatory effects and mechanism of Cordyceps militaris extract on a murine model of acute colitis. 21277968 37 54 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 21277968 80 99 Cordyceps militaris Plant 21277968 129 142 acute colitis Negative_phenotype 21277968_4 MATERIALS AND METHODS: We induced colitis using DSS for 1 week. 21277968 34 41 colitis Negative_phenotype 21277968_5 The disease activity index (DAI) took into account body weight loss, diarrhea, and bleeding. 21277968 51 62 body weight Neutral_phenotype 21277968 69 77 diarrhea Negative_phenotype 21277968 83 91 bleeding Negative_phenotype 21277968_6 Colon length and crypt length were measured using a microscope. 21277968 0 12 Colon length Neutral_phenotype 21277968 17 29 crypt length Neutral_phenotype 21277968_7 Structural changes of the colon were observed by H_E staining. 21277968_8 NO, iNOS, and TNF-a were determined using the Griess assay. 21277968_9 iNOS protein was determined using western blotting and quantitative reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, respectively. 21277968_10 Degranulated mast cells in colon tissue were stained using toluidine blue. 21277968_11 The degree of degranulated RBL-2H3 cells was measured by the b-hexosaminidase assay. 21277968_12 RESULTS: Cordyceps militaris extract significantly attenuated DSS-induced DAI scores (e.g., body weight loss, diarrhea, gross bleeding). 21277968 9 28 Cordyceps militaris Plant 21277968 92 103 body weight Neutral_phenotype 21277968 110 118 diarrhea Negative_phenotype 21277968 120 134 gross bleeding Negative_phenotype 21277968 Decrease 9 28 Cordyceps militaris Plant 92 103 body weight Neutral_phenotype 21277968 Decrease 9 28 Cordyceps militaris Plant 110 118 diarrhea Negative_phenotype 21277968 Decrease 9 28 Cordyceps militaris Plant 120 134 gross bleeding Negative_phenotype 21277968_13 Cordyceps militaris extract also effectively prevented shortening of colon length and crypt length. 21277968 0 19 Cordyceps militaris Plant 21277968 69 81 colon length Neutral_phenotype 21277968 86 98 crypt length Neutral_phenotype 21277968 Decrease 0 19 Cordyceps militaris Plant 69 81 colon length Neutral_phenotype 21277968 Decrease 0 19 Cordyceps militaris Plant 86 98 crypt length Neutral_phenotype 21277968_14 Histological analysis indicated that Cordyceps militaris extract suppressed epithelial damage, loss of goblet cells, loss of crypts, and infiltration of inflammatory cells induced by DSS. 21277968 37 56 Cordyceps militaris Plant 21277968 76 93 epithelial damage Negative_phenotype 21277968 95 115 loss of goblet cells Negative_phenotype 21277968 117 131 loss of crypts Negative_phenotype 21277968 137 165 infiltration of inflammatory Negative_phenotype 21277968 Decrease 37 56 Cordyceps militaris Plant 76 93 epithelial damage Negative_phenotype 21277968 Decrease 37 56 Cordyceps militaris Plant 95 115 loss of goblet cells Negative_phenotype 21277968 Decrease 37 56 Cordyceps militaris Plant 117 131 loss of crypts Negative_phenotype 21277968 Decrease 37 56 Cordyceps militaris Plant 137 165 infiltration of inflammatory Negative_phenotype 21277968_15 In addition, Cordyceps militaris extract inhibited iNOS and TNF-a mRNA expression in colon tissue of DSS-induced colitis and in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. 21277968 13 32 Cordyceps militaris Plant 21277968 113 120 colitis Negative_phenotype 21277968_16 Cordyceps militaris extract suppressed degranulation of mast cells in the colon of mice with DSS-induced colitis and in antigen-stimulated mast cells. 21277968 0 19 Cordyceps militaris Plant 21277968 105 112 colitis Negative_phenotype 21277968 Decrease 0 19 Cordyceps militaris Plant 105 112 colitis Negative_phenotype 21277968_17 CONCLUSION: These results suggest that Cordyceps militaris extract has anti-inflammatory activity in DSS-induced acute colitis by down-regulating production and expression of inflammatory mediators. 21277968 39 58 Cordyceps militaris Plant 21277968 71 88 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 21277968 113 126 acute colitis Negative_phenotype 21277968 Increase 39 58 Cordyceps militaris Plant 71 88 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 21277968 Decrease 39 58 Cordyceps militaris Plant 113 126 acute colitis Negative_phenotype 21277968_18 These findings suggest that Cordyceps militaris extract might be applied as an agent for prevention or treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs). 21277968 28 47 Cordyceps militaris Plant 21277968 116 143 inflammatory bowel diseases Negative_phenotype 21277968 145 149 IBDs Negative_phenotype 21277968 Decrease 28 47 Cordyceps militaris Plant 116 143 inflammatory bowel diseases Negative_phenotype 21277968 Decrease 28 47 Cordyceps militaris Plant 145 149 IBDs Negative_phenotype 21396437_1 Anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive effect of Betula platyphylla var. japonica in human interleukin-1b-stimulated fibroblast-like synoviocytes and in experimental animal models. 21396437 0 17 Anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 21396437 22 38 anti-nociceptive Positive_phenotype 21396437 49 81 Betula platyphylla var. japonica Plant 21396437_2 ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Traditional medicine has widely been used Betula platyphylla var. japonica to treat various inflammatory diseases including arthritis. 21396437 74 106 Betula platyphylla var. japonica Plant 21396437 124 145 inflammatory diseases Negative_phenotype 21396437 156 165 arthritis Negative_phenotype 21396437 Decrease 74 106 Betula platyphylla var. japonica Plant 124 145 inflammatory diseases Negative_phenotype 21396437 Decrease 74 106 Betula platyphylla var. japonica Plant 156 165 arthritis Negative_phenotype 21396437_3 AIM OF THE STUDY: To determine the anti-inflammatory, anti-nociceptive, and anti-arthritic effects of Betula platyphylla in interleukin-1b (IL-1b)-stimulated fibroblast-like synoviocytes from human rheumatoid arthritis and in nociceptive and inflammatory animal model. 21396437 35 52 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 21396437 54 70 anti-nociceptive Positive_phenotype 21396437 76 90 anti-arthritic Positive_phenotype 21396437 102 120 Betula platyphylla Plant 21396437 198 218 rheumatoid arthritis Negative_phenotype 21396437 226 254 nociceptive and inflammatory Negative_phenotype 21396437_4 MATERIALS AND METHODS: The inflammatory mediators such as IL-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-a matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1, MMP-13, inducible nitric oxide synthesis (iNOS), nitrites, prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) and cyclo-oxygenase 2 (COX-2) activity of Betula platyphylla were tested in IL-1b-stimulated fibroblast-like synoviocytes. 21396437 27 39 inflammatory Negative_phenotype 21396437 257 275 Betula platyphylla Plant 21396437_5 Tail withdrawal in response to thermal stimulation in tail flick test or paw flinching and shaking in response to sc hind paw formalin injection was measured 1h after oral administration of Betula platyphylla. 21396437 190 208 Betula platyphylla Plant 21396437_6 The former was evaluated with a paw pressure test, and the latter was measured using the squeaking score, and paw volume in inflammatory arthritis tests. 21396437 110 120 paw volume Neutral_phenotype 21396437 124 146 inflammatory arthritis Negative_phenotype 21396437_7 RESULTS: Betula platyphylla significantly inhibited proliferation of IL-1b-induced synoviocytes. 21396437 9 27 Betula platyphylla Plant 21396437_8 Betula platyphylla reduced the levels of inflammatory mediators, such as IL-6, TNF-a, MMP-1, MMP13, and PGE(2). 21396437 0 18 Betula platyphylla Plant 21396437 41 53 inflammatory Negative_phenotype 21396437 Decrease 0 18 Betula platyphylla Plant 41 53 inflammatory Negative_phenotype 21396437_9 In particular, Betula platyphylla significantly inhibited the releases of nitrites and iNOS, as well as release of NFkB, into the nucleus of IL-1b-treated synoviocytes, even at concentrations as low as 1 g/ml. 21396437 15 33 Betula platyphylla Plant 21396437_10 Oral administrant of Betula platyphylla at 400mg/kg significantly decreased about 27.8% of tail flick withdrawal and inhibited about the number of paw flinches in both phases 1 and 2 of the formalin test. 21396437 21 39 Betula platyphylla Plant 21396437_11 In the carrageenan-induced acute pain and arthritis model, Betula platyphylla dose dependently reduced the nociceptive threshold and the arthritic symptoms at day 8, respectively, and Betula platyphylla at 400mg/kg markedly reduced the inflammatory area about 48% in the ankle joints. 21396437 27 37 acute pain Negative_phenotype 21396437 42 51 arthritis Negative_phenotype 21396437 59 77 Betula platyphylla Plant 21396437 137 155 arthritic symptoms Negative_phenotype 21396437 184 202 Betula platyphylla Plant 21396437 236 248 inflammatory Negative_phenotype 21396437 Decrease 27 37 acute pain Negative_phenotype 59 77 Betula platyphylla Plant 21396437 Decrease 42 51 arthritis Negative_phenotype 59 77 Betula platyphylla Plant 21396437 Decrease 59 77 Betula platyphylla Plant 137 155 arthritic symptoms Negative_phenotype 21396437 Decrease 184 202 Betula platyphylla Plant 236 248 inflammatory Negative_phenotype 21396437_12 This capacity of Betula platyphylla at 400mg/kg was similar to that of the celecoxib-2 inhibitor in carrageenan-induced nociceptive and inflammatory arthritis model. 21396437 17 35 Betula platyphylla Plant 21396437 120 131 nociceptive Negative_phenotype 21396437 136 158 inflammatory arthritis Negative_phenotype 21396437 Decrease 17 35 Betula platyphylla Plant 120 131 nociceptive Negative_phenotype 21396437 Decrease 17 35 Betula platyphylla Plant 136 158 inflammatory arthritis Negative_phenotype 21396437_13 CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that Betula platyphylla has anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects in IL-1b-stimulated RA FLS and in an animal model of arthritis. 21396437 40 58 Betula platyphylla Plant 21396437 63 79 anti-nociceptive Positive_phenotype 21396437 84 101 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 21396437 130 132 RA Negative_phenotype 21396437 163 172 arthritis Negative_phenotype 21396437 Increase 40 58 Betula platyphylla Plant 63 79 anti-nociceptive Positive_phenotype 21396437 Increase 40 58 Betula platyphylla Plant 84 101 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 21396437 Decrease 40 58 Betula platyphylla Plant 130 132 RA Negative_phenotype 21396437 Decrease 40 58 Betula platyphylla Plant 163 172 arthritis Negative_phenotype 21396437_14 Thus, the use of Betula platyphylla as a pharmaceutical candidate for the treatment of arthritis should be further studied. 21396437 17 35 Betula platyphylla Plant 21396437 87 96 arthritis Negative_phenotype 21396437 Decrease 17 35 Betula platyphylla Plant 87 96 arthritis Negative_phenotype 21434485_1 Oxidative profile in patients with colon cancer: effects of Ruta chalepensis L. 21434485 35 47 colon cancer Negative_phenotype 21434485 60 79 Ruta chalepensis L. Plant 21434485_2 AIM: To verify the involvement of free radicals in tumor progression and to investigate the effects of an ethanolic extract of Ruta Chalepensis L. and of rutin in blood of patients with colon cancer. 21434485 51 56 tumor Negative_phenotype 21434485 127 146 Ruta Chalepensis L. Plant 21434485 186 198 colon cancer Negative_phenotype 21434485_3 MATERIALS AND METHODS: Leaves of Ruta Chalepensis L. were collected in the area around Catania (Italy). 21434485 33 52 Ruta Chalepensis L. Plant 21434485_4 For the preparation of the ethanol extract of leaves, an exhaustive extraction of 100 g of the drug was carried out in Soxhlet with 800 ml of 95% ethanol. 21434485_5 Fifty-six patients with colorectal cancer were randomly selected for this study; among these, 34 were affected by an early stage (T1 N0 M0 according to scale), while 22 were affected by an advanced stage (T4, N1-2, M0) of cancer. 21434485 24 41 colorectal cancer Negative_phenotype 21434485 222 228 cancer Negative_phenotype 21434485_6 Data obtained from these patients were compared with those of a control group consisting of 20 healthy subjects. 21434485_7 Plasma of each sample was used for determining non-proteic antioxidant capacity, thiol groups, lipid hydroperoxides and nitrite/nitrate levels, evaluated by spectrophotometric tests. 21434485 59 70 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 21434485_8 In addition, percentage of haemolysis was evaluated incubating (for 2 hours at 37 degrees C) erythrocyte suspension with a free radical donor (50 mM 2,2'-azobis-amidino propane chloridrate), in the presence or absence of ethanolic extract of Ruta Chalepensis L. (250 microg/ml) or rutin (1 mM). 21434485 27 37 haemolysis Negative_phenotype 21434485 242 261 Ruta Chalepensis L. Plant 21434485_9 RESULTS: Non-proteic antioxidant capacity was significantly lower in cancerous patients than in healthy subjects (p < 0.001). 21434485 21 32 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 21434485 69 78 cancerous Negative_phenotype 21434485_10 This decrease was stage-related. 21434485_11 In fact, non-proteic antioxidant capacity resulted lower in advanced than in early colorectal cancer (p < 0.001). 21434485 21 32 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 21434485 83 100 colorectal cancer Negative_phenotype 21434485_12 The same significant stage-related decrease was observed in plasma thiol groups (p < 0.001). 21434485_13 Coherently with the decrease in non-proteic antioxidant capacity and thiol groups, higher levels of lipid hydroperoxides and nitrite/nitrate were observed in patients with colorectal cancer with respect to healthy subjects (p < 0.001) and the increase in these markers of oxidative stress was related to the cancer stadiation. 21434485 44 55 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 21434485 172 189 colorectal cancer Negative_phenotype 21434485 272 288 oxidative stress Negative_phenotype 21434485 308 314 cancer Negative_phenotype 21434485_14 Neoplastic patients also showed an increased percentage of oxidative hemolysis respect to controls and the haemolytic damage was correlated with the stage of colon cancer. 21434485 0 10 Neoplastic Negative_phenotype 21434485 59 78 oxidative hemolysis Negative_phenotype 21434485 107 124 haemolytic damage Negative_phenotype 21434485 158 170 colon cancer Negative_phenotype 21434485_15 Both the extract of Ruta Chalepensis L. and rutin were able to protect erythrocytes from oxidative stress induced by the free radical donor, but the extract of Ruta Chalepensis L. was more effective than rutin. 21434485 20 39 Ruta Chalepensis L. Plant 21434485 89 105 oxidative stress Negative_phenotype 21434485 160 179 Ruta Chalepensis L. Plant 21434485 Decrease 20 39 Ruta Chalepensis L. Plant 89 105 oxidative stress Negative_phenotype 21434485_16 This protective effect was significant only in erythrocytes from patients with early colorectal group, whereas no significant modification was induced by Ruta Chalepensis L. or rutin in red blood cells from advanced colorectal cancer patients exposed to the same experimental conditions. 21434485 154 173 Ruta Chalepensis L. Plant 21434485 216 233 colorectal cancer Negative_phenotype 21434485_17 CONCLUSION: Oxidative stress correlates with colon cancer stadiation and both the extract of Ruta chalepensis and rutin are able to protect red blood cells from radical-induced damage. 21434485 12 28 Oxidative stress Negative_phenotype 21434485 45 57 colon cancer Negative_phenotype 21434485 93 109 Ruta chalepensis Plant 21434485 161 183 radical-induced damage Negative_phenotype 21434485 Decrease 12 28 Oxidative stress Negative_phenotype 93 109 Ruta chalepensis Plant 21434485 Decrease 45 57 colon cancer Negative_phenotype 93 109 Ruta chalepensis Plant 21434485 Decrease 93 109 Ruta chalepensis Plant 161 183 radical-induced damage Negative_phenotype 21434485_18 However, their effects are significant in early stages of cancer. 21434485 58 64 cancer Negative_phenotype 21434485_19 So these natural antioxidants might be usefull to prevent carcinogenesis and/or tumor progression. 21434485 17 29 antioxidants Positive_phenotype 21434485 58 72 carcinogenesis Negative_phenotype 21434485 80 85 tumor Negative_phenotype 21455454_1 Sphaeranthus indicus Linn. : A phytopharmacological review. 21455454 0 26 Sphaeranthus indicus Linn. Plant 21455454_2 Sphaeranthus indicus Linn. (Asteraceae) is widely used in Ayurvedic system of medicine to treat vitiated conditions of epilepsy, mental illness, hemicrania, jaundice, hepatopathy, diabetes, leprosy, fever, pectoralgia, cough, gastropathy, hernia, hemorrhoids, helminthiasis, dyspepsia and skin diseases. 21455454 119 127 epilepsy Negative_phenotype 21455454 129 143 mental illness Negative_phenotype 21455454 145 155 hemicrania Negative_phenotype 21455454 157 165 jaundice Negative_phenotype 21455454 167 178 hepatopathy Negative_phenotype 21455454 180 188 diabetes Negative_phenotype 21455454 190 197 leprosy Negative_phenotype 21455454 199 204 fever Negative_phenotype 21455454 206 217 pectoralgia Negative_phenotype 21455454 219 224 cough Negative_phenotype 21455454 226 237 gastropathy Negative_phenotype 21455454 239 245 hernia Negative_phenotype 21455454 247 258 hemorrhoids Negative_phenotype 21455454 260 273 helminthiasis Negative_phenotype 21455454 275 284 dyspepsia Negative_phenotype 21455454 289 302 skin diseases Negative_phenotype 21455454_3 There are reports providing scientific evidences for hypotensive, anxiolytic, neuroleptic, hypolipidemic, immunomodulatory, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, bronchodialatory, antihyperglycemic and hepatoprotective activities of this plant. 21455454 53 64 hypotensive Positive_phenotype 21455454 66 76 anxiolytic Positive_phenotype 21455454 78 89 neuroleptic Positive_phenotype 21455454 91 104 hypolipidemic Positive_phenotype 21455454 106 122 immunomodulatory Positive_phenotype 21455454 124 135 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 21455454 137 154 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 21455454 156 172 bronchodialatory Positive_phenotype 21455454 174 191 antihyperglycemic Positive_phenotype 21455454 196 212 hepatoprotective Positive_phenotype 21455454_4 A wide range of phytochemical constituents have been isolated from this plant including sesquiterpene lactones, eudesmenolides, flavanoids and essential oil. 21455454_5 A comprehensive account of the morphology, phytochemical constituents, ethnobotanical uses and pharmacological activities reported are included in this review for exploring the immense medicinal potential of this plant. 21515352_1 Inhibitory effects of Physalis angulata on tumor metastasis and angiogenesis. 21515352 22 39 Physalis angulata Plant 21515352 43 76 tumor metastasis and angiogenesis Negative_phenotype 21515352 Decrease 22 39 Physalis angulata Plant 43 76 tumor metastasis and angiogenesis Negative_phenotype 21515352_2 ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELAVENCE: Physalis angulata is well-known in traditional Chinese medicine as a ingredient for various herbal formulation; also, it has been shown to exhibit anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory effects. 21515352 32 49 Physalis angulata Plant 21515352 179 190 anti-cancer Positive_phenotype 21515352 195 212 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 21515352 Increase 32 49 Physalis angulata Plant 179 190 anti-cancer Positive_phenotype 21515352 Increase 32 49 Physalis angulata Plant 195 212 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 21515352_3 In this study, the ability of P. angulata to inhibit tumor metastasis and angiogenesis was investigated. 21515352 30 41 P. angulata Plant 21515352 53 86 tumor metastasis and angiogenesis Negative_phenotype 21515352 Decrease 30 41 P. angulata Plant 53 86 tumor metastasis and angiogenesis Negative_phenotype 21515352_4 MATERIALS AND METHODS: Anti-proliferative activity of ethyl acetate extracts of P. angulata (PA extracts), was determined against human oral squamous carcinoma (HSC-3) and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) by trypan blue exclusion method. 21515352 23 41 Anti-proliferative Positive_phenotype 21515352 80 91 P. angulata Plant 21515352 93 95 PA Plant 21515352 136 159 oral squamous carcinoma Negative_phenotype 21515352 161 166 HSC-3 Negative_phenotype 21515352_5 Wound-healing migration, trans-well invasion, Western blotting and chick chorioallantoic membrane assay were carried out to determine the anti-metastatic and anti-angiogenic effects of PA extracts in vitro and in vivo. 21515352 0 23 Wound-healing migration Positive_phenotype 21515352 25 44 trans-well invasion Negative_phenotype 21515352 138 153 anti-metastatic Positive_phenotype 21515352 158 173 anti-angiogenic Positive_phenotype 21515352 185 187 PA Plant 21515352_6 RESULTS: We demonstrated that at sub-cytotoxic concentrations of PA extracts (5-15 g/mL) markedly inhibited the migration and invasion of highly metastatic HSC-3 cells as shown by wound-healing repair assay and trans-well assay. 21515352 65 67 PA Plant 21515352 146 162 metastatic HSC-3 Negative_phenotype 21515352 181 194 wound-healing Positive_phenotype 21515352 Decrease 65 67 PA Plant 146 162 metastatic HSC-3 Negative_phenotype 21515352_7 Gelatin zymography assay showed that PA extracts suppressed the activity of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 and -2, and urokinase plasminogen activator (u-PA) in HSC-3 cells. 21515352 37 39 PA Plant 21515352 163 168 HSC-3 Negative_phenotype 21515352 Decrease 37 39 PA Plant 163 168 HSC-3 Negative_phenotype 21515352_8 In addition, Western blot analysis confirmed that PA extracts significantly decreased MMP-2 and u-PA protein expression in HSC-3 cells. 21515352 50 52 PA Plant 21515352 123 128 HSC-3 Negative_phenotype 21515352 Decrease 50 52 PA Plant 123 128 HSC-3 Negative_phenotype 21515352_9 Notably, PA extracts significantly augmented the expression of their endogenous inhibitors, including tissue inhibitors of MMP (TIMP-1 and -2), and plasminogen activator inhibitors (PAI-1 and -2). 21515352 9 11 PA Plant 21515352_10 Further investigations revealed that non-cytotoxic concentration of PA extracts (5-15 g/mL) inhibited vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-induced proliferation, and migration/invasion of HUVECs in vitro. 21515352 68 70 PA Plant 21515352_11 PA extracts also suppressed the activity of MMP-9, but not MMP-2, in HUVECs. 21515352 0 2 PA Plant 21515352_12 Further, we observed, PA extracts strongly suppressed neovessel formation in the chorioallantoic membrane of chick embryos in vivo. 21515352 22 24 PA Plant 21515352_13 CONCLUSIONS: These results strongly support an anti-metastatic and anti-angiogenic activity of P. angulata that may contribute to the development of better chemopreventive agent for cancer and inflammation. 21515352 47 62 anti-metastatic Positive_phenotype 21515352 67 82 anti-angiogenic Positive_phenotype 21515352 95 106 P. angulata Plant 21515352 156 171 chemopreventive Positive_phenotype 21515352 182 188 cancer Negative_phenotype 21515352 193 205 inflammation Negative_phenotype 21515352 Increase 47 62 anti-metastatic Positive_phenotype 95 106 P. angulata Plant 21515352 Increase 67 82 anti-angiogenic Positive_phenotype 95 106 P. angulata Plant 21515352 Increase 95 106 P. angulata Plant 156 171 chemopreventive Positive_phenotype 21515352 Decrease 95 106 P. angulata Plant 182 188 cancer Negative_phenotype 21515352 Decrease 95 106 P. angulata Plant 193 205 inflammation Negative_phenotype 21540101_1 Antroquinonol from ethanolic extract of mycelium of Antrodia cinnamomea protects hepatic cells from ethanol-induced oxidative stress through Nrf-2 activation. 21540101 52 71 Antrodia cinnamomea Plant 21540101 116 132 oxidative stress Negative_phenotype 21540101 Decrease 52 71 Antrodia cinnamomea Plant 116 132 oxidative stress Negative_phenotype 21540101_2 AIM OF THE STUDY: In recent years, the medicinal mushroom Antrodia cinnamomea, known as "niu-chang chih" has received much attention with regard to its possible health benefits; especially its hepatoprotective effects against various drugs, toxins, and alcohol induced liver diseases. 21540101 58 77 Antrodia cinnamomea Plant 21540101 89 103 niu-chang chih Plant 21540101 193 209 hepatoprotective Positive_phenotype 21540101 241 247 toxins Negative_phenotype 21540101 269 283 liver diseases Negative_phenotype 21540101 Increase 58 77 Antrodia cinnamomea Plant 193 209 hepatoprotective Positive_phenotype 21540101 Decrease 58 77 Antrodia cinnamomea Plant 241 247 toxins Negative_phenotype 21540101 Decrease 58 77 Antrodia cinnamomea Plant 269 283 liver diseases Negative_phenotype 21540101 Increase 89 103 niu-chang chih Plant 193 209 hepatoprotective Positive_phenotype 21540101 Decrease 89 103 niu-chang chih Plant 241 247 toxins Negative_phenotype 21540101 Decrease 89 103 niu-chang chih Plant 269 283 liver diseases Negative_phenotype 21540101_3 However, the molecular mechanism underlying this protective effect of Antrodia cinnamomea and its active compound antroquinonol was poorly understood. 21540101 70 89 Antrodia cinnamomea Plant 21540101_4 In the present study we evaluated to understand the hepatoprotective efficacy of antroquinonol and ethanolic extracts of mycelia of Antrodia cinnamomea (EMAC) in vitro and in vivo. 21540101 52 68 hepatoprotective Positive_phenotype 21540101 132 151 Antrodia cinnamomea Plant 21540101 153 157 EMAC Plant 21540101_5 MATERIALS AND METHODS: The protective mechanism of antroquinonol and EMAC against ethanol-induced oxidative stress was investigated in cultured human hepatoma HepG2 cells and ICR mice model, respectively. 21540101 69 73 EMAC Plant 21540101 98 114 oxidative stress Negative_phenotype 21540101 150 158 hepatoma Negative_phenotype 21540101 159 164 HepG2 Negative_phenotype 21540101_6 HepG2 cells were pretreated with antroquinonol (1-20 M) and oxidative stress was induced by ethanol (100mM). 21540101 0 5 HepG2 Negative_phenotype 21540101 60 76 oxidative stress Negative_phenotype 21540101_7 Meanwhile, male ICR mice were pretreated with EMAC for 10 days and hepatotoxicity was generated by the addition of ethanol (5g/kg). 21540101 46 50 EMAC Plant 21540101 67 81 hepatotoxicity Negative_phenotype 21540101_8 Hepatic enzymes, cytokines and chemokines were determined using commercially available assay kits. 21540101_9 Western blotting and real-time PCR were subjected to analyze HO-1 and Nr-2 expression. 21540101_10 EMSA was performed to monitor Nrf-2 ARE binding activity. 21540101_11 Possible changes in hepatic lesion were observed using histopathological analysis. 21540101 20 34 hepatic lesion Negative_phenotype 21540101_12 RESULTS: Antroquinonol pretreatment significantly inhibited ethanol-induced AST, ALT, ROS, NO, MDA production and GSH depletion in HepG2 cells. 21540101 131 136 HepG2 Negative_phenotype 21540101_13 Western blot and RT-PCR analysis showed that antroquinonol enhanced Nrf-2 activation and its downstream antioxidant gene HO-1 via MAPK pathway. 21540101 104 115 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 21540101_14 This mechanism was then confirmed in vivo in an acute ethanol intoxicated mouse model: serum ALT and AST production, hepatocellular lipid peroxidation and GSH depletion was prevented by EMAC in a dose-dependent manner. 21540101 62 73 intoxicated Negative_phenotype 21540101 186 190 EMAC Plant 21540101_15 EMAC significantly enhanced HO-1 and Nrf-2 activation via MAPKs consistent with in vitro studies. 21540101 0 4 EMAC Plant 21540101_16 Ethanol-induced hepatic swelling and hydropic degeneration of hepatocytes was significantly inhibited by EMAC in a dose-dependent manner. 21540101 16 32 hepatic swelling Negative_phenotype 21540101 37 73 hydropic degeneration of hepatocytes Negative_phenotype 21540101 105 109 EMAC Plant 21540101 Decrease 16 32 hepatic swelling Negative_phenotype 105 109 EMAC Plant 21540101 Decrease 37 73 hydropic degeneration of hepatocytes Negative_phenotype 105 109 EMAC Plant 21540101_17 CONCLUSIONS: These results provide a scientific basis for the hepatoprotective effects of Antrodia cinnamomea. 21540101 62 78 hepatoprotective Positive_phenotype 21540101 90 109 Antrodia cinnamomea Plant 21540101 Increase 62 78 hepatoprotective Positive_phenotype 90 109 Antrodia cinnamomea Plant 21540101_18 Data also imply that antroquinonol, a potent bioactive compound may be responsible for the hepatoprotective activity of Antrodia cinnamomea. 21540101 91 107 hepatoprotective Positive_phenotype 21540101 120 139 Antrodia cinnamomea Plant 21540101 Increase 91 107 hepatoprotective Positive_phenotype 120 139 Antrodia cinnamomea Plant 21540101_19 Moreover, the present study highly supported our traditional knowledge that Antrodia cinnamomea as a potential candidate for the treatment of alcoholic liver diseases. 21540101 76 95 Antrodia cinnamomea Plant 21540101 142 166 alcoholic liver diseases Negative_phenotype 21540101 Decrease 76 95 Antrodia cinnamomea Plant 142 166 alcoholic liver diseases Negative_phenotype 21557995_1 Extract of the dried heartwood of Caesalpinia sappan L. attenuates collagen-induced arthritis. 21557995 34 55 Caesalpinia sappan L. Plant 21557995 84 93 arthritis Negative_phenotype 21557995 Decrease 34 55 Caesalpinia sappan L. Plant 84 93 arthritis Negative_phenotype 21557995_2 AIM OF THIS STUDY: To confirm the anti-arthritic effect and explore the potential mechanism of the dried heartwood of Caesalpinia sappan L. (HCS) on collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) in rats, an animal model of rheumatoid arthritis. 21557995 34 48 anti-arthritic Positive_phenotype 21557995 118 139 Caesalpinia sappan L. Plant 21557995 141 144 HCS Plant 21557995 166 175 arthritis Negative_phenotype 21557995 177 180 CIA Negative_phenotype 21557995 210 230 rheumatoid arthritis Negative_phenotype 21557995_3 MATERIALS AND METHODS: CIA was induced in male Wistar rats by intradermal injection of bovine collagen-II in Freund's incomplete adjuvant (IFA). 21557995 23 26 CIA Negative_phenotype 21557995_4 The rats in the onset of arthritis were treated daily with oral administration of an ethanol extract from HCS (EHCS) at different doses (1.2, 2.4 and 3.6g/kg) or olive oil-vehicle for 10 days. 21557995 25 34 arthritis Negative_phenotype 21557995 106 109 HCS Plant 21557995 111 115 EHCS Plant 21557995_5 Paw swelling, arthritis index, radiographic and histopathologic changes were evaluated to confirm the anti-arthritic effect of EHCS on CIA in rats. 21557995 0 12 Paw swelling Negative_phenotype 21557995 14 29 arthritis index Negative_phenotype 21557995 102 116 anti-arthritic Positive_phenotype 21557995 127 131 EHCS Plant 21557995 135 138 CIA Negative_phenotype 21557995_6 Levels of proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-1 beta (IL-1b), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-a) as well as prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in blood and expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and transcription factor NF-kB p65 in paw cartilage were detected to further study the molecular mechanism of the anti-arthritic effects of EHCS on CIA in rats. 21557995 327 341 anti-arthritic Positive_phenotype 21557995 353 357 EHCS Plant 21557995 361 364 CIA Negative_phenotype 21557995_7 In addition, the adverse effects of EHCS on liver and kidney of rats were also evaluated. 21557995 36 40 EHCS Plant 21557995 44 49 liver Positive_phenotype 21557995 54 60 kidney Positive_phenotype 21557995_8 RESULTS: The results showed that the EHCS markedly attenuated collagen-induced arthritis and reduced the levels of IL-1b, IL-6, TNF-a and PGE2 in serum and the expression of COX-2 and transcription factor NF-kB p65 in paw cartilage of CIA rats. 21557995 37 41 EHCS Plant 21557995 79 88 arthritis Negative_phenotype 21557995 235 238 CIA Negative_phenotype 21557995 Decrease 37 41 EHCS Plant 79 88 arthritis Negative_phenotype 21557995 Decrease 37 41 EHCS Plant 235 238 CIA Negative_phenotype 21557995_9 EHCS (3.6g/kg) induced slight hepatotoxicity and body weight loss. 21557995 0 4 EHCS Plant 21557995 30 44 hepatotoxicity Negative_phenotype 21557995 49 60 body weight Neutral_phenotype 21557995 Increase 0 4 EHCS Plant 30 44 hepatotoxicity Negative_phenotype 21557995 Decrease 0 4 EHCS Plant 49 60 body weight Neutral_phenotype 21557995_10 CONCLUSION: These results indicate that EHCS significantly attenuates CIA in rats by decreasing the levels of IL-1b, IL-6, TNF-a and PGE2 in serum and the expression of COX-2 and transcription factor NF-kB in paw cartilage. 21557995 40 44 EHCS Plant 21557995 70 73 CIA Negative_phenotype 21557995 Decrease 40 44 EHCS Plant 70 73 CIA Negative_phenotype 21697998_1 Protective effects of Morus alba leaves extract on ocular functions of pups from diabetic and hypercholesterolemic mother rats. 21697998 22 32 Morus alba Plant 21697998 51 67 ocular functions Positive_phenotype 21697998 81 89 diabetic Negative_phenotype 21697998 94 114 hypercholesterolemic Negative_phenotype 21697998_2 Phytotherapy is frequently considered to be less toxic and free from side effects than synthetic drugs. 21697998 49 54 toxic Negative_phenotype 21697998_3 Hence, the present study was designed to investigate the protective use of crude water extract of Morus alba leaves on ocular functions including cataractogenesis, biochemical diabetic and hypercholesterolemic markers, retinal neurotransmitters and retinopathy of rat pups maternally subjected to either diabetes and/or hypercholesterolemia. 21697998 98 108 Morus alba Plant 21697998 119 135 ocular functions Positive_phenotype 21697998 146 162 cataractogenesis Negative_phenotype 21697998 164 184 biochemical diabetic Negative_phenotype 21697998 189 209 hypercholesterolemic Negative_phenotype 21697998 249 260 retinopathy Negative_phenotype 21697998 304 312 diabetes Negative_phenotype 21697998 320 340 hypercholesterolemia Negative_phenotype 21697998_4 Application of crude water extract of Morus alba resulted in amelioration of the alterations of maternal serum glucose, LDL, HDL, total cholesterol and creatine phosphokinase activity as well as retinal neurotransmitters including acetylcholine (ACE), adrenaline (AD), nor-adrenaline (NAD), serotonin (5-HT), histamine (HS), dopamine (DA) and gamma amino butyric acid (GABA). 21697998 38 48 Morus alba Plant 21697998 105 118 serum glucose Neutral_phenotype 21697998 120 123 LDL Neutral_phenotype 21697998 125 128 HDL Neutral_phenotype 21697998 130 147 total cholesterol Neutral_phenotype 21697998_5 The retina of pups of either diabetic and/or hypercholesterolemia mothers exhibited massive alterations of retinal neurotransmitters. 21697998 29 37 diabetic Negative_phenotype 21697998 45 65 hypercholesterolemia Negative_phenotype 21697998_6 The alterations of retinal neurotransmitters were correlated with the observed pathological alterations of retinal pigmented epithelium, photoreceptor inner segment and ganglion cells and increased incidence of DNA fragmentation and apoptosis cell death. 21697998_7 However, protection with Morus alba extract led to amelioration of the pathological alterations of retinal neurons and estimated neurotransmitters. 21697998 25 35 Morus alba Plant 21697998_8 Furthermore, a striking incidence of cataract was detected in pups of either diabetic and/or hypercholesterolemic mothers. 21697998 37 45 cataract Negative_phenotype 21697998 77 85 diabetic Negative_phenotype 21697998 93 113 hypercholesterolemic Negative_phenotype 21697998_9 Highest cataractogenesis was observed in pups of combined -treated groups. 21697998 8 24 cataractogenesis Negative_phenotype 21697998_10 Our data indicate that experimental maternal diabetes alone or in combination with hypercholesterolemia led to alteration in the ocular structures of their pups, with an increasing incidence of cataract and retinopathy, and the effects of the extract might be attributed to the hypoglycaemic, antihypercholesterolemic and anti-oxidative potential of flavonoids, the major components of the plant extract. 21697998 36 53 maternal diabetes Negative_phenotype 21697998 83 103 hypercholesterolemia Negative_phenotype 21697998 111 146 alteration in the ocular structures Negative_phenotype 21697998 194 202 cataract Negative_phenotype 21697998 207 218 retinopathy Negative_phenotype 21697998 278 291 hypoglycaemic Positive_phenotype 21697998 293 317 antihypercholesterolemic Positive_phenotype 21697998 322 336 anti-oxidative Positive_phenotype 21718777_1 Effects of Scutellaria baicalensis on chronic cerebral hypoperfusion-induced memory impairments and chronic lipopolysaccharide infusion-induced memory impairments. 21718777 11 34 Scutellaria baicalensis Plant 21718777 38 95 chronic cerebral hypoperfusion-induced memory impairments Negative_phenotype 21718777 100 162 chronic lipopolysaccharide infusion-induced memory impairments Negative_phenotype 21718777_2 ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Extracts of the roots of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi (Labiatae) have been widely used to relieve fever related to bacterial infection and inflammatory diseases in traditional Korean medicine and have been reported to be effective in brain diseases. 21718777 57 87 Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi Plant 21718777 89 97 Labiatae Plant 21718777 132 168 fever related to bacterial infection Negative_phenotype 21718777 173 194 inflammatory diseases Negative_phenotype 21718777 268 282 brain diseases Negative_phenotype 21718777 Decrease 57 87 Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi Plant 132 168 fever related to bacterial infection Negative_phenotype 21718777 Decrease 57 87 Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi Plant 173 194 inflammatory diseases Negative_phenotype 21718777 Decrease 57 87 Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi Plant 268 282 brain diseases Negative_phenotype 21718777 Decrease 89 97 Labiatae Plant 132 168 fever related to bacterial infection Negative_phenotype 21718777 Decrease 89 97 Labiatae Plant 173 194 inflammatory diseases Negative_phenotype 21718777 Decrease 89 97 Labiatae Plant 268 282 brain diseases Negative_phenotype 21718777_3 These experiments were conducted to examine the effects of oral administration of Scutellaria baicalensis extracts on the rescue of memory impairments induced by chronic cerebral hypoperfusion or chronic lipopolysaccharide (LPS) infusion. 21718777 82 105 Scutellaria baicalensis Plant 21718777 132 192 memory impairments induced by chronic cerebral hypoperfusion Negative_phenotype 21718777_4 In addition, the underlying mechanisms of these effects were investigated. 21718777_5 MATERIALS AND METHODS: In the first experiment, chronic cerebral hypoperfusion was induced in male Wister rats by bilateral common carotid artery occlusion (BCCAo). 21718777 48 78 chronic cerebral hypoperfusion Negative_phenotype 21718777 114 155 bilateral common carotid artery occlusion Negative_phenotype 21718777 157 162 BCCAo Negative_phenotype 21718777_6 Daily administration of Scutellaria baicalensis extracts was started on 20 day after BCCAo and given for 40 days. 21718777 24 47 Scutellaria baicalensis Plant 21718777 85 90 BCCAo Negative_phenotype 21718777_7 A Morris water maze was then used to evaluate the status of the hippocampal-dependent spatial learning and hippocampal mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling was examined in control rats, rats with chronic cerebral hypoperfusion, and rats with chronic cerebral hypoperfusion that was administered Scutellaria baicalensis. 21718777 86 102 spatial learning Positive_phenotype 21718777 217 239 cerebral hypoperfusion Negative_phenotype 21718777 255 285 chronic cerebral hypoperfusion Negative_phenotype 21718777 308 331 Scutellaria baicalensis Plant 21718777_8 In the second experiment, hippocampal microglial activation was induced by chronic infusions of LPS into the fourth ventricle of Fisher-344 rat brains. 21718777_9 Daily administration of Scutellaria baicalensis extracts was started on 7 day after the surgery of LPS infusion and given for 32 days. 21718777 24 47 Scutellaria baicalensis Plant 21718777_10 Spatial memory and hippocampal microglial activation was then examined in control rats with an artificial cerebrospinal fluid infusion, rats with chronic LPS infusion, and rats with chronic LPS infusion that were administered Scutellaria baicalensis. 21718777 0 14 Spatial memory Positive_phenotype 21718777 226 249 Scutellaria baicalensis Plant 21718777_11 RESULTS: Rats that received chronic cerebral hypoperfusion or chronic LPS infusion showed spatial memory impairments relative to their control rats; however, these symptoms were reduced by daily administration of Scutellaria baicalensis. 21718777 28 58 chronic cerebral hypoperfusion Negative_phenotype 21718777 90 116 spatial memory impairments Negative_phenotype 21718777 213 236 Scutellaria baicalensis Plant 21718777 Decrease 28 58 chronic cerebral hypoperfusion Negative_phenotype 213 236 Scutellaria baicalensis Plant 21718777 Decrease 90 116 spatial memory impairments Negative_phenotype 213 236 Scutellaria baicalensis Plant 21718777_12 Administration of Scutellaria baicalensis mitigated alterations of hippocampal MAPK signaling by chronic cerebral infusion and microglial activation by chronic LPS infusion. 21718777 18 41 Scutellaria baicalensis Plant 21718777_13 CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that Scutellaria baicalensis may possess therapeutic potential for the prevention of Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia. 21718777 41 64 Scutellaria baicalensis Plant 21718777 121 140 Alzheimer's disease Negative_phenotype 21718777 145 162 vascular dementia Negative_phenotype 21718777 Decrease 41 64 Scutellaria baicalensis Plant 121 140 Alzheimer's disease Negative_phenotype 21718777 Decrease 41 64 Scutellaria baicalensis Plant 145 162 vascular dementia Negative_phenotype 21846141_1 Composition and mechanism of antitumor effects of Hericium erinaceus mushroom extracts in tumor-bearing mice. 21846141 29 38 antitumor Positive_phenotype 21846141 50 68 Hericium erinaceus Plant 21846141 90 95 tumor Negative_phenotype 21846141_2 We investigated antitumor effects of the following four extracts of freeze-dried Hericium erinaceus mushrooms in Balb/c mice intracutaneously transplanted on the backs with CT-26 colon cancer cells: HWE, hot water extraction by boiling in water for 3 h; MWE, microwaving in 50% ethanol/water at 60 W for 3 min; and ACE and AKE, boiling in 1% HCl or 3% NaOH for 2 h. 21846141 16 25 antitumor Positive_phenotype 21846141 81 99 Hericium erinaceus Plant 21846141 173 178 CT-26 Negative_phenotype 21846141 179 191 colon cancer Negative_phenotype 21846141 199 202 HWE Plant 21846141 254 257 MWE Plant 21846141_3 HWE and MWE with a higher content of b-glucans, determined by an assay kit, than ACE and MKE were active in all bioassays. 21846141 0 3 HWE Plant 21846141 8 11 MWE Plant 21846141_4 Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analyses showed the presence of 40, 27, 16, and 13 compounds, respectively, in the four extracts. 21846141_5 Daily intraperitoneal (ip) injections of HWE and MWE for 2 weeks significantly reduced tumor weights by 38 and 41%. 21846141 41 44 HWE Plant 21846141 49 52 MWE Plant 21846141 87 92 tumor Negative_phenotype 21846141 Decrease 41 44 HWE Plant 87 92 tumor Negative_phenotype 21846141 Decrease 49 52 MWE Plant 87 92 tumor Negative_phenotype 21846141_6 Tumor regressions were associated with changes in the following cancer biomarkers as compared to phosphate buffer (PBS)-treated control mice: 2.7- and 2.4-fold increases in cytolytic activity of splenic natural killer (NK) cells; restored nitric oxide production and phagocytosis in peritoneal macrophages to 95-98% of normal levels; 2-fold increase in released pro-inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-a, interleukin-1b, and interleukin-6 from macrophages; and 56 and 60% reductions in the number of blood vessels inside the tumor. 21846141 0 5 Tumor Negative_phenotype 21846141 543 548 tumor Negative_phenotype 21846141_7 The pro-angiogenic factors vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2), and 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) were also significantly reduced in mRNA and protein expression by tumor genes. 21846141_8 Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay of tumor cells confirmed reduced expression of COX-2 and 5-LOX (32 and 31%). 21846141 37 42 tumor Negative_phenotype 21846141_9 Reduced COX-2 and 5-LOX expression down-regulated VEGF expression, resulting in inhibition of neo-angiogenesis inside the tumors. 21846141 122 128 tumors Negative_phenotype 21846141_10 The results indicate that induction of NK activity, activation of macrophages, and inhibition of angiogenesis all contribute to the mechanism of reduction of tumor size. 21846141 158 163 tumor Negative_phenotype 21907228_1 Ptaquiloside-induced, B-cell lymphoproliferative and early-stage urothelial lesions in mice. 21907228 65 83 urothelial lesions Negative_phenotype 21907228_2 Bracken (Pteridium aquilinum) has long been known to cause cancer in farm and laboratory animals. 21907228 0 7 Bracken Plant 21907228 9 28 Pteridium aquilinum Plant 21907228 59 65 cancer Negative_phenotype 21907228 Increase 0 7 Bracken Plant 59 65 cancer Negative_phenotype 21907228 Increase 9 28 Pteridium aquilinum Plant 59 65 cancer Negative_phenotype 21907228_3 Ptaquiloside, a norsesquiterpene glycoside found in bracken, is considered its main carcinogenic toxin and is capable of inducing tumours in a variety of organ systems, but especially in the urinary bladder, depending on the animal species, the administration route employed and the duration of exposure. 21907228 52 59 bracken Plant 21907228 84 102 carcinogenic toxin Negative_phenotype 21907228 130 137 tumours Negative_phenotype 21907228 Increase 52 59 bracken Plant 84 102 carcinogenic toxin Negative_phenotype 21907228 Increase 52 59 bracken Plant 130 137 tumours Negative_phenotype 21907228_4 In the present study, 12 male CD-1 mice were intraperitoneally administered with 0.5 mg ptaquiloside weekly for 15 weeks, followed by 15 weeks without any treatment. 21907228_5 Twelve animals used as controls were administered the vehicle solution (phosphate buffered saline). 21907228_6 Two exposed animals died during the experimental work. 21907228_7 On necropsy, blood and tissue samples (brain, eyes, thymus, heart, lungs, liver, digestive system, spleen, bladder, kidney, adrenal gland, urinary bladder, sexual accessory glands, testes, muscle, skin and femur) were collected for histological analysis. 21907228_8 Leukograms were prepared from blood smears and total WBC counts obtained with a Neubauer chamber. 21907228_9 Flow cytometry was used to assess blood T-(CD3(+)) and B-(CD19(+))-lymphocytes, medullary granulocytic (CD11b(+)/Ly-6G(-), CD11b(+)/Ly-6G(+)) and lymphocytic (CD19(+)/IgM(-), CD19+/IgM(+)) populations and thymic lymphoid (CD4(+), CD8(+), CD4(+)/CD8(+)) populations. 21907228_10 Lymphoproliferative lesions were analysed immunohistochemically using antibodies against CD45R and CD3. 21907228 0 27 Lymphoproliferative lesions Negative_phenotype 21907228_11 All of the 10 surviving mice developed a lymphoproliferative malignancy. 21907228 41 71 lymphoproliferative malignancy Negative_phenotype 21907228_12 Lymphoproliferative disease was characterized by multifocal B-(CD45(+)/CD3(-))-lymphocytic renal (10/10 animals) and hepatic (2/10 animals) invasion, splenic white pulp hyperplasia (10/10) together with a significant increase in circulating B-(CD19(+))-lymphocytes and the appearance of circulating dysplastic lymphoid cells. 21907228 0 27 Lymphoproliferative disease Negative_phenotype 21907228 150 180 splenic white pulp hyperplasia Negative_phenotype 21907228_13 Eight out of 10 ptaquiloside-exposed animals developed urothelial dysplasia (six low-grade dysplasia and two high-grade dysplasia). 21907228 55 75 urothelial dysplasia Negative_phenotype 21907228 81 100 low-grade dysplasia Negative_phenotype 21907228 109 129 high-grade dysplasia Negative_phenotype 21907228_14 No lesions were detected in control mice. 21907228_15 These results show that ptaquiloside is capable of inducing malignant transformation in mice and provide an in-depth characterisation of lymphoproliferative lesions. 21907228 60 84 malignant transformation Negative_phenotype 21907228 137 164 lymphoproliferative lesions Negative_phenotype 21907228_16 Furthermore, the urinary bladder is shown to be a target organ for this toxin in mice as well as in other animal species. 21907228 17 32 urinary bladder Negative_phenotype 21907228 72 77 toxin Negative_phenotype 21924341_1 Reactive oxygen species-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction is involved in apoptosis in human nasopharyngeal carcinoma CNE cells induced by Selaginella doederleinii extract. 21924341 33 58 mitochondrial dysfunction Negative_phenotype 21924341 93 117 nasopharyngeal carcinoma Negative_phenotype 21924341 118 121 CNE Negative_phenotype 21924341 139 163 Selaginella doederleinii Plant 21924341 Decrease 93 117 nasopharyngeal carcinoma Negative_phenotype 139 163 Selaginella doederleinii Plant 21924341 Decrease 118 121 CNE Negative_phenotype 139 163 Selaginella doederleinii Plant 21924341_2 ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: A traditional Chinese medicine Selaginella doederleinii Hieron has been combined with radiotherapy for the treatment of human nasopharyngeal carcinoma in clinic in China. 21924341 63 94 Selaginella doederleinii Hieron Plant 21924341 158 182 nasopharyngeal carcinoma Negative_phenotype 21924341 Decrease 63 94 Selaginella doederleinii Hieron Plant 158 182 nasopharyngeal carcinoma Negative_phenotype 21924341_3 However, the detailed mechanism of anti-tumor effect of Selaginella doederleinii remains elusive. 21924341 35 45 anti-tumor Positive_phenotype 21924341 56 80 Selaginella doederleinii Plant 21924341_4 AIM OF THE STUDY: This study was designed to investigate the anti-tumor effect of ethanol extract of Selaginella doederleinii (SDE) on human nasopharyngeal carcinoma and its possible mechanisms. 21924341 61 71 anti-tumor Positive_phenotype 21924341 101 125 Selaginella doederleinii Plant 21924341 127 130 SDE Plant 21924341 141 165 nasopharyngeal carcinoma Negative_phenotype 21924341_5 MATERIALS AND METHODS: Viability, apoptosis and protein expression of tumor cells were analyzed by MTT, Annexin V staining and Western blot, respectively. 21924341 70 75 tumor Negative_phenotype 21924341_6 Formation of intracellular reactive oxygen species was determined using dichlorofluorescin fluorescence. 21924341_7 The in vivo anti-tumor effect was evaluated by measuring tumor volume changes and TUNEL staining in nude mice. 21924341 12 22 anti-tumor Positive_phenotype 21924341 57 62 tumor Negative_phenotype 21924341_8 RESULTS: SDE significantly inhibited the growth and induced apoptosis in human nasopharyngeal carcinoma CNE cells. 21924341 9 12 SDE Plant 21924341 79 103 nasopharyngeal carcinoma Negative_phenotype 21924341 104 107 CNE Negative_phenotype 21924341 Decrease 9 12 SDE Plant 79 103 nasopharyngeal carcinoma Negative_phenotype 21924341 Decrease 9 12 SDE Plant 104 107 CNE Negative_phenotype 21924341_9 In addition, SDE triggered the mitochondrial/caspase apoptotic pathway indicated by enhanced Bax-to-Bcl-2 ratio, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, cytochrome c release, and caspase cascade. 21924341 13 16 SDE Plant 21924341_10 Moreover, SDE provoked the generation of reactive oxygen species in CNE cells, while the antioxidant N-acetyl cysteine almost completely blocked SDE-induced disruption of mitochondrial membrane potential, caspases activation and apoptosis. 21924341 10 13 SDE Plant 21924341 89 100 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 21924341_11 Furthermore, a transplantable nude mice model was utilized to estimate the effectiveness of SDE in vivo. 21924341 92 95 SDE Plant 21924341_12 The treated mice displayed decreased tumor size, which was associated with enhanced apoptotic cell death. 21924341 37 42 tumor Negative_phenotype 21924341_13 CONCLUSIONS: These results, offering solid evidence of the induction of mitochondria-related apoptosis in tumor cells, provide the molecular theoretical basis of clinical application of Selaginella doederleinii for the treatment of human nasopharyngeal carcinoma. 21924341 106 111 tumor Negative_phenotype 21924341 186 210 Selaginella doederleinii Plant 21924341 238 262 nasopharyngeal carcinoma Negative_phenotype 21924341 Decrease 106 111 tumor Negative_phenotype 186 210 Selaginella doederleinii Plant 21924341 Decrease 186 210 Selaginella doederleinii Plant 238 262 nasopharyngeal carcinoma Negative_phenotype 21963561_1 Inhibitory effects of Chelidonium majus extract on atopic dermatitis-like skin lesions in NC/Nga mice. 21963561 22 39 Chelidonium majus Plant 21963561 51 86 atopic dermatitis-like skin lesions Negative_phenotype 21963561_2 AIM OF THE STUDY: Chelidonium majus (CM) has traditionally been used for treatment of various inflammatory diseases including atopic dermatitis (AD). 21963561 18 35 Chelidonium majus Plant 21963561 37 39 CM Plant 21963561 94 115 inflammatory diseases Negative_phenotype 21963561 126 143 atopic dermatitis Negative_phenotype 21963561 145 147 AD Negative_phenotype 21963561 Decrease 18 35 Chelidonium majus Plant 94 115 inflammatory diseases Negative_phenotype 21963561 Decrease 18 35 Chelidonium majus Plant 126 143 atopic dermatitis Negative_phenotype 21963561 Decrease 18 35 Chelidonium majus Plant 145 147 AD Negative_phenotype 21963561 Decrease 37 39 CM Plant 94 115 inflammatory diseases Negative_phenotype 21963561 Decrease 37 39 CM Plant 126 143 atopic dermatitis Negative_phenotype 21963561 Decrease 37 39 CM Plant 145 147 AD Negative_phenotype 21963561_3 However its action on atopic dermatitis (AD) is unclear. 21963561 22 39 atopic dermatitis Negative_phenotype 21963561 41 43 AD Negative_phenotype 21963561_4 Therefore, we investigated the effect of CM on AD using NC/Nga mice as an AD model. 21963561 41 43 CM Plant 21963561 47 49 AD Negative_phenotype 21963561 74 76 AD Negative_phenotype 21963561_5 MATERIALS AND METHODS: The effect of CM on 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (DNCB) induced NC/Nga mice was evaluated by examining skin symptom severity, itching behavior, ear thickness, levels of serum immunoglobulin E (IgE), tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-a), and interlukin-4 (IL-4), skin histology. 21963561 37 39 CM Plant 21963561 125 146 skin symptom severity Negative_phenotype 21963561 148 164 itching behavior Negative_phenotype 21963561 166 179 ear thickness Negative_phenotype 21963561_6 RESULTS: The CM significantly reduced the total clinical severity score, itching behavior, ear thickness and the level of serum IgE in AD mouse model. 21963561 13 15 CM Plant 21963561 48 65 clinical severity Negative_phenotype 21963561 73 89 itching behavior Negative_phenotype 21963561 91 104 ear thickness Negative_phenotype 21963561 135 137 AD Negative_phenotype 21963561 Decrease 13 15 CM Plant 48 65 clinical severity Negative_phenotype 21963561 Decrease 13 15 CM Plant 73 89 itching behavior Negative_phenotype 21963561 Decrease 13 15 CM Plant 91 104 ear thickness Negative_phenotype 21963561 Decrease 13 15 CM Plant 135 137 AD Negative_phenotype 21963561_7 CM not only decreased TNF-a but also IL-4. 21963561 0 2 CM Plant 21963561_8 CONCLUSION: These results suggest that CM may be a potential therapeutic modality for AD. 21963561 39 41 CM Plant 21963561 86 88 AD Negative_phenotype 21963561 Decrease 39 41 CM Plant 86 88 AD Negative_phenotype 22004502_1 Topical herbal extract (Huangdang mixture) exhibits both preventive and therapeutic effects in murine acute irritant contact dermatitis. 22004502 24 41 Huangdang mixture Plant 22004502 102 135 acute irritant contact dermatitis Negative_phenotype 22004502 Decrease 24 41 Huangdang mixture Plant 102 135 acute irritant contact dermatitis Negative_phenotype 22004502_2 BACKGROUND: Contact dermatitises, including allergic contact dermatitis and irritant contact dermatitis, are among the most common skin disorders in humans. 22004502 12 32 Contact dermatitises Negative_phenotype 22004502 44 71 allergic contact dermatitis Negative_phenotype 22004502 76 103 irritant contact dermatitis Negative_phenotype 22004502 131 145 skin disorders Negative_phenotype 22004502_3 Chinese herbal medicines (CHM) have been used in treating contact dermatitises for centuries. 22004502 58 78 contact dermatitises Negative_phenotype 22004502_4 Systemic administration of CHM, including ingredients in huangdang mixture containing Chinese angelica, radix Paeonlae rubra, cat nut, and phelloden dron, rhizoma alismatis, rhizoma smilacis glabrae, and rhizome of swordlike, improves allergic contact dermatitis induced by l-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene. 22004502 86 102 Chinese angelica Plant 22004502 110 124 Paeonlae rubra Plant 22004502 126 133 cat nut Plant 22004502 139 153 phelloden dron Plant 22004502 163 172 alismatis Plant 22004502 182 198 smilacis glabrae Plant 22004502 215 224 swordlike Plant 22004502 235 262 allergic contact dermatitis Negative_phenotype 22004502 Decrease 86 102 Chinese angelica Plant 235 262 allergic contact dermatitis Negative_phenotype 22004502 Decrease 110 124 Paeonlae rubra Plant 235 262 allergic contact dermatitis Negative_phenotype 22004502 Decrease 139 153 phelloden dron Plant 235 262 allergic contact dermatitis Negative_phenotype 22004502 Decrease 163 172 alismatis Plant 235 262 allergic contact dermatitis Negative_phenotype 22004502 Decrease 182 198 smilacis glabrae Plant 235 262 allergic contact dermatitis Negative_phenotype 22004502 Decrease 215 224 swordlike Plant 235 262 allergic contact dermatitis Negative_phenotype 22004502_5 Whether topical applications of these herbal extracts display preventive and/or therapeutic effects on contact dermatitis, thereby avoiding the potential side effects of systemic CHM, remains largely unknown. 22004502 103 121 contact dermatitis Negative_phenotype 22004502_6 AIMS: To determine whether this topical CHM extract exerts preventive and/or therapeutic effects, we assessed its efficacy in both allergic contact dermatitis and irritant contact dermatitis murine models. 22004502 131 158 allergic contact dermatitis Negative_phenotype 22004502 163 190 irritant contact dermatitis Negative_phenotype 22004502_7 MATERIALS AND METHODS: Allergic contact dermatitis and irritant contact dermatitis murine models were established by topical oxazolone and a phorbol ester (12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate; TPA), respectively. 22004502 23 50 Allergic contact dermatitis Negative_phenotype 22004502 55 82 irritant contact dermatitis Negative_phenotype 22004502_8 Ear thickness was assessed in both dermatitis models. 22004502 0 13 Ear thickness Neutral_phenotype 22004502 35 45 dermatitis Negative_phenotype 22004502_9 RESULTS: Our results demonstrate that this topical CHM extract exhibits both therapeutic and preventive effects in acute irritant contact dermatitis but no demonstrable efficacy in murine allergic contact dermatitis. 22004502 115 148 acute irritant contact dermatitis Negative_phenotype 22004502 188 215 allergic contact dermatitis Negative_phenotype 22004502_10 CONCLUSION: These results suggest that this topical CHM extract could provide an alternative regimen for the prevention and treatment of irritant contact dermatitis. 22004502 137 164 irritant contact dermatitis Negative_phenotype 22046322_1 Protective effects of white button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) against hepatic steatosis in ovariectomized mice as a model of postmenopausal women. 22046322 22 43 white button mushroom Plant 22046322 45 62 Agaricus bisporus Plant 22046322 72 89 hepatic steatosis Negative_phenotype 22046322 127 141 postmenopausal Negative_phenotype 22046322_2 Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) includes various hepatic pathologies ranging from hepatic steatosis to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), fibrosis and cirrhosis. 22046322 0 32 Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease Negative_phenotype 22046322 34 39 NAFLD Negative_phenotype 22046322 91 108 hepatic steatosis Negative_phenotype 22046322 112 141 non-alcoholic steatohepatitis Negative_phenotype 22046322 143 147 NASH Negative_phenotype 22046322 150 158 fibrosis Negative_phenotype 22046322 163 172 cirrhosis Negative_phenotype 22046322_3 Estrogen provides a protective effect on the development of NAFLD in women. 22046322 60 65 NAFLD Negative_phenotype 22046322_4 Therefore, postmenopausal women have a higher risk of developing NAFLD. 22046322 11 25 postmenopausal Negative_phenotype 22046322 65 70 NAFLD Negative_phenotype 22046322_5 Hepatic steatosis is an early stage of fatty liver disease. 22046322 0 17 Hepatic steatosis Negative_phenotype 22046322 39 58 fatty liver disease Negative_phenotype 22046322_6 Steatosis can develop to the aggressive stages (nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, fibrosis and cirrhosis). 22046322 0 9 Steatosis Negative_phenotype 22046322 48 76 nonalcoholic steatohepatitis Negative_phenotype 22046322 78 86 fibrosis Negative_phenotype 22046322 91 100 cirrhosis Negative_phenotype 22046322_7 Currently, there is no specific drug to prevent/treat these liver diseases. 22046322 60 74 liver diseases Negative_phenotype 22046322_8 In this study, we found that white button mushroom (WBM), Agaricus Bisporus, has protective effects against liver steatosis in ovariectomized (OVX) mice (a model of postmenopausal women). 22046322 29 50 white button mushroom Plant 22046322 52 55 WBM Plant 22046322 58 75 Agaricus Bisporus Plant 22046322 108 123 liver steatosis Negative_phenotype 22046322 165 179 postmenopausal Negative_phenotype 22046322 Decrease 29 50 white button mushroom Plant 108 123 liver steatosis Negative_phenotype 22046322 Decrease 29 50 white button mushroom Plant 165 179 postmenopausal Negative_phenotype 22046322 Decrease 52 55 WBM Plant 108 123 liver steatosis Negative_phenotype 22046322 Decrease 52 55 WBM Plant 165 179 postmenopausal Negative_phenotype 22046322 Decrease 58 75 Agaricus Bisporus Plant 108 123 liver steatosis Negative_phenotype 22046322 Decrease 58 75 Agaricus Bisporus Plant 165 179 postmenopausal Negative_phenotype 22046322_9 OVX mice were fed a high fat diet supplemented with WBM powder. 22046322 52 55 WBM Plant 22046322_10 We found that dietary WBM intake significantly lowered liver weight and hepatic injury markers in OVX mice. 22046322 22 25 WBM Plant 22046322 55 67 liver weight Neutral_phenotype 22046322 72 86 hepatic injury Negative_phenotype 22046322 Decrease 22 25 WBM Plant 55 67 liver weight Neutral_phenotype 22046322 Decrease 22 25 WBM Plant 72 86 hepatic injury Negative_phenotype 22046322_11 Pathological examination of liver tissue showed less fat accumulation in the livers of mice on WBM diet; moreover, these animals had improved glucose clearance ability. 22046322 57 83 accumulation in the livers Negative_phenotype 22046322 95 98 WBM Plant 22046322 Decrease 57 83 accumulation in the livers Negative_phenotype 95 98 WBM Plant 22046322_12 Microarray analysis revealed that genes related to the fatty acid biosynthesis pathway, particularly the genes for fatty acid synthetase (Fas) and fatty acid elongase 6 (Elovl6), were down-regulated in the liver of mushroom-fed mice. 22046322_13 In vitro mechanistic studies using the HepG2 cell line showed that down-regulation of the expression of FAS and ELOVL6 by WBM extract was through inhibition of Liver X receptor (LXR) signaling and its downstream transcriptional factor SREBP1c. 22046322 39 44 HepG2 Negative_phenotype 22046322 122 125 WBM Plant 22046322 Decrease 39 44 HepG2 Negative_phenotype 122 125 WBM Plant 22046322_14 These results suggest that WBM is protective against hepatic steatosis and NAFLD in OVX mice as a model for postmenopausal women. 22046322 27 30 WBM Plant 22046322 53 70 hepatic steatosis Negative_phenotype 22046322 75 80 NAFLD Negative_phenotype 22046322 108 122 postmenopausal Negative_phenotype 22046322 Decrease 27 30 WBM Plant 53 70 hepatic steatosis Negative_phenotype 22046322 Decrease 27 30 WBM Plant 75 80 NAFLD Negative_phenotype 22046322 Decrease 27 30 WBM Plant 108 122 postmenopausal Negative_phenotype 22075456_1 Diuretic, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic activities of the ethanol extract from Cynoglossum lanceolatum. 22075456 0 8 Diuretic Positive_phenotype 22075456 10 27 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 22075456 33 42 analgesic Positive_phenotype 22075456 82 105 Cynoglossum lanceolatum Plant 22075456_2 ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Cynoglossum lanceolatum Forsk. (Boraginaceae) has been used in folk medicine in china to treat acute nephritis, periodontitis, acute submandibular lymphadenitis, snake bite, etc. 22075456 32 62 Cynoglossum lanceolatum Forsk. Plant 22075456 127 142 acute nephritis Negative_phenotype 22075456 144 157 periodontitis Negative_phenotype 22075456 159 192 acute submandibular lymphadenitis Negative_phenotype 22075456 194 204 snake bite Negative_phenotype 22075456 Decrease 32 62 Cynoglossum lanceolatum Forsk. Plant 127 142 acute nephritis Negative_phenotype 22075456 Decrease 32 62 Cynoglossum lanceolatum Forsk. Plant 144 157 periodontitis Negative_phenotype 22075456 Decrease 32 62 Cynoglossum lanceolatum Forsk. Plant 159 192 acute submandibular lymphadenitis Negative_phenotype 22075456 Decrease 32 62 Cynoglossum lanceolatum Forsk. Plant 194 204 snake bite Negative_phenotype 22075456_3 However, there have been no scientific reports in the modern literature on the diuretic, anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of this plant. 22075456 79 87 diuretic Positive_phenotype 22075456 89 106 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 22075456 111 120 analgesic Positive_phenotype 22075456_4 The objective of this study is to evaluate the above activities of the Cynoglossum lanceolatum extract (CLE) in animals. 22075456 71 94 Cynoglossum lanceolatum Plant 22075456 104 107 CLE Plant 22075456_5 MATERIALS AND METHODS: The diuretic effect of CLE was assessed in rats and rabbits. 22075456 27 35 diuretic Positive_phenotype 22075456 46 49 CLE Plant 22075456_6 The anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated using fresh egg white-induced paw edema in rats, carrageenan-elicited paw edema in adrenalectomized rats, and dimethylbenzene-induced inflammation in mice. 22075456 4 21 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 22075456 75 84 paw edema Negative_phenotype 22075456 115 124 paw edema Negative_phenotype 22075456 179 191 inflammation Negative_phenotype 22075456_7 The analgesic action was estimated in mice using the acetic acid-induced writhing test and the hot-plate test. 22075456 4 13 analgesic Positive_phenotype 22075456 73 81 writhing Negative_phenotype 22075456_8 In addition, the acute oral toxicity of CLE was studied in mice. 22075456 17 36 acute oral toxicity Negative_phenotype 22075456 40 43 CLE Plant 22075456_9 RESULTS: CLE strikingly and dose-dependently increased urine output of rats and rabbits, suppressed fresh egg white-induced paw edema in rats and carrageenan-elicited paw edema in adrenalectomized rats, reduced dimethylbenzene-induced ear edema in mice, inhibited the writhing response in mice, but did not increased reaction time of mice in the hot-plate test. 22075456 9 12 CLE Plant 22075456 124 133 paw edema Negative_phenotype 22075456 167 176 paw edema Negative_phenotype 22075456 235 244 ear edema Negative_phenotype 22075456 268 276 writhing Negative_phenotype 22075456 Decrease 9 12 CLE Plant 124 133 paw edema Negative_phenotype 22075456 Decrease 9 12 CLE Plant 167 176 paw edema Negative_phenotype 22075456 Decrease 9 12 CLE Plant 235 244 ear edema Negative_phenotype 22075456 Decrease 9 12 CLE Plant 268 276 writhing Negative_phenotype 22075456_10 No death of mice was observed when orally administered CLE up to 12g/kg. 22075456 55 58 CLE Plant 22075456_11 CONCLUSIONS: These findings propose that CLE has evident diuretic, anti-inflammatory, and non-central analgesic activities. 22075456 41 44 CLE Plant 22075456 57 65 diuretic Positive_phenotype 22075456 67 84 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 22075456 90 111 non-central analgesic Positive_phenotype 22075456 Increase 41 44 CLE Plant 57 65 diuretic Positive_phenotype 22075456 Increase 41 44 CLE Plant 67 84 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 22075456 Increase 41 44 CLE Plant 90 111 non-central analgesic Positive_phenotype 22075456_12 Furthermore the anti-inflammatory action does not rely on endogenetic glucocorticoids regulated by hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis. 22075456 16 33 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 22075456_13 On the other hand, CLE also shows a favorable safety. 22075456 19 22 CLE Plant 22075758_1 Ripe fruit of Rubus coreanus inhibits mast cell-mediated allergic inflammation. 22075758 14 28 Rubus coreanus Plant 22075758 57 78 allergic inflammation Negative_phenotype 22075758 Decrease 14 28 Rubus coreanus Plant 57 78 allergic inflammation Negative_phenotype 22075758_2 In this study, we investigated the effect of a water extract of the ripe fruits of Rubus coreanus Miq. (Rosaceae) (RFRC) on mast cell-mediated allergic inflammation and studied the possible mechanism of action. 22075758 83 102 Rubus coreanus Miq. Plant 22075758 115 119 RFRC Plant 22075758 143 164 allergic inflammation Negative_phenotype 22075758_3 Mast cell-mediated allergic disease is involved in many diseases such as anaphylaxis, rhinitis, asthma and atopic dermatitis. 22075758 19 35 allergic disease Negative_phenotype 22075758 73 84 anaphylaxis Negative_phenotype 22075758 86 94 rhinitis Negative_phenotype 22075758 96 102 asthma Negative_phenotype 22075758 107 124 atopic dermatitis Negative_phenotype 22075758_4 RFRC dose-dependently inhibited compound 48/80-induced systemic anaphylaxis and serum histamine release in mice. 22075758 0 4 RFRC Plant 22075758 55 75 systemic anaphylaxis Negative_phenotype 22075758 Decrease 0 4 RFRC Plant 55 75 systemic anaphylaxis Negative_phenotype 22075758_5 RFRC reduced the immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated local allergic reaction, passive cutaneous anaphylaxis. 22075758 0 4 RFRC Plant 22075758 55 63 allergic Negative_phenotype 22075758 74 103 passive cutaneous anaphylaxis Negative_phenotype 22075758 Decrease 0 4 RFRC Plant 55 63 allergic Negative_phenotype 22075758 Decrease 0 4 RFRC Plant 74 103 passive cutaneous anaphylaxis Negative_phenotype 22075758_6 RFRC attenuated histamine release from rat peritoneal mast cells and human mast cells by the reduction of intracellular calcium. 22075758 0 4 RFRC Plant 22075758_7 RFRC decreased the phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) and the calcium ionophore A23187 (PMACI)-stimulated expression and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines in human mast cells. 22075758 0 4 RFRC Plant 22075758_8 The inhibitory effect of RFRC on cytokine production was nuclear factor (NF)-kB- and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)-dependent. 22075758 25 29 RFRC Plant 22075758_9 In addition, RFRC suppressed the activation of caspase-1. 22075758 13 17 RFRC Plant 22075758_10 Our findings provide evidence that RFRC inhibits mast cell-derived allergic inflammatory reactions, and for the involvement of calcium, NF-kB, MAPKs and caspase-1 in these effects. 22075758 35 39 RFRC Plant 22075758 67 88 allergic inflammatory Negative_phenotype 22075758 Decrease 35 39 RFRC Plant 67 88 allergic inflammatory Negative_phenotype 22075758_11 Furthermore, in vivo and in vitro anti-allergic inflammatory effects of RFRC provide affirmative proof of a possible therapeutic application of this agent in allergic inflammatory diseases. 22075758 34 60 anti-allergic inflammatory Positive_phenotype 22075758 72 76 RFRC Plant 22075758 158 188 allergic inflammatory diseases Negative_phenotype 22075758 Increase 34 60 anti-allergic inflammatory Positive_phenotype 72 76 RFRC Plant 22075758 Decrease 72 76 RFRC Plant 158 188 allergic inflammatory diseases Negative_phenotype 23008742_1 Polygonum cuspidatum Extract Induces Anoikis in Hepatocarcinoma Cells Associated with Generation of Reactive Oxygen Species and Downregulation of Focal Adhesion Kinase. 23008742 0 20 Polygonum cuspidatum Plant 23008742 48 63 Hepatocarcinoma Negative_phenotype 23008742 Decrease 0 20 Polygonum cuspidatum Plant 48 63 Hepatocarcinoma Negative_phenotype 23008742_2 Anoikis has been recognized as a potential target for anticancer therapy. 23008742 54 64 anticancer Positive_phenotype 23008742_3 Polygonum cuspidatum (Huzhang) is a frequently used Chinese herb in hepatocarcinoma. 23008742 0 20 Polygonum cuspidatum Plant 23008742 22 29 Huzhang Plant 23008742 68 83 hepatocarcinoma Negative_phenotype 23008742 Decrease 0 20 Polygonum cuspidatum Plant 68 83 hepatocarcinoma Negative_phenotype 23008742 Decrease 22 29 Huzhang Plant 68 83 hepatocarcinoma Negative_phenotype 23008742_4 In present study, we evaluated the effects of Polygonum cuspidatum extract (PCE) in hepatocarcinoma cells in suspension. 23008742 46 66 Polygonum cuspidatum Plant 23008742 76 79 PCE Plant 23008742 84 99 hepatocarcinoma Negative_phenotype 23008742_5 The results showed that PCE inhibited the proliferation of hepatocarcinoma cells in suspension in a dose- and time-dependent manner. 23008742 24 27 PCE Plant 23008742 59 74 hepatocarcinoma Negative_phenotype 23008742 Decrease 24 27 PCE Plant 59 74 hepatocarcinoma Negative_phenotype 23008742_6 PCE also inhibited anchorage-independent growth of hepatocarcinoma cells in soft agar. 23008742 0 3 PCE Plant 23008742 51 66 hepatocarcinoma Negative_phenotype 23008742 Decrease 0 3 PCE Plant 51 66 hepatocarcinoma Negative_phenotype 23008742_7 PCE induced anoikis in human hepatocarcinoma Bel-7402 cells accompanied by caspase-3 and caspase-9 activation and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase cleavage, which was completely abrogated by a pan caspase inhibitor, Z-VAD-FMK. 23008742 0 3 PCE Plant 23008742 29 44 hepatocarcinoma Negative_phenotype 23008742 45 53 Bel-7402 Negative_phenotype 23008742 Decrease 0 3 PCE Plant 29 44 hepatocarcinoma Negative_phenotype 23008742 Decrease 0 3 PCE Plant 45 53 Bel-7402 Negative_phenotype 23008742_8 In addition, PCE treatment induced intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in Bel-7402 cells. 23008742 13 16 PCE Plant 23008742 93 101 Bel-7402 Negative_phenotype 23008742 Decrease 13 16 PCE Plant 93 101 Bel-7402 Negative_phenotype 23008742_9 NAC, an ROS scavenger, partially attenuated PCE-induced anoikis and activation of caspase-3 and caspase-9. 23008742_10 Furthermore, PCE inhibited expression of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) in Bel-7402 cells. 23008742 13 16 PCE Plant 23008742 72 80 Bel-7402 Negative_phenotype 23008742 Decrease 13 16 PCE Plant 72 80 Bel-7402 Negative_phenotype 23008742_11 Overexpression of FAK partially abrogated PCE-induced anoikis. 23008742_12 These data suggest that PCE may inhibit suspension growth and induce caspase-mediated anoikis in hepatocarcinoma cells and may relate to ROS generation and FAK downregulation. 23008742 24 27 PCE Plant 23008742 97 112 hepatocarcinoma Negative_phenotype 23008742 Decrease 24 27 PCE Plant 97 112 hepatocarcinoma Negative_phenotype 23008742_13 The present study provides new insight into the application of Chinese herb for hepatocarcinoma treatment. 23008742 80 95 hepatocarcinoma Negative_phenotype 23042598_1 Leonurus cardiaca L. (motherwort): a review of its phytochemistry and pharmacology. 23042598 0 20 Leonurus cardiaca L. Plant 23042598 22 32 motherwort Plant 23042598_2 Leonurus cardiaca is a perennial plant indigenous to central Europe and Scandinavia, but it is also found in the area spanning temperate Russia to central Asia. 23042598 0 17 Leonurus cardiaca Plant 23042598_3 It has been introduced to North America and has become established locally in the wild. 23042598_4 Motherwort (Leonuri cardiacae herba) consists of aerial parts of Leonurus cardiaca gathered during the flowering period, dried at 35 C and, according to European Pharmacopoeia 7th edition, should contain a minimum of 0.2% flavonoids, expressed as hyperoside. 23042598 0 10 Motherwort Plant 23042598 12 35 Leonuri cardiacae herba Plant 23042598 65 82 Leonurus cardiaca Plant 23042598_5 Compounds belonging to the group of monoterpenes, diterpenes, triterpenes, nitrogen- containing compounds, phenylpropanoids, flavonoids and phenolic acids, as well as volatile oils, sterols and tannins, have been identified in motherwort. 23042598 227 237 motherwort Plant 23042598_6 Traditionally, extracts of the herb have been used internally, mainly for nervous heart conditions and digestive disorders. 23042598 74 98 nervous heart conditions Negative_phenotype 23042598 103 122 digestive disorders Negative_phenotype 23042598_7 However, they have also been used for bronchial asthma, climacteric symptoms and amenorrhoea, as well as externally in wounds and skin inflammations. 23042598 38 54 bronchial asthma Negative_phenotype 23042598 56 76 climacteric symptoms Negative_phenotype 23042598 81 92 amenorrhoea Negative_phenotype 23042598 119 125 wounds Negative_phenotype 23042598 130 148 skin inflammations Negative_phenotype 23042598_8 Mild negative chronotropic, hypotonic and sedative effects can be attributed to the herb and preparations thereof. 23042598 28 37 hypotonic Positive_phenotype 23042598 42 50 sedative Positive_phenotype 23042598_9 Pharmacological studies have confirmed its antibacterial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity, as well as its effects on the heart and the circulatory system. 23042598 43 56 antibacterial Positive_phenotype 23042598 58 69 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 23042598 71 88 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 23042598 93 102 analgesic Positive_phenotype 23042598 143 175 heart and the circulatory system Positive_phenotype 23042598_10 Sedative and hypotensive activity has been demonstrated in clinical trials. 23042598 0 8 Sedative Positive_phenotype 23042598 13 24 hypotensive Positive_phenotype 23052030_1 Desmodium gangeticum (Linn.) DC. exhibits antihypertrophic effect in isoproterenol-induced cardiomyoblasts via amelioration of oxidative stress and mitochondrial alterations. 23052030 0 32 Desmodium gangeticum (Linn.) DC. Plant 23052030 42 58 antihypertrophic Positive_phenotype 23052030 127 143 oxidative stress Negative_phenotype 23052030 Increase 0 32 Desmodium gangeticum (Linn.) DC. Plant 42 58 antihypertrophic Positive_phenotype 23052030 Decrease 0 32 Desmodium gangeticum (Linn.) DC. Plant 127 143 oxidative stress Negative_phenotype 23052030_2 Cardiac hypertrophy occurs in response to increased workload, such as hypertension or valvular heart disease. 23052030 0 19 Cardiac hypertrophy Negative_phenotype 23052030 70 82 hypertension Negative_phenotype 23052030 86 108 valvular heart disease Negative_phenotype 23052030_3 Oxidative stress has been implicated in cardiac hypertrophy and in its transition to heart failure. 23052030 0 16 Oxidative stress Negative_phenotype 23052030 40 59 cardiac hypertrophy Negative_phenotype 23052030 85 98 heart failure Negative_phenotype 23052030_4 This study was taken up with the objective to evaluate the role of oxidative stress in cardiomyoblast hypertrophy and its modulation by Desmodium gangeticum (DG) that has been traditionally used in Ayurveda, an Indian system of medicine. 23052030 67 113 oxidative stress in cardiomyoblast hypertrophy Negative_phenotype 23052030 136 156 Desmodium gangeticum Plant 23052030 158 160 DG Plant 23052030_5 The methanolic root extract was analyzed for total phenolic content and tested for antioxidant potential. 23052030 83 94 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 23052030_6 Hypertrophy was induced by exposing H9c2 cell line to b-adrenergic receptor agonist, isoproterenol (ISO), for 96 hours. 23052030 0 11 Hypertrophy Negative_phenotype 23052030_7 Analyses of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, mitochondrial transmembrane potential ([INCREMENT] m), and integrity of permeability transition were performed in ISO as well as Desmodium and ISO-cotreated cells. 23052030 184 193 Desmodium Plant 23052030_8 The results demonstrated potent free radical scavenging activity of DG. 23052030 68 70 DG Plant 23052030_9 Cell line studies showed significant increase in ROS generation, dissipation of [INCREMENT] m, and permeability transition pore opening in ISO-treated cells. 23052030_10 Desmodium was found to attenuate ISO-induced hypertrophy by reduction of ROS generation, restoration of [INCREMENT] m, and prevention of permeability transition pore opening. 23052030 0 9 Desmodium Plant 23052030 45 56 hypertrophy Negative_phenotype 23052030 Decrease 0 9 Desmodium Plant 45 56 hypertrophy Negative_phenotype 23052030_11 This study is the first documentation of the modulatory effect of DG on cardiac hypertrophy. 23052030 66 68 DG Plant 23052030 72 91 cardiac hypertrophy Negative_phenotype 23052030 Decrease 66 68 DG Plant 72 91 cardiac hypertrophy Negative_phenotype 23065225_1 Antitumoral effects of Allium sivasicum on breast cancer in vitro and in vivo. 23065225 0 11 Antitumoral Positive_phenotype 23065225 23 39 Allium sivasicum Plant 23065225 43 56 breast cancer Negative_phenotype 23065225_2 This work aims to investigate the antiproliferative properties of Allium sivasicum (AS) on breast cancer. 23065225 66 82 Allium sivasicum Plant 23065225 84 86 AS Plant 23065225 91 104 breast cancer Negative_phenotype 23065225_3 AS extracts were studied for cytotoxicity against the breast cancer cell lines. 23065225 0 2 AS Plant 23065225 54 67 breast cancer Negative_phenotype 23065225_4 In vitro apoptosis studies of breast cancer cells were performed by annexin V staining in flow cytometry analyses. 23065225 30 43 breast cancer Negative_phenotype 23065225_5 AS showed cytotoxicity to three cancer cell lines. 23065225 0 2 AS Plant 23065225 32 38 cancer Negative_phenotype 23065225 Decrease 0 2 AS Plant 32 38 cancer Negative_phenotype 23065225_6 Annexin-positive cells level in AS treated cell lines were higher than the untreated control cells. 23065225 32 34 AS Plant 23065225_7 The expressions of caspase-7 protein and TUNEL positive cells were much higher for the rats treated by AS, compared with the untreated control group. 23065225 103 105 AS Plant 23065225_8 The expressions of the Ki-67 decreased in treatment groups compared with the control group. 23065225_9 In vivo studies showed that mean tumor volume inhibition ratio in AS treated group was 38 % compared with the untreated rats. 23065225 33 38 tumor Negative_phenotype 23065225 66 68 AS Plant 23065225 Decrease 33 38 tumor Negative_phenotype 66 68 AS Plant 23065225_10 These results indicate that A. sivasicum has antitumoral potential against breast cancer. 23065225 28 40 A. sivasicum Plant 23065225 45 56 antitumoral Positive_phenotype 23065225 75 88 breast cancer Negative_phenotype 23065225 Increase 28 40 A. sivasicum Plant 45 56 antitumoral Positive_phenotype 23065225 Decrease 28 40 A. sivasicum Plant 75 88 breast cancer Negative_phenotype 23069328_1 The Australian fruit Illawarra plum (Podocarpus elatus Endl., Podocarpaceae) inhibits telomerase, increases histone deacetylase activity and decreases proliferation of colon cancer cells. 23069328 21 35 Illawarra plum Plant 23069328 37 60 Podocarpus elatus Endl. Plant 23069328 168 180 colon cancer Negative_phenotype 23069328 Decrease 21 35 Illawarra plum Plant 168 180 colon cancer Negative_phenotype 23069328 Decrease 37 60 Podocarpus elatus Endl. Plant 168 180 colon cancer Negative_phenotype 23069328_2 Fruit antioxidants have many health benefits including prevention of cancer development. 23069328 6 18 antioxidants Positive_phenotype 23069328 69 75 cancer Negative_phenotype 23069328_3 The native Australian bush fruit Illawarra plum (Podocarpus elatus Endl., Podocarpaceae) has a high content of anthocyanin-rich phenolics, with an antioxidant capacity at levels higher than most fruits. 23069328 33 47 Illawarra plum Plant 23069328 49 72 Podocarpus elatus Endl. Plant 23069328 147 158 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 23069328 Increase 33 47 Illawarra plum Plant 147 158 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 23069328 Increase 49 72 Podocarpus elatus Endl. Plant 147 158 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 23069328_4 In the present study the molecular mechanisms of the anti-proliferative activity of Illawarra plum on colorectal cancer cells were investigated. 23069328 53 71 anti-proliferative Positive_phenotype 23069328 84 98 Illawarra plum Plant 23069328 102 119 colorectal cancer Negative_phenotype 23069328_5 Non-tumorigenic young adult mouse colonic (YAMC) cells and tumorigenic human colonic (HT-29) cells were treated with a polyphenolic-rich Illawarra plum extract (0-1000 microg/ml). 23069328 0 15 Non-tumorigenic Positive_phenotype 23069328 59 84 tumorigenic human colonic Negative_phenotype 23069328 86 91 HT-29 Negative_phenotype 23069328 137 151 Illawarra plum Plant 23069328_6 Illawarra plum had anti-proliferative properties in only the cancer cells, with growth suppressed in a dose- and time-dependent manner. 23069328 0 14 Illawarra plum Plant 23069328 19 37 anti-proliferative Positive_phenotype 23069328 61 67 cancer Negative_phenotype 23069328 Increase 0 14 Illawarra plum Plant 19 37 anti-proliferative Positive_phenotype 23069328 Decrease 0 14 Illawarra plum Plant 61 67 cancer Negative_phenotype 23069328_7 Treatment of HT-29 cells with Illawarra plum extract (500 mg/ml; 24 h) was also associated with a 2-fold increase in apoptosis, and a cell cycle delay in the S phase (P < 0.01). 23069328 13 18 HT-29 Negative_phenotype 23069328 30 44 Illawarra plum Plant 23069328 Decrease 13 18 HT-29 Negative_phenotype 30 44 Illawarra plum Plant 23069328_8 Assessment of biomarkers for DNA damage revealed that plum treatment caused a 93% down-regulation of telomerase activity (P < 0.001) and a decrease in telomere length (up to 75%; P < 0.01). 23069328 29 39 DNA damage Negative_phenotype 23069328 54 58 plum Plant 23069328 151 168 telomere length ( Neutral_phenotype 23069328 Decrease 29 39 DNA damage Negative_phenotype 54 58 plum Plant 23069328 Decrease 54 58 plum Plant 151 168 telomere length ( Neutral_phenotype 23069328_9 Treatment with Illawarra plum extract also induced morphological alterations to HT-29 cells that were suggestive of induction of autophagy, as the formation of cytoplasmic vacuoles was observed in many cells. 23069328 15 29 Illawarra plum Plant 23069328 80 85 HT-29 Negative_phenotype 23069328 Decrease 15 29 Illawarra plum Plant 80 85 HT-29 Negative_phenotype 23069328_10 This could be induced by the increased (6-fold) histone deacetylase (HDAC) activity (P < 0.001) and the trend for increased expression of the class III HDAC sirtuin 1. 23069328_11 The present study has shown that Illawarra plum extract is able to reduce the proliferation of colon cancer cells by altering the cell cycle, increasing apoptosis and possibly inducing autophagy. 23069328 33 47 Illawarra plum Plant 23069328 95 107 colon cancer Negative_phenotype 23069328 Decrease 33 47 Illawarra plum Plant 95 107 colon cancer Negative_phenotype 23069328_12 The active ingredients in Illawarra plum may provide an alternative chemoprevention strategy to conventional chemotherapy. 23069328 26 40 Illawarra plum Plant 23069328 68 83 chemoprevention Positive_phenotype 23069328 109 121 chemotherapy Positive_phenotype 23073198_1 [Effects of Chinese herbal medicine Shenxiong Yujing Granule on regeneration of neural cells in rats with diabetes-associated cerebral ischemia]. 23073198 36 60 Shenxiong Yujing Granule Plant 23073198 64 92 regeneration of neural cells Positive_phenotype 23073198 106 143 diabetes-associated cerebral ischemia Negative_phenotype 23073198_2 OBJECTIVE: To establish a rat model of diabetes-associated cerebral ischemia due to qi and yin deficiency and blood stasis, and to investigate the effects of Radix Ginseng, Rhizoma Chuanxiong, Rhizoma Polygonati Odorati and Rhizoma Polygonati Sibirici Granule (Shenxiong Yujing Granule), which has the function of strengthening qi, nourishing yin, and activating blood, on proliferation, differentiation and survival of neural cells in rats with diabetes-associated cerebral ischemia. 23073198 39 76 diabetes-associated cerebral ischemia Negative_phenotype 23073198 84 105 qi and yin deficiency Negative_phenotype 23073198 110 122 blood stasis Negative_phenotype 23073198 164 171 Ginseng Plant 23073198 181 191 Chuanxiong Plant 23073198 201 219 Polygonati Odorati Plant 23073198 232 251 Polygonati Sibirici Plant 23073198 261 277 Shenxiong Yujing Plant 23073198 314 330 strengthening qi Positive_phenotype 23073198 332 346 nourishing yin Positive_phenotype 23073198 352 368 activating blood Positive_phenotype 23073198 408 416 survival Positive_phenotype 23073198 446 483 diabetes-associated cerebral ischemia Negative_phenotype 23073198_3 METHODS: Rats were divided into sham-operation, diabetes plus ischemia reperfusion injury model, Shenxiong Yujing Granule and Radix Ginseng and Rhizoma Chuanxiong Granule (Shenxiong Granule) groups with 20 rats in each. 23073198 48 89 diabetes plus ischemia reperfusion injury Negative_phenotype 23073198 97 113 Shenxiong Yujing Plant 23073198 132 139 Ginseng Plant 23073198 152 162 Chuanxiong Plant 23073198 172 181 Shenxiong Plant 23073198_4 The 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation assay and immunohistochemical method were used to investigate the proliferation, differentiation and survival of neural cells in dentate gyrus of rats with diabetes-associated cerebral ischemia. 23073198 150 158 survival Positive_phenotype 23073198 205 242 diabetes-associated cerebral ischemia Negative_phenotype 23073198_5 RESULTS: The number of newly proliferating cells in subgranular zone of dentate gyrus was increased in the model group, but there was no significant difference compared with 7 day treatment with Shenxiong Yujing Granule. 23073198 195 211 Shenxiong Yujing Plant 23073198_6 Shenxiong Yujing Granule significantly increased the survival rate and promoted the differentiation of newly proliferating neurons after 21-day treatment (P<0.01). 23073198 0 16 Shenxiong Yujing Plant 23073198 53 61 survival Positive_phenotype 23073198 Increase 0 16 Shenxiong Yujing Plant 53 61 survival Positive_phenotype 23073198_7 In addition, the beneficial effect of Shenxiong Yujing Granule was considerably greater than that of the Shenxiong Granule (P<0.01). 23073198 38 54 Shenxiong Yujing Plant 23073198 105 114 Shenxiong Plant 23073198_8 CONCLUSION: Shenxiong Yujing Granule can increase the survival rate and promote the differentiation of newly proliferating neurons in rats with diabetes-associated cerebral ischemia of dual deficiency of qi and yin and blood stasis obstructing the collaterals. 23073198 12 28 Shenxiong Yujing Plant 23073198 54 62 survival Positive_phenotype 23073198 144 181 diabetes-associated cerebral ischemia Negative_phenotype 23073198 190 214 deficiency of qi and yin Negative_phenotype 23073198 219 231 blood stasis Negative_phenotype 23073198 Increase 12 28 Shenxiong Yujing Plant 54 62 survival Positive_phenotype 23073198 Decrease 12 28 Shenxiong Yujing Plant 144 181 diabetes-associated cerebral ischemia Negative_phenotype 23073198 Decrease 12 28 Shenxiong Yujing Plant 190 214 deficiency of qi and yin Negative_phenotype 23073198 Decrease 12 28 Shenxiong Yujing Plant 219 231 blood stasis Negative_phenotype 23073198_9 The effect is greater than that of Shenxiong Granule. 23073198 35 44 Shenxiong Plant 23083228_1 Effects of topical application of Astragalus membranaceus on allergic dermatitis. 23083228 34 57 Astragalus membranaceus Plant 23083228 61 80 allergic dermatitis Negative_phenotype 23083228_2 Astragalus membranaceus (AM) is one of the most popular health-promoting herbs in East Asia, and has been used in traditional medicine for more than 2000 years. 23083228 0 23 Astragalus membranaceus Plant 23083228 25 27 AM Plant 23083228_3 This study was performed to examine whether AM suppresses atopic dermatitis (AD)-like skin lesions in BALB/c mice. 23083228 44 46 AM Plant 23083228 58 98 atopic dermatitis (AD)-like skin lesions Negative_phenotype 23083228_4 Seven-week-old female BALB/c mice were sensitized with 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (DNCB) to induce allergic dermatitis. 23083228 100 119 allergic dermatitis Negative_phenotype 23083228_5 Skin sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H_E) to assess epidermal and dermal hyperplasia, which were determined by measuring the thicknesses of the epidermis and dermis, respectively. 23083228 70 102 epidermal and dermal hyperplasia Negative_phenotype 23083228 143 182 thicknesses of the epidermis and dermis Negative_phenotype 23083228_6 The serum immunoglobulin G (IgE) concentration was quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). 23083228_7 In addition, the levels of interleukins (IL)-4, -5, -6, and -13 and tissue necrosis factor (TNF)-a were measured in mouse serum. 23083228_8 Significance was determined by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). 23083228_9 Topical AM markedly improved the AD skin lesions in DNCB-induced mice. 23083228 8 10 AM Plant 23083228 33 48 AD skin lesions Negative_phenotype 23083228 Decrease 8 10 AM Plant 33 48 AD skin lesions Negative_phenotype 23083228_10 The AD skin lesions were significantly thinner in the AM treatment group compared with untreated controls, and the hyperkeratosis disappeared. 23083228 4 19 AD skin lesions Negative_phenotype 23083228 54 56 AM Plant 23083228 115 129 hyperkeratosis Negative_phenotype 23083228 Decrease 4 19 AD skin lesions Negative_phenotype 54 56 AM Plant 23083228 Decrease 54 56 AM Plant 115 129 hyperkeratosis Negative_phenotype 23083228_11 Topical treatment of AM also restored nuclear factor-kB (NF-kB) expression. 23083228 21 23 AM Plant 23083228_12 In addition, the serum IgE level was reduced. 23083228_13 AM suppressed the expression of Th2 cytokines (IL-4, -5, -6, and -13) and significantly decreased the TNF-a level. 23083228 0 2 AM Plant 23083228_14 AM is effective for treating AD by regulating cytokines. 23083228 0 2 AM Plant 23083228 29 31 AD Negative_phenotype 23083228 Decrease 0 2 AM Plant 29 31 AD Negative_phenotype 23083228_15 AM may be an alternative or complementary therapeutic option for treating patients with AD. 23083228 0 2 AM Plant 23083228 88 90 AD Negative_phenotype 23083228 Decrease 0 2 AM Plant 88 90 AD Negative_phenotype 23083228_16 More in-depth studies are necessary to clarify the mechanisms of AM. 23083228 65 67 AM Plant 23095290_1 Effects of betel nut on cardiovascular risk factors in a rat model. 23095290 11 16 betel Plant 23095290 24 43 cardiovascular risk Negative_phenotype 23095290_2 BACKGROUND: Areca nut (commonly known as betel nut) chewing has been shown to be associated with metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease (CVD). 23095290 12 17 Areca Plant 23095290 41 46 betel Plant 23095290 97 115 metabolic syndrome Negative_phenotype 23095290 120 142 cardiovascular disease Negative_phenotype 23095290 144 147 CVD Negative_phenotype 23095290 Association 12 17 Areca Plant 97 115 metabolic syndrome Negative_phenotype 23095290 Association 12 17 Areca Plant 120 142 cardiovascular disease Negative_phenotype 23095290 Association 12 17 Areca Plant 144 147 CVD Negative_phenotype 23095290 Association 41 46 betel Plant 97 115 metabolic syndrome Negative_phenotype 23095290 Association 41 46 betel Plant 120 142 cardiovascular disease Negative_phenotype 23095290 Association 41 46 betel Plant 144 147 CVD Negative_phenotype 23095290_3 The mechanism by which betel nut ingestion could lead to development of CVD is not precisely known; however, dyslipidemia, hyperhomocysteinemia, hypertriglyceridemia and inflammation could be some of the potential risk factors. 23095290 23 28 betel Plant 23095290 72 75 CVD Negative_phenotype 23095290 109 121 dyslipidemia Negative_phenotype 23095290 123 143 hyperhomocysteinemia Negative_phenotype 23095290 145 165 hypertriglyceridemia Negative_phenotype 23095290 170 182 inflammation Negative_phenotype 23095290 Increase 23 28 betel Plant 72 75 CVD Negative_phenotype 23095290 Association 23 28 betel Plant 109 121 dyslipidemia Negative_phenotype 23095290 Association 23 28 betel Plant 123 143 hyperhomocysteinemia Negative_phenotype 23095290 Association 23 28 betel Plant 145 165 hypertriglyceridemia Negative_phenotype 23095290 Association 23 28 betel Plant 170 182 inflammation Negative_phenotype 23095290_4 This study was undertaken to investigate the effects of two dosages of betel nut on homocysteinemia, inflammation and some of the components of metabolic syndrome, such as hypertriglyceridemia, low HDL-cholesterol, obesity and fasting hyperglycemia in a rat model. 23095290 71 76 betel Plant 23095290 84 99 homocysteinemia Negative_phenotype 23095290 101 113 inflammation Negative_phenotype 23095290 144 162 metabolic syndrome Negative_phenotype 23095290 172 192 hypertriglyceridemia Negative_phenotype 23095290 198 213 HDL-cholesterol Neutral_phenotype 23095290 215 222 obesity Negative_phenotype 23095290 227 248 fasting hyperglycemia Negative_phenotype 23095290_5 METHODS: Thirty-six adult female Sprague Dawley rats, aged 10-12 weeks were divided into three equal groups. 23095290_6 Group-1 served as the control group (n = 12) and received water, whereas groups 2 and 3 were given water suspension of betel nut orally in two dosages, 30 mg and 60 mg, respectively for a period of 5 weeks. 23095290 119 124 betel Plant 23095290_7 At the end of the fifth week, the animals were weighed and sacrificed, blood was collected and liver, kidney, spleen and stomach were removed for histological examination.Plasma/serum was analyzed for glucose, total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, homocysteine, folate, vitamin B12 and N-acetyl-b-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) - a marker of inflammation. 23095290 210 227 total cholesterol Neutral_phenotype 23095290 229 244 HDL-cholesterol Neutral_phenotype 23095290 246 261 LDL-cholesterol Neutral_phenotype 23095290 263 276 triglycerides Neutral_phenotype 23095290 365 377 inflammation Negative_phenotype 23095290_8 RESULTS: When the mean concentration values of 3 groups were compared using one way ANOVA followed by Tukey's HSD-test, there was a significant increase in the concentration of total cholesterol (p = 0.04) in the group receiving 30 mg/day betel nut compared to the control group. 23095290 177 194 total cholesterol Neutral_phenotype 23095290 239 244 betel Plant 23095290_9 However, administration of a higher dose of betel nut (60 mg/day) had no significant effect on the serum concentrations of glucose, total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, and NAG. 23095290 44 49 betel Plant 23095290 99 130 serum concentrations of glucose Neutral_phenotype 23095290 132 149 total cholesterol Neutral_phenotype 23095290 151 166 HDL-cholesterol Neutral_phenotype 23095290 168 183 LDL-cholesterol Neutral_phenotype 23095290_10 Histological examination of spleen revealed a dose-dependent extramedullary hematopoiesis. 23095290_11 No other remarkable change in the tissues (liver, kidney and stomach) was observed.Mean serum/plasma levels of folate, vitamin B12 and homocysteine were not found to be significantly different in all the groups. 23095290_12 Betel nut ingestion had no effect on the mean body weights of rats. 23095290 0 5 Betel Plant 23095290 46 58 body weights Neutral_phenotype 23095290_13 CONCLUSIONS: Low dosage of betel nut is found to be associated with hypercholesterolemia. 23095290 27 32 betel Plant 23095290 68 88 hypercholesterolemia Negative_phenotype 23095290 Association 27 32 betel Plant 68 88 hypercholesterolemia Negative_phenotype 23095290_14 However, betel nut ingestion is not associated with hyperhomocysteinemia, hypertriglyceridemia, hyperglycemia, inflammation and increase in body weight in a rat model. 23095290 9 14 betel Plant 23095290 52 72 hyperhomocysteinemia Negative_phenotype 23095290 74 94 hypertriglyceridemia Negative_phenotype 23095290 96 109 hyperglycemia Negative_phenotype 23095290 111 123 inflammation Negative_phenotype 23095290 140 151 body weight Neutral_phenotype 23142309_1 Can the Pelargonium sidoides root extract EPs 7630 prevent asthma attacks during viral infections of the upper respiratory tract in children? 23142309 8 28 Pelargonium sidoides Plant 23142309 42 52 EPs 7630 Plant 23142309 61 130 asthma attacks during viral infections of the upper respiratory tract Negative_phenotype 23142309_2 INTRODUCTION: Asthma is a chronic disease characterized by airway inflammation. 23142309 14 20 Asthma Negative_phenotype 23142309 26 41 chronic disease Negative_phenotype 23142309 59 78 airway inflammation Negative_phenotype 23142309_3 Viral infection initiates an immune inflammatory response that may produce asthma attacks. 23142309 0 15 Viral infection Negative_phenotype 23142309 29 48 immune inflammatory Negative_phenotype 23142309 75 89 asthma attacks Negative_phenotype 23142309_4 There is no effective preventing therapy for asthma attack during upper respiratory tract viral infections. 23142309 45 106 asthma attack during upper respiratory tract viral infections Negative_phenotype 23142309_5 OBJECTIVE: To investigate the efficacy of 5 days of Pelargonium sidoides therapy for preventing asthma attack during upper respiratory tract viral infections. 23142309 52 72 Pelargonium sidoides Plant 23142309 96 157 asthma attack during upper respiratory tract viral infections Negative_phenotype 23142309_6 METHODS: Sixty one asthmatic children with upper respiratory tract viral infection were enrolled in the study. 23142309 19 28 asthmatic Negative_phenotype 23142309 43 82 upper respiratory tract viral infection Negative_phenotype 23142309_7 The patients were randomized to receive Pelargonium sidoides daily for 5 days (n=30) or not (n=31). 23142309 40 60 Pelargonium sidoides Plant 23142309_8 Before and after treatment, they all were examined and symptom scores were determined. 23142309_9 Following five days treatment, children were evaluated whether or not they had an asthma attack. 23142309 82 95 asthma attack Negative_phenotype 23142309_10 RESULTS: Treatment with Pelargonium sidoides was not associated with a statistically significant differences in fever and muscle aches (p>0.05, Chi-square test). 23142309 24 44 Pelargonium sidoides Plant 23142309 112 117 fever Negative_phenotype 23142309 122 134 muscle aches Negative_phenotype 23142309_11 There were significant differences in cough frequency and nasal congestion between the groups (p<0.05, Chi-square test). 23142309 38 43 cough Negative_phenotype 23142309 58 74 nasal congestion Negative_phenotype 23142309_12 There were statistically significant differences in having asthma attack between the groups (p<0.05, Chi-square). 23142309 59 72 asthma attack Negative_phenotype 23142309_13 Pelargonium sidoides group had less frequency of asthma attack. 23142309 0 20 Pelargonium sidoides Plant 23142309 49 62 asthma attack Negative_phenotype 23142309 Decrease 0 20 Pelargonium sidoides Plant 49 62 asthma attack Negative_phenotype 23142309_14 DISCUSSION: Our study shows that Pelargonium sidoides may prevent asthma attacks during upper respiratory tract viral infections. 23142309 33 53 Pelargonium sidoides Plant 23142309 66 128 asthma attacks during upper respiratory tract viral infections Negative_phenotype 23142309 Decrease 33 53 Pelargonium sidoides Plant 66 128 asthma attacks during upper respiratory tract viral infections Negative_phenotype 23153517_1 Medicinal property, phytochemistry and pharmacology of several Jatropha species (Euphorbiaceae): a review. 23153517 63 79 Jatropha species Plant 23153517_2 The genus Jatropha (Euphorbiaceae) comprises of about 170 species of woody trees, shrubs, subshrubs or herbs in the seasonally dry tropics of the Old and the New World. 23153517 10 18 Jatropha Plant 23153517_3 They are used in medicinal folklore to cure various diseases of 80% of the human population in Africa, Asia and Latin America. 23153517_4 Species from this genus have been popular to cure stomachache, toothache, swelling, inflammation, leprosy, dysentery, dyscrasia, vertigo, anemia, diabetis, as well as to treat HIV and tumor, opthalmia, ringworm, ulcers, malaria, skin diseases, bronchitis, asthma and as an aphrodisiac. 23153517 50 61 stomachache Negative_phenotype 23153517 63 72 toothache Negative_phenotype 23153517 74 82 swelling Negative_phenotype 23153517 84 96 inflammation Negative_phenotype 23153517 98 105 leprosy Negative_phenotype 23153517 107 116 dysentery Negative_phenotype 23153517 118 127 dyscrasia Negative_phenotype 23153517 129 136 vertigo Negative_phenotype 23153517 138 144 anemia Negative_phenotype 23153517 146 154 diabetis Negative_phenotype 23153517 176 179 HIV Negative_phenotype 23153517 184 189 tumor Negative_phenotype 23153517 191 200 opthalmia Negative_phenotype 23153517 202 210 ringworm Negative_phenotype 23153517 212 218 ulcers Negative_phenotype 23153517 220 227 malaria Negative_phenotype 23153517 229 242 skin diseases Negative_phenotype 23153517 244 254 bronchitis Negative_phenotype 23153517 256 262 asthma Negative_phenotype 23153517 273 284 aphrodisiac Positive_phenotype 23153517_5 They are also employed as ornamental plants and energy crops. 23153517_6 Cyclic peptides alkaloids, diterpenes and miscellaneous compounds have been reported from this genus. 23153517_7 Extracts and pure compounds of plants from this genus are reported for cytotoxicity, tumor-promoting, antimicrobial, antiprotozoal, anticoagulant, immunomodulating, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, protoscolicidal, insecticidal, molluscicidal, inhibition AChE and toxicity activities. 23153517 85 90 tumor Negative_phenotype 23153517 102 115 antimicrobial Positive_phenotype 23153517 117 130 antiprotozoal Positive_phenotype 23153517 132 145 anticoagulant Positive_phenotype 23153517 147 163 immunomodulating Positive_phenotype 23153517 165 182 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 23153517 184 195 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 23153517 197 212 protoscolicidal Positive_phenotype 23153517 214 226 insecticidal Positive_phenotype 23153517 228 241 molluscicidal Positive_phenotype 23153517 263 271 toxicity Negative_phenotype 23164762_1 The possible mechanisms of Picrasma quassiodes (D. Don) Benn. 23164762 27 61 Picrasma quassiodes (D. Don) Benn. Plant 23164762_2 in the treatment of colitis induced by 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid in mice. 23164762 20 27 colitis Negative_phenotype 23164762_3 ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Picrasma quassiodes (D. Don) Benn. (PQB) is used in folk medicines for the treatment of colds, upper respiratory infection, acute tonsillitis, acute gastroenteritis, bacillary dysentery and a variety of acute infectious diseases in Asia. 23164762 32 66 Picrasma quassiodes (D. Don) Benn. Plant 23164762 68 71 PQB Plant 23164762 120 125 colds Negative_phenotype 23164762 127 154 upper respiratory infection Negative_phenotype 23164762 156 173 acute tonsillitis Negative_phenotype 23164762 175 196 acute gastroenteritis Negative_phenotype 23164762 198 217 bacillary dysentery Negative_phenotype 23164762 235 260 acute infectious diseases Negative_phenotype 23164762 Decrease 32 66 Picrasma quassiodes (D. Don) Benn. Plant 120 125 colds Negative_phenotype 23164762 Decrease 32 66 Picrasma quassiodes (D. Don) Benn. Plant 127 154 upper respiratory infection Negative_phenotype 23164762 Decrease 32 66 Picrasma quassiodes (D. Don) Benn. Plant 156 173 acute tonsillitis Negative_phenotype 23164762 Decrease 32 66 Picrasma quassiodes (D. Don) Benn. Plant 175 196 acute gastroenteritis Negative_phenotype 23164762 Decrease 32 66 Picrasma quassiodes (D. Don) Benn. Plant 198 217 bacillary dysentery Negative_phenotype 23164762 Decrease 32 66 Picrasma quassiodes (D. Don) Benn. Plant 235 260 acute infectious diseases Negative_phenotype 23164762 Decrease 68 71 PQB Plant 120 125 colds Negative_phenotype 23164762 Decrease 68 71 PQB Plant 127 154 upper respiratory infection Negative_phenotype 23164762 Decrease 68 71 PQB Plant 156 173 acute tonsillitis Negative_phenotype 23164762 Decrease 68 71 PQB Plant 175 196 acute gastroenteritis Negative_phenotype 23164762 Decrease 68 71 PQB Plant 198 217 bacillary dysentery Negative_phenotype 23164762 Decrease 68 71 PQB Plant 235 260 acute infectious diseases Negative_phenotype 23164762_4 Although recent reports indicate that PQB has antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory effects, its effects on colitis and its inhibitory mechanisms have not been previously reported. 23164762 38 41 PQB Plant 23164762 46 59 antibacterial Positive_phenotype 23164762 65 82 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 23164762 107 114 colitis Negative_phenotype 23164762 Increase 38 41 PQB Plant 46 59 antibacterial Positive_phenotype 23164762 Increase 38 41 PQB Plant 65 82 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 23164762 Decrease 38 41 PQB Plant 107 114 colitis Negative_phenotype 23164762_5 AIM OF THE STUDY: To assess the effects and the mode of action of the extract of Picrasma quassiodes (D. Don) Benn. (PQB) on a model of colitis in mice induced by trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS). 23164762 81 115 Picrasma quassiodes (D. Don) Benn. Plant 23164762 117 120 PQB Plant 23164762 136 143 colitis Negative_phenotype 23164762_6 MATERIALS AND METHODS: We induced mice colitis using TNBS/ethanol, then different doses of Picrasma quassiodes (D. Don) Benn. (PQB) extract (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg/day) and sulfasalazine (500 mg/kg/day) were administered by gavage for 7 days after the induction of colitis. 23164762 39 46 colitis Negative_phenotype 23164762 91 125 Picrasma quassiodes (D. Don) Benn. Plant 23164762 127 130 PQB Plant 23164762 39 46 colitis Negative_phenotype 23164762_7 The mice body weight, colonic wet weight, colonic lengths, myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, macroscopic and histological colon injury were observed. 23164762 9 20 body weight Neutral_phenotype 23164762 22 40 colonic wet weight Neutral_phenotype 23164762 42 57 colonic lengths Neutral_phenotype 23164762 120 132 colon injury Negative_phenotype 23164762_8 Pro-inflammatory cytokines such as: tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-a) and interleukin-8 (IL-8) were assayed by enzyme-linked immunoassay. 23164762_9 The protein expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in the colons were determined by immunohistochemical analysis. 23164762_10 RESULTS: PQB administration effectively prevented mice diarrhea, decreasing of the body weights, shortening of colon length and increasing of colon wet weight. 23164762 9 12 PQB Plant 23164762 55 63 diarrhea Negative_phenotype 23164762 83 95 body weights Neutral_phenotype 23164762 111 123 colon length Neutral_phenotype 23164762 142 158 colon wet weight Neutral_phenotype 23164762 Decrease 9 12 PQB Plant 55 63 diarrhea Negative_phenotype 23164762 Decrease 9 12 PQB Plant 83 95 body weights Neutral_phenotype 23164762 Decrease 9 12 PQB Plant 111 123 colon length Neutral_phenotype 23164762 Increase 9 12 PQB Plant 142 158 colon wet weight Neutral_phenotype 23164762_11 Macroscopic and histological examinations also indicated that it was protected against colonic edema, ulceration and MPO activity elevation. 23164762 87 100 colonic edema Negative_phenotype 23164762 102 112 ulceration Negative_phenotype 23164762_12 Furthermore, PQB inhibited the abnormal secretions of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-a and IL-8. 23164762 13 16 PQB Plant 23164762_13 Additionally, administration of PQB effectively inhibited COX-2 and iNOS protein expression. 23164762 32 35 PQB Plant 23164762_14 CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that PQB has an anti-inflammatory effect on TNBS-induced colitis due to the down-regulations of the productions and expressions of inflammatory mediators, and that it may be a potential inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) drug candidate. 23164762 40 43 PQB Plant 23164762 51 68 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 23164762 92 99 colitis Negative_phenotype 23164762 221 247 inflammatory bowel disease Negative_phenotype 23164762 249 252 IBD Negative_phenotype 23164762 Increase 40 43 PQB Plant 51 68 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 23164762 Decrease 40 43 PQB Plant 92 99 colitis Negative_phenotype 23164762 Decrease 40 43 PQB Plant 221 247 inflammatory bowel disease Negative_phenotype 23164762 Decrease 40 43 PQB Plant 249 252 IBD Negative_phenotype 23195129_1 Effects of Catalpa ovata stem bark on atopic dermatitis-like skin lesions in NC/Nga mice. 23195129 11 24 Catalpa ovata Plant 23195129 38 73 atopic dermatitis-like skin lesions Negative_phenotype 23195129_2 ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: The stem bark of Catalpa ovata has been used as a traditional herbal medicine for the treatment of various inflammatory diseases such as itching and scabies. 23195129 49 62 Catalpa ovata Plant 23195129 139 160 inflammatory diseases Negative_phenotype 23195129 169 176 itching Negative_phenotype 23195129 181 188 scabies Negative_phenotype 23195129 Decrease 49 62 Catalpa ovata Plant 139 160 inflammatory diseases Negative_phenotype 23195129 Decrease 49 62 Catalpa ovata Plant 169 176 itching Negative_phenotype 23195129 Decrease 49 62 Catalpa ovata Plant 181 188 scabies Negative_phenotype 23195129_3 AIM OF THE STUDY: In the present study, we investigated the anti-AD effects of Catalpa ovata stem bark on Dermatophagoides farinae-induced AD in a NC/Nga mouse AD model. 23195129 60 67 anti-AD Positive_phenotype 23195129 79 92 Catalpa ovata Plant 23195129 139 141 AD Negative_phenotype 23195129 160 162 AD Negative_phenotype 23195129_4 We determined dermatitis score, histology, IgE, cytokines, and chemokines related to hypersensitive immune responses in AD. 23195129 14 24 dermatitis Negative_phenotype 23195129 85 122 hypersensitive immune responses in AD Negative_phenotype 23195129_5 The mechanism of action was also investigated using HaCaT cells. 23195129_6 MATERIALS AND METHODS: We investigated the topical effects of Catalpa ovata stem bark on AD-like skin lesions in NC/Nga mice. 23195129 62 75 Catalpa ovata Plant 23195129 89 109 AD-like skin lesions Negative_phenotype 23195129_7 Five category-experiments were performed, including assessment of dermatitis score; histological analysis of dorsal skin lesions; quantitative measurement of serum total IgE; quantitative measurement of cytokines (IL-1b, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-13, TNF-a) from dorsal tissue; and RT-PCR analysis of for TSLP and TARC mRNA expression in HaCaT cells. 23195129 66 76 dermatitis Negative_phenotype 23195129 109 128 dorsal skin lesions Negative_phenotype 23195129_8 RESULTS: The clinical dermatitis score was significantly lower in Catalpa ovata extract (COE) groups than in the control group. 23195129 22 32 dermatitis Negative_phenotype 23195129 66 79 Catalpa ovata Plant 23195129 89 92 COE Plant 23195129 Decrease 22 32 dermatitis Negative_phenotype 66 79 Catalpa ovata Plant 23195129 Decrease 22 32 dermatitis Negative_phenotype 89 92 COE Plant 23195129_9 Histological analysis showed that COE inhibited hypertrophy and hyperkeratosis of the epidermis, intracellular edema, and reduced the infiltration of inflammatory cells. 23195129 34 37 COE Plant 23195129 48 59 hypertrophy Negative_phenotype 23195129 64 78 hyperkeratosis Negative_phenotype 23195129 97 116 intracellular edema Negative_phenotype 23195129 134 162 infiltration of inflammatory Negative_phenotype 23195129 Decrease 34 37 COE Plant 48 59 hypertrophy Negative_phenotype 23195129 Decrease 34 37 COE Plant 64 78 hyperkeratosis Negative_phenotype 23195129 Decrease 34 37 COE Plant 97 116 intracellular edema Negative_phenotype 23195129 Decrease 34 37 COE Plant 134 162 infiltration of inflammatory Negative_phenotype 23195129_10 COE significantly inhibited serum total IgE; Th2 cytokines IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13; pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1b, IL6 and TNF-a; the Th2 chemokine TARC and the pro-Th2 cytokine TSLP. 23195129 0 3 COE Plant 23195129_11 CONCLUSION: These results demonstrate that Catalpa ovata stem bark may be a useful external medicine for treatment of AD. 23195129 43 56 Catalpa ovata Plant 23195129 118 120 AD Negative_phenotype 23195129 Decrease 43 56 Catalpa ovata Plant 118 120 AD Negative_phenotype 23195129_12 Further investigation is necessary to determine appropriate COE dosage and to evaluate the safety of this medicinal herb. 23195129 60 63 COE Plant 23246454_1 Anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory and anti-microbial activities of plant extracts used against hematological tumors in traditional medicine of Jordan. 23246454 0 11 Anti-cancer Positive_phenotype 23246454 13 30 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 23246454 35 49 anti-microbial Positive_phenotype 23246454 92 112 hematological tumors Negative_phenotype 23246454_2 ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Mercurialis annua L., Bongardia chrysogonum L., and Viscum cruciatum Sieb have been traditionally used by local herbalists in Jordan for the treatment of hematopoietic neoplasms. 23246454 32 52 Mercurialis annua L. Plant 23246454 54 78 Bongardia chrysogonum L. Plant 23246454 84 105 Viscum cruciatum Sieb Plant 23246454 186 209 hematopoietic neoplasms Negative_phenotype 23246454 Decrease 32 52 Mercurialis annua L. Plant 186 209 hematopoietic neoplasms Negative_phenotype 23246454 Decrease 54 78 Bongardia chrysogonum L. Plant 186 209 hematopoietic neoplasms Negative_phenotype 23246454 Decrease 84 105 Viscum cruciatum Sieb Plant 186 209 hematopoietic neoplasms Negative_phenotype 23246454_3 AIM OF THE STUDY: To determine the anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory and anti-microbial potentials of the three extracts against two of the most common hematopoietic malignancies in the Jordanian populations; Burkitt's lymphoma and Multiple myeloma. 23246454 35 46 anti-cancer Positive_phenotype 23246454 48 65 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 23246454 70 84 anti-microbial Positive_phenotype 23246454 149 175 hematopoietic malignancies Negative_phenotype 23246454 206 224 Burkitt's lymphoma Negative_phenotype 23246454 229 245 Multiple myeloma Negative_phenotype 23246454_4 MATERIALS AND METHODS: The anti-cancer activity was tested against the two cell lines (BJAB Burkitt's lymphoma and U266 multiple myeloma) using the MTT and trypan blue assays. 23246454 27 38 anti-cancer Positive_phenotype 23246454 87 91 BJAB Negative_phenotype 23246454 92 110 Burkitt's lymphoma Negative_phenotype 23246454 115 119 U266 Negative_phenotype 23246454 120 136 multiple myeloma Negative_phenotype 23246454_5 The agar dilution assay was used to study the anti-microbial activity against Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria, anaerobic bacteria and yeast. 23246454 46 60 anti-microbial Positive_phenotype 23246454_6 The pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL) -1b, IL-8 and tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-a) were measured in the pretreated cell lines using ELISA assay to determine the anti-inflammatory activity of Viscum cruciatum Sieb against the two cell lines. 23246454 172 189 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 23246454 202 223 Viscum cruciatum Sieb Plant 23246454_7 RESULTS: The results show no evidence of stimulation of tumor growth by any of the three extracts comprising cell lines from hematological malignancies, but Viscum cruciatum Sieb showed a selective anticancer activity against BJAB cells, with IC(50) value of 14.21 g/ml. 23246454 56 68 tumor growth Negative_phenotype 23246454 125 151 hematological malignancies Negative_phenotype 23246454 157 178 Viscum cruciatum Sieb Plant 23246454 198 208 anticancer Positive_phenotype 23246454 226 230 BJAB Negative_phenotype 23246454 Increase 157 178 Viscum cruciatum Sieb Plant 198 208 anticancer Positive_phenotype 23246454 Decrease 157 178 Viscum cruciatum Sieb Plant 226 230 BJAB Negative_phenotype 23246454_8 The antimicrobial effect was only noticed with Viscum cruciatum extract by inhibiting Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans and Propionibacterium acne, but not Pseudomonas aeruginosa at MIC of 1.25, 1.25, 0.625 and <5mg/ml, respectively. 23246454 4 17 antimicrobial Positive_phenotype 23246454 47 63 Viscum cruciatum Plant 23246454 86 107 Staphylococcus aureus Negative_phenotype 23246454 109 125 Candida albicans Negative_phenotype 23246454 130 152 Propionibacterium acne Negative_phenotype 23246454 162 184 Pseudomonas aeruginosa Negative_phenotype 23246454 Increase 4 17 antimicrobial Positive_phenotype 47 63 Viscum cruciatum Plant 23246454 Decrease 47 63 Viscum cruciatum Plant 86 107 Staphylococcus aureus Negative_phenotype 23246454 Decrease 47 63 Viscum cruciatum Plant 109 125 Candida albicans Negative_phenotype 23246454 Decrease 47 63 Viscum cruciatum Plant 130 152 Propionibacterium acne Negative_phenotype 23246454 Decrease 47 63 Viscum cruciatum Plant 162 184 Pseudomonas aeruginosa Negative_phenotype 23246454_9 The highest activity was against the anaerobic bacteria Propionibacterium acne. 23246454 56 78 Propionibacterium acne Negative_phenotype 23246454_10 Viscum cruciatum Sieb extract showed an inhibitory effect on the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-8, but it increased TNF-a and IL-1b secretions in BJAB cells. 23246454 0 21 Viscum cruciatum Sieb Plant 23246454 144 148 BJAB Negative_phenotype 23246454_11 Whereas, it had an inhibitory effect on TNF-a and IL-1b cytokines while it enhanced IL-8 secretions in U266 cells. 23246454 103 107 U266 Negative_phenotype 23246454_12 CONCLUSION: Among the three tested herbal extracts used in the traditional medicine in Jordan, only Viscum cruciatum Sieb showed high anti-cancer and anti-microbial potentials. 23246454 100 121 Viscum cruciatum Sieb Plant 23246454 134 145 anti-cancer Positive_phenotype 23246454 150 164 anti-microbial Positive_phenotype 23246454 Increase 100 121 Viscum cruciatum Sieb Plant 134 145 anti-cancer Positive_phenotype 23246454 Increase 100 121 Viscum cruciatum Sieb Plant 150 164 anti-microbial Positive_phenotype 23246454_13 They also had an anti-inflammatory effect. 23246454 17 34 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 23246454_14 These observations raise the prospects of using Viscum cruciatum Sieb for treatment of diseases associated with some bacterial and fungal infections, for imbalanced cytokine production and for enhancing cancer and other immunotherapies. 23246454 48 69 Viscum cruciatum Sieb Plant 23246454 117 148 bacterial and fungal infections Negative_phenotype 23246454 203 209 cancer Negative_phenotype 23246454 220 235 immunotherapies Positive_phenotype 23246454 Decrease 48 69 Viscum cruciatum Sieb Plant 117 148 bacterial and fungal infections Negative_phenotype 23246454 Decrease 48 69 Viscum cruciatum Sieb Plant 203 209 cancer Negative_phenotype 23246454 Increase 48 69 Viscum cruciatum Sieb Plant 220 235 immunotherapies Positive_phenotype 23268709_1 Crude aqueous extracts of Pluchea indica (L.) Less. inhibit proliferation and migration of cancer cells through induction of p53-dependent cell death. 23268709 26 51 Pluchea indica (L.) Less. Plant 23268709 91 97 cancer Negative_phenotype 23268709 Decrease 26 51 Pluchea indica (L.) Less. Plant 91 97 cancer Negative_phenotype 23268709_2 BACKGROUND: Pluchea indica (L.) Less. (Asteraceae) is a perennial shrub plant with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant medicinal properties. 23268709 12 37 Pluchea indica (L.) Less. Plant 23268709 83 100 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 23268709 105 116 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 23268709 Decrease 12 37 Pluchea indica (L.) Less. Plant 83 100 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 23268709 Decrease 12 37 Pluchea indica (L.) Less. Plant 105 116 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 23268709_3 However, the anti-cancer properties of its aqueous extracts have not been studied. 23268709 13 24 anti-cancer Positive_phenotype 23268709_4 The aim of this study was to investigate the anti-proliferation, anti-migration, and pro-apoptotic properties of crude aqueous extracts of P. indica leaf and root on human malignant glioma cancer cells and human cervical cancer cells, and the underlying molecular mechanism. 23268709 45 63 anti-proliferation Positive_phenotype 23268709 139 148 P. indica Plant 23268709 172 195 malignant glioma cancer Negative_phenotype 23268709 212 227 cervical cancer Negative_phenotype 23268709_5 METHODS: GBM8401 human glioma cells and HeLa cervical carcinoma cells were treated with various concentrations of crude aqueous extracts of P. indica leaf and root and cancer cell proliferation and viability were measured by cell growth curves, trypan blue exclusions, and the tetrazolium reduction assay. 23268709 9 16 GBM8401 Negative_phenotype 23268709 23 29 glioma Negative_phenotype 23268709 40 44 HeLa Negative_phenotype 23268709 45 63 cervical carcinoma Negative_phenotype 23268709 140 149 P. indica Plant 23268709 168 174 cancer Negative_phenotype 23268709_6 Effects of the crude aqueous extracts on focus formation, migration, and apoptosis of cancer cells were studied as well. 23268709 86 92 cancer Negative_phenotype 23268709_7 The molecular mechanism that contributed to the anti-cancer activities of crude aqueous extracts of P. indica root was also examined using Western blotting analysis. 23268709 48 59 anti-cancer Positive_phenotype 23268709 100 109 P. indica Plant 23268709_8 RESULTS: Crude aqueous extracts of P. indica leaf and root suppressed proliferation, viability, and migration of GBM8401 and HeLa cells. 23268709 35 44 P. indica Plant 23268709 113 120 GBM8401 Negative_phenotype 23268709 125 129 HeLa Negative_phenotype 23268709 Decrease 35 44 P. indica Plant 113 120 GBM8401 Negative_phenotype 23268709 Decrease 35 44 P. indica Plant 125 129 HeLa Negative_phenotype 23268709_9 Treatment with crude aqueous extracts of P. indica leaf and root for 48 hours resulted in a significant 75% and 70% inhibition on proliferation and viability of GBM8401 and HeLa cancer cells, respectively. 23268709 41 50 P. indica Plant 23268709 161 168 GBM8401 Negative_phenotype 23268709 173 177 HeLa Negative_phenotype 23268709 178 184 cancer Negative_phenotype 23268709 Decrease 41 50 P. indica Plant 161 168 GBM8401 Negative_phenotype 23268709 Decrease 41 50 P. indica Plant 173 177 HeLa Negative_phenotype 23268709 Decrease 41 50 P. indica Plant 178 184 cancer Negative_phenotype 23268709_10 Crude aqueous extracts of P. indica root inhibited focus formation and promoted apoptosis of HeLa cells. 23268709 26 35 P. indica Plant 23268709 93 97 HeLa Negative_phenotype 23268709 Decrease 26 35 P. indica Plant 93 97 HeLa Negative_phenotype 23268709_11 It was found that phosphorylated-p53 and p21 were induced in GBM8401 and HeLa cells treated with crude aqueous extracts of P. indica root. 23268709 61 68 GBM8401 Negative_phenotype 23268709 73 77 HeLa Negative_phenotype 23268709 123 132 P. indica Plant 23268709 Decrease 61 68 GBM8401 Negative_phenotype 123 132 P. indica Plant 23268709 Decrease 73 77 HeLa Negative_phenotype 123 132 P. indica Plant 23268709_12 Expression of phosphorylated-AKT was decreased in HeLa cells treated with crude aqueous extracts of P. indica root. 23268709 50 54 HeLa Negative_phenotype 23268709 100 109 P. indica Plant 23268709 Decrease 50 54 HeLa Negative_phenotype 100 109 P. indica Plant 23268709_13 CONCLUSION: The in vitro anti-cancer effects of crude aqueous extracts of P. indica leaf and root indicate that it has sufficient potential to warrant further examination and development as a new anti-cancer agent. 23268709 25 36 anti-cancer Positive_phenotype 23268709 74 83 P. indica Plant 23268709 196 207 anti-cancer Positive_phenotype 23268709 Increase 25 36 anti-cancer Positive_phenotype 74 83 P. indica Plant 23268709 Increase 74 83 P. indica Plant 196 207 anti-cancer Positive_phenotype 23311161_1 [Effect of aconiti lateralis radix praeparata and taraxaci herba on Chinese medicine signs and symptoms of urethane-induced lung cancer in mice]. 23311161 11 28 aconiti lateralis Plant 23311161 50 64 taraxaci herba Plant 23311161 124 135 lung cancer Negative_phenotype 23311161_2 OBJECTIVE: To study Chinese medicine (CM) signs and symptoms of urethane-induced lung cancer in mice, and observe the effect of Aconiti Lateralis Radix Praeparata and Taraxaci Herba on symptoms in mice and tumor progress. 23311161 81 92 lung cancer Negative_phenotype 23311161 128 145 Aconiti Lateralis Plant 23311161 167 181 Taraxaci Herba Plant 23311161 206 211 tumor Negative_phenotype 23311161_3 METHOD: The mice were intraperitoneally injected with urethane twice a week for consecutively five weeks to establish a lung cancer model. 23311161 120 131 lung cancer Negative_phenotype 23311161_4 The changes in their appearance, body temperature and auricle microcirculation were observed in carcinogenic process. 23311161 33 49 body temperature Neutral_phenotype 23311161 54 78 auricle microcirculation Neutral_phenotype 23311161 96 108 carcinogenic Negative_phenotype 23311161_5 CM signs and symptoms of urethane-induced lung cancer in mice were evaluated with energy metabolism, erythrocytic ATP emzymatic activity and hemorrheological index. 23311161 42 53 lung cancer Negative_phenotype 23311161_6 During the tumor model was induced, Aconiti Lateralis Radix Praeparata and Taraxaci Herba were used to treat the mice and observe their effect on symptoms in mice and tumor progress. 23311161 11 16 tumor Negative_phenotype 23311161 36 53 Aconiti Lateralis Plant 23311161 75 89 Taraxaci Herba Plant 23311161 167 172 tumor Negative_phenotype 23311161_7 RESULT: During urethane was used to induce lung cancer, the mice had gradually become chill, lazy, hunched, with reduction in temperature, cyanosis in auricle and tail. 23311161 43 54 lung cancer Negative_phenotype 23311161 86 91 chill Negative_phenotype 23311161 93 97 lazy Negative_phenotype 23311161 99 106 hunched Negative_phenotype 23311161 126 137 temperature Neutral_phenotype 23311161 139 147 cyanosis Negative_phenotype 23311161_8 Meanwhile, their energy metabolism and erythrocytic ATP enzymatic activity reduced, whereas their whole blood viscosity and erythrocytic aggregate index increased. 23311161_9 Taraxaci Herba showed an effect on enhancing above symptoms and signs but had no effect on tumor progress. 23311161 0 14 Taraxaci Herba Plant 23311161 91 96 tumor Negative_phenotype 23311161_10 Aconiti Lateralis Radix Praeparata showed an effect on reducing above symptoms and signs and preventing tumor progress. 23311161 0 17 Aconiti Lateralis Plant 23311161 104 109 tumor Negative_phenotype 23311161 Decrease 0 17 Aconiti Lateralis Plant 104 109 tumor Negative_phenotype 23311161_11 CONCLUSION: Mice with urethane-induced lung cancer show CM signs and symptoms of congealing cold with blood stasis. 23311161 39 50 lung cancer Negative_phenotype 23311161 102 114 blood stasis Negative_phenotype 23311161_12 The treatment with Aconiti Lateralis Radix Praeparata can alleviate symptoms and signs in mice and prevent tumor progress. 23311161 19 36 Aconiti Lateralis Plant 23311161 107 112 tumor Negative_phenotype 23311161 Decrease 19 36 Aconiti Lateralis Plant 107 112 tumor Negative_phenotype 23395625_1 Intestinal anti-inflammatory activity of hydroalcoholic extracts of Phlomis purpurea L. and Phlomis lychnitis L. in the trinitrobenzenesulphonic acid model of rat colitis. 23395625 11 28 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 23395625 68 87 Phlomis purpurea L. Plant 23395625 92 112 Phlomis lychnitis L. Plant 23395625 163 170 colitis Negative_phenotype 23395625_2 ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Different species from genus Phlomis, frequently native from the the eastern Mediterranean zone, have been used in traditional medicine as an anti-inflammatory remedy. 23395625 61 68 Phlomis Plant 23395625 174 191 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 23395625 Increase 61 68 Phlomis Plant 174 191 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 23395625_3 Among other constituents, they contain polyphenols that show antioxidant properties, which are interesting for the treatment of inflammatory pathologies associated with oxidative stress in humans, such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). 23395625 61 72 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 23395625 128 140 inflammatory Negative_phenotype 23395625 169 185 oxidative stress Negative_phenotype 23395625 205 231 inflammatory bowel disease Negative_phenotype 23395625 233 236 IBD Negative_phenotype 23395625_4 The aim of this study was to evaluate the intestinal anti-inflammatoy effect of hydroalcoholic extracts of Phlomis lychnitis and P. purpurea in the trinitrobenzenesulphonic acid (TNBS) model of rat colitis, a well characterized experimental model with some resemblance to human IBD. 23395625 53 69 anti-inflammatoy Positive_phenotype 23395625 107 124 Phlomis lychnitis Plant 23395625 129 140 P. purpurea Plant 23395625 198 205 colitis Negative_phenotype 23395625 278 281 IBD Negative_phenotype 23395625_5 MATERIALS AND METHODS: Hydroalcoholic extracts of both plants were characterized by determining their polyphenolic content and then assayed in the TNBS model of rat colitis. 23395625 165 172 colitis Negative_phenotype 23395625_6 For this purpose, female Wistar rats were assigned to seven groups (n=10): healthy control, untreated TNBS-colitis and five TNBS- colitis groups treated with Phlomis lychnitis (10 and 20mg/kg), P. purpurea (10 and 25mg/kg) and sulphasalazine (200mg/kg), as a positive control. 23395625 107 114 colitis Negative_phenotype 23395625 130 137 colitis Negative_phenotype 23395625 158 175 Phlomis lychnitis Plant 23395625 194 205 P. purpurea Plant 23395625_7 Treatments started the same day of TNBS colitis induction, and rats were sacrificed one week later. 23395625 40 47 colitis Negative_phenotype 23395625_8 Colonic inflammation was evaluated both histologically and biochemically. 23395625 0 20 Colonic inflammation Negative_phenotype 23395625_9 RESULTS: The histological (macroscopic and microscopic) analysis of colonic samples revealed that both extracts showed an anti-inflammatory effect, which was confirmed biochemically by a decreased colonic MPO activity, a maker of neutrophil infiltration, an increased colonic glutathione content, which counteracts the oxidative status associated with the inflammatory process, and a down-regulated iNOS expression. 23395625 122 139 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 23395625 230 253 neutrophil infiltration Negative_phenotype 23395625 356 368 inflammatory Negative_phenotype 23395625_10 However, only the extract of P. purpurea reduced the expression of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-1b and IL-17, the chemokines CINC-1 and MCP-1, as well as the adhesion molecule ICAM-1, ameliorating the altered immune response associated with the colonic inflammation. 23395625 29 40 P. purpurea Plant 23395625 205 269 altered immune response associated with the colonic inflammation Negative_phenotype 23395625 Decrease 29 40 P. purpurea Plant 205 269 altered immune response associated with the colonic inflammation Negative_phenotype 23395625_11 Furthermore, both P. lychnitis and P. purpurea extracts were able to significantly increase the expression of markers of epithelial integrity such as MUC-2, MUC-3 and villin, thus revealing an improvement in the altered colonic permeability that characterizes colonic inflammation. 23395625 18 30 P. lychnitis Plant 23395625 35 46 P. purpurea Plant 23395625 212 240 altered colonic permeability Negative_phenotype 23395625 260 280 colonic inflammation Negative_phenotype 23395625 Decrease 18 30 P. lychnitis Plant 212 240 altered colonic permeability Negative_phenotype 23395625 Decrease 18 30 P. lychnitis Plant 260 280 colonic inflammation Negative_phenotype 23395625 Decrease 35 46 P. purpurea Plant 212 240 altered colonic permeability Negative_phenotype 23395625 Decrease 35 46 P. purpurea Plant 260 280 colonic inflammation Negative_phenotype 23395625_12 CONCLUSIONS: Both extracts showed intestinal anti-inflammatory activity in the TNBS model of rat colitis, thus confirming their traditional use in digestive inflammatory complaints. 23395625 45 62 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 23395625 97 104 colitis Negative_phenotype 23395625 147 169 digestive inflammatory Negative_phenotype 23395625_13 In addition to their antioxidant properties, other mechanisms can contribute to this beneficial effect, like an improvement in the intestine epithelial barrier and a downregulation of the immune response. 23395625 21 32 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 23395625 188 194 immune Positive_phenotype 23406154_1 Effect of Mukitake mushroom (Panellus serotinus) on the pathogenesis of lipid abnormalities in obese, diabetic ob/ob mice. 23406154 10 27 Mukitake mushroom Plant 23406154 29 47 Panellus serotinus Plant 23406154 72 100 lipid abnormalities in obese Negative_phenotype 23406154 102 110 diabetic Negative_phenotype 23406154_2 BACKGROUND: Various mushrooms have been used in folk medicine for the treatment of lifestyle diseases in eastern countries, and several compounds that modulate the immune system, lower blood lipid levels, and inhibit tumor and viral action have been isolated. 23406154 164 177 immune system Positive_phenotype 23406154 185 203 blood lipid levels Neutral_phenotype 23406154 217 222 tumor Negative_phenotype 23406154 227 232 viral Negative_phenotype 23406154_3 The fruiting body of Panellus serotinus (Mukitake) is recognized in Japan as one of the most delicious edible mushrooms, and previous studies have demonstrated that the dietary intake of powdered whole Mukitake or Mukitake extracts prevents the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in leptin-resistant db/db mice. 23406154 21 39 Panellus serotinus Plant 23406154 41 49 Mukitake Plant 23406154 202 210 Mukitake Plant 23406154 214 222 Mukitake Plant 23406154 260 293 non-alcoholic fatty liver disease Negative_phenotype 23406154 295 300 NAFLD Negative_phenotype 23406154 Decrease 202 210 Mukitake Plant 260 293 non-alcoholic fatty liver disease Negative_phenotype 23406154 Decrease 202 210 Mukitake Plant 295 300 NAFLD Negative_phenotype 23406154 Decrease 214 222 Mukitake Plant 260 293 non-alcoholic fatty liver disease Negative_phenotype 23406154 Decrease 214 222 Mukitake Plant 295 300 NAFLD Negative_phenotype 23406154_4 In the present study, we evaluated the effect of the Mukitake diet on the pathogenesis of metabolic disorders in leptin-deficient ob/ob mice. 23406154 53 61 Mukitake Plant 23406154 90 109 metabolic disorders Negative_phenotype 23406154_5 RESULTS: After 4 weeks of feeding, hepatomegaly, hepatic lipid accumulation, and elevated hepatic injury markers in the serum were markedly alleviated in Mukitake-fed ob/ob mice compared with control mice. 23406154 35 47 hepatomegaly Negative_phenotype 23406154 49 75 hepatic lipid accumulation Negative_phenotype 23406154 90 104 hepatic injury Negative_phenotype 23406154 154 162 Mukitake Plant 23406154 Decrease 35 47 hepatomegaly Negative_phenotype 154 162 Mukitake Plant 23406154 Decrease 49 75 hepatic lipid accumulation Negative_phenotype 154 162 Mukitake Plant 23406154 Decrease 90 104 hepatic injury Negative_phenotype 154 162 Mukitake Plant 23406154_6 Moreover, the mild hyperlipidemia in control ob/ob mice was attenuated and the elevated atherogenic index was reduced in Mukitake-fed ob/ob mice. 23406154 19 33 hyperlipidemia Negative_phenotype 23406154 88 105 atherogenic index Negative_phenotype 23406154 121 129 Mukitake Plant 23406154 Decrease 19 33 hyperlipidemia Negative_phenotype 121 129 Mukitake Plant 23406154 Decrease 88 105 atherogenic index Negative_phenotype 121 129 Mukitake Plant 23406154_7 These effects were partly attributable to the suppression of hepatic lipogenic enzyme activity due to the Mukitake diet. 23406154 106 114 Mukitake Plant 23406154_8 CONCLUSION: The current results showed that Mukitake supplementation is beneficial for the alleviation of NAFLD and dyslipidemia in obese, diabetic ob/ob mice. 23406154 44 52 Mukitake Plant 23406154 106 111 NAFLD Negative_phenotype 23406154 116 137 dyslipidemia in obese Negative_phenotype 23406154 139 147 diabetic Negative_phenotype 23406154 Decrease 44 52 Mukitake Plant 106 111 NAFLD Negative_phenotype 23406154 Decrease 44 52 Mukitake Plant 116 137 dyslipidemia in obese Negative_phenotype 23406154 Decrease 44 52 Mukitake Plant 139 147 diabetic Negative_phenotype 23426077_1 Cassia tora L. (Jue-ming-zi) has anticancer activity in TCA8113 cells in vitro and exerts anti-metastatic effects in vivo. 23426077 0 14 Cassia tora L. Plant 23426077 16 27 Jue-ming-zi Plant 23426077 33 43 anticancer Positive_phenotype 23426077 56 63 TCA8113 Negative_phenotype 23426077 90 105 anti-metastatic Positive_phenotype 23426077 Increase 0 14 Cassia tora L. Plant 33 43 anticancer Positive_phenotype 23426077 Decrease 0 14 Cassia tora L. Plant 56 63 TCA8113 Negative_phenotype 23426077 Increase 0 14 Cassia tora L. Plant 90 105 anti-metastatic Positive_phenotype 23426077 Increase 16 27 Jue-ming-zi Plant 33 43 anticancer Positive_phenotype 23426077 Decrease 16 27 Jue-ming-zi Plant 56 63 TCA8113 Negative_phenotype 23426077 Increase 16 27 Jue-ming-zi Plant 90 105 anti-metastatic Positive_phenotype 23426077_2 Cassia tora L. (Jue-ming-zi) is a traditional Chinese medicine widely used in East Asia. 23426077 0 14 Cassia tora L. Plant 23426077 16 27 Jue-ming-zi Plant 23426077_3 The in vitro anticancer effects of Jue-ming-zi were evaluated in TCA8113 human tongue carcinoma cells using a 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. 23426077 13 23 anticancer Positive_phenotype 23426077 35 46 Jue-ming-zi Plant 23426077 65 72 TCA8113 Negative_phenotype 23426077 79 95 tongue carcinoma Negative_phenotype 23426077_4 At a concentration of 1.0 mg/ml, Cassia tora L. inhibited the growth of TCA8113 cells by 72%; this inhibiton was greater than that by 0.5 and 0.25 mg/ml Cassia tora L. (43 and 16%, respectively). 23426077 33 47 Cassia tora L. Plant 23426077 72 79 TCA8113 Negative_phenotype 23426077 153 167 Cassia tora L. Plant 23426077 Decrease 33 47 Cassia tora L. Plant 72 79 TCA8113 Negative_phenotype 23426077_5 To elucidate the inhibitory mechanisms underlying the anticancer effect of Cassia tora L. in cancer cells, the expression of genes associated with apoptosis, inflammation and metastasis were measured using RT-PCR and western blot analysis. 23426077 54 64 anticancer Positive_phenotype 23426077 75 89 Cassia tora L. Plant 23426077 93 99 cancer Negative_phenotype 23426077 158 170 inflammation Negative_phenotype 23426077 175 185 metastasis Negative_phenotype 23426077_6 Cassia tora L. significantly induced apoptosis in cancer cells (P<0.05) by upregulating Bax, caspase-3 and caspase-9, and by downregulating Bcl-2. 23426077 0 14 Cassia tora L. Plant 23426077 50 56 cancer Negative_phenotype 23426077 Decrease 0 14 Cassia tora L. Plant 50 56 cancer Negative_phenotype 23426077_7 The expression of genes associated with inflammation, including NF-kB, iNOS and COX-2, was significantly downregulated (P<0.05) by Cassia tora L., demonstrating its anti-inflammatory properties. 23426077 40 52 inflammation Negative_phenotype 23426077 131 145 Cassia tora L. Plant 23426077 165 182 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 23426077 Decrease 40 52 inflammation Negative_phenotype 131 145 Cassia tora L. Plant 23426077 Increase 131 145 Cassia tora L. Plant 165 182 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 23426077_8 Cassia tora L. also exerted a significant anti-metastatic effect on cancer cells as demonstrated by decreased mRNA expression of matrix metalloprotease (MMP) genes and increased expression of tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs), and as confirmed by the inhibition of induced tumor metastasis induced in 26-M3.1 colon cells in BALB/c mice. 23426077 0 14 Cassia tora L. Plant 23426077 42 57 anti-metastatic Positive_phenotype 23426077 68 74 cancer Negative_phenotype 23426077 287 303 tumor metastasis Negative_phenotype 23426077 315 322 26-M3.1 Negative_phenotype 23426077 Increase 0 14 Cassia tora L. Plant 42 57 anti-metastatic Positive_phenotype 23426077 Decrease 0 14 Cassia tora L. Plant 68 74 cancer Negative_phenotype 23426077_9 Our results demonstrated that Cassia tora L. exhibited the most potent in vitro anticancer effects, induced apoptosis, had anti-inflammatory activities and exerted in vivo anti-metastatic effects. 23426077 30 44 Cassia tora L. Plant 23426077 80 90 anticancer Positive_phenotype 23426077 123 140 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 23426077 172 187 anti-metastatic Positive_phenotype 23426077 Increase 30 44 Cassia tora L. Plant 80 90 anticancer Positive_phenotype 23426077 Increase 30 44 Cassia tora L. Plant 123 140 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 23426077 Increase 30 44 Cassia tora L. Plant 172 187 anti-metastatic Positive_phenotype 23426077_10 Additionally, the anticancer, anti-inflammatory and anti-metastatic effects of the higher Cassia tora L. concentrations were stronger compared with those of the lower Cassia tora L. concentrations tested. 23426077 18 28 anticancer Positive_phenotype 23426077 30 47 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 23426077 52 67 anti-metastatic Positive_phenotype 23426077 90 104 Cassia tora L. Plant 23426077 167 181 Cassia tora L. Plant 23426077 Increase 18 28 anticancer Positive_phenotype 90 104 Cassia tora L. Plant 23426077 Increase 30 47 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 90 104 Cassia tora L. Plant 23426077 Increase 52 67 anti-metastatic Positive_phenotype 90 104 Cassia tora L. Plant 23538165_1 Anti-inflammatory activity of ethyl acetate fraction of the seeds of Brucea Javanica. 23538165 0 17 Anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 23538165 69 84 Brucea Javanica Plant 23538165_2 ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: The seeds of Brucea javanica (L.) Merr. (Yadanzi in Chinese) have been used for the treatment of inflammation, dysentery, malaria, and cancer in Chinese traditional medicine. 23538165 45 71 Brucea javanica (L.) Merr. Plant 23538165 73 91 Yadanzi in Chinese Plant 23538165 129 141 inflammation Negative_phenotype 23538165 143 152 dysentery Negative_phenotype 23538165 154 161 malaria Negative_phenotype 23538165 167 173 cancer Negative_phenotype 23538165 Decrease 45 71 Brucea javanica (L.) Merr. Plant 129 141 inflammation Negative_phenotype 23538165 Decrease 45 71 Brucea javanica (L.) Merr. Plant 143 152 dysentery Negative_phenotype 23538165 Decrease 45 71 Brucea javanica (L.) Merr. Plant 154 161 malaria Negative_phenotype 23538165 Decrease 45 71 Brucea javanica (L.) Merr. Plant 167 173 cancer Negative_phenotype 23538165 Decrease 73 91 Yadanzi in Chinese Plant 129 141 inflammation Negative_phenotype 23538165 Decrease 73 91 Yadanzi in Chinese Plant 143 152 dysentery Negative_phenotype 23538165 Decrease 73 91 Yadanzi in Chinese Plant 154 161 malaria Negative_phenotype 23538165 Decrease 73 91 Yadanzi in Chinese Plant 167 173 cancer Negative_phenotype 23538165_3 However, the anti-inflammatory mechanism of Brucea javanica has not been fully elucidated. 23538165 13 30 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 23538165 44 59 Brucea javanica Plant 23538165_4 This study examined the anti-inflammatory activity of ethyl acetate fraction of the seeds of Brucea javanica (EA-BJ) in vitro and in vivo. 23538165 24 41 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 23538165 93 108 Brucea javanica Plant 23538165 110 115 EA-BJ Plant 23538165_5 MATERIALS AND METHODS: The anti-inflammatory activity of EA-BJ and its ability to modulate the production of NO, PGE2, TNF-a, IL-1b, IL-6 and IL-10 inflammatory mediators in lipopolysaccharide-activated RAW 264.7 macrophage were evaluated. 23538165 27 44 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 23538165 57 62 EA-BJ Plant 23538165 148 160 inflammatory Negative_phenotype 23538165_6 Moreover, the anti-inflammatory activity of EA-BJ was also in vivo assayed by carrageenan induced paw edema in mice. 23538165 14 31 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 23538165 44 49 EA-BJ Plant 23538165 98 107 paw edema Negative_phenotype 23538165_7 RESULTS: In vitro assays showed remarkable anti-inflammatory activity of EA-BJ, through the inhibition of production of NO, PGE2, TNF-a, IL-1b and IL-6 inflammatory mediators and induction of production of IL-10 anti-inflammatory cytokine. 23538165 43 60 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 23538165 73 78 EA-BJ Plant 23538165 152 164 inflammatory Negative_phenotype 23538165 212 229 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 23538165 Increase 43 60 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 73 78 EA-BJ Plant 23538165 Decrease 73 78 EA-BJ Plant 152 164 inflammatory Negative_phenotype 23538165 Increase 73 78 EA-BJ Plant 212 229 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 23538165_8 In vivo assays showed anti-inflammatory activity for decrement of the paw edema in carrageenan induced paw edema test. 23538165 22 39 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 23538165 70 79 paw edema Negative_phenotype 23538165 103 112 paw edema Negative_phenotype 23538165_9 CONCLUSION: The results obtained in vitro and in vivo showed that possible anti-inflammatory effects of EA-BJ may be attributed to inhibition pro-inflammatory mediators production, NO, PGE2, TNF-a, IL-1b and IL-6 and to increase production of IL-10 anti-inflammatory cytokine. 23538165 75 92 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 23538165 104 109 EA-BJ Plant 23538165 142 158 pro-inflammatory Negative_phenotype 23538165 249 266 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 23538165 Increase 75 92 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 104 109 EA-BJ Plant 23538165 Decrease 104 109 EA-BJ Plant 142 158 pro-inflammatory Negative_phenotype 23538165 Increase 104 109 EA-BJ Plant 249 266 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 23538165_10 The seeds of Brucea javanica may thus prove beneficial in the treatment of inflammatory diseases. 23538165 13 28 Brucea javanica Plant 23538165 75 96 inflammatory diseases Negative_phenotype 23538165 Decrease 13 28 Brucea javanica Plant 75 96 inflammatory diseases Negative_phenotype 23542147_1 Ethanol extract of Adiantum capillus-veneris L. suppresses the production of inflammatory mediators by inhibiting NF-kB activation. 23542147 19 47 Adiantum capillus-veneris L. Plant 23542147 77 89 inflammatory Negative_phenotype 23542147 Decrease 19 47 Adiantum capillus-veneris L. Plant 77 89 inflammatory Negative_phenotype 23542147_2 ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Adiantum capillus-veneris L. is a wildly distributed plant species and has been extensively used in south of China as traditional folk medicine for the treatment of inflammatory diseases. 23542147 32 60 Adiantum capillus-veneris L. Plant 23542147 197 218 inflammatory diseases Negative_phenotype 23542147 Decrease 32 60 Adiantum capillus-veneris L. Plant 197 218 inflammatory diseases Negative_phenotype 23542147_3 AIM OF THE STUDY: To investigate the anti-inflammatory effect of ethanolic extracts of Adiantum capillus-veneris L. and the involvement of NF-kB signaling in the regulation of inflammation. 23542147 37 54 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 23542147 87 115 Adiantum capillus-veneris L. Plant 23542147 176 188 inflammation Negative_phenotype 23542147_4 MATERIALS AND METHODS: The plant ethanolic extracts were initially tested against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production in RAW264.7 mouse macrophages, and interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) production in human U937 monocytes. 23542147_5 The effect of the plant extracts on the transcription factor nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB) pathway was evaluated in TNF-a stimulated HepG2 cells by luciferase gene reporter assay and Western blotting at the transcriptional and translational levels. 23542147 134 139 HepG2 Negative_phenotype 23542147_6 Subsequently, the inhibition of NF-kB downstream gene expression (IL-8 and ICAM-1) by the plant extracts was assessed via quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). 23542147_7 Lastly, the anti-inflammatory activities of the plant extracts in vivo were evaluated by testing spleen index and NF-kB related protein expression in LPS-stimulated CD1 mice. 23542147 12 29 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 23542147_8 RESULTS: The plant ethanolic extracts effectively suppressed PGE2, IL-6 and TNF release with an IC50 less than 50 g/ml. 23542147_9 Moreover, luciferase expression could be specifically blocked in HepG2 cells, not in HEK293 cells, showing that the plant extracts displayed a cell-specific pattern on NF-kB gene transcription. 23542147 65 70 HepG2 Negative_phenotype 23542147_10 The assayed biological activity also depended on the order of adding TNF-a and the plant extracts because the plant extracts could only block the NF-kB activation if added earlier but were unable to stop the signal when added after TNF-a. 23542147_11 However, the plant extracts did not exert any effect on ubiquitination which regulates several steps in the NF-kB pathway. 23542147_12 Additionally, the plant extracts down-regulated phosphorylation of IKKa/b at S176/180, p38 at T180/Y182 and p65 at S536, but not p65 at S276. 23542147_13 This was confirmed by their ability to selectively abrogate the induction of IL-8 transcription, whereas the ICAM-1 gene, which is not transcribed selectively by an NF-kB complex containing a form of p65 phosphorylated on Ser536, did not change. 23542147_14 Finally, the plant extracts at 200 g/mg could normalize the LPS-induced elevation of spleen index as well as NF-kB and p38 activations in CD1 mice. 23542147_15 CONCLUSION: The present studies presents the potential utilization of this plant extracts, as a natural resources for the development of an anti-inflammatory medicine. 23542147 140 157 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 23557365_1 Probing Lingzhi or Reishi medicinal mushroom Ganoderma lucidum (higher Basidiomycetes): a bitter mushroom with amazing health benefits. 23557365 8 44 Lingzhi or Reishi medicinal mushroom Plant 23557365 45 62 Ganoderma lucidum Plant 23557365_2 Ganoderma lucidum (Lingzhi or Reishi) is known as a bitter mushroom with remarkable health benefits. 23557365 0 17 Ganoderma lucidum Plant 23557365 19 26 Lingzhi Plant 23557365 30 36 Reishi Plant 23557365_3 The active constituents found in mushrooms include polysaccharides, dietary fibers, oligosaccharides, triterpenoids, peptides and proteins, alcohols and phenols, mineral elements (such as zinc, copper, iodine, selenium, and iron), vitamins, and amino acids. 23557365_4 The bioactive components found in the G. lucidum mushroom have numerous health properties to treat diseased conditions such as hepatopathy, chronic hepatitis, nephritis, hypertension, hyperlipemia, arthritis, neurasthenia, insomnia, bronchitis, asthma, gastric ulcers, atherosclerosis, leukopenia, diabetes, anorexia, and cancer. 23557365 38 48 G. lucidum Plant 23557365 127 138 hepatopathy Negative_phenotype 23557365 140 157 chronic hepatitis Negative_phenotype 23557365 159 168 nephritis Negative_phenotype 23557365 170 182 hypertension Negative_phenotype 23557365 184 196 hyperlipemia Negative_phenotype 23557365 198 207 arthritis Negative_phenotype 23557365 209 221 neurasthenia Negative_phenotype 23557365 223 231 insomnia Negative_phenotype 23557365 233 243 bronchitis Negative_phenotype 23557365 245 251 asthma Negative_phenotype 23557365 253 267 gastric ulcers Negative_phenotype 23557365 269 284 atherosclerosis Negative_phenotype 23557365 286 296 leukopenia Negative_phenotype 23557365 298 306 diabetes Negative_phenotype 23557365 308 316 anorexia Negative_phenotype 23557365 322 328 cancer Negative_phenotype 23557365 Decrease 38 48 G. lucidum Plant 127 138 hepatopathy Negative_phenotype 23557365 Decrease 38 48 G. lucidum Plant 140 157 chronic hepatitis Negative_phenotype 23557365 Decrease 38 48 G. lucidum Plant 159 168 nephritis Negative_phenotype 23557365 Decrease 38 48 G. lucidum Plant 170 182 hypertension Negative_phenotype 23557365 Decrease 38 48 G. lucidum Plant 184 196 hyperlipemia Negative_phenotype 23557365 Decrease 38 48 G. lucidum Plant 198 207 arthritis Negative_phenotype 23557365 Decrease 38 48 G. lucidum Plant 209 221 neurasthenia Negative_phenotype 23557365 Decrease 38 48 G. lucidum Plant 223 231 insomnia Negative_phenotype 23557365 Decrease 38 48 G. lucidum Plant 233 243 bronchitis Negative_phenotype 23557365 Decrease 38 48 G. lucidum Plant 245 251 asthma Negative_phenotype 23557365 Decrease 38 48 G. lucidum Plant 253 267 gastric ulcers Negative_phenotype 23557365 Decrease 38 48 G. lucidum Plant 269 284 atherosclerosis Negative_phenotype 23557365 Decrease 38 48 G. lucidum Plant 286 296 leukopenia Negative_phenotype 23557365 Decrease 38 48 G. lucidum Plant 298 306 diabetes Negative_phenotype 23557365 Decrease 38 48 G. lucidum Plant 308 316 anorexia Negative_phenotype 23557365 Decrease 38 48 G. lucidum Plant 322 328 cancer Negative_phenotype 23557365_5 In spite of the voluminous literature available, G. lucidum is used mostly as an immune enhancer and a health supplement, not therapeutically. 23557365 49 59 G. lucidum Plant 23557365 81 96 immune enhancer Positive_phenotype 23557365 Increase 49 59 G. lucidum Plant 81 96 immune enhancer Positive_phenotype 23557365_6 This review discusses the therapeutic potential of G. luidum to attract the scientific community to consider its therapeutic application where it can be worth pursuing. 23557365 51 60 G. luidum Plant 23608240_1 Botany, traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology of Waltheria indica L. (syn. 23608240 61 80 Waltheria indica L. Plant 23608240_2 Waltheria americana): a review. 23608240 0 19 Waltheria americana Plant 23608240_3 ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Waltheria indica L. (syn. 23608240 32 51 Waltheria indica L. Plant 23608240_4 Waltheria americana) is commonly used in traditional medicine in Africa, South America and Hawaii, mainly against pain, inflammation, conditions of inflammation, diarrhea, dysentery, conjunctivitis, wounds, abscess, epilepsy, convulsions, anemia, erectile dysfunctions, bladder ailments and asthma. 23608240 0 19 Waltheria americana Plant 23608240 114 118 pain Negative_phenotype 23608240 120 132 inflammation Negative_phenotype 23608240 148 160 inflammation Negative_phenotype 23608240 162 170 diarrhea Negative_phenotype 23608240 172 181 dysentery Negative_phenotype 23608240 183 197 conjunctivitis Negative_phenotype 23608240 199 205 wounds Negative_phenotype 23608240 207 214 abscess Negative_phenotype 23608240 216 224 epilepsy Negative_phenotype 23608240 226 237 convulsions Negative_phenotype 23608240 239 245 anemia Negative_phenotype 23608240 247 268 erectile dysfunctions Negative_phenotype 23608240 270 286 bladder ailments Negative_phenotype 23608240 291 297 asthma Negative_phenotype 23608240 Decrease 0 19 Waltheria americana Plant 114 118 pain Negative_phenotype 23608240 Decrease 0 19 Waltheria americana Plant 120 132 inflammation Negative_phenotype 23608240 Decrease 0 19 Waltheria americana Plant 148 160 inflammation Negative_phenotype 23608240 Decrease 0 19 Waltheria americana Plant 162 170 diarrhea Negative_phenotype 23608240 Decrease 0 19 Waltheria americana Plant 172 181 dysentery Negative_phenotype 23608240 Decrease 0 19 Waltheria americana Plant 183 197 conjunctivitis Negative_phenotype 23608240 Decrease 0 19 Waltheria americana Plant 199 205 wounds Negative_phenotype 23608240 Decrease 0 19 Waltheria americana Plant 207 214 abscess Negative_phenotype 23608240 Decrease 0 19 Waltheria americana Plant 216 224 epilepsy Negative_phenotype 23608240 Decrease 0 19 Waltheria americana Plant 226 237 convulsions Negative_phenotype 23608240 Decrease 0 19 Waltheria americana Plant 239 245 anemia Negative_phenotype 23608240 Decrease 0 19 Waltheria americana Plant 247 268 erectile dysfunctions Negative_phenotype 23608240 Decrease 0 19 Waltheria americana Plant 270 286 bladder ailments Negative_phenotype 23608240 Decrease 0 19 Waltheria americana Plant 291 297 asthma Negative_phenotype 23608240_5 Aim of the review to provide an up-to-date overview of the botany, phytochemistry, traditional uses, pharmacological activities and toxicity data of Waltheria indica. 23608240 132 140 toxicity Negative_phenotype 23608240 149 165 Waltheria indica Plant 23608240_6 Additionally, studies providing an evidence for local and traditional uses of Waltheria indica are discussed. 23608240 78 94 Waltheria indica Plant 23608240_7 Further phytochemical and pharmacological potential of this species are suggested for future investigations. 23608240_8 MATERIALS AND METHODS: The information was collected from scientific journals, books, theses and reports via academic libraries and electronic search. 23608240_9 These sources include Pubmed, Web of Science, Portal de Portales-Latindex, Science Research.com and Google scholar. 23608240_10 These studies about the medical botanical, traditional uses, chemical, pharmacological and toxicological data on Waltheria indica were published in English, Portuguese, Spanish, German and French. 23608240 113 129 Waltheria indica Plant 23608240_11 RESULTS: Crude extracts and isolated compounds from Waltheria indica were investigated and showed analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antifungal, antimalarial, anti-anemic, anti-oxidant, sedative and anticonvulsant activities. 23608240 52 68 Waltheria indica Plant 23608240 98 107 analgesic Positive_phenotype 23608240 109 126 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 23608240 128 141 antibacterial Positive_phenotype 23608240 143 153 antifungal Positive_phenotype 23608240 155 167 antimalarial Positive_phenotype 23608240 169 180 anti-anemic Positive_phenotype 23608240 182 194 anti-oxidant Positive_phenotype 23608240 196 204 sedative Positive_phenotype 23608240 217 218 u Positive_phenotype 23608240 Increase 52 68 Waltheria indica Plant 98 107 analgesic Positive_phenotype 23608240 Increase 52 68 Waltheria indica Plant 109 126 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 23608240 Increase 52 68 Waltheria indica Plant 128 141 antibacterial Positive_phenotype 23608240 Increase 52 68 Waltheria indica Plant 143 153 antifungal Positive_phenotype 23608240 Increase 52 68 Waltheria indica Plant 155 167 antimalarial Positive_phenotype 23608240 Increase 52 68 Waltheria indica Plant 169 180 anti-anemic Positive_phenotype 23608240 Increase 52 68 Waltheria indica Plant 196 204 sedative Positive_phenotype 23608240 Increase 52 68 Waltheria indica Plant 217 218 u Positive_phenotype 23608240_12 The phytochemical investigations showed the presence of cyclopeptid alkaloids, flavonoids (e.g., (-)-epicatechin, quercetin, kaempferol, kaempferol-3-O-b-d-(6 -E-p-coumaryl)-glucopyranoside), tannins, sterols, terpenes, saponins, anthraquinones. 23608240_13 Studies of acute toxicity in animal indicated that Waltheria indica can be toxic. 23608240 11 25 acute toxicity Negative_phenotype 23608240 51 67 Waltheria indica Plant 23608240 75 80 toxic Negative_phenotype 23608240 Increase 11 25 acute toxicity Negative_phenotype 51 67 Waltheria indica Plant 23608240 Increase 51 67 Waltheria indica Plant 75 80 toxic Negative_phenotype 23608240_14 CONCLUSION: Waltheria indica possess therapeutic potential in the treatment of inflammation, malaria, infectious diseases (e.g., lungs infection due to Klebsiella pneumoniae, diarrhea due to Candida albicans or Escherichia coli) and prevention of oxidative stress. 23608240 12 28 Waltheria indica Plant 23608240 79 91 inflammation Negative_phenotype 23608240 93 100 malaria Negative_phenotype 23608240 102 121 infectious diseases Negative_phenotype 23608240 129 144 lungs infection Negative_phenotype 23608240 152 173 Klebsiella pneumoniae Negative_phenotype 23608240 175 183 diarrhea Negative_phenotype 23608240 191 207 Candida albicans Negative_phenotype 23608240 211 227 Escherichia coli Negative_phenotype 23608240 247 263 oxidative stress Negative_phenotype 23608240 Decrease 12 28 Waltheria indica Plant 79 91 inflammation Negative_phenotype 23608240 Decrease 12 28 Waltheria indica Plant 93 100 malaria Negative_phenotype 23608240 Decrease 12 28 Waltheria indica Plant 102 121 infectious diseases Negative_phenotype 23608240 Decrease 12 28 Waltheria indica Plant 129 144 lungs infection Negative_phenotype 23608240 Decrease 12 28 Waltheria indica Plant 152 173 Klebsiella pneumoniae Negative_phenotype 23608240 Decrease 12 28 Waltheria indica Plant 175 183 diarrhea Negative_phenotype 23608240 Decrease 12 28 Waltheria indica Plant 191 207 Candida albicans Negative_phenotype 23608240 Decrease 12 28 Waltheria indica Plant 211 227 Escherichia coli Negative_phenotype 23608240 Decrease 12 28 Waltheria indica Plant 247 263 oxidative stress Negative_phenotype 23608240_15 Further studies are necessary to explore pure compounds responsible for the pharmacological effects and the mechanisms of action. 23608240_16 Further investigations are also needed to provide an evidence base for traditional uses of this species against pain, anemia, convulsions and epilepsy. 23608240 112 116 pain Negative_phenotype 23608240 118 124 anemia Negative_phenotype 23608240 126 137 convulsions Negative_phenotype 23608240 142 150 epilepsy Negative_phenotype 23608240_17 In addition, there is a pressing need to investigate the other traditional uses such as dysentery, syphilis, erectile dysfunctions and asthma. 23608240 88 97 dysentery Negative_phenotype 23608240 99 107 syphilis Negative_phenotype 23608240 109 130 erectile dysfunctions Negative_phenotype 23608240 135 141 asthma Negative_phenotype 23614029_1 Triterpenoids amplify anti-tumoral effects of mistletoe extracts on murine B16.f10 melanoma in vivo. 23614029 22 34 anti-tumoral Positive_phenotype 23614029 46 55 mistletoe Plant 23614029 75 82 B16.f10 Negative_phenotype 23614029 83 91 melanoma Negative_phenotype 23614029 Increase 22 34 anti-tumoral Positive_phenotype 46 55 mistletoe Plant 23614029 Decrease 46 55 mistletoe Plant 75 82 B16.f10 Negative_phenotype 23614029 Decrease 46 55 mistletoe Plant 83 91 melanoma Negative_phenotype 23614029_2 PURPOSE: Mistletoe extracts are often used in complementary cancer therapy although the efficacy of that therapy is controversially discussed. 23614029 9 18 Mistletoe Plant 23614029 60 66 cancer Negative_phenotype 23614029_3 Approved mistletoe extracts contain mainly water soluble compounds of the mistletoe plant, i.e. 23614029 9 18 mistletoe Plant 23614029 74 83 mistletoe Plant 23614029_4 mistletoe lectins. 23614029 0 9 mistletoe Plant 23614029_5 However, mistletoe also contains water-insoluble triterpenoids (mainly oleanolic acid) that have anti-tumorigenic effects. 23614029 9 18 mistletoe Plant 23614029 97 113 anti-tumorigenic Positive_phenotype 23614029 Increase 9 18 mistletoe Plant 97 113 anti-tumorigenic Positive_phenotype 23614029_6 To overcome their loss in watery extracts we have solubilized mistletoe triterpenoids with cyclodextrins, thus making them available for in vivo cancer experiments. 23614029 62 71 mistletoe Plant 23614029 145 151 cancer Negative_phenotype 23614029_7 EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: B16.F10 subcutaneous melanoma bearing C57BL/6 mice were treated with new mistletoe extracts containing both water soluble compounds and solubilized triterpenoids. 23614029 21 28 B16.F10 Negative_phenotype 23614029 29 50 subcutaneous melanoma Negative_phenotype 23614029 94 103 mistletoe Plant 23614029_8 Tumor growth and survival was monitored. 23614029 0 12 Tumor growth Negative_phenotype 23614029 17 25 survival Positive_phenotype 23614029_9 In addition, histological examinations of the tumor material and tumor surrounding tissue were performed. 23614029 46 51 tumor Negative_phenotype 23614029 65 70 tumor Negative_phenotype 23614029_10 RESULTS: Addition of solubilized triterpenoids increased the anti-tumor effects of the mistletoe extracts, resulting in reduced tumor growth and prolonged survival of the mice. 23614029 61 71 anti-tumor Positive_phenotype 23614029 87 96 mistletoe Plant 23614029 128 140 tumor growth Negative_phenotype 23614029 155 163 survival Positive_phenotype 23614029 Increase 61 71 anti-tumor Positive_phenotype 87 96 mistletoe Plant 23614029 Decrease 87 96 mistletoe Plant 128 140 tumor growth Negative_phenotype 23614029 Increase 87 96 mistletoe Plant 155 163 survival Positive_phenotype 23614029_11 Histological examination of the treated tumors showed mainly tumor necrosis and some apoptotic cells with active caspase-3 and TUNEL staining. 23614029 40 46 tumors Negative_phenotype 23614029 61 75 tumor necrosis Negative_phenotype 23614029_12 A significant decrease of CD31-positive tumor blood vessels was observed after treatment with solubilized triterpenoids and different mistletoe extracts. 23614029 40 45 tumor Negative_phenotype 23614029 134 143 mistletoe Plant 23614029 Decrease 40 45 tumor Negative_phenotype 134 143 mistletoe Plant 23614029_13 CONCLUSION: We conclude that the addition of solubilized mistletoe triterpenoids to conventional mistletoe extracts improves the efficacy of mistletoe treatment and may represent a novel treatment option for malignant melanoma. 23614029 97 106 mistletoe Plant 23614029 141 150 mistletoe Plant 23614029 208 226 malignant melanoma Negative_phenotype 23614029 Decrease 97 106 mistletoe Plant 208 226 malignant melanoma Negative_phenotype 23614029 Decrease 141 150 mistletoe Plant 208 226 malignant melanoma Negative_phenotype 23673480_1 Potent anti-cancer effects of citrus peel flavonoids in human prostate xenograft tumors. 23673480 7 18 anti-cancer Positive_phenotype 23673480 30 36 citrus Plant 23673480 62 87 prostate xenograft tumors Negative_phenotype 23673480_2 Prostate cancer is one of the most prevalent malignancies and is the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths in men. 23673480 0 15 Prostate cancer Negative_phenotype 23673480 45 57 malignancies Negative_phenotype 23673480 93 114 cancer-related deaths Negative_phenotype 23673480_3 Fruit and vegetable consumption is a novel, non-toxic therapeutic approach that can be used to prevent and treat prostate cancer. 23673480 113 128 prostate cancer Negative_phenotype 23673480_4 Citrus peels and their extracts have been reported to have potent pharmacological activities and health benefits due to the abundance of flavonoids in citrus fruits, particularly in the peels. 23673480 0 6 Citrus Plant 23673480_5 Our previous studies demonstrated that oral administration of Gold Lotion (GL), an extract of multiple varieties of citrus peels containing abundant flavonoids, including a large percentage of polymethoxyflavones (PMFs), effectively suppressed azoxymethane (AOM)-induced colonic tumorigenesis. 23673480 116 122 citrus Plant 23673480 271 292 colonic tumorigenesis Negative_phenotype 23673480 Decrease 116 122 citrus Plant 271 292 colonic tumorigenesis Negative_phenotype 23673480_6 However, the efficacy of GL against prostate cancer has not yet been investigated. 23673480 36 51 prostate cancer Negative_phenotype 23673480_7 Here, we explored the anti-tumor effects of GL using a human prostate tumor xenograft mouse model. 23673480 22 32 anti-tumor Positive_phenotype 23673480 61 75 prostate tumor Negative_phenotype 23673480_8 Our data demonstrated that treatment with GL by both intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection and oral administration dramatically reduced both the weights (57%-100% inhibition) and volumes (78%-94% inhibition) of the tumors without any observed toxicity. 23673480 210 216 tumors Negative_phenotype 23673480_9 These inhibitory effects were accompanied by mechanistic down-regulation of the protein levels of inflammatory enzymes (inducible nitric oxide synthase, iNOS and cyclooxygenase-2, COX-2), metastasis (matrix metallopeptidase-2, MMP-2 and MMP-9), angiogenesis (vascular endothelial growth factor, VEGF), and proliferative molecules, as well as by the induction of apoptosis in prostate tumors. 23673480 188 198 metastasis Negative_phenotype 23673480 375 390 prostate tumors Negative_phenotype 23673480_10 Our findings suggest that GL is an effective anti-cancer agent that may potentially serve as a novel therapeutic option for prostate cancer treatment. 23673480 45 56 anti-cancer Positive_phenotype 23673480 124 139 prostate cancer Negative_phenotype 23717095_1 Effects of korean red ginseng extract for the treatment of atopic dermatitis-like skin lesions in mice. 23717095 22 29 ginseng Plant 23717095 59 94 atopic dermatitis-like skin lesions Negative_phenotype 23717095_2 Atopic dermatitis (AD) is an allergic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by chronic eczema and mechanical injury to the skin, caused by scratching. 23717095 0 17 Atopic dermatitis Negative_phenotype 23717095 19 21 AD Negative_phenotype 23717095 29 37 allergic Negative_phenotype 23717095 39 64 inflammatory skin disease Negative_phenotype 23717095 82 96 chronic eczema Negative_phenotype 23717095 112 130 injury to the skin Negative_phenotype 23717095 142 152 scratching Negative_phenotype 23717095_3 Korean red ginseng (RG) has diverse biological activities, but the molecular effects of RG on allergic diseases, like AD, are unclear. 23717095 11 18 ginseng Plant 23717095 20 22 RG Plant 23717095 88 90 RG Plant 23717095 94 111 allergic diseases Negative_phenotype 23717095 118 120 AD Negative_phenotype 23717095_4 The present study was designed to investigate whether RG inhibits 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (DNCB)-induced AD in a mouse model. 23717095 54 56 RG Plant 23717095 109 111 AD Negative_phenotype 23717095 Decrease 54 56 RG Plant 109 111 AD Negative_phenotype 23717095_5 DNCB was applied topically on the dorsal surface of Balb/c mice to induce AD-like skin lesions. 23717095 74 94 AD-like skin lesions Negative_phenotype 23717095_6 We observed the scratching behavior and examined the serum IgE level and interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-10 in splenocytes compared with dexamethasone. 23717095 16 35 scratching behavior Negative_phenotype 23717095_7 We also evaluated the DNCB-induced mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), NF-kB, and Ikaros activities after RG treatment using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, Western blotting, and ELISA. 23717095 113 115 RG Plant 23717095_8 Our data showed that the topical application of RG significantly improved the AD-like skin lesions and scratching behavior. 23717095 48 50 RG Plant 23717095 78 98 AD-like skin lesions Negative_phenotype 23717095 103 122 scratching behavior Negative_phenotype 23717095 Decrease 48 50 RG Plant 78 98 AD-like skin lesions Negative_phenotype 23717095 Decrease 48 50 RG Plant 103 122 scratching behavior Negative_phenotype 23717095_9 RG decreased not only the mRNA expression of IL-4 and IL-10, but also the secretion of IL-4 protein and serum IgE in mice. 23717095 0 2 RG Plant 23717095_10 Additionally, RG treatment decreased the DNCB-induced MAPKs activity and subsequent Ikaros translocation irrespective of NF-kB. 23717095 14 16 RG Plant 23717095_11 We suggest that RG may be useful as a therapeutic nutrition for the treatment of AD. 23717095 16 18 RG Plant 23717095 81 83 AD Negative_phenotype 23717095 Decrease 16 18 RG Plant 81 83 AD Negative_phenotype 23719521_1 [Effect of Cordyceps sinensis on expressions of HIF-1a and VEGF in the kidney of rats with diabetic nephropathy]. 23719521 11 29 Cordyceps sinensis Plant 23719521 91 111 diabetic nephropathy Negative_phenotype 23719521_2 OBJECTIVE: To examine the expressions of hypoxia inducible factor-1a (HIF-1a) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in the kidney of rats with diabetic nephropathy before and after the treatment of Cordyceps sinensis, and to explore the mechanism of Cordyceps sinensis against hypoxia. 23719521 151 171 diabetic nephropathy Negative_phenotype 23719521 206 224 Cordyceps sinensis Plant 23719521 258 276 Cordyceps sinensis Plant 23719521 285 292 hypoxia Negative_phenotype 23719521_3 METHODS: The diabetes model was produced by intraperitoneal injection of 60 mg/kg streptozotocin, then the rats whose 24 h urine protein level was above 30 mg/d were thought to have suffered diabetic nephropathy. 23719521 13 21 diabetes Negative_phenotype 23719521 191 211 diabetic nephropathy Negative_phenotype 23719521_4 Thirty rats were randomly divided into a diabetic nephropathy group (DN group, n=15) and a Cordyceps sinensis group (CS group, n=15), and another 15 normal rats served as a normal control group (NC group, n=15). 23719521 41 61 diabetic nephropathy Negative_phenotype 23719521 69 71 DN Negative_phenotype 23719521 91 109 Cordyceps sinensis Plant 23719521 117 119 CS Plant 23719521_5 The CS group were intragastrically administered Cordyceps sinensis extract liquid [5.0 g/(kg.d)], the other groups were intragastrically administered drinking water of equal volume. 23719521 4 6 CS Plant 23719521 48 66 Cordyceps sinensis Plant 23719521_6 Five rats in each group were killed after 2, 4, and 6 weeks. 23719521_7 The 24 h urine protein excretion, urine b-N-acetyl glucosaminidase (NAGase) and serum creatinine were measured; the renal pathological changes were evaluated by HE and Masson staining; the mRNA and protein expressions of HIF-1a and VEGF were dectected by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and immunohistochemistry. 23719521 9 32 urine protein excretion Negative_phenotype 23719521_8 RESULTS: Compared with the normal control group, the renal tubular vacuolar degeneration was obvious, and the glomerular mesangial matrix increased in the DN group. 23719521 53 88 renal tubular vacuolar degeneration Negative_phenotype 23719521 155 157 DN Negative_phenotype 23719521_9 The 24 h urinary protein excretion, urine NAGase and serum creatinine also increased significantly (all P<0.05); the expressions of HIF-1a and VEGF in the renal tissue gradually increased with time, and the expression of HIF-1a was correlated with that of VEGF in the 2 groups (r=0.850, r=0.887, both P<0.05) . 23719521 9 34 urinary protein excretion Negative_phenotype 23719521_10 Compared with the DN group, the pathological changes were relieved, the 24 h urinary protein excretion, urine NAGase and serum creatinine level were decreased, and the expressions of HIF-1a and VEGF decreased in the CS group (all P<0.05), but they were still higher than those in the normal contral group (P<0.05). 23719521 18 20 DN Negative_phenotype 23719521 77 102 urinary protein excretion Negative_phenotype 23719521 216 218 CS Plant 23719521_11 There was no significant difference in the mRNA and protein expression of HIF-1a between the 4th week and the 6th week after the treatment of CS (P>0.05). 23719521 142 144 CS Plant 23719521_12 CONCLUSION: The expressions of HIF-1a and VEGF increase in the kidney of rats with diabetic nephropathy, and the positive correlation suggests that there is chronic hypoxia in the renal tissue of diabetic nephropathy. 23719521 83 103 diabetic nephropathy Negative_phenotype 23719521 157 216 chronic hypoxia in the renal tissue of diabetic nephropathy Negative_phenotype 23719521_13 Cordyceps sinensis may protect against chronic hypoxia injury in diabetic nephropathy by lowering the expressions of HIF-1a and VEGF. 23719521 0 18 Cordyceps sinensis Plant 23719521 39 85 chronic hypoxia injury in diabetic nephropathy Negative_phenotype 23719521 Decrease 0 18 Cordyceps sinensis Plant 39 85 chronic hypoxia injury in diabetic nephropathy Negative_phenotype 23820929_1 Patrinia scabiosaefolia inhibits colorectal cancer growth through suppression of tumor angiogenesis. 23820929 0 23 Patrinia scabiosaefolia Plant 23820929 33 50 colorectal cancer Negative_phenotype 23820929 81 99 tumor angiogenesis Negative_phenotype 23820929 Decrease 0 23 Patrinia scabiosaefolia Plant 33 50 colorectal cancer Negative_phenotype 23820929 Decrease 0 23 Patrinia scabiosaefolia Plant 81 99 tumor angiogenesis Negative_phenotype 23820929_2 Angiogenesis is an essential process for tumor development and metastasis, therefore inhibition of tumor angiogenesis has become a promising strategy for anticancer treatments. 23820929 41 46 tumor Negative_phenotype 23820929 63 73 metastasis Negative_phenotype 23820929 99 117 tumor angiogenesis Negative_phenotype 23820929 154 164 anticancer Positive_phenotype 23820929_3 Patrinia scabiosaefolia, a well-known Oriental folk medicine, has been shown to be effective in the clinical treatment of gastrointestinal cancers. 23820929 0 23 Patrinia scabiosaefolia Plant 23820929 122 146 gastrointestinal cancers Negative_phenotype 23820929 Decrease 0 23 Patrinia scabiosaefolia Plant 122 146 gastrointestinal cancers Negative_phenotype 23820929_4 However, the precise mechanism of its tumoricidal activity remains largely unknown. 23820929 38 49 tumoricidal Positive_phenotype 23820929_5 Using a colorectal cancer (CRC) mouse xenograft model, the human colon carcinoma cell line HT-29 and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), in the present study we evaluated the effects of an ethanol extract of Patrinia scabiosaefolia (EEPS) on tumor angiogenesis in vivo and in vitro, and investigated the underlying molecular mechanisms. 23820929 8 25 colorectal cancer Negative_phenotype 23820929 27 30 CRC Negative_phenotype 23820929 65 80 colon carcinoma Negative_phenotype 23820929 91 96 HT-29 Negative_phenotype 23820929 221 244 Patrinia scabiosaefolia Plant 23820929 246 250 EEPS Plant 23820929 255 273 tumor angiogenesis Negative_phenotype 23820929_6 We found that EEPS treatment significantly reduced the tumor volume in CRC mice and decreased the intratumoral microvessel density in tumor tissues. 23820929 14 18 EEPS Plant 23820929 55 60 tumor Negative_phenotype 23820929 71 74 CRC Negative_phenotype 23820929 134 139 tumor Negative_phenotype 23820929 Decrease 14 18 EEPS Plant 55 60 tumor Negative_phenotype 23820929 Decrease 14 18 EEPS Plant 71 74 CRC Negative_phenotype 23820929 Decrease 14 18 EEPS Plant 134 139 tumor Negative_phenotype 23820929_7 In addition, EEPS inhibited several key processes of angiogenesis, including the proliferation, migration and tube formation of HUVECs. 23820929 13 17 EEPS Plant 23820929_8 Moreover, EEPS treatment suppressed the expression of VEGF-A in CRC tumors and HT-29 cells. 23820929 10 14 EEPS Plant 23820929 64 67 CRC Negative_phenotype 23820929 68 74 tumors Negative_phenotype 23820929 79 84 HT-29 Negative_phenotype 23820929 Decrease 10 14 EEPS Plant 64 67 CRC Negative_phenotype 23820929 Decrease 10 14 EEPS Plant 68 74 tumors Negative_phenotype 23820929 Decrease 10 14 EEPS Plant 79 84 HT-29 Negative_phenotype 23820929_9 Collectively, our data suggest that Patrinia scabiosaefolia inhibits CRC growth likely via suppression of tumor angiogenesis. 23820929 36 59 Patrinia scabiosaefolia Plant 23820929 69 72 CRC Negative_phenotype 23820929 106 124 tumor angiogenesis Negative_phenotype 23820929 Decrease 36 59 Patrinia scabiosaefolia Plant 69 72 CRC Negative_phenotype 23820929 Decrease 36 59 Patrinia scabiosaefolia Plant 106 124 tumor angiogenesis Negative_phenotype 23850712_1 Anti-inflammatory activities of Dictamnus dasycarpus Turcz., root bark on allergic contact dermatitis induced by dinitrofluorobenzene in mice. 23850712 0 17 Anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 23850712 32 59 Dictamnus dasycarpus Turcz. Plant 23850712 74 101 allergic contact dermatitis Negative_phenotype 23850712_2 ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: The root bark of Dictamnus dasycarpus Turcz. 23850712 49 76 Dictamnus dasycarpus Turcz. Plant 23850712_3 is widely used as a medicinal herb for treatment of skin diseases such as eczema, pruritus and urticaria in China, Japan and Korea. 23850712 52 65 skin diseases Negative_phenotype 23850712 74 80 eczema Negative_phenotype 23850712 82 90 pruritus Negative_phenotype 23850712 95 104 urticaria Negative_phenotype 23850712_4 MATERIALS AND METHODS: We investigated the effects of methanol extract of Dictamnus dasycarpus Turcz., root bark (MEDD) on ear thickness, ear weights, histopathological changes such as hyperplasia, edema, spongiosis and immune cell infiltration and cytokine productions in 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB)-induced contact dermatitis (CD) mice. 23850712 74 101 Dictamnus dasycarpus Turcz. Plant 23850712 114 118 MEDD Plant 23850712 123 136 ear thickness Neutral_phenotype 23850712 138 149 ear weights Neutral_phenotype 23850712 185 196 hyperplasia Negative_phenotype 23850712 198 203 edema Negative_phenotype 23850712 205 215 spongiosis Negative_phenotype 23850712 220 244 immune cell infiltration Negative_phenotype 23850712 322 340 contact dermatitis Negative_phenotype 23850712 342 344 CD Negative_phenotype 23850712_5 We also investigated its effects on degranulation of histamine and b-hexosaminidase and related mechanisms using RBL-2H3 cells. 23850712 113 120 RBL-2H3 Negative_phenotype 23850712_6 RESULTS: Topical application of MEDD effectively inhibited enlargement of ear thickness and weight (P<0.05). 23850712 32 36 MEDD Plant 23850712 74 87 ear thickness Neutral_phenotype 23850712 92 98 weight Neutral_phenotype 23850712 Decrease 32 36 MEDD Plant 74 87 ear thickness Neutral_phenotype 23850712 Decrease 32 36 MEDD Plant 92 98 weight Neutral_phenotype 23850712_7 MEDD treatment also inhibited hyperplasia, edema and spongiosis induced by DNFB. 23850712 0 4 MEDD Plant 23850712 30 41 hyperplasia Negative_phenotype 23850712 43 48 edema Negative_phenotype 23850712 53 63 spongiosis Negative_phenotype 23850712 Decrease 0 4 MEDD Plant 30 41 hyperplasia Negative_phenotype 23850712 Decrease 0 4 MEDD Plant 43 48 edema Negative_phenotype 23850712 Decrease 0 4 MEDD Plant 53 63 spongiosis Negative_phenotype 23850712_8 Treatment with 300 g/ear of MEDD suppressed the increase in IFN-y and TNF-a levels (P<0.05). 23850712 29 33 MEDD Plant 23850712_9 In addition, treatment with >50 g/mL MEDD reduced the level of b-hexosaminidase release, while >100 g/mL MEDD lowered the level of histamine release in a dose-dependent manner (P<0.05). 23850712 38 42 MEDD Plant 23850712 107 111 MEDD Plant 23850712_10 Finally, MEDD treatment prevented phosphorylation of p38 MAPK induced by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) and calcium ionophore A23187 in RBL-2H3 cells. 23850712 9 13 MEDD Plant 23850712 143 150 RBL-2H3 Negative_phenotype 23850712 Decrease 9 13 MEDD Plant 143 150 RBL-2H3 Negative_phenotype 23850712_11 CONCLUSIONS: These data indicate that root bark of Dictamnus dasycarpus Turcz. 23850712 51 78 Dictamnus dasycarpus Turcz. Plant 23850712_12 has the potential for use in the treatment of allergic skin diseases. 23850712 46 68 allergic skin diseases Negative_phenotype 23850712_13 Furthermore, they suggest that root bark of Dictamnus dasycarpus Turcz. 23850712 44 71 Dictamnus dasycarpus Turcz. Plant 23850712_14 is involved in decreasing degranulation of MCs via inhibition of the p38 MAPK pathway as well as in the inhibition of Th1 skewing reactions. 23850712 118 129 Th1 skewing Negative_phenotype 23959026_1 Minireview on Achillea millefolium Linn. 23959026 14 40 Achillea millefolium Linn. Plant 23959026_2 Yarrow (Achillea millefolium L.) is an important medicinal plant with different pharmaceutical uses. 23959026 0 6 Yarrow Plant 23959026 8 31 Achillea millefolium L. Plant 23959026_3 A. millefolium has been used for centuries to treat various diseases including malaria, hepatitis and jaundice. 23959026 0 14 A. millefolium Plant 23959026 79 86 malaria Negative_phenotype 23959026 88 97 hepatitis Negative_phenotype 23959026 102 110 jaundice Negative_phenotype 23959026 Decrease 0 14 A. millefolium Plant 79 86 malaria Negative_phenotype 23959026 Decrease 0 14 A. millefolium Plant 88 97 hepatitis Negative_phenotype 23959026 Decrease 0 14 A. millefolium Plant 102 110 jaundice Negative_phenotype 23959026_4 A. millefolium is commonly prescribed to treat liver disorders. 23959026 0 14 A. millefolium Plant 23959026 47 62 liver disorders Negative_phenotype 23959026 Decrease 0 14 A. millefolium Plant 47 62 liver disorders Negative_phenotype 23959026_5 It is also used as an anti-inflammatory agent and is a hepatoprotective herb. 23959026 22 39 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 23959026 55 71 hepatoprotective Positive_phenotype 23959026_6 A. millefolium is considered safe for supplemental use. 23959026 0 14 A. millefolium Plant 23959026_7 It has antihepatotoxic effects also. 23959026 7 22 antihepatotoxic Positive_phenotype 23959026_8 It is prescribed as an astringent agent. 23959026 23 33 astringent Positive_phenotype 23959026_9 It is prescribed in hemorrhoids, headache, bleeding disorders, bruises, cough, influenza, pneumonia, kidney stones, high blood pressure, menstrual disorders, fever, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, osteoarthritis, hemorrhagic disorders, chicken pox, cystitis, diabetes mellitus, indigestion, dyspepsia, eczema, psoriasis and boils. 23959026 20 31 hemorrhoids Negative_phenotype 23959026 33 41 headache Negative_phenotype 23959026 43 61 bleeding disorders Negative_phenotype 23959026 63 70 bruises Negative_phenotype 23959026 72 77 cough Negative_phenotype 23959026 79 88 influenza Negative_phenotype 23959026 90 99 pneumonia Negative_phenotype 23959026 101 114 kidney stones Negative_phenotype 23959026 116 135 high blood pressure Negative_phenotype 23959026 137 156 menstrual disorders Negative_phenotype 23959026 158 163 fever Negative_phenotype 23959026 165 185 rheumatoid arthritis Negative_phenotype 23959026 187 191 gout Negative_phenotype 23959026 193 207 osteoarthritis Negative_phenotype 23959026 209 230 hemorrhagic disorders Negative_phenotype 23959026 232 243 chicken pox Negative_phenotype 23959026 245 253 cystitis Negative_phenotype 23959026 255 272 diabetes mellitus Negative_phenotype 23959026 274 285 indigestion Negative_phenotype 23959026 287 296 dyspepsia Negative_phenotype 23959026 298 304 eczema Negative_phenotype 23959026 306 315 psoriasis Negative_phenotype 23959026 320 325 boils Negative_phenotype 23994340_1 Evaluation of the wound healing property of Boesenbergia longiflora rhizomes. 23994340 18 31 wound healing Positive_phenotype 23994340 44 67 Boesenbergia longiflora Plant 23994340_2 ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: The rhizomes of Boesenbergia longiflora (Wall.) Kuntze (Zingiberaceae) have been traditionally used for treatment of inflammatory bowel disease, ulcerative colitis, aphthous ulcer and abscess by decoction with alcohol. 23994340 48 86 Boesenbergia longiflora (Wall.) Kuntze Plant 23994340 149 175 inflammatory bowel disease Negative_phenotype 23994340 177 195 ulcerative colitis Negative_phenotype 23994340 197 211 aphthous ulcer Negative_phenotype 23994340 216 223 abscess Negative_phenotype 23994340 Decrease 48 86 Boesenbergia longiflora (Wall.) Kuntze Plant 149 175 inflammatory bowel disease Negative_phenotype 23994340 Decrease 48 86 Boesenbergia longiflora (Wall.) Kuntze Plant 177 195 ulcerative colitis Negative_phenotype 23994340 Decrease 48 86 Boesenbergia longiflora (Wall.) Kuntze Plant 197 211 aphthous ulcer Negative_phenotype 23994340 Decrease 48 86 Boesenbergia longiflora (Wall.) Kuntze Plant 216 223 abscess Negative_phenotype 23994340_3 AIM OF THE STUDY: The rhizomes of Boesenbergia longiflora were carried out to investigate for anti-inflammatory and wound healing activities in order to support the traditional use. 23994340 34 57 Boesenbergia longiflora Plant 23994340 94 111 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 23994340 116 129 wound healing Positive_phenotype 23994340_4 MATERIAL AND METHODS: The ethanolic extract of Boesenbergia longiflora and its fractions were tested using relevant in vitro anti-inflammatory and wound healing assays. 23994340 47 70 Boesenbergia longiflora Plant 23994340 125 142 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 23994340 147 160 wound healing Positive_phenotype 23994340_5 For the in vitro studies, murine macrophage RAW264.7 cells and mouse fibroblast L929 cells were assessed for anti-inflammatory and fibroblast stimulatory activities, respectively. 23994340 109 126 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 23994340_6 In vivo anti-inflammatory activity was determined by carrageenan-induced rat paw edema model as well as acute toxicity estimated by the up-and-down method in mice. 23994340 8 25 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 23994340 77 86 paw edema Negative_phenotype 23994340 104 118 acute toxicity Negative_phenotype 23994340_7 RESULTS: The present study has demonstrated that the ethanolic extract of Boesenbergia longiflora rhizomes possesses a potent anti-inflammatory and wound healing activities. 23994340 74 97 Boesenbergia longiflora Plant 23994340 126 143 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 23994340 148 161 wound healing Positive_phenotype 23994340 Increase 74 97 Boesenbergia longiflora Plant 126 143 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 23994340 Increase 74 97 Boesenbergia longiflora Plant 148 161 wound healing Positive_phenotype 23994340_8 Among the isolated fractions, the CHCl3 fraction showed potent anti-inflammatory effect through nitric oxide inhibitory activity (IC50=5.5 g/ml) and reduction of carrageenan-induced rat paw edema (ED50=222.7 mg/kg), whereas this fraction exhibited wound healing property via fibroblast migration on both day 1 (77.3%) and day 2 (100%) as well as enhanced collagen production (187.5 g/ml) at concentration of 3 g/ml, compared to that of the controls, 39.4% for fibroblast and 60.8 g/ml for collagen, respectively. 23994340 63 80 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 23994340 187 196 paw edema Negative_phenotype 23994340 249 262 wound healing Positive_phenotype 23994340 356 375 collagen production Positive_phenotype 23994340_9 The anti-inflammatory mechanism of the CHCl3 fraction is found to suppress the iNOS and COX-2 mRNA expression. 23994340 4 21 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 23994340_10 CONCLUSION: The scientific investigation of wound healing activity of Boesenbergia longiflora rhizomes support the Thai traditional uses for treatment of inflammatory bowel disease, ulcerative colitis, aphthous ulcer and abscess. 23994340 44 57 wound healing Positive_phenotype 23994340 70 93 Boesenbergia longiflora Plant 23994340 154 180 inflammatory bowel disease Negative_phenotype 23994340 182 200 ulcerative colitis Negative_phenotype 23994340 202 216 aphthous ulcer Negative_phenotype 23994340 221 228 abscess Negative_phenotype 23994340 Increase 44 57 wound healing Positive_phenotype 70 93 Boesenbergia longiflora Plant 23994340 Decrease 70 93 Boesenbergia longiflora Plant 154 180 inflammatory bowel disease Negative_phenotype 23994340 Decrease 70 93 Boesenbergia longiflora Plant 182 200 ulcerative colitis Negative_phenotype 23994340 Decrease 70 93 Boesenbergia longiflora Plant 202 216 aphthous ulcer Negative_phenotype 23994340 Decrease 70 93 Boesenbergia longiflora Plant 221 228 abscess Negative_phenotype 23994340_11 The EtOH extract and CHCl3 fraction exert potential wound healing property through NO inhibition, anti-oxidant effect and stimulation of fibroblast migration and collagen production. 23994340 52 65 wound healing Positive_phenotype 23994340 98 110 anti-oxidant Positive_phenotype 23994340 162 181 collagen production Positive_phenotype 23994340_12 The phytochemical screening revealed that the CHCl3 fraction of Boesenbergia longiflora rhizomes contains diarylheptanoids, flavonoids and terpenes. 23994340 64 87 Boesenbergia longiflora Plant 23994340_13 The isolation of the compounds responsible for the wound healing effect is now in progress. 23994340 51 64 wound healing Positive_phenotype 24009834_1 Kalopanaxsaponin B Ameliorates TNBS-Induced Colitis in Mice. 24009834 44 51 Colitis Negative_phenotype 24009834_2 The stem-bark of Kalopanax pictus (KP, family Araliaceae), of which main constituent is kalopanaxsaponin B, has been used for asthma, rhinitis, and arthritis in Chinese traditional medicine. 24009834 17 33 Kalopanax pictus Plant 24009834 35 37 KP Plant 24009834 126 132 asthma Negative_phenotype 24009834 134 142 rhinitis Negative_phenotype 24009834 148 157 arthritis Negative_phenotype 24009834 Decrease 17 33 Kalopanax pictus Plant 126 132 asthma Negative_phenotype 24009834 Decrease 17 33 Kalopanax pictus Plant 134 142 rhinitis Negative_phenotype 24009834 Decrease 17 33 Kalopanax pictus Plant 148 157 arthritis Negative_phenotype 24009834 Decrease 35 37 KP Plant 126 132 asthma Negative_phenotype 24009834 Decrease 35 37 KP Plant 134 142 rhinitis Negative_phenotype 24009834 Decrease 35 37 KP Plant 148 157 arthritis Negative_phenotype 24009834_3 To clarify anticolitic effect of KP, we examined anti-inflammatory effect of KP extract and kalopanaxsaponin B in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated peritoneal macrophage and 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced colitic mice. 24009834 11 22 anticolitic Positive_phenotype 24009834 33 35 KP Plant 24009834 49 66 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 24009834 77 79 KP Plant 24009834 227 234 colitic Negative_phenotype 24009834_4 Of KP extracts, KP BuOH-soluble fraction most potently inhibited LPS-induced IL-1b, IL-6 and TNF-a expression, as well as NF-kB activation. 24009834 3 5 KP Plant 24009834_5 However, KP BuOH fraction increased IL-10, an anti-inflammatory cytokine. 24009834 9 11 KP Plant 24009834_6 KP BuOH fraction also inhibited colon shortening and myeloperoxidase activity in TNBS-induced colitic mice. 24009834 0 2 KP Plant 24009834 32 48 colon shortening Negative_phenotype 24009834 94 101 colitic Negative_phenotype 24009834 Decrease 0 2 KP Plant 32 48 colon shortening Negative_phenotype 24009834 Decrease 0 2 KP Plant 94 101 colitic Negative_phenotype 24009834_7 KP BuOH fraction also potently inhibited the expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokines, IL-1b, IL-6 and TNF-a as well as the activation of NF-kB. 24009834 0 2 KP Plant 24009834_8 Kalopanaxsaponin B, a main constituent of KP, inhibited TNBS-induced colonic inflammation, including colon shortening, and TNBS-increased myeloperoxidase activity pro-inflammatory cytokine expression and NF-kB activation in mice. 24009834 42 44 KP Plant 24009834 69 89 colonic inflammation Negative_phenotype 24009834 101 117 colon shortening Negative_phenotype 24009834 Decrease 42 44 KP Plant 69 89 colonic inflammation Negative_phenotype 24009834 Decrease 42 44 KP Plant 101 117 colon shortening Negative_phenotype 24009834_9 Based on these findings, KP, particularly its main constituent, kalopanaxsaponin B, may ameliorate colitis by inhibiting NF-kB pathway. 24009834 25 27 KP Plant 24009834 99 106 colitis Negative_phenotype 24009834 Decrease 25 27 KP Plant 99 106 colitis Negative_phenotype 24009862_1 Anti-Inflammatory, Antioxidant, Anti-Angiogenic and Skin Whitening Activities of Phryma leptostachya var. asiatica Hara Extract. 24009862 0 17 Anti-Inflammatory Positive_phenotype 24009862 19 30 Antioxidant Positive_phenotype 24009862 32 47 Anti-Angiogenic Positive_phenotype 24009862 52 66 Skin Whitening Positive_phenotype 24009862 81 119 Phryma leptostachya var. asiatica Hara Plant 24009862_2 This work aimed to assess some pharmacological activities of P. leptostachya var. asiatica Hara. 24009862 61 95 P. leptostachya var. asiatica Hara Plant 24009862_3 The dried roots of P. leptostachya var. asiatica Hara were extracted with 70% ethanol to generate the powdered extract, named PLE. 24009862 19 53 P. leptostachya var. asiatica Hara Plant 24009862 126 129 PLE Plant 24009862_4 Anti-angiogenic activity was detected using chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay. 24009862 0 15 Anti-angiogenic Positive_phenotype 24009862_5 In vitro anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated via analyzing nitric oxide (NO) content, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophage cells. 24009862 9 26 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 24009862_6 Antioxidant activity was determined by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay and reactive oxygen species (ROS) level in the stimulated macrophage cells. 24009862 0 11 Antioxidant Positive_phenotype 24009862_7 Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and -2 (MMP-2) activities in the culture media were detected using zymography. 24009862_8 PLE exhibits an anti-angiogenic activity in the CAM assay, and displays an inhibitory action on the generation of NO in the LPS-stimulated macrophage cells. 24009862 0 3 PLE Plant 24009862 16 31 anti-angiogenic Positive_phenotype 24009862 Increase 0 3 PLE Plant 16 31 anti-angiogenic Positive_phenotype 24009862_9 In the stimulated macrophage cells, it is able to diminish the enhanced ROS level. 24009862_10 It can potently scavenge the stable DPPH free radical. 24009862_11 It suppresses the induction of iNOS and COX-2 and the enhanced MMP-9 activity in the stimulated macrophage cells. 24009862_12 Both monooxygenase and oxidase activities of tyrosinase were strongly inhibited by PLE. 24009862 83 86 PLE Plant 24009862_13 Taken together, the dried roots of P. leptostachya var. asiatica Hara possess anti-angiogenic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and skin whitening activities, which might partly provide its therapeutic efficacy in traditional medicine. 24009862 35 69 P. leptostachya var. asiatica Hara Plant 24009862 78 93 anti-angiogenic Positive_phenotype 24009862 95 112 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 24009862 114 125 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 24009862 130 144 skin whitening Positive_phenotype 24009862 Increase 35 69 P. leptostachya var. asiatica Hara Plant 78 93 anti-angiogenic Positive_phenotype 24009862 Increase 35 69 P. leptostachya var. asiatica Hara Plant 95 112 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 24009862 Increase 35 69 P. leptostachya var. asiatica Hara Plant 114 125 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 24009862 Increase 35 69 P. leptostachya var. asiatica Hara Plant 130 144 skin whitening Positive_phenotype 24059266_1 Anti-HIV-1 activity, protease inhibition and safety profile of extracts prepared from Rhus parviflora. 24059266 0 10 Anti-HIV-1 Positive_phenotype 24059266 86 101 Rhus parviflora Plant 24059266_2 BACKGROUND: In the present study, extracts prepared from the leaves of Rhus parviflora Roxb. (Anacardiaceae) were evaluated for their anti-HIV activity, which have been traditionally used for the treatment of neurological disorders such as anxiety, insomnia and epilepsy. 24059266 71 92 Rhus parviflora Roxb. Plant 24059266 134 142 anti-HIV Positive_phenotype 24059266 209 231 neurological disorders Negative_phenotype 24059266 240 247 anxiety Negative_phenotype 24059266 249 257 insomnia Negative_phenotype 24059266 262 270 epilepsy Negative_phenotype 24059266 Decrease 71 92 Rhus parviflora Roxb. Plant 209 231 neurological disorders Negative_phenotype 24059266 Decrease 71 92 Rhus parviflora Roxb. Plant 240 247 anxiety Negative_phenotype 24059266 Decrease 71 92 Rhus parviflora Roxb. Plant 249 257 insomnia Negative_phenotype 24059266 Decrease 71 92 Rhus parviflora Roxb. Plant 262 270 epilepsy Negative_phenotype 24059266_3 METHODS: Aqueous and 50% ethanolic extracts prepared from leaves of the plant were tested for their cytotoxicity and anti-HIV property using reporter gene based assays as well as human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs). 24059266 117 125 anti-HIV Positive_phenotype 24059266_4 Further these extracts were evaluated for their ability to inhibit HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT) and protease activity. 24059266 67 72 HIV-1 Negative_phenotype 24059266_5 Safety profile of the extracts was determined on viability of Lactobacillus sp., secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines by vaginal keratinocytes and transepithelial resistance. 24059266 62 75 Lactobacillus Positive_phenotype 24059266_6 RESULTS: Both aqueous (IC50 = 15 g/ml) and 50% ethanolic (IC50 = 26 g/ml) extracts prepared from leaves of R. parviflora showed anti-HIV activity in TZM-bl cells wherein the virus was treated with the extracts prior to infection. 24059266 117 130 R. parviflora Plant 24059266 138 146 anti-HIV Positive_phenotype 24059266 159 165 TZM-bl Negative_phenotype 24059266 184 189 virus Negative_phenotype 24059266 229 238 infection Negative_phenotype 24059266 Increase 117 130 R. parviflora Plant 138 146 anti-HIV Positive_phenotype 24059266 Decrease 117 130 R. parviflora Plant 159 165 TZM-bl Negative_phenotype 24059266 Decrease 117 130 R. parviflora Plant 184 189 virus Negative_phenotype 24059266 Decrease 117 130 R. parviflora Plant 229 238 infection Negative_phenotype 24059266_7 Further, both the extracts also inhibited virus load in HIV infected CEM-GFP cells and human PBLs. 24059266 42 47 virus Negative_phenotype 24059266 56 59 HIV Negative_phenotype 24059266 69 76 CEM-GFP Negative_phenotype 24059266_8 The anti-HIV activity is mediated through inhibition of HIV-1 protease activity. 24059266 4 12 anti-HIV Positive_phenotype 24059266 56 61 HIV-1 Negative_phenotype 24059266_9 Both the extracts did not disturb the integrity of monolayer formed by intestinal epithelial Caco-2 cells. 24059266_10 The extracts when tested up to 100 g/ml did not significantly reduce the viability of L. plantarum, L. fermentum, L. rhamnosus and L. casei. 24059266 87 99 L. plantarum Positive_phenotype 24059266 101 113 L. fermentum Positive_phenotype 24059266 115 127 L. rhamnosus Positive_phenotype 24059266 132 140 L. casei Positive_phenotype 24059266_11 The extracts (100 g/ml) did not reveal any cytotoxic effect on vaginal keratinocytes (Vk2/E6E7). 24059266_12 Levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines secreted by Vk2/E6E7 cells treated with both the plant extracts were within the non-inflammatory range. 24059266_13 CONCLUSIONS: The studies reported herein showed in vitro anti-HIV activity and preliminary safety profile of the extracts prepared from the leaves of R. parviflora. 24059266 57 65 anti-HIV Positive_phenotype 24059266 150 163 R. parviflora Plant 24059266 Increase 57 65 anti-HIV Positive_phenotype 150 163 R. parviflora Plant 24083559_1 Astragalus injection protects cerebral ischemic injury by inhibiting neuronal apoptosis and the expression of JNK3 after cerebral ischemia reperfusion in rats. 24083559 0 10 Astragalus Plant 24083559 30 54 cerebral ischemic injury Negative_phenotype 24083559 121 150 cerebral ischemia reperfusion Negative_phenotype 24083559 Decrease 0 10 Astragalus Plant 30 54 cerebral ischemic injury Negative_phenotype 24083559 Decrease 0 10 Astragalus Plant 121 150 cerebral ischemia reperfusion Negative_phenotype 24083559_2 BACKGROUND: Astragalus is a widely used traditional Chinese medicine and has been proven beneficial for many aspects of human health. 24083559 12 22 Astragalus Plant 24083559_3 It is important to explore the neuroprotective effect and mechanism of astragalus injection in cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury. 24083559 31 46 neuroprotective Positive_phenotype 24083559 71 81 astragalus Plant 24083559 95 131 cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury Negative_phenotype 24083559_4 METHODS: The focal cerebral ischemic model with middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) reperfusion was established by Longa's method in healthy adult male Wistar rats, and treated by injecting intraperitoneally astragalus injection (3 ml/kg). 24083559 19 99 cerebral ischemic model with middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) reperfusion Negative_phenotype 24083559 212 222 astragalus Plant 24083559_5 The neurobehavioral function of rats was evaluated by Longa's test. 24083559 4 28 neurobehavioral function Positive_phenotype 24083559_6 The cerebral blood flow (CBF) was measured by laser Doppler flowmetry and the cerebral infarct volume was calculated by tetrazolium chloride (TTC) stain. 24083559 4 23 cerebral blood flow Neutral_phenotype 24083559 25 28 CBF Neutral_phenotype 24083559 78 94 cerebral infarct Negative_phenotype 24083559_7 The shape and structure of neurons in parahippocampal area was observed by HE stain and the neuronal apoptosis was detected by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) and flow cytometry. 24083559_8 The expressions of c-jun N-terminal kinase 3 (JNK3) mRNA and protein were determined by RT-PCR and immunohistochemical assay and Western blotting respectively. 24083559_9 RESULTS: After treatment with astragalus injection, the expressions of JNK3 mRNA and protein reduced significantly, the number of neuronal apoptosis minus, the cerebral infarct volume shrink, the neuronal shape-structure and animal neurobehavioral function improved significantly than those in model rats. 24083559 30 40 astragalus Plant 24083559 160 176 cerebral infarct Negative_phenotype 24083559 232 256 neurobehavioral function Positive_phenotype 24083559 Decrease 30 40 astragalus Plant 160 176 cerebral infarct Negative_phenotype 24083559 Increase 30 40 astragalus Plant 232 256 neurobehavioral function Positive_phenotype 24083559_10 CONCLUSIONS: It is suggested that astragalus injection could inhibit neuronal apoptosis, reduce infarct volume and improve neurobehavioral function by down-regulating the expression of JNK3 gene after cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury in rats. 24083559 34 44 astragalus Plant 24083559 96 103 infarct Negative_phenotype 24083559 123 147 neurobehavioral function Positive_phenotype 24083559 201 237 cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury Negative_phenotype 24083559 Decrease 34 44 astragalus Plant 96 103 infarct Negative_phenotype 24083559 Increase 34 44 astragalus Plant 123 147 neurobehavioral function Positive_phenotype 24083559 Decrease 34 44 astragalus Plant 201 237 cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury Negative_phenotype 24096203_1 Local knowledge, use pattern and geographical distribution of Moringa oleifera Lam. (Moringaceae) in Nigeria. 24096203 62 83 Moringa oleifera Lam. Plant 24096203_2 ETHNO-PHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: All parts of Moringa oleifera are medicinally valuable with overlapping uses in treating myriads of ailments and diseases including body pains and weakness, fever, asthma, cough, blood pressure, arthritis, diabetes, epilepsy, wound, and skin infection. 24096203 46 62 Moringa oleifera Plant 24096203 165 175 body pains Negative_phenotype 24096203 180 188 weakness Negative_phenotype 24096203 190 195 fever Negative_phenotype 24096203 197 203 asthma Negative_phenotype 24096203 205 210 cough Negative_phenotype 24096203 212 226 blood pressure Neutral_phenotype 24096203 228 237 arthritis Negative_phenotype 24096203 239 247 diabetes Negative_phenotype 24096203 249 257 epilepsy Negative_phenotype 24096203 259 264 wound Negative_phenotype 24096203 270 284 skin infection Negative_phenotype 24096203 Decrease 46 62 Moringa oleifera Plant 165 175 body pains Negative_phenotype 24096203 Decrease 46 62 Moringa oleifera Plant 180 188 weakness Negative_phenotype 24096203 Decrease 46 62 Moringa oleifera Plant 180 188 weakness Negative_phenotype 24096203 Decrease 46 62 Moringa oleifera Plant 190 195 fever Negative_phenotype 24096203 Decrease 46 62 Moringa oleifera Plant 197 203 asthma Negative_phenotype 24096203 Decrease 46 62 Moringa oleifera Plant 205 210 cough Negative_phenotype 24096203 Decrease 46 62 Moringa oleifera Plant 212 226 blood pressure Neutral_phenotype 24096203 Decrease 46 62 Moringa oleifera Plant 228 237 arthritis Negative_phenotype 24096203 Decrease 46 62 Moringa oleifera Plant 239 247 diabetes Negative_phenotype 24096203 Decrease 46 62 Moringa oleifera Plant 249 257 epilepsy Negative_phenotype 24096203 Decrease 46 62 Moringa oleifera Plant 259 264 wound Negative_phenotype 24096203 Decrease 46 62 Moringa oleifera Plant 270 284 skin infection Negative_phenotype 24096203_3 Moringa also has robust ability to challenge terminal diseases such as HIV/AIDs infections, chronic anemia, cancer, malaria and hemorrhage. 24096203 0 7 Moringa Plant 24096203 71 90 HIV/AIDs infections Negative_phenotype 24096203 92 106 chronic anemia Negative_phenotype 24096203 108 114 cancer Negative_phenotype 24096203 116 123 malaria Negative_phenotype 24096203 128 138 hemorrhage Negative_phenotype 24096203 Decrease 0 7 Moringa Plant 71 90 HIV/AIDs infections Negative_phenotype 24096203 Decrease 0 7 Moringa Plant 92 106 chronic anemia Negative_phenotype 24096203 Decrease 0 7 Moringa Plant 108 114 cancer Negative_phenotype 24096203 Decrease 0 7 Moringa Plant 116 123 malaria Negative_phenotype 24096203 Decrease 0 7 Moringa Plant 128 138 hemorrhage Negative_phenotype 24096203_4 The present study was to obtain ethnobotanical information on the use and local knowledge variation, geographical distribution, and to collect different landraces of Moringa oleifera from the different agro-ecological regions in Nigeria, for further studies. 24096203 166 182 Moringa oleifera Plant 24096203_5 MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ethnobotanical data were collected through face to face interviews, semi structured questionnaires and discussions with selected people who had knowledge about the plant. 24096203_6 The fidelity level (FL %) and use value for different use categories of Moringa oleifera and its parts were estimated. 24096203 72 88 Moringa oleifera Plant 24096203_7 The variation in ethnobotanical knowledge was evaluated by comparing the mean use value among ethnic, gender and age groups using sample T test. 24096203_8 Garmi GPS was used to determine the locations (latitude and longitude) and height in different areas to assess the geographical spread of the species. 24096203_9 RESULTS: Seven (7) categories of use (Food, medicine, fodder, fencing, firewood, gum and coagulant) were recorded for Moringa oleifera. 24096203 118 134 Moringa oleifera Plant 24096203_10 Food and medicinal uses showed highest fidelity level while the leaves and the seeds were the plant parts most utilized for the same purposes. 24096203_11 There were significant differences among the ethnic, gender and age groups regarding the ethno-botanical use value. 24096203_12 The geographical distribution pattern shows that the Moringa oleifera is well distributed in all ecological zones of Nigeria, well adapted to the varied climatic conditions and gaining unprecedented awareness among the people. 24096203 53 69 Moringa oleifera Plant 24096203_13 CONCLUSION: Though considered an introduced species, Moringa oleifera has found wide acceptance, recognition and usefulness among the various ethnicities in the studied areas. 24096203 53 69 Moringa oleifera Plant 24096203_14 The sources of introduction, domestication and ethnic differentiation influenced the distribution pattern across the geographical areas. 24131916_1 In vitro anti-Herpes simplex virus activity of crude extract of the roots of Nauclea latifolia Smith (Rubiaceae). 24131916 9 34 anti-Herpes simplex virus Positive_phenotype 24131916 77 100 Nauclea latifolia Smith Plant 24131916_2 BACKGROUND: Nauclea latifolia Smith, a shrub belonging to the family Rubiaceae is a very popular medicinal plant in Cameroon and neighboring countries where it is used to treat jaundice, yellow fever, rheumatism, abdominal pains, hepatitis, diarrhea, dysentery, hypertension, as well as diabetes. 24131916 12 35 Nauclea latifolia Smith Plant 24131916 177 185 jaundice Negative_phenotype 24131916 187 199 yellow fever Negative_phenotype 24131916 201 211 rheumatism Negative_phenotype 24131916 213 228 abdominal pains Negative_phenotype 24131916 230 239 hepatitis Negative_phenotype 24131916 241 249 diarrhea Negative_phenotype 24131916 251 260 dysentery Negative_phenotype 24131916 262 274 hypertension Negative_phenotype 24131916 287 295 diabetes Negative_phenotype 24131916 Decrease 12 35 Nauclea latifolia Smith Plant 177 185 jaundice Negative_phenotype 24131916 Decrease 12 35 Nauclea latifolia Smith Plant 187 199 yellow fever Negative_phenotype 24131916 Decrease 12 35 Nauclea latifolia Smith Plant 201 211 rheumatism Negative_phenotype 24131916 Decrease 12 35 Nauclea latifolia Smith Plant 213 228 abdominal pains Negative_phenotype 24131916 Decrease 12 35 Nauclea latifolia Smith Plant 230 239 hepatitis Negative_phenotype 24131916 Decrease 12 35 Nauclea latifolia Smith Plant 241 249 diarrhea Negative_phenotype 24131916 Decrease 12 35 Nauclea latifolia Smith Plant 251 260 dysentery Negative_phenotype 24131916 Decrease 12 35 Nauclea latifolia Smith Plant 262 274 hypertension Negative_phenotype 24131916 Decrease 12 35 Nauclea latifolia Smith Plant 287 295 diabetes Negative_phenotype 24131916_3 The ethno-medicinal use against yellow fever, jaundice and diarrhea prompted us to investigate on the antiviral activity of the root bark of N. latifolia. 24131916 32 44 yellow fever Negative_phenotype 24131916 46 54 jaundice Negative_phenotype 24131916 59 67 diarrhea Negative_phenotype 24131916 102 111 antiviral Positive_phenotype 24131916 141 153 N. latifolia Plant 24131916_4 In this study, HSV-2 was chosen as a viral model because of its strong impact on HIV transmission and acquisition. 24131916 15 20 HSV-2 Negative_phenotype 24131916 37 42 viral Negative_phenotype 24131916 81 84 HIV Negative_phenotype 24131916_5 METHODS: The crude extract under study was prepared by maceration of air-dried and powdered roots barks of N. latifolia in CH2Cl2/MeOH (50:50) mixture for 48 hours, then it was subjected to filtration and evaporation under vacuum. 24131916 107 119 N. latifolia Plant 24131916_6 A phytochemical analysis of the crude extract was performed by High Performance Liquid Chromatography coupled with a photodiode array and mass spectrometry (HPLC-PDA-ESI-qMS). 24131916_7 The anti-HSV-2 activity was assayed in vitro by plaque reduction and virus yield assays and the major mechanism of action was investigated by virucidal and time of addition assays. 24131916 4 14 anti-HSV-2 Positive_phenotype 24131916 69 74 virus Negative_phenotype 24131916_8 Data values were compared using the Extra sum of squares F test of program GraphPad PRISM 4. 24131916_9 RESULTS: The main components detected in the extract belong to the class of indole alkaloids characteristic of Nauclea genus. 24131916 111 118 Nauclea Plant 24131916_10 Strictosamide, vincosamide and pumiloside were tentatively identified together with quinovic acid glycoside. 24131916_11 N. latifolia crude extract inhibited both acyclovir sensitive and acyclovir resistant HSV-2 strains, with IC50 values of 5.38 g/ml for the former and 7.17 g/ml for the latter. 24131916 0 12 N. latifolia Plant 24131916 42 61 acyclovir sensitive Negative_phenotype 24131916 66 91 acyclovir resistant HSV-2 Negative_phenotype 24131916 Decrease 0 12 N. latifolia Plant 42 61 acyclovir sensitive Negative_phenotype 24131916 Decrease 0 12 N. latifolia Plant 66 91 acyclovir resistant HSV-2 Negative_phenotype 24131916_12 The extract was found to be most active when added post-infection, with IC50 of 3.63 g/ml. 24131916 51 65 post-infection Negative_phenotype 24131916_13 CONCLUSION: The results of this work partly justify the empirical use of N. latifolia in traditional medicine for the treatment of viral diseases. 24131916 73 85 N. latifolia Plant 24131916 131 145 viral diseases Negative_phenotype 24131916 Decrease 73 85 N. latifolia Plant 131 145 viral diseases Negative_phenotype 24131916_14 This extract could be a promising rough material for the development of a new and more effective modern anti-HSV-2 medication also active against acyclovir-resistant HSV-2 strains. 24131916 104 114 anti-HSV-2 Positive_phenotype 24131916 146 179 acyclovir-resistant HSV-2 strains Negative_phenotype 24145005_1 In vivo anti-inflammatory and anti-ulcerogenic activities of extracts from wild growing and in vitro plants of Castilleja tenuiflora Benth. (Orobanchaceae). 24145005 8 25 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 24145005 30 46 anti-ulcerogenic Positive_phenotype 24145005 111 138 Castilleja tenuiflora Benth Plant 24145005_2 ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Castilleja tenuiflora Benth. (Orobanchaceae) is a perennial shrub used since the 16(th) century in Mexican traditional medicine for the treatment of a number of health disorders including inflammation, stomach pain and tumors. 24145005 32 60 Castilleja tenuiflora Benth. Plant 24145005 220 232 inflammation Negative_phenotype 24145005 234 246 stomach pain Negative_phenotype 24145005 251 257 tumors Negative_phenotype 24145005 Decrease 32 60 Castilleja tenuiflora Benth. Plant 220 232 inflammation Negative_phenotype 24145005 Decrease 32 60 Castilleja tenuiflora Benth. Plant 234 246 stomach pain Negative_phenotype 24145005 Decrease 32 60 Castilleja tenuiflora Benth. Plant 251 257 tumors Negative_phenotype 24145005_3 The aim of the present study was to evaluate the cytotoxic, anti-inflammatory and anti-ulcerogenic activities of ethyl acetate (EaE), methanol (ME) and aqueous extracts (AE) of Castilleja tenuiflora wild grown (CtW) and in vitro plants (CtIv). 24145005 60 77 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 24145005 82 98 anti-ulcerogenic Positive_phenotype 24145005 177 198 Castilleja tenuiflora Plant 24145005 211 214 CtW Plant 24145005 237 241 CtIv Plant 24145005_4 MATERIAL AND METHOD: Phytochemical analysis of the phenylethanoid glycoside (PhG) and iridoid glycoside (IG) components was carried out by chromatographic methods. 24145005_5 In vitro cytotoxic activity of the extracts was evaluated in the following four carcinoma cell lines: colon (HF-6), breast (MCF-7), prostate (PC-3), and nasopharyngeal (KB). 24145005 80 89 carcinoma Negative_phenotype 24145005 109 113 HF-6 Negative_phenotype 24145005 124 129 MCF-7 Negative_phenotype 24145005 142 146 PC-3 Negative_phenotype 24145005 169 171 KB Negative_phenotype 24145005_6 The topical anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated in mouse ear edema induced by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA). 24145005 12 29 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 24145005 62 71 ear edema Negative_phenotype 24145005_7 Anti-ulcerogenic activity was evaluated in rats using an absolute ethanol-induced acute gastric ulcer model. 24145005 0 16 Anti-ulcerogenic Positive_phenotype 24145005 82 101 acute gastric ulcer Negative_phenotype 24145005_8 RESULTS: The main compounds in the extracts were isoverbascoside, verbascoside and aucubin and their concentration depended both on the solvent used and on the plant material origin. 24145005_9 None of the extracts showed cytotoxicity against the tested cell lines. 24145005_10 In contrast, CtWEaE, CtWAE and CtIvEaE (1.6 mg/ear) showed moderate anti-inflammatory activity similar to dexamethasone (1 mg/ear) with a 38.2, 39.3 and 49.1% decrease of inflammation, respectively. 24145005 13 19 CtWEaE Plant 24145005 21 26 CtWAE Plant 24145005 31 38 CtIvEaE Plant 24145005 68 85 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 24145005 171 183 inflammation Negative_phenotype 24145005 Increase 13 19 CtWEaE Plant 68 85 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 24145005 Decrease 13 19 CtWEaE Plant 171 183 inflammation Negative_phenotype 24145005 Increase 21 26 CtWAE Plant 68 85 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 24145005 Decrease 21 26 CtWAE Plant 171 183 inflammation Negative_phenotype 24145005 Increase 31 38 CtIvEaE Plant 68 85 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 24145005 Decrease 31 38 CtIvEaE Plant 171 183 inflammation Negative_phenotype 24145005_11 CtWEaE and CtIvEaE (100 mg/kg) showed high anti-ulcerogenic activity with 88.3 and 83.1% inhibition, respectively, compared to famotidine (20 mg/kg, 32.8% inhibition). 24145005 0 6 CtWEaE Plant 24145005 11 18 CtIvEaE Plant 24145005 43 59 anti-ulcerogenic Positive_phenotype 24145005 Increase 0 6 CtWEaE Plant 43 59 anti-ulcerogenic Positive_phenotype 24145005 Increase 11 18 CtIvEaE Plant 43 59 anti-ulcerogenic Positive_phenotype 24145005_12 CONCLUSION: Castilleja tenuiflora extracts provided significant gastric protection in an acute ulcer induction model and topical anti-inflammatory activity in a mouse ear edema model. 24145005 12 33 Castilleja tenuiflora Plant 24145005 64 82 gastric protection Positive_phenotype 24145005 89 100 acute ulcer Negative_phenotype 24145005 129 146 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 24145005 167 176 ear edema Negative_phenotype 24145005 Increase 12 33 Castilleja tenuiflora Plant 64 82 gastric protection Positive_phenotype 24145005 Decrease 12 33 Castilleja tenuiflora Plant 89 100 acute ulcer Negative_phenotype 24145005 Increase 12 33 Castilleja tenuiflora Plant 129 146 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 24145005 Decrease 12 33 Castilleja tenuiflora Plant 167 176 ear edema Negative_phenotype 24145005_13 These activities are related to verbascoside and may explain the traditional use of Castilleja tenuiflora in the treatment of anti-inflammatory and gastrointestinal disorders. 24145005 84 105 Castilleja tenuiflora Plant 24145005 126 143 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 24145005 148 174 gastrointestinal disorders Negative_phenotype 24145005 Increase 84 105 Castilleja tenuiflora Plant 126 143 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 24145005 Decrease 84 105 Castilleja tenuiflora Plant 148 174 gastrointestinal disorders Negative_phenotype 24145005_14 Cultured Castilleja tenuiflora plants (in vitro) exhibited pharmacological activities and also have the potential to produce bioactive compounds. 24145005 9 30 Castilleja tenuiflora Plant 24146465_1 Cytotoxic effect of the ethanolic extract of Lophocereus schottii: a Mexican medicinal plant. 24146465 45 65 Lophocereus schottii Plant 24146465_2 Lophocereus schottii is a Mexican cactus known as garambullo whose bark is used for the treatment of cancer, diabetes, ulcers, sores, stomach disorders and tuberculosis. 24146465 0 20 Lophocereus schottii Plant 24146465 34 40 cactus Plant 24146465 101 107 cancer Negative_phenotype 24146465 109 117 diabetes Negative_phenotype 24146465 119 125 ulcers Negative_phenotype 24146465 127 132 sores Negative_phenotype 24146465 134 151 stomach disorders Negative_phenotype 24146465 156 168 tuberculosis Negative_phenotype 24146465 Decrease 0 20 Lophocereus schottii Plant 101 107 cancer Negative_phenotype 24146465 Decrease 0 20 Lophocereus schottii Plant 109 117 diabetes Negative_phenotype 24146465 Decrease 0 20 Lophocereus schottii Plant 119 125 ulcers Negative_phenotype 24146465 Decrease 0 20 Lophocereus schottii Plant 127 132 sores Negative_phenotype 24146465 Decrease 0 20 Lophocereus schottii Plant 134 151 stomach disorders Negative_phenotype 24146465 Decrease 0 20 Lophocereus schottii Plant 156 168 tuberculosis Negative_phenotype 24146465 Decrease 34 40 cactus Plant 101 107 cancer Negative_phenotype 24146465 Decrease 34 40 cactus Plant 109 117 diabetes Negative_phenotype 24146465 Decrease 34 40 cactus Plant 119 125 ulcers Negative_phenotype 24146465 Decrease 34 40 cactus Plant 127 132 sores Negative_phenotype 24146465 Decrease 34 40 cactus Plant 134 151 stomach disorders Negative_phenotype 24146465 Decrease 34 40 cactus Plant 156 168 tuberculosis Negative_phenotype 24146465_3 The aim of this study was to evaluate the cytotoxic effect of the ethanolic extract of bark of L. Schottii. 24146465 95 106 L. Schottii Plant 24146465_4 To assess these effects we established a flow of experiments in a model of BALB/c mice murine lymphoma. 24146465 94 102 lymphoma Negative_phenotype 24146465_5 We value first survival of mice inoculated with 2 * 10(4) L5178Y murine lymphoma cells, orally treated with 10 mg/Kg of the extract for 10 consecutive days; the second assessment was to determine the influence of the immune system, we carry out studies of lymphoproliferation in mice with the same conditions of the previous study, only that the treatment was for 22 days before the completion cell cultures; the third study was to establish the cytotoxic effect of extract of L. schottii using different concentrations, by murine lymphoma cell cultures and splenocytes from healthy mice and finally we assessed the effect in vivo of extract of L. Schottii in a model of solid murine lymphoma inoculating 1 * 10(7) lymphoma cells in the gastrocnemius muscle observing the development of the tumor. 24146465 15 23 survival Positive_phenotype 24146465 58 64 L5178Y Negative_phenotype 24146465 72 80 lymphoma Negative_phenotype 24146465 217 230 immune system Positive_phenotype 24146465 477 488 L. schottii Plant 24146465 531 539 lymphoma Negative_phenotype 24146465 645 656 L. Schottii Plant 24146465 684 692 lymphoma Negative_phenotype 24146465 715 723 lymphoma Negative_phenotype 24146465 791 796 tumor Negative_phenotype 24146465_6 We observed that oral treatment of 10 mg/kg of extract of L. schottii increased survival rate in treated mice; additionally, an intratumoral injection of 50 and 100 mg/kg in a solid murine lymphoma located in the gastrocnemius muscle, allowed a significantly slower tumor evolution. 24146465 58 69 L. schottii Plant 24146465 80 88 survival Positive_phenotype 24146465 189 197 lymphoma Negative_phenotype 24146465 266 271 tumor Negative_phenotype 24146465 Increase 58 69 L. schottii Plant 80 88 survival Positive_phenotype 24146465 Decrease 58 69 L. schottii Plant 189 197 lymphoma Negative_phenotype 24146465 Decrease 58 69 L. schottii Plant 266 271 tumor Negative_phenotype 24146465_7 In vitro studies determined that extract inhibited 63% of lymphoma cell growth. 24146465 58 66 lymphoma Negative_phenotype 24146465_8 With these evidences it is feasible to scientifically validate that ethanolic extract of L. schottii had an effect on L5178Y murine cells lymphoma and could have the same effect in human tumors. 24146465 89 100 L. schottii Plant 24146465 118 124 L5178Y Negative_phenotype 24146465 138 146 lymphoma Negative_phenotype 24146465 187 193 tumors Negative_phenotype 24146465 Decrease 89 100 L. schottii Plant 138 146 lymphoma Negative_phenotype 24146465 Decrease 89 100 L. schottii Plant 187 193 tumors Negative_phenotype 24146518_1 African mistletoes (Loranthaceae); ethnopharmacology, chemistry and medicinal values: an update. 24146518 8 18 mistletoes Plant 24146518_2 Mistletoes of the Loranthaceae and Viscaceae are hemiparasitic plants and their preparations in the form of injectable extracts, infusions, tinctures, fluid extracts or tea bags are widely used in various cultures in almost every continent to treat or manage various health problems including hypertension, diabetes mellitus, inflammatory conditions, irregular menstruations, menopause, epilepsy, arthritis, cancer, etc. 24146518 0 10 Mistletoes Plant 24146518 293 305 hypertension Negative_phenotype 24146518 307 324 diabetes mellitus Negative_phenotype 24146518 326 338 inflammatory Negative_phenotype 24146518 351 374 irregular menstruations Negative_phenotype 24146518 376 385 menopause Negative_phenotype 24146518 387 395 epilepsy Negative_phenotype 24146518 397 406 arthritis Negative_phenotype 24146518 408 414 cancer Negative_phenotype 24146518 Decrease 0 10 Mistletoes Plant 293 305 hypertension Negative_phenotype 24146518 Decrease 0 10 Mistletoes Plant 307 324 diabetes mellitus Negative_phenotype 24146518 Decrease 0 10 Mistletoes Plant 326 338 inflammatory Negative_phenotype 24146518 Decrease 0 10 Mistletoes Plant 351 374 irregular menstruations Negative_phenotype 24146518 Decrease 0 10 Mistletoes Plant 376 385 menopause Negative_phenotype 24146518 Decrease 0 10 Mistletoes Plant 387 395 epilepsy Negative_phenotype 24146518 Decrease 0 10 Mistletoes Plant 397 406 arthritis Negative_phenotype 24146518 Decrease 0 10 Mistletoes Plant 408 414 cancer Negative_phenotype 24146518_3 The medicinal values of some species of Mistletoes (Loranthaceae) growing in the West African sub-region have been reviewed along with some considerations of their chemistries and local uses. 24146518 40 50 Mistletoes Plant 24146518_4 These have been compared with Mistletoes (Loranthaceae and Viscaceae) growing elsewhere in Europe and Asia. 24146518 30 40 Mistletoes Plant 24146518_5 This review has attempted to update our knowledge on the values of these hemi-parasites which belong to the genera - Globimetula, Phragmanthera, Agelanthus and Tapinanthus, and which have, for years, been seen as only devastating and notorious plants. 24146518 117 128 Globimetula Plant 24146518 130 143 Phragmanthera Plant 24146518 145 155 Agelanthus Plant 24146518 160 171 Tapinanthus Plant 24146518_6 They are also seen as epiphyting economic, ornamental and medicinal plants. 24146518_7 The hemi-parasitic plants (Mistletoes) are not well understood as very little is known about their biology (taxonomy, host/plant relationship, ecology, toxicology, physiological characteristics, etc.) and chemistry (chemical constituents' profile). 24146518 27 37 Mistletoes Plant 24146518_8 Some pharmacological studies carried out on the various crude alcoholic extracts and purified fractions have, however, revealed that mistletoes showed hypotensive, hypoglycaemic, antilipidaemic, anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, etc. 24146518 133 143 mistletoes Plant 24146518 151 162 hypotensive Positive_phenotype 24146518 164 177 hypoglycaemic Positive_phenotype 24146518 179 193 antilipidaemic Positive_phenotype 24146518 195 209 anti-oxidative Positive_phenotype 24146518 211 228 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 24146518 230 243 antimicrobial Positive_phenotype 24146518 Increase 133 143 mistletoes Plant 151 162 hypotensive Positive_phenotype 24146518 Increase 133 143 mistletoes Plant 164 177 hypoglycaemic Positive_phenotype 24146518 Increase 133 143 mistletoes Plant 179 193 antilipidaemic Positive_phenotype 24146518 Increase 133 143 mistletoes Plant 195 209 anti-oxidative Positive_phenotype 24146518 Increase 133 143 mistletoes Plant 211 228 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 24146518 Increase 133 143 mistletoes Plant 230 243 antimicrobial Positive_phenotype 24146518_9 effects and were non-toxic in experimental animals at the doses used. 24146518_10 The findings showed that mistletoes can be very useful as medicinal agents in ameliorating health problems such as diabetes mellitus, hypertension, arthritis, pain, cancer and a host of other ailments if properly studied and developed. 24146518 25 35 mistletoes Plant 24146518 115 132 diabetes mellitus Negative_phenotype 24146518 134 146 hypertension Negative_phenotype 24146518 148 157 arthritis Negative_phenotype 24146518 159 163 pain Negative_phenotype 24146518 165 171 cancer Negative_phenotype 24146518 Decrease 25 35 mistletoes Plant 115 132 diabetes mellitus Negative_phenotype 24146518 Decrease 25 35 mistletoes Plant 134 146 hypertension Negative_phenotype 24146518 Decrease 25 35 mistletoes Plant 148 157 arthritis Negative_phenotype 24146518 Decrease 25 35 mistletoes Plant 159 163 pain Negative_phenotype 24146518 Decrease 25 35 mistletoes Plant 165 171 cancer Negative_phenotype 24148349_1 Effects of the green tea polyphenol epigallocatechin-3-gallate on high-fat diet-induced insulin resistance and endothelial dysfunction. 24148349 21 24 tea Plant 24148349 88 106 insulin resistance Negative_phenotype 24148349 111 134 endothelial dysfunction Negative_phenotype 24148349_2 Insulin resistance, a hallmark of metabolic disorders, is a risk factor for diabetes and cardiovascular disease. 24148349 0 18 Insulin resistance Negative_phenotype 24148349 34 53 metabolic disorders Negative_phenotype 24148349 76 84 diabetes Negative_phenotype 24148349 89 111 cardiovascular disease Negative_phenotype 24148349_3 Impairment of insulin responsiveness in vascular endothelium contributes to insulin resistance. 24148349 0 36 Impairment of insulin responsiveness Negative_phenotype 24148349 76 94 insulin resistance Negative_phenotype 24148349_4 The reciprocal relationship between insulin resistance and endothelial dysfunction augments the pathophysiology of metabolism and cardiovascular functions. 24148349 36 54 insulin resistance Negative_phenotype 24148349 59 82 endothelial dysfunction Negative_phenotype 24148349 130 154 cardiovascular functions Positive_phenotype 24148349_5 The most abundant green tea polyphenol, epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), has been shown to have vasodilator action in vessels by activation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS). 24148349 24 27 tea Plant 24148349_6 However, it is not known whether EGCG has a beneficial effect in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced endothelial dysfunction. 24148349 93 116 endothelial dysfunction Negative_phenotype 24148349_7 Male C57BL/6J mice were fed either a normal chow diet (NCD) or HFD with or without EGCG supplement (50 mg kg(-1) day(-1)) for 10 wk. 24148349_8 Mice fed a HFD with EGCG supplement gained less body weight and showed improved insulin sensitivity. 24148349 48 59 body weight Neutral_phenotype 24148349 80 99 insulin sensitivity Positive_phenotype 24148349_9 In vehicle-treated HFD mice, endothelial function was impaired in response to insulin but not to acetylcholine, whereas the EGCG-treated HFD group showed improved insulin-stimulated vasodilation. 24148349 163 194 insulin-stimulated vasodilation Positive_phenotype 24148349_10 Interestingly, EGCG intake reduced macrophage infiltration into aortic tissues in HFD mice. 24148349_11 Treatment with EGCG restored the insulin-stimulated phosphorylation of eNOS, insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1), and protein kinase B (Akt), which was inhibited by palmitate (200 M, 5 h) in primary bovine aortic endothelial cells. 24148349_12 From these results, we conclude that supplementation of EGCG improves glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity, and endothelial function. 24148349 70 87 glucose tolerance Positive_phenotype 24148349 89 108 insulin sensitivity Positive_phenotype 24148349_13 The results suggest that EGCG may have beneficial health effects in glucose metabolism and endothelial function through modulating HFD-induced inflammatory response. 24148349 143 155 inflammatory Negative_phenotype 24200497_1 An overview on traditional uses and pharmacological profile of Acorus calamus Linn. (Sweet flag) and other Acorus species. 24200497 63 83 Acorus calamus Linn. Plant 24200497 85 95 Sweet flag Plant 24200497 107 113 Acorus Plant 24200497_2 Acorus calamus (Sweet flag) has a long history of use and has numerous traditional and ethnomedicinal applications. 24200497 0 14 Acorus calamus Plant 24200497 16 26 Sweet flag Plant 24200497_3 Since ancient times, it has been used in various systems of medicines such as Ayurveda, Unani, Siddha, Chinese medicine, etc. 24200497_4 for the treatment of various aliments like nervous disorders, appetite loss, bronchitis, chest pain, colic, cramps, diarrhea, digestive disorders, flatulence, gas, indigestion, rheumatism, sedative, cough, fever, bronchitis, inflammation, depression, tumors, hemorrhoids, skin diseases, numbness, general debility and vascular disorders. 24200497 43 60 nervous disorders Negative_phenotype 24200497 62 75 appetite loss Negative_phenotype 24200497 77 87 bronchitis Negative_phenotype 24200497 89 99 chest pain Negative_phenotype 24200497 101 106 colic Negative_phenotype 24200497 108 114 cramps Negative_phenotype 24200497 116 124 diarrhea Negative_phenotype 24200497 126 145 digestive disorders Negative_phenotype 24200497 147 157 flatulence Negative_phenotype 24200497 159 162 gas Negative_phenotype 24200497 164 175 indigestion Negative_phenotype 24200497 177 187 rheumatism Negative_phenotype 24200497 189 197 sedative Positive_phenotype 24200497 199 204 cough Negative_phenotype 24200497 206 210 feve Negative_phenotype 24200497 213 223 bronchitis Negative_phenotype 24200497 225 237 inflammation Negative_phenotype 24200497 239 249 depression Negative_phenotype 24200497 251 257 tumors Negative_phenotype 24200497 259 270 hemorrhoids Negative_phenotype 24200497 272 285 skin diseases Negative_phenotype 24200497 287 295 numbness Negative_phenotype 24200497 297 313 general debility Negative_phenotype 24200497 318 336 vascular disorders Negative_phenotype 24200497_5 Various therapeutic potentials of this plant have been attributed to its rhizome. 24200497_6 A number of active constituents from leaves, rhizomes and essential oils of A. calamus have been isolated and characterized. 24200497 76 86 A. calamus Plant 24200497_7 Of the constituents, alpha and beta-asarone are the predominant bioactive components. 24200497_8 Various pharmacological activities of A. calamus rhizome such as sedative, CNS depressant, anticonvulsant, antispasmodic, cardiovascular, hypolipidemic, immunosuppressive, anti-inflammatory, cryoprotective, antioxidant, antidiarrheal, antimicrobial, anticancer and antidiabetic has been reported. 24200497 38 48 A. calamus Plant 24200497 65 73 sedative Positive_phenotype 24200497 75 89 CNS depressant Positive_phenotype 24200497 91 105 anticonvulsant Positive_phenotype 24200497 107 120 antispasmodic Positive_phenotype 24200497 122 136 cardiovascular Positive_phenotype 24200497 138 151 hypolipidemic Positive_phenotype 24200497 153 170 immunosuppressive Positive_phenotype 24200497 172 189 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 24200497 191 205 cryoprotective Positive_phenotype 24200497 207 218 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 24200497 220 233 antidiarrheal Positive_phenotype 24200497 235 248 antimicrobial Positive_phenotype 24200497 250 260 anticancer Positive_phenotype 24200497 265 277 antidiabetic Positive_phenotype 24200497 Decrease 38 48 A. calamus Plant 65 73 sedative Positive_phenotype 24200497 Decrease 38 48 A. calamus Plant 75 89 CNS depressant Positive_phenotype 24200497 Decrease 38 48 A. calamus Plant 91 105 anticonvulsant Positive_phenotype 24200497 Decrease 38 48 A. calamus Plant 107 120 antispasmodic Positive_phenotype 24200497 Decrease 38 48 A. calamus Plant 122 136 cardiovascular Positive_phenotype 24200497 Decrease 38 48 A. calamus Plant 138 151 hypolipidemic Positive_phenotype 24200497 Decrease 38 48 A. calamus Plant 153 170 immunosuppressive Positive_phenotype 24200497 Decrease 38 48 A. calamus Plant 172 189 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 24200497 Decrease 38 48 A. calamus Plant 191 205 cryoprotective Positive_phenotype 24200497 Decrease 38 48 A. calamus Plant 207 218 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 24200497 Decrease 38 48 A. calamus Plant 220 233 antidiarrheal Positive_phenotype 24200497 Decrease 38 48 A. calamus Plant 235 248 antimicrobial Positive_phenotype 24200497 Decrease 38 48 A. calamus Plant 250 260 anticancer Positive_phenotype 24200497 Decrease 38 48 A. calamus Plant 265 277 antidiabetic Positive_phenotype 24200497_9 Genotoxicity and mutagenecity of beta and alpha-asarone is reported, which limits their use at high dosage. 24200497_10 Though A. calamus has been used since ancient times, many of its uses are yet to be scientifically validated. 24200497 7 17 A. calamus Plant 24200497_11 In the present review an attempt has been made to explore traditional uses and pharmacological properties of A. calamus. 24200497 109 119 A. calamus Plant 24212077_1 Anti-inflammatory and antitumoural effects of Uncaria guianensis bark. 24212077 0 17 Anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 24212077 22 34 antitumoural Positive_phenotype 24212077 46 64 Uncaria guianensis Plant 24212077_2 ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Uncaria guianensis (Aublet) Gmell (Rubiaceae) is a medicinal plant from the jungles of South and Central America, used to treat cancer, arthritis, diabetes, and inflammation. 24212077 32 65 Uncaria guianensis (Aublet) Gmell Plant 24212077 160 166 cancer Negative_phenotype 24212077 168 177 arthritis Negative_phenotype 24212077 179 187 diabetes Negative_phenotype 24212077 193 205 inflammation Negative_phenotype 24212077 Decrease 32 65 Uncaria guianensis (Aublet) Gmell Plant 160 166 cancer Negative_phenotype 24212077 Decrease 32 65 Uncaria guianensis (Aublet) Gmell Plant 168 177 arthritis Negative_phenotype 24212077 Decrease 32 65 Uncaria guianensis (Aublet) Gmell Plant 179 187 diabetes Negative_phenotype 24212077 Decrease 32 65 Uncaria guianensis (Aublet) Gmell Plant 193 205 inflammation Negative_phenotype 24212077_3 Evaluate the anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor effects of Uncaria guianensis preparations. 24212077 13 30 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 24212077 35 45 anti-tumor Positive_phenotype 24212077 57 75 Uncaria guianensis Plant 24212077_4 MATERIALS AND METHODS: Bio-guided fractionation of a hydroethanolic extract of Uncaria guianensis was performed, evaluating the fractions and subfractions for their effect on inflammatory mediators, tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-a), interleukin 6 (IL-6) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) by ELISA and nitric oxide (NO) by the Griess reaction in cultured supernatant from RAW 264.7 macrophages stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). 24212077 79 97 Uncaria guianensis Plant 24212077_5 The expression of cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and inhibitor of kB (IkB) were investigated in RAW 264.7 macrophages by flow cytometry. 24212077_6 The activity of NF-kB in HeLa cells transfected with a luciferase reporter system was determined. 24212077 25 29 HeLa Negative_phenotype 24212077_7 The effect of Uncaria guianensis on the inflammatory response in vivo was assessed in BALB/c mice stimulated with LPS, on rat paw oedema induced by carrageenan, and on tumour growth and lung metastasis in BALB/c mice inoculated with 4T1 mammary tumour cells. 24212077 14 32 Uncaria guianensis Plant 24212077 40 52 inflammatory Negative_phenotype 24212077 126 136 paw oedema Negative_phenotype 24212077 168 174 tumour Negative_phenotype 24212077 186 201 lung metastasis Negative_phenotype 24212077 233 236 4T1 Negative_phenotype 24212077 237 251 mammary tumour Negative_phenotype 24212077_8 Immune cell infiltrates and inflammatory mediators were evaluated in the tumour by immunohistochemistry. 24212077 73 79 tumour Negative_phenotype 24212077_9 RESULTS: Sub-fraction Ug AIV inhibited, to varying degrees, NO, TNF-a, IL-6 and PGE2 production by macrophages in vitro (30 g/ml) and in the serum of LPS-challenged mice (5 mg/kg). 24212077 22 24 Ug Plant 24212077_10 Macrophage expression of Cox-2 was inhibited (35%), IkB degradation was completely inhibited and NF-kB activation was inhibited (70%) by Ug AIV at 30 g/ml. 24212077 137 139 Ug Plant 24212077_11 Ug AIV decreased paw oedema by 86% (5 mg/kg) and serum NO and TNF-a by 45% and 65% respectively. 24212077 0 2 Ug Plant 24212077 17 27 paw oedema Negative_phenotype 24212077 Decrease 0 2 Ug Plant 17 27 paw oedema Negative_phenotype 24212077_12 Ug AIV reduced 4T1 mammary tumour growth by 91% on day 33 post-inoculation as well as the levels of serum NO, IL-6 and TNF-a in the same animals. 24212077 0 2 Ug Plant 24212077 15 18 4T1 Negative_phenotype 24212077 19 33 mammary tumour Negative_phenotype 24212077 Decrease 0 2 Ug Plant 15 18 4T1 Negative_phenotype 24212077 Decrease 0 2 Ug Plant 19 33 mammary tumour Negative_phenotype 24212077_13 Ug AIV decreased the number of tumour-infiltrating T lymphocytes, macrophages and neutrophils as well as the number of cells positive for COX-2, iNOS, IL-6, TNF-a and p65. 24212077 0 2 Ug Plant 24212077_14 CONCLUSIONS: As Ug AIV was not cytotoxic for tumour cells or macrophages, its anti-tumour effect may be due to a reduction in pro-tumoural inflammatory processes in the tumour microenvironment, possibly mediated through NF-kB. 24212077 16 18 Ug Plant 24212077 45 51 tumour Negative_phenotype 24212077 78 89 anti-tumour Positive_phenotype 24212077 126 151 pro-tumoural inflammatory Negative_phenotype 24212077 169 175 tumour Negative_phenotype 24212077 Increase 16 18 Ug Plant 78 89 anti-tumour Positive_phenotype 24212077 Decrease 16 18 Ug Plant 126 151 pro-tumoural inflammatory Negative_phenotype 24212077 Decrease 16 18 Ug Plant 169 175 tumour Negative_phenotype 24252297_1 Inhibitory effects of Juglans mandshurica leaf on allergic dermatitis-like skin lesions-induced by 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene in mice. 24252297 22 41 Juglans mandshurica Plant 24252297 50 87 allergic dermatitis-like skin lesions Negative_phenotype 24252297_2 Allergic dermatitis among common skin diseases is a chronic and recurrent inflammatory skin disorder caused by genetic, environmental, allergens as well as microbial factors. 24252297 0 19 Allergic dermatitis Negative_phenotype 24252297 33 46 skin diseases Negative_phenotype 24252297 52 100 chronic and recurrent inflammatory skin disorder Negative_phenotype 24252297_3 Allergic dermatitis patients clinically present skin erythematous plaques, eruption, elevated serum immunoglobulin E (IgE) and T helper cell type 2 (Th2) cytokine levels. 24252297 0 19 Allergic dermatitis Negative_phenotype 24252297 48 73 skin erythematous plaques Negative_phenotype 24252297 75 83 eruption Negative_phenotype 24252297_4 The leaf of walnut tree Juglans mandshurica Maxim (JM) is consumed food and traditional phytomedicine in Asia, China, Siberia and Korea. 24252297 12 23 walnut tree Plant 24252297 24 49 Juglans mandshurica Maxim Plant 24252297 51 53 JM Plant 24252297_5 JM has been reported to have various pharmacological activities, such as anti-tumor, anti-oxidative, and anti-bacterial effects. 24252297 0 2 JM Plant 24252297 73 83 anti-tumor Positive_phenotype 24252297 85 99 anti-oxidative Positive_phenotype 24252297 105 119 anti-bacterial Positive_phenotype 24252297 Increase 0 2 JM Plant 73 83 anti-tumor Positive_phenotype 24252297 Increase 0 2 JM Plant 85 99 anti-oxidative Positive_phenotype 24252297 Increase 0 2 JM Plant 105 119 anti-bacterial Positive_phenotype 24252297_6 However, no study of the inhibitory effects of JM on allergic dermatitis has been reported. 24252297 47 49 JM Plant 24252297 53 72 allergic dermatitis Negative_phenotype 24252297_7 Here, we demonstrated the effect of JM against 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene-induced allergic dermatitis-like skin lesions. 24252297 36 38 JM Plant 24252297 80 117 allergic dermatitis-like skin lesions Negative_phenotype 24252297 Decrease 36 38 JM Plant 80 117 allergic dermatitis-like skin lesions Negative_phenotype 24252297_8 0.5% JM or 1% dexamethasone (positive control) applied to the dorsal skin inhibited development of allergic dermatitis-like skin lesions and scratching behavior. 24252297 5 7 JM Plant 24252297 99 136 allergic dermatitis-like skin lesions Negative_phenotype 24252297 141 160 scratching behavior Negative_phenotype 24252297 Decrease 5 7 JM Plant 99 136 allergic dermatitis-like skin lesions Negative_phenotype 24252297 Decrease 5 7 JM Plant 141 160 scratching behavior Negative_phenotype 24252297_9 Moreover, the Th2-mediated inflammatory cytokines IgE, tumor necrosis factor-a, interleukin (IL)-1, and IL-13, were significantly reduced by JM treatment. 24252297 141 143 JM Plant 24252297_10 Thus JM can inhibit development of allergic dermatitis-like skin lesions in mice by regulating immune mediators, and may be an effective alternative therapy for allergic dermatitis. 24252297 5 7 JM Plant 24252297 35 72 allergic dermatitis-like skin lesions Negative_phenotype 24252297 161 180 allergic dermatitis Negative_phenotype 24252297 Decrease 5 7 JM Plant 35 72 allergic dermatitis-like skin lesions Negative_phenotype 24252297 Decrease 5 7 JM Plant 161 180 allergic dermatitis Negative_phenotype 24282433_1 Cortex Moutan Induces Bladder Cancer Cell Death via Apoptosis and Retards Tumor Growth in Mouse Bladders. 24282433 0 13 Cortex Moutan Plant 24282433 22 36 Bladder Cancer Negative_phenotype 24282433 74 86 Tumor Growth Negative_phenotype 24282433 Increase 0 13 Cortex Moutan Plant 22 36 Bladder Cancer Negative_phenotype 24282433 Decrease 0 13 Cortex Moutan Plant 74 86 Tumor Growth Negative_phenotype 24282433_2 Cortex Moutan is the root bark of Paeonia suffruticosa Andr. 24282433 0 13 Cortex Moutan Plant 24282433 34 60 Paeonia suffruticosa Andr. Plant 24282433_3 It is the herbal medicine widely used in Traditional Chinese Medicine for the treatment of blood-heat and blood-stasis syndrome. 24282433 91 101 blood-heat Negative_phenotype 24282433 106 127 blood-stasis syndrome Negative_phenotype 24282433_4 Furthermore, it has been reported that Cortex Moutan has anticancer effect. 24282433 39 52 Cortex Moutan Plant 24282433 57 67 anticancer Positive_phenotype 24282433 Increase 39 52 Cortex Moutan Plant 57 67 anticancer Positive_phenotype 24282433_5 In this study, the Cortex Moutan extract was evaluated in bladder cancer therapy in vitro and in vivo. 24282433 19 32 Cortex Moutan Plant 24282433 58 72 bladder cancer Negative_phenotype 24282433_6 Cortex Moutan extract reduces cell viability with IC50 between 1~2 mg/ml in bladder cancer cells, and it has lower cytotoxicity in normal urotheliums. 24282433 0 13 Cortex Moutan Plant 24282433 78 92 bladder cancer Negative_phenotype 24282433 Decrease 0 13 Cortex Moutan Plant 78 92 bladder cancer Negative_phenotype 24282433_7 It arrests cells in G1 and S phase and causes phosphatidylserine expression in the outside of cell membrane. 24282433_8 It induces caspase-8 and caspase-3 activation and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase degradation. 24282433_9 The pan caspase inhibitor z-VAD-fmk reverses Cortex Moutan-induced cell death. 24282433 45 58 Cortex Moutan Plant 24282433_10 Cortex Moutan also inhibits cell invasion activity in 5637 cells. 24282433 0 13 Cortex Moutan Plant 24282433 54 58 5637 Negative_phenotype 24282433 Decrease 0 13 Cortex Moutan Plant 54 58 5637 Negative_phenotype 24282433_11 In mouse orthotopic bladder cancer model, intravesical application of Cortex Moutan decreases the bladder tumor size without altering the blood biochemical parameters. 24282433 20 34 bladder cancer Negative_phenotype 24282433 70 83 Cortex Moutan Plant 24282433 98 111 bladder tumor Negative_phenotype 24282433 Decrease 20 34 bladder cancer Negative_phenotype 70 83 Cortex Moutan Plant 24282433 Decrease 70 83 Cortex Moutan Plant 98 111 bladder tumor Negative_phenotype 24282433_12 In summary, these results demonstrate the antiproliferation and anti-invasion properties of Cortex Moutan in bladder cancer cells and its antibladder tumor effect in vivo. 24282433 42 59 antiproliferation Positive_phenotype 24282433 64 77 anti-invasion Positive_phenotype 24282433 92 105 Cortex Moutan Plant 24282433 109 123 bladder cancer Negative_phenotype 24282433 138 155 antibladder tumor Positive_phenotype 24282433 Increase 42 59 antiproliferation Positive_phenotype 92 105 Cortex Moutan Plant 24282433 Increase 64 77 anti-invasion Positive_phenotype 92 105 Cortex Moutan Plant 24282433 Decrease 92 105 Cortex Moutan Plant 109 123 bladder cancer Negative_phenotype 24282433 Increase 92 105 Cortex Moutan Plant 138 155 antibladder tumor Positive_phenotype 24282433_13 Cortex Moutan may provide an alternative therapeutic strategy for the intravesical therapy of superficial bladder cancer. 24282433 0 13 Cortex Moutan Plant 24282433 106 120 bladder cancer Negative_phenotype 24282433 Increase 0 13 Cortex Moutan Plant 106 120 bladder cancer Negative_phenotype 24311865_1 A study on the inhibitory effect of Solanum lyratum Thunb extract on Lewis lung carcinoma lines. 24311865 36 57 Solanum lyratum Thunb Plant 24311865 69 89 Lewis lung carcinoma Negative_phenotype 24311865_2 The objective of this paper was to observe the effects of Solanum lyratum Thunb extract on tumour inhibition, immune function and survival time of tumour-bearing mice. 24311865 58 79 Solanum lyratum Thunb Plant 24311865 91 97 tumour Negative_phenotype 24311865 110 125 immune function Positive_phenotype 24311865 130 138 survival Positive_phenotype 24311865 147 153 tumour Negative_phenotype 24311865_3 Lung carcinoma-bearing mouse model was established, the tumour-bearing mice were divided into model group, CTX group, Solanum lyratum Thunb extract high-dose group and low-dose group. 24311865 0 14 Lung carcinoma Negative_phenotype 24311865 56 62 tumour Negative_phenotype 24311865 118 139 Solanum lyratum Thunb Plant 24311865_4 By the examination of tumour inhibition rate of Solanum lyratum Thunb extract in Lewis lung carcinoma-bearing mice and determination of the number of NK cells and T cell subsets, the survival rate of tumour-bearing mice was observed. 24311865 22 28 tumour Negative_phenotype 24311865 48 69 Solanum lyratum Thunb Plant 24311865 81 101 Lewis lung carcinoma Negative_phenotype 24311865 183 191 survival Positive_phenotype 24311865 200 206 tumour Negative_phenotype 24311865_5 Solanum lyratum Thunb extract had some anti-tumour effect in Lewis tumour-bearing mice. 24311865 0 21 Solanum lyratum Thunb Plant 24311865 39 50 anti-tumour Positive_phenotype 24311865 61 73 Lewis tumour Negative_phenotype 24311865 Increase 0 21 Solanum lyratum Thunb Plant 39 50 anti-tumour Positive_phenotype 24311865 Decrease 0 21 Solanum lyratum Thunb Plant 61 73 Lewis tumour Negative_phenotype 24311865_6 The tumour inhibition rate of high-dose group reached 46.28%, and the tumour inhibition rate of low-dose group was 31.42%. 24311865 4 10 tumour Negative_phenotype 24311865 70 76 tumour Negative_phenotype 24311865_7 Solanum lyratum Thunb extract can improve the NK cell activity of Lewis tumour-bearing mice, increase the number of CD4 cells in the tumour-bearing mice, and significantly increase the survival rate of tumour-bearing mice. 24311865 0 21 Solanum lyratum Thunb Plant 24311865 66 78 Lewis tumour Negative_phenotype 24311865 133 139 tumour Negative_phenotype 24311865 185 193 survival Positive_phenotype 24311865 202 208 tumour Negative_phenotype 24311865 Decrease 0 21 Solanum lyratum Thunb Plant 66 78 Lewis tumour Negative_phenotype 24311865 Decrease 0 21 Solanum lyratum Thunb Plant 133 139 tumour Negative_phenotype 24311865 Increase 0 21 Solanum lyratum Thunb Plant 185 193 survival Positive_phenotype 24311865 Decrease 0 21 Solanum lyratum Thunb Plant 202 208 tumour Negative_phenotype 24311865_8 The study concluded that Solanum lyratum Thunb extract has some anti-tumour effect and can improve immune function and survival rate of tumour-bearing mice. 24311865 25 46 Solanum lyratum Thunb Plant 24311865 64 75 anti-tumour Positive_phenotype 24311865 99 114 immune function Positive_phenotype 24311865 119 127 survival Positive_phenotype 24311865 136 142 tumour Negative_phenotype 24311865 Increase 25 46 Solanum lyratum Thunb Plant 64 75 anti-tumour Positive_phenotype 24311865 Increase 25 46 Solanum lyratum Thunb Plant 99 114 immune function Positive_phenotype 24311865 Increase 25 46 Solanum lyratum Thunb Plant 119 127 survival Positive_phenotype 24311865 Decrease 25 46 Solanum lyratum Thunb Plant 136 142 tumour Negative_phenotype 24312343_1 Extracts of Rhizoma polygonati odorati prevent high-fat diet-induced metabolic disorders in C57BL/6 mice. 24312343 20 38 polygonati odorati Plant 24312343 69 88 metabolic disorders Negative_phenotype 24312343 Decrease 20 38 polygonati odorati Plant 69 88 metabolic disorders Negative_phenotype 24312343_2 Polygonatum odoratum (Mill.) Druce belongs to the genus Polygonatum family of plants. 24312343 0 34 Polygonatum odoratum (Mill.) Druce Plant 24312343_3 In traditional Chinese medicine, the root of Polygonatum odoratum, Rhizoma Polygonati Odorati, is used both for food and medicine to prevent and treat metabolic disorders such as hyperlipidemia, hyperglycemia, obesity and cardiovascular disease. 24312343 45 65 Polygonatum odoratum Plant 24312343 75 93 Polygonati Odorati Plant 24312343 151 170 metabolic disorders Negative_phenotype 24312343 179 193 hyperlipidemia Negative_phenotype 24312343 195 208 hyperglycemia Negative_phenotype 24312343 210 217 obesity Negative_phenotype 24312343 222 244 cardiovascular disease Negative_phenotype 24312343 Decrease 45 65 Polygonatum odoratum Plant 151 170 metabolic disorders Negative_phenotype 24312343 Decrease 45 65 Polygonatum odoratum Plant 179 193 hyperlipidemia Negative_phenotype 24312343 Decrease 45 65 Polygonatum odoratum Plant 195 208 hyperglycemia Negative_phenotype 24312343 Decrease 45 65 Polygonatum odoratum Plant 210 217 obesity Negative_phenotype 24312343 Decrease 45 65 Polygonatum odoratum Plant 222 244 cardiovascular disease Negative_phenotype 24312343 Decrease 75 93 Polygonati Odorati Plant 151 170 metabolic disorders Negative_phenotype 24312343 Decrease 75 93 Polygonati Odorati Plant 179 193 hyperlipidemia Negative_phenotype 24312343 Decrease 75 93 Polygonati Odorati Plant 195 208 hyperglycemia Negative_phenotype 24312343 Decrease 75 93 Polygonati Odorati Plant 210 217 obesity Negative_phenotype 24312343 Decrease 75 93 Polygonati Odorati Plant 222 244 cardiovascular disease Negative_phenotype 24312343_4 However, there is no solid experimental evidence to support these applications, and the underlying mechanism is also needed to be elucidated. 24312343_5 Here, we examined the effect of the extract of Rhizoma Polygonati Odorati (ER) on metabolic disorders in diet-induced C57BL/6 obese mice. 24312343 55 73 Polygonati Odorati Plant 24312343 75 77 ER Plant 24312343 82 101 metabolic disorders Negative_phenotype 24312343 126 131 obese Negative_phenotype 24312343_6 In the preventive experiment, the ER blocked body weight gain, and lowered serum total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG) and fasting blood glucose, improved glucose tolerance test (GTT) and insulin tolerance test (ITT), reduced the levels of serum insulin and leptin, and increased serum adiponectin levels in mice fed with a high-fat diet significantly. 24312343 34 36 ER Plant 24312343 45 56 body weight Neutral_phenotype 24312343 75 98 serum total cholesterol Neutral_phenotype 24312343 100 102 TC Neutral_phenotype 24312343 105 117 triglyceride Neutral_phenotype 24312343 119 121 TG Neutral_phenotype 24312343 127 148 fasting blood glucose Neutral_phenotype 24312343 159 176 glucose tolerance Positive_phenotype 24312343 192 209 insulin tolerance Positive_phenotype 24312343 234 268 levels of serum insulin and leptin Neutral_phenotype 24312343 284 308 serum adiponectin levels Neutral_phenotype 24312343 Decrease 34 36 ER Plant 45 56 body weight Neutral_phenotype 24312343 Decrease 34 36 ER Plant 75 98 serum total cholesterol Neutral_phenotype 24312343 Decrease 34 36 ER Plant 100 102 TC Neutral_phenotype 24312343 Decrease 34 36 ER Plant 105 117 triglyceride Neutral_phenotype 24312343 Decrease 34 36 ER Plant 119 121 TG Neutral_phenotype 24312343 Decrease 34 36 ER Plant 127 148 fasting blood glucose Neutral_phenotype 24312343 Increase 34 36 ER Plant 159 176 glucose tolerance Positive_phenotype 24312343 Increase 34 36 ER Plant 192 209 insulin tolerance Positive_phenotype 24312343 Decrease 34 36 ER Plant 234 268 levels of serum insulin and leptin Neutral_phenotype 24312343 Increase 34 36 ER Plant 284 308 serum adiponectin levels Neutral_phenotype 24312343_7 In the therapeutic study, we induced obesity in the mice and treated the obese mice with ER for two weeks. 24312343 37 44 obesity Negative_phenotype 24312343 73 78 obese Negative_phenotype 24312343 89 91 ER Plant 24312343_8 We found that ER treatments reduced serum TG and fasting blood glucose, and improved glucose tolerance in the mice. 24312343 14 16 ER Plant 24312343 36 44 serum TG Neutral_phenotype 24312343 49 70 fasting blood glucose Neutral_phenotype 24312343 85 102 glucose tolerance Positive_phenotype 24312343 Decrease 14 16 ER Plant 36 44 serum TG Neutral_phenotype 24312343 Decrease 14 16 ER Plant 49 70 fasting blood glucose Neutral_phenotype 24312343 Increase 14 16 ER Plant 85 102 glucose tolerance Positive_phenotype 24312343_9 Gene expression analysis showed that ER increased the mRNA levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR) y and a and their downstream target genes in mice livers, adipose tissues and HepG2 cells. 24312343 37 39 ER Plant 24312343 198 203 HepG2 Negative_phenotype 24312343 Association 37 39 ER Plant 198 203 HepG2 Negative_phenotype 24312343_10 Our data suggest that ER ameliorates metabolic disorders and enhances the mRNA expression of PPARs in obese C57BL/6 mice induced by high-fat diet. 24312343 22 24 ER Plant 24312343 37 56 metabolic disorders Negative_phenotype 24312343 102 107 obese Negative_phenotype 24312343 Decrease 22 24 ER Plant 37 56 metabolic disorders Negative_phenotype 24312343 Decrease 22 24 ER Plant 102 107 obese Negative_phenotype 24348799_1 In vitro studies on the cytotoxicity, and elastase and tyrosinase inhibitory activities of marigold (Tagetes erecta L.) flower extracts. 24348799 91 99 marigold Plant 24348799 101 118 Tagetes erecta L. Plant 24348799_2 Marigold (Tagetes erecta L.) has long been used as a medicinal herb for a number of therapeutic activities. 24348799 0 8 Marigold Plant 24348799 10 27 Tagetes erecta L. Plant 24348799_3 In the present study, the cytotoxicities of ethanol and ethyl acetate extracts of marigold flowers and their inhibitory effects on elastase and tyrosinase enzymes were investigated. 24348799 82 90 marigold Plant 24348799_4 An MTT assay was performed to measure the cytotoxicity of these two extracts on the H460 lung cancer and the Caco-2 colon cancer cell lines. 24348799 84 88 H460 Negative_phenotype 24348799 89 100 lung cancer Negative_phenotype 24348799 109 115 Caco-2 Negative_phenotype 24348799 116 128 colon cancer Negative_phenotype 24348799_5 An elastase assay kit, based on the digestion of a non-fluorescent elastin substrate to highly fluorescent fragments by elastase, was used for the elastase inhibition assay. 24348799_6 Tyrosinase inhibition activity was investigated using the dopachrome method with L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) as a substrate. 24348799_7 The data obtained in this study demonstrated that the extracts were nontoxic to H460 and Caco-2 cell lines. 24348799 80 84 H460 Negative_phenotype 24348799 89 95 Caco-2 Negative_phenotype 24348799_8 The elastase inhibition activities of ethanol (250 g/ml) and ethyl acetate (125 g/ml) extracts were found to be significantly higher than that of the negative control. 24348799_9 The tyrosinase inhibition activities of ethanol and ethyl acetate extracts, in terms of the mean inhibition concentration (IC50), were 1,078 and 1,467 g/ml, respectively. 24348799_10 To the best of our knowledge, the present study has demonstrated for the first time that marigold flower extracts possess tyrosinase inhibition activity. 24348799 89 97 marigold Plant 24348799_11 The activities of ethanol and ethyl acetate extracts of marigold flowers were investigated in vitro and indicated that these extracts possess useful properties that may be of interest for cosmetic development. 24348799 56 64 marigold Plant 24358329_1 Momordica charantia (Bitter Melon) reduces obesity-associated macrophage and mast cell infiltration as well as inflammatory cytokine expression in adipose tissues. 24358329 0 19 Momordica charantia Plant 24358329 21 33 Bitter Melon Plant 24358329 43 99 obesity-associated macrophage and mast cell infiltration Negative_phenotype 24358329 147 162 adipose tissues Negative_phenotype 24358329 Decrease 0 19 Momordica charantia Plant 43 99 obesity-associated macrophage and mast cell infiltration Negative_phenotype 24358329 Decrease 21 33 Bitter Melon Plant 43 99 obesity-associated macrophage and mast cell infiltration Negative_phenotype 24358329_2 Obesity is a world-wide epidemic disease that correlates closely with type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. 24358329 0 7 Obesity Negative_phenotype 24358329 24 40 epidemic disease Negative_phenotype 24358329 70 85 type 2 diabetes Negative_phenotype 24358329 90 113 cardiovascular diseases Negative_phenotype 24358329_3 Obesity-induced chronic adipose tissue inflammation is now considered as a critical contributor to the above complications. 24358329 0 51 Obesity-induced chronic adipose tissue inflammation Negative_phenotype 24358329_4 Momordica charantia (bitter melon, BM) is a traditional Chinese food and well known for its function of reducing body weight gain and insulin resistance. 24358329 0 19 Momordica charantia Plant 24358329 21 33 bitter melon Plant 24358329 35 37 BM Plant 24358329 113 124 body weight Neutral_phenotype 24358329 134 152 insulin resistance Negative_phenotype 24358329 Decrease 0 19 Momordica charantia Plant 113 124 body weight Neutral_phenotype 24358329 Decrease 0 19 Momordica charantia Plant 134 152 insulin resistance Negative_phenotype 24358329 Decrease 21 33 bitter melon Plant 113 124 body weight Neutral_phenotype 24358329 Decrease 21 33 bitter melon Plant 134 152 insulin resistance Negative_phenotype 24358329 Decrease 35 37 BM Plant 113 124 body weight Neutral_phenotype 24358329 Decrease 35 37 BM Plant 134 152 insulin resistance Negative_phenotype 24358329_5 However, it is unclear whether BM could alleviate adipose tissue inflammation caused by obesity. 24358329 31 33 BM Plant 24358329 50 95 adipose tissue inflammation caused by obesity Negative_phenotype 24358329_6 In this study, C57BL/6 mice were fed high fat diet (HFD) with or without BM for 12 weeks. 24358329 73 75 BM Plant 24358329_7 BM-contained diets ameliorated HFD-induced obesity and insulin resistance. 24358329 0 2 BM Plant 24358329 43 50 obesity Negative_phenotype 24358329 55 73 insulin resistance Negative_phenotype 24358329 Decrease 0 2 BM Plant 43 50 obesity Negative_phenotype 24358329 Decrease 0 2 BM Plant 55 73 insulin resistance Negative_phenotype 24358329_8 Histological and real-time PCR analysis demonstrated BM not only reduced macrophage infiltration into epididymal adipose tissues (EAT) and brown adipose tissues (BAT). 24358329 53 55 BM Plant 24358329 73 96 macrophage infiltration Negative_phenotype 24358329 102 128 epididymal adipose tissues Negative_phenotype 24358329 130 133 EAT Negative_phenotype 24358329 139 160 brown adipose tissues Negative_phenotype 24358329 162 165 BAT Negative_phenotype 24358329 Decrease 53 55 BM Plant 102 128 epididymal adipose tissues Negative_phenotype 24358329 Decrease 53 55 BM Plant 130 133 EAT Negative_phenotype 24358329 Decrease 53 55 BM Plant 139 160 brown adipose tissues Negative_phenotype 24358329 Decrease 53 55 BM Plant 162 165 BAT Negative_phenotype 24358329_9 Flow cytometry show that BM could modify the M1/M2 phenotype ratio of macrophages in EAT. 24358329 25 27 BM Plant 24358329 85 88 EAT Negative_phenotype 24358329_10 Further study showed that BM lowered mast cell recruitments in EAT, and depressed pro-inflammatory cytokine monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) expression in EAT and BAT as well as interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-a) expression in EAT. 24358329 26 28 BM Plant 24358329 63 66 EAT Negative_phenotype 24358329 161 164 EAT Negative_phenotype 24358329 169 172 BAT Negative_phenotype 24358329 255 258 EAT Negative_phenotype 24358329 Decrease 26 28 BM Plant 63 66 EAT Negative_phenotype 24358329 Decrease 26 28 BM Plant 161 164 EAT Negative_phenotype 24358329 Decrease 26 28 BM Plant 169 172 BAT Negative_phenotype 24358329_11 Finally, ELISA analysis showed BM-contained diets also normalized serum levels of the cytokines. 24358329 31 33 BM Plant 24358329_12 In summary, in concert with ameliorated insulin resistance and fat deposition, BM reduced adipose tissue inflammation in diet-induced obese (DIO) mice. 24358329 40 58 insulin resistance Negative_phenotype 24358329 63 77 fat deposition Negative_phenotype 24358329 79 81 BM Plant 24358329 90 139 adipose tissue inflammation in diet-induced obese Negative_phenotype 24358329 141 144 DIO Negative_phenotype 24358329 Decrease 40 58 insulin resistance Negative_phenotype 79 81 BM Plant 24358329 Decrease 63 77 fat deposition Negative_phenotype 79 81 BM Plant 24358329 Decrease 79 81 BM Plant 90 139 adipose tissue inflammation in diet-induced obese Negative_phenotype 24358329 Decrease 79 81 BM Plant 141 144 DIO Negative_phenotype 24374864_1 Ice plant (Mesembryanthemum crystallinum) improves hyperglycaemia and memory impairments in a Wistar rat model of streptozotocin-induced diabetes. 24374864 0 9 Ice plant Plant 24374864 11 40 Mesembryanthemum crystallinum Plant 24374864 51 65 hyperglycaemia Negative_phenotype 24374864 70 88 memory impairments Negative_phenotype 24374864 137 145 diabetes Negative_phenotype 24374864 Decrease 0 9 Ice plant Plant 51 65 hyperglycaemia Negative_phenotype 24374864 Decrease 0 9 Ice plant Plant 70 88 memory impairments Negative_phenotype 24374864 Decrease 0 9 Ice plant Plant 137 145 diabetes Negative_phenotype 24374864 Decrease 11 40 Mesembryanthemum crystallinum Plant 137 145 diabetes Negative_phenotype 24374864_2 BACKGROUND: Ice plant (Mesembryanthemum crystallinum) has been used as an anti-diabetic agent in Japan because it contains d-pinitol. 24374864 12 21 Ice plant Plant 24374864 23 52 Mesembryanthemum crystallinum Plant 24374864 74 87 anti-diabetic Positive_phenotype 24374864 Increase 12 21 Ice plant Plant 74 87 anti-diabetic Positive_phenotype 24374864 Increase 23 52 Mesembryanthemum crystallinum Plant 74 87 anti-diabetic Positive_phenotype 24374864_3 The efficacy of ice plant in the regulation of blood glucose is unclear at present. 24374864 16 25 ice plant Plant 24374864 47 60 blood glucose Neutral_phenotype 24374864_4 Recently, memory impairment and development of Alzheimer's disease found in diabetic patients are thought to be caused by high blood glucose. 24374864 10 27 memory impairment Negative_phenotype 24374864 47 66 Alzheimer's disease Negative_phenotype 24374864 76 84 diabetic Negative_phenotype 24374864 122 140 high blood glucose Negative_phenotype 24374864_5 The mechanism by which ice plant protects against the impairment of memory and learning abilities caused by high blood glucose remains unclear. 24374864 23 32 ice plant Plant 24374864 54 97 impairment of memory and learning abilities Negative_phenotype 24374864 108 126 high blood glucose Negative_phenotype 24374864 Decrease 23 32 ice plant Plant 54 97 impairment of memory and learning abilities Negative_phenotype 24374864_6 The aim of this study was to evaluate the protection of ice plant water extracts (IPE) and D-pinitol against memory impairments in a Wistar rat model of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes. 24374864 56 65 ice plant Plant 24374864 82 85 IPE Plant 24374864 109 127 memory impairments Negative_phenotype 24374864 182 190 diabetes Negative_phenotype 24374864_7 We hypothesised that IPE and D-pinitol could suppress blood glucose and elevate insulin sensitivity in these rats. 24374864 21 24 IPE Plant 24374864 54 67 blood glucose Neutral_phenotype 24374864 80 99 insulin sensitivity Positive_phenotype 24374864_8 RESULTS: For memory evaluation, IPE and D-pinitol also improved the passive avoidance task and the working memory task. 24374864 32 35 IPE Plant 24374864 68 85 passive avoidance Positive_phenotype 24374864 99 113 working memory Positive_phenotype 24374864 Increase 32 35 IPE Plant 68 85 passive avoidance Positive_phenotype 24374864 Increase 32 35 IPE Plant 99 113 working memory Positive_phenotype 24374864_9 In addition, inhibition of acetylcholinesterase activity in hippocampus and cortex was found in this rat model administered IPE or D-pinitol. 24374864 124 127 IPE Plant 24374864_10 IPE and D-pinitol also markedly elevated superoxide dismutase activity against oxidative stress and reduced malondialdehyde production in hippocampus and cortex of the rats. 24374864 0 3 IPE Plant 24374864 79 95 oxidative stress Negative_phenotype 24374864 Decrease 0 3 IPE Plant 79 95 oxidative stress Negative_phenotype 24374864_11 CONCLUSION: These findings indicated that IPE and D-pinitol possess beneficial effects for neural protection and memory ability in a rat model of diabetes. 24374864 42 45 IPE Plant 24374864 91 108 neural protection Positive_phenotype 24374864 113 127 memory ability Positive_phenotype 24374864 146 154 diabetes Negative_phenotype 24374864 Increase 42 45 IPE Plant 91 108 neural protection Positive_phenotype 24374864 Increase 42 45 IPE Plant 113 127 memory ability Positive_phenotype 24374864 Decrease 42 45 IPE Plant 146 154 diabetes Negative_phenotype 24395280_1 Novel effects of Rosa damascena extract on memory and neurogenesis in a rat model of Alzheimer's disease. 24395280 17 31 Rosa damascena Plant 24395280 43 49 memory Positive_phenotype 24395280 54 66 neurogenesis Positive_phenotype 24395280 85 104 Alzheimer's disease Negative_phenotype 24395280_2 The number of older people who are suffering from memory impairment is increasing among populations throughout the world. 24395280 50 67 memory impairment Negative_phenotype 24395280_3 Alzheimer's disease (AD) affects about 5% of people over 65 years old. 24395280 0 19 Alzheimer's disease Negative_phenotype 24395280 21 23 AD Negative_phenotype 24395280_4 The hippocampus, a brain area critical for learning and memory, is especially vulnerable to damage in the early stages of AD. 24395280 43 51 learning Positive_phenotype 24395280 56 62 memory Positive_phenotype 24395280 122 124 AD Negative_phenotype 24395280_5 Emerging evidence suggests that loss of neurons and synapses are correlated with dementia in this devastating disease. 24395280 32 60 loss of neurons and synapses Negative_phenotype 24395280 81 89 dementia Negative_phenotype 24395280_6 Therefore, neurogenesis and synaptogenesis in adulthood could serve as a preventive as well as a therapeutic target for AD. 24395280 11 23 neurogenesis Positive_phenotype 24395280 28 42 synaptogenesis Positive_phenotype 24395280 120 122 AD Negative_phenotype 24395280_7 This study investigated the effect of Rosa damascena extract on neurogenesis and synaptogenesis in an animal model of AD. 24395280 38 52 Rosa damascena Plant 24395280 64 76 neurogenesis Positive_phenotype 24395280 81 95 synaptogenesis Positive_phenotype 24395280 118 120 AD Negative_phenotype 24395280_8 Molecular, cellular, and behavioral experiments revealed that this treatment could induce neurogenesis and synaptic plasticity and improve memory in AD. 24395280 90 102 neurogenesis Positive_phenotype 24395280 107 126 synaptic plasticity Positive_phenotype 24395280 139 151 memory in AD Negative_phenotype 24395280_9 Our study suggests that R. damascena is a promising treatment for mild memory impairments and AD. 24395280 24 36 R. damascena Plant 24395280 66 89 mild memory impairments Negative_phenotype 24395280 94 96 AD Negative_phenotype 24395280 Decrease 24 36 R. damascena Plant 66 89 mild memory impairments Negative_phenotype 24395280 Decrease 24 36 R. damascena Plant 94 96 AD Negative_phenotype 24402150_1 Aspidosperma (Apocynaceae) plant cytotoxicity and activity towards malaria parasites. 24402150 0 12 Aspidosperma Plant 24402150 67 84 malaria parasites Negative_phenotype 24402150_2 Part I: Aspidosperma nitidum (Benth) used as a remedy to treat fever and malaria in the Amazon. 24402150 8 36 Aspidosperma nitidum (Benth) Plant 24402150 63 68 fever Negative_phenotype 24402150 73 80 malaria Negative_phenotype 24402150 Decrease 8 36 Aspidosperma nitidum (Benth) Plant 63 68 fever Negative_phenotype 24402150 Decrease 8 36 Aspidosperma nitidum (Benth) Plant 73 80 malaria Negative_phenotype 24402150_3 Infusions of Aspidosperma nitidum (Apocynaceae) wood bark are used to treat fever and malaria in the Amazon Region. 24402150 13 33 Aspidosperma nitidum Plant 24402150 76 81 fever Negative_phenotype 24402150 86 93 malaria Negative_phenotype 24402150 Decrease 13 33 Aspidosperma nitidum Plant 76 81 fever Negative_phenotype 24402150 Decrease 13 33 Aspidosperma nitidum Plant 86 93 malaria Negative_phenotype 24402150_4 Several species of this family are known to possess indole alkaloids and other classes of secondary metabolites, whereas terpenoids, an inositol and the indole alkaloids harmane-3 acid and braznitidumine have been described in A. nitidum . 24402150 227 237 A. nitidum Plant 24402150_5 In the present study, extracts from the wood bark, leaves and branches of this species were prepared for assays against malaria parasites and cytotoxicity testing using human hepatoma and normal monkey kidney cells. 24402150 120 137 malaria parasites Negative_phenotype 24402150 175 183 hepatoma Negative_phenotype 24402150_6 The wood bark extracts were active against Plasmodium falciparum and showed a low cytotoxicity in vitro, whereas the leaf and branch extracts and the pure alkaloid braznitidumine were inactive. 24402150 43 64 Plasmodium falciparum Negative_phenotype 24402150_7 A crude methanol extract was subjected to acid-base fractionation aimed at obtaining alkaloid-rich fractions, which were active at low concentrations against P. falciparum and in mice infected with and sensitive Plasmodium berghei parasites. 24402150 158 171 P. falciparum Negative_phenotype 24402150 212 240 Plasmodium berghei parasites Negative_phenotype 24402150_8 Our data validate the antimalarial usefulness of A. nitidum wood bark, a remedy that can most likely help to control malaria. 24402150 22 34 antimalarial Positive_phenotype 24402150 49 59 A. nitidum Plant 24402150 117 124 malaria Negative_phenotype 24402150 Increase 22 34 antimalarial Positive_phenotype 49 59 A. nitidum Plant 24402150 Decrease 49 59 A. nitidum Plant 117 124 malaria Negative_phenotype 24402150_9 However, the molecules responsible for this antimalarial activity have not yet been identified. 24402150 44 56 antimalarial Positive_phenotype 24402150_10 Considering their high selectivity index, the alkaloid-rich fractions from the plant bark might be useful in the development of new antimalarials. 24402150 132 145 antimalarials Positive_phenotype 24405079_1 Bioactivity screening of five Centaurea species and in vivo anti-inflammatory activity of C. athoa. 24405079 30 39 Centaurea Plant 24405079 60 77 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 24405079 90 98 C. athoa Plant 24405079_2 CONTEXT: Centaurea L. (Asteraceae) species used as herbal remedies in Turkish traditional medicine have shown several biological properties. 24405079 9 21 Centaurea L. Plant 24405079_3 OBJECTIVE: Extracts obtained from the aerial parts of Centaurea aphrodisea Boiss., Centaurea athoa DC., Centaurea hyalolepis Boiss., Centaurea iberica Trev. 24405079 54 81 Centaurea aphrodisea Boiss. Plant 24405079 83 102 Centaurea athoa DC. Plant 24405079 104 131 Centaurea hyalolepis Boiss. Plant 24405079 133 156 Centaurea iberica Trev. Plant 24405079_4 and Centaurea polyclada DC. 24405079 4 27 Centaurea polyclada DC. Plant 24405079_5 were evaluated for their antioxidant, cytotoxic and anti-inflammatory activities. 24405079 25 36 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 24405079 52 69 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 24405079_6 MATERIALS AND METHODS: Extracts of Centaurea species were tested for their antioxidant activity in the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS) screening assays and for in vitro anti-inflammatory activity by Nf-kB and iNOS inhibition assays. 24405079 35 44 Centaurea Plant 24405079 75 86 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 24405079 240 257 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 24405079_7 The extracts were tested for their in vitro cytotoxicities against a panel of human solid tumor cell lines (SK-MEL: malignant melanoma, KB: oral epidermal carcinoma, BT-549: breast ductal carcinoma and SK-OV-3: ovary carcinoma) as well as non-cancerous kidney fibroblast (Vero) and kidney epithelial cells (LLC-PK1) by Neutral Red assay. 24405079 84 95 solid tumor Negative_phenotype 24405079 108 114 SK-MEL Negative_phenotype 24405079 116 134 malignant melanoma Negative_phenotype 24405079 136 138 KB Negative_phenotype 24405079 140 164 oral epidermal carcinoma Negative_phenotype 24405079 166 172 BT-549 Negative_phenotype 24405079 174 197 breast ductal carcinoma Negative_phenotype 24405079 202 209 SK-OV-3 Negative_phenotype 24405079 211 226 ovary carcinoma Negative_phenotype 24405079_8 In vivo anti-inflammatory activity of C. athoa was evaluated by the carrageenan-induced paw edema test in rats. 24405079 8 25 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 24405079 38 46 C. athoa Plant 24405079 88 97 paw edema Negative_phenotype 24405079_9 RESULTS: Antioxidant activities were observed for methanol extracts of plants. 24405079 9 20 Antioxidant Positive_phenotype 24405079_10 C. polyclada had the strongest effect on BT-549, KB and SK-OV-3 cell lines (30, 33 and 47 g/ml, respectively). 24405079 0 12 C. polyclada Plant 24405079 41 47 BT-549 Negative_phenotype 24405079 49 51 KB Negative_phenotype 24405079 56 63 SK-OV-3 Negative_phenotype 24405079 Association 0 12 C. polyclada Plant 41 47 BT-549 Negative_phenotype 24405079 Association 0 12 C. polyclada Plant 49 51 KB Negative_phenotype 24405079 Association 0 12 C. polyclada Plant 56 63 SK-OV-3 Negative_phenotype 24405079_11 Nf-kB inhibition of chloroform extract of C. athoa was determined equivalent to positive control parthenolide (IC50: 6 g/ml). 24405079 42 50 C. athoa Plant 24405079_12 This extract also showed anti-inflammatory activity by the carrageenan-induced paw edema test in rats, in all hours at a dose of 50 mg/kg compared to the control group. 24405079 25 42 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 24405079 79 88 paw edema Negative_phenotype 24405079_13 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: C. athoa is suggested to be a potential source of lead compounds for inflammatory diseases due to the significant in vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory results. 24405079 27 35 C. athoa Plant 24405079 96 117 inflammatory diseases Negative_phenotype 24405079 162 179 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 24405079 Decrease 27 35 C. athoa Plant 96 117 inflammatory diseases Negative_phenotype 24405079 Increase 27 35 C. athoa Plant 162 179 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 24406787_1 The anti-inflammatory effects of Caragana tangutica ethyl acetate extract. 24406787 4 21 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 24406787 33 51 Caragana tangutica Plant 24406787_2 ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Caragana tangutica KOM has been used to treat arthritis, wounds, fever and other disease conditions in traditional Chinese medicine (TMC). 24406787 32 54 Caragana tangutica KOM Plant 24406787 78 87 arthritis Negative_phenotype 24406787 89 95 wounds Negative_phenotype 24406787 97 102 fever Negative_phenotype 24406787 Decrease 32 54 Caragana tangutica KOM Plant 78 87 arthritis Negative_phenotype 24406787 Decrease 32 54 Caragana tangutica KOM Plant 89 95 wounds Negative_phenotype 24406787 Decrease 32 54 Caragana tangutica KOM Plant 97 102 fever Negative_phenotype 24406787_3 To support the application of the plant in traditional Chinese medicine by investigating the anti-inflammatory effects of the ethyl acetate extract of Caragana tangutica. 24406787 93 110 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 24406787 151 169 Caragana tangutica Plant 24406787_4 MATERIALS AND METHODS: The anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated by animal models including xylene-induced ear edema in mice, carrageenan-induced paw edema in rats, acetic acid induced writhing in mice and LPS-induced acute lung injury (ALI). 24406787 27 44 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 24406787 110 119 ear edema Negative_phenotype 24406787 149 158 paw edema Negative_phenotype 24406787 188 196 writhing Negative_phenotype 24406787 221 238 acute lung injury Negative_phenotype 24406787 240 243 ALI Negative_phenotype 24406787_5 The anti-inflammatory mechanism was evaluated by detecting prostaglandin E2 and immunohistochemistry expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) using an EIA assay kit and immunohistochemistry, respectively. 24406787 4 21 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 24406787_6 RESULTS: The results showed that the xylene-induced ear edema in mice was significantly reduced by the ethyl acetate extract at dosages of 100, 200 and 400mg/kg, and the carrageenan-induced paw edema in rats was monitored to be reduced by the ethyl acetate extract 3h after carrageenan injection. 24406787 52 61 ear edema Negative_phenotype 24406787 190 199 paw edema Negative_phenotype 24406787_7 The ethyl acetate extract was also found to reduce the inflammation pain of acetic acid-induced writhing model in a dose-dependent manner and cause reduction of the ALI in mice through the inhibition of the release of PGE2 and the LPS-induced COX-2 expression in the lung. 24406787 55 72 inflammation pain Negative_phenotype 24406787 96 104 writhing Negative_phenotype 24406787 165 168 ALI Negative_phenotype 24406787_8 CONCLUSION: Our study demonstrates that the ethyl acetate extract of the plant can help to reduce inflammations by inhibiting the expression of COX-2. 24406787 98 111 inflammations Negative_phenotype 24426272_1 Anti-mumps virus activity by extracts of Mimosa pudica, a unique Indian medicinal plant. 24426272 0 16 Anti-mumps virus Positive_phenotype 24426272 41 54 Mimosa pudica Plant 24426272_2 Mumps is an acute and self-limiting disease characterized by parotitis, however in some cases it leads to aseptic meningitis, deafness, encephalitis and orchitis, which is a serious health concern. 24426272 0 5 Mumps Negative_phenotype 24426272 61 70 parotitis Negative_phenotype 24426272 106 124 aseptic meningitis Negative_phenotype 24426272 126 134 deafness Negative_phenotype 24426272 136 148 encephalitis Negative_phenotype 24426272 153 161 orchitis Negative_phenotype 24426272_3 MMR vaccination was successful in eradicating the disease however, recent reports question the efficacy of MMR vaccine and countless outbreaks are observed in vaccinated populations throughout the world. 24426272 0 15 MMR vaccination Positive_phenotype 24426272 107 118 MMR vaccine Positive_phenotype 24426272_4 Lack of specific treatment methods for mumps infection and inefficiency of MMR vaccine in vaccinated populations accentuates the need for the development of novel drugs to control mumps virus mediated serious infections. 24426272 39 54 mumps infection Negative_phenotype 24426272 75 86 MMR vaccine Positive_phenotype 24426272 180 219 mumps virus mediated serious infections Negative_phenotype 24426272_5 It was with this backdrop of information that the anti-mumps virus activity of Mimosa pudica was evaluated. 24426272 50 66 anti-mumps virus Positive_phenotype 24426272 79 92 Mimosa pudica Plant 24426272_6 Suspected mumps cases were collected to isolate a standard mumps virus by systematic laboratory testing which included IgM antibody assays, virus isolation, RT-PCR and phylogenetic analysis. 24426272 10 15 mumps Negative_phenotype 24426272 59 70 mumps virus Negative_phenotype 24426272_7 The virus was quantified by TCID50 assay and anti-mumps virus property was evaluated by CPE reduction assay and cytotoxicity of the extract was measured by MTT assay and phytochemical analysis was done by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy. 24426272 4 9 virus Negative_phenotype 24426272 45 61 anti-mumps virus Positive_phenotype 24426272_8 The RT-PCR and phylogenetic tree analysis of the SH gene sequence of the clinical isolate showed it to be mumps virus genotype C. 150 g/ml concentration of M. pudica completely inhibited mumps virus and the drug was found to be non-toxic up to 2 mg/ml. 24426272 106 117 mumps virus Negative_phenotype 24426272 158 167 M. pudica Plant 24426272 189 200 mumps virus Negative_phenotype 24426272 Decrease 158 167 M. pudica Plant 189 200 mumps virus Negative_phenotype 24426272_9 M. pudica was thus found to be a potent inhibitor of MuV. 24426272 0 9 M. pudica Plant 24426272 53 56 MuV Negative_phenotype 24426272 Decrease 0 9 M. pudica Plant 53 56 MuV Negative_phenotype 24435938_1 Urtica dioica extract attenuates depressive like behavior and associative memory dysfunction in dexamethasone induced diabetic mice. 24435938 0 13 Urtica dioica Plant 24435938 33 57 depressive like behavior Negative_phenotype 24435938 74 92 memory dysfunction Negative_phenotype 24435938 118 126 diabetic Negative_phenotype 24435938 Decrease 0 13 Urtica dioica Plant 33 57 depressive like behavior Negative_phenotype 24435938 Decrease 0 13 Urtica dioica Plant 74 92 memory dysfunction Negative_phenotype 24435938 Decrease 0 13 Urtica dioica Plant 118 126 diabetic Negative_phenotype 24435938_2 Evidences suggest that glucocorticoids results in depression and is a risk factor for type 2 diabetes. 24435938 50 60 depression Negative_phenotype 24435938 86 101 type 2 diabetes Negative_phenotype 24435938_3 Further diabetes induces oxidative stress and hippocampal dysfunction resulting in cognitive decline. 24435938 8 16 diabetes Negative_phenotype 24435938 25 41 oxidative stress Negative_phenotype 24435938 46 69 hippocampal dysfunction Negative_phenotype 24435938 83 100 cognitive decline Negative_phenotype 24435938_4 Traditionally Urtica dioica has been used for diabetes mellitus and cognitive dysfunction. 24435938 14 27 Urtica dioica Plant 24435938 46 63 diabetes mellitus Negative_phenotype 24435938 68 89 cognitive dysfunction Negative_phenotype 24435938 Decrease 14 27 Urtica dioica Plant 46 63 diabetes mellitus Negative_phenotype 24435938 Decrease 14 27 Urtica dioica Plant 68 89 cognitive dysfunction Negative_phenotype 24435938_5 The present study investigated the effect of the hydroalcoholic extract of Urtica dioica leaves (50 and 100 mg/kg, p.o.) in dexamethasone (1 mg/kg, i.m.) induced diabetes and its associated complications such as depressive like behavior and cognitive dysfunction. 24435938 75 88 Urtica dioica Plant 24435938 162 170 diabetes Negative_phenotype 24435938 212 236 depressive like behavior Negative_phenotype 24435938 241 262 cognitive dysfunction Negative_phenotype 24435938_6 We observed that mice administered with chronic dexamethasone resulted in hypercortisolemia, oxidative stress, depressive like behavior, cognitive impairment, hyperglycemia with reduced body weight, increased water intake and decreased hippocampal glucose transporter-4 (GLUT4) mRNA expression. 24435938 74 91 hypercortisolemia Negative_phenotype 24435938 93 109 oxidative stress Negative_phenotype 24435938 111 135 depressive like behavior Negative_phenotype 24435938 137 157 cognitive impairment Negative_phenotype 24435938 159 172 hyperglycemia Negative_phenotype 24435938 186 197 body weight Neutral_phenotype 24435938 209 221 water intake Neutral_phenotype 24435938_7 Urtica dioica significantly reduced hyperglycemia, plasma corticosterone, oxidative stress and depressive like behavior as well as improved associative memory and hippocampal GLUT4 mRNA expression comparable to rosiglitazone (5 mg/kg, p.o.). 24435938 0 13 Urtica dioica Plant 24435938 36 49 hyperglycemia Negative_phenotype 24435938 51 72 plasma corticosterone Neutral_phenotype 24435938 74 90 oxidative stress Negative_phenotype 24435938 95 119 depressive like behavior Negative_phenotype 24435938 140 158 associative memory Positive_phenotype 24435938 Decrease 0 13 Urtica dioica Plant 36 49 hyperglycemia Negative_phenotype 24435938 Decrease 0 13 Urtica dioica Plant 51 72 plasma corticosterone Neutral_phenotype 24435938 Decrease 0 13 Urtica dioica Plant 74 90 oxidative stress Negative_phenotype 24435938 Decrease 0 13 Urtica dioica Plant 95 119 depressive like behavior Negative_phenotype 24435938 Increase 0 13 Urtica dioica Plant 140 158 associative memory Positive_phenotype 24435938_8 Further, Urtica dioica insignificantly improved spatial memory and serum insulin. 24435938 9 22 Urtica dioica Plant 24435938 48 62 spatial memory Positive_phenotype 24435938 67 80 serum insulin Neutral_phenotype 24435938 Increase 9 22 Urtica dioica Plant 48 62 spatial memory Positive_phenotype 24435938 Increase 9 22 Urtica dioica Plant 67 80 serum insulin Neutral_phenotype 24435938_9 In conclusion, Urtica dioica reversed dexamethasone induced hyperglycemia and its associated complications such as depressive like behavior and cognitive dysfunction. 24435938 15 28 Urtica dioica Plant 24435938 60 73 hyperglycemia Negative_phenotype 24435938 115 139 depressive like behavior Negative_phenotype 24435938 144 165 cognitive dysfunction Negative_phenotype 24435938 Decrease 15 28 Urtica dioica Plant 60 73 hyperglycemia Negative_phenotype 24435938 Decrease 15 28 Urtica dioica Plant 115 139 depressive like behavior Negative_phenotype 24435938 Decrease 15 28 Urtica dioica Plant 144 165 cognitive dysfunction Negative_phenotype 24495471_1 Anti-inflammatory effect of Phellinus linteus grown on germinated brown rice on dextran sodium sulfate-induced acute colitis in mice and LPS-activated macrophages. 24495471 0 17 Anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 24495471 28 45 Phellinus linteus Plant 24495471 72 76 rice Plant 24495471 111 124 acute colitis Negative_phenotype 24495471_2 ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE AND AIM OF THE STUDY: Phellinus linteus is a herb used in traditional Asian medicine to treat stomachache, inflammation, and tumors. 24495471 53 70 Phellinus linteus Plant 24495471 125 136 stomachache Negative_phenotype 24495471 138 150 inflammation Negative_phenotype 24495471 156 162 tumors Negative_phenotype 24495471 Decrease 53 70 Phellinus linteus Plant 125 136 stomachache Negative_phenotype 24495471 Decrease 53 70 Phellinus linteus Plant 138 150 inflammation Negative_phenotype 24495471 Decrease 53 70 Phellinus linteus Plant 156 162 tumors Negative_phenotype 24495471_3 Recent studies show that the extract of Phellinus linteus has anti-inflammatory and antitumor activities. 24495471 40 57 Phellinus linteus Plant 24495471 62 79 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 24495471 84 93 antitumor Positive_phenotype 24495471 Increase 40 57 Phellinus linteus Plant 62 79 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 24495471 Increase 40 57 Phellinus linteus Plant 84 93 antitumor Positive_phenotype 24495471_4 However, Phellinus linteus extract has limitation of high cost and limited availability because of supply shortage. 24495471 9 26 Phellinus linteus Plant 24495471_5 Here, we grew Phellinus linteus on germinated brown rice to address the issue of supply shortage and investigated anti-inflammatory effect in vivo as well as in vitro. 24495471 14 31 Phellinus linteus Plant 24495471 52 56 rice Plant 24495471 114 131 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 24495471_6 MATERIALS AND METHODS: Phellinus linteus grown on germinated brown rice (PBR) were extracted using filtration steps, which included y-aminobutyric acid (GABA). 24495471 23 40 Phellinus linteus Plant 24495471 67 71 rice Plant 24495471 73 76 PBR Plant 24495471_7 The PBR (200, 500mg/kg/day) was applied into the mouse model of dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated mouse macrophage RAW264.7 cells. 24495471 4 7 PBR Plant 24495471 101 108 colitis Negative_phenotype 24495471_8 We used sulfasalazine as a reference drug. 24495471_9 In addition, mechanism related to anti-inflammatory was investigated by Western blotting. 24495471 34 51 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 24495471_10 RESULTS: In the mouse model of DSS-induced colitis, PBR ameliorated the pathological characteristics of colitis such as shortening of colon length and improved the disease activity index score. 24495471 43 50 colitis Negative_phenotype 24495471 52 55 PBR Plant 24495471 104 111 colitis Negative_phenotype 24495471 120 146 shortening of colon length Negative_phenotype 24495471 Decrease 43 50 colitis Negative_phenotype 52 55 PBR Plant 24495471 Decrease 52 55 PBR Plant 104 111 colitis Negative_phenotype 24495471 Decrease 52 55 PBR Plant 120 146 shortening of colon length Negative_phenotype 24495471_11 In addition, we showed that PBR reduced the expression of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kB) in colitis. 24495471 28 31 PBR Plant 24495471 92 99 colitis Negative_phenotype 24495471 Decrease 28 31 PBR Plant 92 99 colitis Negative_phenotype 24495471_12 Western blotting showed that PBR decreased the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox-2) proteins. 24495471 29 32 PBR Plant 24495471_13 Further, PBR treatment reduced the expression of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) (e.g., extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK) and p38) in the mouse model of DSS-induced colitis. 24495471 9 12 PBR Plant 24495471 193 200 colitis Negative_phenotype 24495471 Decrease 9 12 PBR Plant 193 200 colitis Negative_phenotype 24495471_14 CONCLUSIONS: Treatment of RAW 264.7 macrophages with a combination of PBR and LPS showed a significant concentration-dependent inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production. 24495471 70 73 PBR Plant 24495471_15 In addition, we determined the ability of PBR to reduce the iNOS and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-a expression. 24495471 42 45 PBR Plant 24495471_16 PBR inhibited the expression of iNOS, NF-kB, and Cox-2 proteins in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages. 24495471 0 3 PBR Plant 24495471_17 This study presents the potential use of PBR as a drug candidate against colitis. 24495471 41 44 PBR Plant 24495471 73 80 colitis Negative_phenotype 24495471 Decrease 41 44 PBR Plant 73 80 colitis Negative_phenotype 24497741_1 Effect of Coleus forskohlii extract on cafeteria diet-induced obesity in rats. 24497741 10 27 Coleus forskohlii Plant 24497741 62 69 obesity Negative_phenotype 24497741_2 BACKGROUND: Obesity is a metabolic disorder that can lead to adverse metabolic effects on blood pressure, cholesterol, triglycerides and insulin resistance and also increases the risk of coronary heart disease, ischemic stroke and type 2 diabetes mellitus. 24497741 12 19 Obesity Negative_phenotype 24497741 25 43 metabolic disorder Negative_phenotype 24497741 90 104 blood pressure Neutral_phenotype 24497741 106 117 cholesterol Neutral_phenotype 24497741 119 132 triglycerides Neutral_phenotype 24497741 137 155 insulin resistance Negative_phenotype 24497741 187 209 coronary heart disease Negative_phenotype 24497741 211 226 ischemic stroke Negative_phenotype 24497741 231 255 type 2 diabetes mellitus Negative_phenotype 24497741_3 This study was designed to determine the effect of Coleus forskohlii on obesity and associated metabolic changes in rats fed with cafeteria diet. 24497741 51 68 Coleus forskohlii Plant 24497741 72 79 obesity Negative_phenotype 24497741_4 OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate antiobesogenic and metabolic benefits of C. forskohlii in cafeteria diet induced obesity rat model. 24497741 49 63 antiobesogenic Positive_phenotype 24497741 90 103 C. forskohlii Plant 24497741 130 137 obesity Negative_phenotype 24497741_5 MATERIALS AND METHODS: RATS WERE RANDOMLY DIVIDED INTO FIVE GROUPS OF SIX ANIMALS IN EACH GROUP AND AS FOLLOWS: Normal pellet diet group; cafeteria diet group; cafeteria diet followed by 50 mg/kg/d Coleus forskohlii extract (CFE), 100 mg/kg/d CFE and 45 mg/kg/d orlistat groups, respectively. 24497741 198 215 Coleus forskohlii Plant 24497741 225 228 CFE Plant 24497741_6 Indicators of obesity such as food intake, body weight and alteration in serum lipid profiles were studied. 24497741 14 21 obesity Negative_phenotype 24497741 43 54 body weight Neutral_phenotype 24497741_7 RESULTS: Feeding of cafeteria diet induced obesity in rats. 24497741 43 50 obesity Negative_phenotype 24497741_8 Administration of CFE significantly halted increase in food intake and weight gain associated with cafeteria diet. 24497741 18 21 CFE Plant 24497741 71 77 weight Neutral_phenotype 24497741 Decrease 18 21 CFE Plant 71 77 weight Neutral_phenotype 24497741_9 Development of dyslipidemia was also significantly inhibited. 24497741 15 27 dyslipidemia Negative_phenotype 24497741_10 CONCLUSION: The observed effects validate that supplementation of CFE with cafeteria diet could curb the appetite and mitigate the development of dyslipidemia. 24497741 66 69 CFE Plant 24497741 146 158 dyslipidemia Negative_phenotype 24497741 Decrease 66 69 CFE Plant 146 158 dyslipidemia Negative_phenotype 24497747_1 Effect of Momordica dioica fruit extract on antioxidant status in liver, kidney, pancreas, and serum of diabetic rats. 24497747 10 26 Momordica dioica Plant 24497747 44 55 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 24497747 104 112 diabetic Negative_phenotype 24497747_2 BACKGROUND: Fruits, leaves, and tuberous roots of Momordica dioica are used as a folk remedy for diabetes mellitus (DM) in India. 24497747 50 66 Momordica dioica Plant 24497747 97 114 diabetes mellitus Negative_phenotype 24497747 116 118 DM Negative_phenotype 24497747 Decrease 50 66 Momordica dioica Plant 97 114 diabetes mellitus Negative_phenotype 24497747 Decrease 50 66 Momordica dioica Plant 116 118 DM Negative_phenotype 24497747_3 The aqueous extract of Momordica dioica fruit possesses very good anti-diabetic activity and is having high margin of safety. 24497747 23 39 Momordica dioica Plant 24497747 66 79 anti-diabetic Positive_phenotype 24497747 Increase 23 39 Momordica dioica Plant 66 79 anti-diabetic Positive_phenotype 24497747_4 OBJECTIVES: The aim of the present study was to investigate the antioxidative effect of Momordica dioica fruits in alloxan-induced diabetic Wistar rats. 24497747 64 77 antioxidative Positive_phenotype 24497747 88 104 Momordica dioica Plant 24497747 131 139 diabetic Negative_phenotype 24497747_5 MATERIALS AND METHODS: Effect of aqueous extract of Momordica dioica (AEMD) on thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), hydroperoxide (HP), non-enzymatic and enzymatic antioxidants in liver, kidney, pancreas, and serum was evaluated in diabetic rats after 21 days treatment. 24497747 52 68 Momordica dioica Plant 24497747 70 74 AEMD Plant 24497747 176 188 antioxidants Positive_phenotype 24497747 244 252 diabetic Negative_phenotype 24497747_6 RESULTS: Increase in the levels of TBARS, HP and decrease in the levels of non-enzymatic antioxidants and activity of enzymatic antioxidants was observed in liver, kidney, pancreas, and serum of diabetic rats when compared with normal healthy rats. 24497747 89 101 antioxidants Positive_phenotype 24497747 128 140 antioxidants Positive_phenotype 24497747 195 203 diabetic Negative_phenotype 24497747_7 TBARS and HP levels were reduced while non-enzymatic and enzymatic antioxidant enzymes activity was increased in AEMD and glibenclamide-treated rats. 24497747 113 117 AEMD Plant 24497747_8 Furthermore, histological examination of liver, kidney, and pancreas of diabetic rats showed degenerative changes. 24497747 72 80 diabetic Negative_phenotype 24497747 93 113 degenerative changes Negative_phenotype 24497747_9 AEMD treatment for 21 days rejuvenated liver, kidney, and pancreas histoarchitecture. 24497747 0 4 AEMD Plant 24497747_10 CONCLUSION: In conclusion, the present results showed the protective role of AEMD on liver, kidney, and pancreas in severe diabetic rats justifying support for its anti-diabetic use in folk medicine. 24497747 77 81 AEMD Plant 24497747 123 131 diabetic Negative_phenotype 24497747 164 177 anti-diabetic Positive_phenotype 24497747 Decrease 77 81 AEMD Plant 123 131 diabetic Negative_phenotype 24497747 Increase 77 81 AEMD Plant 164 177 anti-diabetic Positive_phenotype 24507431_1 Pretreatment of Gymnema sylvestre revealed the protection against acetic acid-induced ulcerative colitis in rats. 24507431 16 33 Gymnema sylvestre Plant 24507431 86 104 ulcerative colitis Negative_phenotype 24507431 Decrease 16 33 Gymnema sylvestre Plant 86 104 ulcerative colitis Negative_phenotype 24507431_2 BACKGROUND: Overproduction of free radicals and decreased antioxidant capacity are well-known risk factors for inflammatory bowel diseases. 24507431 58 69 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 24507431 111 138 inflammatory bowel diseases Negative_phenotype 24507431_3 Gymnema sylvestre (GS) leaves extract is distinguished for its anti-diabetic, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. 24507431 0 17 Gymnema sylvestre Plant 24507431 19 21 GS Plant 24507431 63 76 anti-diabetic Positive_phenotype 24507431 78 89 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 24507431 94 111 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 24507431 Increase 0 17 Gymnema sylvestre Plant 63 76 anti-diabetic Positive_phenotype 24507431 Increase 0 17 Gymnema sylvestre Plant 78 89 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 24507431 Increase 0 17 Gymnema sylvestre Plant 94 111 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 24507431 Increase 19 21 GS Plant 63 76 anti-diabetic Positive_phenotype 24507431 Increase 19 21 GS Plant 78 89 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 24507431 Increase 19 21 GS Plant 94 111 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 24507431_4 Present study is designed to evaluate the preventative activities of GS against acetic acid (AA)-induced ulcerative colitis in Wistar rats. 24507431 69 71 GS Plant 24507431 105 123 ulcerative colitis Negative_phenotype 24507431_5 METHODS: Experimentally ulcerative colitis (UC) was induced by AA in animals pretreated with three different doses of GS leaves extract (50, 100, 200 mg/kg/day) and a single dose of mesalazine (MES, 300 mg/kg/day) for seven days. 24507431 24 42 ulcerative colitis Negative_phenotype 24507431 44 46 UC Negative_phenotype 24507431 118 120 GS Plant 24507431_6 Twenty four hours later, animals were sacrificed and the colonic tissues were collected. 24507431_7 Colonic mucus content was determined using Alcian blue dye binding technique. 24507431 0 21 Colonic mucus content Neutral_phenotype 24507431_8 Levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), total glutathione sulfhydryl group (T-GSH) and non-protein sulfhydryl group (NPSH) as well as the activity of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) were estimated in colon tissues. 24507431_9 Colonic nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) and total protein (TP) concentrations were also determined. 24507431_10 Levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines including interleukin-1 beta (IL-1b), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-a) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) as well as prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and nitric oxide (NO) were estimated in colonic tissues. 24507431_11 The histopathological changes of the colonic tissues were also observed. 24507431 4 29 histopathological changes Negative_phenotype 24507431_12 RESULTS: In AA administered group TBARS levels were increased, while colonic mucus content, T-GSH and NP-SH, SOD and CAT were reduced in colon. 24507431 69 90 colonic mucus content Neutral_phenotype 24507431_13 Pretreatment with GS inhibited TBARS elevation as well as mucus content, T-GSH and NP-SH reduction. 24507431 18 20 GS Plant 24507431 58 71 mucus content Neutral_phenotype 24507431 Decrease 18 20 GS Plant 58 71 mucus content Neutral_phenotype 24507431_14 Enzymatic activities of SOD and CAT were brought back to their normal levels in GS pretreated group. 24507431 80 82 GS Plant 24507431_15 A significant reduction in DNA, RNA and TP levels was seen following AA administration and this inhibition was significantly eliminated by GS treatment. 24507431 139 141 GS Plant 24507431_16 GS pretreatment also inhibited AA-induced elevation of pro-inflammatory cytokines, PGE2 and NO levels in colon. 24507431 0 2 GS Plant 24507431_17 The apparent UC protection was further confirmed by the histopathological screening. 24507431_18 CONCLUSION: The GS leaves extract showed significant amelioration of experimentally induced colitis, which may be attributed to its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant property. 24507431 16 18 GS Plant 24507431 92 99 colitis Negative_phenotype 24507431 132 149 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 24507431 154 165 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 24507431 Decrease 16 18 GS Plant 92 99 colitis Negative_phenotype 24507431 Increase 16 18 GS Plant 132 149 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 24507431 Increase 16 18 GS Plant 154 165 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 24520272_1 In vitro and in vivo anti-cancer activities of Kuding tea (Ilex kudingcha C.J. 24520272 21 32 anti-cancer Positive_phenotype 24520272 47 53 Kuding Plant 24520272_2 Tseng) against oral cancer. 24520272 15 26 oral cancer Negative_phenotype 24520272_3 Kuding tea (Ilex kudingcha C.J. 24520272 0 6 Kuding Plant 24520272_4 Tseng) is drunk widely in China. 24520272_5 The in vitro anticancer effects of Kuding tea were evaluated in TCA8113 human tongue carcinoma cells using a 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. 24520272 13 23 anticancer Positive_phenotype 24520272 35 45 Kuding tea Plant 24520272 64 71 TCA8113 Negative_phenotype 24520272 78 94 tongue carcinoma Negative_phenotype 24520272_6 At a concentration of 200 g/ml, Kuding tea exhibited an inhibitory effect of 75% in TCA8113 cells, which was higher than that observed at concentrations of 100 and 50 g/ml (41 and 10% inhibition, respectively). 24520272 33 39 Kuding Plant 24520272 85 92 TCA8113 Negative_phenotype 24520272 Decrease 33 39 Kuding Plant 85 92 TCA8113 Negative_phenotype 24520272_7 Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and western blot analyses of the apoptosis, inflammation and metastasis genes and proteins in Kuding tea-treated cancer cells were performed. 24520272 101 113 inflammation Negative_phenotype 24520272 118 128 metastasis Negative_phenotype 24520272 151 157 Kuding Plant 24520272 170 176 cancer Negative_phenotype 24520272_8 Kuding tea significantly induced apoptosis in TCA8113 cancer cells (P<0.05) by upregulating Bax, caspase-3 and caspase-9 expression, and downregulating Bcl-2 expression. 24520272 0 6 Kuding Plant 24520272 46 53 TCA8113 Negative_phenotype 24520272 54 60 cancer Negative_phenotype 24520272 Decrease 0 6 Kuding Plant 46 53 TCA8113 Negative_phenotype 24520272 Decrease 0 6 Kuding Plant 54 60 cancer Negative_phenotype 24520272_9 Expression of the NF-kB, iNOS and COX-2 genes that are associated with inflammation was significantly downregulated by Kuding tea, which demonstrated its anti-inflammatory properties. 24520272 71 83 inflammation Negative_phenotype 24520272 119 125 Kuding Plant 24520272 154 171 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 24520272 Decrease 71 83 inflammation Negative_phenotype 119 125 Kuding Plant 24520272 Increase 119 125 Kuding Plant 154 171 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 24520272_10 Kuding tea also exerted an anti-metastatic effect on cancer cells. 24520272 0 6 Kuding Plant 24520272 27 42 anti-metastatic Positive_phenotype 24520272 53 59 cancer Negative_phenotype 24520272 Increase 0 6 Kuding Plant 27 42 anti-metastatic Positive_phenotype 24520272 Decrease 0 6 Kuding Plant 53 59 cancer Negative_phenotype 24520272_11 This was demonstrated by the decreased expression of matrix metalloproteases (MMPs) and the increased expression of tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs), and confirmed by the inhibition of the metastasis of U14 squamous cell carcinoma cells in imprinting control region (ICR) mice. 24520272 204 214 metastasis Negative_phenotype 24520272 218 221 U14 Negative_phenotype 24520272 222 245 squamous cell carcinoma Negative_phenotype 24520272_12 The ICR mouse buccal mucosa cancer model was established by injecting the mice with U14 cells. 24520272 14 34 buccal mucosa cancer Negative_phenotype 24520272 84 87 U14 Negative_phenotype 24520272_13 Following injection, the wound at the injection site was topically treated with Kuding tea. 24520272 25 30 wound Negative_phenotype 24520272 80 86 Kuding Plant 24520272 Decrease 25 30 wound Negative_phenotype 80 86 Kuding Plant 24520272_14 It was observed that the tumor volumes for the group treated with Kuding tea were smaller than those from the control mice. 24520272 25 30 tumor Negative_phenotype 24520272 66 72 Kuding Plant 24520272 Decrease 25 30 tumor Negative_phenotype 66 72 Kuding Plant 24520272_15 Analysis of the sections of buccal mucosa cancer tissue demonstrated that the buccal mucosa cancer degrees of the Kuding tea-treated mice were weaker than that in the control mice. 24520272 28 48 buccal mucosa cancer Negative_phenotype 24520272 78 98 buccal mucosa cancer Negative_phenotype 24520272 114 120 Kuding Plant 24520272 Decrease 28 48 buccal mucosa cancer Negative_phenotype 114 120 Kuding Plant 24520272 Decrease 78 98 buccal mucosa cancer Negative_phenotype 114 120 Kuding Plant 24520272_16 Similar results were observed in the lesion sections of the cervical lymph nodes. 24520272_17 Based on these results, Kuding tea exhibited successful in vitro anticancer effects in TCA8113 cells and in vivo buccal mucosa cancer preventive activity. 24520272 24 30 Kuding Plant 24520272 65 75 anticancer Positive_phenotype 24520272 87 94 TCA8113 Negative_phenotype 24520272 113 133 buccal mucosa cancer Negative_phenotype 24520272 Increase 24 30 Kuding Plant 65 75 anticancer Positive_phenotype 24520272 Decrease 24 30 Kuding Plant 87 94 TCA8113 Negative_phenotype 24520272 Decrease 24 30 Kuding Plant 113 133 buccal mucosa cancer Negative_phenotype 24534954_1 Hexane extracts of Polygonum multiflorum improve tissue and functional outcome following focal cerebral ischemia in mice. 24534954 19 40 Polygonum multiflorum Plant 24534954 89 112 focal cerebral ischemia Negative_phenotype 24534954 Decrease 19 40 Polygonum multiflorum Plant 89 112 focal cerebral ischemia Negative_phenotype 24534954_2 Polygonum multiflorum is a traditional Korean medicine that has been utilized widely in East Asian countries as a longevity agent. 24534954 0 21 Polygonum multiflorum Plant 24534954 114 123 longevity Positive_phenotype 24534954 Increase 0 21 Polygonum multiflorum Plant 114 123 longevity Positive_phenotype 24534954_3 Clinical studies have demonstrated that Polygonum multiflorum improves hypercholesterolemia, coronary heart disease, neurosis and other diseases commonly associated with aging. 24534954 40 61 Polygonum multiflorum Plant 24534954 71 91 hypercholesterolemia Negative_phenotype 24534954 93 115 coronary heart disease Negative_phenotype 24534954 117 125 neurosis Negative_phenotype 24534954 170 175 aging Negative_phenotype 24534954 Decrease 40 61 Polygonum multiflorum Plant 71 91 hypercholesterolemia Negative_phenotype 24534954 Decrease 40 61 Polygonum multiflorum Plant 93 115 coronary heart disease Negative_phenotype 24534954 Decrease 40 61 Polygonum multiflorum Plant 117 125 neurosis Negative_phenotype 24534954 Decrease 40 61 Polygonum multiflorum Plant 170 175 aging Negative_phenotype 24534954_4 However, scientific evidence defining the protective effects and mechanisms of Polygonum multiflorum against ischemic stroke is incomplete. 24534954 79 100 Polygonum multiflorum Plant 24534954 109 124 ischemic stroke Negative_phenotype 24534954_5 In the present study, we investigated the cerebrovascular protective effects of Polygonum multiflorum against ischemic brain injury using an in vivo photothrombotic mouse model. 24534954 42 68 cerebrovascular protective Positive_phenotype 24534954 80 101 Polygonum multiflorum Plant 24534954 110 131 ischemic brain injury Negative_phenotype 24534954 149 164 photothrombotic Negative_phenotype 24534954_6 To examine the underlying mechanism of action, we utilized an in vitro human brain microvascular endothelial cell (HBMEC) culture system. 24534954_7 Hexane extracts (HEPM), ethyl acetate extracts (EAEPM) and methanol extracts (MEPM) of Polygonum multiflorum (100 mg/kg) were administered intraperitoneally 30 min prior to ischemic insult. 24534954 17 21 HEPM Plant 24534954 48 53 EAEPM Plant 24534954 78 82 MEPM Plant 24534954 87 108 Polygonum multiflorum Plant 24534954 173 188 ischemic insult Negative_phenotype 24534954_8 Focal cerebral ischemia was induced in C57BL/6J mice and endothelial nitric oxide synthase knockout (eNOS KO) mice by photothrombotic cortical occlusion. 24534954 0 23 Focal cerebral ischemia Negative_phenotype 24534954 118 152 photothrombotic cortical occlusion Negative_phenotype 24534954_9 We evaluated the infarct volume, as well as neurological and motor function, 24 h after ischemic brain injury. 24534954 17 24 infarct Negative_phenotype 24534954 44 75 neurological and motor function Positive_phenotype 24534954 88 109 ischemic brain injury Negative_phenotype 24534954_10 Following ischemic insult, HEPM induced a significant reduction in infarct volume and subsequent neurological deficits, compared with EAEPM and MEPM. 24534954 10 25 ischemic insult Negative_phenotype 24534954 27 31 HEPM Plant 24534954 67 74 infarct Negative_phenotype 24534954 97 118 neurological deficits Negative_phenotype 24534954 134 139 EAEPM Plant 24534954 144 148 MEPM Plant 24534954 Decrease 27 31 HEPM Plant 67 74 infarct Negative_phenotype 24534954 Decrease 27 31 HEPM Plant 97 118 neurological deficits Negative_phenotype 24534954_11 HEPM significantly decreased infarct size and improved neurological and motor function, which was not observed in eNOS KO mice, suggesting that this cerebroprotective effect is primarily an eNOS-dependent mechanism. 24534954 0 4 HEPM Plant 24534954 29 36 infarct Negative_phenotype 24534954 55 86 neurological and motor function Positive_phenotype 24534954 149 166 cerebroprotective Positive_phenotype 24534954 Decrease 0 4 HEPM Plant 29 36 infarct Negative_phenotype 24534954 Increase 0 4 HEPM Plant 55 86 neurological and motor function Positive_phenotype 24534954 Increase 0 4 HEPM Plant 149 166 cerebroprotective Positive_phenotype 24534954_12 In vitro, HEPM effectively promoted NO production, however these effects were inhibited by the NOS inhibitor, L-NAME and the PI3K/Akt inhibitor, LY-294002. 24534954 10 14 HEPM Plant 24534954_13 Furthermore, HEPM treatment resulted in increased phosphorylation-dependent activation of Akt and eNOS in HBMEC, suggesting that HEPM increased NO production via phosphorylation-dependent activation of Akt and eNOS. 24534954 13 17 HEPM Plant 24534954 129 133 HEPM Plant 24534954_14 In conclusion, HEPM prevents cerebral ischemic damage through an eNOS-dependent mechanism, and thus may have clinical applications as a protective agent against neurological injury in stroke. 24534954 15 19 HEPM Plant 24534954 29 53 cerebral ischemic damage Negative_phenotype 24534954 161 190 neurological injury in stroke Negative_phenotype 24534954 Decrease 15 19 HEPM Plant 29 53 cerebral ischemic damage Negative_phenotype 24534954 Decrease 15 19 HEPM Plant 161 190 neurological injury in stroke Negative_phenotype 24549255_1 Hibiscus sabdariffa extract inhibits obesity and fat accumulation, and improves liver steatosis in humans. 24549255 0 19 Hibiscus sabdariffa Plant 24549255 37 44 obesity Negative_phenotype 24549255 49 65 fat accumulation Negative_phenotype 24549255 80 95 liver steatosis Negative_phenotype 24549255 Decrease 0 19 Hibiscus sabdariffa Plant 37 44 obesity Negative_phenotype 24549255 Decrease 0 19 Hibiscus sabdariffa Plant 49 65 fat accumulation Negative_phenotype 24549255 Decrease 0 19 Hibiscus sabdariffa Plant 80 95 liver steatosis Negative_phenotype 24549255_2 Obesity is associated with a great diversity of diseases including non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. 24549255 0 7 Obesity Negative_phenotype 24549255 67 100 non-alcoholic fatty liver disease Negative_phenotype 24549255_3 Our previous report suggested that Hibiscus sabdariffa extracts (HSE) had a metabolic-regulating and liver-protecting potential. 24549255 35 54 Hibiscus sabdariffa Plant 24549255 65 68 HSE Plant 24549255 76 96 metabolic-regulating Positive_phenotype 24549255 101 117 liver-protecting Positive_phenotype 24549255 Decrease 35 54 Hibiscus sabdariffa Plant 76 96 metabolic-regulating Positive_phenotype 24549255 Decrease 35 54 Hibiscus sabdariffa Plant 101 117 liver-protecting Positive_phenotype 24549255 Decrease 65 68 HSE Plant 76 96 metabolic-regulating Positive_phenotype 24549255 Decrease 65 68 HSE Plant 101 117 liver-protecting Positive_phenotype 24549255_4 In this study, we performed a clinical trial to further confirm the effect of HSE. 24549255 78 81 HSE Plant 24549255_5 Subjects with a BMI 27 and aged 18-65, were randomly divided into control (n = 17) and HSE-treated (n = 19) groups, respectively, for 12 weeks. 24549255 16 19 BMI Neutral_phenotype 24549255 91 94 HSE Plant 24549255_6 Our data showed that consumption of HSE reduced body weight, BMI, body fat and the waist-to-hip ratio. 24549255 36 39 HSE Plant 24549255 48 59 body weight Neutral_phenotype 24549255 61 64 BMI Neutral_phenotype 24549255 66 74 body fat Neutral_phenotype 24549255 83 101 waist-to-hip ratio Neutral_phenotype 24549255 Decrease 36 39 HSE Plant 48 59 body weight Neutral_phenotype 24549255 Decrease 36 39 HSE Plant 61 64 BMI Neutral_phenotype 24549255 Decrease 36 39 HSE Plant 66 74 body fat Neutral_phenotype 24549255 Decrease 36 39 HSE Plant 83 101 waist-to-hip ratio Neutral_phenotype 24549255_7 Serum free fatty acid (FFA) was lowered by HSE. 24549255 0 21 Serum free fatty acid Neutral_phenotype 24549255 23 26 FFA Neutral_phenotype 24549255 43 46 HSE Plant 24549255 Decrease 0 21 Serum free fatty acid Neutral_phenotype 43 46 HSE Plant 24549255 Decrease 23 26 FFA Neutral_phenotype 43 46 HSE Plant 24549255_8 Anatomic changes revealed that HSE improved the illness of liver steatosis. 24549255 31 34 HSE Plant 24549255 59 74 liver steatosis Negative_phenotype 24549255 Decrease 31 34 HSE Plant 59 74 liver steatosis Negative_phenotype 24549255_9 Ingestion of HSE was well tolerated and there was no adverse effect during the trial. 24549255 13 16 HSE Plant 24549255_10 No alteration was found for serum a-amylase and lipase. 24549255_11 The clinical effect should mainly be attributed to the polyphenols of HSE, since composition analysis showed that branched chain-amino acids, which is associated with obesity, is not obviously high. 24549255 70 73 HSE Plant 24549255 167 174 obesity Negative_phenotype 24549255 Decrease 70 73 HSE Plant 167 174 obesity Negative_phenotype 24549255_12 In conclusion, consumption of HSE reduced obesity, abdominal fat, serum FFA and improved liver steatosis. 24549255 30 33 HSE Plant 24549255 42 49 obesity Negative_phenotype 24549255 51 64 abdominal fat Negative_phenotype 24549255 66 75 serum FFA Neutral_phenotype 24549255 89 104 liver steatosis Negative_phenotype 24549255 Decrease 30 33 HSE Plant 42 49 obesity Negative_phenotype 24549255 Decrease 30 33 HSE Plant 51 64 abdominal fat Negative_phenotype 24549255 Decrease 30 33 HSE Plant 66 75 serum FFA Neutral_phenotype 24549255 Decrease 30 33 HSE Plant 89 104 liver steatosis Negative_phenotype 24549255_13 HSE could act as an adjuvant for preventing obesity and non-alcoholic fatty liver. 24549255 0 3 HSE Plant 24549255 44 51 obesity Negative_phenotype 24549255 56 81 non-alcoholic fatty liver Negative_phenotype 24549255 Decrease 0 3 HSE Plant 44 51 obesity Negative_phenotype 24549255 Decrease 0 3 HSE Plant 56 81 non-alcoholic fatty liver Negative_phenotype 24550590_1 Antisecretory and antimotility activity of Aconitum heterophyllum and its significance in treatment of diarrhea. 24550590 0 13 Antisecretory Positive_phenotype 24550590 18 30 antimotility Positive_phenotype 24550590 43 65 Aconitum heterophyllum Plant 24550590 103 111 diarrhea Negative_phenotype 24550590_2 AIM: The roots of the plant Aconitum heterophyllum (EAH) are traditionally used for curing hysteria, throat infection, dyspepsia, abdominal pain, diabetes, and diarrhea. 24550590 28 50 Aconitum heterophyllum Plant 24550590 52 55 EAH Plant 24550590 91 99 hysteria Negative_phenotype 24550590 101 117 throat infection Negative_phenotype 24550590 119 128 dyspepsia Negative_phenotype 24550590 130 144 abdominal pain Negative_phenotype 24550590 146 154 diabetes Negative_phenotype 24550590 160 168 diarrhea Negative_phenotype 24550590 Decrease 28 50 Aconitum heterophyllum Plant 91 99 hysteria Negative_phenotype 24550590 Decrease 28 50 Aconitum heterophyllum Plant 101 117 throat infection Negative_phenotype 24550590 Decrease 28 50 Aconitum heterophyllum Plant 119 128 dyspepsia Negative_phenotype 24550590 Decrease 28 50 Aconitum heterophyllum Plant 130 144 abdominal pain Negative_phenotype 24550590 Decrease 28 50 Aconitum heterophyllum Plant 146 154 diabetes Negative_phenotype 24550590 Decrease 28 50 Aconitum heterophyllum Plant 160 168 diarrhea Negative_phenotype 24550590 Decrease 52 55 EAH Plant 91 99 hysteria Negative_phenotype 24550590 Decrease 52 55 EAH Plant 101 117 throat infection Negative_phenotype 24550590 Decrease 52 55 EAH Plant 119 128 dyspepsia Negative_phenotype 24550590 Decrease 52 55 EAH Plant 130 144 abdominal pain Negative_phenotype 24550590 Decrease 52 55 EAH Plant 146 154 diabetes Negative_phenotype 24550590 Decrease 52 55 EAH Plant 160 168 diarrhea Negative_phenotype 24550590_3 Therefore, the present study was undertaken to determine the mechanism involved in the anti-diarrheal activity of roots of A. heterophyllum. 24550590 87 101 anti-diarrheal Positive_phenotype 24550590 123 139 A. heterophyllum Plant 24550590_4 MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ant-diarrheal activity of ethanol extract at 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg p.o. 24550590 23 36 Ant-diarrheal Positive_phenotype 24550590_5 was evaluated using fecal excretion and castor oil-induced diarrhea models, while optimized dose, that is, 100 mg/kg p.o. 24550590 59 67 diarrhea Negative_phenotype 24550590_6 was further subjected to small intestinal transit, intestinal fluids accumulation, PGE -induced enteropooling and gastric emptying test. 24550590 25 49 small intestinal transit Positive_phenotype 24550590_7 To elucidate the probable mechanism, various biochemical parameters and Na(+), K(+) concentration in intestinal fluids were also determined. 24550590_8 Further, antibacterial activity of extract along with its standardization using aconitine as a marker with the help of HPLC was carried out. 24550590 9 22 antibacterial Positive_phenotype 24550590_9 RESULTS: The results depicted a significant (P < 0.05) reduction in normal fecal output at 100 and 200 mg/kg p.o. 24550590_10 of extract after 5th and 7th h of treatment. 24550590_11 Castor oil-induced diarrhea model demonstrated a ceiling effect at 100 mg/kg p.o. 24550590 19 27 diarrhea Negative_phenotype 24550590_12 with a protection of 60.185% from diarrhea. 24550590 34 42 diarrhea Negative_phenotype 24550590_13 EAH at 100 mg/kg p.o. 24550590 0 3 EAH Plant 24550590_14 also showed significant activity in small intestinal transit, fluid accumulation, and PGE -induced enteropooling models, which also restored the altered biochemical parameters and prevented Na(+) and K(+) loss. 24550590 36 60 small intestinal transit Positive_phenotype 24550590 62 80 fluid accumulation Positive_phenotype 24550590_15 The extract with 0.0833% w/w of aconitine depicted a potential antibacterial activity of extract against microbes implicated in diarrhea. 24550590 63 76 antibacterial Positive_phenotype 24550590 128 136 diarrhea Negative_phenotype 24550590_16 CONCLUSION: The study concluded antisecretory and antimotility effect of A. heterophyllum, which mediates through nitric oxide path way. 24550590 32 45 antisecretory Positive_phenotype 24550590 50 62 antimotility Positive_phenotype 24550590 73 89 A. heterophyllum Plant 24550590 Increase 32 45 antisecretory Positive_phenotype 73 89 A. heterophyllum Plant 24550590 Increase 50 62 antimotility Positive_phenotype 73 89 A. heterophyllum Plant 24561153_1 Green tea (Camellia sinensis) extract inhibits both the metastasis and osteolytic components of mammary cancer 4T1 lesions in mice. 24561153 6 9 tea Plant 24561153 11 28 Camellia sinensis Plant 24561153 56 66 metastasis Negative_phenotype 24561153 71 81 osteolytic Negative_phenotype 24561153 96 110 mammary cancer Negative_phenotype 24561153 111 114 4T1 Negative_phenotype 24561153 Decrease 6 9 tea Plant 56 66 metastasis Negative_phenotype 24561153 Decrease 6 9 tea Plant 71 81 osteolytic Negative_phenotype 24561153 Decrease 6 9 tea Plant 96 110 mammary cancer Negative_phenotype 24561153 Decrease 6 9 tea Plant 111 114 4T1 Negative_phenotype 24561153 Decrease 11 28 Camellia sinensis Plant 56 66 metastasis Negative_phenotype 24561153 Decrease 11 28 Camellia sinensis Plant 71 81 osteolytic Negative_phenotype 24561153 Decrease 11 28 Camellia sinensis Plant 96 110 mammary cancer Negative_phenotype 24561153 Decrease 11 28 Camellia sinensis Plant 111 114 4T1 Negative_phenotype 24561153_2 Green tea (Camellia sinensis, CS), a kind of Chinese tea commonly consumed as a healthy beverage, has been demonstrated to have various biological activities, including antioxidation, antiobesity and anticancer. 24561153 6 9 tea Plant 24561153 11 28 Camellia sinensis Plant 24561153 30 32 CS Plant 24561153 53 56 tea Plant 24561153 169 182 antioxidation Positive_phenotype 24561153 184 195 antiobesity Positive_phenotype 24561153 200 210 anticancer Positive_phenotype 24561153 Increase 6 9 tea Plant 169 182 antioxidation Positive_phenotype 24561153 Increase 6 9 tea Plant 184 195 antiobesity Positive_phenotype 24561153 Increase 6 9 tea Plant 200 210 anticancer Positive_phenotype 24561153 Increase 11 28 Camellia sinensis Plant 169 182 antioxidation Positive_phenotype 24561153 Increase 11 28 Camellia sinensis Plant 184 195 antiobesity Positive_phenotype 24561153 Increase 11 28 Camellia sinensis Plant 200 210 anticancer Positive_phenotype 24561153 Increase 30 32 CS Plant 169 182 antioxidation Positive_phenotype 24561153 Increase 30 32 CS Plant 184 195 antiobesity Positive_phenotype 24561153 Increase 30 32 CS Plant 200 210 anticancer Positive_phenotype 24561153 Increase 53 56 tea Plant 169 182 antioxidation Positive_phenotype 24561153 Increase 53 56 tea Plant 184 195 antiobesity Positive_phenotype 24561153 Increase 53 56 tea Plant 200 210 anticancer Positive_phenotype 24561153_3 Our study aims to investigate the antitumor, antimetastasis and antiosteolytic effects of CS aqueous extract both in vitro and in vivo using metastasis-specific mouse mammary carcinoma 4T1 cells. 24561153 34 43 antitumor Positive_phenotype 24561153 45 59 antimetastasis Positive_phenotype 24561153 64 78 antiosteolytic Positive_phenotype 24561153 90 92 CS Plant 24561153 141 151 metastasis Negative_phenotype 24561153 167 184 mammary carcinoma Negative_phenotype 24561153 185 188 4T1 Negative_phenotype 24561153_4 Our results showed that treatment of 4T1 cells with CS aqueous extract resulted in significant inhibition of 4T1 cell proliferation. 24561153 37 40 4T1 Negative_phenotype 24561153 52 54 CS Plant 24561153 109 112 4T1 Negative_phenotype 24561153 Decrease 37 40 4T1 Negative_phenotype 52 54 CS Plant 24561153 Decrease 52 54 CS Plant 109 112 4T1 Negative_phenotype 24561153_5 CS extract induced 4T1 apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner as assessed by annexin-V and propidium iodide staining and caspase-3 activity. 24561153 0 2 CS Plant 24561153 19 22 4T1 Negative_phenotype 24561153 Decrease 0 2 CS Plant 19 22 4T1 Negative_phenotype 24561153_6 Western blot analysis showed that CS increased the expression of Bax-to-Bcl-2 ratio and activated caspase-8 and caspase-3 to induce apoptosis. 24561153 34 36 CS Plant 24561153_7 CS also inhibited 4T1 cell migration and invasion at 0.06-0.125 mg/ml. 24561153 0 2 CS Plant 24561153 18 21 4T1 Negative_phenotype 24561153 Decrease 0 2 CS Plant 18 21 4T1 Negative_phenotype 24561153_8 In addition, CS extract (0.6 g/kg, orally fed daily for 4 weeks) was effective in decreasing the tumor weight by 34.8% in female BALB/c mice against water treatment control (100%). 24561153 13 15 CS Plant 24561153 97 102 tumor Negative_phenotype 24561153 Decrease 13 15 CS Plant 97 102 tumor Negative_phenotype 24561153_9 Apart from the antitumor effect, CS extract significantly decreased lung and liver metastasis in BALB/c mice bearing 4T1 tumors by 54.5% and 72.6%, respectively. 24561153 15 24 antitumor Positive_phenotype 24561153 33 35 CS Plant 24561153 68 93 lung and liver metastasis Negative_phenotype 24561153 117 120 4T1 Negative_phenotype 24561153 121 127 tumors Negative_phenotype 24561153 Increase 15 24 antitumor Positive_phenotype 33 35 CS Plant 24561153 Decrease 33 35 CS Plant 68 93 lung and liver metastasis Negative_phenotype 24561153 Decrease 33 35 CS Plant 117 120 4T1 Negative_phenotype 24561153 Decrease 33 35 CS Plant 121 127 tumors Negative_phenotype 24561153_10 Furthermore, micro-computed tomography and in vitro osteoclast staining analysis suggested that CS extract was effective in bone protection against breast cancer-induced bone destruction. 24561153 96 98 CS Plant 24561153 124 139 bone protection Positive_phenotype 24561153 148 186 breast cancer-induced bone destruction Negative_phenotype 24561153 Increase 96 98 CS Plant 124 139 bone protection Positive_phenotype 24561153 Decrease 96 98 CS Plant 148 186 breast cancer-induced bone destruction Negative_phenotype 24561153_11 In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that the CS aqueous extract, which closely mimics green tea beverage, has potent antitumor and antimetastasis effects in breast cancer and could protect the bone from breast cancer-induced bone destruction. 24561153 55 57 CS Plant 24561153 102 105 tea Plant 24561153 127 136 antitumor Positive_phenotype 24561153 141 155 antimetastasis Positive_phenotype 24561153 167 180 breast cancer Negative_phenotype 24561153 191 207 protect the bone Positive_phenotype 24561153 213 251 breast cancer-induced bone destruction Negative_phenotype 24561153 Increase 55 57 CS Plant 127 136 antitumor Positive_phenotype 24561153 Increase 55 57 CS Plant 141 155 antimetastasis Positive_phenotype 24561153 Decrease 55 57 CS Plant 167 180 breast cancer Negative_phenotype 24561153 Increase 55 57 CS Plant 191 207 protect the bone Positive_phenotype 24561153 Decrease 55 57 CS Plant 213 251 breast cancer-induced bone destruction Negative_phenotype 24561153 Increase 102 105 tea Plant 127 136 antitumor Positive_phenotype 24561153 Increase 102 105 tea Plant 141 155 antimetastasis Positive_phenotype 24561153 Decrease 102 105 tea Plant 167 180 breast cancer Negative_phenotype 24561153 Increase 102 105 tea Plant 191 207 protect the bone Positive_phenotype 24561153 Decrease 102 105 tea Plant 213 251 breast cancer-induced bone destruction Negative_phenotype 24565566_1 Pomegranate extracts impact the androgen biosynthesis pathways in prostate cancer models in vitro and in vivo. 24565566 0 11 Pomegranate Plant 24565566 66 81 prostate cancer Negative_phenotype 24565566 Association 0 11 Pomegranate Plant 66 81 prostate cancer Negative_phenotype 24565566_2 Castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) remains largely dependent on androgen receptor (AR). 24565566 0 36 Castration-resistant prostate cancer Negative_phenotype 24565566 38 42 CRPC Negative_phenotype 24565566_3 Residual tissue androgens are consistently detected within CRPC tumors and play a critical role in facilitating AR-mediated signaling pathways which lead to disease progression. 24565566 59 70 CRPC tumors Negative_phenotype 24565566_4 Testosterone and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) are the major androgens detected in tumors. 24565566 79 85 tumors Negative_phenotype 24565566_5 They are produced through three biosynthesis pathways: (4), (5), and backdoor pathways. 24565566_6 Both androgens bind to and stimulate AR activation. 24565566_7 The current study investigates the effects of pomegranate extracts (POM) and their ability to inhibit androgen biosynthesis using PCa cell lines (22RV1 and LNCaP) in vitro as well as the PTEN knockout mouse model representing prostate cancer. 24565566 46 57 pomegranate Plant 24565566 68 71 POM Plant 24565566 130 133 PCa Negative_phenotype 24565566 146 151 22RV1 Negative_phenotype 24565566 156 161 LNCaP Negative_phenotype 24565566 226 241 prostate cancer Negative_phenotype 24565566_8 Steroids were extracted using ethyl acetate or solid phase extraction, and then analyzed by UPLC/MS/MS. 24565566_9 The results showed that POM (0-12 g/mL) reduced the production of testosterone, DHT, DHEA, androstenedione, androsterone, and pregnenolone in both cell lines. 24565566 24 27 POM Plant 24565566_10 In addition our in vivo data supports this observation with a reduction in serum steroids determined after 20 weeks of POM treatment (0.17 g/L in drinking water). 24565566 119 122 POM Plant 24565566_11 In accordance with these results, Western blotting of cell lysates and tPSA analysis determined that PSA was significantly decreased by the treatment of POM. 24565566 153 156 POM Plant 24565566_12 Interestingly, AKR1C3 and AR levels were shown to be increased in both cell lines, perhaps as a negative feedback effect in response to steroid inhibition. 24565566_13 Overall, these results provide mechanistic evidence to support the rationale for recent clinical reports describing efficacy of POM in CRPC patients. 24565566 128 131 POM Plant 24565566 135 139 CRPC Negative_phenotype 24565566 Decrease 128 131 POM Plant 135 139 CRPC Negative_phenotype 24583069_1 Anti-tumor activity and relative mechanism of ethanolic extract of Marsdenia tenacissima (Asclepiadaceae) against human hematologic neoplasm in vitro and in vivo. 24583069 0 10 Anti-tumor Positive_phenotype 24583069 67 88 Marsdenia tenacissima Plant 24583069 120 140 hematologic neoplasm Negative_phenotype 24583069_2 ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Marsdenia tenacissima, a traditional Chinese medicinal herb, endemic to Yunnan Province is widely used to treat cough, asthma, expectorant, esophageal cancer, gastric cancer, lung cancer, and hepatocellular carcinoma. 24583069 32 53 Marsdenia tenacissima Plant 24583069 144 149 cough Negative_phenotype 24583069 151 157 asthma Negative_phenotype 24583069 159 170 expectorant Positive_phenotype 24583069 172 189 esophageal cancer Negative_phenotype 24583069 191 205 gastric cancer Negative_phenotype 24583069 207 218 lung cancer Negative_phenotype 24583069 224 248 hepatocellular carcinoma Negative_phenotype 24583069 Decrease 32 53 Marsdenia tenacissima Plant 144 149 cough Negative_phenotype 24583069 Decrease 32 53 Marsdenia tenacissima Plant 151 157 asthma Negative_phenotype 24583069 Increase 32 53 Marsdenia tenacissima Plant 159 170 expectorant Positive_phenotype 24583069 Decrease 32 53 Marsdenia tenacissima Plant 172 189 esophageal cancer Negative_phenotype 24583069 Decrease 32 53 Marsdenia tenacissima Plant 191 205 gastric cancer Negative_phenotype 24583069 Decrease 32 53 Marsdenia tenacissima Plant 207 218 lung cancer Negative_phenotype 24583069 Decrease 32 53 Marsdenia tenacissima Plant 224 248 hepatocellular carcinoma Negative_phenotype 24583069_3 The aim of this study was to evaluate in vitro and in vivo anti-hematologic neoplasm potential of the ethanolic extract of this herb (crude ethanolic extract of Marsdenia tenacissima, CME) and by using different assays to elucidate its possible mechanism of action. 24583069 59 84 anti-hematologic neoplasm Positive_phenotype 24583069 161 182 Marsdenia tenacissima Plant 24583069 184 187 CME Plant 24583069_4 MATERIALS AND METHODS: The cytotoxicity of CME on tumor cells and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) was evaluated using MTT and apoptosis assays. 24583069 43 46 CME Plant 24583069 50 55 tumor Negative_phenotype 24583069_5 We also tested the effect of CME on colony formation inhibition and cell cycle distribution of tumor cells. 24583069 29 32 CME Plant 24583069 95 100 tumor Negative_phenotype 24583069_6 The protein expressions of Cyclin D1, Bax, Bcl-2, caspase-3 and caspase-9 were detected through Western blotting. 24583069_7 In vivo anti-tumor effect was evaluated by measuring tumor volume changes, measuring tumor weight, evaluation of tumor microvessel density (MVD) and TUNEL staining by using immunohistochemistry staining in tumor models of nude mice. 24583069 8 18 anti-tumor Positive_phenotype 24583069 53 58 tumor Negative_phenotype 24583069 85 90 tumor Negative_phenotype 24583069 113 118 tumor Negative_phenotype 24583069 140 143 MVD Negative_phenotype 24583069 206 211 tumor Negative_phenotype 24583069_8 RESULTS: Marsdenia tenacissima ethanolic extract exhibited effects of proliferation inhibition and induction of apoptosis on human hematologic neoplasm tumor cells in vitro, as well as hematologic neoplasm growth in vivo. 24583069 9 30 Marsdenia tenacissima Plant 24583069 131 157 hematologic neoplasm tumor Negative_phenotype 24583069 185 212 hematologic neoplasm growth Negative_phenotype 24583069 Decrease 9 30 Marsdenia tenacissima Plant 131 157 hematologic neoplasm tumor Negative_phenotype 24583069 Decrease 9 30 Marsdenia tenacissima Plant 185 212 hematologic neoplasm growth Negative_phenotype 24583069_9 CONCLUSION: This study clearly indicated that the ethanolic extract of Marsdenia tenacissima displayed strong anti-tumor effects against hematologic neoplasm cells and could induce tumor cells apoptosis in vitro and in vivo, and also had a significant anti-angiogenic effect in vivo against tumor cell apoptosis. 24583069 71 92 Marsdenia tenacissima Plant 24583069 110 120 anti-tumor Positive_phenotype 24583069 137 157 hematologic neoplasm Negative_phenotype 24583069 181 186 tumor Negative_phenotype 24583069 252 267 anti-angiogenic Positive_phenotype 24583069 291 296 tumor Negative_phenotype 24583069 Increase 71 92 Marsdenia tenacissima Plant 110 120 anti-tumor Positive_phenotype 24583069 Decrease 71 92 Marsdenia tenacissima Plant 137 157 hematologic neoplasm Negative_phenotype 24583069 Decrease 71 92 Marsdenia tenacissima Plant 181 186 tumor Negative_phenotype 24583069 Increase 71 92 Marsdenia tenacissima Plant 252 267 anti-angiogenic Positive_phenotype 24583069 Decrease 71 92 Marsdenia tenacissima Plant 291 296 tumor Negative_phenotype 24583069_10 Its multi-mechanism of action might be associated with the cell cycle (G0/G1) arrest, induction of apoptosis through up-regulation protein expressions of Bax, caspase-9 and caspase-3 genes and down-regulation of the expressions of Cyclin D1 and Bcl-2 genes, a decrease in tumor microvessel density and an increase of TUNEL-positive cells in vivo. 24583069 272 277 tumor Negative_phenotype 24583069_11 These findings provided the molecular theoretical basis of clinical application. 24600193_1 A current update on the phytopharmacological aspects of Houttuynia cordata Thunb. 24600193 56 81 Houttuynia cordata Thunb. Plant 24600193_2 The present review is an attempt to put an insight into a medicinal plant Houttuynia cordata Thunb, which is indigenous to North-East India and China. 24600193 74 98 Houttuynia cordata Thunb Plant 24600193_3 It is an aromatic medicinal herb belonging to family Saururaceae and is restricted to specialized moist habitats. 24600193_4 The review provides detailed information regarding the morphology, distribution, phytochemistry, ethnopharmacological uses and also describes various pharmacological activities reported on the plant H. cordata. 24600193 199 209 H. cordata Plant 24600193_5 The review describes therapeutic efficacy of the whole plant and its extracts, fractions and isolated compounds in different diseased condition. 24600193_6 Among the important pharmacological activities reported includes, anti-mutagenic, anti-cancer, adjuvanticity, anti-obesity, hepatoprotective, anti-viral, anti-bacterial, anti-inflammatory, free radical scavenging, anti-microbial, anti-allergic, anti-leukemic, chronic sinusitis and nasal polyps activities. 24600193 66 80 anti-mutagenic Positive_phenotype 24600193 82 93 anti-cancer Positive_phenotype 24600193 95 108 adjuvanticity Positive_phenotype 24600193 110 122 anti-obesity Positive_phenotype 24600193 124 140 hepatoprotective Positive_phenotype 24600193 142 152 anti-viral Positive_phenotype 24600193 154 168 anti-bacterial Positive_phenotype 24600193 170 187 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 24600193 214 228 anti-microbial Positive_phenotype 24600193 230 243 anti-allergic Positive_phenotype 24600193 245 258 anti-leukemic Positive_phenotype 24600193 260 277 chronic sinusitis Negative_phenotype 24600193 282 294 nasal polyps Negative_phenotype 24600193_7 Thus, the present review will act as a source of referential information to researchers to perform clinical studies on isolated compounds that may serve the society and will help in improving human health care system. 24600197_1 Strychnos potatorum: Phytochemical and pharmacological review. 24600197 0 19 Strychnos potatorum Plant 24600197_2 In traditional system of medicine, the seeds of Strychnos potatorum Linn. (family: Loganiaceae) are used in the treatment of gonorrhea, leukorrhea leukeorrhea, gastropathy, bronchitis, chronic diarrhea, dysentery, renal and vesicle calculi, diabetes, conjunctivitis, scleritis, ulcers and other eye disease. 24600197 48 73 Strychnos potatorum Linn. Plant 24600197 125 134 gonorrhea Negative_phenotype 24600197 136 158 leukorrhea leukeorrhea Negative_phenotype 24600197 160 171 gastropathy Negative_phenotype 24600197 173 183 bronchitis Negative_phenotype 24600197 185 201 chronic diarrhea Negative_phenotype 24600197 203 212 dysentery Negative_phenotype 24600197 214 239 renal and vesicle calculi Negative_phenotype 24600197 241 249 diabetes Negative_phenotype 24600197 251 265 conjunctivitis Negative_phenotype 24600197 267 276 scleritis Negative_phenotype 24600197 278 284 ulcers Negative_phenotype 24600197 295 306 eye disease Negative_phenotype 24600197 Decrease 48 73 Strychnos potatorum Linn. Plant 125 134 gonorrhea Negative_phenotype 24600197 Decrease 48 73 Strychnos potatorum Linn. Plant 136 158 leukorrhea leukeorrhea Negative_phenotype 24600197 Decrease 48 73 Strychnos potatorum Linn. Plant 160 171 gastropathy Negative_phenotype 24600197 Decrease 48 73 Strychnos potatorum Linn. Plant 173 183 bronchitis Negative_phenotype 24600197 Decrease 48 73 Strychnos potatorum Linn. Plant 185 201 chronic diarrhea Negative_phenotype 24600197 Decrease 48 73 Strychnos potatorum Linn. Plant 203 212 dysentery Negative_phenotype 24600197 Decrease 48 73 Strychnos potatorum Linn. Plant 214 239 renal and vesicle calculi Negative_phenotype 24600197 Decrease 48 73 Strychnos potatorum Linn. Plant 241 249 diabetes Negative_phenotype 24600197 Decrease 48 73 Strychnos potatorum Linn. Plant 251 265 conjunctivitis Negative_phenotype 24600197 Decrease 48 73 Strychnos potatorum Linn. Plant 267 276 scleritis Negative_phenotype 24600197 Decrease 48 73 Strychnos potatorum Linn. Plant 278 284 ulcers Negative_phenotype 24600197 Decrease 48 73 Strychnos potatorum Linn. Plant 295 306 eye disease Negative_phenotype 24600197_3 An attempt has been made to highlight this medicinal seeds through phytochemical and pharmacological study. 24600197_4 The present review deals with the phytochemical and pharmacological screening of therapeutic importance from Strychnos potatorum L., an important medicinal plant. 24600197 109 131 Strychnos potatorum L. Plant 24600197_5 This study includes the collective information of different medicinal uses of Strychnos potatorum. 24600197 78 97 Strychnos potatorum Plant 24600197_6 The generated data has provided the basis for its wide use as the therapeutant both in the traditional and folk medicines. 24615943_1 Modulation of estrogen and epidermal growth factor receptors by rosemary extract in breast cancer cells. 24615943 64 72 rosemary Plant 24615943 84 97 breast cancer Negative_phenotype 24615943_2 Breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related mortality among females worldwide, and therefore the development of new therapeutic approaches is still needed. 24615943 0 13 Breast cancer Negative_phenotype 24615943 38 44 cancer Negative_phenotype 24615943_3 Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) extract possesses antitumor properties against tumor cells from several organs, including breast. 24615943 0 8 Rosemary Plant 24615943 10 35 Rosmarinus officinalis L. Plant 24615943 55 64 antitumor Positive_phenotype 24615943 84 89 tumor Negative_phenotype 24615943 Increase 0 8 Rosemary Plant 55 64 antitumor Positive_phenotype 24615943 Decrease 0 8 Rosemary Plant 84 89 tumor Negative_phenotype 24615943 Increase 10 35 Rosmarinus officinalis L. Plant 55 64 antitumor Positive_phenotype 24615943 Decrease 10 35 Rosmarinus officinalis L. Plant 84 89 tumor Negative_phenotype 24615943_4 However, in order to apply it as a complementary therapeutic agent in breast cancer, more information is needed regarding the sensitivity of the different breast tumor subtypes and its effect in combination with the currently used chemotherapy. 24615943 70 83 breast cancer Negative_phenotype 24615943 155 167 breast tumor Negative_phenotype 24615943 231 243 chemotherapy Positive_phenotype 24615943_5 Here, we analyzed the antitumor activities of a supercritical fluid rosemary extract (SFRE) in different breast cancer cells, and used a genomic approach to explore its effect on the modulation of ER-a and HER2 signaling pathways, the most important mitogen pathways related to breast cancer progression. 24615943 22 31 antitumor Positive_phenotype 24615943 68 76 rosemary Plant 24615943 86 90 SFRE Plant 24615943 105 118 breast cancer Negative_phenotype 24615943 278 291 breast cancer Negative_phenotype 24615943_6 We found that SFRE exerts antitumor activity against breast cancer cells from different tumor subtypes and the downregulation of ER-a and HER2 receptors by SFRE might be involved in its antitumor effect against estrogen-dependent (ER+) and HER2 overexpressing (HER2+) breast cancer subtypes. 24615943 14 18 SFRE Plant 24615943 26 35 antitumor Positive_phenotype 24615943 53 66 breast cancer Negative_phenotype 24615943 88 93 tumor Negative_phenotype 24615943 156 160 SFRE Plant 24615943 186 195 antitumor Positive_phenotype 24615943 268 281 breast cancer Negative_phenotype 24615943 Increase 14 18 SFRE Plant 26 35 antitumor Positive_phenotype 24615943 Decrease 14 18 SFRE Plant 53 66 breast cancer Negative_phenotype 24615943 Decrease 14 18 SFRE Plant 88 93 tumor Negative_phenotype 24615943 Increase 156 160 SFRE Plant 186 195 antitumor Positive_phenotype 24615943 Decrease 156 160 SFRE Plant 268 281 breast cancer Negative_phenotype 24615943_7 Moreover, SFRE significantly enhanced the effect of breast cancer chemotherapy (tamoxifen, trastuzumab, and paclitaxel). 24615943 10 14 SFRE Plant 24615943 52 65 breast cancer Negative_phenotype 24615943 Decrease 10 14 SFRE Plant 52 65 breast cancer Negative_phenotype 24615943_8 Overall, our results support the potential utility of SFRE as a complementary approach in breast cancer therapy. 24615943 54 58 SFRE Plant 24615943 90 103 breast cancer Negative_phenotype 24615943 Decrease 54 58 SFRE Plant 90 103 breast cancer Negative_phenotype 24621062_1 Commiphora mukul attenuates peripheral neuropathic pain induced by chronic constriction injury of sciatic nerve in rats. 24621062 0 16 Commiphora mukul Plant 24621062 28 111 peripheral neuropathic pain induced by chronic constriction injury of sciatic nerve Negative_phenotype 24621062 Decrease 0 16 Commiphora mukul Plant 28 111 peripheral neuropathic pain induced by chronic constriction injury of sciatic nerve Negative_phenotype 24621062_2 UNASSIGNED: Objective The management of neuropathic pain remains unsatisfactory till date, despite immense advances in the therapeutic strategies. 24621062 40 56 neuropathic pain Negative_phenotype 24621062_3 Commiphora mukul (CM), also known as Commiphora wightii, is well known in the traditional Indian system of medicine, and has been used to treat ailments such as obesity, bone fractures, arthritis, inflammation, cardiovascular diseases, and lipid disorders. 24621062 0 16 Commiphora mukul Plant 24621062 18 20 CM Plant 24621062 37 55 Commiphora wightii Plant 24621062 161 168 obesity Negative_phenotype 24621062 170 184 bone fractures Negative_phenotype 24621062 186 195 arthritis Negative_phenotype 24621062 197 209 inflammation Negative_phenotype 24621062 211 234 cardiovascular diseases Negative_phenotype 24621062 240 255 lipid disorders Negative_phenotype 24621062 Decrease 0 16 Commiphora mukul Plant 161 168 obesity Negative_phenotype 24621062 Decrease 0 16 Commiphora mukul Plant 170 184 bone fractures Negative_phenotype 24621062 Decrease 0 16 Commiphora mukul Plant 186 195 arthritis Negative_phenotype 24621062 Decrease 0 16 Commiphora mukul Plant 197 209 inflammation Negative_phenotype 24621062 Decrease 0 16 Commiphora mukul Plant 211 234 cardiovascular diseases Negative_phenotype 24621062 Decrease 0 16 Commiphora mukul Plant 240 255 lipid disorders Negative_phenotype 24621062 Decrease 18 20 CM Plant 161 168 obesity Negative_phenotype 24621062 Decrease 18 20 CM Plant 170 184 bone fractures Negative_phenotype 24621062 Decrease 18 20 CM Plant 186 195 arthritis Negative_phenotype 24621062 Decrease 18 20 CM Plant 197 209 inflammation Negative_phenotype 24621062 Decrease 18 20 CM Plant 211 234 cardiovascular diseases Negative_phenotype 24621062 Decrease 18 20 CM Plant 240 255 lipid disorders Negative_phenotype 24621062 Decrease 37 55 Commiphora wightii Plant 161 168 obesity Negative_phenotype 24621062 Decrease 37 55 Commiphora wightii Plant 170 184 bone fractures Negative_phenotype 24621062 Decrease 37 55 Commiphora wightii Plant 186 195 arthritis Negative_phenotype 24621062 Decrease 37 55 Commiphora wightii Plant 197 209 inflammation Negative_phenotype 24621062 Decrease 37 55 Commiphora wightii Plant 211 234 cardiovascular diseases Negative_phenotype 24621062 Decrease 37 55 Commiphora wightii Plant 240 255 lipid disorders Negative_phenotype 24621062_4 The present study was performed to investigate the effect of CM on peripheral neuropathic pain in rats. 24621062 61 63 CM Plant 24621062 67 94 peripheral neuropathic pain Negative_phenotype 24621062_5 Methods Neuropathic pain was induced by the chronic constriction injury of the sciatic nerve. 24621062 8 92 Neuropathic pain was induced by the chronic constriction injury of the sciatic nerve Negative_phenotype 24621062_6 Following this, CM was orally administered for 2 weeks in doses of 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg, and pain assessment was performed by employing the behavioral tests for thermal hyperalgesia (hot-plate and tail-flick tests) and cold allodynia (acetone test). 24621062 16 18 CM Plant 24621062 96 100 pain Negative_phenotype 24621062 164 184 thermal hyperalgesia Negative_phenotype 24621062 222 236 cold allodynia Negative_phenotype 24621062_7 Results Following the induction of neuropathic pain, significant development of thermal hyperalgesia and cold allodynia was observed. 24621062 35 51 neuropathic pain Negative_phenotype 24621062 80 100 thermal hyperalgesia Negative_phenotype 24621062 105 119 cold allodynia Negative_phenotype 24621062_8 The administration of CM (50 mg/kg) did not have any effect on the hot-plate and tail-flick tests, but significant anti-allodynic effect was observed in the acetone test. 24621062 22 24 CM Plant 24621062 116 130 anti-allodynic Positive_phenotype 24621062 Increase 22 24 CM Plant 116 130 anti-allodynic Positive_phenotype 24621062_9 Furthermore, administration of CM (100 mg/kg) caused significant decrease in pain as observed on the tail-flick and acetone tests, but not in the hot-plate test. 24621062 31 33 CM Plant 24621062 78 82 pain Negative_phenotype 24621062 Decrease 31 33 CM Plant 78 82 pain Negative_phenotype 24621062_10 CM in a dose of 200 mg/kg significantly modulated neuropathic pain as observed from the increased hot-plate and tail-flick latencies, and decreased paw withdrawal duration (in acetone test). 24621062 0 2 CM Plant 24621062 51 67 neuropathic pain Negative_phenotype 24621062 Decrease 0 2 CM Plant 51 67 neuropathic pain Negative_phenotype 24621062_11 Discussion Therefore, the present study suggests that CM may be used in future as a treatment option for neuropathic pain. 24621062 54 56 CM Plant 24621062 105 121 neuropathic pain Negative_phenotype 24621062 Decrease 54 56 CM Plant 105 121 neuropathic pain Negative_phenotype 24621253_1 Dietary pulp from Fructus Schisandra Chinensis supplementation reduces serum/hepatic lipid and hepatic glucose levels in mice fed a normal or high cholesterol/bile salt diet. 24621253 18 46 Fructus Schisandra Chinensis Plant 24621253 71 90 serum/hepatic lipid Neutral_phenotype 24621253 95 117 hepatic glucose levels Neutral_phenotype 24621253 Decrease 18 46 Fructus Schisandra Chinensis Plant 71 90 serum/hepatic lipid Neutral_phenotype 24621253 Decrease 18 46 Fructus Schisandra Chinensis Plant 95 117 hepatic glucose levels Neutral_phenotype 24621253_2 BACKGROUND: Recently, it has been found that Fructus Schisandra Chinensis (FSC), a Chinese herbal medicine, and its related compounds have a profound impact on lipid metabolism process. 24621253 45 73 Fructus Schisandra Chinensis Plant 24621253 75 78 FSC Plant 24621253_3 FSC can be divided into two parts, i.e., seed and pulp. 24621253 0 3 FSC Plant 24621253_4 The current study aimed to examine the effect of aqueous extracts of FSC pulp (AqFSC-P) on serum/hepatic lipid and glucose levels in mice fed with a normal diet (ND) or a high cholesterol/bile salt diet (HCBD). 24621253 69 72 FSC Plant 24621253 79 86 AqFSC-P Plant 24621253 91 110 serum/hepatic lipid Neutral_phenotype 24621253 115 129 glucose levels Neutral_phenotype 24621253_5 METHODS: The AqFSC-P used in the present study was fractionated into supernatant (SAqFSC-P) and precipitate (PAqFSC-P) separated by centrifugation. 24621253 13 20 AqFSC-P Plant 24621253 82 90 SAqFSC-P Plant 24621253 109 117 PAqFSC-P Plant 24621253_6 Male ICR mice were fed with ND or HCBD, without or with supplementation of 1%, 3%, or 9% (w/w) SAqFSC-P or PAqFSC-P for 10 days. 24621253 95 103 SAqFSC-P Plant 24621253 107 115 PAqFSC-P Plant 24621253_7 Biomarkers were determined according to the manufacturer's instruction. 24621253_8 RESULTS: Supplementation with SAqFSC-P or PAqFSC-P significantly reduced serum and hepatic triglyceride levels (approximately 40%) in ND- and/or HCBD-fed mice. 24621253 30 38 SAqFSC-P Plant 24621253 42 50 PAqFSC-P Plant 24621253 73 110 serum and hepatic triglyceride levels Neutral_phenotype 24621253 Decrease 30 38 SAqFSC-P Plant 73 110 serum and hepatic triglyceride levels Neutral_phenotype 24621253 Decrease 42 50 PAqFSC-P Plant 73 110 serum and hepatic triglyceride levels Neutral_phenotype 24621253_9 The supplementation with SAqFSC-P or PAqFSC-P reduced hepatic total cholesterol levels (by 27-46%) in HCBD-fed mice. 24621253 25 33 SAqFSC-P Plant 24621253 37 45 PAqFSC-P Plant 24621253 54 86 hepatic total cholesterol levels Neutral_phenotype 24621253 Decrease 25 33 SAqFSC-P Plant 54 86 hepatic total cholesterol levels Neutral_phenotype 24621253 Decrease 37 45 PAqFSC-P Plant 54 86 hepatic total cholesterol levels Neutral_phenotype 24621253_10 Supplementation with SAqFSC-P or PAqFSC-P markedly lowered hepatic glucose levels (by 13-30%) in ND- and HCBD-fed mice. 24621253 21 29 SAqFSC-P Plant 24621253 33 41 PAqFSC-P Plant 24621253 59 81 hepatic glucose levels Neutral_phenotype 24621253 Decrease 21 29 SAqFSC-P Plant 59 81 hepatic glucose levels Neutral_phenotype 24621253 Decrease 33 41 PAqFSC-P Plant 59 81 hepatic glucose levels Neutral_phenotype 24621253_11 SAqFSC-P decreased serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity, but PAqFSC-P increased hepatic protein contents in ND-fed mice. 24621253 0 8 SAqFSC-P Plant 24621253 70 78 PAqFSC-P Plant 24621253_12 Bicylol, as a positive control, reduced ALT activity. 24621253_13 In addition, mice supplemented with FSC-P or bicylol showed a smaller body weight gain and adipose tissue mass as compared to the respective un-supplemented ND- or HCBD-fed mice. 24621253 36 41 FSC-P Plant 24621253 70 81 body weight Neutral_phenotype 24621253 91 110 adipose tissue mass Neutral_phenotype 24621253 Decrease 36 41 FSC-P Plant 70 81 body weight Neutral_phenotype 24621253 Decrease 36 41 FSC-P Plant 91 110 adipose tissue mass Neutral_phenotype 24621253_14 CONCLUSION: The results indicate that SAqFSC-P and PAqFSC-P produce hepatic lipid- and glucose-lowering as well as serum TG-lowering effects in hypercholesterolemic mice. 24621253 38 46 SAqFSC-P Plant 24621253 51 59 PAqFSC-P Plant 24621253 68 81 hepatic lipid Neutral_phenotype 24621253 87 94 glucose Neutral_phenotype 24621253 115 123 serum TG Neutral_phenotype 24621253 144 164 hypercholesterolemic Negative_phenotype 24621253 Decrease 38 46 SAqFSC-P Plant 68 81 hepatic lipid Neutral_phenotype 24621253 Decrease 38 46 SAqFSC-P Plant 87 94 glucose Neutral_phenotype 24621253 Decrease 38 46 SAqFSC-P Plant 115 123 serum TG Neutral_phenotype 24621253 Decrease 38 46 SAqFSC-P Plant 144 164 hypercholesterolemic Negative_phenotype 24621253 Decrease 51 59 PAqFSC-P Plant 68 81 hepatic lipid Neutral_phenotype 24621253 Decrease 51 59 PAqFSC-P Plant 87 94 glucose Neutral_phenotype 24621253 Decrease 51 59 PAqFSC-P Plant 115 123 serum TG Neutral_phenotype 24621253 Decrease 51 59 PAqFSC-P Plant 144 164 hypercholesterolemic Negative_phenotype 24621253_15 FSC pulp may provide a safe alternative for the management of fatty liver and/or lipid disorders in humans. 24621253 0 3 FSC Plant 24621253 62 73 fatty liver Negative_phenotype 24621253 81 96 lipid disorders Negative_phenotype 24621253 Decrease 0 3 FSC Plant 62 73 fatty liver Negative_phenotype 24621253 Decrease 0 3 FSC Plant 81 96 lipid disorders Negative_phenotype 24668155_1 Alloxan-induced diabetic thermal hyperalgesia, prophylaxis and phytotherapeutic effects of Rheum ribes L. in mouse model. 24668155 16 45 diabetic thermal hyperalgesia Negative_phenotype 24668155 91 105 Rheum ribes L. Plant 24668155_2 Rheum ribes L., known as Syrian rhubarb, is used in traditional Lebanese folk medicine for the treatment of diabetes. 24668155 0 14 Rheum ribes L. Plant 24668155 25 39 Syrian rhubarb Plant 24668155 108 116 diabetes Negative_phenotype 24668155 Decrease 0 14 Rheum ribes L. Plant 108 116 diabetes Negative_phenotype 24668155 Decrease 25 39 Syrian rhubarb Plant 108 116 diabetes Negative_phenotype 24668155_3 The present study aims to investigate the activities of R. ribes aqueous extract for glucose homeostasis, in vivo antioxidant and diabetic neuropathy protection in mice. 24668155 56 64 R. ribes Plant 24668155 85 104 glucose homeostasis Positive_phenotype 24668155 114 125 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 24668155 130 160 diabetic neuropathy protection Positive_phenotype 24668155_4 The acute and the subacute effects of various doses of R. ribes on blood glucose and in vivo antioxidant activity utilizing serum catalase level (CAT) were studied in alloxan-diabetic mice. 24668155 55 63 R. ribes Plant 24668155 67 80 blood glucose Neutral_phenotype 24668155 93 104 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 24668155 175 183 diabetic Negative_phenotype 24668155_5 The high doses significantly lowered glucose level and increased serum CAT in alloxan-diabetic mice. 24668155 37 50 glucose level Neutral_phenotype 24668155 86 94 diabetic Negative_phenotype 24668155_6 Pretreatment with the extract prior to alloxination, protected the mice from acquiring diabetes and diabetic neuropathy. 24668155 87 95 diabetes Negative_phenotype 24668155 100 119 diabetic neuropathy Negative_phenotype 24668155_7 Treatment with the extract for 8 weeks alleviated hyperalgesia in diabetic mice. 24668155 51 75 hyperalgesia in diabetic Negative_phenotype 24668155_8 Our findings provide clinicians with promising drugs intended for the management of the symptoms of diabetic complications. 24668155 88 122 symptoms of diabetic complications Negative_phenotype 24668155_9 The protective activity of R. ribes against acquiring diabetes and diabetic neuropathy might pave the way for preparing a prophylactic treatment for diabetes risk groups. 24668155 27 35 R. ribes Plant 24668155 54 62 diabetes Negative_phenotype 24668155 67 86 diabetic neuropathy Negative_phenotype 24668155 149 157 diabetes Negative_phenotype 24668155 Decrease 27 35 R. ribes Plant 54 62 diabetes Negative_phenotype 24668155 Decrease 27 35 R. ribes Plant 67 86 diabetic neuropathy Negative_phenotype 24668155 Decrease 27 35 R. ribes Plant 149 157 diabetes Negative_phenotype 24672645_1 Khat (Catha Edulis) as a possible cause of autoimmune hepatitis. 24672645 0 4 Khat Plant 24672645 6 18 Catha Edulis Plant 24672645 43 63 autoimmune hepatitis Negative_phenotype 24672645_2 AIM: To investigate the potential role of khat in triggering auto immune hepatitis. 24672645 42 46 khat Plant 24672645 61 82 auto immune hepatitis Negative_phenotype 24672645_3 METHODS: Patients with a history of khat use and acute hepatitis were identified using the computer database in the hepatology department at the Royal Hallamshire Hospital. 24672645 36 40 khat Plant 24672645 49 64 acute hepatitis Negative_phenotype 24672645_4 They were then assessed for probability of having autoimmune hepatitis using the revised autoimmune hepatitis scoring criteria. 24672645 50 70 autoimmune hepatitis Negative_phenotype 24672645 89 109 autoimmune hepatitis Negative_phenotype 24672645_5 RESULTS: Six patients were identified. 24672645_6 All of them had presented with acute hepatitis on a background of khat. 24672645 31 46 acute hepatitis Negative_phenotype 24672645 66 70 khat Plant 24672645 Increase 31 46 acute hepatitis Negative_phenotype 66 70 khat Plant 24672645_7 All were male and five of these patients were of Somali origin, while one patient was from Yemen. 24672645_8 The patients were given points on the modified autoimmune hepatitis score which is based on their liver enzymes, autoimmune screen, exclusion of viral hepatitis alcohol and drugs, immunoglobulin levels and liver histology. 24672645 47 67 autoimmune hepatitis Negative_phenotype 24672645 113 123 autoimmune Negative_phenotype 24672645 151 160 hepatitis Negative_phenotype 24672645 180 201 immunoglobulin levels Neutral_phenotype 24672645_9 The patients were given a score of -4 for khat use due to its potential to cause drug induced liver injury. 24672645 42 46 khat Plant 24672645 94 106 liver injury Negative_phenotype 24672645 Increase 42 46 khat Plant 94 106 liver injury Negative_phenotype 24672645_10 Five of these patients scored between 10 and 15 points, placing them in the probable group for having autoimmune hepatitis. 24672645 102 122 autoimmune hepatitis Negative_phenotype 24672645_11 All of these patients were treated with prednisolone and demonstrated a good response to immunosuppression. 24672645 89 106 immunosuppression Positive_phenotype 24672645_12 CONCLUSION: One possibile cause of hepatotoxicity with khat could be via triggering of autoimmune hepatitis in a genetically susceptible individual. 24672645 35 49 hepatotoxicity Negative_phenotype 24672645 55 59 khat Plant 24672645 87 107 autoimmune hepatitis Negative_phenotype 24672645 Increase 35 49 hepatotoxicity Negative_phenotype 55 59 khat Plant 24672645 Increase 55 59 khat Plant 87 107 autoimmune hepatitis Negative_phenotype 24672645_13 Further studies are needed for confirmation. 24684953_1 Anti-tumor pharmacological evaluation of extracts from stellera chamaejasme L based on hollow fiber assay. 24684953 0 10 Anti-tumor Positive_phenotype 24684953 55 77 stellera chamaejasme L Plant 24684953_2 BACKGROUND: Stellera chamaejasme L, a traditional Chinese herb, has long been used for treatment of various tumors in the Chinese population. 24684953 12 34 Stellera chamaejasme L Plant 24684953 108 114 tumors Negative_phenotype 24684953 Decrease 12 34 Stellera chamaejasme L Plant 108 114 tumors Negative_phenotype 24684953_3 In our previous study, we paid an attention to the cytotoxic and proapoptotic effects of Stellera chamaejasme L extracts (ESC, ESC-1 and ESC-2, the latter two were isolated from ESC) on 4 various tumor cells (NCI-H157, NCI-H460, BEL-7402 and SK-HEP-1) in vitro. 24684953 89 111 Stellera chamaejasme L Plant 24684953 122 125 ESC Plant 24684953 127 132 ESC-1 Plant 24684953 137 142 ESC-2 Plant 24684953 178 181 ESC Plant 24684953 196 201 tumor Negative_phenotype 24684953 209 217 NCI-H157 Negative_phenotype 24684953 219 227 NCI-H460 Negative_phenotype 24684953 229 237 BEL-7402 Negative_phenotype 24684953 242 250 SK-HEP-1 Negative_phenotype 24684953 Decrease 89 111 Stellera chamaejasme L Plant 196 201 tumor Negative_phenotype 24684953 Decrease 89 111 Stellera chamaejasme L Plant 209 217 NCI-H157 Negative_phenotype 24684953 Decrease 122 125 ESC Plant 196 201 tumor Negative_phenotype 24684953 Decrease 122 125 ESC Plant 209 217 NCI-H157 Negative_phenotype 24684953 Decrease 122 125 ESC Plant 219 227 NCI-H460 Negative_phenotype 24684953 Decrease 122 125 ESC Plant 219 227 NCI-H460 Negative_phenotype 24684953 Decrease 122 125 ESC Plant 229 237 BEL-7402 Negative_phenotype 24684953 Decrease 122 125 ESC Plant 229 237 BEL-7402 Negative_phenotype 24684953 Decrease 122 125 ESC Plant 242 250 SK-HEP-1 Negative_phenotype 24684953 Decrease 122 125 ESC Plant 242 250 SK-HEP-1 Negative_phenotype 24684953 Decrease 127 132 ESC-1 Plant 196 201 tumor Negative_phenotype 24684953 Decrease 127 132 ESC-1 Plant 209 217 NCI-H157 Negative_phenotype 24684953 Decrease 127 132 ESC-1 Plant 219 227 NCI-H460 Negative_phenotype 24684953 Decrease 127 132 ESC-1 Plant 229 237 BEL-7402 Negative_phenotype 24684953 Decrease 127 132 ESC-1 Plant 242 250 SK-HEP-1 Negative_phenotype 24684953 Decrease 137 142 ESC-2 Plant 196 201 tumor Negative_phenotype 24684953 Decrease 137 142 ESC-2 Plant 209 217 NCI-H157 Negative_phenotype 24684953 Decrease 137 142 ESC-2 Plant 219 227 NCI-H460 Negative_phenotype 24684953 Decrease 137 142 ESC-2 Plant 229 237 BEL-7402 Negative_phenotype 24684953 Decrease 137 142 ESC-2 Plant 242 250 SK-HEP-1 Negative_phenotype 24684953 Decrease 178 181 ESC Plant 196 201 tumor Negative_phenotype 24684953_4 ESCs showed significantly inhibitory effects on the 4 tumor cells. 24684953 0 4 ESCs Plant 24684953 54 59 tumor Negative_phenotype 24684953 Decrease 0 4 ESCs Plant 54 59 tumor Negative_phenotype 24684953_5 ESC-2 had the strongest inhibitory effect and the broadest sensitive cell spectrum. 24684953 0 5 ESC-2 Plant 24684953_6 ESC-2 and ESC acted in a similar way against tumor cells, which suggested anti-tumor active fraction of ESC might exist in ESC-2. 24684953 0 5 ESC-2 Plant 24684953 10 13 ESC Plant 24684953 45 50 tumor Negative_phenotype 24684953 74 84 anti-tumor Positive_phenotype 24684953 104 107 ESC Plant 24684953 123 128 ESC-2 Plant 24684953 Decrease 0 5 ESC-2 Plant 45 50 tumor Negative_phenotype 24684953 Decrease 10 13 ESC Plant 45 50 tumor Negative_phenotype 24684953 Increase 74 84 anti-tumor Positive_phenotype 104 107 ESC Plant 24684953 Increase 74 84 anti-tumor Positive_phenotype 123 128 ESC-2 Plant 24684953_7 Here, we further observe the inhibitory and proapoptotic effects of Stellera chamaejasme L extracts in vivo. 24684953 68 90 Stellera chamaejasme L Plant 24684953_8 METHODS: In this study, we used hollow fiber tumor model to evaluate the inhibitory and proapoptotic effects of Stellera chamaejasme L extracts. 24684953 45 50 tumor Negative_phenotype 24684953 112 134 Stellera chamaejasme L Plant 24684953_9 Apoptotic rates of the cancer cells retrieved from the hollow fibers were measured with flow cytometric analysis, caspase 3, 8, 9 enzyme activities were detected by colorimetric assay, Fas, Fas-L, TNF-R1 and TNF-a expression were determined with elisa assay and radioimmunoassay respectively. 24684953 23 29 cancer Negative_phenotype 24684953_10 RESULTS: The results showed that ESC, ESC-2 all had inhibitory effects on 4 tumor cells. 24684953 33 36 ESC Plant 24684953 38 43 ESC-2 Plant 24684953 76 81 tumor Negative_phenotype 24684953 Decrease 33 36 ESC Plant 76 81 tumor Negative_phenotype 24684953 Decrease 38 43 ESC-2 Plant 76 81 tumor Negative_phenotype 24684953_11 According to the effect strength, dose and antitumor spectrum, the order of antitumor effects of ESCs was: ESC-2 > ESC > ESC-1. 24684953 43 52 antitumor Positive_phenotype 24684953 76 85 antitumor Positive_phenotype 24684953 97 101 ESCs Plant 24684953 107 112 ESC-2 Plant 24684953 119 122 ESC Plant 24684953 129 134 ESC-1 Plant 24684953 Increase 43 52 antitumor Positive_phenotype 97 101 ESCs Plant 24684953 Increase 43 52 antitumor Positive_phenotype 107 112 ESC-2 Plant 24684953 Increase 43 52 antitumor Positive_phenotype 119 122 ESC Plant 24684953 Increase 43 52 antitumor Positive_phenotype 129 134 ESC-1 Plant 24684953 Increase 76 85 antitumor Positive_phenotype 97 101 ESCs Plant 24684953 Increase 76 85 antitumor Positive_phenotype 107 112 ESC-2 Plant 24684953 Increase 76 85 antitumor Positive_phenotype 119 122 ESC Plant 24684953 Increase 76 85 antitumor Positive_phenotype 129 134 ESC-1 Plant 24684953_12 NCI-H460 cells were the most sensitive to ESCs. 24684953 0 8 NCI-H460 Negative_phenotype 24684953 42 46 ESCs Plant 24684953 Decrease 0 8 NCI-H460 Negative_phenotype 42 46 ESCs Plant 24684953_13 ESC, ESC-2 increased greatly the apoptotic rate and caspase 3, 8 enzyme activities in NCI-H460. 24684953 0 3 ESC Plant 24684953 5 10 ESC-2 Plant 24684953 86 94 NCI-H460 Negative_phenotype 24684953_14 ESCs had no significant effects on expression of Fas, Fas-L protein, but TNF-a/TNFR1 protein expression in NCI-H460 cells changed significantly after ESC and ESC-2 treatment. 24684953 0 4 ESCs Plant 24684953 107 115 NCI-H460 Negative_phenotype 24684953 150 153 ESC Plant 24684953 158 163 ESC-2 Plant 24684953_15 CONCLUSION: ESC-2 had the similar antitumor effect to that of ESC in vivo and further confirmed that ESC-2 may be the main antitumor active fraction of ESC, which was consistent with our previous results in vitro. 24684953 12 17 ESC-2 Plant 24684953 34 43 antitumor Positive_phenotype 24684953 62 65 ESC Plant 24684953 101 106 ESC-2 Plant 24684953 123 132 antitumor Positive_phenotype 24684953 152 155 ESC Plant 24684953 Increase 12 17 ESC-2 Plant 34 43 antitumor Positive_phenotype 24684953 Increase 34 43 antitumor Positive_phenotype 62 65 ESC Plant 24684953 Increase 101 106 ESC-2 Plant 123 132 antitumor Positive_phenotype 24684953 Increase 123 132 antitumor Positive_phenotype 152 155 ESC Plant 24701244_1 Antiplatelet Activity of Morus alba Leaves Extract, Mediated via Inhibiting Granule Secretion and Blocking the Phosphorylation of Extracellular-Signal-Regulated Kinase and Akt. 24701244 0 12 Antiplatelet Positive_phenotype 24701244 25 35 Morus alba Plant 24701244_2 Ethnopharmacological Relevance. 24701244_3 Morus alba L. leaves (MAE) have been used in fork medicine for the treatment of beriberi, edema, diabetes, hypertension, and atherosclerosis. 24701244 0 13 Morus alba L. Plant 24701244 22 25 MAE Plant 24701244 80 88 beriberi Negative_phenotype 24701244 90 95 edema Negative_phenotype 24701244 97 105 diabetes Negative_phenotype 24701244 107 119 hypertension Negative_phenotype 24701244 125 140 atherosclerosis Negative_phenotype 24701244 Decrease 0 13 Morus alba L. Plant 80 88 beriberi Negative_phenotype 24701244 Decrease 0 13 Morus alba L. Plant 90 95 edema Negative_phenotype 24701244 Decrease 0 13 Morus alba L. Plant 97 105 diabetes Negative_phenotype 24701244 Decrease 0 13 Morus alba L. Plant 107 119 hypertension Negative_phenotype 24701244 Decrease 0 13 Morus alba L. Plant 125 140 atherosclerosis Negative_phenotype 24701244 Decrease 22 25 MAE Plant 80 88 beriberi Negative_phenotype 24701244 Decrease 22 25 MAE Plant 90 95 edema Negative_phenotype 24701244 Decrease 22 25 MAE Plant 97 105 diabetes Negative_phenotype 24701244 Decrease 22 25 MAE Plant 107 119 hypertension Negative_phenotype 24701244 Decrease 22 25 MAE Plant 125 140 atherosclerosis Negative_phenotype 24701244_4 However, underlying mechanism of MAE on cardiovascular protection remains to be elucidated. 24701244 33 36 MAE Plant 24701244 40 65 cardiovascular protection Positive_phenotype 24701244_5 Therefore, we investigated whether MAE affect platelet aggregation and thrombosis. 24701244 35 38 MAE Plant 24701244 46 66 platelet aggregation Negative_phenotype 24701244 71 81 thrombosis Negative_phenotype 24701244_6 Materials and Methods. 24701244_7 The anti-platelet activity of MAE was studied using rat platelets. 24701244 4 17 anti-platelet Positive_phenotype 24701244 30 33 MAE Plant 24701244_8 The extent of anti-platelet activity of MAE was assayed in collagen-induced platelet aggregation. 24701244 14 27 anti-platelet Positive_phenotype 24701244 40 43 MAE Plant 24701244 76 96 platelet aggregation Negative_phenotype 24701244_9 ATP and serotonin release was carried out. 24701244_10 The activation of integrin a IIb b 3 and phosphorylation of signaling molecules, including MAPK and Akt, were investigated with cytofluorometer and immunoblotting, respectively. 24701244_11 The thrombus formation in vivo was also evaluated in arteriovenous shunt model of rats. 24701244 4 12 thrombus Negative_phenotype 24701244_12 Results. 24701244_13 HPLC chromatographic analysis revealed that MAE contained rutin and isoquercetin. 24701244 44 47 MAE Plant 24701244_14 MAE dose-dependently inhibited collagen-induced platelet aggregation. 24701244 0 3 MAE Plant 24701244 48 68 platelet aggregation Negative_phenotype 24701244 Decrease 0 3 MAE Plant 48 68 platelet aggregation Negative_phenotype 24701244_15 MAE also attenuated serotonin secretion and thromboxane A2 formation. 24701244 0 3 MAE Plant 24701244_16 In addition, the extract in vivo activity showed that MAE at 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg significantly and dose-dependently attenuated thrombus formation in rat arterio-venous shunt model by 52.3% (P < 0.001), 28.3% (P < 0.01), and 19.1% (P < 0.05), respectively. 24701244 54 57 MAE Plant 24701244 133 141 thrombus Negative_phenotype 24701244 Decrease 54 57 MAE Plant 133 141 thrombus Negative_phenotype 24701244_17 Conclusions. 24701244_18 MAE inhibit platelet activation, TXB2 formation, serotonin secretion, aggregation, and thrombus formation. 24701244 0 3 MAE Plant 24701244 12 31 platelet activation Negative_phenotype 24701244 87 95 thrombus Negative_phenotype 24701244 Decrease 0 3 MAE Plant 12 31 platelet activation Negative_phenotype 24701244 Decrease 0 3 MAE Plant 87 95 thrombus Negative_phenotype 24701244_19 The plant extract could be considered as a candidate to anti-platelet and antithrombotic agent. 24701244 56 69 anti-platelet Positive_phenotype 24701244 74 88 antithrombotic Positive_phenotype 24711837_1 Evaluation of Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Nociceptive Effects of Defatted Fruit Extract of Olea europaea. 24711837 14 31 Anti-Inflammatory Positive_phenotype 24711837 36 52 Anti-Nociceptive Positive_phenotype 24711837 90 103 Olea europaea Plant 24711837_2 Fruits of Olea europaea L. have been used for centuries in folk medicine to treat many inflammatory diseases. 24711837 10 26 Olea europaea L. Plant 24711837 87 108 inflammatory diseases Negative_phenotype 24711837 Decrease 10 26 Olea europaea L. Plant 87 108 inflammatory diseases Negative_phenotype 24711837_3 In order to evaluate the anti-nociceptive activities of the methanolic and aqueous extracts of defatted fruits of O. europaea, formalin test was used and for evaluation of anti-inflammatory effects of the extract, the volume of paw edema was measured. 24711837 25 41 anti-nociceptive Positive_phenotype 24711837 114 125 O. europaea Plant 24711837 172 189 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 24711837 228 237 paw edema Negative_phenotype 24711837_4 The results revealed that both extracts did not exhibit significant analgesic activity in the first phase of formalin test, whereas methanolic extract at the 600 mg/Kg dose and aqueous extract at the 450 and 600 mg/Kg doses could inhibit induced pain in the second phase of formalin test. 24711837 68 77 analgesic Positive_phenotype 24711837 246 250 pain Negative_phenotype 24711837_5 Furthermore, the results of paw edema volume measurement indicated that the aqueous extract has anti-inflammatory effects at dose of 600 mg/Kg. 24711837 28 37 paw edema Negative_phenotype 24711837 96 113 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 24711837_6 Induced anti-nociception by aqueous olive extract was not reversed by naloxone, which indicates that the opioid receptors are not involved in the analgesic effects of the extracts. 24711837 8 24 anti-nociception Positive_phenotype 24711837 36 41 olive Plant 24711837 146 155 analgesic Positive_phenotype 24711837 Increase 8 24 anti-nociception Positive_phenotype 36 41 olive Plant 24711837_7 The present data pointed out that the extracts of olive defatted fruit have anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects in rats but further studies are needed to elucidate the mechanism(s) of action and active components which are involved in analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects. 24711837 50 55 olive Plant 24711837 76 92 anti-nociceptive Positive_phenotype 24711837 97 114 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 24711837 246 255 analgesic Positive_phenotype 24711837 260 277 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 24711837 Increase 50 55 olive Plant 76 92 anti-nociceptive Positive_phenotype 24711837 Increase 50 55 olive Plant 97 114 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 24711837 Increase 50 55 olive Plant 246 255 analgesic Positive_phenotype 24711837 Increase 50 55 olive Plant 260 277 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 24716104_1 Traditional Chinese medicine herbal extracts of Cibotium barometz, Gentiana scabra, Dioscorea batatas, Cassia tora, and Taxillus chinensis inhibit SARS-CoV replication. 24716104 48 65 Cibotium barometz Plant 24716104 67 82 Gentiana scabra Plant 24716104 84 101 Dioscorea batatas Plant 24716104 103 114 Cassia tora Plant 24716104 120 138 Taxillus chinensis Plant 24716104 147 155 SARS-CoV Negative_phenotype 24716104 Decrease 48 65 Cibotium barometz Plant 147 155 SARS-CoV Negative_phenotype 24716104 Decrease 67 82 Gentiana scabra Plant 147 155 SARS-CoV Negative_phenotype 24716104 Decrease 84 101 Dioscorea batatas Plant 147 155 SARS-CoV Negative_phenotype 24716104 Decrease 120 138 Taxillus chinensis Plant 147 155 SARS-CoV Negative_phenotype 24716104_2 Development of anti-severe acute respiratory syndrome associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV) agents is pivotal to prevent the reemergence of the life-threatening disease, SARS. 24716104 15 76 anti-severe acute respiratory syndrome associated coronavirus Positive_phenotype 24716104 78 86 SARS-CoV Negative_phenotype 24716104 166 170 SARS Negative_phenotype 24716104_3 In this study, more than 200 extracts from Chinese medicinal herbs were evaluated for anti-SARS-CoV activities using a cell-based assay that measured SARS-CoV-induced cytopathogenic effect (CPE) in vitro on Vero E6 cells. 24716104 86 99 anti-SARS-CoV Positive_phenotype 24716104 150 181 SARS-CoV-induced cytopathogenic Negative_phenotype 24716104 190 193 CPE Negative_phenotype 24716104_4 Six herbal extracts, one each from Gentianae Radix ( l ng d n; the dried rhizome of Gentiana scabra), Dioscoreae Rhizoma ( sh n y o; the tuber of Dioscorea batatas), Cassiae Semen ( ju m ng z ; the dried seed of Cassia tora) and Loranthi Ramus ( s ng j sh ng; the dried stem, with leaf of Taxillus chinensis) (designated as GSH, DBM, CTH and TCH, respectively), and two from Rhizoma Cibotii ( g u j ; the dried rhizome of Cibotium barometz) (designated as CBE and CBM), were found to be potent inhibitors of SARS-CoV at concentrations between 25 and 200 g/ml. 24716104 35 44 Gentianae Plant 24716104 86 101 Gentiana scabra Plant 24716104 104 114 Dioscoreae Plant 24716104 150 167 Dioscorea batatas Plant 24716104 170 177 Cassiae Plant 24716104 220 231 Cassia tora Plant 24716104 237 245 Loranthi Plant 24716104 301 319 Taxillus chinensis Plant 24716104 336 339 GSH Plant 24716104 341 344 DBM Plant 24716104 346 349 CTH Plant 24716104 354 357 TCH Plant 24716104 395 402 Cibotii Plant 24716104 436 453 Cibotium barometz Plant 24716104 470 473 CBE Plant 24716104 478 481 CBM Plant 24716104 522 530 SARS-CoV Negative_phenotype 24716104 Decrease 35 44 Gentianae Plant 522 530 SARS-CoV Negative_phenotype 24716104 Decrease 86 101 Gentiana scabra Plant 522 530 SARS-CoV Negative_phenotype 24716104 Decrease 104 114 Dioscoreae Plant 522 530 SARS-CoV Negative_phenotype 24716104 Decrease 150 167 Dioscorea batatas Plant 522 530 SARS-CoV Negative_phenotype 24716104 Decrease 170 177 Cassiae Plant 522 530 SARS-CoV Negative_phenotype 24716104 Decrease 220 231 Cassia tora Plant 522 530 SARS-CoV Negative_phenotype 24716104 Decrease 237 245 Loranthi Plant 522 530 SARS-CoV Negative_phenotype 24716104 Decrease 301 319 Taxillus chinensis Plant 522 530 SARS-CoV Negative_phenotype 24716104 Decrease 336 339 GSH Plant 522 530 SARS-CoV Negative_phenotype 24716104 Decrease 341 344 DBM Plant 522 530 SARS-CoV Negative_phenotype 24716104 Decrease 346 349 CTH Plant 522 530 SARS-CoV Negative_phenotype 24716104 Decrease 354 357 TCH Plant 522 530 SARS-CoV Negative_phenotype 24716104 Decrease 395 402 Cibotii Plant 522 530 SARS-CoV Negative_phenotype 24716104 Decrease 436 453 Cibotium barometz Plant 522 530 SARS-CoV Negative_phenotype 24716104 Decrease 470 473 CBE Plant 522 530 SARS-CoV Negative_phenotype 24716104 Decrease 478 481 CBM Plant 522 530 SARS-CoV Negative_phenotype 24716104_5 The concentrations of the six extracts needed to inhibit 50% of Vero E6 cell proliferation (CC50) and 50% of viral replication (EC50) were determined. 24716104 109 114 viral Negative_phenotype 24716104_6 The resulting selective index values (SI = CC50/EC50) of the most effective extracts CBE, GSH, DBM, CTH and TCH were > 59.4, > 57.5, > 62.1, > 59.4, and > 92.9, respectively. 24716104 85 88 CBE Plant 24716104 90 93 GSH Plant 24716104 95 98 DBM Plant 24716104 100 103 CTH Plant 24716104 108 111 TCH Plant 24716104_7 Among these extracts, CBM and DBM also showed significant inhibition of SARS-CoV 3CL protease activity with IC50 values of 39 g/ml and 44 g/ml, respectively. 24716104 22 25 CBM Plant 24716104 30 33 DBM Plant 24716104 72 84 SARS-CoV 3CL Negative_phenotype 24716104 Decrease 22 25 CBM Plant 72 84 SARS-CoV 3CL Negative_phenotype 24716104 Decrease 30 33 DBM Plant 72 84 SARS-CoV 3CL Negative_phenotype 24716104_8 Our findings suggest that these six herbal extracts may have potential as candidates for future development of anti-SARS therapeutics.AbbreviationsSARS,severe acute respiratory syndromeCoV,coronavirusCPE,cytopathogenic effectTCM,traditional Chinese medicine. 24716104 111 120 anti-SARS Positive_phenotype 24716104 147 151 SARS Negative_phenotype 24716104 152 188 severe acute respiratory syndromeCoV Negative_phenotype 24716104 189 203 coronavirusCPE Negative_phenotype 24727551_1 Clerodendrum serratum (L.) Moon. - a review on traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacological activities. 24727551 0 32 Clerodendrum serratum (L.) Moon. Plant 24727551_2 ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Clerodendrum serratum (L.) Moon. (Verbenaceae) is an important medicinal plant growing in the tropical and warm temperate regions like Africa, Southern Asia; Malaysia and distributed throughout in forests of India and Sri Lanka. 24727551 32 64 Clerodendrum serratum (L.) Moon. Plant 24727551_3 It is traditionally valued and reported for treating pain, inflammation, rheumatism, respiratory disorders, fever and malarial fever in India with a long history. 24727551 53 57 pain Negative_phenotype 24727551 59 71 inflammation Negative_phenotype 24727551 73 83 rheumatism Negative_phenotype 24727551 85 106 respiratory disorders Negative_phenotype 24727551 108 113 fever Negative_phenotype 24727551 118 132 malarial fever Negative_phenotype 24727551_4 To provide a comprehensive overview of the traditional and ethno medicinal uses, phytochemistry and biological activities of C. serratum with clinical and toxicity data and possibly make recommendations for further research. 24727551 125 136 C. serratum Plant 24727551 155 163 toxicity Negative_phenotype 24727551_5 MATERIALS AND METHODS: All relevant worldwide accepted databases were searched for the terms "Clerodendrum", "Clerodendrum serratum", "Bharangi" and "Cheruthekku" along with the other literature from Indian classical texts and pharmacopoeias. 24727551 94 106 Clerodendrum Plant 24727551 110 131 Clerodendrum serratum Plant 24727551 135 143 Bharangi Plant 24727551 150 161 Cheruthekku Plant 24727551_6 There was no specific timeline set for the search. 24727551_7 The accessible literatures available on C. serratum were collected via electronic search using Pubmed, Scopus, Science Direct and traditional books reports on ethnopharmacology and traditional medicines. 24727551 40 51 C. serratum Plant 24727551_8 RESULTS: C. serratum has played an important role in Indian system of medicine. 24727551 9 20 C. serratum Plant 24727551_9 In addition to the common local use in respiratory diseases, other ethnomedicinal uses include treatment of pain, inflammation, rheumatism and fever especially malarial fever. 24727551 39 59 respiratory diseases Negative_phenotype 24727551 108 112 pain Negative_phenotype 24727551 114 126 inflammation Negative_phenotype 24727551 128 138 rheumatism Negative_phenotype 24727551 143 148 fever Negative_phenotype 24727551 160 174 malarial fever Negative_phenotype 24727551_10 Scientific studies on extracts and formulations revealed anti-asthmatic, mast cell stabilization and anti-allergic effects of roots of C. serratum. 24727551 57 71 anti-asthmatic Positive_phenotype 24727551 73 96 mast cell stabilization Positive_phenotype 24727551 101 114 anti-allergic Positive_phenotype 24727551 135 146 C. serratum Plant 24727551 Increase 57 71 anti-asthmatic Positive_phenotype 135 146 C. serratum Plant 24727551 Increase 73 96 mast cell stabilization Positive_phenotype 135 146 C. serratum Plant 24727551 Increase 101 114 anti-allergic Positive_phenotype 135 146 C. serratum Plant 24727551_11 Reported data on pharmacological activities also includes hepatoprotective, anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and anticancer potential of the drug. 24727551 58 74 hepatoprotective Positive_phenotype 24727551 76 88 anti-oxidant Positive_phenotype 24727551 90 107 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 24727551 112 122 anticancer Positive_phenotype 24727551_12 Saponins (terpenoids and steroids), flavonoids and phenolics isolated from roots have been the focus of phytochemical investigations as the biological activity has been ascribed to the saponins, which are known to possess anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer activity. 24727551 222 239 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 24727551 244 255 anti-cancer Positive_phenotype 24727551_13 Isolated bioactives from roots like icosahydropicenic acid and ursolic acid have been claimed to offer anti-allergic and hepatoprotective activity. 24727551 103 116 anti-allergic Positive_phenotype 24727551 121 137 hepatoprotective Positive_phenotype 24727551_14 CONCLUSIONS: Therapeutic potential of roots and leaves of C. serratum has been demonstrated in the conditions like asthma, allergy, fever, inflammation and liver disorders attributed to the presence of various flavonoids, phenolics and saponins present in the drug. 24727551 58 69 C. serratum Plant 24727551 115 121 asthma Negative_phenotype 24727551 123 130 allergy Negative_phenotype 24727551 132 137 fever Negative_phenotype 24727551 139 151 inflammation Negative_phenotype 24727551 156 171 liver disorders Negative_phenotype 24727551 Decrease 58 69 C. serratum Plant 115 121 asthma Negative_phenotype 24727551 Decrease 58 69 C. serratum Plant 123 130 allergy Negative_phenotype 24727551 Decrease 58 69 C. serratum Plant 132 137 fever Negative_phenotype 24727551 Decrease 58 69 C. serratum Plant 139 151 inflammation Negative_phenotype 24727551 Decrease 58 69 C. serratum Plant 156 171 liver disorders Negative_phenotype 24727551_15 Many ethnobotanical claims have been confirmed through modern in-vitro and in-vivo pharmacological studies of different extracts and isolates from plant; however, additional studies on the biomarkers are needed to establish mechanism of action and to validate the traditional use of this drug in clinical practices after proper safety assessment. 24747135_1 Sedum sarmentosum Bunge extract exerts renal anti-fibrotic effects in vivo and in vitro. 24747135 0 23 Sedum sarmentosum Bunge Plant 24747135 39 58 renal anti-fibrotic Positive_phenotype 24747135 Increase 0 23 Sedum sarmentosum Bunge Plant 39 58 renal anti-fibrotic Positive_phenotype 24747135_2 AIMS: Sedum sarmentosum Bunge, a traditional Chinese herbal medicine, has a wide range of clinical effects, including anti-oxidation, anti-inflammation, and anti-cancer properties. 24747135 6 29 Sedum sarmentosum Bunge Plant 24747135 118 132 anti-oxidation Positive_phenotype 24747135 134 151 anti-inflammation Positive_phenotype 24747135 157 168 anti-cancer Positive_phenotype 24747135 Increase 6 29 Sedum sarmentosum Bunge Plant 118 132 anti-oxidation Positive_phenotype 24747135 Increase 6 29 Sedum sarmentosum Bunge Plant 134 151 anti-inflammation Positive_phenotype 24747135 Increase 6 29 Sedum sarmentosum Bunge Plant 157 168 anti-cancer Positive_phenotype 24747135_3 In this study, we determined whether S. sarmentosum Bunge Extract (SSBE) has anti-fibrotic effects on renal tissues. 24747135 37 57 S. sarmentosum Bunge Plant 24747135 67 71 SSBE Plant 24747135 77 90 anti-fibrotic Positive_phenotype 24747135 Increase 37 57 S. sarmentosum Bunge Plant 77 90 anti-fibrotic Positive_phenotype 24747135 Increase 67 71 SSBE Plant 77 90 anti-fibrotic Positive_phenotype 24747135_4 MAIN METHODS: We investigated the effects of SSBE on aristolochic acid (AA)-induced injury to renal tubular epithelial cells (RTECs) in vitro and unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO)-induced renal fibrosis in vivo by evaluating epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and the accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) components. 24747135 45 49 SSBE Plant 24747135 84 90 injury Negative_phenotype 24747135 192 206 renal fibrosis Negative_phenotype 24747135_5 Furthermore, we examined the expression levels of TGF-b1 and its receptor. 24747135_6 KEY FINDINGS: In cultured RTECs (NRK-52E), AA promoted renal EMT and ECM accumulation by up-regulating the expression of mesenchymal markers and ECM components and by down-regulating the expression of epithelial markers. 24747135_7 In addition, AA induced an imbalance between MMP-2 and TIMP-2 and enhanced expression of TGF-b1 and its receptor. 24747135_8 SSBE treatment significantly inhibited AA-induced TGF-b1 expression and prevented the induction of EMT and deposition of ECM. 24747135 0 4 SSBE Plant 24747135_9 In the UUO rats, tubular injury and interstitial fibrosis were obviously increased. 24747135 17 31 tubular injury Negative_phenotype 24747135 36 57 interstitial fibrosis Negative_phenotype 24747135_10 SSBE administration protected renal function, as indicated by reduced serum creatinine levels, and alleviated renal interstitial fibrosis. 24747135 0 4 SSBE Plant 24747135 30 44 renal function Positive_phenotype 24747135 110 137 renal interstitial fibrosis Negative_phenotype 24747135 Increase 0 4 SSBE Plant 30 44 renal function Positive_phenotype 24747135 Decrease 0 4 SSBE Plant 110 137 renal interstitial fibrosis Negative_phenotype 24747135_11 These anti-fibrotic effects were associated with a reduction in TGF-b1 expression and inhibition of EMT and ECM accumulation. 24747135 6 19 anti-fibrotic Positive_phenotype 24747135_12 SIGNIFICANCE: These findings suggest that SSBE may have therapeutic potential for fibrotic kidney diseases. 24747135 42 46 SSBE Plant 24747135 82 106 fibrotic kidney diseases Negative_phenotype 24747135 Decrease 42 46 SSBE Plant 82 106 fibrotic kidney diseases Negative_phenotype 24751363_1 Topical application of Kochia scoparia inhibits the development of contact dermatitis in mice. 24751363 23 38 Kochia scoparia Plant 24751363 67 85 contact dermatitis Negative_phenotype 24751363 Decrease 23 38 Kochia scoparia Plant 67 85 contact dermatitis Negative_phenotype 24751363_2 ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Kochia scoparia (Chenopodiaceae) has been reported to have anti-nociceptive, anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, and anti-pruritic actions. 24751363 32 47 Kochia scoparia Plant 24751363 91 107 anti-nociceptive Positive_phenotype 24751363 109 126 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 24751363 128 141 anti-allergic Positive_phenotype 24751363 147 160 anti-pruritic Positive_phenotype 24751363 Increase 32 47 Kochia scoparia Plant 91 107 anti-nociceptive Positive_phenotype 24751363 Increase 32 47 Kochia scoparia Plant 109 126 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 24751363 Increase 32 47 Kochia scoparia Plant 128 141 anti-allergic Positive_phenotype 24751363 Increase 32 47 Kochia scoparia Plant 147 160 anti-pruritic Positive_phenotype 24751363_3 This study investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of externally applied Kochia scoparia water extract (KSW) in 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB)-induced contact dermatitis mouse model. 24751363 28 45 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 24751363 76 91 Kochia scoparia Plant 24751363 107 110 KSW Plant 24751363 155 173 contact dermatitis Negative_phenotype 24751363_4 MATERIALS AND METHODS: To develop atopic dermatitis-like skin lesions, 100 L of 1% DNCB in acetone/olive oil (4:1) had been applied for three days on shaved dorsal skin. 24751363 34 69 atopic dermatitis-like skin lesions Negative_phenotype 24751363_5 1% KSW was topically applied to DNCB-induced mice. 24751363 3 6 KSW Plant 24751363_6 After KSW treatment, histological analysis was measured by hematoxylin eosin staining. 24751363 6 9 KSW Plant 24751363_7 The cytokine and pro-inflammatory expressions were examined using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and western blotting analysis. 24751363_8 RESULTS: Histological studies showed that hyperplasia of the epidermis and dermis in the KSW treated group was markedly decreased as compared with the DNCB group. 24751363 42 81 hyperplasia of the epidermis and dermis Negative_phenotype 24751363 89 92 KSW Plant 24751363 Decrease 42 81 hyperplasia of the epidermis and dermis Negative_phenotype 89 92 KSW Plant 24751363_9 The expression levels of pro-inflammatory cytokine such as IL-1b, and TNF-a mRNA were significantly reduced by topical application of KSW, whereas these cytokines were increased in DNCB-induced dorsal skin. 24751363 134 137 KSW Plant 24751363_10 In addition, NF-kB expression was inhibited by KSW treatment in DNCB-induced mice. 24751363 47 50 KSW Plant 24751363_11 Similarly, KSW treatment significantly suppressed the expression of several MAP kinases, including ERK1/2, p38, and JNK compared to their expression in DNCB-induced mice. 24751363 11 14 KSW Plant 24751363_12 CONCLUSIONS: These findings indicated that KSW ameliorates contact dermatitis via inhibition of the production of several inflammatory mediators. 24751363 43 46 KSW Plant 24751363 59 77 contact dermatitis Negative_phenotype 24751363 Decrease 43 46 KSW Plant 59 77 contact dermatitis Negative_phenotype 24751363_13 Therefore, external application of KSW may be used for the treatment of contact dermatitis as an alternative therapy. 24751363 35 38 KSW Plant 24751363 72 90 contact dermatitis Negative_phenotype 24751363 Decrease 35 38 KSW Plant 72 90 contact dermatitis Negative_phenotype 24761122_1 Margaritaria discoidea (Euphorbiaceae) stem bark extract attenuates allergy and Freund's adjuvant-induced arthritis in rodents. 24761122 0 22 Margaritaria discoidea Plant 24761122 68 75 allergy Negative_phenotype 24761122 106 115 arthritis Negative_phenotype 24761122 Decrease 0 22 Margaritaria discoidea Plant 68 75 allergy Negative_phenotype 24761122 Decrease 0 22 Margaritaria discoidea Plant 106 115 arthritis Negative_phenotype 24761122_2 BACKGROUND: Various parts of Margaritaria discoidea find use in traditional medicine in the treatment of pain and oedema. 24761122 29 51 Margaritaria discoidea Plant 24761122 105 109 pain Negative_phenotype 24761122 114 120 oedema Negative_phenotype 24761122 Decrease 29 51 Margaritaria discoidea Plant 105 109 pain Negative_phenotype 24761122 Decrease 29 51 Margaritaria discoidea Plant 114 120 oedema Negative_phenotype 24761122_3 This study evaluated the anti-allergic, anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic effects of a 70% (v/v) aqueous ethanol extract of the stem bark of Margaritaria discoidea, MDE in rodents. 24761122 25 38 anti-allergic Positive_phenotype 24761122 40 57 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 24761122 62 76 anti-arthritic Positive_phenotype 24761122 144 166 Margaritaria discoidea Plant 24761122 168 171 MDE Plant 24761122_4 MATERIALS AND METHODS: Systemic anaphylaxis was induced by the injection of compound 48/80 into mice and their survival rate was monitored to evaluate the anti-allergic action of the extract. 24761122 23 43 Systemic anaphylaxis Negative_phenotype 24761122 111 119 survival Positive_phenotype 24761122 155 168 anti-allergic Positive_phenotype 24761122_5 The effect of MDE assessed on the maximal and total oedema responses in the mouse carrageenan-induced paw oedema was used to evaluate the anti-inflammatory action of the extract while the Freund's adjuvant-induced arthritis model was employed to study the anti-arthritic effects of MDE. 24761122 14 17 MDE Plant 24761122 52 58 oedema Negative_phenotype 24761122 102 112 paw oedema Negative_phenotype 24761122 138 155 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 24761122 214 223 arthritis Negative_phenotype 24761122 256 270 anti-arthritic Positive_phenotype 24761122 282 285 MDE Plant 24761122_6 RESULTS: MDE dose-dependently increased the time for compound 48/80-induced mortality in mice. 24761122 9 12 MDE Plant 24761122 76 85 mortality Negative_phenotype 24761122 Decrease 9 12 MDE Plant 76 85 mortality Negative_phenotype 24761122_7 MDE suppressed the mean maximal swelling and the total paw swellings induced over 6 h in the carrageenan-induced paw oedema when administered either prophylactically or therapeutically. 24761122 0 3 MDE Plant 24761122 32 40 swelling Negative_phenotype 24761122 55 68 paw swellings Negative_phenotype 24761122 113 123 paw oedema Negative_phenotype 24761122 Decrease 0 3 MDE Plant 32 40 swelling Negative_phenotype 24761122 Decrease 0 3 MDE Plant 55 68 paw swellings Negative_phenotype 24761122 Decrease 0 3 MDE Plant 113 123 paw oedema Negative_phenotype 24761122_8 MDE caused a reduction in serum levels of TNFa and IL-6 and significantly suppressed Freund's adjuvant-induced arthritis. 24761122 0 3 MDE Plant 24761122 111 120 arthritis Negative_phenotype 24761122 Decrease 0 3 MDE Plant 111 120 arthritis Negative_phenotype 24761122_9 CONCLUSION: Margaritaria discoidea suppresses allergy and exhibits anti-inflammatory activity in mice. 24761122 12 34 Margaritaria discoidea Plant 24761122 46 53 allergy Negative_phenotype 24761122 67 84 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 24761122 Decrease 12 34 Margaritaria discoidea Plant 46 53 allergy Negative_phenotype 24761122 Increase 12 34 Margaritaria discoidea Plant 67 84 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 24761122_10 In addition it attenuates Freund's adjuvant-induced arthritis through a reduction in serum levels of TNFa and IL-6 in rats. 24761122 52 61 arthritis Negative_phenotype 24782645_1 Inhibition of MAPKs, Myc/Max, NFkB, and hypoxia pathways by Phyllanthus prevents proliferation, metastasis and angiogenesis in human melanoma (MeWo) cancer cell line. 24782645 40 47 hypoxia Negative_phenotype 24782645 60 71 Phyllanthus Plant 24782645 96 155 metastasis and angiogenesis in human melanoma (MeWo) cancer Negative_phenotype 24782645 Decrease 40 47 hypoxia Negative_phenotype 60 71 Phyllanthus Plant 24782645 Decrease 60 71 Phyllanthus Plant 96 155 metastasis and angiogenesis in human melanoma (MeWo) cancer Negative_phenotype 24782645_2 BACKGROUND: Melanoma is the most fatal form of skin cancer. 24782645 12 20 Melanoma Negative_phenotype 24782645 47 58 skin cancer Negative_phenotype 24782645_3 Different signalling pathways and proteins will be differentially expressed to pace with the tumour growth. 24782645 93 106 tumour growth Negative_phenotype 24782645_4 Thus, these signalling molecules and proteins are become potential targets to halt the progression of cancer. 24782645 102 108 cancer Negative_phenotype 24782645_5 The present works were attempted to investigate the underlying molecular mechanisms of anticancer effects of Phyllanthus (P.amarus, P.niruri, P.urinaria and P.watsonii) on skin melanoma, MeWo cells. 24782645 87 97 anticancer Positive_phenotype 24782645 109 120 Phyllanthus Plant 24782645 122 130 P.amarus Plant 24782645 132 140 P.niruri Plant 24782645 142 152 P.urinaria Plant 24782645 157 167 P.watsonii Plant 24782645 172 185 skin melanoma Negative_phenotype 24782645 187 191 MeWo Negative_phenotype 24782645_6 METHODS: The ten cancer-related pathways reporter array was performed by transfection of plasmid construct of transcription factor-responsive reporter of each pathway in MeWo cells. 24782645 17 23 cancer Negative_phenotype 24782645 170 174 MeWo Negative_phenotype 24782645_7 The affected pathways in MeWo cells after treatment of Phyllanthus extracts were determined using luciferase assay. 24782645 25 29 MeWo Negative_phenotype 24782645 55 66 Phyllanthus Plant 24782645_8 Western blot, 2D gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry analysis were performed to identity and confirm the affected proteins and signalling molecules in treated cells. 24782645_9 RESULTS: The ten-pathway reporter array revealed five different cancer-related signalling pathways were altered by Phyllanthus species in MeWo cells; NFkB, Myc/Max, Hypoxia, MAPK/ERK and MAPK/JNK (p<0.05). 24782645 64 70 cancer Negative_phenotype 24782645 115 126 Phyllanthus Plant 24782645 138 142 MeWo Negative_phenotype 24782645 165 172 Hypoxia Negative_phenotype 24782645_10 Western blot revealed that their intracellular signalling molecules including pan-Ras, c-Raf, RSK, phospho-Elk1, c-myc, Akt, HIF-1a, Bcl-2, and VEGF were down-regulated with concurrent of up-regulation; Bax, phospho-JNK-1/2 and phospho-GSK3b, in MeWo cells upon Phyllanthus treatment (p<0.05). 24782645 246 250 MeWo Negative_phenotype 24782645 262 273 Phyllanthus Plant 24782645_11 Proteomics-based approach was performed and MS/MS results revealed that 52 differential expressed proteins were identified (p<0.05) and involved in tumour growth, metastasis, apoptosis, glycogenesis and glycolysis, angiogenesis, protein synthesis and energy metabolism. 24782645 148 161 tumour growth Negative_phenotype 24782645 163 173 metastasis Negative_phenotype 24782645 251 268 energy metabolism Positive_phenotype 24782645_12 CONCLUSION: This study provides insight into the regulation on multiple survival signalling pathways by Phyllanthus in melanoma and might be a therapeutic target for cancer treatment. 24782645 104 115 Phyllanthus Plant 24782645 119 127 melanoma Negative_phenotype 24782645 166 172 cancer Negative_phenotype 24782645 Decrease 104 115 Phyllanthus Plant 119 127 melanoma Negative_phenotype 24782645 Decrease 104 115 Phyllanthus Plant 166 172 cancer Negative_phenotype 24788441_1 Protective effect of Boerhaavia diffusa L. against mitochondrial dysfunction in angiotensin II induced hypertrophy in H9c2 cardiomyoblast cells. 24788441 21 42 Boerhaavia diffusa L. Plant 24788441 51 76 mitochondrial dysfunction Negative_phenotype 24788441 103 114 hypertrophy Negative_phenotype 24788441 Decrease 21 42 Boerhaavia diffusa L. Plant 51 76 mitochondrial dysfunction Negative_phenotype 24788441 Decrease 21 42 Boerhaavia diffusa L. Plant 103 114 hypertrophy Negative_phenotype 24788441_2 Mitochondrial dysfunction plays a critical role in the development of cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure. 24788441 0 25 Mitochondrial dysfunction Negative_phenotype 24788441 70 89 cardiac hypertrophy Negative_phenotype 24788441 94 107 heart failure Negative_phenotype 24788441_3 So mitochondria are emerging as one of the important druggable targets in the management of cardiac hypertrophy and other associated complications. 24788441 92 111 cardiac hypertrophy Negative_phenotype 24788441_4 In the present study, effects of ethanolic extract of Boerhaavia diffusa (BDE), a green leafy vegetable against mitochondrial dysfunction in angiotensin II (Ang II) induced hypertrophy in H9c2 cardiomyoblasts was evaluated. 24788441 54 72 Boerhaavia diffusa Plant 24788441 74 77 BDE Plant 24788441 112 184 mitochondrial dysfunction in angiotensin II (Ang II) induced hypertrophy Negative_phenotype 24788441_5 H9c2 cells challenged with Ang II exhibited pathological hypertrophic responses and mitochondrial dysfunction which was evident from increment in cell volume (49.09 1.13%), protein content (55.17 1.19%), LDH leakage (58.74 1.87%), increased intracellular ROS production (26.25 0.91%), mitochondrial superoxide generation (65.06 2.27%), alteration in mitochondrial transmembrane potential (/\ m), opening of mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) and mitochondrial swelling. 24788441 44 69 pathological hypertrophic Negative_phenotype 24788441 84 109 mitochondrial dysfunction Negative_phenotype 24788441 467 489 mitochondrial swelling Negative_phenotype 24788441_6 In addition, activities of mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes (I-IV), aconitase, NADPH oxidase, thioredoxin reductase, oxygen consumption rate and calcium homeostasis were evaluated. 24788441 162 173 homeostasis Positive_phenotype 24788441_7 Treatment with BDE significantly prevented the generation of intracellular ROS and mitochondrial superoxide radicals and protected the mitochondria by preventing dissipation of /\ m, opening of mPTP, mitochondrial swelling and enhanced the activities of respiratory chain complexes and oxygen consumption rate in H9c2 cells. 24788441 15 18 BDE Plant 24788441 201 223 mitochondrial swelling Negative_phenotype 24788441 Decrease 15 18 BDE Plant 201 223 mitochondrial swelling Negative_phenotype 24788441_8 Activities of aconitase and thioredoxin reductase which was lowered (33.77 0.68% _ 45.81 0.71% respectively) due to hypertrophy, were increased in BDE treated cells (P <=0.05). 24788441 118 129 hypertrophy Negative_phenotype 24788441 149 152 BDE Plant 24788441 Decrease 118 129 hypertrophy Negative_phenotype 149 152 BDE Plant 24788441_9 Moreover, BDE also reduced the intracellular calcium overload in Ang II treated cells. 24788441 10 13 BDE Plant 24788441_10 Overall results revealed the protective effects of B. diffusa against mitochondrial dysfunction in hypertrophy in H9c2 cells and the present findings may shed new light on the therapeutic potential of B. diffusa in addition to its nutraceutical potentials. 24788441 51 61 B. diffusa Plant 24788441 70 110 mitochondrial dysfunction in hypertrophy Negative_phenotype 24788441 201 211 B. diffusa Plant 24788441 Decrease 51 61 B. diffusa Plant 70 110 mitochondrial dysfunction in hypertrophy Negative_phenotype 24788441 Decrease 70 110 mitochondrial dysfunction in hypertrophy Negative_phenotype 201 211 B. diffusa Plant 24789042_1 Extract of Cordyceps militaris inhibits angiogenesis and suppresses tumor growth of human malignant melanoma cells. 24789042 11 30 Cordyceps militaris Plant 24789042 68 80 tumor growth Negative_phenotype 24789042 90 108 malignant melanoma Negative_phenotype 24789042 Decrease 11 30 Cordyceps militaris Plant 68 80 tumor growth Negative_phenotype 24789042 Decrease 11 30 Cordyceps militaris Plant 90 108 malignant melanoma Negative_phenotype 24789042_2 Angiogenesis is essential for tumor development and metastasis. 24789042 30 35 tumor Negative_phenotype 24789042 52 62 metastasis Negative_phenotype 24789042_3 Among several angiogenic factors, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGF) is important for tumor-derived angiogenesis and commonly overexpressed in solid tumors. 24789042 102 107 tumor Negative_phenotype 24789042 159 171 solid tumors Negative_phenotype 24789042_4 Thus, many antitumor strategies targeting VEGF have been developed to inhibit cancer angiogenesis, offering insights into the successful treatment of solid cancers. 24789042 11 20 antitumor Positive_phenotype 24789042 78 97 cancer angiogenesis Negative_phenotype 24789042 150 163 solid cancers Negative_phenotype 24789042_5 However, there are a number of issues such as harmful effects on normal vascularity in clinical trials. 24789042_6 Taking this into consideration, we employed Cordyceps militaris as an antitumor approach due to its biological safety in vivo. 24789042 44 63 Cordyceps militaris Plant 24789042 70 79 antitumor Positive_phenotype 24789042_7 The herbal medicinal mushroom Cordyceps militaris has been reported to show potential anticancer properties including anti-angiogenic capacity; however, its concrete properties have yet to be fully demonstrated. 24789042 30 49 Cordyceps militaris Plant 24789042 86 96 anticancer Positive_phenotype 24789042 118 133 anti-angiogenic Positive_phenotype 24789042 Increase 30 49 Cordyceps militaris Plant 86 96 anticancer Positive_phenotype 24789042 Increase 30 49 Cordyceps militaris Plant 118 133 anti-angiogenic Positive_phenotype 24789042_8 In this study, we aimed to elucidate the biological role of Cordyceps militaris extract in tumor cells, especially in regulating angiogenesis and tumor growth of a human malignant melanoma cell line. 24789042 60 79 Cordyceps militaris Plant 24789042 91 96 tumor Negative_phenotype 24789042 146 158 tumor growth Negative_phenotype 24789042 170 188 malignant melanoma Negative_phenotype 24789042_9 We demonstrated that Cordyceps militaris extract remarkably suppressed tumor growth via induction of apoptotic cell death in culture that links to the abrogation of VEGF production in melanoma cells. 24789042 21 40 Cordyceps militaris Plant 24789042 71 83 tumor growth Negative_phenotype 24789042 184 192 melanoma Negative_phenotype 24789042 Decrease 21 40 Cordyceps militaris Plant 71 83 tumor growth Negative_phenotype 24789042 Decrease 21 40 Cordyceps militaris Plant 184 192 melanoma Negative_phenotype 24789042_10 This was followed by mitigation of Akt1 and GSK-3b activation, while p38a phosphorylation levels were increased. 24789042_11 Extract treatment in mouse model xenografted with human melanoma cells resulted in a dramatic antitumor effect with down-regulation of VEGF expression. 24789042 56 64 melanoma Negative_phenotype 24789042 94 103 antitumor Positive_phenotype 24789042_12 The results suggest that suppression of tumor growth by Cordyceps militaris extract is, at least, mediated by its anti-angiogenicity and apoptosis induction capacities. 24789042 40 52 tumor growth Negative_phenotype 24789042 56 75 Cordyceps militaris Plant 24789042 114 132 anti-angiogenicity Positive_phenotype 24789042 Decrease 40 52 tumor growth Negative_phenotype 56 75 Cordyceps militaris Plant 24789042 Increase 56 75 Cordyceps militaris Plant 114 132 anti-angiogenicity Positive_phenotype 24789042_13 Cordyceps militaris extract may be a potent antitumor herbal drug for solid tumors. 24789042 0 19 Cordyceps militaris Plant 24789042 44 53 antitumor Positive_phenotype 24789042 70 82 solid tumors Negative_phenotype 24789042 Increase 0 19 Cordyceps militaris Plant 44 53 antitumor Positive_phenotype 24789042 Decrease 0 19 Cordyceps militaris Plant 70 82 solid tumors Negative_phenotype 24791484_1 [Research wilt disease of Salvia miltiorrhiza and its pathogen]. 24791484 26 45 Salvia miltiorrhiza Plant 24791484 54 62 pathogen Negative_phenotype 24791484_2 Salvia miltiorrhiza is a highly valued traditional chinese medicine for the treatment of atherosclerosis-related disorders in china, such as cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases in China. 24791484 0 19 Salvia miltiorrhiza Plant 24791484 89 122 atherosclerosis-related disorders Negative_phenotype 24791484 141 184 cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases Negative_phenotype 24791484 Decrease 0 19 Salvia miltiorrhiza Plant 89 122 atherosclerosis-related disorders Negative_phenotype 24791484 Decrease 0 19 Salvia miltiorrhiza Plant 141 184 cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases Negative_phenotype 24791484_3 The wilt disease is serious in the culture of S. miltiorrhiza. 24791484 46 61 S. miltiorrhiza Plant 24791484_4 Wilt disease cause biomass of plant shoots and roots is lessened, active components are decreased. 24791484_5 To solve these problems, we research the pathogen causing wilt disease of S. miltiorrhiza. 24791484 41 49 pathogen Negative_phenotype 24791484 74 89 S. miltiorrhiza Plant 24791484 Increase 41 49 pathogen Negative_phenotype 74 89 S. miltiorrhiza Plant 24791484_6 The suspected pathogen is identified by morphology and etiological test. 24791484 14 22 pathogen Negative_phenotype 24791484_7 The identification was further confirmed by alignment the sequences of internal transcribed spacer (ITS) amplified by PCR. 24791484_8 Our result show the wilt disease of S. miltiorrhiza mostly occurred in July and August, which is hot and wetter. 24791484 36 51 S. miltiorrhiza Plant 24791484_9 The wilt disease rate of S. miltiorrhiza continuous cropping for one year in S. miltiorrhiz stubble is 10%, but the wilt disease rate of S. miltiorrhiza continuous cropping for three years in S. miltiorrhiz stubble is 60%-70%. 24791484 25 40 S. miltiorrhiza Plant 24791484 77 91 S. miltiorrhiz Plant 24791484 137 152 S. miltiorrhiza Plant 24791484 192 206 S. miltiorrhiz Plant 24791484_10 The root rot of S. miltiorrhiz caused by the wilt disease, so the wilt disease was mistaken for the rot root in production. 24791484 16 30 S. miltiorrhiz Plant 24791484_11 Morphological characteristics show the pathogen is Fusarium oxysporum. 24791484 39 47 pathogen Negative_phenotype 24791484 51 69 Fusarium oxysporum Negative_phenotype 24791484_12 The sequence of ITS wes determined and found by BLAST shared 99% identity to that of F. oxysporum f. sp. 24791484 85 99 F. oxysporum f Negative_phenotype 24791484_13 cucumerinum. 24791484_14 So it comes to the conclusion that the causing agent of wilt disease on S. miltiorrhiza belongs to F. oxysporum. 24791484 72 87 S. miltiorrhiza Plant 24791484 99 111 F. oxysporum Negative_phenotype 24813716_1 -Amyrone, a specific inhibitor of cyclooxygenase-2, exhibits anti-inflammatory effects in vitro and in vivo of mice. 24813716 61 78 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 24813716_2 The whole plant of Sedum lineare Thunb has been used as traditional folk medicines for the treatment of sore throat, persistent hepatitis, jaundice and dysentery. 24813716 19 38 Sedum lineare Thunb Plant 24813716 104 115 sore throat Negative_phenotype 24813716 117 137 persistent hepatitis Negative_phenotype 24813716 139 147 jaundice Negative_phenotype 24813716 152 161 dysentery Negative_phenotype 24813716 Decrease 19 38 Sedum lineare Thunb Plant 104 115 sore throat Negative_phenotype 24813716 Decrease 19 38 Sedum lineare Thunb Plant 117 137 persistent hepatitis Negative_phenotype 24813716 Decrease 19 38 Sedum lineare Thunb Plant 139 147 jaundice Negative_phenotype 24813716 Decrease 19 38 Sedum lineare Thunb Plant 152 161 dysentery Negative_phenotype 24813716_3 -Amyrone (13(18)-Oleanen-3-one), a pentacyclic triterpene compound from S. lineare Thunb, was found to possess a potent anti-inflammatory effect in different inflammation model animals. 24813716 72 88 S. lineare Thunb Plant 24813716 120 137 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 24813716 158 170 inflammation Negative_phenotype 24813716 Increase 72 88 S. lineare Thunb Plant 120 137 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 24813716 Decrease 72 88 S. lineare Thunb Plant 158 170 inflammation Negative_phenotype 24813716_4 Pretreatment with -Amyrone (i.p.) inhibited the ear edema in xylene-induced mouse ear edema. 24813716 50 59 ear edema Negative_phenotype 24813716_5 -Amyrone also decreased the level of nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and leukocyte numbers in acetic acid-induced peritonitis in vivo. 24813716 147 158 peritonitis Negative_phenotype 24813716_6 To clarify the possible mechanism of -Amyrone, we investigated the effect of -Amyrone in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced peritoneal macrophages. 24813716_7 The data indicated that -Amyrone notably inhibited IL-6, TNF-a and NO production. 24813716_8 In addition, the result showed that -Amyrone may control the cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) regulation and not the cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) at protein levels. 24813716_9 These results suggest that -Amyrone is a bioactive agent which possesses anti-inflammatory effects, which may be relevant to the regulation of COX-2. 24813716 75 92 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 24824923_1 Acorus calamus (The Healing Plant): a review on its medicinal potential, micropropagation and conservation. 24824923 0 14 Acorus calamus Plant 24824923_2 Acorus calamus L., a tall, perennial, grass-like monocot plant from the Acoraceae family, is a well-known plant in Indian traditional medicines for centuries. 24824923 0 17 Acorus calamus L. Plant 24824923_3 It is a highly valued herb as it acts as a rejuvenator for brain and nervous system. 24824923 59 83 brain and nervous system Positive_phenotype 24824923_4 It is a main medhya drug, which has the property of improving the memory power and intellect. 24824923 66 78 memory power Positive_phenotype 24824923 83 92 intellect Positive_phenotype 24824923_5 Rhizomes of the plant are widely used in the treatment of number of ailments such as epilepsy, mental ailments, chronic diarrhoea, dysentery, fever, abdominal tumours, kidney and liver troubles, and rheumatism. 24824923 85 93 epilepsy Negative_phenotype 24824923 95 110 mental ailments Negative_phenotype 24824923 112 129 chronic diarrhoea Negative_phenotype 24824923 131 140 dysentery Negative_phenotype 24824923 142 147 fever Negative_phenotype 24824923 149 166 abdominal tumours Negative_phenotype 24824923 168 193 kidney and liver troubles Negative_phenotype 24824923 199 209 rheumatism Negative_phenotype 24824923_6 A. calamus leaves, rhizomes and its essential oil possess many biological activities such as antispasmodic, carminative and are compiled in a simple approach in this review. 24824923 0 10 A. calamus Plant 24824923 93 106 antispasmodic Positive_phenotype 24824923 108 119 carminative Positive_phenotype 24824923 Increase 0 10 A. calamus Plant 93 106 antispasmodic Positive_phenotype 24824923 Increase 0 10 A. calamus Plant 108 119 carminative Positive_phenotype 24824923_7 This review presents a pragmatic description that deals with chemical constituents, toxicology, ethnobotany and pharmacological properties of A. calamus for easy and better understanding of the outstanding medicinal potential of this very special plant and sirens for its conservation. 24824923 142 152 A. calamus Plant 24825975_1 A comparative evaluation of anti-inflammatory activity of the bark of ficus bengalensis in plants of different age. 24825975 28 45 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 24825975 70 87 ficus bengalensis Plant 24825975_2 The medicinal plants have been selected for thorough studies from indigenous folk medicines, Ayurvedic, Unani and Siddha systems of medicines. 24825975_3 The aim of this study deals with the comparative evaluation of anti-inflammatory activity of the bark of Ficus bengalensis in plants of different age. 24825975 63 80 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 24825975 105 122 Ficus bengalensis Plant 24825975_4 The anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated by rat paw edema model induced by carrageenan for acute inflammation and cotton pellet granuloma model for chronic inflammation. 24825975 4 21 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 24825975 52 61 paw edema Negative_phenotype 24825975 95 113 acute inflammation Negative_phenotype 24825975 118 141 cotton pellet granuloma Negative_phenotype 24825975 152 172 chronic inflammation Negative_phenotype 24825975_5 Indomethacin was used as a standard drug. 24825975_6 The various extracts were studied for their anti-inflammatory activity in carrageenan-induced hind paw edema in rats and the paw volume was measured plethysmometrically from 0 to 3h after injection. 24825975 44 61 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 24825975 94 108 hind paw edema Negative_phenotype 24825975 125 135 paw volume Neutral_phenotype 24825975_7 We have determined the anti-inflammatory activity of various extracts of the bark of Ficus bengalensis with oral administration doses of 300 and 600 mg/kg/day of body weight to healthy animals. 24825975 23 40 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 24825975 85 102 Ficus bengalensis Plant 24825975 162 173 body weight Neutral_phenotype 24825975 Increase 23 40 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 85 102 Ficus bengalensis Plant 24825975_8 Positive results for flavonoids, sterols, and triterpene, tannins and saponins compounds were investigated by phytochemical analysis. 24825975_9 The ethanolic extract of younger plant showed a greater anti-inflammatory effect compared with the standard drug indomethacin. 24825975 56 73 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 24825975_10 Present studies besides confirming anti-inflammatory activity of the ethanolic extract of younger more potent than mature plant help to identify from the comparative study of the bark of Ficus bengalensis. 24825975 35 52 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 24825975 187 204 Ficus bengalensis Plant 24825975 Increase 35 52 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 187 204 Ficus bengalensis Plant 24838513_1 Salacia reticulata has therapeutic effects on obesity. 24838513 0 18 Salacia reticulata Plant 24838513 46 53 obesity Negative_phenotype 24838513 Decrease 0 18 Salacia reticulata Plant 46 53 obesity Negative_phenotype 24838513_2 Salacia reticulata Wight (S. reticulata) is a herbal medicine used for treatment of early diabetes in Ayurvedic medicine. 24838513 0 24 Salacia reticulata Wight Plant 24838513 26 39 S. reticulata Plant 24838513 84 98 early diabetes Negative_phenotype 24838513 Decrease 0 24 Salacia reticulata Wight Plant 84 98 early diabetes Negative_phenotype 24838513 Decrease 26 39 S. reticulata Plant 84 98 early diabetes Negative_phenotype 24838513_3 In previous reports, the extract of S. reticulata showed preventive effects on obesity and various metabolic disorders and a suppressive effect on differentiation in premature adipocytes. 24838513 36 49 S. reticulata Plant 24838513 79 86 obesity Negative_phenotype 24838513 99 118 metabolic disorders Negative_phenotype 24838513 Decrease 36 49 S. reticulata Plant 79 86 obesity Negative_phenotype 24838513 Decrease 36 49 S. reticulata Plant 99 118 metabolic disorders Negative_phenotype 24838513_4 The aim of this research was to elucidate the therapeutic efficacy of the extract of S. reticulata on obesity and various metabolic disorders in 12-week-old TSOD mice with obesity and metabolic disorders and in mature 3T3-L1 adipocytes. 24838513 85 98 S. reticulata Plant 24838513 102 109 obesity Negative_phenotype 24838513 122 141 metabolic disorders Negative_phenotype 24838513 172 179 obesity Negative_phenotype 24838513 184 203 metabolic disorders Negative_phenotype 24838513_5 In TSOD mice, S. reticulata therapy produced a reduction in body weight and mesenteric fat accumulation, an improvement in abnormal glucose metabolism, and an increase in adiponectin level in plasma. 24838513 14 27 S. reticulata Plant 24838513 60 71 body weight Neutral_phenotype 24838513 76 103 mesenteric fat accumulation Negative_phenotype 24838513 123 150 abnormal glucose metabolism Negative_phenotype 24838513 171 198 adiponectin level in plasma Neutral_phenotype 24838513 Decrease 14 27 S. reticulata Plant 60 71 body weight Neutral_phenotype 24838513 Decrease 14 27 S. reticulata Plant 76 103 mesenteric fat accumulation Negative_phenotype 24838513 Decrease 14 27 S. reticulata Plant 123 150 abnormal glucose metabolism Negative_phenotype 24838513 Increase 14 27 S. reticulata Plant 171 198 adiponectin level in plasma Neutral_phenotype 24838513_6 In addition, the mRNA expressions of hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) and adiponectin were increased in mesenteric fat. 24838513_7 In in vitro experiments, S. reticulata therapy produced suppression of intracellular triacylglycerol accumulation and enhancement of glycerol release into the medium in mature 3T3-L1 cells. 24838513 25 38 S. reticulata Plant 24838513_8 The mRNA expressions of lipogenesis factor (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor y, lipoprotein lipase, CD36, and fatty acid binding protein 4) were down-regulated, while the expressions of lipolysis factor (adipose tissue triacylglycerol lipase and HSL) and adiponectin were up-regulated. 24838513_9 Moreover, the extract of S. reticulata enhanced the expression of total AMP-activated protein kinase a (AMPKa) and phosphorylated AMPKa in mature adipocytes. 24838513 25 38 S. reticulata Plant 24838513_10 These findings demonstrate that the extract of S. reticulata has therapeutic effects on obesity and metabolic disorders by enhancing lipogenesis genes and suppressing lipolysis genes through the activation of AMPKa in adipocytes. 24838513 47 60 S. reticulata Plant 24838513 88 95 obesity Negative_phenotype 24838513 100 119 metabolic disorders Negative_phenotype 24838513 Decrease 47 60 S. reticulata Plant 88 95 obesity Negative_phenotype 24838513 Decrease 47 60 S. reticulata Plant 100 119 metabolic disorders Negative_phenotype 24849405_1 Methanol extract of Antrodia camphorata protects against lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury by suppressing NF-kB and MAPK pathways in mice. 24849405 20 39 Antrodia camphorata Plant 24849405 84 101 acute lung injury Negative_phenotype 24849405 Decrease 20 39 Antrodia camphorata Plant 84 101 acute lung injury Negative_phenotype 24849405_2 Antrodia camphorata (AC) has been used as a herbal medicine for drug intoxication for the treatment of inflammation syndromes and liver-related diseases in Taiwan. 24849405 0 19 Antrodia camphorata Plant 24849405 21 23 AC Plant 24849405 64 81 drug intoxication Negative_phenotype 24849405 103 125 inflammation syndromes Negative_phenotype 24849405 130 152 liver-related diseases Negative_phenotype 24849405 Decrease 0 19 Antrodia camphorata Plant 64 81 drug intoxication Negative_phenotype 24849405 Decrease 0 19 Antrodia camphorata Plant 103 125 inflammation syndromes Negative_phenotype 24849405 Decrease 0 19 Antrodia camphorata Plant 130 152 liver-related diseases Negative_phenotype 24849405 Decrease 21 23 AC Plant 64 81 drug intoxication Negative_phenotype 24849405 Decrease 21 23 AC Plant 103 125 inflammation syndromes Negative_phenotype 24849405 Decrease 21 23 AC Plant 130 152 liver-related diseases Negative_phenotype 24849405_3 This study demonstrates the protective effect of the methanol extract of AC (MAC) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute lung injury (ALI) in mice. 24849405 73 75 AC Plant 24849405 77 80 MAC Plant 24849405 118 135 acute lung injury Negative_phenotype 24849405 137 140 ALI Negative_phenotype 24849405 Decrease 73 75 AC Plant 118 135 acute lung injury Negative_phenotype 24849405 Decrease 73 75 AC Plant 118 135 acute lung injury Negative_phenotype 24849405 Decrease 77 80 MAC Plant 137 140 ALI Negative_phenotype 24849405 Decrease 77 80 MAC Plant 137 140 ALI Negative_phenotype 24849405_4 Mice were treated with MAC 1 h before the intratracheal (I.T.) instillation of LPS challenge model. 24849405 23 26 MAC Plant 24849405_5 Lung injury was evaluated 6 h after LPS induction. 24849405 0 11 Lung injury Negative_phenotype 24849405_6 Pretreatment with MAC markedly improved LPS-induced histological alterations and edema in lung tissues. 24849405 18 21 MAC Plant 24849405 52 76 histological alterations Negative_phenotype 24849405 81 102 edema in lung tissues Negative_phenotype 24849405 Decrease 18 21 MAC Plant 52 76 histological alterations Negative_phenotype 24849405 Decrease 18 21 MAC Plant 81 102 edema in lung tissues Negative_phenotype 24849405_7 Moreover, MAC also inhibited the release of pro-inflammatory mediators such as nitric oxide (NO), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-a), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1b), and IL-6 at 6 h in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) during LPS-induced lung injury. 24849405 10 13 MAC Plant 24849405 241 252 lung injury Negative_phenotype 24849405 Decrease 10 13 MAC Plant 241 252 lung injury Negative_phenotype 24849405_8 Furthermore, MAC reduced total cell number and protein concentrations in the BALF the pulmonary wet/dry weight (W/D) ratio, and myeloperoxidase activity and enhanced superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in lung tissues. 24849405 13 16 MAC Plant 24849405 205 209 lung Positive_phenotype 24849405_9 MAC also efficiently blocked protein expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and inhibited the degradation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kB) and IkBa. 24849405 0 3 MAC Plant 24849405_10 This is the first investigation in which MAC inhibited acute lung edema effectively, which may provide a potential target for treating ALI. 24849405 41 44 MAC Plant 24849405 55 71 acute lung edema Negative_phenotype 24849405 135 138 ALI Negative_phenotype 24849405 Decrease 41 44 MAC Plant 55 71 acute lung edema Negative_phenotype 24849405 Decrease 41 44 MAC Plant 135 138 ALI Negative_phenotype 24849405_11 MAC may utilize the NF-kB and MAPKs pathways and the regulation of SOD activity to attenuate LPS-induced nonspecific pulmonary inflammation. 24849405 0 3 MAC Plant 24849405 105 139 nonspecific pulmonary inflammation Negative_phenotype 24849405 Decrease 0 3 MAC Plant 105 139 nonspecific pulmonary inflammation Negative_phenotype 24860730_1 Chemistry, Pharmacology, and Medicinal Property of Sage (Salvia) to Prevent and Cure Illnesses such as Obesity, Diabetes, Depression, Dementia, Lupus, Autism, Heart Disease, and Cancer. 24860730 51 55 Sage Plant 24860730 57 63 Salvia Plant 24860730 103 110 Obesity Negative_phenotype 24860730 112 120 Diabetes Negative_phenotype 24860730 122 132 Depression Negative_phenotype 24860730 134 142 Dementia Negative_phenotype 24860730 144 149 Lupus Negative_phenotype 24860730 151 157 Autism Negative_phenotype 24860730 159 172 Heart Disease Negative_phenotype 24860730 178 184 Cancer Negative_phenotype 24860730 Decrease 51 55 Sage Plant 103 110 Obesity Negative_phenotype 24860730 Decrease 51 55 Sage Plant 112 120 Diabetes Negative_phenotype 24860730 Decrease 51 55 Sage Plant 122 132 Depression Negative_phenotype 24860730 Decrease 51 55 Sage Plant 134 142 Dementia Negative_phenotype 24860730 Decrease 51 55 Sage Plant 144 149 Lupus Negative_phenotype 24860730 Decrease 51 55 Sage Plant 151 157 Autism Negative_phenotype 24860730 Decrease 51 55 Sage Plant 159 172 Heart Disease Negative_phenotype 24860730 Decrease 51 55 Sage Plant 178 184 Cancer Negative_phenotype 24860730 Decrease 57 63 Salvia Plant 103 110 Obesity Negative_phenotype 24860730 Decrease 57 63 Salvia Plant 112 120 Diabetes Negative_phenotype 24860730 Decrease 57 63 Salvia Plant 122 132 Depression Negative_phenotype 24860730 Decrease 57 63 Salvia Plant 134 142 Dementia Negative_phenotype 24860730 Decrease 57 63 Salvia Plant 144 149 Lupus Negative_phenotype 24860730 Decrease 57 63 Salvia Plant 151 157 Autism Negative_phenotype 24860730 Decrease 57 63 Salvia Plant 159 172 Heart Disease Negative_phenotype 24860730 Decrease 57 63 Salvia Plant 178 184 Cancer Negative_phenotype 24860730_2 For a long time, sage (Salvia) species have been used in traditional medicine for the relief of pain, protecting the body against oxidative stress, free radical damages, angiogenesis, inflammation, bacterial and virus infection, etc., Several studies suggest that sage species can be considered for drug development because of their reported pharmacology and therapeutic activities in many countries of Asia and Middle East, especially China and India. 24860730 17 21 sage Plant 24860730 23 29 Salvia Plant 24860730 96 100 pain Negative_phenotype 24860730 130 146 oxidative stress Negative_phenotype 24860730 184 196 inflammation Negative_phenotype 24860730 198 227 bacterial and virus infection Negative_phenotype 24860730 264 268 sage Plant 24860730 Decrease 17 21 sage Plant 96 100 pain Negative_phenotype 24860730 Decrease 17 21 sage Plant 130 146 oxidative stress Negative_phenotype 24860730 Decrease 17 21 sage Plant 184 196 inflammation Negative_phenotype 24860730 Decrease 17 21 sage Plant 198 227 bacterial and virus infection Negative_phenotype 24860730 Decrease 23 29 Salvia Plant 96 100 pain Negative_phenotype 24860730 Decrease 23 29 Salvia Plant 130 146 oxidative stress Negative_phenotype 24860730 Decrease 23 29 Salvia Plant 184 196 inflammation Negative_phenotype 24860730 Decrease 23 29 Salvia Plant 198 227 bacterial and virus infection Negative_phenotype 24860730_3 These studies suggest that Salvia species, in addition to treating minor common illnesses, might potentially provide novel natural treatments for the relief or cure of many serious and life-threatening diseases such as depression, dementia, obesity, diabetes, lupus, heart disease, and cancer. 24860730 27 33 Salvia Plant 24860730 219 229 depression Negative_phenotype 24860730 231 239 dementia Negative_phenotype 24860730 241 248 obesity Negative_phenotype 24860730 250 258 diabetes Negative_phenotype 24860730 260 265 lupus Negative_phenotype 24860730 267 280 heart disease Negative_phenotype 24860730 286 292 cancer Negative_phenotype 24860730 Decrease 27 33 Salvia Plant 219 229 depression Negative_phenotype 24860730 Decrease 27 33 Salvia Plant 231 239 dementia Negative_phenotype 24860730 Decrease 27 33 Salvia Plant 231 239 dementia Negative_phenotype 24860730 Decrease 27 33 Salvia Plant 241 248 obesity Negative_phenotype 24860730 Decrease 27 33 Salvia Plant 250 258 diabetes Negative_phenotype 24860730 Decrease 27 33 Salvia Plant 260 265 lupus Negative_phenotype 24860730 Decrease 27 33 Salvia Plant 267 280 heart disease Negative_phenotype 24860730 Decrease 27 33 Salvia Plant 286 292 cancer Negative_phenotype 24860730_4 This article presents a comprehensive analysis of the botanical, chemical, and pharmacological aspects of sage (Saliva). 24860730 106 110 sage Plant 24860730 112 118 Saliva Plant 24877106_1 Role of dried fruits of Carissa carandas as anti-inflammatory agents and the analysis of phytochemical constituents by GC-MS. Inflammation plays an important role in various diseases with high prevalence within populations such as rheumatoid arthritis, ulcer, atherosclerosis, and asthma. 24877106 24 40 Carissa carandas Plant 24877106 44 61 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 24877106 126 138 Inflammation Negative_phenotype 24877106 231 251 rheumatoid arthritis Negative_phenotype 24877106 253 258 ulcer Negative_phenotype 24877106 260 275 atherosclerosis Negative_phenotype 24877106 281 287 asthma Negative_phenotype 24877106_2 Many drugs are available in the market for inflammatory diseases. 24877106 43 64 inflammatory diseases Negative_phenotype 24877106_3 They exhibit several unwanted side effects to humans. 24877106_4 Therefore, alternative treatments with safer compounds are needed. 24877106_5 Carissa carandas plant is used in traditional medicinal system for its various diseases curing property. 24877106 0 16 Carissa carandas Plant 24877106_6 In the present study, we examined the anti-inflammatory effects of dried fruit methanol extract on carrageenan-induced hind paw edema in rats. 24877106 38 55 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 24877106 119 133 hind paw edema Negative_phenotype 24877106_7 C. carandas was defatted with petroleum ether, followed by methanol extraction. 24877106 0 11 C. carandas Plant 24877106_8 The methanol extracts of the dried fruits of Carissa carandas were given orally to the experimental rats caused significant activity (P <= 0.05) when compared with the control group. 24877106 45 61 Carissa carandas Plant 24877106_9 The maximum inhibition of paw edema was found to be in Group V, that is, 76.12% with inhibition of paw volume in a dose-dependent manner. 24877106 26 35 paw edema Negative_phenotype 24877106 99 109 paw volume Neutral_phenotype 24877106_10 The anti-inflammatory activity of the methanol extract of the dried fruits shows that the presence of potential constituents present in this extract may provide assistance in the drug discovery process. 24877106 4 21 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 24877106_11 The phytochemical compounds of the extract were screened by GC-MS analysis and it was found that 11 compounds are present in methanol extract of dried fruits of Carissa carandas. 24877106 161 177 Carissa carandas Plant 24911141_1 The effect of black raspberry extracts on MnSOD activity in protection against concanavalin A induced liver injury. 24911141 14 29 black raspberry Plant 24911141 102 114 liver injury Negative_phenotype 24911141_2 Inflammation and oxidative stress are the key events in carcinogenetic transformation. 24911141 0 12 Inflammation Negative_phenotype 24911141 17 33 oxidative stress Negative_phenotype 24911141 56 85 carcinogenetic transformation Negative_phenotype 24911141_3 Black raspberries (BRB) have been demonstrated to have antioxidant, antiinflammatory and anticancer bioactivities. 24911141 0 17 Black raspberries Plant 24911141 19 22 BRB Plant 24911141 55 66 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 24911141 68 84 antiinflammatory Positive_phenotype 24911141 89 99 anticancer Positive_phenotype 24911141 Increase 0 17 Black raspberries Plant 55 66 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 24911141 Increase 0 17 Black raspberries Plant 68 84 antiinflammatory Positive_phenotype 24911141 Increase 0 17 Black raspberries Plant 89 99 anticancer Positive_phenotype 24911141 Increase 19 22 BRB Plant 55 66 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 24911141 Increase 19 22 BRB Plant 68 84 antiinflammatory Positive_phenotype 24911141 Increase 19 22 BRB Plant 89 99 anticancer Positive_phenotype 24911141_4 In this study, a concanavalin A induced hepatitis mouse model is used to examine the effect of BRB extract on hepatic injury. 24911141 40 49 hepatitis Negative_phenotype 24911141 95 98 BRB Plant 24911141 110 124 hepatic injury Negative_phenotype 24911141_5 Three BRB extracts, including ethanol/H2O extracts (both anthocyanin-contained fraction and nonanthocyanin-contained fraction) and hexane extract were used. 24911141 6 9 BRB Plant 24911141_6 The alterations in hepatic histology, apoptosis, and oxidative stress were observed in the animals pretreated with BRB extracts and then challenged by concanavalin A. 24911141 53 69 oxidative stress Negative_phenotype 24911141 115 118 BRB Plant 24911141_7 Results indicate that ethanol/H2O extracts can inhibit Con A induced liver injury. 24911141 69 81 liver injury Negative_phenotype 24911141_8 The hepatic protection by the ethanol/H2O BRB extracts is associated with decreases of lipid peroxidation and NDA oxidative damage. 24911141 42 45 BRB Plant 24911141 114 130 oxidative damage Negative_phenotype 24911141 Decrease 42 45 BRB Plant 114 130 oxidative damage Negative_phenotype 24911141_9 Importantly, the BRB extracts increase manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) activity but not the CuZnSOD. 24911141 17 20 BRB Plant 24911141_10 The preservation of MnSOD by BRB extracts is associated with the protective action in the liver challenged by Con A. 24911141 29 32 BRB Plant 24911141_11 Ethanol/H2O BRB extracts function as antioxidants, thus demonstrating the critical role of oxidative stress in the Con A induced liver injury, and providing evidence that the protective effects of ethanol/H2O BRB extracts result, at least in part, from their antioxidant action. 24911141 12 15 BRB Plant 24911141 37 49 antioxidants Positive_phenotype 24911141 91 107 oxidative stress Negative_phenotype 24911141 129 141 liver injury Negative_phenotype 24911141 209 212 BRB Plant 24911141 259 270 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 24911141 Increase 12 15 BRB Plant 37 49 antioxidants Positive_phenotype 24911141 Decrease 12 15 BRB Plant 91 107 oxidative stress Negative_phenotype 24911141 Decrease 12 15 BRB Plant 129 141 liver injury Negative_phenotype 24911141 Increase 209 212 BRB Plant 259 270 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 24914296_1 Protective effects of Aegle marmelos fruit pulp on 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid-induced experimental colitis. 24914296 22 36 Aegle marmelos Plant 24914296 108 115 colitis Negative_phenotype 24914296_2 BACKGROUND: Aegle marmelos (AM) fruit has been advocated in indigenous system of medicine for the treatment of various gastrointestinal disorders, fever, asthma, inflammations, febrile delirium, acute bronchitis, snakebite, epilepsy, leprosy, myalgia, smallpox, leucoderma, mental illnesses, sores, swelling, thirst, thyroid disorders, tumours and upper respiratory tract infections. 24914296 12 26 Aegle marmelos Plant 24914296 28 30 AM Plant 24914296 119 145 gastrointestinal disorders Negative_phenotype 24914296 147 152 fever Negative_phenotype 24914296 154 160 asthma Negative_phenotype 24914296 162 175 inflammations Negative_phenotype 24914296 177 193 febrile delirium Negative_phenotype 24914296 195 211 acute bronchitis Negative_phenotype 24914296 213 222 snakebite Negative_phenotype 24914296 224 232 epilepsy Negative_phenotype 24914296 234 241 leprosy Negative_phenotype 24914296 243 250 myalgia Negative_phenotype 24914296 252 260 smallpox Negative_phenotype 24914296 262 272 leucoderma Negative_phenotype 24914296 274 290 mental illnesses Negative_phenotype 24914296 292 297 sores Negative_phenotype 24914296 299 307 swelling Negative_phenotype 24914296 309 315 thirst Negative_phenotype 24914296 317 334 thyroid disorders Negative_phenotype 24914296 336 343 tumours Negative_phenotype 24914296 348 382 upper respiratory tract infections Negative_phenotype 24914296 Decrease 12 26 Aegle marmelos Plant 119 145 gastrointestinal disorders Negative_phenotype 24914296 Decrease 12 26 Aegle marmelos Plant 147 152 fever Negative_phenotype 24914296 Decrease 12 26 Aegle marmelos Plant 154 160 asthma Negative_phenotype 24914296 Decrease 12 26 Aegle marmelos Plant 162 175 inflammations Negative_phenotype 24914296 Decrease 12 26 Aegle marmelos Plant 177 193 febrile delirium Negative_phenotype 24914296 Decrease 12 26 Aegle marmelos Plant 195 211 acute bronchitis Negative_phenotype 24914296 Decrease 12 26 Aegle marmelos Plant 213 222 snakebite Negative_phenotype 24914296 Decrease 12 26 Aegle marmelos Plant 224 232 epilepsy Negative_phenotype 24914296 Decrease 12 26 Aegle marmelos Plant 234 241 leprosy Negative_phenotype 24914296 Decrease 12 26 Aegle marmelos Plant 243 250 myalgia Negative_phenotype 24914296 Decrease 12 26 Aegle marmelos Plant 252 260 smallpox Negative_phenotype 24914296 Decrease 12 26 Aegle marmelos Plant 262 272 leucoderma Negative_phenotype 24914296 Decrease 12 26 Aegle marmelos Plant 274 290 mental illnesses Negative_phenotype 24914296 Decrease 12 26 Aegle marmelos Plant 292 297 sores Negative_phenotype 24914296 Decrease 12 26 Aegle marmelos Plant 299 307 swelling Negative_phenotype 24914296 Decrease 12 26 Aegle marmelos Plant 309 315 thirst Negative_phenotype 24914296 Decrease 12 26 Aegle marmelos Plant 317 334 thyroid disorders Negative_phenotype 24914296 Decrease 12 26 Aegle marmelos Plant 336 343 tumours Negative_phenotype 24914296 Decrease 12 26 Aegle marmelos Plant 348 382 upper respiratory tract infections Negative_phenotype 24914296 Decrease 28 30 AM Plant 119 145 gastrointestinal disorders Negative_phenotype 24914296 Decrease 28 30 AM Plant 147 152 fever Negative_phenotype 24914296 Decrease 28 30 AM Plant 154 160 asthma Negative_phenotype 24914296 Decrease 28 30 AM Plant 162 175 inflammations Negative_phenotype 24914296 Decrease 28 30 AM Plant 177 193 febrile delirium Negative_phenotype 24914296 Decrease 28 30 AM Plant 195 211 acute bronchitis Negative_phenotype 24914296 Decrease 28 30 AM Plant 213 222 snakebite Negative_phenotype 24914296 Decrease 28 30 AM Plant 224 232 epilepsy Negative_phenotype 24914296 Decrease 28 30 AM Plant 234 241 leprosy Negative_phenotype 24914296 Decrease 28 30 AM Plant 243 250 myalgia Negative_phenotype 24914296 Decrease 28 30 AM Plant 252 260 smallpox Negative_phenotype 24914296 Decrease 28 30 AM Plant 262 272 leucoderma Negative_phenotype 24914296 Decrease 28 30 AM Plant 274 290 mental illnesses Negative_phenotype 24914296 Decrease 28 30 AM Plant 292 297 sores Negative_phenotype 24914296 Decrease 28 30 AM Plant 299 307 swelling Negative_phenotype 24914296 Decrease 28 30 AM Plant 309 315 thirst Negative_phenotype 24914296 Decrease 28 30 AM Plant 317 334 thyroid disorders Negative_phenotype 24914296 Decrease 28 30 AM Plant 336 343 tumours Negative_phenotype 24914296 Decrease 28 30 AM Plant 348 382 upper respiratory tract infections Negative_phenotype 24914296_3 OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to study the curative effect of 50% ethanol extract of dried fruit pulp of AM (AME) against 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced experimental colitis. 24914296 118 120 AM Plant 24914296 122 125 AME Plant 24914296 199 206 colitis Negative_phenotype 24914296_4 MATERIALS AND METHODS: AME (200 mg/kg) was administered orally, once daily for 14 days after TNBS-induced colitis. 24914296 23 26 AME Plant 24914296 106 113 colitis Negative_phenotype 24914296_5 Rats were given intracolonic normal saline or TNBS alone or TNBS plus oral AME. 24914296 75 78 AME Plant 24914296_6 AME was studied for its in vitro antibacterial activity against Gram-negative intestinal bacteria and on TNBS-induced changes in colonic damage, weight and adhesions (macroscopic and microscopic), diarrhea, body weight and colonic levels of free radicals (nitric oxide and lipid peroxidation), antioxidants (superoxide dismutase, catalase and reduced glutathione) and pro-inflammatory marker (myeloperoxidase [MPO]) in rats. 24914296 0 3 AME Plant 24914296 33 46 antibacterial Positive_phenotype 24914296 129 143 colonic damage Negative_phenotype 24914296 145 151 weight Neutral_phenotype 24914296 156 165 adhesions Negative_phenotype 24914296 197 205 diarrhea Negative_phenotype 24914296 207 218 body weight Neutral_phenotype 24914296 294 306 antioxidants Positive_phenotype 24914296_7 RESULTS: AME showed antibacterial activity against intestinal pathogens and decreased colonic mucosal damage and inflammation, diarrhea, colonic free radicals and MPO and enhanced body weight and colonic antioxidants level affected by TNBS. 24914296 9 12 AME Plant 24914296 20 33 antibacterial Positive_phenotype 24914296 86 108 colonic mucosal damage Negative_phenotype 24914296 113 125 inflammation Negative_phenotype 24914296 127 135 diarrhea Negative_phenotype 24914296 180 191 body weight Neutral_phenotype 24914296 196 222 colonic antioxidants level Neutral_phenotype 24914296 Increase 9 12 AME Plant 20 33 antibacterial Positive_phenotype 24914296 Decrease 9 12 AME Plant 86 108 colonic mucosal damage Negative_phenotype 24914296 Decrease 9 12 AME Plant 113 125 inflammation Negative_phenotype 24914296 Decrease 9 12 AME Plant 127 135 diarrhea Negative_phenotype 24914296 Increase 9 12 AME Plant 180 191 body weight Neutral_phenotype 24914296 Increase 9 12 AME Plant 196 222 colonic antioxidants level Neutral_phenotype 24914296_8 The effects of AME on the above parameters were comparable with sulfasalazine, a known colitis protective drug (100 mg/kg, oral). 24914296 15 18 AME Plant 24914296 87 105 colitis protective Positive_phenotype 24914296 Increase 15 18 AME Plant 87 105 colitis protective Positive_phenotype 24914296_9 CONCLUSION: AME shows curative effects against TNBS-induced colitis by its antibacterial activity and promoting colonic antioxidants and reducing free radicals and MPO-induced colonic damage. 24914296 12 15 AME Plant 24914296 60 67 colitis Negative_phenotype 24914296 75 88 antibacterial Positive_phenotype 24914296 112 132 colonic antioxidants Positive_phenotype 24914296 176 190 colonic damage Negative_phenotype 24914296 Decrease 12 15 AME Plant 60 67 colitis Negative_phenotype 24914296 Increase 12 15 AME Plant 75 88 antibacterial Positive_phenotype 24914296 Increase 12 15 AME Plant 112 132 colonic antioxidants Positive_phenotype 24914296 Decrease 12 15 AME Plant 176 190 colonic damage Negative_phenotype 24915453_1 Lethal hepatocellular necrosis associated with herbal polypharmacy in a patient with chronic hepatitis B infection. 24915453 0 30 Lethal hepatocellular necrosis Negative_phenotype 24915453 85 114 chronic hepatitis B infection Negative_phenotype 24915453_2 Following a short treatment for irritable bowel with the following herbs: Astragalus propinquus, Codonopsis pilosula, Paeonia sp., Atractylodes macrocephala, Pueraria sp., Poria cocos, Dioscorea opposita, Patriniae, Psoralea corylifolia, Alpinia katsumadai, Glycyrrhiza uralensis and Dolomiaea souliei sp. a 43-year-old woman developed acute severe liver failure requiring liver transplantation. 24915453 32 47 irritable bowel Negative_phenotype 24915453 74 95 Astragalus propinquus Plant 24915453 97 116 Codonopsis pilosula Plant 24915453 118 129 Paeonia sp. Plant 24915453 131 156 Atractylodes macrocephala Plant 24915453 158 170 Pueraria sp. Plant 24915453 172 183 Poria cocos Plant 24915453 185 203 Dioscorea opposita Plant 24915453 205 214 Patriniae Plant 24915453 216 236 Psoralea corylifolia Plant 24915453 238 256 Alpinia katsumadai Plant 24915453 258 279 Glycyrrhiza uralensis Plant 24915453 284 305 Dolomiaea souliei sp. Plant 24915453 336 362 acute severe liver failure Negative_phenotype 24915453_3 Histopathological examination of the liver showed massive hepatic necrosis in keeping with drug/chemical toxicity. 24915453 58 74 hepatic necrosis Negative_phenotype 24915453 105 113 toxicity Negative_phenotype 24915453_4 Surgery was followed by multiorgan failure and death. 24915453 24 42 multiorgan failure Negative_phenotype 24915453 47 52 death Negative_phenotype 24915453_5 While numerous studies have evaluated the effect of polypharmacy, the study of multiple concurrent herb use is only just emerging, despite the popularity of herbal medicine use in the western world. 24915453_6 As this case demonstrates that fulminant hepatic failure and death may be caused by the concomitant use of a number of herbal products, the possibility of untoward effects from herbal polypharmacy must be increasingly considered in the evaluation of medicolegal cases. 24915453 41 56 hepatic failure Negative_phenotype 24915453 61 66 death Negative_phenotype 24927487_1 Inhibitory effects of Picrasma quassioides (D.Don) Benn. on airway inflammation in a murine model of allergic asthma. 24927487 22 56 Picrasma quassioides (D.Don) Benn. Plant 24927487 60 116 airway inflammation in a murine model of allergic asthma Negative_phenotype 24927487_2 Picrasma quassioides (D.Don) Benn. (PQ) is used in traditional medicine for the treatment of inflammatory conditions, including gastritis. 24927487 0 34 Picrasma quassioides (D.Don) Benn. Plant 24927487 36 38 PQ Plant 24927487 93 105 inflammatory Negative_phenotype 24927487 128 137 gastritis Negative_phenotype 24927487 Decrease 0 34 Picrasma quassioides (D.Don) Benn. Plant 93 105 inflammatory Negative_phenotype 24927487 Decrease 0 34 Picrasma quassioides (D.Don) Benn. Plant 128 137 gastritis Negative_phenotype 24927487 Decrease 36 38 PQ Plant 93 105 inflammatory Negative_phenotype 24927487 Decrease 36 38 PQ Plant 128 137 gastritis Negative_phenotype 24927487_3 This study aimed to evaluate the inhibitory effects of PQ on the inflammatory responses in mice with allergic asthma induced by ovalbumin (OVA) and in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) -stimulated RAW264.7 cells. 24927487 55 57 PQ Plant 24927487 65 116 inflammatory responses in mice with allergic asthma Negative_phenotype 24927487_4 To induce allergic asthma, the mice underwent OVA sensitization on days 0 and 14 and then were challenged with OVA from days 21 -23. 24927487 10 25 allergic asthma Negative_phenotype 24927487_5 The mice were administered 15 and 30 mg/kg doses of PQ 1 h prior to the OVA challenge. 24927487 52 54 PQ Plant 24927487_6 The PQ treatment decreased the inflammatory cell count in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of the mice and reduced the levels of interleukin (IL) -4, IL -5, IL -13 and immunoglobulin (Ig)E when compared with those in the OVA group. 24927487 4 6 PQ Plant 24927487_7 The PQ treatment also reduced the airway hyperresponsiveness induced by the OVA challenge, attenuated the recruitment of inflammatory cells and the mucus production in the airways of the mice. 24927487 4 6 PQ Plant 24927487 34 60 airway hyperresponsiveness Negative_phenotype 24927487 Decrease 4 6 PQ Plant 34 60 airway hyperresponsiveness Negative_phenotype 24927487_8 In the LPS -stimulated RAW264.7 cells, the PQ treatment reduced the overexpression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). 24927487 44 46 PQ Plant 24927487_9 The results indicated that PQ inhibits inflammatory responses in mice with OVA -sensitized/challenged allergic asthma and in LPS -stimulated RAW264.7 cells. 24927487 27 29 PQ Plant 24927487 39 51 inflammatory Negative_phenotype 24927487 103 118 allergic asthma Negative_phenotype 24927487 Decrease 27 29 PQ Plant 39 51 inflammatory Negative_phenotype 24927487 Decrease 27 29 PQ Plant 103 118 allergic asthma Negative_phenotype 24927487_10 These effects were considered to be associated with the suppression of iNOS expression. 24927487_11 Therefore, PQ may have the potential to treat airway inflammatory diseases, including allergic asthma. 24927487 11 13 PQ Plant 24927487 46 74 airway inflammatory diseases Negative_phenotype 24927487 86 101 allergic asthma Negative_phenotype 24927487 Decrease 11 13 PQ Plant 46 74 airway inflammatory diseases Negative_phenotype 24927487 Decrease 11 13 PQ Plant 86 101 allergic asthma Negative_phenotype 24949441_1 Holoptelea integrifolia (Roxb.) Planch: a review of its ethnobotany, pharmacology, and phytochemistry. 24949441 0 38 Holoptelea integrifolia (Roxb.) Planch Plant 24949441_2 Holoptelea integrifolia (Ulmaceae) is a versatile medicinal plant used in various indigenous systems of medicine for curing routine healthcare maladies. 24949441 0 23 Holoptelea integrifolia Plant 24949441_3 It is traditionally used in the treatment and prevention of several ailments like leprosy, inflammation, rickets, leucoderma, scabies, rheumatism, ringworm, eczema, malaria, intestinal cancer, and chronic wounds. 24949441 82 89 leprosy Negative_phenotype 24949441 91 103 inflammation Negative_phenotype 24949441 105 112 rickets Negative_phenotype 24949441 114 124 leucoderma Negative_phenotype 24949441 126 133 scabies Negative_phenotype 24949441 135 145 rheumatism Negative_phenotype 24949441 147 155 ringworm Negative_phenotype 24949441 157 163 eczema Negative_phenotype 24949441 165 172 malaria Negative_phenotype 24949441 174 191 intestinal cancer Negative_phenotype 24949441 197 211 chronic wounds Negative_phenotype 24949441_4 In vitro and in vivo pharmacological investigations on crude extracts and isolated compounds showed antibacterial, antifungal, analgesic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anthelmintic, antidiabetic, antidiarrhoeal, adaptogenic, anticancer, wound healing, hepatoprotective, larvicidal, antiemetic, CNS depressant, and hypolipidemic activities. 24949441 100 113 antibacterial Positive_phenotype 24949441 115 125 antifungal Positive_phenotype 24949441 127 136 analgesic Positive_phenotype 24949441 138 149 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 24949441 151 168 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 24949441 170 182 anthelmintic Positive_phenotype 24949441 184 196 antidiabetic Positive_phenotype 24949441 198 212 antidiarrhoeal Positive_phenotype 24949441 214 225 adaptogenic Positive_phenotype 24949441 227 237 anticancer Positive_phenotype 24949441 239 252 wound healing Positive_phenotype 24949441 254 270 hepatoprotective Positive_phenotype 24949441 272 282 larvicidal Positive_phenotype 24949441 284 294 antiemetic Positive_phenotype 24949441 296 310 CNS depressant Positive_phenotype 24949441 316 329 hypolipidemic Positive_phenotype 24949441_5 Phytochemical analysis showed the presence of terpenoids, sterols, saponins, tannins, proteins, carbohydrates, alkaloids, phenols, flavonoids, glycosides, and quinines. 24949441_6 Numerous compounds including Holoptelin-A, Holoptelin-B, friedlin, epifriedlin, b -amyrin, stigmasterol, b -sitosterol, 1, 4-napthalenedione, betulin, betulinic acid, hexacosanol, and octacosanol have been identified and isolated from the plant species. 24949441_7 The results of several studies indicated that H. integrifolia may be used as an effective therapeutic remedy in the prevention and treatment of various ailments. 24949441 46 61 H. integrifolia Plant 24949441_8 However, further studies on chemical constituents and their mechanisms in exhibiting certain biological activities are needed. 24949441_9 In addition, study on the toxicity of the crude extracts and the compounds isolated from this plant should be assessed to ensure their eligibility to be used as source of modern medicines. 24949441 26 34 toxicity Negative_phenotype 24973886_1 Fenugreek extract diosgenin and pure diosgenin inhibit the hTERT gene expression in A549 lung cancer cell line. 24973886 0 9 Fenugreek Plant 24973886 84 88 A549 Negative_phenotype 24973886 89 100 lung cancer Negative_phenotype 24973886 Decrease 0 9 Fenugreek Plant 84 88 A549 Negative_phenotype 24973886 Decrease 0 9 Fenugreek Plant 89 100 lung cancer Negative_phenotype 24973886_2 Trigonella foenum-graecum generally known as fenugreek, has been normally cultivated in Asia and Africa for the edible and medicinal values of its seeds. 24973886 0 25 Trigonella foenum-graecum Plant 24973886 45 54 fenugreek Plant 24973886_3 Fenugreek leaves and seeds have been used widely for therapeutic purposes. 24973886 0 9 Fenugreek Plant 24973886_4 Fenugreek seed is recognized to show anti-diabetic and anti-nociceptive properties and other things such as hypocholesterolaemic, and anti-cancer. 24973886 0 9 Fenugreek Plant 24973886 37 50 anti-diabetic Positive_phenotype 24973886 55 71 anti-nociceptive Positive_phenotype 24973886 108 128 hypocholesterolaemic Positive_phenotype 24973886 134 145 anti-cancer Positive_phenotype 24973886 Increase 0 9 Fenugreek Plant 37 50 anti-diabetic Positive_phenotype 24973886 Increase 0 9 Fenugreek Plant 55 71 anti-nociceptive Positive_phenotype 24973886 Increase 0 9 Fenugreek Plant 108 128 hypocholesterolaemic Positive_phenotype 24973886 Increase 0 9 Fenugreek Plant 134 145 anti-cancer Positive_phenotype 24973886_5 Diosgenin is a steroidal saponin from therapeutic herbs, fenugreek (T. foenum-graceum L.), has been well-known to have anticancer properties. 24973886 57 66 fenugreek Plant 24973886 68 88 T. foenum-graceum L. Plant 24973886 119 129 anticancer Positive_phenotype 24973886 Increase 57 66 fenugreek Plant 119 129 anticancer Positive_phenotype 24973886 Increase 68 88 T. foenum-graceum L. Plant 119 129 anticancer Positive_phenotype 24973886_6 Telomerase activity is not identified in usual healthy cells, while in carcinogenic cell telomerase expression is reactivated. 24973886 71 83 carcinogenic Negative_phenotype 24973886_7 Therefore telomerase illustrates a promising cancer therapeutic target. 24973886 45 63 cancer therapeutic Positive_phenotype 24973886_8 We deliberate the inhibitory effect of pure diosgenin and fenugreek extract diosgenin on human telomerase reverse transcriptase gene (hTERT) expression which is critical for telomerase activity. 24973886 58 67 fenugreek Plant 24973886_9 MTT-assay and qRT-PCR analysis were achieved to discover cytotoxicity effects and hTERT gene expression inhibition properties, separately. 24973886_10 MTT results exhibited that IC50 for pure diosgenin were 47, 44 and 43 M and for fenugreek extract diosgenin were 49, 48 and 47 M for 24, 48 and 72 h after treatment. 24973886 82 91 fenugreek Plant 24973886_11 Culturing cells with pure diosgenin and fenugreek extract diosgenin treatment caused in down regulation of hTERT expression. 24973886 40 49 fenugreek Plant 24973886_12 These results indication that pure and impure diosgenin prevents telomerase activity by down regulation of the hTERT gene expression in A549 lung cancer cell line, with the difference that pure compound is more effective than another. 24973886 136 140 A549 Negative_phenotype 24973886 141 152 lung cancer Negative_phenotype 25009697_1 Houttuynia cordata Improves Cognitive Deficits in Cholinergic Dysfunction Alzheimer's Disease-Like Models. 25009697 0 18 Houttuynia cordata Plant 25009697 28 93 Cognitive Deficits in Cholinergic Dysfunction Alzheimer's Disease Negative_phenotype 25009697 Decrease 0 18 Houttuynia cordata Plant 28 93 Cognitive Deficits in Cholinergic Dysfunction Alzheimer's Disease Negative_phenotype 25009697_2 Cognitive impairment is a result of dementia of diverse causes, such as cholinergic dysfunction and Alzheimer's disease (AD). 25009697 0 20 Cognitive impairment Negative_phenotype 25009697 36 44 dementia Negative_phenotype 25009697 72 95 cholinergic dysfunction Negative_phenotype 25009697 100 119 Alzheimer's disease Negative_phenotype 25009697 121 123 AD Negative_phenotype 25009697_3 Houttuynia cordata Thunb. (Saururaceae) has long been used as a traditional herbal medicine. 25009697 0 25 Houttuynia cordata Thunb. Plant 25009697_4 It has biological activities including protective effects against amyloid beta (Ab) toxicity, via regulation of calcium homeostasis, in rat hippocampal cells. 25009697 84 92 toxicity Negative_phenotype 25009697_5 To extend previous reports, we investigated the effects of water extracts of H. cordata herb (HCW) on tauopathies, also involving calcium influx. 25009697 77 87 H. cordata Plant 25009697 94 97 HCW Plant 25009697 102 113 tauopathies Negative_phenotype 25009697_6 We then confirmed the effects of HCW in improving memory impairment and neuronal damage in mice with Ab-induced neurotoxicity. 25009697 33 36 HCW Plant 25009697 50 67 memory impairment Negative_phenotype 25009697 72 87 neuronal damage Negative_phenotype 25009697 112 125 neurotoxicity Negative_phenotype 25009697 Decrease 33 36 HCW Plant 50 67 memory impairment Negative_phenotype 25009697 Decrease 33 36 HCW Plant 72 87 neuronal damage Negative_phenotype 25009697 Decrease 33 36 HCW Plant 112 125 neurotoxicity Negative_phenotype 25009697_7 We also investigated the effects of HCW against scopolamine-induced cholinergic dysfunction in mice. 25009697 36 39 HCW Plant 25009697 68 91 cholinergic dysfunction Negative_phenotype 25009697_8 In primary neuronal cells, HCW inhibited the phosphorylation of tau by regulating p25/p35 expression in Ab-induced neurotoxicity. 25009697 27 30 HCW Plant 25009697 115 128 neurotoxicity Negative_phenotype 25009697 Decrease 27 30 HCW Plant 115 128 neurotoxicity Negative_phenotype 25009697_9 In mice with Ab-induced neurotoxicity, HCW improved cognitive impairment, as assessed with behavioral tasks, such as novel object recognition, Y-maze, and passive avoidance tasks. 25009697 24 37 neurotoxicity Negative_phenotype 25009697 39 42 HCW Plant 25009697 52 72 cognitive impairment Negative_phenotype 25009697 Increase 24 37 neurotoxicity Negative_phenotype 39 42 HCW Plant 25009697 Decrease 39 42 HCW Plant 52 72 cognitive impairment Negative_phenotype 25009697_10 HCW also inhibited the degeneration of neurons in the CA3 region of the hippocampus in Ab-induced neurotoxicity. 25009697 0 3 HCW Plant 25009697 23 46 degeneration of neurons Negative_phenotype 25009697 98 111 neurotoxicity Negative_phenotype 25009697 Decrease 0 3 HCW Plant 23 46 degeneration of neurons Negative_phenotype 25009697 Decrease 0 3 HCW Plant 98 111 neurotoxicity Negative_phenotype 25009697_11 Moreover, HCW, which had an IC50 value of 79.7 g/ml for acetylcholinesterase inhibition, ameliorated scopolamine-induced cognitive impairment significantly in Y-maze and passive avoidance tasks. 25009697 10 13 HCW Plant 25009697 122 142 cognitive impairment Negative_phenotype 25009697 Decrease 10 13 HCW Plant 122 142 cognitive impairment Negative_phenotype 25009697_12 These results indicate that HCW improved cognitive impairment, due to cholinergic dysfunction, with inhibitory effects against tauopathies and cholinergic antagonists, suggesting that HCW may be an interesting candidate to investigate for the treatment of AD. 25009697 28 31 HCW Plant 25009697 41 61 cognitive impairment Negative_phenotype 25009697 70 93 cholinergic dysfunction Negative_phenotype 25009697 127 138 tauopathies Negative_phenotype 25009697 184 187 HCW Plant 25009697 256 258 AD Negative_phenotype 25009697 Decrease 28 31 HCW Plant 41 61 cognitive impairment Negative_phenotype 25009697 Decrease 28 31 HCW Plant 70 93 cholinergic dysfunction Negative_phenotype 25009697 Decrease 28 31 HCW Plant 127 138 tauopathies Negative_phenotype 25009697 Decrease 184 187 HCW Plant 256 258 AD Negative_phenotype 25017373_1 Enzyme inhibition, antioxidant and immunomodulatory activities, and brine shrimp toxicity of extracts from the root bark, stem bark and leaves of Terminalia macroptera. 25017373 19 30 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 25017373 35 51 immunomodulatory Positive_phenotype 25017373 81 89 toxicity Negative_phenotype 25017373 146 167 Terminalia macroptera Plant 25017373_2 ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: The root bark, stem bark and leaves of Terminalia macroptera have been traditionally used against a variety of ailments such as wounds, hepatitis, malaria, fever, cough, and diarrhea as well as tuberculosis and skin diseases in African folk medicine. 25017373 71 92 Terminalia macroptera Plant 25017373 160 166 wounds Negative_phenotype 25017373 168 177 hepatitis Negative_phenotype 25017373 179 186 malaria Negative_phenotype 25017373 188 193 fever Negative_phenotype 25017373 195 200 cough Negative_phenotype 25017373 206 214 diarrhea Negative_phenotype 25017373 226 238 tuberculosis Negative_phenotype 25017373 243 256 skin diseases Negative_phenotype 25017373 Decrease 71 92 Terminalia macroptera Plant 160 166 wounds Negative_phenotype 25017373 Decrease 71 92 Terminalia macroptera Plant 168 177 hepatitis Negative_phenotype 25017373 Decrease 71 92 Terminalia macroptera Plant 179 186 malaria Negative_phenotype 25017373 Decrease 71 92 Terminalia macroptera Plant 188 193 fever Negative_phenotype 25017373 Decrease 71 92 Terminalia macroptera Plant 195 200 cough Negative_phenotype 25017373 Decrease 71 92 Terminalia macroptera Plant 206 214 diarrhea Negative_phenotype 25017373 Decrease 71 92 Terminalia macroptera Plant 226 238 tuberculosis Negative_phenotype 25017373 Decrease 71 92 Terminalia macroptera Plant 243 256 skin diseases Negative_phenotype 25017373_3 Boiling water extracts of Terminalia macroptera, administered orally, are the most common preparations of this plant used by the traditional healers in Mali. 25017373 26 47 Terminalia macroptera Plant 25017373_4 This study aimed to investigate the inhibition of the activities of a-glucosidase, 15-lipoxygenase and xanthine oxidase, DPPH scavenging activity, complement fixation activity and brine shrimp toxicity of different extracts obtained by boiling water extraction (BWE) and by ASE (accelerated solvent extraction) with ethanol, ethanol-water and water as extractants from different plant parts of Terminalia macroptera. 25017373 193 201 toxicity Negative_phenotype 25017373 394 415 Terminalia macroptera Plant 25017373_5 MATERIALS AND METHODS: 27 different crude extracts were obtained by BWE and ASE from root bark, stem bark and leaves of Terminalia macroptera. 25017373 120 141 Terminalia macroptera Plant 25017373_6 The total phenolic and carbohydrate contents, enzyme inhibition activities (a-glucosidase, 15-lipoxygenase and xanthine oxidase), DPPH scavenging activity, complement fixation activity and brine shrimp toxicity of these extracts were evaluated. 25017373 202 210 toxicity Negative_phenotype 25017373_7 Principal component analysis (PCA) was applied for total biological activities evaluation. 25017373_8 RESULTS: Several of the extracts from root bark, stem bark and leaves of Terminalia macroptera obtained by BWE and ASE showed potent enzyme inhibition activities, radical-scavenging properties and complement fixation activities. 25017373 73 94 Terminalia macroptera Plant 25017373_9 None of the extracts are toxic against brine shrimp larvae in the test concentration. 25017373 25 30 toxic Negative_phenotype 25017373_10 Based on the results from PCA, the ASE ethanol extracts of root bark and stem bark and the low molecular weight fraction of the 50% ethanol-water extract of leaves showed the highest total biological activities. 25017373_11 The boiling water extracts were less active, but the bark extracts showed activity as a-glucosidase inhibitors and radical scavengers, the leaf extract being less active. 25017373_12 CONCLUSION: The observed enzyme inhibition activities, radical scavenging properties and complement fixation activities may explain some of the traditional uses of this medicinal tree, such as in wound healing and against diabetes. 25017373 196 209 wound healing Positive_phenotype 25017373 222 230 diabetes Negative_phenotype 25035991_1 Supplementation of Vitis thunbergii root extract alleviated high-fat diet-induced obesity in C57BL/6J mice. 25035991 19 35 Vitis thunbergii Plant 25035991 82 89 obesity Negative_phenotype 25035991 Decrease 19 35 Vitis thunbergii Plant 82 89 obesity Negative_phenotype 25035991_2 Vitis thunbergii root, widely used as folk medicine in Taiwan, has been found to contain polyphenolic compounds and resveratrol derivatives, which have been implicated in the prevention and treatment of obesity. 25035991 0 16 Vitis thunbergii Plant 25035991 203 210 obesity Negative_phenotype 25035991 Decrease 0 16 Vitis thunbergii Plant 203 210 obesity Negative_phenotype 25035991_3 Thus, we hypothesized it might show beneficial effects against obesity. 25035991 63 70 obesity Negative_phenotype 25035991_4 C57BL/6JNarl mice fed with a high fat diet for 14 weeks increased body weight and epididymal fat pad weight, and accompanied by fatty liver, hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance, hyperleptinemia, hypercholesterolemia, hyper-LDL-cholesterol, and high level of serum GPT, GOT, creatinine, and BUN. 25035991 66 77 body weight Neutral_phenotype 25035991 82 107 epididymal fat pad weight Neutral_phenotype 25035991 128 139 fatty liver Negative_phenotype 25035991 141 154 hyperglycemia Negative_phenotype 25035991 156 172 hyperinsulinemia Negative_phenotype 25035991 174 192 insulin resistance Negative_phenotype 25035991 194 209 hyperleptinemia Negative_phenotype 25035991 211 231 hypercholesterolemia Negative_phenotype 25035991 233 254 hyper-LDL-cholesterol Negative_phenotype 25035991_5 Supplementation of VTE in the last 7 weeks remarkably decreased body weight and epididymal fat pad weight, implying a potential anti-obesity effect. 25035991 19 22 VTE Plant 25035991 64 75 body weight Neutral_phenotype 25035991 80 105 epididymal fat pad weight Neutral_phenotype 25035991 128 140 anti-obesity Positive_phenotype 25035991 Decrease 19 22 VTE Plant 64 75 body weight Neutral_phenotype 25035991 Decrease 19 22 VTE Plant 80 105 epididymal fat pad weight Neutral_phenotype 25035991 Increase 19 22 VTE Plant 128 140 anti-obesity Positive_phenotype 25035991_6 Mechanistic study showed that VTE supplementation increased energy expenditure-related CPT1 mRNA expression and AMPK phosphorylation, and decreased lipogenesis-related SREBP-1 expression in liver. 25035991 30 33 VTE Plant 25035991_7 In conclusion, Vitis thunbergii roots could alleviate high fat diet-induced obesity and its related complications by enhancing hepatic fatty acid oxidation and inhibitng lipogenesis. 25035991 15 31 Vitis thunbergii Plant 25035991 76 83 obesity Negative_phenotype 25035991 170 181 lipogenesis Negative_phenotype 25035991 Decrease 15 31 Vitis thunbergii Plant 76 83 obesity Negative_phenotype 25035991 Decrease 15 31 Vitis thunbergii Plant 170 181 lipogenesis Negative_phenotype 25068578_1 Inhibition of airway inflammation by the roots of Angelica decursiva and its constituent, columbianadin. 25068578 14 33 airway inflammation Negative_phenotype 25068578 50 68 Angelica decursiva Plant 25068578_2 ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: The roots of Angelica decursiva Fr. 25068578_3 Et Sav (Umbelliferae) have been frequently used in traditional medicine as anti-inflammatory, antitussive, analgesic agents and expectorant, especially for treating cough, asthma, bronchitis and upper respiratory tract infections. 25068578 75 92 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 25068578 94 105 antitussive Positive_phenotype 25068578 107 123 analgesic agents Positive_phenotype 25068578 128 139 expectorant Positive_phenotype 25068578 165 170 cough Negative_phenotype 25068578 172 178 asthma Negative_phenotype 25068578 180 190 bronchitis Negative_phenotype 25068578 195 229 upper respiratory tract infections Negative_phenotype 25068578_4 To establish the scientific rationale for the clinical use of Angelica decursiva and to identify new agents for treating inflammatory lung disorders, pharmacological evaluation of the roots of Angelica decursiva and the isolated constituents was performed. 25068578 62 80 Angelica decursiva Plant 25068578 121 148 inflammatory lung disorders Negative_phenotype 25068578 193 211 Angelica decursiva Plant 25068578_5 METHODS: In vitro study was carried out using two lung cells, lung epithelial cells (A549) and alveolar macrophages (MH-S). 25068578 85 89 A549 Negative_phenotype 25068578_6 The inflammatory markers such as IL-6 and nitric oxide (NO) for each cell line were examined. 25068578_7 For in vivo study, a mouse model of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute lung injury was used and the effects on lung inflammation were established by measuring the cell numbers in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and by histological observation. 25068578 69 86 acute lung injury Negative_phenotype 25068578 115 132 lung inflammation Negative_phenotype 25068578_8 RESULTS: Water and 70% ethanol extracts of the roots of Angelica decursiva showed considerable inhibitory activity against LPS-induced lung inflammation in mice following oral administration at a dose of 400 mg/kg. 25068578 56 74 Angelica decursiva Plant 25068578 135 152 lung inflammation Negative_phenotype 25068578 Decrease 56 74 Angelica decursiva Plant 135 152 lung inflammation Negative_phenotype 25068578_9 Five coumarin derivatives including columbianadin, umbelliferone, umbelliferone 6-carboxylic acid, nodakenin and nodakenetin were isolated. 25068578_10 Among the isolated compounds, columbianadin was found to possess strong inhibitory activity against the inflammatory response of IL-1b-treated A549 cells and LPS-treated MH-S cells. 25068578 104 116 inflammatory Negative_phenotype 25068578 143 147 A549 Negative_phenotype 25068578_11 Columbianadin was found to inhibit NO production by down-regulation of inducible NO synthase. 25068578_12 Moreover, columbianadin was also proved to possess significant inhibitory activity against LPS-induced lung inflammation following oral administration at a dose of 20-60 mg/kg. 25068578 103 120 lung inflammation Negative_phenotype 25068578_13 CONCLUSIONS: The roots of Angelica decursiva were proved to be effective in the treatment of lung inflammation. 25068578 26 44 Angelica decursiva Plant 25068578 93 110 lung inflammation Negative_phenotype 25068578 Decrease 26 44 Angelica decursiva Plant 93 110 lung inflammation Negative_phenotype 25068578_14 Columbianadin can be a potential new agent for treating inflammatory lung disorders. 25068578 56 83 inflammatory lung disorders Negative_phenotype 25142835_1 Sapodilla plum (Achras sapota) induces apoptosis in cancer cell lines and inhibits tumor progression in mice. 25142835 0 14 Sapodilla plum Plant 25142835 16 29 Achras sapota Plant 25142835 52 58 cancer Negative_phenotype 25142835 83 88 tumor Negative_phenotype 25142835 Decrease 0 14 Sapodilla plum Plant 52 58 cancer Negative_phenotype 25142835 Decrease 0 14 Sapodilla plum Plant 83 88 tumor Negative_phenotype 25142835 Decrease 16 29 Achras sapota Plant 52 58 cancer Negative_phenotype 25142835 Decrease 16 29 Achras sapota Plant 83 88 tumor Negative_phenotype 25142835_2 Intake of fruits rich in antioxidants in daily diet is suggested to be cancer preventive. 25142835 25 37 antioxidants Positive_phenotype 25142835 71 77 cancer Negative_phenotype 25142835_3 Sapota is a tropical fruit grown and consumed extensively in several countries including India and Mexico. 25142835 0 6 Sapota Plant 25142835_4 Here we show that methanolic extracts of Sapota fruit (MESF) induces cytotoxicity in a dose-dependent manner in cancer cell lines. 25142835 41 47 Sapota Plant 25142835 55 59 MESF Plant 25142835 112 118 cancer Negative_phenotype 25142835_5 Cell cycle analysis suggested activation of apoptosis, without arresting cell cycle progression. 25142835_6 Annexin V-propidium iodide double-staining demonstrated that Sapota fruit extracts potentiate apoptosis rather than necrosis in cancer cells. 25142835 61 67 Sapota Plant 25142835 116 134 necrosis in cancer Negative_phenotype 25142835 Decrease 61 67 Sapota Plant 116 134 necrosis in cancer Negative_phenotype 25142835_7 Loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, upregulation of proapoptotic proteins, activation of MCL-1, PARP-1, and Caspase 9 suggest that MESF treatment leads to activation of mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis. 25142835 137 141 MESF Plant 25142835_8 More importantly, we show that MESF treatment leads to significant inhibition of tumor growth and a 3-fold increase in the life span of tumor bearing animals compared to untreated tumor mice. 25142835 31 35 MESF Plant 25142835 81 93 tumor growth Negative_phenotype 25142835 123 157 life span of tumor bearing animals Positive_phenotype 25142835 180 185 tumor Negative_phenotype 25142835 Decrease 31 35 MESF Plant 81 93 tumor growth Negative_phenotype 25142835 Increase 31 35 MESF Plant 123 157 life span of tumor bearing animals Positive_phenotype 25156284_1 Anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective effects of total flavonoid C-glycosides from Abrus mollis extracts. 25156284 0 17 Anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 25156284 22 38 hepatoprotective Positive_phenotype 25156284 84 96 Abrus mollis Plant 25156284_2 The aim of this study was to evaluate the anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective effects of the total flavonoid C-glycosides isolated from Abrus mollis extracts (AME). 25156284 42 59 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 25156284 64 80 hepatoprotective Positive_phenotype 25156284 139 151 Abrus mollis Plant 25156284 162 165 AME Plant 25156284_3 In the anti-inflammatory tests, xylene-induced ear edema model in mice and carrageenan-induced paw edema model in rats were applied. 25156284 7 24 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 25156284 47 56 ear edema Negative_phenotype 25156284 95 104 paw edema Negative_phenotype 25156284_4 The hepatoprotective effects of AME were evaluated with various in vivo models of acute and chronic liver injury, including carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced hepatitis in mice, D-galactosamine (D-GalN)-induced hepatitis in rats, as well as CCl4-induced hepatic fibrosis in rats. 25156284 4 20 hepatoprotective Positive_phenotype 25156284 32 35 AME Plant 25156284 82 112 acute and chronic liver injury Negative_phenotype 25156284 160 169 hepatitis Negative_phenotype 25156284 212 221 hepatitis Negative_phenotype 25156284 255 271 hepatic fibrosis Negative_phenotype 25156284_5 In the acute inflammation experiment, AME significantly suppressed xylene-induced ear edema and carrageenan-induced paw edema, respectively. 25156284 7 25 acute inflammation Negative_phenotype 25156284 38 41 AME Plant 25156284 82 91 ear edema Negative_phenotype 25156284 116 125 paw edema Negative_phenotype 25156284 Decrease 7 25 acute inflammation Negative_phenotype 38 41 AME Plant 25156284 Decrease 38 41 AME Plant 82 91 ear edema Negative_phenotype 25156284 Decrease 38 41 AME Plant 116 125 paw edema Negative_phenotype 25156284_6 In the acute hepatitis tests, AME significantly attenuated the excessive release of ALT and AST induced by CCl4 and D-GalN. 25156284 7 22 acute hepatitis Negative_phenotype 25156284 30 33 AME Plant 25156284 Decrease 7 22 acute hepatitis Negative_phenotype 30 33 AME Plant 25156284_7 In CCl4-induced hepatic fibrosis model, AME alleviated liver injury induced by CCl4 shown by histopathological sections of livers and improved liver function as indicated by decreased liver index, serum ALT, AST, TBIL, and ALP levels and hydroxyproline contents in liver tissues, and increased serum ALB and GLU levels. 25156284 16 32 hepatic fibrosis Negative_phenotype 25156284 40 43 AME Plant 25156284 55 67 liver injury Negative_phenotype 25156284 143 157 liver function Positive_phenotype 25156284 184 195 liver index Neutral_phenotype 25156284 Decrease 16 32 hepatic fibrosis Negative_phenotype 40 43 AME Plant 25156284 Decrease 40 43 AME Plant 55 67 liver injury Negative_phenotype 25156284 Increase 40 43 AME Plant 143 157 liver function Positive_phenotype 25156284 Decrease 40 43 AME Plant 184 195 liver index Neutral_phenotype 25156284_8 These results indicated that AME possesses potent anti-inflammatory activity in acute inflammation models and hepatoprotective activity in both acute and chronic liver injury models. 25156284 29 32 AME Plant 25156284 50 67 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 25156284 80 98 acute inflammation Negative_phenotype 25156284 110 126 hepatoprotective Positive_phenotype 25156284 144 174 acute and chronic liver injury Negative_phenotype 25156284 Increase 29 32 AME Plant 50 67 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 25156284 Decrease 29 32 AME Plant 80 98 acute inflammation Negative_phenotype 25156284 Increase 29 32 AME Plant 110 126 hepatoprotective Positive_phenotype 25156284 Decrease 29 32 AME Plant 144 174 acute and chronic liver injury Negative_phenotype 25156284_9 In conclusion, AME is a potential anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective agent and a viable candidate for treating inflammation, hepatitis, and hepatic fibrosis. 25156284 15 18 AME Plant 25156284 34 51 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 25156284 56 72 hepatoprotective Positive_phenotype 25156284 115 127 inflammation Negative_phenotype 25156284 129 138 hepatitis Negative_phenotype 25156284 144 160 hepatic fibrosis Negative_phenotype 25156284 Increase 15 18 AME Plant 34 51 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 25156284 Increase 15 18 AME Plant 56 72 hepatoprotective Positive_phenotype 25156284 Decrease 15 18 AME Plant 115 127 inflammation Negative_phenotype 25156284 Decrease 15 18 AME Plant 129 138 hepatitis Negative_phenotype 25156284 Decrease 15 18 AME Plant 144 160 hepatic fibrosis Negative_phenotype 25158234_1 Pomegranate and its components as alternative treatment for prostate cancer. 25158234 0 11 Pomegranate Plant 25158234 60 75 prostate cancer Negative_phenotype 25158234_2 Prostate cancer is the second leading cause of cancer deaths in men in the United States. 25158234 0 15 Prostate cancer Negative_phenotype 25158234 47 60 cancer deaths Negative_phenotype 25158234_3 There is a major need for less toxic but yet effective therapies to treat prostate cancer. 25158234 31 36 toxic Negative_phenotype 25158234 74 89 prostate cancer Negative_phenotype 25158234_4 Pomegranate fruit from the tree Punica granatum has been used for centuries for medicinal purposes and is described as "nature's power fruit". 25158234 0 11 Pomegranate Plant 25158234 32 47 Punica granatum Plant 25158234_5 Recent research has shown that pomegranate juice (PJ) and/or pomegranate extracts (PE) significantly inhibit the growth of prostate cancer cells in culture. 25158234 31 42 pomegranate Plant 25158234 50 52 PJ Plant 25158234 61 72 pomegranate Plant 25158234 83 85 PE Plant 25158234 123 138 prostate cancer Negative_phenotype 25158234 Decrease 31 42 pomegranate Plant 123 138 prostate cancer Negative_phenotype 25158234 Decrease 50 52 PJ Plant 123 138 prostate cancer Negative_phenotype 25158234 Decrease 61 72 pomegranate Plant 123 138 prostate cancer Negative_phenotype 25158234 Decrease 83 85 PE Plant 123 138 prostate cancer Negative_phenotype 25158234_6 In preclinical murine models, PJ and/or PE inhibit growth and angiogenesis of prostate tumors. 25158234 30 32 PJ Plant 25158234 40 42 PE Plant 25158234 62 93 angiogenesis of prostate tumors Negative_phenotype 25158234 Decrease 30 32 PJ Plant 62 93 angiogenesis of prostate tumors Negative_phenotype 25158234 Decrease 40 42 PE Plant 62 93 angiogenesis of prostate tumors Negative_phenotype 25158234_7 More recently, we have shown that three components of PJ, luteolin, ellagic acid and punicic acid together, have similar inhibitory effects on prostate cancer growth, angiogenesis and metastasis. 25158234 54 56 PJ Plant 25158234 143 165 prostate cancer growth Negative_phenotype 25158234 167 179 angiogenesis Negative_phenotype 25158234 184 194 metastasis Negative_phenotype 25158234 Decrease 54 56 PJ Plant 143 165 prostate cancer growth Negative_phenotype 25158234 Decrease 54 56 PJ Plant 167 179 angiogenesis Negative_phenotype 25158234 Decrease 54 56 PJ Plant 184 194 metastasis Negative_phenotype 25158234_8 Results from clinical trials are also promising. 25158234_9 PJ and/or PE significantly prolonged the prostate specific antigen (PSA) doubling time in patients with prostate cancer. 25158234 0 2 PJ Plant 25158234 10 12 PE Plant 25158234 104 119 prostate cancer Negative_phenotype 25158234 Decrease 0 2 PJ Plant 104 119 prostate cancer Negative_phenotype 25158234 Decrease 10 12 PE Plant 104 119 prostate cancer Negative_phenotype 25158234_10 In this review we discuss data on the effects of PJ and PE on prostate cancer. 25158234 49 51 PJ Plant 25158234 56 58 PE Plant 25158234 62 77 prostate cancer Negative_phenotype 25158234 Decrease 49 51 PJ Plant 62 77 prostate cancer Negative_phenotype 25158234 Decrease 56 58 PE Plant 62 77 prostate cancer Negative_phenotype 25158234_11 We also discuss the effects of specific components of the pomegranate fruit and how they have been used to study the mechanisms involved in prostate cancer progression and their potential to be used in deterring prostate cancer metastasis. 25158234 58 69 pomegranate Plant 25158234 140 155 prostate cancer Negative_phenotype 25158234 212 238 prostate cancer metastasis Negative_phenotype 25158234 Decrease 58 69 pomegranate Plant 140 155 prostate cancer Negative_phenotype 25158234 Decrease 58 69 pomegranate Plant 212 238 prostate cancer metastasis Negative_phenotype 25260581_1 Abacopteris penangiana exerts testosterone-induced benign prostatic hyperplasia protective effect through regulating inflammatory responses, reducing oxidative stress and anti-proliferative. 25260581 0 22 Abacopteris penangiana Plant 25260581 51 79 benign prostatic hyperplasia Negative_phenotype 25260581 117 129 inflammatory Negative_phenotype 25260581 150 166 oxidative stress Negative_phenotype 25260581 171 189 anti-proliferative Positive_phenotype 25260581 Decrease 0 22 Abacopteris penangiana Plant 51 79 benign prostatic hyperplasia Negative_phenotype 25260581 Decrease 0 22 Abacopteris penangiana Plant 117 129 inflammatory Negative_phenotype 25260581 Decrease 0 22 Abacopteris penangiana Plant 150 166 oxidative stress Negative_phenotype 25260581 Increase 0 22 Abacopteris penangiana Plant 171 189 anti-proliferative Positive_phenotype 25260581_2 ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Abacopteris penangiana (Hook.) Ching (AP) is a member of parathelypteris glanduligera and used in folk medicine for the treatment of blood circulation and blood stasis, edema and inflammation as recorded in the Chinese Materia Medica . 25260581 32 68 Abacopteris penangiana (Hook.) Ching Plant 25260581 70 72 AP Plant 25260581 89 117 parathelypteris glanduligera Plant 25260581 165 182 blood circulation Positive_phenotype 25260581 187 199 blood stasis Negative_phenotype 25260581 201 206 edema Negative_phenotype 25260581 211 223 inflammation Negative_phenotype 25260581 Increase 32 68 Abacopteris penangiana (Hook.) Ching Plant 165 182 blood circulation Positive_phenotype 25260581 Decrease 32 68 Abacopteris penangiana (Hook.) Ching Plant 187 199 blood stasis Negative_phenotype 25260581 Decrease 32 68 Abacopteris penangiana (Hook.) Ching Plant 201 206 edema Negative_phenotype 25260581 Decrease 32 68 Abacopteris penangiana (Hook.) Ching Plant 211 223 inflammation Negative_phenotype 25260581 Increase 70 72 AP Plant 165 182 blood circulation Positive_phenotype 25260581 Decrease 70 72 AP Plant 187 199 blood stasis Negative_phenotype 25260581 Decrease 70 72 AP Plant 201 206 edema Negative_phenotype 25260581 Decrease 70 72 AP Plant 211 223 inflammation Negative_phenotype 25260581 Increase 89 117 parathelypteris glanduligera Plant 165 182 blood circulation Positive_phenotype 25260581 Decrease 89 117 parathelypteris glanduligera Plant 187 199 blood stasis Negative_phenotype 25260581 Decrease 89 117 parathelypteris glanduligera Plant 201 206 edema Negative_phenotype 25260581 Decrease 89 117 parathelypteris glanduligera Plant 211 223 inflammation Negative_phenotype 25260581_3 AIM OF THE STUDY: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of total flavanol glycosides (TFA) from AP and its acid hydrolysate (AHT) on testosterone-induced benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) in rats by measuring the levels of inflammatory responses, oxidative stress and prostate cell proliferation. 25260581 115 117 AP Plant 25260581 173 201 benign prostatic hyperplasia Negative_phenotype 25260581 203 206 BPH Negative_phenotype 25260581 243 255 inflammatory Negative_phenotype 25260581 267 283 oxidative stress Negative_phenotype 25260581 288 315 prostate cell proliferation Negative_phenotype 25260581_4 MATERIALS AND METHODS: BPH was induced in rats by subcutaneous injection of testosterone after castration. 25260581 23 26 BPH Negative_phenotype 25260581_5 Seventy rats were divided into seven groups. 25260581_6 After oral administration of AHT and TFA (100 or 200mg/kg/d) for 4 weeks, the prostate index (PI), 5a-reductase (5a-R) and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) were determined. 25260581_7 Then the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and catalase (CAT) were determined. 25260581_8 In addition, the relative inflammatory factors, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-a), interleukin 1b (IL-1b), interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin 8 (IL-8) and interleukin 17 (IL-17) were measured. 25260581_9 Finally, the prostatic expression of nuclear transcription factor-kB (NF-kB) and phosphoinositide3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt were determined by immunohistochemistry. 25260581_10 The prostatic expression of Bcl-2 was determined by western blot analysis. 25260581_11 RESULTS: The results showed that AHT and TFA decreased serum DHT and 5a-R activities compared with model group, as well as the PI and histopathological examination findings. 25260581_12 In addition, oral treatment of AHT and TFA can significantly increase the activities of SOD, GPx and CAT while the level of MDA was significantly decreased compared with the model group. 25260581_13 Moreover, AHT and TFA remarkably decreased the levels of inflammatory cytokines in prostatic tissue. 25260581_14 Further investigation demonstrated that AHT and TFA treatment down-regulated the protein expressions of p-Akt, NF-kB and Bcl-2. 25260581_15 CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that AHT and TFA have anti-BPH properties via anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anti-proliferative effects. 25260581 57 65 anti-BPH Positive_phenotype 25260581 81 98 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 25260581 100 111 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 25260581 116 134 anti-proliferative Positive_phenotype 25260581_16 Hence, AP represents a potential herb for the treatment of BPH. 25260581 7 9 AP Plant 25260581 59 62 BPH Negative_phenotype 25260581 Decrease 7 9 AP Plant 59 62 BPH Negative_phenotype 25304199_1 Cecropia pachystachya extract attenuated the renal lesion in 5/6 nephrectomized rats by reducing inflammation and renal arginase activity. 25304199 0 21 Cecropia pachystachya Plant 25304199 45 57 renal lesion Negative_phenotype 25304199 97 109 inflammation Negative_phenotype 25304199 Decrease 0 21 Cecropia pachystachya Plant 45 57 renal lesion Negative_phenotype 25304199 Decrease 0 21 Cecropia pachystachya Plant 97 109 inflammation Negative_phenotype 25304199_2 ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: The plant Cecropia pachystachya Tr cul has been used in Brazilian folk medicine to treat hypertension, bladder and kidney inflammation and renal diseases. 25304199 42 71 Cecropia pachystachya Tr cul Plant 25304199 122 134 hypertension Negative_phenotype 25304199 136 167 bladder and kidney inflammation Negative_phenotype 25304199 172 186 renal diseases Negative_phenotype 25304199 Decrease 42 71 Cecropia pachystachya Tr cul Plant 122 134 hypertension Negative_phenotype 25304199 Decrease 42 71 Cecropia pachystachya Tr cul Plant 136 167 bladder and kidney inflammation Negative_phenotype 25304199 Decrease 42 71 Cecropia pachystachya Tr cul Plant 172 186 renal diseases Negative_phenotype 25304199_3 The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of the aqueous fraction from the ethanolic extract of Cecropia pachystachya (FCP) in the management of hypertension, inflammation and progressive renal disease in rats submitted to 5/6 nephrectomy. 25304199 106 127 Cecropia pachystachya Plant 25304199 129 132 FCP Plant 25304199 155 167 hypertension Negative_phenotype 25304199 169 181 inflammation Negative_phenotype 25304199 198 211 renal disease Negative_phenotype 25304199_4 MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty male Wistar rats submitted to 5/6 nephrectomy (5/6 NE) were untreated (NE) or treated (NE+FCP) with the FCP (0.5g/kg/day). 25304199 134 137 FCP Plant 25304199_5 The treatment started 15 days after surgery, and the rats were followed for a period of 60 days. 25304199_6 Systolic blood pressure (SBP) and albuminuria were evaluated from 15-60 days after the surgical procedure. 25304199 0 23 Systolic blood pressure Neutral_phenotype 25304199 25 28 SBP Neutral_phenotype 25304199 34 45 albuminuria Negative_phenotype 25304199_7 Function and estructural renal changes, TGF-b (transforming growth factor b), MCP-1 (monocyte chemoattractant protein-1) and nitric oxide (NO) urinary excretion were analyzed. 25304199_8 Expression and activity of the renal enzymes arginase (ARG), angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE), and MAP kinase p-JNK expression also were analyzed. 25304199_9 RESULTS: The nephrectomized rats developed progressive albuminuria and increased SBP that was less intense in the treated group. 25304199 55 66 albuminuria Negative_phenotype 25304199 81 84 SBP Neutral_phenotype 25304199_10 There was a reduction in the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in the nephrectomized rats, which was attenuated by treatment with FCP extract. 25304199 129 132 FCP Plant 25304199_11 The treatment with FCP also attenuated the histological changes, reduced the expression and activity of renal arginase, the number of macrophages (ED-1 positive cells) and the p-JNK expression in the renal cortex of the rats submitted to 5/6 NE. 25304199 19 22 FCP Plant 25304199 43 63 histological changes Negative_phenotype 25304199_12 The urinary excretion of TGF-b was less intense in the treated group and was associated with the reduction of the expression and activity of the renal arginase. 25304199_13 CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that the reduction of renal arginase activity, p-JNK and TGF-b expression can explain the mechanism by which the treatment with C. pachystachya reduced the inflammation and improved renal function. 25304199 163 178 C. pachystachya Plant 25304199 191 203 inflammation Negative_phenotype 25304199 217 231 renal function Positive_phenotype 25304199 Decrease 163 178 C. pachystachya Plant 191 203 inflammation Negative_phenotype 25304199 Increase 163 178 C. pachystachya Plant 217 231 renal function Positive_phenotype 25304199_14 This study presents the potential use of Cecropia pachystachya in the treatment of chronic renal diseases. 25304199 41 62 Cecropia pachystachya Plant 25304199 83 105 chronic renal diseases Negative_phenotype 25304199 Decrease 41 62 Cecropia pachystachya Plant 83 105 chronic renal diseases Negative_phenotype 25337542_1 The Anti-inflammatory Effects of Acidic Polysaccharide from Artemisia capillaris on Helicobacter pylori Infection. 25337542 4 21 Anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 25337542 60 80 Artemisia capillaris Plant 25337542 84 113 Helicobacter pylori Infection Negative_phenotype 25337542_2 BACKGROUND: Helicobacter pylori infection is associated with diverse upper gastrointestinal diseases, such as peptic and duodenal ulcers as well as gastric cancer. 25337542 12 41 Helicobacter pylori infection Negative_phenotype 25337542 69 100 upper gastrointestinal diseases Negative_phenotype 25337542 110 136 peptic and duodenal ulcers Negative_phenotype 25337542 148 162 gastric cancer Negative_phenotype 25337542_3 Longstanding period of infection impose great risk of H. pylori-related gastric disease, based on the evidence that early childhood infection is responsible for ensuing atrophic gastritis and gastric cancer related to H. pylori infection. 25337542 23 32 infection Negative_phenotype 25337542 54 87 H. pylori-related gastric disease Negative_phenotype 25337542 132 141 infection Negative_phenotype 25337542 169 187 atrophic gastritis Negative_phenotype 25337542 192 206 gastric cancer Negative_phenotype 25337542 218 237 H. pylori infection Negative_phenotype 25337542_4 Artemisiahas been known to be beneficial for heath for a long time. 25337542 0 9 Artemisia Plant 25337542_5 In spite of well-acknowledged cytoprotective and anti-inflammatory actions of Artemisia, the effects of the acidic polysaccharide fractions on the gastroprotection remain to be investigated. 25337542 30 44 cytoprotective Positive_phenotype 25337542 49 66 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 25337542 78 87 Artemisia Plant 25337542 147 163 gastroprotection Positive_phenotype 25337542 Increase 30 44 cytoprotective Positive_phenotype 78 87 Artemisia Plant 25337542 Increase 49 66 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 78 87 Artemisia Plant 25337542_6 METHODS: In the current study, we compared anti-inflammatory actions of the acidic polysaccharide fraction between Artemisia and Panax ginseng against H. pylori infection in vitro. 25337542 43 60 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 25337542 115 124 Artemisia Plant 25337542 129 142 Panax ginseng Plant 25337542 151 170 H. pylori infection Negative_phenotype 25337542_7 The polysaccharide fractions were pretreated 1 h before H. pylori infection on normal gastric mucosal RGM-1 cells and gastric cancer MKN-28 cells. 25337542 56 75 H. pylori infection Negative_phenotype 25337542 118 132 gastric cancer Negative_phenotype 25337542 133 139 MKN-28 Negative_phenotype 25337542_8 RT-PCR and Western blot was performed to check anti-inflammatory actions. 25337542 47 64 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 25337542_9 RESULTS: The expressions of inflammatory markers including COX-2, iNOS and IL-8 increased after H. pylori infection, of which levels were significantly decreased when treating with the polysaccharide fractions from Artemisia and ginseng in RGM1 and gastric cancer MKN-28 cells. 25337542 96 115 H. pylori infection Negative_phenotype 25337542 215 224 Artemisia Plant 25337542 229 236 ginseng Plant 25337542 249 263 gastric cancer Negative_phenotype 25337542 264 270 MKN-28 Negative_phenotype 25337542 Decrease 215 224 Artemisia Plant 249 263 gastric cancer Negative_phenotype 25337542 Decrease 215 224 Artemisia Plant 264 270 MKN-28 Negative_phenotype 25337542 Decrease 229 236 ginseng Plant 249 263 gastric cancer Negative_phenotype 25337542 Decrease 229 236 ginseng Plant 264 270 MKN-28 Negative_phenotype 25337542_10 In addition, the polysaccharide fractions significantly ameliorated H. pylori-induced angiogenic and invasive markers such as HIF-1a and ICAM1. 25337542 68 77 H. pylori Negative_phenotype 25337542_11 Moreover, H. pylori-induced apoptosis were prevented by pretreatment with the polysaccharide fractions. 25337542 10 19 H. pylori Negative_phenotype 25337542_12 The polysaccharide fraction from Artemisia showed the most protective effects among the several polysaccharide fractions used in this study. 25337542 33 42 Artemisia Plant 25337542_13 CONCLUSIONS: The polysaccharide fraction of Artemisia capillariscan is a candidate substance which can attenuate either H. pylori-induced gastritis or tumorigenesis based on potent anti-inflammatory action. 25337542 44 67 Artemisia capillariscan Plant 25337542 120 147 H. pylori-induced gastritis Negative_phenotype 25337542 151 164 tumorigenesis Negative_phenotype 25337542 181 198 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 25337542 Decrease 44 67 Artemisia capillariscan Plant 120 147 H. pylori-induced gastritis Negative_phenotype 25337542 Decrease 44 67 Artemisia capillariscan Plant 151 164 tumorigenesis Negative_phenotype 25337542 Increase 44 67 Artemisia capillariscan Plant 181 198 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 25352453_1 Plant-Based Nutraceutical Interventions against Cognitive Impairment and Dementia: Meta-Analytic Evidence of Efficacy of a Standardized Gingko biloba Extract. 25352453 48 68 Cognitive Impairment Negative_phenotype 25352453 73 81 Dementia Negative_phenotype 25352453 136 149 Gingko biloba Plant 25352453_2 Among nutraceuticals and nutritional bioactive compounds, the standardized Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761 is the most extensively clinically tested herbal-based substance for cognitive impairment, dementia, and Alzheimer's disease (AD). 25352453 75 88 Ginkgo biloba Plant 25352453 97 104 EGb 761 Plant 25352453 174 194 cognitive impairment Negative_phenotype 25352453 196 204 dementia Negative_phenotype 25352453 210 229 Alzheimer's disease Negative_phenotype 25352453 231 233 AD Negative_phenotype 25352453 Decrease 75 88 Ginkgo biloba Plant 174 194 cognitive impairment Negative_phenotype 25352453 Decrease 75 88 Ginkgo biloba Plant 196 204 dementia Negative_phenotype 25352453 Decrease 75 88 Ginkgo biloba Plant 210 229 Alzheimer's disease Negative_phenotype 25352453 Decrease 75 88 Ginkgo biloba Plant 231 233 AD Negative_phenotype 25352453 Decrease 97 104 EGb 761 Plant 174 194 cognitive impairment Negative_phenotype 25352453 Decrease 97 104 EGb 761 Plant 196 204 dementia Negative_phenotype 25352453 Decrease 97 104 EGb 761 Plant 210 229 Alzheimer's disease Negative_phenotype 25352453 Decrease 97 104 EGb 761 Plant 231 233 AD Negative_phenotype 25352453_3 In the last three years, notwithstanding negative meta-analytic findings and the discouraging results of preventive trials against AD, some randomized controlled trials focusing particularly on dementia, AD, and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) subgroups with neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS) and some recent meta-analyses have suggested a renowned role for EGb 761 for cognitive impairment and dementia. 25352453 131 133 AD Negative_phenotype 25352453 194 202 dementia Negative_phenotype 25352453 204 206 AD Negative_phenotype 25352453 212 237 mild cognitive impairment Negative_phenotype 25352453 239 242 MCI Negative_phenotype 25352453 259 284 neuropsychiatric symptoms Negative_phenotype 25352453 286 289 NPS Negative_phenotype 25352453 356 363 EGb 761 Plant 25352453 368 388 cognitive impairment Negative_phenotype 25352453 393 401 dementia Negative_phenotype 25352453 Decrease 356 363 EGb 761 Plant 368 388 cognitive impairment Negative_phenotype 25352453 Decrease 356 363 EGb 761 Plant 393 401 dementia Negative_phenotype 25352453_4 Meta-analytic findings suggested overall benefits of EGb 761 for stabilizing or slowing decline in cognition of subjects with cognitive impairment and dementia. 25352453 53 60 EGb 761 Plant 25352453 99 108 cognition Positive_phenotype 25352453 126 146 cognitive impairment Negative_phenotype 25352453 151 159 dementia Negative_phenotype 25352453 Increase 53 60 EGb 761 Plant 99 108 cognition Positive_phenotype 25352453 Decrease 53 60 EGb 761 Plant 126 146 cognitive impairment Negative_phenotype 25352453 Decrease 53 60 EGb 761 Plant 151 159 dementia Negative_phenotype 25352453_5 The safety and tolerability of EGb 761 appeared to be excellent at different doses. 25352453 31 38 EGb 761 Plant 25352453_6 Subgroup analyses showed that these clinical benefits of EGb 761 were mainly associated with the 240 mg/day dose, and also confirmed in the AD subgroup. 25352453 57 64 EGb 761 Plant 25352453 140 142 AD Negative_phenotype 25352453 Decrease 57 64 EGb 761 Plant 140 142 AD Negative_phenotype 25352453_7 More importantly, one of these meta-analyses showed clinical benefits in cognition, behavior, functional status, and global clinical change of EGb 761 at a dose of 240 mg/day in the treatment of patients with dementia, AD, and MCI with NPS. 25352453 73 82 cognition Positive_phenotype 25352453 143 150 EGb 761 Plant 25352453 209 217 dementia Negative_phenotype 25352453 219 221 AD Negative_phenotype 25352453 227 230 MCI Negative_phenotype 25352453 236 239 NPS Negative_phenotype 25352453 Increase 73 82 cognition Positive_phenotype 143 150 EGb 761 Plant 25352453 Decrease 143 150 EGb 761 Plant 209 217 dementia Negative_phenotype 25352453 Decrease 143 150 EGb 761 Plant 219 221 AD Negative_phenotype 25352453 Decrease 143 150 EGb 761 Plant 227 230 MCI Negative_phenotype 25352453 Decrease 143 150 EGb 761 Plant 236 239 NPS Negative_phenotype 25352453_8 The inclusion of the recent randomized controlled trials focusing on dementia, AD, and MCI subgroups with NPS may partly explain the conflicting results of these recent meta-analyses and previous pooled findings. 25352453 69 77 dementia Negative_phenotype 25352453 79 81 AD Negative_phenotype 25352453 87 90 MCI Negative_phenotype 25352453 106 109 NPS Negative_phenotype 25352883_1 Isolation and purification of psoralen and isopsoralen and their efficacy and safety in the treatment of osteosarcoma in nude rats. 25352883 105 117 osteosarcoma Negative_phenotype 25352883_2 BACKGROUND: Modern studies have shown that psoralen has a significant inhibitory effect on tumor growth in a variety of animals and humans. 25352883 91 103 tumor growth Negative_phenotype 25352883_3 OBJECTIVE: To obtain coumarin compounds - psoralen and isopsoralen - from traditional Chinese medicine Psoralea corylifolia L. using chromatographic techniques and isolation and purification methods, and to observe the transplanted tumor growth inhibitory effects and adverse reactions of psoralen and isopsoralen in nude rats with osteosarcoma. 25352883 103 126 Psoralea corylifolia L. Plant 25352883 232 244 tumor growth Negative_phenotype 25352883 268 285 adverse reactions Negative_phenotype 25352883 332 344 osteosarcoma Negative_phenotype 25352883_4 METHODS: Dried ripe fruits of Psoralea corylifolia L. were taken as the raw material to prepare crude extract of Psoralea corylifolia L. by ethanol reflux method. 25352883 30 53 Psoralea corylifolia L. Plant 25352883 113 136 Psoralea corylifolia L. Plant 25352883_5 Column chromatography was used to isolate the crude extract; compounds were structurally identified based on (1)H-NMR, (13)C-NMR spectra, the two compounds were identified as psoralen andisopsoralen, and their contents were 99.7% and 99.6, respectively. 25352883_6 Nude rat model of osteosarcoma was established; the rats were randomized into: normal saline group, psoralen low- and high-dose groups, isopsoralen low- and high-dose groups, and cisplatin group. 25352883 18 30 osteosarcoma Negative_phenotype 25352883_7 Osteosarcoma volume and weight inhibition rates in nude rats in each group were observed; radioimmunoassay was used to determine the serum alkaline phosphatase activity; peripheral blood cell and bone marrow nucleated cell counts were determined; light microscopy was used to observe heart, liver, spleen, lung, kidney, and tumor histopathology; and electron microscopy was used to observe the fine structure of tumor cells. 25352883 0 12 Osteosarcoma Negative_phenotype 25352883 324 329 tumor Negative_phenotype 25352883 412 417 tumor Negative_phenotype 25352883_8 RESULTS: Tumor volume inhibition rates were 43.75% and 40.18%, respectively, in the psoralen and isopsoralen low-dose groups, and tumor weight inhibition rates were 38.83% and 37.77%. 25352883 9 14 Tumor Negative_phenotype 25352883 130 135 tumor Negative_phenotype 25352883_9 Tumor volume inhibition rates were 67.86% and 66.96%, respectively, in the psoralen and isopsoralen high-dose groups, and tumor weight inhibition rates were 49.47% and 47.87%. 25352883 0 5 Tumor Negative_phenotype 25352883 122 127 tumor Negative_phenotype 25352883_10 Psoralen and ispsoralen markedly lowered serum AKP level. 25352883_11 Psoralen and isopsoralen induced apoptosis or necrosis of osteosarcoma. 25352883 46 70 necrosis of osteosarcoma Negative_phenotype 25352883_12 After administration of high doses of psoralen and isopsoralen, toxic reactions such as writhing, lassitude, and hypoactivity were seen. 25352883 64 69 toxic Negative_phenotype 25352883 88 96 writhing Negative_phenotype 25352883 98 107 lassitude Negative_phenotype 25352883 113 125 hypoactivity Negative_phenotype 25352883_13 Kidney histopathology showed tubulointerstitial dilatation and congestion, and inflammatory cell aggregation in the renal intercellular space. 25352883 29 73 tubulointerstitial dilatation and congestion Negative_phenotype 25352883 79 108 inflammatory cell aggregation Negative_phenotype 25352883_14 Psoralen and isopsoralen did not cause any significant toxic side effects to the bone marrow, or other organs such as heart, lung, liver, and spleen. 25352883 55 73 toxic side effects Negative_phenotype 25352883_15 CONCLUSION: Psoralen and isopsoralen have growth inhibitory effects on transplanted tumor in nude rats with osteosarcoma, and can induce tumor cell apoptosis or necrosis, without significant toxic effects. 25352883 84 89 tumor Negative_phenotype 25352883 108 120 osteosarcoma Negative_phenotype 25352883 137 142 tumor Negative_phenotype 25352883 161 169 necrosis Negative_phenotype 25352883 191 196 toxic Negative_phenotype 25373392_1 Ethanol extract of Forsythia suspensa root induces apoptosis of esophageal carcinoma cells via the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. 25373392 19 37 Forsythia suspensa Plant 25373392 64 84 esophageal carcinoma Negative_phenotype 25373392 Decrease 19 37 Forsythia suspensa Plant 64 84 esophageal carcinoma Negative_phenotype 25373392_2 Forsythia suspensa root is used in the treatment of fever and jaundice in Traditional Chinese Medicine. 25373392 0 18 Forsythia suspensa Plant 25373392 52 57 fever Negative_phenotype 25373392 62 70 jaundice Negative_phenotype 25373392 Decrease 0 18 Forsythia suspensa Plant 52 57 fever Negative_phenotype 25373392 Decrease 0 18 Forsythia suspensa Plant 62 70 jaundice Negative_phenotype 25373392_3 In the present study, the anti-tumor activity of the ethanolic extract of Forsythia suspensa root (FSREE) against esophageal carcinoma cells was investigated in vitro and in vivo and its anti-cancer mechanism was examined. 25373392 26 36 anti-tumor Positive_phenotype 25373392 74 92 Forsythia suspensa Plant 25373392 99 104 FSREE Plant 25373392 114 134 esophageal carcinoma Negative_phenotype 25373392 189 200 anti-cancer Positive_phenotype 25373392_4 The results revealed that FSREE, rather than Forsythia suspensa ethanolic extracts from the leaf (FSLEE) and fruit (FSFEE) exhibited marked anti-tumor activity towards human esophageal cancer cells. 25373392 26 31 FSREE Plant 25373392 45 63 Forsythia suspensa Plant 25373392 98 103 FSLEE Plant 25373392 116 121 FSFEE Plant 25373392 140 150 anti-tumor Positive_phenotype 25373392 174 191 esophageal cancer Negative_phenotype 25373392 Increase 26 31 FSREE Plant 140 150 anti-tumor Positive_phenotype 25373392 Decrease 26 31 FSREE Plant 174 191 esophageal cancer Negative_phenotype 25373392_5 FSREE induced cancer cell apoptosis and growth arrest by downregulating B -cell lymphoma (Bcl) -2, Bcl -extra large and myeloid cell leukemia 1, while upregulating Bcl -2 -associated X protein, Bcl -2 antagonist of cell death and phorbol -12 -myristate -13 -acetate -induced protein 1. 25373392 0 5 FSREE Plant 25373392 14 20 cancer Negative_phenotype 25373392 Decrease 0 5 FSREE Plant 14 20 cancer Negative_phenotype 25373392_6 This led to the activation of poly(ADP ribose) polymerase, caspase -3 and caspase -9, but not caspase -8. 25373392_7 Furthermore, the anti-cancer activity of FSREE was associated with a decreased level of phosphorylated Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 and extracellular -signal -regulated kinase signaling activity. 25373392 17 28 anti-cancer Positive_phenotype 25373392 41 46 FSREE Plant 25373392 Increase 17 28 anti-cancer Positive_phenotype 41 46 FSREE Plant 25373392_8 It was also observed that the levels of cytochrome c were elevated in the cytoplasm, accounting for the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential in the TE -13 cells upon treatment with FSEER. 25373392 187 192 FSEER Plant 25373392_9 In addition, FSEER inhibited the growth of esophageal cancer cells in xenograft models and no detectable toxicity was present in the lung or liver tissues. 25373392 13 18 FSEER Plant 25373392 43 60 esophageal cancer Negative_phenotype 25373392 Decrease 13 18 FSEER Plant 43 60 esophageal cancer Negative_phenotype 25373392_10 These observations provided further evidence of the anti-tumor effect of FSEER and may be of importance to further examine the potential role of Forsythia suspensa root as a therapeutic agent in esophageal carcinoma therapy. 25373392 52 62 anti-tumor Positive_phenotype 25373392 73 78 FSEER Plant 25373392 145 163 Forsythia suspensa Plant 25373392 195 215 esophageal carcinoma Negative_phenotype 25373392 Increase 52 62 anti-tumor Positive_phenotype 73 78 FSEER Plant 25373392 Decrease 145 163 Forsythia suspensa Plant 195 215 esophageal carcinoma Negative_phenotype 25419153_1 A cosmeceutical formulation based on boswellic acids for the treatment of erythematous eczema and psoriasis. 25419153 74 93 erythematous eczema Negative_phenotype 25419153 98 107 psoriasis Negative_phenotype 25419153_2 BACKGROUND: Boswellic acids (BAs) show anti-inflammatory properties in a variety of inflammatory diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, and asthma. 25419153 39 56 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 25419153 84 105 inflammatory diseases Negative_phenotype 25419153 117 137 rheumatoid arthritis Negative_phenotype 25419153 139 153 osteoarthritis Negative_phenotype 25419153 159 165 asthma Negative_phenotype 25419153_3 A topical administration route is currently used to deliver active compounds in psoriatic and eczematous patients. 25419153 80 89 psoriatic Negative_phenotype 25419153 94 104 eczematous Negative_phenotype 25419153_4 In this double-blind study we compare a novel BA formulation (containing Bosexil( ), INCI [International Nomenclature of Cosmetic Ingredients]: lecithin, Boswellia serrata resin extract) with a placebo formulation. 25419153 155 172 Boswellia serrata Plant 25419153_5 A third arm of the trial received a formulation of Vaccinium myrtillus seed oil, previously demonstrated as an effective local treatment for psoriatic lesions. 25419153 51 70 Vaccinium myrtillus Plant 25419153 141 158 psoriatic lesions Negative_phenotype 25419153_6 METHODS: Patients with psoriasis or erythematous eczema were randomly assigned, in a 1:1:1 ratio, to Bosexil( ), V. myrtillus seed oil, or placebo. 25419153 23 32 psoriasis Negative_phenotype 25419153 36 55 erythematous eczema Negative_phenotype 25419153 114 126 V. myrtillus Plant 25419153_7 In order to evaluate the effects of treatment, the changes of scales and erythema from diagnosis to the end of treatment were scored in psoriatic patients, while changes in itch and erythema were analyzed for erythematous eczema patients. 25419153 73 81 erythema Negative_phenotype 25419153 136 145 psoriatic Negative_phenotype 25419153 173 177 itch Negative_phenotype 25419153 182 190 erythema Negative_phenotype 25419153 209 228 erythematous eczema Negative_phenotype 25419153_8 Psoriasis Area Severity Index and Eczema Area and Severity Index scores were also calculated. 25419153 0 29 Psoriasis Area Severity Index Negative_phenotype 25419153 34 64 Eczema Area and Severity Index Negative_phenotype 25419153_9 RESULTS: In patients with psoriasis, scales and erythema improved both with Bosexil( ) and the V. myrtillus seed oil treatment in comparison with placebo. 25419153 26 35 psoriasis Negative_phenotype 25419153 48 56 erythema Negative_phenotype 25419153 96 108 V. myrtillus Plant 25419153 Decrease 26 35 psoriasis Negative_phenotype 96 108 V. myrtillus Plant 25419153 Decrease 48 56 erythema Negative_phenotype 96 108 V. myrtillus Plant 25419153_10 In particular, the treatment with Bosexil( ) formulation improved scales (70% of cases) and erythema (50% of cases) without any case of worsening. 25419153 93 101 erythema Negative_phenotype 25419153_11 In patients with eczema, the administration of placebo did not result in any improvement in 90% of cases, and in the remaining 10% worsened both itch and erythema. 25419153 17 23 eczema Negative_phenotype 25419153 145 149 itch Negative_phenotype 25419153 154 162 erythema Negative_phenotype 25419153_12 Bosexil( ) formulation improved both itch (60% of cases) and erythema (60% of cases) without any case of worsening. 25419153 38 42 itch Negative_phenotype 25419153 62 70 erythema Negative_phenotype 25419153_13 V. myrtillus seed oil improved itch and erythema in 66.7% and 77.8% of patients, respectively. 25419153 0 12 V. myrtillus Plant 25419153 31 35 itch Negative_phenotype 25419153 40 48 erythema Negative_phenotype 25419153 Decrease 0 12 V. myrtillus Plant 31 35 itch Negative_phenotype 25419153 Decrease 0 12 V. myrtillus Plant 40 48 erythema Negative_phenotype 25419153_14 CONCLUSION: A topical formulation of Bosexil( ) may be promising for the treatment of psoriasis and erythematous eczema. 25419153 87 96 psoriasis Negative_phenotype 25419153 101 120 erythematous eczema Negative_phenotype 25419153_15 Long-term studies are recommended to evaluate the adherence to this topical treatment and its clinical benefits in real life. 25446582_1 Anti-inflammatory effect of a standardized triterpenoid-rich fraction isolated from Rubus coreanus on dextran sodium sulfate-induced acute colitis in mice and LPS-induced macrophages. 25446582 0 17 Anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 25446582 84 98 Rubus coreanus Plant 25446582 133 146 acute colitis Negative_phenotype 25446582_2 ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Rubus coreanus Miquel (Rosaceae), the Korean black raspberry, has traditionally been used to treat inflammatory diseases including diarrhea, asthma, stomach ailment, and cancer. 25446582 32 53 Rubus coreanus Miquel Plant 25446582 77 92 black raspberry Plant 25446582 131 152 inflammatory diseases Negative_phenotype 25446582 163 171 diarrhea Negative_phenotype 25446582 173 179 asthma Negative_phenotype 25446582 181 196 stomach ailment Negative_phenotype 25446582 202 208 cancer Negative_phenotype 25446582 Decrease 32 53 Rubus coreanus Miquel Plant 131 152 inflammatory diseases Negative_phenotype 25446582 Decrease 32 53 Rubus coreanus Miquel Plant 163 171 diarrhea Negative_phenotype 25446582 Decrease 32 53 Rubus coreanus Miquel Plant 173 179 asthma Negative_phenotype 25446582 Decrease 32 53 Rubus coreanus Miquel Plant 181 196 stomach ailment Negative_phenotype 25446582 Decrease 32 53 Rubus coreanus Miquel Plant 202 208 cancer Negative_phenotype 25446582 Decrease 77 92 black raspberry Plant 131 152 inflammatory diseases Negative_phenotype 25446582 Decrease 77 92 black raspberry Plant 163 171 diarrhea Negative_phenotype 25446582 Decrease 77 92 black raspberry Plant 173 179 asthma Negative_phenotype 25446582 Decrease 77 92 black raspberry Plant 181 196 stomach ailment Negative_phenotype 25446582 Decrease 77 92 black raspberry Plant 202 208 cancer Negative_phenotype 25446582_3 Although previous studies showed that the 19a-hydroxyursane-type triterpenoids isolated from Rubus coreanus exerted anti-inflammatory activities, their effects on ulcerative colitis and mode of action have not been explored. 25446582 93 107 Rubus coreanus Plant 25446582 116 133 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 25446582 163 181 ulcerative colitis Negative_phenotype 25446582 Increase 93 107 Rubus coreanus Plant 116 133 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 25446582 Association 93 107 Rubus coreanus Plant 163 181 ulcerative colitis Negative_phenotype 25446582_4 This study was designed to assess the anti-inflammatory effects and the molecular mechanisms involving19a-hydroxyursane-type triterpenoid-rich fraction from Rubus coreanus (TFRC) on a mice model of colitis and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW 264.7 macrophages. 25446582 38 55 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 25446582 157 171 Rubus coreanus Plant 25446582 173 177 TFRC Plant 25446582 198 205 colitis Negative_phenotype 25446582_5 MATERIALS AND METHODS: Experimental colitis was induced by DSS for 7 days in ICR mice. 25446582 36 43 colitis Negative_phenotype 25446582_6 Disease activity indices (DAI) took into account body weight, stool consistency, and gross bleeding. 25446582 0 24 Disease activity indices Negative_phenotype 25446582 26 29 DAI Negative_phenotype 25446582 49 60 body weight Neutral_phenotype 25446582 62 79 stool consistency Neutral_phenotype 25446582 85 99 gross bleeding Neutral_phenotype 25446582_7 Histological changes and macrophage accumulation were observed by immunohistochemical analysis. 25446582 0 20 Histological changes Negative_phenotype 25446582_8 Pro-inflammatory markers were determined using immunoassays, RT-PCR, and real time PCR. 25446582_9 Signaling pathway involving nuclear factor-kB (NF-kB) and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) activation was determined by luciferase assay and Western blotting. 25446582_10 RESULTS: In DSS-induced colitis mice, TFRC improved DAIs and pathological characteristics including colon shortening and colonic epithelium injury. 25446582 24 31 colitis Negative_phenotype 25446582 38 42 TFRC Plant 25446582 52 56 DAIs Negative_phenotype 25446582 100 116 colon shortening Negative_phenotype 25446582 121 146 colonic epithelium injury Negative_phenotype 25446582 Decrease 24 31 colitis Negative_phenotype 38 42 TFRC Plant 25446582 Decrease 38 42 TFRC Plant 52 56 DAIs Negative_phenotype 25446582 Decrease 38 42 TFRC Plant 100 116 colon shortening Negative_phenotype 25446582 Decrease 38 42 TFRC Plant 121 146 colonic epithelium injury Negative_phenotype 25446582_11 TFRC suppressed tissue levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and reduced macrophage infiltration into colonic tissues. 25446582 0 4 TFRC Plant 25446582 72 116 macrophage infiltration into colonic tissues Negative_phenotype 25446582 Decrease 0 4 TFRC Plant 72 116 macrophage infiltration into colonic tissues Negative_phenotype 25446582_12 In LPS-induced RAW 264.7 macrophages, TFRC inhibited the production of NO, PGE2, and pro-inflammatory cytokines by down-regulating the activation of NF-kB and p38 MAPK signaling. 25446582 38 42 TFRC Plant 25446582_13 CONCLUSION: The study demonstrates that TFRC has potent anti-inflammatory effects on DSS-induced colonic injury and LPS-induced macrophage activation, and supports its possible therapeutic and preventive roles in colitis. 25446582 40 44 TFRC Plant 25446582 56 73 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 25446582 97 111 colonic injury Negative_phenotype 25446582 213 220 colitis Negative_phenotype 25446582 Increase 40 44 TFRC Plant 56 73 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 25446582 Decrease 40 44 TFRC Plant 97 111 colonic injury Negative_phenotype 25446582 Decrease 40 44 TFRC Plant 213 220 colitis Negative_phenotype 25449455_1 Effects of Dictamnus dasycarpus Turcz., root bark on ICAM-1 expression and chemokine productions in vivo and vitro study. 25449455 11 38 Dictamnus dasycarpus Turcz. Plant 25449455_2 ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: The root bark of Dictamnus dasycarpus Turcz., family Rutaceae is a well known anti-inflammatory agent for skin diseases such as eczema, pruritus and urticaria in Eastern countries. 25449455 49 76 Dictamnus dasycarpus Turcz. Plant 25449455 110 127 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 25449455 138 151 skin diseases Negative_phenotype 25449455 160 166 eczema Negative_phenotype 25449455 168 176 pruritus Negative_phenotype 25449455 181 190 urticaria Negative_phenotype 25449455 Increase 49 76 Dictamnus dasycarpus Turcz. Plant 110 127 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 25449455 Decrease 49 76 Dictamnus dasycarpus Turcz. Plant 138 151 skin diseases Negative_phenotype 25449455 Decrease 49 76 Dictamnus dasycarpus Turcz. Plant 160 166 eczema Negative_phenotype 25449455 Decrease 49 76 Dictamnus dasycarpus Turcz. Plant 168 176 pruritus Negative_phenotype 25449455 Decrease 49 76 Dictamnus dasycarpus Turcz. Plant 181 190 urticaria Negative_phenotype 25449455_3 MATERIALS AND METHODS: We investigated the effects of methanol extract of Dictamnus dasycarpus root bark (MEDD) on Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 (ICAM-1) expression, epidermal hyperplasia and immune cell infiltration in 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB)-induced contact dermatitis (CD) mice. 25449455 74 94 Dictamnus dasycarpus Plant 25449455 106 110 MEDD Plant 25449455 170 191 epidermal hyperplasia Negative_phenotype 25449455 196 220 immune cell infiltration Negative_phenotype 25449455 273 291 contact dermatitis Negative_phenotype 25449455 293 295 CD Negative_phenotype 25449455_4 We also investigated its effects on the expression of ICAM-1, binding capacity to THP-1 cells, cytokine and chemokine production, and phosphorylation of NF-kB in human keratinocytes (HaCaT cells). 25449455_5 RESULTS: Topical application of MEDD effectively inhibited ICAM-1 expression and epidermal hyperplasia in inflamed tissues. 25449455 32 36 MEDD Plant 25449455 81 122 epidermal hyperplasia in inflamed tissues Negative_phenotype 25449455 Decrease 32 36 MEDD Plant 81 122 epidermal hyperplasia in inflamed tissues Negative_phenotype 25449455_6 MEDD treatment also inhibited immune cell infiltration induced by DNFB. 25449455 0 4 MEDD Plant 25449455 30 54 immune cell infiltration Negative_phenotype 25449455 Decrease 0 4 MEDD Plant 30 54 immune cell infiltration Negative_phenotype 25449455_7 In addition, treatment with MEDD reduced surface expression and total amount of ICAM-1in HaCaT cells and effectively lowered the capacity to bind to THP-1 cells. 25449455 28 32 MEDD Plant 25449455_8 MEDD also lowered the levels of IL-6, IL-8, monokine induced by gamma interferon (MIG), monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) and regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES). 25449455 0 4 MEDD Plant 25449455_9 Finally, MEDD treatment prevented activation of the NF-kB pathway induced by TNF-a in HaCaT cells. 25449455 9 13 MEDD Plant 25449455_10 CONCLUSIONS: These data indicate that root bark of Dictamnus dasycarpus has the potential for treatment of inflammatory skin diseases as a complementary or alternative medicine to corticosteroids. 25449455 51 71 Dictamnus dasycarpus Plant 25449455 107 133 inflammatory skin diseases Negative_phenotype 25449455 Decrease 51 71 Dictamnus dasycarpus Plant 107 133 inflammatory skin diseases Negative_phenotype 25449455_11 In addition, they suggest that the anti-inflammatory effects of Dictamnus dasycarpus on CD are involved in the regulation of ICAM-1 expression and cytokine and chemokine secretion through down-regulation of the NF-kB signaling pathway in keratinocytes. 25449455 35 52 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 25449455 64 84 Dictamnus dasycarpus Plant 25449455 88 90 CD Negative_phenotype 25449455 Increase 35 52 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 64 84 Dictamnus dasycarpus Plant 25449455 Decrease 64 84 Dictamnus dasycarpus Plant 88 90 CD Negative_phenotype 25488547_1 Preventive effects of bitter melon (Momordica charantia) against insulin resistance and diabetes are associated with the inhibition of NF-kB and JNK pathways in high-fat-fed OLETF rats. 25488547 22 34 bitter melon Plant 25488547 36 55 Momordica charantia Plant 25488547 65 83 insulin resistance Negative_phenotype 25488547 88 96 diabetes Negative_phenotype 25488547 Decrease 22 34 bitter melon Plant 65 83 insulin resistance Negative_phenotype 25488547 Decrease 22 34 bitter melon Plant 88 96 diabetes Negative_phenotype 25488547 Decrease 36 55 Momordica charantia Plant 65 83 insulin resistance Negative_phenotype 25488547 Decrease 36 55 Momordica charantia Plant 88 96 diabetes Negative_phenotype 25488547_2 Bitter melon (BM; Momordica charantia) has been used as a treatment method for various diseases including cancer and diabetes. 25488547 0 12 Bitter melon Plant 25488547 14 16 BM Plant 25488547 18 37 Momordica charantia Plant 25488547 106 112 cancer Negative_phenotype 25488547 117 125 diabetes Negative_phenotype 25488547 Decrease 0 12 Bitter melon Plant 106 112 cancer Negative_phenotype 25488547 Decrease 0 12 Bitter melon Plant 117 125 diabetes Negative_phenotype 25488547 Decrease 14 16 BM Plant 106 112 cancer Negative_phenotype 25488547 Decrease 14 16 BM Plant 117 125 diabetes Negative_phenotype 25488547 Decrease 18 37 Momordica charantia Plant 106 112 cancer Negative_phenotype 25488547 Decrease 18 37 Momordica charantia Plant 117 125 diabetes Negative_phenotype 25488547_3 The objective of this study was to investigate whether BM has preventive effects against insulin resistance and diabetes and to identify the underlying mechanism by which BM ameliorates insulin resistance in obese and diabetic rats. 25488547 55 57 BM Plant 25488547 89 107 insulin resistance Negative_phenotype 25488547 112 120 diabetes Negative_phenotype 25488547 171 173 BM Plant 25488547 186 213 insulin resistance in obese Negative_phenotype 25488547 218 226 diabetic Negative_phenotype 25488547_4 The rats were separated into three groups as follows: (a) high-fat (HF) diet control, (b) HF diet and 1% BM and (c) HF diet and 3% BM. 25488547 105 107 BM Plant 25488547 131 133 BM Plant 25488547_5 After 6 weeks of assigned treatments, body weight and food intake were not altered by BM administration. 25488547 38 49 body weight Neutral_phenotype 25488547 86 88 BM Plant 25488547_6 Bitter melon treatment significantly improved glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity. 25488547 0 12 Bitter melon Plant 25488547 46 63 glucose tolerance Positive_phenotype 25488547 68 87 insulin sensitivity Positive_phenotype 25488547 Increase 0 12 Bitter melon Plant 46 63 glucose tolerance Positive_phenotype 25488547 Increase 0 12 Bitter melon Plant 68 87 insulin sensitivity Positive_phenotype 25488547_7 The levels of proinflammatory cytokines were significantly down-regulated in liver, muscle and epididymal fats from BM-treated rats. 25488547 116 118 BM Plant 25488547_8 The activation of nuclear factor-kB (NF-kB) in the liver and muscle was decreased by BM compared with HF controls. 25488547 85 87 BM Plant 25488547_9 The 3% BM supplementation significantly increased the levels of phospho-insulin receptor substrate-1 (Tyr612) and phospho-Akt (Ser473). 25488547 7 9 BM Plant 25488547_10 It also significantly decreased the levels of phospho-NF-kB (p65) (Ser536) and phospho-c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) (Thr183/Tyr185) in liver, muscle and epididymal fats. 25488547_11 The findings of this study indicate that BM exerted preventive effects against insulin resistance and diabetes through the modulation of NF-kB and JNK pathways. 25488547 41 43 BM Plant 25488547 79 97 insulin resistance Negative_phenotype 25488547 102 110 diabetes Negative_phenotype 25488547 Decrease 41 43 BM Plant 79 97 insulin resistance Negative_phenotype 25488547 Decrease 41 43 BM Plant 102 110 diabetes Negative_phenotype 25488547_12 Therefore, BM may be useful in the prevention of insulin resistance and diabetes. 25488547 11 13 BM Plant 25488547 49 67 insulin resistance Negative_phenotype 25488547 72 80 diabetes Negative_phenotype 25488547 Decrease 11 13 BM Plant 49 67 insulin resistance Negative_phenotype 25488547 Decrease 11 13 BM Plant 72 80 diabetes Negative_phenotype 25500302_1 Effects of extracts of leaves from Sparattosperma leucanthum on hyperuricemia and gouty arthritis. 25500302 35 60 Sparattosperma leucanthum Plant 25500302 64 77 hyperuricemia Negative_phenotype 25500302 82 97 gouty arthritis Negative_phenotype 25500302_2 ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: The species Sparattosperma leucanthum (Vell.) K. Schum is used in Brazilian folk medicine to treat rheumatism, throat ulcers, stomatitis, syphilis, bladder stones and as blood cleanser. 25500302 44 86 Sparattosperma leucanthum (Vell.) K. Schum Plant 25500302 131 141 rheumatism Negative_phenotype 25500302 143 156 throat ulcers Negative_phenotype 25500302 158 168 stomatitis Negative_phenotype 25500302 170 178 syphilis Negative_phenotype 25500302 180 194 bladder stones Negative_phenotype 25500302 Decrease 44 86 Sparattosperma leucanthum (Vell.) K. Schum Plant 131 141 rheumatism Negative_phenotype 25500302 Decrease 44 86 Sparattosperma leucanthum (Vell.) K. Schum Plant 143 156 throat ulcers Negative_phenotype 25500302 Decrease 44 86 Sparattosperma leucanthum (Vell.) K. Schum Plant 158 168 stomatitis Negative_phenotype 25500302 Decrease 44 86 Sparattosperma leucanthum (Vell.) K. Schum Plant 170 178 syphilis Negative_phenotype 25500302 Decrease 44 86 Sparattosperma leucanthum (Vell.) K. Schum Plant 180 194 bladder stones Negative_phenotype 25500302_3 AIM THE STUDY: The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential, in vitro and in vivo, of the extracts of leaves from Sparattosperma leucanthum to treat hyperuricemia and inflammation in gouty arthritis model. 25500302 121 146 Sparattosperma leucanthum Plant 25500302 156 169 hyperuricemia Negative_phenotype 25500302 174 205 inflammation in gouty arthritis Negative_phenotype 25500302_4 MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ethyl acetate extract (SLE), methanolic extract (SLM) and aqueous extract (SLW) were evaluated in vitro on XO inhibitory activity and in vivo in an experimental model with oxonate-induced hyperuricemia in mice which was used to evaluate anti-hyperuricemic activity and liver xanthine oxidase (XOD) inhibition. 25500302 46 49 SLE Plant 25500302 72 75 SLM Plant 25500302 98 101 SLW Plant 25500302 211 224 hyperuricemia Negative_phenotype 25500302 260 278 anti-hyperuricemic Positive_phenotype 25500302_5 Anti-inflammatory activity was also investigated on MSU crystal-induced paw oedema model. 25500302 0 17 Anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 25500302 72 82 paw oedema Negative_phenotype 25500302_6 RESULTS: Sparattosperma leucanthum crude extracts showed expressive results on urate-lowering activity in blood. 25500302 9 34 Sparattosperma leucanthum Plant 25500302_7 SLW at the dose of 125mg/kg has proved to be active in reducing hyperuricemia and was capable to inhibit the hepatic xanthine oxidase enzyme (XOD). 25500302 0 3 SLW Plant 25500302 64 77 hyperuricemia Negative_phenotype 25500302 Decrease 0 3 SLW Plant 64 77 hyperuricemia Negative_phenotype 25500302_8 SLM showed anti-hyperuricemic activity on all doses tested, however, this extract showed activity on the XOD only at the dose of 500mg/kg. 25500302 0 3 SLM Plant 25500302 11 29 anti-hyperuricemic Positive_phenotype 25500302 Increase 0 3 SLM Plant 11 29 anti-hyperuricemic Positive_phenotype 25500302_9 SLE, at the three evaluated doses, has proved to be active in reducing hyperuricemia in vivo and was able to inhibit XO activity in vitro at the concentration of 100 g/mL. 25500302 0 3 SLE Plant 25500302 71 84 hyperuricemia Negative_phenotype 25500302 Decrease 0 3 SLE Plant 71 84 hyperuricemia Negative_phenotype 25500302_10 This extract was also able to inhibit XOD activity in vivo at the doses of 250mg/kg and 500mg/kg. 25500302_11 SLE (125 and 250mg/kg) and SLW (500mg/kg) showed significant anti-inflammatory activity on monosodium urate crystal-induced paw oedema model. 25500302 0 3 SLE Plant 25500302 27 30 SLW Plant 25500302 61 78 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 25500302 124 134 paw oedema Negative_phenotype 25500302 Increase 0 3 SLE Plant 61 78 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 25500302 Decrease 0 3 SLE Plant 124 134 paw oedema Negative_phenotype 25500302 Increase 27 30 SLW Plant 61 78 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 25500302 Decrease 27 30 SLW Plant 124 134 paw oedema Negative_phenotype 25500302_12 CONCLUSIONS: The ethyl acetate, methanolic and aqueous extracts of Sparattosperma leucanthum showed significant results on evaluated models and therefore may be important agents for the treatment of gouty arthritis and hyperuricemia. 25500302 67 92 Sparattosperma leucanthum Plant 25500302 199 214 gouty arthritis Negative_phenotype 25500302 219 232 hyperuricemia Negative_phenotype 25500302 Decrease 67 92 Sparattosperma leucanthum Plant 199 214 gouty arthritis Negative_phenotype 25500302 Decrease 67 92 Sparattosperma leucanthum Plant 219 232 hyperuricemia Negative_phenotype 25500894_1 Patrinia scabiosaefolia inhibits the proliferation of colorectal cancer in vitro and in vivo via G1/S cell cycle arrest. 25500894 0 23 Patrinia scabiosaefolia Plant 25500894 54 71 colorectal cancer Negative_phenotype 25500894 Decrease 0 23 Patrinia scabiosaefolia Plant 54 71 colorectal cancer Negative_phenotype 25500894_2 Patrinia scabiosaefolia (PS) has long been used as an important component in traditional Chinese medicine formulas to treat gastrointestinal malignancies including colorectal cancer (CRC). 25500894 0 23 Patrinia scabiosaefolia Plant 25500894 25 27 PS Plant 25500894 124 153 gastrointestinal malignancies Negative_phenotype 25500894 164 181 colorectal cancer Negative_phenotype 25500894 183 186 CRC Negative_phenotype 25500894 Decrease 0 23 Patrinia scabiosaefolia Plant 124 153 gastrointestinal malignancies Negative_phenotype 25500894 Decrease 0 23 Patrinia scabiosaefolia Plant 164 181 colorectal cancer Negative_phenotype 25500894 Decrease 0 23 Patrinia scabiosaefolia Plant 183 186 CRC Negative_phenotype 25500894 Decrease 25 27 PS Plant 124 153 gastrointestinal malignancies Negative_phenotype 25500894 Decrease 25 27 PS Plant 164 181 colorectal cancer Negative_phenotype 25500894 Decrease 25 27 PS Plant 183 186 CRC Negative_phenotype 25500894_3 We recently reported that PS can inhibit CRC growth through induction of apoptosis and inhibition of tumor angiogenesis. 25500894 26 28 PS Plant 25500894 41 44 CRC Negative_phenotype 25500894 101 119 tumor angiogenesis Negative_phenotype 25500894 Decrease 26 28 PS Plant 41 44 CRC Negative_phenotype 25500894 Decrease 26 28 PS Plant 101 119 tumor angiogenesis Negative_phenotype 25500894_4 To further elucidate the mode of action of PS, in the present study, we used a CRC mouse xenograft model and a human CRC cell line HT-29 to evaluate the effect of the ethanol extract of PS (EEPS) on cancer cell proliferation and investigated the underlying molecular mechanisms. 25500894 43 45 PS Plant 25500894 79 82 CRC Negative_phenotype 25500894 117 120 CRC Negative_phenotype 25500894 131 136 HT-29 Negative_phenotype 25500894 186 188 PS Plant 25500894 190 194 EEPS Plant 25500894 199 205 cancer Negative_phenotype 25500894_5 We found that EEPS inhibited CRC growth both in vivo and in vitro, which was associated with the inhibitory effects of EEPS on cancer cell proliferation. 25500894 14 18 EEPS Plant 25500894 29 32 CRC Negative_phenotype 25500894 121 125 EEPS Plant 25500894 129 135 cancer Negative_phenotype 25500894 Decrease 14 18 EEPS Plant 29 32 CRC Negative_phenotype 25500894 Decrease 121 125 EEPS Plant 129 135 cancer Negative_phenotype 25500894_6 In addition, EEPS treatment significantly blocked G1 to S phase cell cycle progression in HT-29 cells. 25500894 13 17 EEPS Plant 25500894 90 95 HT-29 Negative_phenotype 25500894 Decrease 13 17 EEPS Plant 90 95 HT-29 Negative_phenotype 25500894_7 Moreover, EEPS treatment decreased the expression of pro -proliferative CyclinD1 and CDK4, at both the mRNA and protein levels. 25500894 10 14 EEPS Plant 25500894_8 Thus, inhi-bition of cell proliferation via G1/S cell cycle arrest might be a potential mechanism whereby PS effectively treats cancers. 25500894 106 108 PS Plant 25500894 128 135 cancers Negative_phenotype 25500894 Decrease 106 108 PS Plant 128 135 cancers Negative_phenotype 25511038_1 Acanthopanax senticosus attenuates inflammation in lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury by inhibiting the NF-kB pathway. 25511038 0 23 Acanthopanax senticosus Plant 25511038 35 47 inflammation Negative_phenotype 25511038 78 95 acute lung injury Negative_phenotype 25511038 Decrease 0 23 Acanthopanax senticosus Plant 35 47 inflammation Negative_phenotype 25511038 Decrease 0 23 Acanthopanax senticosus Plant 78 95 acute lung injury Negative_phenotype 25511038_2 The dried roots of the plant Acanthopanax senticosus (AS) are used in traditional Oriental medicine and reportedly possess anti-inflammatory properties in vitro. 25511038 29 52 Acanthopanax senticosus Plant 25511038 54 56 AS Plant 25511038 123 140 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 25511038 Increase 29 52 Acanthopanax senticosus Plant 123 140 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 25511038 Increase 54 56 AS Plant 123 140 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 25511038_3 However, whether AS has the same anti-inflammatory effect in vivo and the underlying mechanisms of this action remain unknown. 25511038 17 19 AS Plant 25511038 33 50 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 25511038_4 In this study, we pretreated a mouse model of lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury with AS and found that the levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-a, interleukin (IL)-6, and neutrophils in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were reduced and that inflammation in lung tissues was attenuated. 25511038 73 90 acute lung injury Negative_phenotype 25511038 96 98 AS Plant 25511038 249 277 inflammation in lung tissues Negative_phenotype 25511038 Decrease 96 98 AS Plant 249 277 inflammation in lung tissues Negative_phenotype 25511038_5 To determine the mechanisms of these actions, we next assessed the effects of AS on the activation of the nuclear factor (NF)-kB pathway. 25511038 78 80 AS Plant 25511038_6 We found that AS decreased the level of NF-kB and the DNA-binding activity of NF-kB. 25511038 14 16 AS Plant 25511038_7 In summary, we found that AS attenuated the levels of TNF-a and IL-6 in the lung tissue of a mouse model of acute lung injury by inhibiting the NF-kB pathway. 25511038 26 28 AS Plant 25511038 108 125 acute lung injury Negative_phenotype 25511038 Decrease 26 28 AS Plant 108 125 acute lung injury Negative_phenotype 25528348_1 Inhibitory effects of Stemona tuberosa on lung inflammation in a subacute cigarette smoke-induced mouse model. 25528348 22 38 Stemona tuberosa Plant 25528348 42 59 lung inflammation Negative_phenotype 25528348_2 BACKGROUND: Stemona tuberosa has long been used in Korean and Chinese medicine to ameliorate various lung diseases such as pneumonia and bronchitis. 25528348 12 28 Stemona tuberosa Plant 25528348 101 114 lung diseases Negative_phenotype 25528348 123 132 pneumonia Negative_phenotype 25528348 137 147 bronchitis Negative_phenotype 25528348 Decrease 12 28 Stemona tuberosa Plant 101 114 lung diseases Negative_phenotype 25528348 Decrease 12 28 Stemona tuberosa Plant 123 132 pneumonia Negative_phenotype 25528348 Decrease 12 28 Stemona tuberosa Plant 137 147 bronchitis Negative_phenotype 25528348_3 However, it has not yet been proven that Stemona tuberosa has positive effects on lung inflammation. 25528348 41 57 Stemona tuberosa Plant 25528348 82 99 lung inflammation Negative_phenotype 25528348_4 Meanwhile, cigarette smoke (CS) exposure is currently one of the leading causes of lung diseases worldwide. 25528348 83 96 lung diseases Negative_phenotype 25528348_5 METHODS: In this study, we prepared a mouse model of subacute CS-induced lung inflammation and evaluated the effects of Stemona tuberosa as a treatment of lung diseases, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). 25528348 73 90 lung inflammation Negative_phenotype 25528348 120 136 Stemona tuberosa Plant 25528348 155 168 lung diseases Negative_phenotype 25528348 180 217 chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Negative_phenotype 25528348 219 223 COPD Negative_phenotype 25528348_6 Stemona tuberosa extract (ST) was orally administered to C57BL/6 mice 2 hr before exposure to CS for 2 weeks. 25528348 0 16 Stemona tuberosa Plant 25528348 26 28 ST Plant 25528348_7 Twenty-four hours after the last CS exposure, mice were sacrificed to investigate the changes in the expression of cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), chemokines such as keratinocyte-derived chemokine (KC) and inflammatory cells such as macrophages, neutrophils, and lymphocytes from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). 25528348_8 Furthermore, we compared the effect of ST on lung tissue morphology between the fresh air, CS exposure, and ST treatment groups. 25528348 39 41 ST Plant 25528348 108 110 ST Plant 25528348_9 RESULTS: ST significantly decreased the numbers of total cells, macrophages, neutrophils, and lymphocytes in the BALF of mice that were exposed to CS. 25528348 9 11 ST Plant 25528348_10 Additionally, ST reduced the levels of cytokines (TNF-alpha, IL-6) and the tested chemokine (KC) in BALF, as measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). 25528348 14 16 ST Plant 25528348_11 The effect of ST was similar to that of roflumilast, a recently approved drug for the treatment of anti-inflammatory lung diseases such as COPD, in terms of total cell counts, differential cell counts, and cytokine productions. 25528348 14 16 ST Plant 25528348 99 130 anti-inflammatory lung diseases Negative_phenotype 25528348 139 143 COPD Negative_phenotype 25528348 Decrease 14 16 ST Plant 99 130 anti-inflammatory lung diseases Negative_phenotype 25528348 Decrease 14 16 ST Plant 139 143 COPD Negative_phenotype 25528348_12 We also estimated the mean alveolar airspace (MAA) via morphometric analysis of lung tissues stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H_E). 25528348 22 44 mean alveolar airspace Neutral_phenotype 25528348 46 49 MAA Neutral_phenotype 25528348_13 We found that ST inhibited the alveolar airspace enlargement induced by CS exposure. 25528348 14 16 ST Plant 25528348 31 60 alveolar airspace enlargement Negative_phenotype 25528348 Decrease 14 16 ST Plant 31 60 alveolar airspace enlargement Negative_phenotype 25528348_14 Furthermore, we observed that the lung tissues of mice treated with ST showed ameliorated epithelial hyperplasia of the bronchioles compared with those of mice exposed only to CS. 25528348 68 70 ST Plant 25528348 90 131 epithelial hyperplasia of the bronchioles Negative_phenotype 25528348 Decrease 68 70 ST Plant 90 131 epithelial hyperplasia of the bronchioles Negative_phenotype 25528348_15 CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that Stemona tuberosa has significant effects on lung inflammation in a subacute CS-induced mouse model. 25528348 41 57 Stemona tuberosa Plant 25528348 85 102 lung inflammation Negative_phenotype 25528348 Decrease 41 57 Stemona tuberosa Plant 85 102 lung inflammation Negative_phenotype 25528348_16 According to these outcomes, Stemona tuberosa may represent a novel therapeutic herb for the treatment of lung diseases including COPD. 25528348 29 45 Stemona tuberosa Plant 25528348 106 119 lung diseases Negative_phenotype 25528348 130 134 COPD Negative_phenotype 25528348 Decrease 29 45 Stemona tuberosa Plant 106 119 lung diseases Negative_phenotype 25528348 Decrease 29 45 Stemona tuberosa Plant 130 134 COPD Negative_phenotype 25541625_1 Effect of Antrodia camphorata on Inflammatory Arterial Thrombosis-Mediated Platelet Activation: 25541625 10 29 Antrodia camphorata Plant 25541625 33 94 Inflammatory Arterial Thrombosis-Mediated Platelet Activation Negative_phenotype 25541625_2 The Pivotal Role of Protein Kinase C. Antrodia camphorata is a rare Taiwanese medicinal mushroom. 25541625 38 57 Antrodia camphorata Plant 25541625_3 Antrodia camphorata extract has been reported to exhibit antioxidant, anti-inflammation, antimetastasis, and anticancer activities and plays a role in liver fibrosis, vasorelaxation, and immunomodulation. 25541625 0 19 Antrodia camphorata Plant 25541625 57 68 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 25541625 70 87 anti-inflammation Positive_phenotype 25541625 89 103 antimetastasis Positive_phenotype 25541625 109 119 anticancer Positive_phenotype 25541625 151 165 liver fibrosis Negative_phenotype 25541625 167 181 vasorelaxation Positive_phenotype 25541625 187 203 immunomodulation Positive_phenotype 25541625 Increase 0 19 Antrodia camphorata Plant 57 68 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 25541625 Increase 0 19 Antrodia camphorata Plant 70 87 anti-inflammation Positive_phenotype 25541625 Increase 0 19 Antrodia camphorata Plant 89 103 antimetastasis Positive_phenotype 25541625 Increase 0 19 Antrodia camphorata Plant 109 119 anticancer Positive_phenotype 25541625 Decrease 0 19 Antrodia camphorata Plant 151 165 liver fibrosis Negative_phenotype 25541625 Increase 0 19 Antrodia camphorata Plant 167 181 vasorelaxation Positive_phenotype 25541625 Increase 0 19 Antrodia camphorata Plant 187 203 immunomodulation Positive_phenotype 25541625_4 Critical vascular inflammation leads to vascular dysfunction and cardiovascular diseases, including abdominal aortic aneurysms, hypertension, and atherosclerosis. 25541625 0 30 Critical vascular inflammation Negative_phenotype 25541625 40 60 vascular dysfunction Negative_phenotype 25541625 65 88 cardiovascular diseases Negative_phenotype 25541625 100 126 abdominal aortic aneurysms Negative_phenotype 25541625 128 140 hypertension Negative_phenotype 25541625 146 161 atherosclerosis Negative_phenotype 25541625_5 Platelet activation plays a crucial role in intravascular thrombosis, which is involved in a wide variety of cardiovascular diseases. 25541625 0 19 Platelet activation Negative_phenotype 25541625 44 68 intravascular thrombosis Negative_phenotype 25541625 109 132 cardiovascular diseases Negative_phenotype 25541625_6 However, the effect of Antrodia camphorata on platelet activation remains unclear. 25541625 23 42 Antrodia camphorata Plant 25541625 46 65 platelet activation Negative_phenotype 25541625_7 We examined the effects of Antrodia camphorata on platelet activation. 25541625 27 46 Antrodia camphorata Plant 25541625 50 69 platelet activation Negative_phenotype 25541625_8 In the present study, Antrodia camphorata treatment (56-224 g/mL) inhibited platelet aggregation induced by collagen, but not U46619, an analogue of thromboxane A2, thrombin, and arachidonic acid. 25541625 22 41 Antrodia camphorata Plant 25541625 79 99 platelet aggregation Negative_phenotype 25541625 Decrease 22 41 Antrodia camphorata Plant 79 99 platelet aggregation Negative_phenotype 25541625_9 Antrodia camphorata inhibited collagen-induced calcium (Ca(2+)) mobilization and phosphorylation of protein kinase C (PKC) and Akt. 25541625 0 19 Antrodia camphorata Plant 25541625_10 In addition, Antrodia camphorata significantly reduced the aggregation and phosphorylation of PKC in phorbol-12, 13-dibutyrate (PDBu) activated platelets. 25541625 13 32 Antrodia camphorata Plant 25541625_11 In conclusion, Antrodia camphorata may inhibit platelet activation by inhibiting of Ca(2+) and PKC cascade and the Akt pathway. 25541625 15 34 Antrodia camphorata Plant 25541625 47 66 platelet activation Negative_phenotype 25541625 Decrease 15 34 Antrodia camphorata Plant 47 66 platelet activation Negative_phenotype 25541625_12 Our study suggests that Antrodia camphorata may be a potential therapeutic agent for preventing or treating thromboembolic disorders. 25541625 24 43 Antrodia camphorata Plant 25541625 108 132 thromboembolic disorders Negative_phenotype 25541625 Decrease 24 43 Antrodia camphorata Plant 108 132 thromboembolic disorders Negative_phenotype 25591455_1 Abroma augusta L. (Malvaceae) leaf extract attenuates diabetes induced nephropathy and cardiomyopathy via inhibition of oxidative stress and inflammatory response. 25591455 0 17 Abroma augusta L. Plant 25591455 54 82 diabetes induced nephropathy Negative_phenotype 25591455 87 101 cardiomyopathy Negative_phenotype 25591455 120 136 oxidative stress Negative_phenotype 25591455 141 153 inflammatory Negative_phenotype 25591455 Decrease 0 17 Abroma augusta L. Plant 54 82 diabetes induced nephropathy Negative_phenotype 25591455 Decrease 0 17 Abroma augusta L. Plant 87 101 cardiomyopathy Negative_phenotype 25591455 Decrease 0 17 Abroma augusta L. Plant 120 136 oxidative stress Negative_phenotype 25591455 Decrease 0 17 Abroma augusta L. Plant 141 153 inflammatory Negative_phenotype 25591455_2 BACKGROUND: Abroma augusta L. (Malvaceae) leaf is traditionally used to treat diabetes in India and Southern Asia. 25591455 12 29 Abroma augusta L. Plant 25591455 78 86 diabetes Negative_phenotype 25591455 Decrease 12 29 Abroma augusta L. Plant 78 86 diabetes Negative_phenotype 25591455_3 Therefore, current study was performed to evaluate the protective effect of defatted methanol extract of A. augusta leaves (AA) against type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and its associated nephropathy and cardiomyopathy in experimental rats. 25591455 105 115 A. augusta Plant 25591455 124 126 AA Plant 25591455 136 160 type 2 diabetes mellitus Negative_phenotype 25591455 162 166 T2DM Negative_phenotype 25591455 187 198 nephropathy Negative_phenotype 25591455 203 217 cardiomyopathy Negative_phenotype 25591455_4 METHODS: Antidiabetic activity of AA extracts (100 and 200 mg/kg, p.o.) was measured in streptozotocin-nicotinamide induced type 2 diabetic (T2D) rat. 25591455 9 21 Antidiabetic Positive_phenotype 25591455 34 36 AA Plant 25591455 125 140 type 2 diabetic Negative_phenotype 25591455 142 145 T2D Negative_phenotype 25591455_5 Fasting blood glucose level (at specific interval) and serum biochemical markers (after sacrifice) were measured. 25591455 0 27 Fasting blood glucose level Neutral_phenotype 25591455_6 Redox status, transcription levels of signal proteins (NF-kB and PKCs), mitochondria dependent apoptotic pathway (Bad, Bcl-2, caspase cascade) and histological studies were performed in kidneys and hearts of controls and AA treated diabetic rats. 25591455 221 223 AA Plant 25591455 232 240 diabetic Negative_phenotype 25591455_7 RESULTS: Phytochemical screening of extracts revealed the presence of taraxerol, flavonoids and phenolic compounds in the AA. 25591455 122 124 AA Plant 25591455_8 T2D rats showed significantly (p < 0.01) elevated fasting blood glucose level. 25591455 0 3 T2D Negative_phenotype 25591455 54 81 fasting blood glucose level Neutral_phenotype 25591455_9 Alteration in serum lipid profile and release of membrane bound enzymes like lactate dehydrogenase and creatine kinase, which ensured the participation of hyperlipidemia and cell membrane disintegration in diabetic pathophysiology. 25591455 14 25 serum lipid Neutral_phenotype 25591455 155 169 hyperlipidemia Negative_phenotype 25591455 179 230 membrane disintegration in diabetic pathophysiology Negative_phenotype 25591455_10 T2DM caused alteration in the serum biochemical markers related to diabetic complications. 25591455 0 4 T2DM Negative_phenotype 25591455 67 89 diabetic complications Negative_phenotype 25591455_11 T2DM altered the redox status, decreased the intracellular NAD and ATP concentrations in renal and myocardial tissues of experimental rats. 25591455 0 4 T2DM Negative_phenotype 25591455_12 Investigating the molecular mechanism, activation PKC isoforms was observed in the selected tissues. 25591455_13 T2D rats also exhibited an up-regulation of NF-kB and increase in the concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1b, IL-6 and TNF-a) in the renal and cardiac tissues. 25591455 0 3 T2D Negative_phenotype 25591455_14 The activation of mitochondria dependent apoptotic pathway was observed in renal and myocardial tissues of the T2D rats. 25591455 111 114 T2D Negative_phenotype 25591455_15 However, Oral administration of AA at the doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg body weight per day could reduce hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, membrane disintegration, oxidative stress, vascular inflammation and prevented the activation of oxidative stress induced signaling cascades leading to cell death. 25591455 32 34 AA Plant 25591455 70 81 body weight Neutral_phenotype 25591455 103 116 hyperglycemia Negative_phenotype 25591455 118 132 hyperlipidemia Negative_phenotype 25591455 134 157 membrane disintegration Negative_phenotype 25591455 159 175 oxidative stress Negative_phenotype 25591455 177 198 vascular inflammation Negative_phenotype 25591455 231 247 oxidative stress Negative_phenotype 25591455 Decrease 32 34 AA Plant 103 116 hyperglycemia Negative_phenotype 25591455 Decrease 32 34 AA Plant 118 132 hyperlipidemia Negative_phenotype 25591455 Decrease 32 34 AA Plant 134 157 membrane disintegration Negative_phenotype 25591455 Decrease 32 34 AA Plant 159 175 oxidative stress Negative_phenotype 25591455 Decrease 32 34 AA Plant 177 198 vascular inflammation Negative_phenotype 25591455 Decrease 32 34 AA Plant 231 247 oxidative stress Negative_phenotype 25591455_16 Histological studies also supported the protective characteristics of AA. 25591455 70 72 AA Plant 25591455_17 CONCLUSIONS: Results suggest that AA could offer prophylactic role against T2DM and its associated reno- and cardio- toxicity. 25591455 34 36 AA Plant 25591455 75 79 T2DM Negative_phenotype 25591455 99 125 reno- and cardio- toxicity Negative_phenotype 25591455 Decrease 34 36 AA Plant 75 79 T2DM Negative_phenotype 25591455 Decrease 34 36 AA Plant 99 125 reno- and cardio- toxicity Negative_phenotype 25643242_1 Houttuynia cordata Targets the Beginning Stage of Herpes Simplex Virus Infection. 25643242 0 18 Houttuynia cordata Plant 25643242 50 80 Herpes Simplex Virus Infection Negative_phenotype 25643242_2 Herpes simplex virus (HSV), a common latent virus in humans, causes certain severe diseases. 25643242 0 20 Herpes simplex virus Negative_phenotype 25643242 22 25 HSV Negative_phenotype 25643242 44 49 virus Negative_phenotype 25643242_3 Extensive use of acyclovir (ACV) results in the development of drug-resistant HSV strains, hence, there is an urgent need to develop new drugs to treat HSV infection. 25643242 63 81 drug-resistant HSV Negative_phenotype 25643242 152 165 HSV infection Negative_phenotype 25643242_4 Houttuynia cordata (H. cordata), a natural herbal medicine, has been reported to exhibit anti-HSV effects which is partly NF-kB-dependent. 25643242 0 18 Houttuynia cordata Plant 25643242 20 30 H. cordata Plant 25643242 89 97 anti-HSV Positive_phenotype 25643242 Increase 0 18 Houttuynia cordata Plant 89 97 anti-HSV Positive_phenotype 25643242 Increase 20 30 H. cordata Plant 89 97 anti-HSV Positive_phenotype 25643242_5 However, the molecular mechanisms by which H. cordata inhibits HSV infection are not elucidated thoroughly. 25643242 43 53 H. cordata Plant 25643242 63 76 HSV infection Negative_phenotype 25643242_6 Here, we report that H. cordata water extracts (HCWEs) inhibit the infection of HSV-1, HSV-2, and acyclovir-resistant HSV-1 mainly via blocking viral binding and penetration in the beginning of infection. 25643242 21 31 H. cordata Plant 25643242 48 53 HCWEs Plant 25643242 80 85 HSV-1 Negative_phenotype 25643242 87 92 HSV-2 Negative_phenotype 25643242 98 123 acyclovir-resistant HSV-1 Negative_phenotype 25643242 194 203 infection Negative_phenotype 25643242 Decrease 21 31 H. cordata Plant 80 85 HSV-1 Negative_phenotype 25643242 Decrease 21 31 H. cordata Plant 87 92 HSV-2 Negative_phenotype 25643242 Decrease 21 31 H. cordata Plant 98 123 acyclovir-resistant HSV-1 Negative_phenotype 25643242 Decrease 21 31 H. cordata Plant 194 203 infection Negative_phenotype 25643242 Decrease 48 53 HCWEs Plant 80 85 HSV-1 Negative_phenotype 25643242 Decrease 48 53 HCWEs Plant 87 92 HSV-2 Negative_phenotype 25643242 Decrease 48 53 HCWEs Plant 98 123 acyclovir-resistant HSV-1 Negative_phenotype 25643242 Decrease 48 53 HCWEs Plant 194 203 infection Negative_phenotype 25643242_7 HCWEs also suppress HSV replication. 25643242 0 5 HCWEs Plant 25643242 20 23 HSV Negative_phenotype 25643242 Decrease 0 5 HCWEs Plant 20 23 HSV Negative_phenotype 25643242_8 Furthermore, HCWEs attenuate the first-wave of NF-kB activation, which is essential for viral gene expressions. 25643242 13 18 HCWEs Plant 25643242_9 Further analysis of six compounds in HCWEs revealed that quercetin and isoquercitrin inhibit NF-kB activation and additionally, quercetin also has an inhibitory effect on viral entry. 25643242 37 42 HCWEs Plant 25643242 171 182 viral entry Negative_phenotype 25643242 Decrease 37 42 HCWEs Plant 171 182 viral entry Negative_phenotype 25643242_10 These results indicate that HCWEs can inhibit HSV infection through multiple mechanisms and could be a potential lead for development of new drugs for treating HSV. 25643242 28 33 HCWEs Plant 25643242 46 59 HSV infection Negative_phenotype 25643242 160 163 HSV Negative_phenotype 25643242 Decrease 28 33 HCWEs Plant 46 59 HSV infection Negative_phenotype 25643242 Decrease 28 33 HCWEs Plant 160 163 HSV Negative_phenotype 25651187_1 Noni (Morinda citrifolia L.) Fruit Extracts Improve Colon Microflora and Exert Anti-Inflammatory Activities in Caco-2 Cells. 25651187 0 4 Noni Plant 25651187 6 27 Morinda citrifolia L. Plant 25651187 52 68 Colon Microflora Neutral_phenotype 25651187 79 96 Anti-Inflammatory Positive_phenotype 25651187 111 117 Caco-2 Negative_phenotype 25651187 Association 0 4 Noni Plant 52 68 Colon Microflora Neutral_phenotype 25651187 Increase 0 4 Noni Plant 79 96 Anti-Inflammatory Positive_phenotype 25651187 Decrease 0 4 Noni Plant 111 117 Caco-2 Negative_phenotype 25651187 Association 6 27 Morinda citrifolia L. Plant 52 68 Colon Microflora Neutral_phenotype 25651187 Increase 6 27 Morinda citrifolia L. Plant 79 96 Anti-Inflammatory Positive_phenotype 25651187 Decrease 6 27 Morinda citrifolia L. Plant 111 117 Caco-2 Negative_phenotype 25651187_2 Intestinal microflora and inflammation are associated with the risk of inflammatory bowel diseases. 25651187 0 21 Intestinal microflora Neutral_phenotype 25651187 26 38 inflammation Negative_phenotype 25651187 71 98 inflammatory bowel diseases Negative_phenotype 25651187_3 Noni (Morinda citrifolia L.) has various bioactivities, but its effect on colon health remains unknown. 25651187 0 4 Noni Plant 25651187 6 27 Morinda citrifolia L. Plant 25651187 74 86 colon health Positive_phenotype 25651187_4 This study focused on the effects of fermented noni fruit extracts on colon microflora and inflammation of colon epithelial cells. 25651187 47 51 noni Plant 25651187 70 86 colon microflora Neutral_phenotype 25651187 91 112 inflammation of colon Negative_phenotype 25651187_5 The anti-inflammatory activities of ethanol and ethyl acetate extracts on Caco-2 cells were evaluated including interleukin-8 (IL-8) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). 25651187 4 21 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 25651187 74 80 Caco-2 Negative_phenotype 25651187_6 The growth of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium species was promoted by ethanol extract. 25651187 14 27 Lactobacillus Positive_phenotype 25651187 32 47 Bifidobacterium Positive_phenotype 25651187_7 Ethyl acetate extract decreased intracellular reactive oxygen species and significantly suppressed COX-2, IL-8, and prostaglandin E2 production and neutrophil chemotaxis by suppressing the translocation of the p65 subunit. 25651187_8 Quercetin was the main contributor to the anti-inflammatory activity. 25651187 42 59 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 25651187_9 The fermented noni fruit promoted probiotic growths and downregulated the intracellular oxidation and inflammation in Caco-2 cells. 25651187 14 18 noni Plant 25651187 102 114 inflammation Negative_phenotype 25651187 118 124 Caco-2 Negative_phenotype 25651187 Decrease 14 18 noni Plant 102 114 inflammation Negative_phenotype 25651187 Decrease 14 18 noni Plant 118 124 Caco-2 Negative_phenotype 25651187_10 These results suggest that fermented noni fruit might protect against inflammatory diseases of the colon. 25651187 37 41 noni Plant 25651187 70 104 inflammatory diseases of the colon Negative_phenotype 25651187 Decrease 37 41 noni Plant 70 104 inflammatory diseases of the colon Negative_phenotype 25671063_1 Inhibitory effect of Erythronium japonicum on the human breast cancer cell metastasis. 25671063 21 42 Erythronium japonicum Plant 25671063 56 85 breast cancer cell metastasis Negative_phenotype 25671063_2 BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: In this study, the inhibitory effect of Erythronium japonicum extracts on the metastasis of MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cell line was determined. 25671063 63 84 Erythronium japonicum Plant 25671063 101 125 metastasis of MDA-MB-231 Negative_phenotype 25671063 132 145 breast cancer Negative_phenotype 25671063_3 MATERIALS/METHODS: Cells were cultured with DMSO or with 50, 75, 100 or 250 g/ml of Erythronium japonicum methanol or ethanol extract. 25671063 86 107 Erythronium japonicum Plant 25671063_4 RESULTS: Both methanol and ethanol extracts significantly inhibited the growth and induced apoptosis of MDA-MB-231 cells in a dose-dependent manner. 25671063 104 114 MDA-MB-231 Negative_phenotype 25671063_5 Erythronium japonicum extracts inhibited the adhesion of MDA-MB-231 cells. 25671063 0 21 Erythronium japonicum Plant 25671063 57 67 MDA-MB-231 Negative_phenotype 25671063 Decrease 0 21 Erythronium japonicum Plant 57 67 MDA-MB-231 Negative_phenotype 25671063_6 The invasion of breast cancer cells was suppressed by Erythronium japonicum extracts in a dose-dependent manner. 25671063 16 29 breast cancer Negative_phenotype 25671063 54 75 Erythronium japonicum Plant 25671063 Decrease 16 29 breast cancer Negative_phenotype 54 75 Erythronium japonicum Plant 25671063_7 The motility and MMP-2 and MMP-9 activities were also inhibited by both methanol and ethanol extracts. 25671063_8 CONCLUSIONS: Our results collectively indicate that Erythronium japonicum extracts inhibit the growth, adhesion, migration and invasion as well as induce the apoptosis of human breast cancer cells. 25671063 52 73 Erythronium japonicum Plant 25671063 177 190 breast cancer Negative_phenotype 25671063 Decrease 52 73 Erythronium japonicum Plant 177 190 breast cancer Negative_phenotype 25671063_9 Clinical application of Erythronium japonicum as a potent chemopreventive agent may be helpful in limiting breast cancer invasion and metastasis. 25671063 24 45 Erythronium japonicum Plant 25671063 58 73 chemopreventive Positive_phenotype 25671063 107 129 breast cancer invasion Negative_phenotype 25671063 134 144 metastasis Negative_phenotype 25671063 Increase 24 45 Erythronium japonicum Plant 58 73 chemopreventive Positive_phenotype 25671063 Decrease 24 45 Erythronium japonicum Plant 107 129 breast cancer invasion Negative_phenotype 25671063 Decrease 24 45 Erythronium japonicum Plant 134 144 metastasis Negative_phenotype 25689151_1 Crude extract of Rheum palmatum L. Induces cell cycle arrest S phase and apoptosis through mitochondrial-dependent pathways in U-2 OS human osteosarcoma cells. 25689151 17 34 Rheum palmatum L. Plant 25689151 127 133 U-2 OS Negative_phenotype 25689151 140 152 osteosarcoma Negative_phenotype 25689151 Decrease 17 34 Rheum palmatum L. Plant 127 133 U-2 OS Negative_phenotype 25689151 Decrease 17 34 Rheum palmatum L. Plant 140 152 osteosarcoma Negative_phenotype 25689151_2 UNASSIGNED: Cancer is the second cause of death in children. 25689151 12 18 Cancer Negative_phenotype 25689151 42 47 death Negative_phenotype 25689151_3 Osteosarcoma is the most common primary malignancy of solid bone cancer primarily affecting adolescents and young adults. 25689151 0 12 Osteosarcoma Negative_phenotype 25689151 32 50 primary malignancy Negative_phenotype 25689151 54 71 solid bone cancer Negative_phenotype 25689151_4 In the Chinese population, the crude extract of Rheum palmatum L. (CERP) has been used for treating different diseases, including SARS, rheumatoid arthritis, coxsackievirus B3, and human colon cancer cell, pancreatic cancer. 25689151 48 65 Rheum palmatum L. Plant 25689151 67 71 CERP Plant 25689151 130 134 SARS Negative_phenotype 25689151 136 156 rheumatoid arthritis Negative_phenotype 25689151 158 175 coxsackievirus B3 Negative_phenotype 25689151 187 199 colon cancer Negative_phenotype 25689151 206 223 pancreatic cancer Negative_phenotype 25689151 Decrease 48 65 Rheum palmatum L. Plant 130 134 SARS Negative_phenotype 25689151 Decrease 48 65 Rheum palmatum L. Plant 136 156 rheumatoid arthritis Negative_phenotype 25689151 Decrease 48 65 Rheum palmatum L. Plant 158 175 coxsackievirus B3 Negative_phenotype 25689151 Decrease 48 65 Rheum palmatum L. Plant 187 199 colon cancer Negative_phenotype 25689151 Decrease 48 65 Rheum palmatum L. Plant 206 223 pancreatic cancer Negative_phenotype 25689151 Decrease 67 71 CERP Plant 130 134 SARS Negative_phenotype 25689151 Decrease 67 71 CERP Plant 136 156 rheumatoid arthritis Negative_phenotype 25689151 Decrease 67 71 CERP Plant 158 175 coxsackievirus B3 Negative_phenotype 25689151 Decrease 67 71 CERP Plant 187 199 colon cancer Negative_phenotype 25689151 Decrease 67 71 CERP Plant 206 223 pancreatic cancer Negative_phenotype 25689151_5 There are no reports on CERP and human osteosarcoma cells. 25689151 24 28 CERP Plant 25689151 39 51 osteosarcoma Negative_phenotype 25689151_6 The present study examined effects of CERP on cytotoxicity including cell cycle distribution and cell death (apoptosis) in U-2 OS human osteosarcoma cells. 25689151 38 42 CERP Plant 25689151 123 129 U-2 OS Negative_phenotype 25689151 136 148 osteosarcoma Negative_phenotype 25689151_7 CERP significantly induced S phase arrest in U-2 OS cells in a dose-dependent. 25689151 0 4 CERP Plant 25689151 45 51 U-2 OS Negative_phenotype 25689151 Decrease 0 4 CERP Plant 45 51 U-2 OS Negative_phenotype 25689151_8 CERP produced DNA damage and DNA condensation. 25689151 0 4 CERP Plant 25689151 14 24 DNA damage Negative_phenotype 25689151 Increase 0 4 CERP Plant 14 24 DNA damage Negative_phenotype 25689151_9 Other effects of CERP were stimulation of ROS and Ca(2+) , mitochondria impairment, and activation of caspase-3, -8, and -9. 25689151 17 21 CERP Plant 25689151_10 CERP increased the levels of Bax, Bak, Bad, cyclin B, Fas, PARP, GRP78, GADD153, AIF, Endo G, Calpain-2, p21, and p27, but decreased the levels of Bcl-2, BCL-X, XIAP, Akt, CDC25A, CDK2, Cyclin A, and Cyclin E of U-2 OS cells. 25689151 0 4 CERP Plant 25689151 212 218 U-2 OS Negative_phenotype 25689151 Decrease 0 4 CERP Plant 212 218 U-2 OS Negative_phenotype 25689151_11 It was also observed that CERP promoted the expression of AIF, Endo G, GADD153, and cytochrome c. 25689151 26 30 CERP Plant 25689151_12 These results indicate that CERP has anticancer effects in vitro and provide the foundation for in vivo studies of animal models of osteosarcoma. 25689151 28 32 CERP Plant 25689151 37 47 anticancer Positive_phenotype 25689151 132 144 osteosarcoma Negative_phenotype 25689151 Increase 28 32 CERP Plant 37 47 anticancer Positive_phenotype 25689151 Decrease 28 32 CERP Plant 132 144 osteosarcoma Negative_phenotype 25689151_13 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol, 2014. 25698244_1 The genus Litsea in traditional Chinese medicine: An ethnomedical, phytochemical and pharmacological review. 25698244 10 16 Litsea Plant 25698244_2 ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: The genus Litsea, mainly distributed in the tropical and subtropical regions, has been used in traditional and indigenous Chinese medicines for the treatment of diarrhea, stomachache, dyspepsia, gastroenteritis, diabetes, edema, cold, arthritis, asthma, pain, traumatic injury, etc. for a long history. 25698244 42 48 Litsea Plant 25698244 193 201 diarrhea Negative_phenotype 25698244 203 214 stomachache Negative_phenotype 25698244 216 225 dyspepsia Negative_phenotype 25698244 227 242 gastroenteritis Negative_phenotype 25698244 244 252 diabetes Negative_phenotype 25698244 254 259 edema Negative_phenotype 25698244 261 265 cold Negative_phenotype 25698244 267 276 arthritis Negative_phenotype 25698244 278 284 asthma Negative_phenotype 25698244 286 290 pain Negative_phenotype 25698244 292 308 traumatic injury Negative_phenotype 25698244 Decrease 42 48 Litsea Plant 193 201 diarrhea Negative_phenotype 25698244 Decrease 42 48 Litsea Plant 203 214 stomachache Negative_phenotype 25698244 Decrease 42 48 Litsea Plant 216 225 dyspepsia Negative_phenotype 25698244 Decrease 42 48 Litsea Plant 227 242 gastroenteritis Negative_phenotype 25698244 Decrease 42 48 Litsea Plant 244 252 diabetes Negative_phenotype 25698244 Decrease 42 48 Litsea Plant 254 259 edema Negative_phenotype 25698244 Decrease 42 48 Litsea Plant 261 265 cold Negative_phenotype 25698244 Decrease 42 48 Litsea Plant 267 276 arthritis Negative_phenotype 25698244 Decrease 42 48 Litsea Plant 278 284 asthma Negative_phenotype 25698244 Decrease 42 48 Litsea Plant 286 290 pain Negative_phenotype 25698244 Decrease 42 48 Litsea Plant 292 308 traumatic injury Negative_phenotype 25698244_3 The present review aims to provide a comprehensive summary on the ethnomedical uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacology of the Litsea species used in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). 25698244 125 131 Litsea Plant 25698244_4 Based on these data, evidences supporting their ethnopharmacological effectiveness are illustrated, and opportunities for the future research and development as well as the therapeutic potential of this genus are analyzed to highlight the gaps in our knowledge that deserves further investigation. 25698244_5 MATERIAL AND METHODS: Information on the Litsea species was collected via electronic search (using Pubmed, SciFinder, Google Scholar, Web of Science and CNKI) and a library search for articles published in peer-reviewed journals. 25698244 41 47 Litsea Plant 25698244_6 Furthermore, information was also obtained from some local books on ethnopharmacology. 25698244_7 RESULTS: Twenty plants of the genus Litsea are found to be important traditional medicines in China, and have a long medicinal application for diarrhea, stomachache, dyspepsia, gastroenteritis, diabetes, edema, cold, arthritis, asthma, pain, traumatic injury, etc. 25698244 36 42 Litsea Plant 25698244 143 151 diarrhea Negative_phenotype 25698244 153 164 stomachache Negative_phenotype 25698244 166 175 dyspepsia Negative_phenotype 25698244 177 192 gastroenteritis Negative_phenotype 25698244 194 202 diabetes Negative_phenotype 25698244 204 209 edema Negative_phenotype 25698244 211 215 cold Negative_phenotype 25698244 217 226 arthritis Negative_phenotype 25698244 228 234 asthma Negative_phenotype 25698244 236 240 pain Negative_phenotype 25698244 242 258 traumatic injury Negative_phenotype 25698244 Decrease 36 42 Litsea Plant 143 151 diarrhea Negative_phenotype 25698244 Decrease 36 42 Litsea Plant 153 164 stomachache Negative_phenotype 25698244 Decrease 36 42 Litsea Plant 166 175 dyspepsia Negative_phenotype 25698244 Decrease 36 42 Litsea Plant 177 192 gastroenteritis Negative_phenotype 25698244 Decrease 36 42 Litsea Plant 194 202 diabetes Negative_phenotype 25698244 Decrease 36 42 Litsea Plant 204 209 edema Negative_phenotype 25698244 Decrease 36 42 Litsea Plant 211 215 cold Negative_phenotype 25698244 Decrease 36 42 Litsea Plant 217 226 arthritis Negative_phenotype 25698244 Decrease 36 42 Litsea Plant 228 234 asthma Negative_phenotype 25698244 Decrease 36 42 Litsea Plant 236 240 pain Negative_phenotype 25698244 Decrease 36 42 Litsea Plant 242 258 traumatic injury Negative_phenotype 25698244_8 Over 200 ingredients have been identified from these 20 Litsea species used in TCM, and flavonoids, terpenoids and alkaloids are considered as the characteristic and bioactive constituents. 25698244 56 62 Litsea Plant 25698244_9 The crude extracts and the isolated metabolites of these medicinal plants have exhibited some in vitro and in vivo pharmacological effects, including antimicrobial, hepatoprotection, anti-inflammatory, antiasthmatic, immunomodulation, anti-diabetic, anticholelithogenic, as well as function on central nervous system, etc. 25698244 150 163 antimicrobial Positive_phenotype 25698244 165 181 hepatoprotection Positive_phenotype 25698244 183 200 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 25698244 202 215 antiasthmatic Positive_phenotype 25698244 217 233 immunomodulation Positive_phenotype 25698244 235 248 anti-diabetic Positive_phenotype 25698244 250 269 anticholelithogenic Positive_phenotype 25698244 282 316 function on central nervous system Positive_phenotype 25698244_10 CONCLUSIONS: The extensive literature survey reveals Litsea species to be a group of important medicinal plants used for the ethnomedical treatment of gastrointestinal diseases, diabetes, inflammatory disorders, and microbial infection in TCM. 25698244 53 59 Litsea Plant 25698244 151 176 gastrointestinal diseases Negative_phenotype 25698244 178 186 diabetes Negative_phenotype 25698244 188 210 inflammatory disorders Negative_phenotype 25698244 216 235 microbial infection Negative_phenotype 25698244 Decrease 53 59 Litsea Plant 151 176 gastrointestinal diseases Negative_phenotype 25698244 Decrease 53 59 Litsea Plant 178 186 diabetes Negative_phenotype 25698244 Decrease 53 59 Litsea Plant 188 210 inflammatory disorders Negative_phenotype 25698244 Decrease 53 59 Litsea Plant 216 235 microbial infection Negative_phenotype 25698244_11 Pharmacological investigations have supported the use of some Litsea species in the traditional medicines. 25698244 62 68 Litsea Plant 25698244_12 In addition, further researches targeting individual ingredients responsible for the pharmacological effects, as well as their mechanisms of action are necessary. 25698244_13 The outcome of these studies will further support the therapeutic potential of the genus Litsea, and provide convincing evidences to its future clinical applications in modern medicine. 25698244 89 95 Litsea Plant 25724970_1 Securidaca longipedunculata Fresen (Polygalaceae): A review of its ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemistry, pharmacological properties and toxicology. 25724970 0 34 Securidaca longipedunculata Fresen Plant 25724970_2 ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Securidaca longipedunculata Fresen (Polygalaceae) is a multi-purpose plant with a long history of use in African traditional medicine to treat various sexually transmitted infections, hernias, coughs, fever, ascariasis, constipation, headaches, rheumatism, stomach ache, malaria, tuberculosis, pain, epilepsy, pneumonia, skin infections, and it is also used as an aphrodisiac for men. 25724970 32 66 Securidaca longipedunculata Fresen Plant 25724970 183 214 sexually transmitted infections Negative_phenotype 25724970 216 223 hernias Negative_phenotype 25724970 225 231 coughs Negative_phenotype 25724970 233 238 fever Negative_phenotype 25724970 240 250 ascariasis Negative_phenotype 25724970 252 264 constipation Negative_phenotype 25724970 266 275 headaches Negative_phenotype 25724970 277 287 rheumatism Negative_phenotype 25724970 289 301 stomach ache Negative_phenotype 25724970 303 310 malaria Negative_phenotype 25724970 312 324 tuberculosis Negative_phenotype 25724970 326 330 pain Negative_phenotype 25724970 332 340 epilepsy Negative_phenotype 25724970 342 351 pneumonia Negative_phenotype 25724970 353 368 skin infections Negative_phenotype 25724970 396 407 aphrodisiac Positive_phenotype 25724970 Decrease 32 66 Securidaca longipedunculata Fresen Plant 183 214 sexually transmitted infections Negative_phenotype 25724970 Decrease 32 66 Securidaca longipedunculata Fresen Plant 216 223 hernias Negative_phenotype 25724970 Decrease 32 66 Securidaca longipedunculata Fresen Plant 225 231 coughs Negative_phenotype 25724970 Decrease 32 66 Securidaca longipedunculata Fresen Plant 233 238 fever Negative_phenotype 25724970 Decrease 32 66 Securidaca longipedunculata Fresen Plant 240 250 ascariasis Negative_phenotype 25724970 Decrease 32 66 Securidaca longipedunculata Fresen Plant 252 264 constipation Negative_phenotype 25724970 Decrease 32 66 Securidaca longipedunculata Fresen Plant 266 275 headaches Negative_phenotype 25724970 Decrease 32 66 Securidaca longipedunculata Fresen Plant 277 287 rheumatism Negative_phenotype 25724970 Decrease 32 66 Securidaca longipedunculata Fresen Plant 289 301 stomach ache Negative_phenotype 25724970 Decrease 32 66 Securidaca longipedunculata Fresen Plant 303 310 malaria Negative_phenotype 25724970 Decrease 32 66 Securidaca longipedunculata Fresen Plant 312 324 tuberculosis Negative_phenotype 25724970 Decrease 32 66 Securidaca longipedunculata Fresen Plant 326 330 pain Negative_phenotype 25724970 Decrease 32 66 Securidaca longipedunculata Fresen Plant 332 340 epilepsy Negative_phenotype 25724970 Decrease 32 66 Securidaca longipedunculata Fresen Plant 342 351 pneumonia Negative_phenotype 25724970 Decrease 32 66 Securidaca longipedunculata Fresen Plant 353 368 skin infections Negative_phenotype 25724970 Increase 32 66 Securidaca longipedunculata Fresen Plant 396 407 aphrodisiac Positive_phenotype 25724970_3 The current paper provides an overview of the present phytochemistry, toxicology, ethnomedicinal uses and pharmacological properties of S. longipedunculata. 25724970 136 155 S. longipedunculata Plant 25724970_4 MATERIALS AND METHODS: The information reported in this paper was collected from a literature search using various computerised databases including ScienceDirect, Scopus, Scielo, PubMed and Google Scholar. 25724970_5 The extra information was sourced from various academic dissertations, theses and botanical books. 25724970_6 RESULTS: Phytochemically, extracts from various parts of S. longipedunculata, especially the root bark, contain numerous valuable compounds including xanthones, some benzyl benzoates and triterpene saponins amongst others. 25724970 57 76 S. longipedunculata Plant 25724970_7 Toxicity studies, both in vivo and in vitro, revealed that extracts are only toxic at relatively high concentrations. 25724970 0 8 Toxicity Negative_phenotype 25724970 77 82 toxic Negative_phenotype 25724970_8 Furthermore, extracts have antimicrobial, antioxidant, antiparasitic, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, antimalarial, insecticidal, pesticidal, and anticonvulsant properties. 25724970 27 40 antimicrobial Positive_phenotype 25724970 42 53 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 25724970 55 68 antiparasitic Positive_phenotype 25724970 70 83 anti-diabetic Positive_phenotype 25724970 85 102 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 25724970 104 116 antimalarial Positive_phenotype 25724970 118 130 insecticidal Positive_phenotype 25724970 132 142 pesticidal Positive_phenotype 25724970 148 162 anticonvulsant Positive_phenotype 25724970_9 CONCLUSIONS: S. longipedunculata is an important plant species with potential benefits in the treatment of transmissible and infectious diseases, including malaria, tuberculosis, and those caused by community acquired microorganisms. 25724970 13 32 S. longipedunculata Plant 25724970 107 144 transmissible and infectious diseases Negative_phenotype 25724970 156 163 malaria Negative_phenotype 25724970 165 177 tuberculosis Negative_phenotype 25724970 Decrease 13 32 S. longipedunculata Plant 107 144 transmissible and infectious diseases Negative_phenotype 25724970 Decrease 13 32 S. longipedunculata Plant 156 163 malaria Negative_phenotype 25724970 Decrease 13 32 S. longipedunculata Plant 165 177 tuberculosis Negative_phenotype 25724970_10 Although extracts from this species generally have little toxicity at low concentrations, further efforts are required to investigate the potential toxicity of S. longipedunculata. 25724970 58 66 toxicity Negative_phenotype 25724970 148 156 toxicity Negative_phenotype 25724970 160 179 S. longipedunculata Plant 25724970 Increase 148 156 toxicity Negative_phenotype 160 179 S. longipedunculata Plant 25724970_11 The antimicrobial properties of extracts and purified compounds against microorganisms causing sexually transmitted infections are also deserving of further research. 25724970 4 17 antimicrobial Positive_phenotype 25724970 95 126 sexually transmitted infections Negative_phenotype 25724970_12 Moreover, the pharmacokinetic properties of extracts and compounds of the species need to be explored as there is insufficient data available on these aspects. 25779384_1 Comparative Cytotoxicity of Glycyrrhiza glabra Roots from Different Geographical Origins Against Immortal Human Keratinocyte (HaCaT), Lung Adenocarcinoma (A549) and Liver Carcinoma (HepG2) Cells. 25779384 28 46 Glycyrrhiza glabra Plant 25779384 97 124 Immortal Human Keratinocyte Negative_phenotype 25779384 126 131 HaCaT Negative_phenotype 25779384 134 153 Lung Adenocarcinoma Negative_phenotype 25779384 155 159 A549 Negative_phenotype 25779384 165 180 Liver Carcinoma Negative_phenotype 25779384 182 187 HepG2 Negative_phenotype 25779384_2 UNASSIGNED: Glycyrrhiza glabra L. (Fabaceae), commonly known as 'liquorice', is a well-known medicinal plant. 25779384 12 33 Glycyrrhiza glabra L. Plant 25779384 65 74 liquorice Plant 25779384_3 Roots of this plant have long been used as a sweetening and flavouring agent in food and pharmaceutical products, and also as a traditional remedy for cough, upper and lower respiratory ailments, kidney stones, hepatitis C, skin disorder, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, gastrointestinal ulcers and stomach ache. 25779384 151 156 cough Negative_phenotype 25779384 158 194 upper and lower respiratory ailments Negative_phenotype 25779384 196 209 kidney stones Negative_phenotype 25779384 211 222 hepatitis C Negative_phenotype 25779384 224 237 skin disorder Negative_phenotype 25779384 239 262 cardiovascular diseases Negative_phenotype 25779384 264 272 diabetes Negative_phenotype 25779384 274 297 gastrointestinal ulcers Negative_phenotype 25779384 302 314 stomach ache Negative_phenotype 25779384_4 Previous pharmacological and clinical studies have revealed its antitussive, antiinflammatory, antiviral, antimicrobial, antioxidant, immunomodulatory, hepatoprotective and cardioprotective properties. 25779384 64 75 antitussive Positive_phenotype 25779384 77 93 antiinflammatory Positive_phenotype 25779384 95 104 antiviral Positive_phenotype 25779384 106 119 antimicrobial Positive_phenotype 25779384 121 132 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 25779384 134 150 immunomodulatory Positive_phenotype 25779384 152 168 hepatoprotective Positive_phenotype 25779384 173 189 cardioprotective Positive_phenotype 25779384_5 While glycyrrhizin, a sweet-tasting triterpene saponin, is the principal bioactive compound, several bioactive flavonoids and isoflavonoids are also present in the roots of this plant. 25779384_6 In the present study, the cytotoxicity of the methanol extracts of nine samples of the roots of G. glabra, collected from various geographical origins, was assessed against immortal human keratinocyte (HaCaT), lung adenocarcinoma (A549) and liver carcinoma (HepG2) cell lines using the in vitro 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyl tetrazoliumbromide cell toxicity/viability assay. 25779384 96 107 G. glabra Plant 25779384 175 202 immortal human keratinocyte Negative_phenotype 25779384 204 209 HaCaT Negative_phenotype 25779384 212 231 lung adenocarcinoma Negative_phenotype 25779384 233 237 A549 Negative_phenotype 25779384 243 258 liver carcinoma Negative_phenotype 25779384 260 265 HepG2 Negative_phenotype 25779384_7 Considerable variations in levels of cytotoxicity were observed among various samples of G. glabra. 25779384 89 100 G. glabra Plant 25779384_8 Copyright 2015 John Wiley _ Sons, Ltd. 25787301_1 Anti-Oxidative and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Lobelia chinensis In Vitro and In Vivo. 25787301 0 14 Anti-Oxidative Positive_phenotype 25787301 19 36 Anti-Inflammatory Positive_phenotype 25787301 48 65 Lobelia chinensis Plant 25787301_2 UNASSIGNED: Lobelia chinensis Lour (LcL) is a popular herb that has been widely used as folk medicine in China for the treatment of fever, lung cancer, and inflammation for hundreds of years. 25787301 12 34 Lobelia chinensis Lour Plant 25787301 36 39 LcL Plant 25787301 132 137 fever Negative_phenotype 25787301 139 150 lung cancer Negative_phenotype 25787301 156 168 inflammation Negative_phenotype 25787301 Decrease 12 34 Lobelia chinensis Lour Plant 132 137 fever Negative_phenotype 25787301 Decrease 12 34 Lobelia chinensis Lour Plant 139 150 lung cancer Negative_phenotype 25787301 Decrease 12 34 Lobelia chinensis Lour Plant 156 168 inflammation Negative_phenotype 25787301 Decrease 36 39 LcL Plant 132 137 fever Negative_phenotype 25787301 Decrease 36 39 LcL Plant 139 150 lung cancer Negative_phenotype 25787301 Decrease 36 39 LcL Plant 156 168 inflammation Negative_phenotype 25787301_3 Recently, several studies have shown that the anti-inflammatory properties were correlated with the inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-a) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) from the NF-kB pathway. 25787301 46 63 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 25787301_4 The aim of this study was to evaluate the anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory activities of L. chinensis. 25787301 42 56 anti-oxidative Positive_phenotype 25787301 61 78 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 25787301 93 105 L. chinensis Plant 25787301_5 Both suppressive activities on LPS-induced nitric oxide production in RAW264.7 macrophages in vitro and the acute rat lung injury model in vivo were studied. 25787301 108 129 acute rat lung injury Negative_phenotype 25787301_6 The results showed that the menthanol extract of LcL and its fractions within the range of 62.5-250 g/mL did not induce cytotoxicity (p < 0.001). 25787301 49 52 LcL Plant 25787301_7 The ethyl acetate fraction of LcL showed better NO inhibition activity than other fractions. 25787301 30 33 LcL Plant 25787301_8 On the other hand, the Lc-EA (62.5, 125, 250 mg/kg) pretreated rats showed a decrease in the pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-a, IL-b, IL-6) and inhibited iNOS, COX-2 expression through the NF-kB pathway. 25787301 23 28 Lc-EA Plant 25787301_9 These results suggested that L. chinensis exhibited an anti-inflammatory effect through the NF-kB pathways. 25787301 29 41 L. chinensis Plant 25787301 55 72 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 25787301 Increase 29 41 L. chinensis Plant 55 72 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 25794806_1 Antihyperlipidemic effect of Cyclocarya paliurus (Batal.) Iljinskaja extract and inhibition of apolipoprotein B48 overproduction in hyperlipidemic mice. 25794806 0 18 Antihyperlipidemic Positive_phenotype 25794806 29 68 Cyclocarya paliurus (Batal.) Iljinskaja Plant 25794806 132 146 hyperlipidemic Negative_phenotype 25794806_2 ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Cyclocarya paliurus (CP) Batal., the sole species in its genus, is a native plant to China. 25794806 32 63 Cyclocarya paliurus (CP) Batal. Plant 25794806_3 As a traditional Chinese folk medicine, the tree leaves have been widely used for the treatment of metabolic disorders, including hyperlipidemia, obesity, diabetes and hypertension. 25794806 99 118 metabolic disorders Negative_phenotype 25794806 130 144 hyperlipidemia Negative_phenotype 25794806 146 153 obesity Negative_phenotype 25794806 155 163 diabetes Negative_phenotype 25794806 168 180 hypertension Negative_phenotype 25794806_4 AIM OF THE STUDY: The study aimed to evaluate the antihyperlipidemic effect of CP ethanol extract, as well as its inhibitory activity on apolipoproteinB48 (apoB48), in normal and hyperlipidemic mice. 25794806 50 68 antihyperlipidemic Positive_phenotype 25794806 79 81 CP Plant 25794806 179 193 hyperlipidemic Negative_phenotype 25794806_5 MATERIALS AND METHODS: The antihyperlipidemic effect of CP was evaluated in hyperlipidemic mice induced by high-fat diet for 4 weeks. 25794806 27 45 antihyperlipidemic Positive_phenotype 25794806 56 58 CP Plant 25794806 76 90 hyperlipidemic Negative_phenotype 25794806_6 CP ethanol extract (0.37, 0.75 and 1.5g/kg/day) was orally administrated once daily. 25794806 0 2 CP Plant 25794806_7 Lipids and antioxidant profiles, including total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), together with the indices of hepatic and renal functions were examined. 25794806 11 22 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 25794806 43 60 total cholesterol Neutral_phenotype 25794806 62 64 TC Neutral_phenotype 25794806 67 79 triglyceride Neutral_phenotype 25794806 81 83 TG Neutral_phenotype 25794806 86 121 low-density lipoprotein cholesterol Neutral_phenotype 25794806 123 128 LDL-C Neutral_phenotype 25794806 131 167 high-density lipoprotein cholesterol Neutral_phenotype 25794806 169 174 HDL-C Neutral_phenotype 25794806 293 320 hepatic and renal functions Positive_phenotype 25794806_8 RT-qPCR and western blotting were used to analysis the expression levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF-a), total- and triglyceride-rich apoB48 (TRL-apoB48), as well as the phosphorylation of the mitogen-activatein kinase (MAPK). 25794806_9 RESULTS: CP as well as simvastatin remarkably lowered the levels of TC, TG, LDL-C and MDA, and at the same time, elevated the HDL-C, SOD and GSH-Px in high-fat diet mice. 25794806 9 11 CP Plant 25794806 58 81 levels of TC, TG, LDL-C Neutral_phenotype 25794806_10 It also decreased the serum concentration of total- and TRL-apoB48 in the fasting state. 25794806_11 CP inhibited TNF-a expression and phosphorylation level of MAPK. 25794806 0 2 CP Plant 25794806_12 Furthermore, the HE staining of liver and kidney, together with hepatic and renal function analysis showed hepato- and renoprotective activities of CP. 25794806 107 133 hepato- and renoprotective Positive_phenotype 25794806 148 150 CP Plant 25794806 Increase 107 133 hepato- and renoprotective Positive_phenotype 148 150 CP Plant 25794806_13 CONCLUSIONS: These results suggested that CP possesses beneficial potentials for use in treating hyperlipidemia and the underlying lipid-lowering mechanism might associate with a down-regulation of the intestinal-associated lipoprotein apoB48, which may provide evidence about its practical application for treating hyperlipidemia and its complications. 25794806 42 44 CP Plant 25794806 97 111 hyperlipidemia Negative_phenotype 25794806 316 330 hyperlipidemia Negative_phenotype 25794806 Decrease 42 44 CP Plant 97 111 hyperlipidemia Negative_phenotype 25794806 Decrease 42 44 CP Plant 316 330 hyperlipidemia Negative_phenotype 25859299_1 The protective effect of Nigella sativa against liver injury: a review. 25859299 25 39 Nigella sativa Plant 25859299 48 60 liver injury Negative_phenotype 25859299_2 Nigella sativa (Family Ranunculaceae) is a widely used medicinal plant throughout the world. 25859299 0 14 Nigella sativa Plant 25859299_3 N. sativa is referred in the Middle East as a part of an overall holistic approach to health. 25859299 0 9 N. sativa Plant 25859299_4 Pharmacological properties of N. sativa including immune stimulant, hypotensive, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, antioxidant, hypoglycemic, spasmolytic and bronchodilator have been shown. 25859299 30 39 N. sativa Plant 25859299 50 66 immune stimulant Positive_phenotype 25859299 68 79 hypotensive Positive_phenotype 25859299 81 98 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 25859299 100 111 anti-cancer Positive_phenotype 25859299 113 124 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 25859299 126 138 hypoglycemic Positive_phenotype 25859299 140 151 spasmolytic Positive_phenotype 25859299 156 170 bronchodilator Positive_phenotype 25859299 Increase 30 39 N. sativa Plant 50 66 immune stimulant Positive_phenotype 25859299 Increase 30 39 N. sativa Plant 68 79 hypotensive Positive_phenotype 25859299 Increase 30 39 N. sativa Plant 81 98 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 25859299 Increase 30 39 N. sativa Plant 100 111 anti-cancer Positive_phenotype 25859299 Increase 30 39 N. sativa Plant 113 124 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 25859299 Increase 30 39 N. sativa Plant 126 138 hypoglycemic Positive_phenotype 25859299 Increase 30 39 N. sativa Plant 140 151 spasmolytic Positive_phenotype 25859299 Increase 30 39 N. sativa Plant 156 170 bronchodilator Positive_phenotype 25859299_5 Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative stress are known as the major causes of many diseases such as liver injury and many substances and drugs can induce oxidative damage by generation of ROS in the body. 25859299 34 50 oxidative stress Negative_phenotype 25859299 106 118 liver injury Negative_phenotype 25859299 160 176 oxidative damage Negative_phenotype 25859299_6 Many pharmacological properties of N. sativa are known to be attributed to the presence of thymoquinone and its antioxidant effects. 25859299 35 44 N. sativa Plant 25859299 112 123 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 25859299 Increase 35 44 N. sativa Plant 112 123 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 25859299_7 Thymoquinone protects liver from injury via different mechanisms including inhibition of iron-dependent lipid peroxidation, elevation in total thiol content and glutathione level, radical scavengering, increasing the activity of quinone reductase, catalase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione transferase, inhibition of NF-kB activity and inhibition of both cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase. 25859299 22 27 liver Positive_phenotype 25859299 33 39 injury Negative_phenotype 25859299_8 Therefore, this review aimed to highlight the roles of ROS in liver diseases and the mechanisms of N. sativa in prevention of liver injury. 25859299 62 76 liver diseases Negative_phenotype 25859299 99 108 N. sativa Plant 25859299 126 138 liver injury Negative_phenotype 25859299 Decrease 62 76 liver diseases Negative_phenotype 99 108 N. sativa Plant 25859299 Decrease 99 108 N. sativa Plant 126 138 liver injury Negative_phenotype 25885933_1 Anti-inflammatory effects of Juncus effusus extract (JEE) on LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells and edema models. 25885933 0 17 Anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 25885933 29 43 Juncus effusus Plant 25885933 53 56 JEE Plant 25885933 96 101 edema Negative_phenotype 25885933_2 CONTEXT: Juncus effusus L. var. decipiens BUCHEN. f. leschenaultii GAY has been used in traditional medicine for the treatment of anxiety and insomnia. 25885933 9 70 Juncus effusus L. var. decipiens BUCHEN. f. leschenaultii GAY Plant 25885933 130 137 anxiety Negative_phenotype 25885933 142 150 insomnia Negative_phenotype 25885933 Decrease 9 70 Juncus effusus L. var. decipiens BUCHEN. f. leschenaultii GAY Plant 130 137 anxiety Negative_phenotype 25885933 Decrease 9 70 Juncus effusus L. var. decipiens BUCHEN. f. leschenaultii GAY Plant 142 150 insomnia Negative_phenotype 25885933_3 OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of ethanol extract from the pith of Juncus effusus (JEE) on anti-inflammatory activities in RAW 264.7 cells. 25885933 103 117 Juncus effusus Plant 25885933 119 122 JEE Plant 25885933 127 144 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 25885933_4 MATERIALS AND METHODS: The production of inflammatory mediators and the underlying mechanisms using 3.1, 6.3, and 12.5 g/mL concentrations of JEE were investigated. 25885933 145 148 JEE Plant 25885933_5 In addition, the topical anti-inflammatory effects of JEE (0.5, 1, and 2 mg/mL) on 12-O-tetradecanoylphorobol-13 acetate (TPA)-induced ear edema and oral administration of JEE (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg) on carrageenan-induced paw-edema were studied in mice. 25885933 25 42 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 25885933 54 57 JEE Plant 25885933 137 146 ear edema Negative_phenotype 25885933 174 177 JEE Plant 25885933 228 237 paw-edema Negative_phenotype 25885933_6 RESULTS: JEE reduced the release of nitric oxide (NO, IC50 value = 1.98 g/mL), prostaglandin E2 (IC50 value = 5.5 g/mL), and pro-inflammatory cytokines, IL-1b (IC50 value = 4.74 g/mL) and IL-6 (IC50 value = 20.48 g/mL). 25885933 9 12 JEE Plant 25885933_7 JEE also suppressed the protein expression of inducible NO synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. 25885933 0 3 JEE Plant 25885933_8 Mechanism studies showed attenuation of LPS-induced activation of NF-kB by JEE via abrogation of IkBa degradation and a subsequent decrease in nuclear p65 level. 25885933 75 78 JEE Plant 25885933_9 Phosphorylation of all three MAP kinases (ERK, JNK, and p38) in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells was also suppressed in a dose-dependent manner. 25885933_10 In acute inflammation models of mice, topical application (1 and 2 mg) and oral administration (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg) of JEE ameliorated TPA-induced ear edema and carrageenan-induced paw edema, respectively, in dose-dependent manners. 25885933 3 21 acute inflammation Negative_phenotype 25885933 127 130 JEE Plant 25885933 155 164 ear edema Negative_phenotype 25885933 189 198 paw edema Negative_phenotype 25885933 Decrease 3 21 acute inflammation Negative_phenotype 127 130 JEE Plant 25885933 Decrease 127 130 JEE Plant 155 164 ear edema Negative_phenotype 25885933 Decrease 127 130 JEE Plant 189 198 paw edema Negative_phenotype 25885933_11 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: These results indicate that JEE exhibited anti-inflammatory activities by suppressing the production of inflammatory mediators in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells and by attenuating edema in mice. 25885933 55 58 JEE Plant 25885933 69 86 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 25885933 207 212 edema Negative_phenotype 25885933 Increase 55 58 JEE Plant 69 86 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 25885933 Decrease 55 58 JEE Plant 207 212 edema Negative_phenotype 25886020_1 Effect of chronic khat (Catha edulis, Forsk) use on outcome of Plasmodium berghei ANKA infection in Swiss albino mice. 25886020 18 22 khat Plant 25886020 24 36 Catha edulis Plant 25886020 38 43 Forsk Plant 25886020 63 96 Plasmodium berghei ANKA infection Negative_phenotype 25886020 106 112 albino Negative_phenotype 25886020_2 BACKGROUND: The objective of this study was to explore effects of khat (Catha edulis) on outcome of rodent malaria infection and its anti-plasmodial activities on Plasmodium berghei ANKA (PbA). 25886020 66 70 khat Plant 25886020 72 84 Catha edulis Plant 25886020 107 124 malaria infection Negative_phenotype 25886020 133 148 anti-plasmodial Positive_phenotype 25886020 163 186 Plasmodium berghei ANKA Negative_phenotype 25886020 188 191 PbA Negative_phenotype 25886020_3 METHODS: Female Swiss albino mice were orally treated with crude khat (Catha edulis) extracts (100, 200 and 300 mg/kg) on a daily basis for 4 weeks prior to PbA infection. 25886020 22 28 albino Negative_phenotype 25886020 65 69 khat Plant 25886020 71 83 Catha edulis Plant 25886020 159 172 PbA infection Negative_phenotype 25886020_4 Physical, clinical, hematological, biochemical and histo-pathological features of the mice were assessed. 25886020_5 In addition, in vivo anti-plasmodial activities of khat were evaluated. 25886020 21 36 anti-plasmodial Positive_phenotype 25886020 51 55 khat Plant 25886020_6 RESULTS: The finding of this study showed that khat use was strongly associated with increment of levels of liver and kidney biomarkers, leucopenia, severe anemia, rise in level of inflammation biomarkers: C-reactive protein (CRP), uric acid (UA), increased monocyte-lymphocyte count ratio (MLCR), manifestation of cerebral malaria symptoms such as ataxia, paralysis and deviation of the head but with no pulmonary edema. 25886020 47 51 khat Plant 25886020 137 147 leucopenia Negative_phenotype 25886020 149 162 severe anemia Negative_phenotype 25886020 315 340 cerebral malaria symptoms Negative_phenotype 25886020 349 355 ataxia Negative_phenotype 25886020 357 366 paralysis Negative_phenotype 25886020 371 392 deviation of the head Negative_phenotype 25886020 405 420 pulmonary edema Negative_phenotype 25886020 Increase 47 51 khat Plant 137 147 leucopenia Negative_phenotype 25886020 Increase 47 51 khat Plant 149 162 severe anemia Negative_phenotype 25886020 Increase 47 51 khat Plant 315 340 cerebral malaria symptoms Negative_phenotype 25886020 Increase 47 51 khat Plant 349 355 ataxia Negative_phenotype 25886020 Increase 47 51 khat Plant 357 366 paralysis Negative_phenotype 25886020 Increase 47 51 khat Plant 371 392 deviation of the head Negative_phenotype 25886020_7 Significantly lower level of parasitemia (P < 0.05), rectal temperature, but, high level of hemoglobin were observed at the early stage of the PbA infection in khat treated mice than the control. 25886020 29 40 parasitemia Negative_phenotype 25886020 57 75 rectal temperature Neutral_phenotype 25886020 87 106 level of hemoglobin Neutral_phenotype 25886020 147 160 PbA infection Negative_phenotype 25886020 164 168 khat Plant 25886020 Decrease 29 40 parasitemia Negative_phenotype 164 168 khat Plant 25886020 Decrease 57 75 rectal temperature Neutral_phenotype 164 168 khat Plant 25886020 Decrease 87 106 level of hemoglobin Neutral_phenotype 164 168 khat Plant 25886020 Decrease 147 160 PbA infection Negative_phenotype 164 168 khat Plant 25886020_8 With extension of the treatment period, however, drastic increments were observed in parasite load and rectal temperature although there was reduction in hemoglobin (Hb) level. 25886020 85 93 parasite Negative_phenotype 25886020 103 121 rectal temperature Neutral_phenotype 25886020 154 175 hemoglobin (Hb) level Neutral_phenotype 25886020_9 Moreover, khat showed poor anti-plasmodial activity with <10% parasite suppression activity and lack protection against major malaria symptoms. 25886020 10 14 khat Plant 25886020 27 42 anti-plasmodial Positive_phenotype 25886020 62 70 parasite Negative_phenotype 25886020 126 142 malaria symptoms Negative_phenotype 25886020_10 The significant reduction (P < 0.01) of hematological parameters during PbA infection strengthen the notion that hematological parameters could be good predictors of severe malaria complications in human. 25886020 76 89 PbA infection Negative_phenotype 25886020 177 198 malaria complications Negative_phenotype 25886020_11 CONCLUSIONS: In mice model treated with khat prior to infection with the rodent malaria parasite, khat was found to worsen manifestation of most malaria complications. 25886020 40 44 khat Plant 25886020 54 63 infection Negative_phenotype 25886020 80 96 malaria parasite Negative_phenotype 25886020 98 102 khat Plant 25886020 145 166 malaria complications Negative_phenotype 25886020 Increase 98 102 khat Plant 145 166 malaria complications Negative_phenotype 25886020_12 Furthermore, the same plant showed poor in vivo anti-plasmodial activity and protection against major malaria symptoms. 25886020 48 63 anti-plasmodial Positive_phenotype 25886020 102 118 malaria symptoms Negative_phenotype 25896576_1 Narrative review of the safety and efficacy of marijuana for the treatment of commonly state-approved medical and psychiatric disorders. 25896576 47 56 marijuana Plant 25896576 102 135 medical and psychiatric disorders Negative_phenotype 25896576_2 The present investigation aimed to provide an objective narrative review of the existing literature pertaining to the benefits and harms of marijuana use for the treatment of the most common medical and psychological conditions for which it has been allowed at the state level. 25896576 140 149 marijuana Plant 25896576_3 Common medical conditions for which marijuana is allowed (i.e., those conditions shared by at least 80 percent of medical marijuana states) were identified as: Alzheimer's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, cachexia/wasting syndrome, cancer, Crohn's disease, epilepsy and seizures, glaucoma, hepatitis C virus, human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, multiple sclerosis and muscle spasticity, severe and chronic pain, and severe nausea. 25896576 36 45 marijuana Plant 25896576 122 131 marijuana Plant 25896576 160 179 Alzheimer's disease Negative_phenotype 25896576 181 210 amyotrophic lateral sclerosis Negative_phenotype 25896576 212 237 cachexia/wasting syndrome Negative_phenotype 25896576 239 245 cancer Negative_phenotype 25896576 247 262 Crohn's disease Negative_phenotype 25896576 264 272 epilepsy Negative_phenotype 25896576 277 285 seizures Negative_phenotype 25896576 287 295 glaucoma Negative_phenotype 25896576 297 314 hepatitis C virus Negative_phenotype 25896576 316 379 human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome Negative_phenotype 25896576 381 399 multiple sclerosis Negative_phenotype 25896576 404 421 muscle spasticity Negative_phenotype 25896576 423 446 severe and chronic pain Negative_phenotype 25896576 452 465 severe nausea Negative_phenotype 25896576 Decrease 36 45 marijuana Plant 160 179 Alzheimer's disease Negative_phenotype 25896576 Decrease 36 45 marijuana Plant 181 210 amyotrophic lateral sclerosis Negative_phenotype 25896576 Decrease 36 45 marijuana Plant 212 237 cachexia/wasting syndrome Negative_phenotype 25896576 Decrease 36 45 marijuana Plant 239 245 cancer Negative_phenotype 25896576 Decrease 36 45 marijuana Plant 247 262 Crohn's disease Negative_phenotype 25896576 Decrease 36 45 marijuana Plant 264 272 epilepsy Negative_phenotype 25896576 Decrease 36 45 marijuana Plant 277 285 seizures Negative_phenotype 25896576 Decrease 36 45 marijuana Plant 287 295 glaucoma Negative_phenotype 25896576 Decrease 36 45 marijuana Plant 297 314 hepatitis C virus Negative_phenotype 25896576 Decrease 36 45 marijuana Plant 316 379 human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome Negative_phenotype 25896576 Decrease 36 45 marijuana Plant 381 399 multiple sclerosis Negative_phenotype 25896576 Decrease 36 45 marijuana Plant 404 421 muscle spasticity Negative_phenotype 25896576 Decrease 36 45 marijuana Plant 423 446 severe and chronic pain Negative_phenotype 25896576 Decrease 36 45 marijuana Plant 452 465 severe nausea Negative_phenotype 25896576_4 Post-traumatic stress disorder was also included in the review, as it is the sole psychological disorder for which medical marijuana has been allowed. 25896576 0 30 Post-traumatic stress disorder Negative_phenotype 25896576 82 104 psychological disorder Negative_phenotype 25896576 123 132 marijuana Plant 25896576 Decrease 0 30 Post-traumatic stress disorder Negative_phenotype 123 132 marijuana Plant 25896576 Decrease 82 104 psychological disorder Negative_phenotype 123 132 marijuana Plant 25896576_5 Studies for this narrative review were included based on a literature search in PsycINFO, MEDLINE, and Google Scholar. 25896576_6 Findings indicate that, for the majority of these conditions, there is insufficient evidence to support the recommendation of medical marijuana at this time. 25896576 134 143 marijuana Plant 25896576_7 A significant amount of rigorous research is needed to definitively ascertain the potential implications of marijuana for these conditions. 25896576 108 117 marijuana Plant 25896576_8 It is important for such work to not only examine the effects of smoked marijuana preparations, but also to compare its safety, tolerability, and efficacy in relation to existing pharmacological treatments. 25896576 72 81 marijuana Plant 25917841_1 Astragaloside prevents BDL-induced liver fibrosis through inhibition of notch signaling activation. 25917841 35 49 liver fibrosis Negative_phenotype 25917841_2 ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Huangqi decoction was first described in Prescriptions of the Bureau of Taiping People* s Welfare Pharmacy in the Song Dynasty (AD1078). 25917841 32 39 Huangqi Plant 25917841_3 It consists of Radix Astragali (Astragalus membranceus (Fisch.) Bge. Root, Huangqi) and Radix Glycyrrhizae (Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch., root and rhizome, Gancao), and it is an effective recipe that is usually used to treat consumptive disease and chronic liver diseases. 25917841 21 30 Astragali Plant 25917841 32 68 Astragalus membranceus (Fisch.) Bge. Plant 25917841 75 82 Huangqi Plant 25917841 94 106 Glycyrrhizae Plant 25917841 108 136 Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. Plant 25917841 156 162 Gancao Plant 25917841 225 244 consumptive disease Negative_phenotype 25917841 249 271 chronic liver diseases Negative_phenotype 25917841 Decrease 21 30 Astragali Plant 225 244 consumptive disease Negative_phenotype 25917841 Decrease 21 30 Astragali Plant 249 271 chronic liver diseases Negative_phenotype 25917841 Decrease 32 68 Astragalus membranceus (Fisch.) Bge. Plant 225 244 consumptive disease Negative_phenotype 25917841 Decrease 32 68 Astragalus membranceus (Fisch.) Bge. Plant 249 271 chronic liver diseases Negative_phenotype 25917841 Decrease 75 82 Huangqi Plant 225 244 consumptive disease Negative_phenotype 25917841 Decrease 75 82 Huangqi Plant 249 271 chronic liver diseases Negative_phenotype 25917841 Decrease 94 106 Glycyrrhizae Plant 225 244 consumptive disease Negative_phenotype 25917841 Decrease 94 106 Glycyrrhizae Plant 249 271 chronic liver diseases Negative_phenotype 25917841 Decrease 108 136 Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. Plant 225 244 consumptive disease Negative_phenotype 25917841 Decrease 108 136 Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. Plant 249 271 chronic liver diseases Negative_phenotype 25917841 Decrease 156 162 Gancao Plant 225 244 consumptive disease Negative_phenotype 25917841 Decrease 156 162 Gancao Plant 249 271 chronic liver diseases Negative_phenotype 25917841_4 Astragaloside (AS) is a main component of Radix Astragali had an effect similar to the Huangqi decoction on hepatic fibrosis. 25917841 48 57 Astragali Plant 25917841 87 94 Huangqi Plant 25917841 108 124 hepatic fibrosis Negative_phenotype 25917841 Decrease 48 57 Astragali Plant 108 124 hepatic fibrosis Negative_phenotype 25917841 Decrease 87 94 Huangqi Plant 108 124 hepatic fibrosis Negative_phenotype 25917841_5 AIM OF THE STUDY: Cholestasis is associated with a number of chronic liver diseases and Notch signaling has been demonstrated to be involved in ductular reaction. 25917841 18 29 Cholestasis Negative_phenotype 25917841 61 83 chronic liver diseases Negative_phenotype 25917841_6 Previous studies have shown that AS can prevent the progression of cholestatic liver fibrosis, however, whether AS affects the Notch signaling pathway is unclear. 25917841 67 93 cholestatic liver fibrosis Negative_phenotype 25917841_7 MATERIALS AND METHODS: Cholestatic liver fibrosis was established by common bile duct ligation (BDL) in rats. 25917841 23 49 Cholestatic liver fibrosis Negative_phenotype 25917841_8 At first weekend, the rats were randomly divided into a model group (BDL), an AS group, and a Sorafenib positive control group (SORA) and treated for 3 weeks. 25917841_9 Bile duct proliferation and liver fibrosis were determined by tissue staining. 25917841 0 23 Bile duct proliferation Negative_phenotype 25917841 28 42 liver fibrosis Negative_phenotype 25917841_10 Activation of the Notch signaling pathway was evaluated by analyzing expressions of Notch-1, -2, -3, -4, Jagged 1 (JAG1), Delta-like (DLL)-1, -3, -4, Hes1, Numb and RBP-Jk. 25917841_11 Activation of the Wnt signaling pathway was evaluated by analyzing expressions of Wnt-4, -5a, -5b, Frizzled (Fzd)-2, -3, -6 and b-catenin. 25917841_12 RESULTS: (1) Compared with the BDL group, AS significantly reduced the deposition of collagen and the Hyp content of liver tissue and inhibited the activation of HSCs. 25917841_13 In addition, AS significantly decreased the protein and mRNA expressions of TGF-b1 and a-SMA. 25917841_14 In contrast, AS significantly enhanced expression of the Smad 7 protein. 25917841_15 AS also reduced biliary epithelial cell proliferation, and reduced the mRNA and protein expressions of CK7, CK8, CK18, CK19, OV6, Sox9 and EpCAM. 25917841 16 53 biliary epithelial cell proliferation Negative_phenotype 25917841_16 (2) The mRNA and protein expressions of Notch-2, -3, -4 and JAG1 were significantly reduced in the AS compared to the BDL group. 25917841_17 In contrast, the mRNA and protein level of Numb was clearly enhanced after AS treatment. 25917841_18 CONCLUSION: AS may prevent biliary liver fibrosis via inhibition of the Notch signaling pathway, thereby inhibiting the abnormal proliferation of biliary epithelial cells. 25917841 27 49 biliary liver fibrosis Negative_phenotype 25917841 120 164 abnormal proliferation of biliary epithelial Negative_phenotype 25917841_19 Results indicate that AS may be a potential therapeutic drug for cholestatic liver disease. 25917841 65 90 cholestatic liver disease Negative_phenotype 25944007_1 Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of Schefflera octophylla extracts. 25944007 0 15 Antinociceptive Positive_phenotype 25944007 20 37 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 25944007 52 73 Schefflera octophylla Plant 25944007_2 ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Schefflera octophylla (Lour.) Harms, a traditional Chinese herb mainly distributed in Southeast Asia, is extensively prescribed to alleviate pain and treat rheumatoid arthritis (RA), influenza, throat swelling, pain, etc. 25944007 32 67 Schefflera octophylla (Lour.) Harms Plant 25944007 173 177 pain Negative_phenotype 25944007 188 208 rheumatoid arthritis Negative_phenotype 25944007 210 212 RA Negative_phenotype 25944007 215 224 influenza Negative_phenotype 25944007 226 241 throat swelling Negative_phenotype 25944007 243 247 pain Negative_phenotype 25944007 Decrease 32 67 Schefflera octophylla (Lour.) Harms Plant 173 177 pain Negative_phenotype 25944007 Decrease 32 67 Schefflera octophylla (Lour.) Harms Plant 188 208 rheumatoid arthritis Negative_phenotype 25944007 Decrease 32 67 Schefflera octophylla (Lour.) Harms Plant 210 212 RA Negative_phenotype 25944007 Decrease 32 67 Schefflera octophylla (Lour.) Harms Plant 215 224 influenza Negative_phenotype 25944007 Decrease 32 67 Schefflera octophylla (Lour.) Harms Plant 226 241 throat swelling Negative_phenotype 25944007 Decrease 32 67 Schefflera octophylla (Lour.) Harms Plant 243 247 pain Negative_phenotype 25944007_3 In this paper, the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of the ethanol extract and its five different polar fractions of this plant were evaluated. 25944007 19 34 antinociceptive Positive_phenotype 25944007 39 56 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 25944007_4 Furthermore, the anti-rheumatoid arthritis activity of the ethanol extract and its active fraction (CHCl3 fraction) were evaluated. 25944007 17 42 anti-rheumatoid arthritis Positive_phenotype 25944007_5 And the chemical constituents of the CHCl3 active fraction displayed significant antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities were investigated. 25944007 81 96 antinociceptive Positive_phenotype 25944007 101 118 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 25944007_6 MATERIALS AND METHODS: Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities were investigated by hot plate test, acetic acid-induced abdominal writhing test and formalin test, xylene-induced ear edema test. 25944007 23 38 Antinociceptive Positive_phenotype 25944007 43 60 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 25944007 129 147 abdominal writhing Negative_phenotype 25944007 187 196 ear edema Negative_phenotype 25944007_7 The anti-rheumatoid arthritis activity was evaluated through the model of adjuvant-induced arthritis (AA) in rats, paw swelling, pain response, arthritis index and histopathological changes of ankle, the levels of TNF-a, IL-1b, IL-6 and rheumatoid factor (RF) of rats were detected. 25944007 4 29 anti-rheumatoid arthritis Positive_phenotype 25944007 91 100 arthritis Negative_phenotype 25944007 102 104 AA Negative_phenotype 25944007 115 127 paw swelling Negative_phenotype 25944007 129 133 pain Negative_phenotype 25944007 144 159 arthritis index Negative_phenotype 25944007_8 The chemical constituents of the CHCl3 fraction were isolated using chromatographic techniques. 25944007_9 Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic data analysis. 25944007_10 RESULTS: The results showed that the ethanol extract of S. octophylla has significant dose-dependent anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activities. 25944007 56 69 S. octophylla Plant 25944007 101 118 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 25944007 123 138 antinociceptive Positive_phenotype 25944007 Increase 56 69 S. octophylla Plant 101 118 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 25944007 Increase 56 69 S. octophylla Plant 123 138 antinociceptive Positive_phenotype 25944007_11 And its five different polar fractions especially the CHCl3 fraction significantly inhibited the abdominal writhing induced by acetic acid and ear edema induced by xylene, also increased pain threshold in hot plate test in 120min and reduced ticking times in formalin test. 25944007 97 115 abdominal writhing Negative_phenotype 25944007 143 152 ear edema Negative_phenotype 25944007 187 191 pain Negative_phenotype 25944007_12 The ethanol extract of S. octophylla and the CHCl3 fraction demonstrated an anti-RA effect in a dose-dependent manner. 25944007 23 36 S. octophylla Plant 25944007 76 83 anti-RA Positive_phenotype 25944007 Increase 23 36 S. octophylla Plant 76 83 anti-RA Positive_phenotype 25944007_13 The levels of TNF-a, IL-1b and IL-6 in ethanol extract (600mg/kg) and CHCl3 fraction (300mg/kg) groups were significantly lower than those of the model group. 25944007_14 The chemical constituents study of the CHCl3 fraction from S. octophylla led to six triterpenoids which were identified as taraxerone (1), 3-epi-taraxerol (2), aleuritolic acid (3), 3-oxofriedelan-28-oic acid (4), 3b,19a -dihydroxy-urs-12-ene- 24,28-dioic acid (5) and asiatic acid (6). 25944007 59 72 S. octophylla Plant 25944007_15 Compounds 1-5 were obtained from this plant for the first time. 25944007_16 CONCLUSION: This study proved the antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory and anti-rheumatoid arthritis activities of S. octophylla. 25944007 34 49 antinociceptive Positive_phenotype 25944007 51 68 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 25944007 73 98 anti-rheumatoid arthritis Positive_phenotype 25944007 113 126 S. octophylla Plant 25944007 Increase 34 49 antinociceptive Positive_phenotype 113 126 S. octophylla Plant 25944007 Increase 51 68 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 113 126 S. octophylla Plant 25944007 Increase 73 98 anti-rheumatoid arthritis Positive_phenotype 113 126 S. octophylla Plant 25944007_17 Triterpenoids obtained from its CHCl3 fraction may be responsible for those activities. 25944007_18 These results could support the fact that S. octophylla is used traditionally to cure inflammatory and pain diseases. 25944007 42 55 S. octophylla Plant 25944007 86 98 inflammatory Negative_phenotype 25944007 103 116 pain diseases Negative_phenotype 25944007 Decrease 42 55 S. octophylla Plant 86 98 inflammatory Negative_phenotype 25944007 Decrease 42 55 S. octophylla Plant 103 116 pain diseases Negative_phenotype 26002927_1 Coffee intake and risk of obesity, metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes: a Mendelian randomization study. 26002927 0 6 Coffee Plant 26002927 26 33 obesity Negative_phenotype 26002927 35 53 metabolic syndrome Negative_phenotype 26002927 58 73 type 2 diabetes Negative_phenotype 26002927_2 BACKGROUND: Coffee is one of the most widely consumed beverages. 26002927 12 18 Coffee Plant 26002927_3 We tested the hypothesis that genetically high coffee intake is associated with low risk of obesity, metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes, and with related components thereof. 26002927 47 53 coffee Plant 26002927 92 99 obesity Negative_phenotype 26002927 101 119 metabolic syndrome Negative_phenotype 26002927 124 139 type 2 diabetes Negative_phenotype 26002927_4 METHODS: We included 93,179 individuals from two large general population cohorts in a Mendelian randomization study. 26002927_5 We tested first whether high coffee intake is associated with low risk of obesity, metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes, and with related components thereof, in observational analyses; second, whether five genetic variants near the CYP1A1, CYP1A2 and AHR genes are associated with coffee intake; and third, whether the genetic variants are associated with obesity, metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes, and with related components thereof. 26002927 29 35 coffee Plant 26002927 74 81 obesity Negative_phenotype 26002927 83 101 metabolic syndrome Negative_phenotype 26002927 106 121 type 2 diabetes Negative_phenotype 26002927 283 289 coffee Plant 26002927 358 365 obesity Negative_phenotype 26002927 367 385 metabolic syndrome Negative_phenotype 26002927 390 405 type 2 diabetes Negative_phenotype 26002927_6 Finally, we tested the genetic association with type 2 diabetes in a meta-analysis including up to 78,021 additional individuals from the DIAGRAM consortium. 26002927 48 63 type 2 diabetes Negative_phenotype 26002927_7 RESULTS: Observationally, high coffee intake was associated with low risk of obesity, metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes. 26002927 31 37 coffee Plant 26002927 77 84 obesity Negative_phenotype 26002927 86 104 metabolic syndrome Negative_phenotype 26002927 109 124 type 2 diabetes Negative_phenotype 26002927 Decrease 31 37 coffee Plant 77 84 obesity Negative_phenotype 26002927 Decrease 31 37 coffee Plant 86 104 metabolic syndrome Negative_phenotype 26002927 Decrease 31 37 coffee Plant 109 124 type 2 diabetes Negative_phenotype 26002927_8 Further, high coffee intake was associated with high body mass index, waist circumference, weight, height, systolic/diastolic blood pressure, triglycerides and total cholesterol and with low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, but not with glucose levels. 26002927 14 20 coffee Plant 26002927 53 68 body mass index Neutral_phenotype 26002927 70 89 waist circumference Neutral_phenotype 26002927 91 97 weight Neutral_phenotype 26002927 99 105 height Neutral_phenotype 26002927 107 140 systolic/diastolic blood pressure Neutral_phenotype 26002927 142 155 triglycerides Neutral_phenotype 26002927 160 177 total cholesterol Neutral_phenotype 26002927 191 227 high-density lipoprotein cholesterol Neutral_phenotype 26002927 242 256 glucose levels Neutral_phenotype 26002927 Increase 14 20 coffee Plant 53 68 body mass index Neutral_phenotype 26002927 Increase 14 20 coffee Plant 70 89 waist circumference Neutral_phenotype 26002927 Increase 14 20 coffee Plant 91 97 weight Neutral_phenotype 26002927 Increase 14 20 coffee Plant 99 105 height Neutral_phenotype 26002927 Increase 14 20 coffee Plant 107 140 systolic/diastolic blood pressure Neutral_phenotype 26002927 Increase 14 20 coffee Plant 142 155 triglycerides Neutral_phenotype 26002927 Increase 14 20 coffee Plant 160 177 total cholesterol Neutral_phenotype 26002927 Decrease 14 20 coffee Plant 191 227 high-density lipoprotein cholesterol Neutral_phenotype 26002927_9 In genetic analyses, 9-10 vs 0-3 coffee-intake alleles were associated with 29% higher coffee intake. 26002927 33 39 coffee Plant 26002927 87 93 coffee Plant 26002927_10 However, genetically derived high coffee intake was not associated convincingly with obesity, metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, body mass index, waist circumference, weight, height, systolic/diastolic blood pressure, triglycerides, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol or glucose levels. 26002927 34 40 coffee Plant 26002927 85 92 obesity Negative_phenotype 26002927 94 112 metabolic syndrome Negative_phenotype 26002927 114 129 type 2 diabetes Negative_phenotype 26002927 131 146 body mass index Neutral_phenotype 26002927 148 167 waist circumference Neutral_phenotype 26002927 169 175 weight Neutral_phenotype 26002927 177 183 height Neutral_phenotype 26002927 185 218 systolic/diastolic blood pressure Neutral_phenotype 26002927 220 233 triglycerides Neutral_phenotype 26002927 235 252 total cholesterol Neutral_phenotype 26002927 254 290 high-density lipoprotein cholesterol Neutral_phenotype 26002927 294 308 glucose levels Neutral_phenotype 26002927_11 Per-allele meta-analysed odds ratios for type 2 diabetes were 1.01 (0.98-1.04) for AHR rs4410790, 0.98 (0.95-1.01) for AHR rs6968865, 1.01 (0.99-1.03) for CYP1A1/2 rs2470893, 1.01 (0.98-1.03) for CYP1A1/2 rs2472297 and 0.98 (0.95-1.01) for CYP1A1 rs2472299. 26002927 41 56 type 2 diabetes Negative_phenotype 26002927_12 CONCLUSIONS: High coffee intake was associated observationally with low risk of obesity, metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes, and was associated observationally with related components thereof, but with no genetic evidence to support corresponding causal relationships. 26002927 18 24 coffee Plant 26002927 80 87 obesity Negative_phenotype 26002927 89 107 metabolic syndrome Negative_phenotype 26002927 112 127 type 2 diabetes Negative_phenotype 26002927 Decrease 18 24 coffee Plant 80 87 obesity Negative_phenotype 26002927 Decrease 18 24 coffee Plant 89 107 metabolic syndrome Negative_phenotype 26002927 Decrease 18 24 coffee Plant 112 127 type 2 diabetes Negative_phenotype 26013326_1 Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Polysaccharide Fraction of Curcuma longa Extract (NR-INF-02). 26013326 0 17 Anti-Inflammatory Positive_phenotype 26013326 57 70 Curcuma longa Plant 26013326 80 89 NR-INF-02 Plant 26013326_2 The aim of the study was to investigate the safety and anti-inflammatory effects of polysaccharide fraction (F1) of Curcuma longa extract (NR-INF-02) in classical rodent models of inflammation. 26013326 55 72 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 26013326 116 129 Curcuma longa Plant 26013326 139 148 NR-INF-02 Plant 26013326 180 192 inflammation Negative_phenotype 26013326_3 F1 was evaluated for its acute oral toxicity and found to be safe upto 5000 mg/kg body weight in rats. 26013326 25 44 acute oral toxicity Negative_phenotype 26013326 82 93 body weight Neutral_phenotype 26013326_4 The anti-inflammatory activity of F1 was evaluated in acute (carrageenan - induced paw edema; xylene - induced ear edema) and chronic (cotton pellet - induced granuloma) models of inflammation. 26013326 4 21 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 26013326 83 92 paw edema Negative_phenotype 26013326 111 120 ear edema Negative_phenotype 26013326 159 168 granuloma Negative_phenotype 26013326 180 192 inflammation Negative_phenotype 26013326_5 The results of the study demonstrated that F1 significantly (p <= 0.05) inhibited carrageenan-induced paw edema at 1 h and 3 h at doses of 11.25, 22.5 and 45 mg/kg body weight in rats. 26013326 103 112 paw edema Negative_phenotype 26013326 165 176 body weight Neutral_phenotype 26013326_6 Also, F1 at doses of 15.75, 31.5 and 63 mg/kg significantly inhibited the xylene induced ear edema in mice. 26013326 89 98 ear edema Negative_phenotype 26013326_7 In a chronic model, F1 at 11.25, 22.5 and 45 mg/kg doses produced significant reduction of wet and dry weights of cotton pellets in rats. 26013326_8 Overall results indicated that F1 of NR-INF-02 significantly attenuated acute and chronic inflammation in rodent models. 26013326 37 46 NR-INF-02 Plant 26013326 72 102 acute and chronic inflammation Negative_phenotype 26013326 Decrease 37 46 NR-INF-02 Plant 72 102 acute and chronic inflammation Negative_phenotype 26013326_9 This study emphasizes on the importance of Curcuma longa polysaccharide's role in acute and chronic inflammation. 26013326 43 56 Curcuma longa Plant 26013326 82 112 acute and chronic inflammation Negative_phenotype 26013326 Decrease 43 56 Curcuma longa Plant 82 112 acute and chronic inflammation Negative_phenotype 26036599_1 A review on the effects of Allium sativum (Garlic) in metabolic syndrome. 26036599 27 41 Allium sativum Plant 26036599 43 49 Garlic Plant 26036599 54 72 metabolic syndrome Negative_phenotype 26036599_2 UNASSIGNED: The metabolic syndrome is a common problem world-wide and includes abdominal obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and hyperglycemia disorders. 26036599 16 34 metabolic syndrome Negative_phenotype 26036599 79 96 abdominal obesity Negative_phenotype 26036599 98 110 hypertension Negative_phenotype 26036599 112 124 dyslipidemia Negative_phenotype 26036599 130 153 hyperglycemia disorders Negative_phenotype 26036599_3 It leads to insulin resistance and the development of diabetes mellitus or cardiovascular disease. 26036599 12 30 insulin resistance Negative_phenotype 26036599 54 71 diabetes mellitus Negative_phenotype 26036599 75 97 cardiovascular disease Negative_phenotype 26036599_4 Allium sativum (garlic) has been documented to exhibit anti-diabetic, hypotensive, and hypolipidemic properties. 26036599 0 14 Allium sativum Plant 26036599 16 22 garlic Plant 26036599 55 68 anti-diabetic Positive_phenotype 26036599 70 81 hypotensive Positive_phenotype 26036599 87 100 hypolipidemic Positive_phenotype 26036599 Increase 0 14 Allium sativum Plant 55 68 anti-diabetic Positive_phenotype 26036599 Increase 0 14 Allium sativum Plant 70 81 hypotensive Positive_phenotype 26036599 Increase 0 14 Allium sativum Plant 87 100 hypolipidemic Positive_phenotype 26036599 Increase 16 22 garlic Plant 55 68 anti-diabetic Positive_phenotype 26036599 Increase 16 22 garlic Plant 70 81 hypotensive Positive_phenotype 26036599 Increase 16 22 garlic Plant 87 100 hypolipidemic Positive_phenotype 26036599_5 This suggests a potential role of A. sativum in the management of metabolic syndrome; however, more studies should be conducted to evaluate its effectiveness. 26036599 34 44 A. sativum Plant 26036599 66 84 metabolic syndrome Negative_phenotype 26036599 Decrease 34 44 A. sativum Plant 66 84 metabolic syndrome Negative_phenotype 26036599_6 In this review, we discussed the most relevant articles to find out the role of A. sativum in different components of metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease risk factors. 26036599 80 90 A. sativum Plant 26036599 118 136 metabolic syndrome Negative_phenotype 26036599 141 163 cardiovascular disease Negative_phenotype 26036599_7 Because human reports are rare, further studies are required to establish the clinical value of A. sativum in metabolic syndrome. 26036599 96 106 A. sativum Plant 26036599 110 128 metabolic syndrome Negative_phenotype 26036599 Association 96 106 A. sativum Plant 110 128 metabolic syndrome Negative_phenotype 26102094_1 Solanum tuberosum L. cv Jayoung Epidermis Extract Inhibits Mite Antigen-Induced Atopic Dermatitis in NC/Nga Mice by Regulating the Th1/Th2 Balance and Expression of Filaggrin. 26102094 0 31 Solanum tuberosum L. cv Jayoung Plant 26102094 80 97 Atopic Dermatitis Negative_phenotype 26102094 Decrease 0 31 Solanum tuberosum L. cv Jayoung Plant 80 97 Atopic Dermatitis Negative_phenotype 26102094_2 UNASSIGNED: Solanum tuberosum L. cv Jayoung (JY) is a potato with dark purple flesh and contains substantial amounts of polyphenols. 26102094 12 43 Solanum tuberosum L. cv Jayoung Plant 26102094 45 47 JY Plant 26102094 54 60 potato Plant 26102094_3 In this study, we evaluated the therapeutic effects of S. tuberosum L. cv JY in a mouse model of Dermatophagoides farinae body (Dfb)-induced atopic dermatitis (AD). 26102094 55 76 S. tuberosum L. cv JY Plant 26102094 141 158 atopic dermatitis Negative_phenotype 26102094 160 162 AD Negative_phenotype 26102094_4 The ethanol extract of the peel of JY (EPJ) ameliorated Dfb-induced dermatitis severity, serum levels of immunoglobulin E (IgE) and thymus and activation-regulated chemokine. 26102094 35 37 JY Plant 26102094 39 42 EPJ Plant 26102094 68 87 dermatitis severity Negative_phenotype 26102094 89 121 serum levels of immunoglobulin E Neutral_phenotype 26102094 Decrease 35 37 JY Plant 68 87 dermatitis severity Negative_phenotype 26102094 Decrease 35 37 JY Plant 89 121 serum levels of immunoglobulin E Neutral_phenotype 26102094 Decrease 39 42 EPJ Plant 68 87 dermatitis severity Negative_phenotype 26102094 Decrease 39 42 EPJ Plant 89 121 serum levels of immunoglobulin E Neutral_phenotype 26102094_5 Histological analysis of the skin also revealed that EPJ treatment significantly decreased mast cell infiltration. 26102094 53 56 EPJ Plant 26102094 91 113 mast cell infiltration Negative_phenotype 26102094 Decrease 53 56 EPJ Plant 91 113 mast cell infiltration Negative_phenotype 26102094_6 The suppression of dermatitis by EPJ treatment was accompanied by a decrease in the skin levels of type 2 helper T-cell cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, and IL-13. 26102094 19 29 dermatitis Negative_phenotype 26102094 33 36 EPJ Plant 26102094 Decrease 19 29 dermatitis Negative_phenotype 33 36 EPJ Plant 26102094_7 The induction of thymic stromal lymphopoietin, which leads to a systemic Th2 response, was also decreased in the skin by EPJ. 26102094 121 124 EPJ Plant 26102094_8 Nuclear translocation of nuclear factor-kB p65 was decreased by EPJ in Dfb-induced NC/Nga mice. 26102094 64 67 EPJ Plant 26102094_9 The protein expression of filaggrin in the AD-like skin lesions was restored by EPJ treatment. 26102094 43 63 AD-like skin lesions Negative_phenotype 26102094 80 83 EPJ Plant 26102094 Decrease 43 63 AD-like skin lesions Negative_phenotype 80 83 EPJ Plant 26102094_10 These results suggested that EPJ may be a potential therapeutic tool for the treatment of AD. 26102094 29 32 EPJ Plant 26102094 90 92 AD Negative_phenotype 26102094 Decrease 29 32 EPJ Plant 90 92 AD Negative_phenotype 26104582_1 Effects of Ixeris dentata water extract and caffeic acid on allergic inflammation in vivo and in vitro. 26104582 11 25 Ixeris dentata Plant 26104582 60 81 allergic inflammation Negative_phenotype 26104582_2 BACKGROUND: Ixeris dentata Nakai has been used for the treatment of mithridatism, calculous, indigestion, pneumonia, hepatitis, and tumors in Korea, China, and Japan. 26104582 12 32 Ixeris dentata Nakai Plant 26104582 68 80 mithridatism Negative_phenotype 26104582 82 91 calculous Negative_phenotype 26104582 93 104 indigestion Negative_phenotype 26104582 106 115 pneumonia Negative_phenotype 26104582 117 126 hepatitis Negative_phenotype 26104582 132 138 tumors Negative_phenotype 26104582 Decrease 12 32 Ixeris dentata Nakai Plant 68 80 mithridatism Negative_phenotype 26104582 Decrease 12 32 Ixeris dentata Nakai Plant 82 91 calculous Negative_phenotype 26104582 Decrease 12 32 Ixeris dentata Nakai Plant 93 104 indigestion Negative_phenotype 26104582 Decrease 12 32 Ixeris dentata Nakai Plant 106 115 pneumonia Negative_phenotype 26104582 Decrease 12 32 Ixeris dentata Nakai Plant 117 126 hepatitis Negative_phenotype 26104582 Decrease 12 32 Ixeris dentata Nakai Plant 132 138 tumors Negative_phenotype 26104582_3 However, the effect of a water extract of Ixeris dentata (ID) and its molecular mechanism on allergic inflammation has not been elucidated. 26104582 42 56 Ixeris dentata Plant 26104582 58 60 ID Plant 26104582 93 114 allergic inflammation Negative_phenotype 26104582_4 In this study, we attempted to evaluate the effects of ID and its major compound caffeic acid on allergic inflammation in vivo and in vitro. 26104582 55 57 ID Plant 26104582 97 118 allergic inflammation Negative_phenotype 26104582_5 METHODS: ID was applied to 2, 4-dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB)-induced atopic dermatitis (AD)-like skin lesion mice and immune cell infiltration, cytokine production, and the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) were investigated. 26104582 9 11 ID Plant 26104582 68 107 atopic dermatitis (AD)-like skin lesion Negative_phenotype 26104582 117 141 immune cell infiltration Negative_phenotype 26104582_6 Moreover, the effect of ID on compound 48/80-induced anaphylactic shock was investigated in a mouse model. 26104582 24 26 ID Plant 26104582 53 71 anaphylactic shock Negative_phenotype 26104582_7 The human keratinocyte cell line (HaCaT cells) and human mast cells (HMC-1) were treated with ID or caffeic acid to investigate the effects on the production of chemokines and proinflammatory cytokines and on the activation of MAPKs. 26104582 94 96 ID Plant 26104582_8 RESULTS: ID inhibited the serum levels of IgE and interleukin (IL)-1b in DNFB-induced AD-like skin lesion mouse models and suppressed anaphylactic shock in the mouse models. 26104582 9 11 ID Plant 26104582 86 105 AD-like skin lesion Negative_phenotype 26104582 134 152 anaphylactic shock Negative_phenotype 26104582 Decrease 9 11 ID Plant 86 105 AD-like skin lesion Negative_phenotype 26104582 Decrease 9 11 ID Plant 134 152 anaphylactic shock Negative_phenotype 26104582_9 ID and caffeic acid inhibited the production of chemokines and adhesion molecules in HaCaT cells. 26104582 0 2 ID Plant 26104582_10 In addition, ID reduced the release of tumor necrosis factor-a and IL-8 via the inhibition of MAPKs phosphorylation in HMC-1 cells. 26104582 13 15 ID Plant 26104582_11 CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that ID is a potential therapeutic agent for allergic inflammatory diseases, including dermatitis. 26104582 40 42 ID Plant 26104582 80 110 allergic inflammatory diseases Negative_phenotype 26104582 122 132 dermatitis Negative_phenotype 26104582 Decrease 40 42 ID Plant 80 110 allergic inflammatory diseases Negative_phenotype 26104582 Decrease 40 42 ID Plant 122 132 dermatitis Negative_phenotype 26174316_1 Protective activity ethanol extract of the fruits of Illicium verum against atherogenesis in apolipoprotein E knockout mice. 26174316 53 67 Illicium verum Plant 26174316 76 89 atherogenesis Negative_phenotype 26174316_2 BACKGROUND: Illicium verum Hook. 26174316_3 fil. 26174316_4 Illiciaceae (Illicium v.) has been traditionally used in herbal medicine for treating many inflammatory diseases, including skin inflammation and rheumatism. 26174316 13 24 Illicium v. Plant 26174316 91 112 inflammatory diseases Negative_phenotype 26174316 124 141 skin inflammation Negative_phenotype 26174316 146 156 rheumatism Negative_phenotype 26174316 Decrease 13 24 Illicium v. Plant 91 112 inflammatory diseases Negative_phenotype 26174316 Decrease 13 24 Illicium v. Plant 124 141 skin inflammation Negative_phenotype 26174316 Decrease 13 24 Illicium v. Plant 146 156 rheumatism Negative_phenotype 26174316_5 We investigated its use as a preventive agent against inflammatory and vascular diseases in a murine model of atherosclerosis using apolipoprotein E-knockout (ApoE (-/-)) mice fed on a high-fat diet (HFD). 26174316 54 66 inflammatory Negative_phenotype 26174316 71 88 vascular diseases Negative_phenotype 26174316 110 125 atherosclerosis Negative_phenotype 26174316_6 METHODS: We investigated the effect of Illicium v. on cytotoxicity, NF-kB activity, and adhesion molecule expression in TNF-a - stimulated HASMCs (Human Aortic smooth muscle cells). 26174316 39 50 Illicium v. Plant 26174316_7 ApoE (-/-)mice, fed a HFD and treated daily for 12 weeks by oral administration of either Illicium v. (100 or 200 mg/kg) or atorvastatin (10 mg/kg), were evaluated for atherosclerotic lesions and inflammatory responses by performing Oil red O and iNOS staining, respectively. 26174316 91 102 Illicium v. Plant 26174316 171 194 atherosclerotic lesions Negative_phenotype 26174316 199 211 inflammatory Negative_phenotype 26174316_8 Expression of inflammatory cytokines (i.e., NF-kB, TNF-a, IL-1b, COX, IkB-a, Ikk-a/b) and adhesion molecules in the aorta were measured by western blot analysis. 26174316_9 RESULTS: In TNF-a-stimulated HASMCs, Illicium v. treatment decreased NF-kB transcriptional activity, and NF-kB protein levels were reduced in a dose-dependent manner over a range of 10-100 g/mL Illicium v. 26174316 37 48 Illicium v. Plant 26174316 196 206 Illicium v Plant 26174316_10 Also, Illicium v. attenuated the expression of adhesion molecules that are responsible for inflammation in these cells. 26174316 6 17 Illicium v. Plant 26174316 91 103 inflammation Negative_phenotype 26174316 Decrease 6 17 Illicium v. Plant 91 103 inflammation Negative_phenotype 26174316_11 In animal experiments, treatment with Illicium v. or atorvastatin counteracted the characteristic changes in body weight, blood pressure, and lipid levels seen in HFD-fed ApoE (-/-) mice. 26174316 38 49 Illicium v. Plant 26174316 109 120 body weight Neutral_phenotype 26174316 122 136 blood pressure Neutral_phenotype 26174316 142 154 lipid levels Neutral_phenotype 26174316 Decrease 38 49 Illicium v. Plant 109 120 body weight Neutral_phenotype 26174316 Decrease 38 49 Illicium v. Plant 122 136 blood pressure Neutral_phenotype 26174316 Decrease 38 49 Illicium v. Plant 142 154 lipid levels Neutral_phenotype 26174316_12 In addition, Illicium v. treatment reduced aortic atherosclerotic plaque lesions and the immunoreactivity of iNOS activation. 26174316 13 24 Illicium v. Plant 26174316 43 80 aortic atherosclerotic plaque lesions Negative_phenotype 26174316 Decrease 13 24 Illicium v. Plant 43 80 aortic atherosclerotic plaque lesions Negative_phenotype 26174316_13 The aortic expression of inflammatory adhesion molecules and cytokines (TNF-a, IL-1b, NF-kB, COX, IkB-a, Ikk-a/b), which is characteristic of HFD-fed ApoE (-/-) mice, was attenuated by 12-week treatment with daily oral administration of Illicium v. or atorvastatin, and the most potent effect was seen with the herbal tincture. 26174316 237 248 Illicium v. Plant 26174316_14 CONCLUSIONS: The beneficial effects of Illicium v. are consistent with a significant decrease in the iNOS-mediated inflammatory response, resulting in reduction of inflammation-associated gene expression. 26174316 39 50 Illicium v. Plant 26174316 115 127 inflammatory Negative_phenotype 26174316 164 176 inflammation Negative_phenotype 26174316 Decrease 39 50 Illicium v. Plant 115 127 inflammatory Negative_phenotype 26174316 Decrease 39 50 Illicium v. Plant 164 176 inflammation Negative_phenotype 26174316_15 Treatment with Illicium v. may be the basis of a novel therapeutic strategy for hyperlipidemia-atherosclerosis. 26174316 15 26 Illicium v. Plant 26174316 80 94 hyperlipidemia Negative_phenotype 26174316 95 110 atherosclerosis Negative_phenotype 26174316 Decrease 15 26 Illicium v. Plant 80 94 hyperlipidemia Negative_phenotype 26174316 Decrease 15 26 Illicium v. Plant 95 110 atherosclerosis Negative_phenotype 26193251_1 Phytochemical Properties and Anti-Proliferative Activity of Olea europaea L. Leaf Extracts against Pancreatic Cancer Cells. 26193251 29 47 Anti-Proliferative Positive_phenotype 26193251 60 76 Olea europaea L. Plant 26193251 99 116 Pancreatic Cancer Negative_phenotype 26193251_2 UNASSIGNED: Olea europaea L. leaves are an agricultural waste product with a high concentration of phenolic compounds; especially oleuropein. 26193251 12 28 Olea europaea L. Plant 26193251_3 Oleuropein has been shown to exhibit anti-proliferative activity against a number of cancer types. 26193251 37 55 anti-proliferative Positive_phenotype 26193251 85 91 cancer Negative_phenotype 26193251_4 However, they have not been tested against pancreatic cancer, the fifth leading cause of cancer related death in Western countries. 26193251 43 60 pancreatic cancer Negative_phenotype 26193251 89 109 cancer related death Negative_phenotype 26193251_5 Therefore, water, 50% ethanol and 50% methanol extracts of Corregiola and Frantoio variety Olea europaea L. leaves were investigated for their total phenolic compounds, total flavonoids and oleuropein content, antioxidant capacity and anti-proliferative activity against MiaPaCa-2 pancreatic cancer cells. 26193251 91 107 Olea europaea L. Plant 26193251 210 221 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 26193251 235 253 anti-proliferative Positive_phenotype 26193251 271 280 MiaPaCa-2 Negative_phenotype 26193251 281 298 pancreatic cancer Negative_phenotype 26193251_6 The extracts only had slight differences in their phytochemical properties, and at 100 and 200 g/mL, all decreased the viability of the pancreatic cancer cells relative to controls. 26193251 137 154 pancreatic cancer Negative_phenotype 26193251_7 At 50 g/mL, the water extract from the Corregiola leaves exhibited the highest anti-proliferative activity with the effect possibly due to early eluting HPLC peaks. 26193251 40 50 Corregiola Plant 26193251 80 98 anti-proliferative Positive_phenotype 26193251 Increase 40 50 Corregiola Plant 80 98 anti-proliferative Positive_phenotype 26193251_8 For this reason, olive leaf extracts warrant further investigation into their potential anti-pancreatic cancer benefits. 26193251 17 22 olive Plant 26193251 88 110 anti-pancreatic cancer Positive_phenotype 26193251 Increase 17 22 olive Plant 88 110 anti-pancreatic cancer Positive_phenotype 26202807_1 Anti-inflammatory effects of Brazilian ginseng (Pfaffia paniculata) on TNBS-induced intestinal inflammation: Experimental evidence. 26202807 0 17 Anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 26202807 29 46 Brazilian ginseng Plant 26202807 48 66 Pfaffia paniculata Plant 26202807 84 107 intestinal inflammation Negative_phenotype 26202807_2 Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic, relapsing, idiopathic inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract. 26202807 0 26 Inflammatory bowel disease Negative_phenotype 26202807 28 31 IBD Negative_phenotype 26202807 69 111 inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract Negative_phenotype 26202807_3 Clinical studies suggest that the initiation of IBD is multifactorial, involving genetics, the immune system and environmental factors, such as diet, drugs and stress. 26202807 48 51 IBD Negative_phenotype 26202807 95 108 immune system Positive_phenotype 26202807_4 Pfaffia paniculata is an adaptogenic medicinal plant used in Brazilian folk medicine as an "anti-stress" agent. 26202807 0 18 Pfaffia paniculata Plant 26202807 92 103 anti-stress Positive_phenotype 26202807 Increase 0 18 Pfaffia paniculata Plant 92 103 anti-stress Positive_phenotype 26202807_5 Thus, we hypothesised that the P. paniculata enhances the response of animals subjected to colonic inflammation. 26202807 31 44 P. paniculata Plant 26202807 91 111 colonic inflammation Negative_phenotype 26202807_6 Our aim was to investigate the intestinal anti-inflammatory activity of P. paniculata in rats before or after induction of intestinal inflammation using trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS). 26202807 42 59 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 26202807 72 85 P. paniculata Plant 26202807 123 146 intestinal inflammation Negative_phenotype 26202807_7 The animals were divided into groups that received the vehicle, prednisolone or P. paniculata extract daily starting 14 days before or 7 days after TNBS induction. 26202807 80 93 P. paniculata Plant 26202807_8 At the end of the procedure, the animals were killed and their colons were assessed for the macroscopic damage score (MDS), extent of the lesion (EL) and weight/length ratio, myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity and glutathione (GSH), cytokines and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels. 26202807 92 116 macroscopic damage score Neutral_phenotype 26202807 118 121 MDS Neutral_phenotype 26202807 124 144 extent of the lesion Neutral_phenotype 26202807 146 148 EL Neutral_phenotype 26202807 154 173 weight/length ratio Neutral_phenotype 26202807_9 Histological evaluation and ultrastructural analysis of the colonic samples were performed. 26202807_10 Treatment with the 200mg/kg dose on the curative schedule was able to reduce the MDS and the EL. 26202807 81 84 MDS Neutral_phenotype 26202807_11 In addition, MPO activity was reduced, GSH levels were maintained, and the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and CRP were decreased. 26202807_12 In conclusion, the protective effect of P. paniculata was related to reduced oxidative stress and CRP colonic levels, and due to immunomodulatory activity as evidenced by reduced levels of IL-1b, INF-y, TNF-a and IL-6. 26202807 40 53 P. paniculata Plant 26202807 77 93 oxidative stress Negative_phenotype 26202807 129 145 immunomodulatory Positive_phenotype 26202807 Decrease 40 53 P. paniculata Plant 77 93 oxidative stress Negative_phenotype 26202807 Increase 40 53 P. paniculata Plant 129 145 immunomodulatory Positive_phenotype 26243305_1 Arum Palaestinum with isovanillin, linolenic acid and b-sitosterol inhibits prostate cancer spheroids and reduces the growth rate of prostate tumors in mice. 26243305 0 16 Arum Palaestinum Plant 26243305 76 91 prostate cancer Negative_phenotype 26243305 133 148 prostate tumors Negative_phenotype 26243305 Decrease 0 16 Arum Palaestinum Plant 76 91 prostate cancer Negative_phenotype 26243305 Decrease 0 16 Arum Palaestinum Plant 133 148 prostate tumors Negative_phenotype 26243305_2 BACKGROUND: Arum palaestinum is a plant commonly found in the Middle East that is ingested as an herbal remedy to fight cancer. 26243305 12 28 Arum palaestinum Plant 26243305 120 126 cancer Negative_phenotype 26243305 Decrease 12 28 Arum palaestinum Plant 120 126 cancer Negative_phenotype 26243305_3 However, no studies have examined the direct effect of the plant/plant extract on tumor growth in an animal model. 26243305 82 94 tumor growth Negative_phenotype 26243305_4 METHODS: Verified prostate cancer cells were plated as 3D spheroids to determine the effect of extract from boiled Arum Palaestinum Boiss roots. 26243305 18 33 prostate cancer Negative_phenotype 26243305 115 137 Arum Palaestinum Boiss Plant 26243305_5 In addition, male NU/NU mice (8 weeks old) with xenograft tumors derived from the prostate cancer cell line were treated daily with 1000 mg/kg body weight gavage of the suspension GZ17. 26243305 58 64 tumors Negative_phenotype 26243305 82 97 prostate cancer Negative_phenotype 26243305 143 154 body weight Neutral_phenotype 26243305 180 184 GZ17 Plant 26243305_6 The tumor growth was measured repeatedly with calipers and the excised tumors were weighed at the termination of the 3 week study. 26243305 4 16 tumor growth Negative_phenotype 26243305 71 77 tumors Negative_phenotype 26243305_7 Control mice (10 mice in each group) received vehicle in the same manner and volume. 26243305_8 RESULTS: The number of live prostate cancer cells declined in a dose/dependent manner with a 24 h exposure to the extract at doses of 0.015 to 6.25 mg/mL. 26243305 28 43 prostate cancer Negative_phenotype 26243305_9 A fortified version of the extract (referred to as GZ17) that contained higher levels of isovanillin, linolenic acid and b-sitosterol had a stronger effect on the cell death rate, shifting the percentage of dead cells from 30 % to 55 % at the highest dose while the vehicle control had no effect on cell numbers. 26243305 51 55 GZ17 Plant 26243305_10 When GZ17 was applied to non-cancer tissue, in this case, human islets, there was no cell death at doses that were toxic to treated cancer cells. 26243305 5 9 GZ17 Plant 26243305 115 120 toxic Negative_phenotype 26243305 132 138 cancer Negative_phenotype 26243305_11 Preliminary toxicity studies were conducted on rats using an up-down design, with no signs of toxic effect at the highest dose. 26243305 94 99 toxic Negative_phenotype 26243305_12 NU/NU mice with xenograft prostate tumors treated with GZ17 had a dramatic inhibition of tumor progression, while tumors in the control group grew steadily through the 3 weeks. 26243305 26 41 prostate tumors Negative_phenotype 26243305 55 59 GZ17 Plant 26243305 89 94 tumor Negative_phenotype 26243305 114 120 tumors Negative_phenotype 26243305 Decrease 26 41 prostate tumors Negative_phenotype 55 59 GZ17 Plant 26243305 Decrease 55 59 GZ17 Plant 89 94 tumor Negative_phenotype 26243305_13 The rate of tumor volume increase was 73 mm(3)/day for the vehicle group and 24 mm(3)/day for the GZ17 treated mice. 26243305 12 17 tumor Negative_phenotype 26243305 98 102 GZ17 Plant 26243305 Decrease 12 17 tumor Negative_phenotype 98 102 GZ17 Plant 26243305_14 While there was a trend towards lower excised tumor weight at study termination in the GZ17 treatment group, there was no statistical difference. 26243305 46 51 tumor Negative_phenotype 26243305 87 91 GZ17 Plant 26243305_15 CONCLUSIONS: Fortified Arum palaestinum Boiss caused a reduction in live cells within prostate cancer spheroids and blocked tumor growth in xenografted prostate tumors in mice without signs of toxicity. 26243305 23 45 Arum palaestinum Boiss Plant 26243305 86 101 prostate cancer Negative_phenotype 26243305 124 136 tumor growth Negative_phenotype 26243305 152 167 prostate tumors Negative_phenotype 26243305 193 201 toxicity Negative_phenotype 26243305 Decrease 23 45 Arum palaestinum Boiss Plant 86 101 prostate cancer Negative_phenotype 26243305 Decrease 23 45 Arum palaestinum Boiss Plant 124 136 tumor growth Negative_phenotype 26243305 Decrease 23 45 Arum palaestinum Boiss Plant 152 167 prostate tumors Negative_phenotype 26294257_1 Morus nigra leaf extract improves glycemic response and redox profile in the liver of diabetic rats. 26294257 0 11 Morus nigra Plant 26294257 34 42 glycemic Negative_phenotype 26294257 77 94 liver of diabetic Negative_phenotype 26294257 Decrease 0 11 Morus nigra Plant 34 42 glycemic Negative_phenotype 26294257 Decrease 0 11 Morus nigra Plant 77 94 liver of diabetic Negative_phenotype 26294257_2 UNASSIGNED: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia and alterations in the carbohydrate, lipid, and protein metabolism. 26294257 12 29 Diabetes mellitus Negative_phenotype 26294257 31 33 DM Negative_phenotype 26294257 40 66 chronic metabolic disorder Negative_phenotype 26294257 84 97 hyperglycemia Negative_phenotype 26294257_3 DM is associated with increased oxidative stress and pancreatic beta cell damage, which impair the production of insulin and the maintenance of normoglycemia. 26294257 0 2 DM Negative_phenotype 26294257 32 48 oxidative stress Negative_phenotype 26294257 53 80 pancreatic beta cell damage Negative_phenotype 26294257 144 157 normoglycemia Positive_phenotype 26294257_4 Inhibiting oxidative damage and controlling hyperglycemia are two important strategies for the prevention of diabetes. 26294257 11 27 oxidative damage Negative_phenotype 26294257 44 57 hyperglycemia Negative_phenotype 26294257 109 117 diabetes Negative_phenotype 26294257_5 The pulp and leaf extracts of mulberry (Morus nigra L.) have abundant total phenolics and flavonoids, and its antioxidant potential may be an important factor for modulating oxidative stress induced by diabetes. 26294257 30 38 mulberry Plant 26294257 40 54 Morus nigra L. Plant 26294257 110 121 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 26294257 174 210 oxidative stress induced by diabetes Negative_phenotype 26294257 Increase 30 38 mulberry Plant 110 121 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 26294257 Decrease 30 38 mulberry Plant 174 210 oxidative stress induced by diabetes Negative_phenotype 26294257 Increase 40 54 Morus nigra L. Plant 110 121 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 26294257 Decrease 40 54 Morus nigra L. Plant 174 210 oxidative stress induced by diabetes Negative_phenotype 26294257_6 In this study, DM was induced by intraperitoneal injection of alloxan monohydrate (135 mg kg(-1)). 26294257 15 17 DM Negative_phenotype 26294257_7 Female Fischer rats were divided into four groups: control, diabetic, diabetic pulp, and diabetic leaf extract. 26294257 60 68 diabetic Negative_phenotype 26294257 70 78 diabetic Negative_phenotype 26294257 89 97 diabetic Negative_phenotype 26294257_8 Animals in the diabetic pulp and diabetic leaf extract groups were treated for 30 days with M. nigra L. pulp or leaf extracts, respectively. 26294257 15 23 diabetic Negative_phenotype 26294257 33 41 diabetic Negative_phenotype 26294257 92 103 M. nigra L. Plant 26294257_9 At the end of treatment, animals were euthanized and, liver and blood samples were collected for analysis of biochemical and metabolic parameters. 26294257_10 Our study demonstrated that treatment of diabetic rats with leaf extracts decreased the superoxide dismutase (SOD)/catalase (CAT) ratio and carbonylated protein levels by reducing oxidative stress. 26294257 41 49 diabetic Negative_phenotype 26294257 180 196 oxidative stress Negative_phenotype 26294257_11 Moreover, the leaf extract of M. nigra L. decreased the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 activity, increased insulinemia, and alleviated hyperglycemia-induced diabetes. 26294257 30 41 M. nigra L. Plant 26294257 109 120 insulinemia Negative_phenotype 26294257 137 167 hyperglycemia-induced diabetes Negative_phenotype 26294257 Increase 30 41 M. nigra L. Plant 109 120 insulinemia Negative_phenotype 26294257 Decrease 30 41 M. nigra L. Plant 137 167 hyperglycemia-induced diabetes Negative_phenotype 26294257_12 In conclusion, our study found that the leaf extract of M. nigra L. improved oxidative stress and complications in diabetic rats, suggesting the utility of this herbal remedy in the prevention and treatment of DM. 26294257 56 67 M. nigra L. Plant 26294257 77 93 oxidative stress Negative_phenotype 26294257 98 123 complications in diabetic Negative_phenotype 26294257 210 212 DM Negative_phenotype 26294257 Decrease 56 67 M. nigra L. Plant 77 93 oxidative stress Negative_phenotype 26294257 Decrease 56 67 M. nigra L. Plant 98 123 complications in diabetic Negative_phenotype 26294257 Decrease 56 67 M. nigra L. Plant 210 212 DM Negative_phenotype 26297840_1 Cyperus rotundus L.: traditional uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacological activities. 26297840 0 19 Cyperus rotundus L. Plant 26297840_2 ETHNO-PHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Cyperus rotundus L. (Cyperaceae) is a medicinal herb traditionally used to treat various clinical conditions at home such as diarrhea, diabetes, pyresis, inflammation, malaria, and stomach and bowel disorders. 26297840 33 52 Cyperus rotundus L. Plant 26297840 158 166 diarrhea Negative_phenotype 26297840 168 176 diabetes Negative_phenotype 26297840 178 185 pyresis Negative_phenotype 26297840 187 199 inflammation Negative_phenotype 26297840 201 208 malaria Negative_phenotype 26297840 214 241 stomach and bowel disorders Negative_phenotype 26297840 Decrease 33 52 Cyperus rotundus L. Plant 158 166 diarrhea Negative_phenotype 26297840 Decrease 33 52 Cyperus rotundus L. Plant 168 176 diabetes Negative_phenotype 26297840 Decrease 33 52 Cyperus rotundus L. Plant 178 185 pyresis Negative_phenotype 26297840 Decrease 33 52 Cyperus rotundus L. Plant 187 199 inflammation Negative_phenotype 26297840 Decrease 33 52 Cyperus rotundus L. Plant 201 208 malaria Negative_phenotype 26297840 Decrease 33 52 Cyperus rotundus L. Plant 214 241 stomach and bowel disorders Negative_phenotype 26297840_3 Currently, it is one of the most widespread, problematic, and economically damaging agronomic weeds, growing wildly in various tropical and subtropical regions of the world. 26297840_4 The present paper summarizes the available information that will aid in future medicine preparation by identifying active ingredients and their mode of action for a specific therapeutic activity using the latest technologies. 26297840_5 MATERIAL AND METHOD: This review article is based on the information available on the phytochemical, toxicological, and pharmacological studies on and traditional uses of C. rotundus. 26297840 171 182 C. rotundus Plant 26297840_6 The present paper covers the literature available particularly from 2000 to 2015 online (Google Scholar, PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scopus, SpringerLink, and Web of Science) and in books on phytochemistry, ethnopharmacology, and botany of this plant. 26297840_7 RESULTS: Phytochemical and pharmacological studies revealed the significance of C. rotundus as an antiandrogenic, antibacterial, anticancerous, anticonvulsant, antidiabetic, antidiarrheal, antigenotoxic, anti-inflammatory, antilipidemic, antimalarial, antimutagenic, antiobesity, antioxidant, anti-uropathogenic, hepatoprotective, cardioprotective, neuroprotective, and nootropic agent. 26297840 80 91 C. rotundus Plant 26297840 98 112 antiandrogenic Positive_phenotype 26297840 114 127 antibacterial Positive_phenotype 26297840 129 142 anticancerous Positive_phenotype 26297840 144 158 anticonvulsant Positive_phenotype 26297840 160 172 antidiabetic Positive_phenotype 26297840 174 187 antidiarrheal Positive_phenotype 26297840 189 202 antigenotoxic Positive_phenotype 26297840 204 221 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 26297840 223 236 antilipidemic Positive_phenotype 26297840 238 250 antimalarial Positive_phenotype 26297840 252 265 antimutagenic Positive_phenotype 26297840 267 278 antiobesity Positive_phenotype 26297840 280 291 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 26297840 293 311 anti-uropathogenic Positive_phenotype 26297840 313 329 hepatoprotective Positive_phenotype 26297840 331 347 cardioprotective Positive_phenotype 26297840 349 364 neuroprotective Positive_phenotype 26297840 370 379 nootropic Positive_phenotype 26297840 Increase 80 91 C. rotundus Plant 98 112 antiandrogenic Positive_phenotype 26297840 Increase 80 91 C. rotundus Plant 114 127 antibacterial Positive_phenotype 26297840 Increase 80 91 C. rotundus Plant 129 142 anticancerous Positive_phenotype 26297840 Increase 80 91 C. rotundus Plant 144 158 anticonvulsant Positive_phenotype 26297840 Increase 80 91 C. rotundus Plant 160 172 antidiabetic Positive_phenotype 26297840 Increase 80 91 C. rotundus Plant 174 187 antidiarrheal Positive_phenotype 26297840 Increase 80 91 C. rotundus Plant 189 202 antigenotoxic Positive_phenotype 26297840 Increase 80 91 C. rotundus Plant 204 221 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 26297840 Increase 80 91 C. rotundus Plant 223 236 antilipidemic Positive_phenotype 26297840 Increase 80 91 C. rotundus Plant 238 250 antimalarial Positive_phenotype 26297840 Increase 80 91 C. rotundus Plant 252 265 antimutagenic Positive_phenotype 26297840 Increase 80 91 C. rotundus Plant 267 278 antiobesity Positive_phenotype 26297840 Increase 80 91 C. rotundus Plant 280 291 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 26297840 Increase 80 91 C. rotundus Plant 293 311 anti-uropathogenic Positive_phenotype 26297840 Increase 80 91 C. rotundus Plant 313 329 hepatoprotective Positive_phenotype 26297840 Increase 80 91 C. rotundus Plant 331 347 cardioprotective Positive_phenotype 26297840 Increase 80 91 C. rotundus Plant 349 364 neuroprotective Positive_phenotype 26297840 Increase 80 91 C. rotundus Plant 370 379 nootropic Positive_phenotype 26297840_8 This is the most investigated plant worldwide due to the higher concentration of active ingredients in the form of essential oils, phenolic acids, ascorbic acids, and flavonoids in the tuber and rhizomes. 26297840_9 Unfortunately, this significant plant species has not been assessed under improved cultivation conditions with the aim of conservation in natural habitats and high quality. 26297840_10 CONCLUSION: Reports can be found on the ehtnobotanical use of C. rotundus in atherosclerosis, aging, apoptosis, cancer, cystitis, epilepsy, hirsutism, nociception, prostatitis, and genotoxicity disorders. 26297840 62 73 C. rotundus Plant 26297840 77 92 atherosclerosis Negative_phenotype 26297840 94 99 aging Negative_phenotype 26297840 112 118 cancer Negative_phenotype 26297840 120 128 cystitis Negative_phenotype 26297840 130 138 epilepsy Negative_phenotype 26297840 140 149 hirsutism Negative_phenotype 26297840 151 162 nociception Negative_phenotype 26297840 164 175 prostatitis Negative_phenotype 26297840 181 203 genotoxicity disorders Negative_phenotype 26297840 Decrease 62 73 C. rotundus Plant 77 92 atherosclerosis Negative_phenotype 26297840 Decrease 62 73 C. rotundus Plant 94 99 aging Negative_phenotype 26297840 Decrease 62 73 C. rotundus Plant 112 118 cancer Negative_phenotype 26297840 Decrease 62 73 C. rotundus Plant 120 128 cystitis Negative_phenotype 26297840 Decrease 62 73 C. rotundus Plant 130 138 epilepsy Negative_phenotype 26297840 Decrease 62 73 C. rotundus Plant 140 149 hirsutism Negative_phenotype 26297840 Decrease 62 73 C. rotundus Plant 151 162 nociception Negative_phenotype 26297840 Decrease 62 73 C. rotundus Plant 164 175 prostatitis Negative_phenotype 26297840 Decrease 62 73 C. rotundus Plant 181 203 genotoxicity disorders Negative_phenotype 26297840_11 The phytochemical and pharmacological activities of C. rotundus have supported its traditional as well as prospective uses as a valuable Ayurvedic plant. 26297840 52 63 C. rotundus Plant 26297840_12 Previous researches focuses on the phytochemistry, biological properties and clinical application of rhizomes and tubers of C. rotundus. 26297840 124 135 C. rotundus Plant 26297840_13 However, such studies on the other parts of this medicinally important plant are still quest to be investigate. 26297840_14 Furthermore, future study should aim at confirming the clinical activities and safety of this plant before being used for the development of new therapeutic agent in human subjects. 26305727_1 Topical Application of Angelica sinensis Improves Pruritus and Skin Inflammation in Mice with Atopic Dermatitis-Like Symptoms. 26305727 23 40 Angelica sinensis Plant 26305727 50 58 Pruritus Negative_phenotype 26305727 63 80 Skin Inflammation Negative_phenotype 26305727 94 125 Atopic Dermatitis-Like Symptoms Negative_phenotype 26305727 Decrease 23 40 Angelica sinensis Plant 50 58 Pruritus Negative_phenotype 26305727 Decrease 23 40 Angelica sinensis Plant 63 80 Skin Inflammation Negative_phenotype 26305727 Decrease 23 40 Angelica sinensis Plant 94 125 Atopic Dermatitis-Like Symptoms Negative_phenotype 26305727_2 Angelica sinensis (AS) is one of the most popular medicinal foods used as a hematopoietic herb and also traditionally applied topically for skin disorders. 26305727 0 17 Angelica sinensis Plant 26305727 19 21 AS Plant 26305727 140 154 skin disorders Negative_phenotype 26305727 Decrease 0 17 Angelica sinensis Plant 140 154 skin disorders Negative_phenotype 26305727 Decrease 19 21 AS Plant 140 154 skin disorders Negative_phenotype 26305727_3 However, the effectiveness of AS on atopic dermatitis (AD) has not been reported yet. 26305727 30 32 AS Plant 26305727 36 53 atopic dermatitis Negative_phenotype 26305727 55 57 AD Negative_phenotype 26305727_4 This study was conducted to evaluate the antipruritic and anti-inflammatory effects of AS on regulating AD-related mediators in DNCB (2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene)-induced mice. 26305727 41 53 antipruritic Positive_phenotype 26305727 58 75 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 26305727 87 89 AS Plant 26305727_5 AS was topically applied to the dorsal skin of DNCB-challenged mice for 11 days. 26305727 0 2 AS Plant 26305727_6 Alteration of skin thickness was measured for assessment of histological improvement. 26305727 14 28 skin thickness Neutral_phenotype 26305727_7 In addition, the number of mast cells, the level of serum immunoglobulin E (IgE), the counting of scratching behavior, and the expression of substance P were evaluated. 26305727 98 117 scratching behavior Negative_phenotype 26305727_8 Also, the expressions of cytokines, nuclear factor kB (NF-kB), phospho-IkBa, and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) were measured for evaluating the improvement of skin inflammation. 26305727 171 188 skin inflammation Negative_phenotype 26305727_9 The repeated treatment of AS significantly inhibited the skin thickness, the number of mast cells, and the level of serum IgE. 26305727 26 28 AS Plant 26305727 57 71 skin thickness Neutral_phenotype 26305727 Decrease 26 28 AS Plant 57 71 skin thickness Neutral_phenotype 26305727_10 Moreover, AS significantly suppressed the increased scratching behavior and the expression of substance P compared to the DNCB group. 26305727 10 12 AS Plant 26305727 52 71 scratching behavior Negative_phenotype 26305727 Decrease 10 12 AS Plant 52 71 scratching behavior Negative_phenotype 26305727_11 Topical application of AS also reduced the level of cytokines (IL-4, IL-6, TNF-a, and IFN-y) as well as the expressions of NF-kB, phospho-IkBa, and phospho-MAPKs in the dorsal skin. 26305727 23 25 AS Plant 26305727_12 The results of our study suggest that topical application of AS might have efficacy for modulating pruritus and inflammation in AD. 26305727 61 63 AS Plant 26305727 99 107 pruritus Negative_phenotype 26305727 112 130 inflammation in AD Negative_phenotype 26305727 Decrease 61 63 AS Plant 99 107 pruritus Negative_phenotype 26305727 Decrease 61 63 AS Plant 112 130 inflammation in AD Negative_phenotype 26305727_13 Further studies are required to further characterize the mechanism of actions of AS. 26305727 81 83 AS Plant 26320688_1 Lariciresinol-4-O-b-D-glucopyranoside From the Root of Isatis indigotica Inhibits Influenza A virus-induced Pro-Inflammatory Response. 26320688 55 72 Isatis indigotica Plant 26320688 82 124 Influenza A virus-induced Pro-Inflammatory Negative_phenotype 26320688 Decrease 55 72 Isatis indigotica Plant 82 124 Influenza A virus-induced Pro-Inflammatory Negative_phenotype 26320688_2 ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Isatis indigotica is a traditional Chinese medicine. 26320688 32 49 Isatis indigotica Plant 26320688_3 Its dried roots named "ban lan gen" in Chinese, are used for clinical treatment of virus infection, tumor, inflammation with a long history. 26320688 23 34 ban lan gen Plant 26320688 83 98 virus infection Negative_phenotype 26320688 100 105 tumor Negative_phenotype 26320688 107 119 inflammation Negative_phenotype 26320688 Decrease 23 34 ban lan gen Plant 83 98 virus infection Negative_phenotype 26320688 Decrease 23 34 ban lan gen Plant 100 105 tumor Negative_phenotype 26320688 Decrease 23 34 ban lan gen Plant 107 119 inflammation Negative_phenotype 26320688_4 However, its anti-influenza active ingredient and the underlying mechanism remain unclear. 26320688 13 27 anti-influenza Positive_phenotype 26320688_5 In this study, the anti-influenza and anti-inflammatory effects of a lignan glycoside: lariciresinol-4-O-b-D- glucopyranoside isolated from the root of Isatis indigotica on human alveolar epithelial cell line A549 infected with influenza A virus were investigated. 26320688 19 33 anti-influenza Positive_phenotype 26320688 38 55 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 26320688 152 169 Isatis indigotica Plant 26320688 210 214 A549 Negative_phenotype 26320688 229 246 influenza A virus Negative_phenotype 26320688_6 MATERIALS AND METHODS: Chemical and spectroscopic methods were employed to identify the structure of the lignan glycoside. 26320688_7 Cytotoxicity of the lignan glycoside was analyzed using methylthiazolyltetrazolium (MTT) assay. 26320688_8 The inhibitory activity against influenza virus of the lignan was determined by CPE inhibition assay. 26320688 32 47 influenza virus Negative_phenotype 26320688 80 83 CPE Negative_phenotype 26320688_9 HEK-293 cells stably co-transfected with NF-kB responsive firefly luciferase and constitutively expressing GFP were employed for monitoring the effect of the lignan on NF-kB signal pathway activation. 26320688_10 Nuclear export of viral ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complexes was monitored by indirect immunofluorescence. 26320688_11 Quantitative real-time PCR was used to quantify the expression profiling of cytokines and chemokines after infection with influenza virus. 26320688 107 137 infection with influenza virus Negative_phenotype 26320688_12 RESULTS: We showed that the lignan glycoside treatment was effective against the influenza A virus-induced cytopathic effect (CPE) in MDCK cells. 26320688 81 124 influenza A virus-induced cytopathic effect Negative_phenotype 26320688 126 129 CPE Negative_phenotype 26320688_13 Further study demonstrated the lignan glycoside attenuated virus-induced NF-kB activation, but did not affect export of viral ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complexes from the nucleus in late stages of infection. 26320688 195 204 infection Negative_phenotype 26320688_14 We revealed that the lignan glycoside suppressed influenza A virus (H1N1)-induced expression of the pro-inflammatory molecules IL-6, TNF-a, IL-8, MCP-1, IP-10 and IFN-a. 26320688 49 66 influenza A virus Negative_phenotype 26320688 68 72 H1N1 Negative_phenotype 26320688_15 Moreover, the cytokines and chemokines profiles induced by H9N2 virus resembled those of influenza virus H1N1, but the lignan glycoside reduced the expression of IP-10 and TNF-a. 26320688 59 69 H9N2 virus Negative_phenotype 26320688 89 109 influenza virus H1N1 Negative_phenotype 26320688_16 CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that the lignan glycoside is a bioactive component of Isatis indigotica which may contribute an adjunct to pharmacotherapy for influenza virus infection. 26320688 87 104 Isatis indigotica Plant 26320688 160 185 influenza virus infection Negative_phenotype 26320688 Decrease 87 104 Isatis indigotica Plant 160 185 influenza virus infection Negative_phenotype 26393569_1 Clinacanthus nutans (Burm. f.) Lindau Ethanol Extract Inhibits Hepatoma in Mice through Upregulation of the Immune Response. 26393569 0 37 Clinacanthus nutans (Burm. f.) Lindau Plant 26393569 63 71 Hepatoma Negative_phenotype 26393569 108 114 Immune Positive_phenotype 26393569 Decrease 0 37 Clinacanthus nutans (Burm. f.) Lindau Plant 63 71 Hepatoma Negative_phenotype 26393569 Increase 0 37 Clinacanthus nutans (Burm. f.) Lindau Plant 108 114 Immune Positive_phenotype 26393569_2 UNASSIGNED: Clinacanthans nutans (Burm. f.) Lindau is a popular medicinal vegetable in Southern Asia, and its extracts have displayed significant anti-proliferative effects on cancer cells in vitro. 26393569 12 50 Clinacanthans nutans (Burm. f.) Lindau Plant 26393569 146 164 anti-proliferative Positive_phenotype 26393569 176 182 cancer Negative_phenotype 26393569 Increase 12 50 Clinacanthans nutans (Burm. f.) Lindau Plant 146 164 anti-proliferative Positive_phenotype 26393569 Decrease 12 50 Clinacanthans nutans (Burm. f.) Lindau Plant 176 182 cancer Negative_phenotype 26393569_3 However, the underlying mechanism for this effect has yet to be established. 26393569_4 This study investigated the antitumor and immunomodulatory activity of C. nutans (Burm. f.) Lindau 30% ethanol extract (CN30) in vivo. 26393569 28 37 antitumor Positive_phenotype 26393569 42 58 immunomodulatory Positive_phenotype 26393569 71 98 C. nutans (Burm. f.) Lindau Plant 26393569 120 124 CN30 Plant 26393569_5 CN30 was prepared and its main components were identified using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). 26393569 0 4 CN30 Plant 26393569_6 CN30 had a significant inhibitory effect on tumor volume and weight. 26393569 0 4 CN30 Plant 26393569 44 49 tumor Negative_phenotype 26393569 Decrease 0 4 CN30 Plant 44 49 tumor Negative_phenotype 26393569_7 Hematoxylin and eosin (H _ E) staining and TUNEL assay revealed that hepatoma cells underwent significant apoptosis with CN30 treatment, while expression levels of proliferation markers PCNA and p-AKT were significantly decreased when treated with low or high doses of CN30 treatment. 26393569 69 77 hepatoma Negative_phenotype 26393569 121 125 CN30 Plant 26393569 269 273 CN30 Plant 26393569 Decrease 69 77 hepatoma Negative_phenotype 121 125 CN30 Plant 26393569_8 Western blot analysis of PAPR, caspase-3, BAX, and Bcl2 also showed that CN30 induced apoptosis in hepatoma cells. 26393569 73 77 CN30 Plant 26393569 99 107 hepatoma Negative_phenotype 26393569_9 Furthermore, intracellular staining analysis showed that CN30 treatment increased the number of IFN-y T cells and decreased the number of IL-4 T cells. 26393569 57 61 CN30 Plant 26393569_10 Serum IFN-y and interleukin-2 levels also significantly improved. 26393569_11 Our findings indicated that CN30 demonstrated antitumor properties by up-regulating the immune response, and warrants further evaluation as a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment and prevention of cancers. 26393569 28 32 CN30 Plant 26393569 46 55 antitumor Positive_phenotype 26393569 88 94 immune Positive_phenotype 26393569 206 213 cancers Negative_phenotype 26393569 Increase 28 32 CN30 Plant 46 55 antitumor Positive_phenotype 26393569 Increase 28 32 CN30 Plant 88 94 immune Positive_phenotype 26393569 Decrease 28 32 CN30 Plant 206 213 cancers Negative_phenotype 26418168_1 Total Saponin from Anemone flaccida Fr. 26418168_2 Schmidt Prevents Bone Destruction in Experimental Rheumatoid Arthritis via Inhibiting Osteoclastogenesis. 26418168 17 70 Bone Destruction in Experimental Rheumatoid Arthritis Negative_phenotype 26418168 86 104 Osteoclastogenesis Negative_phenotype 26418168_3 UNASSIGNED: Anemone flaccida Fr. 26418168_4 Schmidt is used in the clinical compound prescription for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in China and has the traditional use of draining dampness, diminishing swelling, and relieving pain. 26418168 75 95 rheumatoid arthritis Negative_phenotype 26418168 97 99 RA Negative_phenotype 26418168 150 158 dampness Negative_phenotype 26418168 172 180 swelling Negative_phenotype 26418168 196 200 pain Negative_phenotype 26418168_5 Total saponins (TS) are the characteristic components and also the main active ingredients of A. flaccida. 26418168 94 105 A. flaccida Plant 26418168_6 Previous reports indicated that TS possess anti-inflammatory and immunoregulatory properties; however, the effects of TS on bone destruction of RA have not been evaluated. 26418168 43 60 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 26418168 65 81 immunoregulatory Positive_phenotype 26418168 124 146 bone destruction of RA Negative_phenotype 26418168_7 In this study, our data first showed the therapeutic effects of TS on severity of arthritis and arthritis progression in collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) rats. 26418168 70 91 severity of arthritis Negative_phenotype 26418168 96 105 arthritis Negative_phenotype 26418168 138 147 arthritis Negative_phenotype 26418168 149 152 CIA Negative_phenotype 26418168_8 Then, by microfocal computed tomography (CT) quantification, TS significantly increased bone mineral density, bone volume fraction, and trabecular thickness and decreased trabecular separation of inflamed joints both at peri-articular and extra-articular locations. 26418168 88 108 bone mineral density Neutral_phenotype 26418168 110 130 bone volume fraction Neutral_phenotype 26418168 136 156 trabecular thickness Neutral_phenotype 26418168 196 211 inflamed joints Negative_phenotype 26418168_9 TS also diminished the level of the bone resorption marker CTX-I and simultaneously increased the bone formation marker osteocalcin in sera of CIA rats. 26418168 98 102 bone Positive_phenotype 26418168 143 146 CIA Negative_phenotype 26418168_10 Interestingly, TS prevented bone destruction by reducing the number of osteoclasts in inflamed joints, reducing the expression of receptor activator of nuclear factor-kF (RANK) ligand (RANKL) and RANK, increasing the expression of osteoprotegerin (OPG), at both mRNA and protein levels, and decreasing the ratio of RANKL to OPG in inflamed joints and sera of CIA rats. 26418168 28 44 bone destruction Negative_phenotype 26418168 86 101 inflamed joints Negative_phenotype 26418168 331 346 inflamed joints Negative_phenotype 26418168 359 362 CIA Negative_phenotype 26418168_11 This was further confirmed in the co-culture system of human fibroblast-like synovial and peripheral blood mononuclear cells. 26418168_12 In addition, TS inhibited the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines implicated in bone resorption, such as interleukin-1b (IL-1b), tumor necrosis factor-a (TNFa), IL-6, IL-17, and IL-23 in sera and joints. 26418168_13 These findings offer convincing evidence that TS attenuate RA partially by preventing both focal bone destruction and systemic bone loss. 26418168 59 61 RA Negative_phenotype 26418168 91 113 focal bone destruction Negative_phenotype 26418168 118 136 systemic bone loss Negative_phenotype 26418168_14 This anti-erosive effect results in part from inhibiting osteoclastogenesis by regulating the RANKL/RANK/OPG signaling pathway. 26418168 5 17 anti-erosive Positive_phenotype 26418168 57 75 osteoclastogenesis Negative_phenotype 26418168_15 The suppression of systemic and local pro-osteoclastogenic cytokines by TS was also highly effective. 26432351_1 Medicinal plants of the genus Anthocleista--A review of their ethnobotany, phytochemistry and pharmacology. 26432351 30 42 Anthocleista Plant 26432351_2 ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: The genus Anthocleista of the Gentianaceae family contains 14 species of trees and shrub-like plants distributed in tropical Africa, in Madagascar and on the Comoros. 26432351 42 54 Anthocleista Plant 26432351_3 Traditionally, they are commonly used in the treatment of diabetes, hypertension, malaria, typhoid fever, obesity, diarrhea, dysentery, hyperprolactinemia, abdominal pain, ulcer, jaundice, asthma, hemorrhoids, hernia, cancer, wounds, chest pains, inflammations, rheumatism, STDs, infertility and skin diseases. 26432351 58 66 diabetes Negative_phenotype 26432351 68 80 hypertension Negative_phenotype 26432351 82 89 malaria Negative_phenotype 26432351 91 104 typhoid fever Negative_phenotype 26432351 106 113 obesity Negative_phenotype 26432351 115 123 diarrhea Negative_phenotype 26432351 125 134 dysentery Negative_phenotype 26432351 136 154 hyperprolactinemia Negative_phenotype 26432351 156 170 abdominal pain Negative_phenotype 26432351 172 177 ulcer Negative_phenotype 26432351 179 187 jaundice Negative_phenotype 26432351 189 195 asthma Negative_phenotype 26432351 197 208 hemorrhoids Negative_phenotype 26432351 210 216 hernia Negative_phenotype 26432351 218 224 cancer Negative_phenotype 26432351 226 232 wounds Negative_phenotype 26432351 234 245 chest pains Negative_phenotype 26432351 247 260 inflammations Negative_phenotype 26432351 262 272 rheumatism Negative_phenotype 26432351 274 278 STDs Negative_phenotype 26432351 280 291 infertility Negative_phenotype 26432351 296 309 skin diseases Negative_phenotype 26432351_4 They serve as an anthelmintic, laxative, diuretic and contraceptive. 26432351 17 29 anthelmintic Positive_phenotype 26432351 31 39 laxative Positive_phenotype 26432351 41 49 diuretic Positive_phenotype 26432351 54 67 contraceptive Positive_phenotype 26432351_5 This review aims to provide for the first time a repository of ethnopharmacological information while critically evaluating the relation between the traditional medicinal uses, chemical constituents and pharmacological activities of the Anthocleista species so as to unveil opportunities for future research. 26432351 237 249 Anthocleista Plant 26432351_6 MATERIALS AND METHODS: A search for relevant information on Anthocleista species was performed on scientific databases (Pubmed, Google Scholar, SciFinder, Web of Science, Scopus, PubChem and other web sources such as The Plant List, Kew Botanical Garden and PROTA) and books, PhD and MSc dissertations for un-published resources. 26432351 60 72 Anthocleista Plant 26432351_7 RESULTS: Out of the 14 species of Anthocleista, 6 have been reported in literature to be widely used in traditional medicine for the treatment of various ailments. 26432351 34 46 Anthocleista Plant 26432351_8 The six species include: A. djalonensis, A. vogelii, A. nobilis, A. grandiflora, A. schweinfurthii, and A. liebrechtsiana. 26432351 25 39 A. djalonensis Plant 26432351 41 51 A. vogelii Plant 26432351 53 63 A. nobilis Plant 26432351 65 79 A. grandiflora Plant 26432351 81 98 A. schweinfurthii Plant 26432351 104 121 A. liebrechtsiana Plant 26432351_9 The chemical compounds isolated from Anthocleista species fall into the class of phytochemicals such as secoiridoids, nor-secoiridoids, xanthones, phytosterols, triterpenes, alkaloids, and others of which majority of the compounds were isolated from A. djalonensis and A. vogelii. 26432351 37 49 Anthocleista Plant 26432351 250 264 A. djalonensis Plant 26432351 269 279 A. vogelii Plant 26432351_10 The in vitro and in vivo pharmacological studies on the crude extracts, fractions and few isolated compounds of Anthocleista species showed antidiabetic, antiplasmodial, antimicrobial, hypotensive, spasmogenic, anti-obesity, antiulcerogenic, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antitrypanosomal, anthelmintic, fertility, diuretic and laxative activities which supports most of their uses in traditional medicine. 26432351 112 124 Anthocleista Plant 26432351 140 152 antidiabetic Positive_phenotype 26432351 154 168 antiplasmodial Positive_phenotype 26432351 170 183 antimicrobial Positive_phenotype 26432351 185 196 hypotensive Positive_phenotype 26432351 198 209 spasmogenic Positive_phenotype 26432351 211 223 anti-obesity Positive_phenotype 26432351 225 240 antiulcerogenic Positive_phenotype 26432351 242 251 analgesic Positive_phenotype 26432351 253 270 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 26432351 272 283 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 26432351 285 301 antitrypanosomal Positive_phenotype 26432351 303 315 anthelmintic Positive_phenotype 26432351 317 326 fertility Positive_phenotype 26432351 328 336 diuretic Positive_phenotype 26432351 341 349 laxative Positive_phenotype 26432351 Increase 112 124 Anthocleista Plant 140 152 antidiabetic Positive_phenotype 26432351 Increase 112 124 Anthocleista Plant 154 168 antiplasmodial Positive_phenotype 26432351 Increase 112 124 Anthocleista Plant 170 183 antimicrobial Positive_phenotype 26432351 Increase 112 124 Anthocleista Plant 185 196 hypotensive Positive_phenotype 26432351 Increase 112 124 Anthocleista Plant 198 209 spasmogenic Positive_phenotype 26432351 Increase 112 124 Anthocleista Plant 211 223 anti-obesity Positive_phenotype 26432351 Increase 112 124 Anthocleista Plant 225 240 antiulcerogenic Positive_phenotype 26432351 Increase 112 124 Anthocleista Plant 242 251 analgesic Positive_phenotype 26432351 Increase 112 124 Anthocleista Plant 253 270 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 26432351 Increase 112 124 Anthocleista Plant 272 283 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 26432351 Increase 112 124 Anthocleista Plant 285 301 antitrypanosomal Positive_phenotype 26432351 Increase 112 124 Anthocleista Plant 303 315 anthelmintic Positive_phenotype 26432351 Increase 112 124 Anthocleista Plant 317 326 fertility Positive_phenotype 26432351 Increase 112 124 Anthocleista Plant 328 336 diuretic Positive_phenotype 26432351 Increase 112 124 Anthocleista Plant 341 349 laxative Positive_phenotype 26432351_11 However, the bulk of the studies where centered on the antidiabetic, antiplasmodial and antimicrobial activities of Anthocleista species, although the evidence of its antiplasmodial effect was not convincing enough due to the discrepancies between the in vitro and in vivo results. 26432351 55 67 antidiabetic Positive_phenotype 26432351 69 83 antiplasmodial Positive_phenotype 26432351 88 101 antimicrobial Positive_phenotype 26432351 116 128 Anthocleista Plant 26432351 167 181 antiplasmodial Positive_phenotype 26432351_12 CONCLUSION: A. djalonensis and A. vogelii are potential antidiabetic and antibacterial agents. 26432351 12 26 A. djalonensis Plant 26432351 31 41 A. vogelii Plant 26432351 56 68 antidiabetic Positive_phenotype 26432351 73 86 antibacterial Positive_phenotype 26432351 Increase 12 26 A. djalonensis Plant 56 68 antidiabetic Positive_phenotype 26432351 Increase 12 26 A. djalonensis Plant 73 86 antibacterial Positive_phenotype 26432351 Increase 31 41 A. vogelii Plant 56 68 antidiabetic Positive_phenotype 26432351 Increase 31 41 A. vogelii Plant 73 86 antibacterial Positive_phenotype 26432351_13 The antibacterial potency relates to infections or diseases caused by E. coli, S. typhi and S. aureus such as urinary tract infections, typhoid, diarrhea, skin diseases, and food poisoning. 26432351 4 17 antibacterial Positive_phenotype 26432351 37 47 infections Negative_phenotype 26432351 70 77 E. coli Negative_phenotype 26432351 79 87 S. typhi Negative_phenotype 26432351 92 101 S. aureus Negative_phenotype 26432351 110 134 urinary tract infections Negative_phenotype 26432351 136 143 typhoid Negative_phenotype 26432351 145 153 diarrhea Negative_phenotype 26432351 155 168 skin diseases Negative_phenotype 26432351 174 188 food poisoning Negative_phenotype 26432351_14 Pharmacological research on this genus is quite elementary and limited, thus, more advanced research is necessary to isolate and determine the activities of bioactive compounds in vitro and in vivo, establish their mechanisms of action and commence the process of clinical research. 26497766_1 The genus Sida L. a traditional medicine: Its ethnopharmacological, phytochemical and pharmacological data for commercial exploitation in herbal drugs industry. 26497766 10 17 Sida L. Plant 26497766_2 ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Sida L. (Malvaceae) has been used for centuries in traditional medicines in different countries for the prevention and treatment of different diseases such as diarrhea, dysentery, gastrointestinal and urinary infections, malarial and other fevers, childbirth and miscarriage problems, skin ailments, cardiac and neural problems, asthma, bronchitis and other respiratory problems, weight loss aid, rheumatic and other inflammations, tuberculosis, etc. 26497766 32 39 Sida L. Plant 26497766 191 199 diarrhea Negative_phenotype 26497766 201 210 dysentery Negative_phenotype 26497766 212 251 gastrointestinal and urinary infections Negative_phenotype 26497766 253 261 malarial Negative_phenotype 26497766 272 278 fevers Negative_phenotype 26497766 280 315 childbirth and miscarriage problems Negative_phenotype 26497766 317 330 skin ailments Negative_phenotype 26497766 332 359 cardiac and neural problems Negative_phenotype 26497766 361 367 asthma Negative_phenotype 26497766 369 379 bronchitis Negative_phenotype 26497766 390 410 respiratory problems Negative_phenotype 26497766 412 427 weight loss aid Positive_phenotype 26497766 429 438 rheumatic Negative_phenotype 26497766 449 462 inflammations Negative_phenotype 26497766 464 476 tuberculosis Negative_phenotype 26497766 Decrease 32 39 Sida L. Plant 191 199 diarrhea Negative_phenotype 26497766 Decrease 32 39 Sida L. Plant 201 210 dysentery Negative_phenotype 26497766 Decrease 32 39 Sida L. Plant 212 251 gastrointestinal and urinary infections Negative_phenotype 26497766 Decrease 32 39 Sida L. Plant 253 261 malarial Negative_phenotype 26497766 Decrease 32 39 Sida L. Plant 272 278 fevers Negative_phenotype 26497766 Decrease 32 39 Sida L. Plant 280 315 childbirth and miscarriage problems Negative_phenotype 26497766 Decrease 32 39 Sida L. Plant 317 330 skin ailments Negative_phenotype 26497766 Decrease 32 39 Sida L. Plant 332 359 cardiac and neural problems Negative_phenotype 26497766 Decrease 32 39 Sida L. Plant 361 367 asthma Negative_phenotype 26497766 Decrease 32 39 Sida L. Plant 369 379 bronchitis Negative_phenotype 26497766 Decrease 32 39 Sida L. Plant 390 410 respiratory problems Negative_phenotype 26497766 Increase 32 39 Sida L. Plant 412 427 weight loss aid Positive_phenotype 26497766 Decrease 32 39 Sida L. Plant 429 438 rheumatic Negative_phenotype 26497766 Decrease 32 39 Sida L. Plant 449 462 inflammations Negative_phenotype 26497766 Decrease 32 39 Sida L. Plant 464 476 tuberculosis Negative_phenotype 26497766_3 AIMS OF THIS REVIEW: To assess the scientific evidence for therapeutic potential of Sida L. and to identify the gaps of future research needs. 26497766 84 91 Sida L. Plant 26497766_4 METHODS: The available information on the ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicology of Sida species was collected via a library and electronic searches in SciFinder, PubMed, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar for the period, 1933 to 2015. 26497766 110 114 Sida Plant 26497766_5 RESULTS: A variety of ethnomedicinal uses of Sida species have been found in India, China, Afrian and American countries. 26497766 45 49 Sida Plant 26497766_6 Phytochemical investigation of this genus has resulted in identification of about 142 chemical constituents, among which alkaloids, flavonoids and ecdysteroids are the predominant groups. 26497766_7 The crude extracts and isolates have exhibited a wide spectrum of in vitro and in vivo pharmacological effects involving antimicrobial, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, abortifacient, neuroprotective, cardiovascular and cardioprotective, antimalarial, antitubercular, antidiabetic and antiobesity, antioxidant and nephroprotective activities among others. 26497766 121 134 antimicrobial Positive_phenotype 26497766 136 145 analgesic Positive_phenotype 26497766 147 164 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 26497766 166 179 abortifacient Positive_phenotype 26497766 181 196 neuroprotective Positive_phenotype 26497766 198 212 cardiovascular Positive_phenotype 26497766 217 233 cardioprotective Positive_phenotype 26497766 235 247 antimalarial Positive_phenotype 26497766 249 263 antitubercular Positive_phenotype 26497766 265 277 antidiabetic Positive_phenotype 26497766 282 293 antiobesity Positive_phenotype 26497766 295 306 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 26497766 311 327 nephroprotective Positive_phenotype 26497766_8 Ethnopharmacological preparations containing Sida species as an ingredient in India, African and American countries possess good efficacy in health disorders. 26497766 45 49 Sida Plant 26497766_9 From the toxicity perspective, only three Sida species have been assessed and found safe for oral use in rats. 26497766 9 17 toxicity Negative_phenotype 26497766 42 46 Sida Plant 26497766_10 CONCLUSIONS: Pharmacological results supported some of the uses of Sida species in the traditional medicine. 26497766 67 71 Sida Plant 26497766_11 Alkaloids, flavonoids, other phenolics and ecdysteroids were perhaps responsible for the activities of extracts of the plants of this genus. 26497766_12 No clinical study was reported. 26497766_13 The detailed study on mechanism of action of isolates and extracts and their clinical study are needed for their use in modern medicine. 26497766_14 More attention should be paid to S. acuta, S. cordifolia, S. spinosa, S. rhombifolia and S. veronicaefolia in the domain of diarrhea, dysentery, gastrointestinal and urinary infections, skin ailments, asthma, bronchitis and other respiratory problems, malaria, childbirth and miscarriage problems, cardiac and neural problems, weight loss aid, and rheumatic and other inflammations, etc. 26497766 33 41 S. acuta Plant 26497766 43 56 S. cordifolia Plant 26497766 58 68 S. spinosa Plant 26497766 70 84 S. rhombifolia Plant 26497766 89 106 S. veronicaefolia Plant 26497766 124 132 diarrhea Negative_phenotype 26497766 134 143 dysentery Negative_phenotype 26497766 145 184 gastrointestinal and urinary infections Negative_phenotype 26497766 186 199 skin ailments Negative_phenotype 26497766 201 207 asthma Negative_phenotype 26497766 209 219 bronchitis Negative_phenotype 26497766 230 250 respiratory problems Negative_phenotype 26497766 252 259 malaria Negative_phenotype 26497766 261 296 childbirth and miscarriage problems Negative_phenotype 26497766 298 325 cardiac and neural problems Negative_phenotype 26497766 327 342 weight loss aid Positive_phenotype 26497766 348 357 rheumatic Negative_phenotype 26497766 368 381 inflammations Negative_phenotype 26497766_15 Furthermore, detailed study on quality and safety assurance data on available ethnopharmacological preparations is needed for their commercial exploitation in local and global markets. 26507490_1 Cudrania tricuspidata water extract improved obesity-induced hepatic insulin resistance in db/db mice by suppressing ER stress and inflammation. 26507490 0 21 Cudrania tricuspidata Plant 26507490 45 87 obesity-induced hepatic insulin resistance Negative_phenotype 26507490 117 126 ER stress Negative_phenotype 26507490 131 143 inflammation Negative_phenotype 26507490 Decrease 0 21 Cudrania tricuspidata Plant 45 87 obesity-induced hepatic insulin resistance Negative_phenotype 26507490 Decrease 0 21 Cudrania tricuspidata Plant 117 126 ER stress Negative_phenotype 26507490 Decrease 0 21 Cudrania tricuspidata Plant 131 143 inflammation Negative_phenotype 26507490_2 BACKGROUND: Obesity can play a role in the development of hepatic insulin resistance. 26507490 12 19 Obesity Negative_phenotype 26507490 58 84 hepatic insulin resistance Negative_phenotype 26507490_3 Although the molecular mechanism of the association between obesity and hepatic insulin resistance is unclear, it has been reported that obesity leads to hepatic endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and inflammation, which can induce the development of insulin resistance in several tissues. 26507490 60 67 obesity Negative_phenotype 26507490 72 98 hepatic insulin resistance Negative_phenotype 26507490 137 144 obesity Negative_phenotype 26507490 154 195 hepatic endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress Negative_phenotype 26507490 200 212 inflammation Negative_phenotype 26507490 250 268 insulin resistance Negative_phenotype 26507490_4 OBJECTIVE: In this study, we investigated the associations between hepatic insulin resistance, ER, and inflammation in obesity and the effect of water extract from Cudrania tricuspidata leaves (CTL) on hepatic insulin resistance induced by ER stress and inflammation in db/db mice. 26507490 67 93 hepatic insulin resistance Negative_phenotype 26507490 103 126 inflammation in obesity Negative_phenotype 26507490 164 185 Cudrania tricuspidata Plant 26507490 194 197 CTL Plant 26507490 202 228 hepatic insulin resistance Negative_phenotype 26507490 240 249 ER stress Negative_phenotype 26507490 254 266 inflammation Negative_phenotype 26507490_5 DESIGN: The mice were randomly divided into four groups: a normal control group (C57BL/6J), a control group (C57BL/6J-db/db), a CTL 100 group (C57BL/6J-db/db mice fed a dietary supplement of 100 mg/kg of CTL), and a CTL 300 group (C57BL/6J-db/db mice fed a dietary supplement of 300 mg/kg of CTL). 26507490 128 131 CTL Plant 26507490 204 207 CTL Plant 26507490 216 219 CTL Plant 26507490 292 295 CTL Plant 26507490_6 After 8 weeks, we performed an oral glucose tolerance test and the mice were sacrificed. 26507490 31 53 oral glucose tolerance Positive_phenotype 26507490_7 RESULTS: The C57BL/6J-db/db mice developed obesity and hyperglycemia, and the ER stress response and inflammation were activated in their livers. 26507490 43 50 obesity Negative_phenotype 26507490 55 68 hyperglycemia Negative_phenotype 26507490 78 87 ER stress Negative_phenotype 26507490 101 113 inflammation Negative_phenotype 26507490_8 Interestingly, there was a marked decrease in the activation of the ER stress response and insulin resistance in the livers of the C57BL/6J-db/db mice treated with CTL due to decreases in the phosphorylation of eIF2a, IRE1a, and IRS-1 serine and decreases in the mRNA expression of ATF4, c-Jun N-terminal kinase, C/EBPa, and C/EBP homologous protein. 26507490 68 77 ER stress Negative_phenotype 26507490 91 123 insulin resistance in the livers Negative_phenotype 26507490 164 167 CTL Plant 26507490 Decrease 68 77 ER stress Negative_phenotype 164 167 CTL Plant 26507490 Decrease 91 123 insulin resistance in the livers Negative_phenotype 164 167 CTL Plant 26507490_9 Dietary supplementation with CTL also induced a statistically significant decrease in the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, C-reactive protein (CRP), and NF-kB phosphorylation. 26507490 29 32 CTL Plant 26507490_10 CONCLUSIONS: Overall, these results suggest that CTL can improve hepatic insulin resistance and hyperglycemia by controlling obesity-induced ER stress and inflammation in the liver and that CTL may be a useful agent in treating hyperglycemia. 26507490 49 52 CTL Plant 26507490 65 91 hepatic insulin resistance Negative_phenotype 26507490 96 109 hyperglycemia Negative_phenotype 26507490 125 150 obesity-induced ER stress Negative_phenotype 26507490 155 180 inflammation in the liver Negative_phenotype 26507490 190 193 CTL Plant 26507490 228 241 hyperglycemia Negative_phenotype 26507490 Decrease 49 52 CTL Plant 65 91 hepatic insulin resistance Negative_phenotype 26507490 Decrease 49 52 CTL Plant 96 109 hyperglycemia Negative_phenotype 26507490 Decrease 49 52 CTL Plant 125 150 obesity-induced ER stress Negative_phenotype 26507490 Decrease 49 52 CTL Plant 155 180 inflammation in the liver Negative_phenotype 26507490 Decrease 190 193 CTL Plant 228 241 hyperglycemia Negative_phenotype 26509161_1 Anti-Inflammatory and Anticancer Activities of Taiwanese Purple-Fleshed Sweet Potatoes (Ipomoea batatas L. Lam) Extracts. 26509161 0 17 Anti-Inflammatory Positive_phenotype 26509161 22 32 Anticancer Positive_phenotype 26509161 57 86 Purple-Fleshed Sweet Potatoes Plant 26509161 88 110 Ipomoea batatas L. Lam Plant 26509161_2 Purple-fleshed sweet potato (PFSP) (Ipomoea batatas L. Lam) has been known to possess high amount of anthocyanins which contribute to its antioxidant activity. 26509161 0 27 Purple-fleshed sweet potato Plant 26509161 29 33 PFSP Plant 26509161 36 58 Ipomoea batatas L. Lam Plant 26509161 138 149 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 26509161 Increase 0 27 Purple-fleshed sweet potato Plant 138 149 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 26509161 Increase 29 33 PFSP Plant 138 149 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 26509161 Increase 36 58 Ipomoea batatas L. Lam Plant 138 149 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 26509161_3 However, a few reports are available concerning its anti-inflammatory and anticancer properties. 26509161 52 69 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 26509161 74 84 anticancer Positive_phenotype 26509161_4 In this study, PFSP "Tainung 73," which is locally grown in Taiwan, was steamed and extracted using acidified ethanol pH 3.5 under 80 C. Two kinds of crude anthocyanins extracts were obtained, namely, SP (Steamed, Peeled) and SNP (Steamed, No Peeled). 26509161 15 19 PFSP Plant 26509161_5 Then, anti-inflammatory and anticancer activities of these extracts were investigated. 26509161 6 23 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 26509161 28 38 anticancer Positive_phenotype 26509161_6 Cell viability assay (MTT) showed that SP and SNP extracts were not toxic to RAW 264.7 cells. 26509161_7 They even exhibited anti-inflammatory activities by suppressing the production of NO and proinflammatory cytokines, such as NF-kb, TNF-a, and IL-6, in LPS-induced macrophage cells. 26509161 20 37 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 26509161_8 Anticancer activities of these extracts were displayed through their ability to inhibit the growth of cancer cell lines, such as MCF-7 (breast cancer), SNU-1 (gastric cancer), and WiDr (colon adenocarcinoma), in concentration- and time-dependent manner. 26509161 0 10 Anticancer Positive_phenotype 26509161 102 108 cancer Negative_phenotype 26509161 129 134 MCF-7 Negative_phenotype 26509161 136 149 breast cancer Negative_phenotype 26509161 152 157 SNU-1 Negative_phenotype 26509161 159 173 gastric cancer Negative_phenotype 26509161 180 184 WiDr Negative_phenotype 26509161 186 206 colon adenocarcinoma Negative_phenotype 26509161_9 Further studies also revealed that SP extracts could induce apoptosis in MCF-7 and SNU-1 cancer cells through extrinsic and intrinsic pathway. 26509161 73 78 MCF-7 Negative_phenotype 26509161 83 88 SNU-1 Negative_phenotype 26509161 89 95 cancer Negative_phenotype 26509161_10 In the future, PSFP extracts may have potential to be applied in nutraceutical, pharmaceutical, and food industries. 26509161 15 19 PSFP Plant 26557698_1 Antiproliferative Activity of T. welwitschii Extract on Jurkat T Cells In Vitro. 26557698 0 17 Antiproliferative Positive_phenotype 26557698 30 44 T. welwitschii Plant 26557698 56 64 Jurkat T Negative_phenotype 26557698_2 UNASSIGNED: Triumfetta welwitschii is a plant used traditionally for the treatment of fever and diarrhoea. 26557698 12 34 Triumfetta welwitschii Plant 26557698 86 91 fever Negative_phenotype 26557698 96 105 diarrhoea Negative_phenotype 26557698 Decrease 12 34 Triumfetta welwitschii Plant 86 91 fever Negative_phenotype 26557698 Decrease 12 34 Triumfetta welwitschii Plant 96 105 diarrhoea Negative_phenotype 26557698_3 Previous work has shown that T. welwitschii has antibacterial activity. 26557698 29 43 T. welwitschii Plant 26557698 48 61 antibacterial Positive_phenotype 26557698 Increase 29 43 T. welwitschii Plant 48 61 antibacterial Positive_phenotype 26557698_4 The purpose of this study was to investigate T. welwitschii extract for anticancer activity against Jurkat T cells. 26557698 45 59 T. welwitschii Plant 26557698 72 82 anticancer Positive_phenotype 26557698 100 108 Jurkat T Negative_phenotype 26557698_5 The Jurkat T cell line is used to study acute T cell leukaemia. 26557698 4 12 Jurkat T Negative_phenotype 26557698 40 62 acute T cell leukaemia Negative_phenotype 26557698_6 An antiproliferation assay, determination of induction of apoptosis, the determination of the effect of the combination of the extract and GSH, and effects of the extract on DNA leakage were conducted. 26557698 3 20 antiproliferation Positive_phenotype 26557698_7 T. welwitschii was found to decrease cell viability in a dose- and time-dependent manner. 26557698 0 14 T. welwitschii Plant 26557698_8 T. welwitschii caused apoptosis in the Jurkat T cells as shown by DNA fragmentation. 26557698 0 14 T. welwitschii Plant 26557698 39 47 Jurkat T Negative_phenotype 26557698 Decrease 0 14 T. welwitschii Plant 39 47 Jurkat T Negative_phenotype 26557698_9 When T. welwitschii was combined with reduced GSH, it was found that the growth of the Jurkat T cells was significantly reduced compared to untreated cells after 72 h of treatment. 26557698 5 19 T. welwitschii Plant 26557698 87 95 Jurkat T Negative_phenotype 26557698 Decrease 5 19 T. welwitschii Plant 87 95 Jurkat T Negative_phenotype 26557698_10 This was unexpected, as cancer cells have elevated levels of GSH compared to normal cells. 26557698 24 30 cancer Negative_phenotype 26557698_11 The results of this study show that T. welwitschii is a potential source of compounds that may serve as leads for anticancer compounds. 26557698 36 50 T. welwitschii Plant 26557698 114 124 anticancer Positive_phenotype 26557698 Increase 36 50 T. welwitschii Plant 114 124 anticancer Positive_phenotype 26613583_1 Effect of Canavalia gladiata Extract Fermented with Aspergillus oryzae on the Development of Atopic Dermatitis in NC/Nga Mice. 26613583 10 28 Canavalia gladiata Plant 26613583 93 110 Atopic Dermatitis Negative_phenotype 26613583_2 UNASSIGNED: Canavalia gladiata has been used as a Chinese traditional folk medicine for its anti-inflammatory properties. 26613583 12 30 Canavalia gladiata Plant 26613583 92 109 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 26613583 Increase 12 30 Canavalia gladiata Plant 92 109 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 26613583_3 However, the use of C. gladiata is limited because it contains antinutritional and allergy-causing proteins. 26613583 20 31 C. gladiata Plant 26613583 63 78 antinutritional Negative_phenotype 26613583 Increase 20 31 C. gladiata Plant 63 78 antinutritional Negative_phenotype 26613583_4 We fermented C. gladiata with Aspergillus oryzae and investigated the effects of fermented C. gladiata (FCG) on the development of atopic dermatitis (AD) in mice. 26613583 13 24 C. gladiata Plant 26613583 91 102 C. gladiata Plant 26613583 104 107 FCG Plant 26613583 131 148 atopic dermatitis Negative_phenotype 26613583 150 152 AD Negative_phenotype 26613583_5 The mice were divided into five groups: untreated Balb/c mice; AD control (NC/Nga mice); FCGH (NC/Nga mice fed a dietary supplement of 300 mg/kg fermented C. gladiata water extract); FCG30 (NC/Nga mice fed a dietary supplement of 300 mg/kg of fermented C. gladiata 30% ethanol extract), and FCG80 (NC/Nga mice fed a dietary supplement of 300 mg/kg of fermented C. gladiata 80% ethanol extract). 26613583 63 65 AD Negative_phenotype 26613583 89 93 FCGH Plant 26613583 155 166 C. gladiata Plant 26613583 183 188 FCG30 Plant 26613583 253 264 C. gladiata Plant 26613583 291 296 FCG80 Plant 26613583 361 372 C. gladiata Plant 26613583_6 We found increases in the nonessential amino acids and essential amino acid in the FCG compared with the non-FCG. 26613583 83 86 FCG Plant 26613583_7 FCG attenuated macroscopic and histopathological changes in dorsal skin of mice when compared with the AD control group. 26613583 0 3 FCG Plant 26613583 103 105 AD Negative_phenotype 26613583 Decrease 0 3 FCG Plant 103 105 AD Negative_phenotype 26613583_8 The FCG30 and FCG80 groups, in particular, showed significant decreases in scratching episodes when compared with the AD control group. 26613583 4 9 FCG30 Plant 26613583 14 19 FCG80 Plant 26613583 75 85 scratching Negative_phenotype 26613583 118 120 AD Negative_phenotype 26613583 Decrease 4 9 FCG30 Plant 75 85 scratching Negative_phenotype 26613583 Decrease 4 9 FCG30 Plant 118 120 AD Negative_phenotype 26613583 Decrease 14 19 FCG80 Plant 75 85 scratching Negative_phenotype 26613583 Decrease 14 19 FCG80 Plant 118 120 AD Negative_phenotype 26613583_9 FCG improved immune responses, including increases in IgE and histamine for AD, through attenuation of Th1/Th2 cytokine imbalance and the production of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines. 26613583 0 3 FCG Plant 26613583 13 19 immune Positive_phenotype 26613583 76 78 AD Negative_phenotype 26613583 Increase 0 3 FCG Plant 13 19 immune Positive_phenotype 26613583 Decrease 0 3 FCG Plant 76 78 AD Negative_phenotype 26613583_10 We suggest that FCG may have benefits for improvement of AD function by improving the balance of Th1/Th2 cytokines and by producing anti-inflammatory effects. 26613583 16 19 FCG Plant 26613583 57 59 AD Negative_phenotype 26613583 132 149 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 26613583 Decrease 16 19 FCG Plant 57 59 AD Negative_phenotype 26613583 Increase 16 19 FCG Plant 132 149 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 26621169_1 Effects of tomato pulp on hepatic steatosis in the rats fed with high fat diet. 26621169 11 17 tomato Plant 26621169 26 43 hepatic steatosis Negative_phenotype 26621169_2 BACKGROUND: Hepatic steatosis is one of the most common causes of chronic liver injury. 26621169 12 29 Hepatic steatosis Negative_phenotype 26621169 66 86 chronic liver injury Negative_phenotype 26621169_3 OBJECTIVES: This study was aimed to evaluate the protective effects of Solanumlycopersicum (tomato) pulp on high fat diet-induced hepatic steatosis in rats. 26621169 71 90 Solanumlycopersicum Plant 26621169 92 98 tomato Plant 26621169 130 147 hepatic steatosis Negative_phenotype 26621169_4 METHODS: Male Wistar rats were treated in 4 experimental groups including: healthy control group given standard diet, high fat diet group for induction of hepatic steatosis, high fat diet plus Clofibrate as positive control, and high fat diet plus tomato pulp for protection of liver steatosis. 26621169 155 172 hepatic steatosis Negative_phenotype 26621169 248 254 tomato Plant 26621169 278 293 liver steatosis Negative_phenotype 26621169_5 Finally, the groups were compared considering serum lipid profile, serum biomarkers of liver tissue injury and liver histopathological changes. 26621169 46 65 serum lipid profile Neutral_phenotype 26621169 87 106 liver tissue injury Negative_phenotype 26621169_6 The lipid peroxidation product and the activities of antioxidant enzymes were measured as the indicators of antioxidation in liver. 26621169 108 121 antioxidation Positive_phenotype 26621169_7 RESULTS: Rats fed with the high fat diet showed hypertriglyceridemia, hypercholesterolemia, increased activities of hepatocellular enzymes, significant decline in antioxidants, and elevated lipid peroxidation indices in liver. 26621169 48 68 hypertriglyceridemia Negative_phenotype 26621169 70 90 hypercholesterolemia Negative_phenotype 26621169 163 175 antioxidants Positive_phenotype 26621169_8 Tomato pulp treatment significantly reduced elevated markers of liver injury and malondialdehyde level, as well as brought back the liver antioxidants and the excessive accumulation of lipids in serum towards normal. 26621169 0 6 Tomato Plant 26621169 64 76 liver injury Negative_phenotype 26621169 138 150 antioxidants Positive_phenotype 26621169 185 200 lipids in serum Neutral_phenotype 26621169 Decrease 0 6 Tomato Plant 64 76 liver injury Negative_phenotype 26621169 Increase 0 6 Tomato Plant 138 150 antioxidants Positive_phenotype 26621169 Decrease 0 6 Tomato Plant 185 200 lipids in serum Neutral_phenotype 26621169_9 CONCLUSION: The results showed that tomato pulp exerted protective effects against hepatic steatosis in rats fed with high fat diet, possibly through its antioxidant actions (Tab. 26621169 36 42 tomato Plant 26621169 83 100 hepatic steatosis Negative_phenotype 26621169 154 165 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 26621169 Decrease 36 42 tomato Plant 83 100 hepatic steatosis Negative_phenotype 26621169 Increase 36 42 tomato Plant 154 165 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 26621169_10 5, Fig. 26621169_11 2, Ref. 26621169_12 40). 26664383_1 Antiulcer properties of Glycyrrhiza glabra L. extract on experimental models of gastric ulcer in mice. 26664383 0 9 Antiulcer Positive_phenotype 26664383 24 45 Glycyrrhiza glabra L. Plant 26664383 80 93 gastric ulcer Negative_phenotype 26664383_2 Glycyrrhiza glabra L. is used in folk medicine for treatment of stomach disorders including peptic ulcers. 26664383 0 21 Glycyrrhiza glabra L. Plant 26664383 64 81 stomach disorders Negative_phenotype 26664383 92 105 peptic ulcers Negative_phenotype 26664383 Decrease 0 21 Glycyrrhiza glabra L. Plant 64 81 stomach disorders Negative_phenotype 26664383 Decrease 0 21 Glycyrrhiza glabra L. Plant 92 105 peptic ulcers Negative_phenotype 26664383_3 The hydroalcoholic extract of Glycyrrhiza glabra L. (HEGG) was evaluated for antiulcerogenic activity and acute toxicity profile in mice. 26664383 30 51 Glycyrrhiza glabra L. Plant 26664383 53 57 HEGG Plant 26664383 77 92 antiulcerogenic Positive_phenotype 26664383 106 120 acute toxicity Negative_phenotype 26664383_4 Various doses of HEGG (50-200 mg/kg) were administered orally to animals of different groups. 26664383 17 21 HEGG Plant 26664383_5 Omeprazole and cimetidine at doses of 30 and 100 mg/kg were used as positive controls, respectively. 26664383_6 Stomach was opened along the greater curvature then ulceration index was determined examining the inner lining of stomach. 26664383 52 68 ulceration index Negative_phenotype 26664383_7 Oral administration of the extract at 1600 mg/kg did not produce toxic symptoms and mortality in mice. 26664383 65 79 toxic symptoms Negative_phenotype 26664383 84 93 mortality Negative_phenotype 26664383_8 2950 mg/kg was determined as the oral LD50. 26664383_9 The HEGG (50-200 mg/kg) showed a significant reduction in ulcer index in HCl/Ethanol-induced ulcer. 26664383 4 8 HEGG Plant 26664383 58 69 ulcer index Negative_phenotype 26664383 93 98 ulcer Negative_phenotype 26664383 Decrease 4 8 HEGG Plant 58 69 ulcer index Negative_phenotype 26664383 Decrease 4 8 HEGG Plant 93 98 ulcer Negative_phenotype 26664383_10 G. glabra extract (50-150 mg/kg) showed antiulcer activity against indomethacin-induced gastric lesions dose dependently. 26664383 0 9 G. glabra Plant 26664383 40 49 antiulcer Positive_phenotype 26664383 88 103 gastric lesions Negative_phenotype 26664383 Increase 0 9 G. glabra Plant 40 49 antiulcer Positive_phenotype 26664383 Decrease 0 9 G. glabra Plant 88 103 gastric lesions Negative_phenotype 26664383_11 The extract effectively inhibited formation of gastric lesions induced by ethanol. 26664383 47 62 gastric lesions Negative_phenotype 26664383_12 The extract (200 mg/kg) was more potent than omeprazole (30 mg/kg). 26664383_13 HEGG reduced the ulcer index in hypothermic stress induced gastric ulcers in mice and the antiulcer effect was comparable to that of cimetidine. 26664383 0 4 HEGG Plant 26664383 17 28 ulcer index Negative_phenotype 26664383 32 73 hypothermic stress induced gastric ulcers Negative_phenotype 26664383 90 99 antiulcer Positive_phenotype 26664383 Decrease 0 4 HEGG Plant 17 28 ulcer index Negative_phenotype 26664383 Decrease 0 4 HEGG Plant 32 73 hypothermic stress induced gastric ulcers Negative_phenotype 26664383 Increase 0 4 HEGG Plant 90 99 antiulcer Positive_phenotype 26664383_14 The results indicated that G. glabra hydroalcoholic extract exerted an antiulcergenic effect that could be associated with increase in gastric mucosal defensive factors. 26664383 27 36 G. glabra Plant 26664383 71 85 antiulcergenic Positive_phenotype 26664383 Increase 27 36 G. glabra Plant 71 85 antiulcergenic Positive_phenotype 26693406_1 A quick overview on some aspects of endocrinological and therapeutic effects of Berberis vulgaris L. Many herbaceous plants contain compounds that have biological effects in addition to their medicinal properties. 26693406 80 100 Berberis vulgaris L. Plant 26693406_2 They have compounds with numerous properties, including hypo lipidemic, hypoglycemic, antioxidant, and hepato protective ones, which have been analyzed at different levels. 26693406 56 70 hypo lipidemic Positive_phenotype 26693406 72 84 hypoglycemic Positive_phenotype 26693406 86 97 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 26693406 103 120 hepato protective Positive_phenotype 26693406_3 One of these plants, with the scientific name of Berberis vulgaris, is barberry. 26693406 49 66 Berberis vulgaris Plant 26693406 71 79 barberry Plant 26693406_4 The most important compounds identified in this plant are berberine, oxycontin, palmatine, bervulcine, berbamine, columbamine, jatrorrhizine, coptisine, and berbamine. 26693406_5 In addition to alkaloids, organic acids such as chelidonic acid, citric acid, malic acid, resin, tannin, pectinic, and mucilagic substances are among the ingredients of barberry. 26693406 169 177 barberry Plant 26693406_6 In this paper, it was attempted to determine the role and effect of the extract of barberry on various body organs. 26693406 83 91 barberry Plant 26693406_7 The results showed that berberine actually increases insulin sensitivity and is capable of inhibiting alpha glucosidase, adipogenesis, and thus acts as an anti-obesity and hypoglycemic agent. 26693406 53 72 insulin sensitivity Positive_phenotype 26693406 121 133 adipogenesis Negative_phenotype 26693406 155 167 anti-obesity Positive_phenotype 26693406 172 184 hypoglycemic Positive_phenotype 26693406_8 Berberine reduces the density of serum cholesterol and triglycerides and can improve the function of liver enzymes, therefore, it can be suggested as a hypo lipidemic and hepato protective plant extract. 26693406 33 50 serum cholesterol Neutral_phenotype 26693406 55 68 triglycerides Neutral_phenotype 26693406 152 166 hypo lipidemic Positive_phenotype 26693406 171 188 hepato protective Positive_phenotype 26693406_9 The hepato protective effects of this extract are probably due to its antioxidant properties. 26693406 4 21 hepato protective Positive_phenotype 26693406 70 81 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 26693406_10 Studies showed that barberry have numerous health benefits, including anti-inflammatory ones. 26693406 20 28 barberry Plant 26693406 70 87 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 26693406 Increase 20 28 barberry Plant 70 87 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 26693406_11 Moreover, it can be used as a medicinal herb to treat a variety of disorders, such as diabetes, liver disease, gallbladder pain, digestive, urinary tract diseases, and gallstones. 26693406 86 94 diabetes Negative_phenotype 26693406 96 109 liver disease Negative_phenotype 26693406 111 127 gallbladder pain Negative_phenotype 26693406 129 162 digestive, urinary tract diseases Negative_phenotype 26693406 168 178 gallstones Negative_phenotype 26693406_12 However, more studies on this issue and doing more focused and intensive researches in this field are recommended. 26697674_1 Progress on mechanism of Tripterygium wilfordii-induced liver injury and detoxification mechanism of licorice. 26697674 25 47 Tripterygium wilfordii Plant 26697674 56 68 liver injury Negative_phenotype 26697674 73 87 detoxification Positive_phenotype 26697674 101 109 licorice Plant 26697674 Increase 25 47 Tripterygium wilfordii Plant 56 68 liver injury Negative_phenotype 26697674_2 Tripterygium wilfordii has exihibited multiple pharmacological activities, such as anti-inflammatory, immune modulation, anti-tumor and anti-fertility. 26697674 0 22 Tripterygium wilfordii Plant 26697674 83 100 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 26697674 102 119 immune modulation Positive_phenotype 26697674 121 131 anti-tumor Positive_phenotype 26697674 136 150 anti-fertility Positive_phenotype 26697674 Increase 0 22 Tripterygium wilfordii Plant 83 100 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 26697674 Increase 0 22 Tripterygium wilfordii Plant 102 119 immune modulation Positive_phenotype 26697674 Increase 0 22 Tripterygium wilfordii Plant 121 131 anti-tumor Positive_phenotype 26697674 Increase 0 22 Tripterygium wilfordii Plant 136 150 anti-fertility Positive_phenotype 26697674_3 T. wilfordii have been used for the therapy of inflammation and autoimmune diseases including rheumatoid arthritis, immune complex nephritis and systemic lupus erythematosus clinically. 26697674 0 12 T. wilfordii Plant 26697674 47 59 inflammation Negative_phenotype 26697674 64 83 autoimmune diseases Negative_phenotype 26697674 94 114 rheumatoid arthritis Negative_phenotype 26697674 116 140 immune complex nephritis Negative_phenotype 26697674 145 173 systemic lupus erythematosus Negative_phenotype 26697674 Decrease 0 12 T. wilfordii Plant 47 59 inflammation Negative_phenotype 26697674 Decrease 0 12 T. wilfordii Plant 64 83 autoimmune diseases Negative_phenotype 26697674 Decrease 0 12 T. wilfordii Plant 94 114 rheumatoid arthritis Negative_phenotype 26697674 Decrease 0 12 T. wilfordii Plant 116 140 immune complex nephritis Negative_phenotype 26697674 Decrease 0 12 T. wilfordii Plant 145 173 systemic lupus erythematosus Negative_phenotype 26697674_4 However, it is well known that T. wilfordii has small margin between the therapeutic and toxic doses and could cause serious injury on digestive, reproductive and urogenital systems. 26697674 31 43 T. wilfordii Plant 26697674 73 84 therapeutic Positive_phenotype 26697674 89 94 toxic Negative_phenotype 26697674 125 181 injury on digestive, reproductive and urogenital systems Negative_phenotype 26697674 Increase 31 43 T. wilfordii Plant 73 84 therapeutic Positive_phenotype 26697674 Increase 31 43 T. wilfordii Plant 89 94 toxic Negative_phenotype 26697674 Increase 31 43 T. wilfordii Plant 125 181 injury on digestive, reproductive and urogenital systems Negative_phenotype 26697674_5 Among all the organs, liver is one of the most remarkable targets of T. wilfordii-induced toxicities, and the damage is more serious than others. 26697674 69 81 T. wilfordii Plant 26697674 90 100 toxicities Negative_phenotype 26697674 Increase 69 81 T. wilfordii Plant 90 100 toxicities Negative_phenotype 26697674_6 It is generally accepted that T. wilfordii-induced liver injury is a result of the combined effects of toxic elements of T. wilfordii. 26697674 30 42 T. wilfordii Plant 26697674 51 63 liver injury Negative_phenotype 26697674 103 108 toxic Negative_phenotype 26697674 121 133 T. wilfordii Plant 26697674 Increase 30 42 T. wilfordii Plant 51 63 liver injury Negative_phenotype 26697674 Increase 30 42 T. wilfordii Plant 103 108 toxic Negative_phenotype 26697674 Increase 103 108 toxic Negative_phenotype 121 133 T. wilfordii Plant 26697674_7 It is reported in several studies that the mechanism of T. wilfordii-induced liver injury may be related to lipid peroxidation, cell apoptosis and immune damage, and so on. 26697674 56 68 T. wilfordii Plant 26697674 77 89 liver injury Negative_phenotype 26697674 147 160 immune damage Negative_phenotype 26697674 Increase 56 68 T. wilfordii Plant 77 89 liver injury Negative_phenotype 26697674_8 Licorice is one of the most commonly used Chinese herbal medicine, with effects of heat- clearing and detoxicating, anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective, reconciling various drugs, and so on. 26697674 0 8 Licorice Plant 26697674 83 97 heat- clearing Positive_phenotype 26697674 102 114 detoxicating Positive_phenotype 26697674 116 133 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 26697674 138 154 hepatoprotective Positive_phenotype 26697674 Increase 0 8 Licorice Plant 83 97 heat- clearing Positive_phenotype 26697674 Increase 0 8 Licorice Plant 102 114 detoxicating Positive_phenotype 26697674 Increase 0 8 Licorice Plant 116 133 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 26697674 Increase 0 8 Licorice Plant 138 154 hepatoprotective Positive_phenotype 26697674_9 Licorice often accompany T. wilfordii in clinical application which can significantly reduce the liver injury induced by T. wilfordii. 26697674 0 8 Licorice Plant 26697674 25 37 T. wilfordii Plant 26697674 97 109 liver injury Negative_phenotype 26697674 121 133 T. wilfordii Plant 26697674 Decrease 0 8 Licorice Plant 97 109 liver injury Negative_phenotype 26697674 Increase 25 37 T. wilfordii Plant 97 109 liver injury Negative_phenotype 26697674 Increase 97 109 liver injury Negative_phenotype 121 133 T. wilfordii Plant 26697674_10 The attenuated effect is exact, but the mechanism is still a lack of in-depth study. 26697674_11 This paper reviews the studies on T. wilfordii-induced liver injury and the related mechanism as well as licorice and other traditional Chinese medicine accompany T. wilfordii to reduce the injury in recent years, so as to provide reference for related research in the future. 26697674 34 46 T. wilfordii Plant 26697674 55 67 liver injury Negative_phenotype 26697674 105 113 licorice Plant 26697674 163 175 T. wilfordii Plant 26697674 190 196 injury Negative_phenotype 26697674 Increase 34 46 T. wilfordii Plant 55 67 liver injury Negative_phenotype 26697674 Decrease 55 67 liver injury Negative_phenotype 105 113 licorice Plant 26697674 Decrease 105 113 licorice Plant 190 196 injury Negative_phenotype 26697674 Increase 163 175 T. wilfordii Plant 190 196 injury Negative_phenotype 26707272_1 Mori folium inhibits interleukin-1b-induced expression of matrix metalloproteinases and inflammatory mediators by suppressing the activation of NF-kB and p38 MAPK in SW1353 human chondrocytes. 26707272 0 11 Mori folium Plant 26707272 166 172 SW1353 Negative_phenotype 26707272 Decrease 0 11 Mori folium Plant 166 172 SW1353 Negative_phenotype 26707272_2 The pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-1b (IL-1b) is known to play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis (OA) by stimulating several mediators that contribute to cartilage degradation. 26707272 92 122 pathogenesis of osteoarthritis Negative_phenotype 26707272 124 126 OA Negative_phenotype 26707272 180 201 cartilage degradation Negative_phenotype 26707272_3 Mori folium, the leaves of Morus alba L., has long been used in traditional medicine to treat diabetes, protect the liver, and lower blood pressure; however, the role of Mori folium in OA is not yet fully understood. 26707272 0 11 Mori folium Plant 26707272 27 40 Morus alba L. Plant 26707272 94 102 diabetes Negative_phenotype 26707272 104 121 protect the liver Positive_phenotype 26707272 133 147 blood pressure Neutral_phenotype 26707272 170 181 Mori folium Plant 26707272 185 187 OA Negative_phenotype 26707272 Decrease 0 11 Mori folium Plant 94 102 diabetes Negative_phenotype 26707272 Increase 0 11 Mori folium Plant 104 121 protect the liver Positive_phenotype 26707272 Decrease 0 11 Mori folium Plant 133 147 blood pressure Neutral_phenotype 26707272 Decrease 27 40 Morus alba L. Plant 94 102 diabetes Negative_phenotype 26707272 Increase 27 40 Morus alba L. Plant 104 121 protect the liver Positive_phenotype 26707272 Decrease 27 40 Morus alba L. Plant 133 147 blood pressure Neutral_phenotype 26707272_4 Therefore, in the present study, we investigated whether Mori folium water extract (MF) inhibited the catabolic effects of IL-1b in vitro, and also whether it inhibited the matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), inducible nitric oxide (NO) synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) through the attenuation of nuclear factor-kB (NF-kB) and mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways in SW1353 human chondrocytes. 26707272 57 68 Mori folium Plant 26707272 84 86 MF Plant 26707272 389 395 SW1353 Negative_phenotype 26707272_5 MMP proteins in culture medium were determined using a cytokine -specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). 26707272_6 The production of NO and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) were evaluated using Griess reagent and ELISA. 26707272_7 Subsequently, the mRNA and protein levels of MMPs, iNOS, COX-2, NF-kB and MAPKs were examined by RT-qPCR and/or western blot analysis. 26707272_8 The results indicate that MF significantly reduced the IL-1b -induced release of MMP-1 and -13 in SW1353 cells, which was associated with the inhibition of MMP-1 and -13 mRNA and protein expression in a concentration -dependent manner at concentrations with no cytotoxicity. 26707272 26 28 MF Plant 26707272 99 105 SW1353 Negative_phenotype 26707272 Decrease 26 28 MF Plant 99 105 SW1353 Negative_phenotype 26707272_9 MF also attenuated the IL-1b-induced production of NO and PGE2, and reduced iNOS and COX-2 expression. 26707272 0 2 MF Plant 26707272_10 Furthermore, we noted that MF markedly suppressed the IL-1b -induced nuclear translocation of NF-kB, which correlated with the inhibitory effects of MF on inhibitor-kB (IkB) degradation, and the phosphorylation of p38 MAPK was selectively restored by MF upon IL-1b stimulation. 26707272 27 29 MF Plant 26707272 150 152 MF Plant 26707272 252 254 MF Plant 26707272_11 These results indicate that MF inhibited the production and expression of MMP-1 and -13 and inflammatory mediators, at least in part, through suppressing the activation of either NF-kB or p38 MAPK in IL-1b-treated SW1353 chondrocytes. 26707272 28 30 MF Plant 26707272 214 220 SW1353 Negative_phenotype 26707272 Decrease 28 30 MF Plant 214 220 SW1353 Negative_phenotype 26707272_12 Therefore, the novel findings of the present study suggest that MF is a potential therapeutic choice for chondroprotection against the collagen matrix breakdown in the cartilage of diseased tissues, such as those found in patients with arthritic disorders. 26707272 64 66 MF Plant 26707272 105 122 chondroprotection Positive_phenotype 26707272 168 197 cartilage of diseased tissues Negative_phenotype 26707272 236 255 arthritic disorders Negative_phenotype 26707272 Increase 64 66 MF Plant 105 122 chondroprotection Positive_phenotype 26707272 Decrease 64 66 MF Plant 168 197 cartilage of diseased tissues Negative_phenotype 26707272 Decrease 64 66 MF Plant 236 255 arthritic disorders Negative_phenotype 26707750_1 Effects of Korean red ginseng (Panax ginseng) on obesity and adipose inflammation in ovariectomized mice. 26707750 22 29 ginseng Plant 26707750 31 44 Panax ginseng Plant 26707750 49 56 obesity Negative_phenotype 26707750 61 81 adipose inflammation Negative_phenotype 26707750_2 ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Korean red ginseng (ginseng, Panax ginseng C.A. 26707750 43 50 ginseng Plant 26707750 52 59 ginseng Plant 26707750_3 Meyer) is a famous traditional drug used in Korea for the treatment and prevention of obesity, type 2 diabetes, cancer, and liver and cardiovascular diseases. 26707750 86 93 obesity Negative_phenotype 26707750 95 110 type 2 diabetes Negative_phenotype 26707750 112 118 cancer Negative_phenotype 26707750 124 157 liver and cardiovascular diseases Negative_phenotype 26707750_4 Menopause is strongly associated with many of the aforementioned metabolic diseases and increased visceral obesity. 26707750 0 9 Menopause Negative_phenotype 26707750 65 83 metabolic diseases Negative_phenotype 26707750 98 114 visceral obesity Negative_phenotype 26707750_5 The aims of this study were to investigate whether ginseng inhibits obesity and related disorders in ovariectomized (OVX) C57BL/6J mice, which is a mouse model of postmenopausal women, and to determine the mechanism of action involved in this process. 26707750 51 58 ginseng Plant 26707750 68 75 obesity Negative_phenotype 26707750 163 177 postmenopausal Negative_phenotype 26707750_6 MATERIALS AND METHODS: After OVX mice were treated with 5% (w/w) ginseng for 15 weeks, we determined the effects of ginseng on obesity and adipose inflammation, angiogenesis, metalloproteinase (MMP) activity and metabolic parameters. 26707750 65 72 ginseng Plant 26707750 116 123 ginseng Plant 26707750 127 134 obesity Negative_phenotype 26707750 139 159 adipose inflammation Negative_phenotype 26707750_7 RESULTS: OVX mice had higher body weight, adipose tissue mass and adipocyte size when fed a high fat diet (HFD) compared with HFD-fed sham-operated mice. 26707750 29 40 body weight Neutral_phenotype 26707750 42 61 adipose tissue mass Neutral_phenotype 26707750 66 80 adipocyte size Neutral_phenotype 26707750_8 All of these parameters were significantly reduced in OVX mice fed a HFD supplemented with ginseng. 26707750 91 98 ginseng Plant 26707750_9 Ginseng treatment also decreased blood vessel density, MMP activity, and mRNA levels of angiogenic factors (e.g., VEGF-A and FGF-2) and MMPs (e.g., MMP-2 and MMP-9) in adipose tissues of OVX mice. 26707750 0 7 Ginseng Plant 26707750 33 53 blood vessel density Neutral_phenotype 26707750_10 Infiltrating inflammatory cells and expression of inflammatory cytokines (e.g., CD68, TNFa and MCP-1) in adipose tissue were reduced by ginseng. 26707750 136 143 ginseng Plant 26707750_11 Ginseng not only reduced the circulating levels of free fatty acids and triglycerides, but also normalized hyperinsulinemia and hyperglycemia in OVX mice. 26707750 0 7 Ginseng Plant 26707750 41 85 levels of free fatty acids and triglycerides Neutral_phenotype 26707750 107 123 hyperinsulinemia Negative_phenotype 26707750 128 141 hyperglycemia Negative_phenotype 26707750 Decrease 0 7 Ginseng Plant 41 85 levels of free fatty acids and triglycerides Neutral_phenotype 26707750 Decrease 0 7 Ginseng Plant 107 123 hyperinsulinemia Negative_phenotype 26707750 Decrease 0 7 Ginseng Plant 128 141 hyperglycemia Negative_phenotype 26707750_12 Hepatic lipid droplets were almost completely abolished by ginseng. 26707750 0 22 Hepatic lipid droplets Negative_phenotype 26707750 59 66 ginseng Plant 26707750 Decrease 0 22 Hepatic lipid droplets Negative_phenotype 59 66 ginseng Plant 26707750_13 CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that ginseng inhibited ovariectomy-induced obesity, adiposity, and adipocyte hypertrophy by modulating angiogenesis and MMP activity. 26707750 40 47 ginseng Plant 26707750 58 85 ovariectomy-induced obesity Negative_phenotype 26707750 87 96 adiposity Negative_phenotype 26707750 102 123 adipocyte hypertrophy Negative_phenotype 26707750_14 Ginseng also suppressed adipose inflammation, insulin resistance, and hepatic steatosis in OVX mice. 26707750 0 7 Ginseng Plant 26707750 24 44 adipose inflammation Negative_phenotype 26707750 46 64 insulin resistance Negative_phenotype 26707750 70 87 hepatic steatosis Negative_phenotype 26707750 Decrease 0 7 Ginseng Plant 24 44 adipose inflammation Negative_phenotype 26707750 Decrease 0 7 Ginseng Plant 46 64 insulin resistance Negative_phenotype 26707750 Decrease 0 7 Ginseng Plant 70 87 hepatic steatosis Negative_phenotype 26707750_15 Thus, it is likely that ginseng may be a promising drug for the prevention and treatment of obesity and related disorders in obese postmenopausal women. 26707750 24 31 ginseng Plant 26707750 92 99 obesity Negative_phenotype 26707750 125 145 obese postmenopausal Negative_phenotype 26707750 Decrease 24 31 ginseng Plant 92 99 obesity Negative_phenotype 26707750 Decrease 24 31 ginseng Plant 125 145 obese postmenopausal Negative_phenotype 26710838_1 Green tea, red wine and lemon extracts reduce experimental tumor growth and cancer drug toxicity. 26710838 6 9 tea Plant 26710838 24 29 lemon Plant 26710838 59 71 tumor growth Negative_phenotype 26710838 76 96 cancer drug toxicity Negative_phenotype 26710838 Decrease 6 9 tea Plant 59 71 tumor growth Negative_phenotype 26710838 Decrease 6 9 tea Plant 76 96 cancer drug toxicity Negative_phenotype 26710838 Decrease 24 29 lemon Plant 59 71 tumor growth Negative_phenotype 26710838 Decrease 24 29 lemon Plant 76 96 cancer drug toxicity Negative_phenotype 26710838_2 AIM: To evaluate antitumor effect of plant polyphenol extracts from green tea, red wine lees and/or lemon peel alone and in combination with antitumor drugs on the growth of different transplanted tumors in experimental animals. 26710838 17 26 antitumor Positive_phenotype 26710838 74 77 tea Plant 26710838 100 105 lemon Plant 26710838 141 150 antitumor Positive_phenotype 26710838 197 203 tumors Negative_phenotype 26710838_3 MATERIALS AND METHODS: Green tea extract (GTE) was prepared from green tea infusion. 26710838 29 32 tea Plant 26710838 42 45 GTE Plant 26710838 71 74 tea Plant 26710838_4 GTE-based composites of red wine (GTRW), lemon peel (GTRWL) and/or NanoGTE as well as corresponding nanocomposites were prepared. 26710838 0 3 GTE Plant 26710838 34 38 GTRW Plant 26710838 41 46 lemon Plant 26710838 53 58 GTRWL Plant 26710838 67 74 NanoGTE Plant 26710838_5 The total polyphenolics of the different GTE-based extracts ranged from 18.0% to 21.3%. 26710838 41 44 GTE Plant 26710838_6 The effects of GTE-based extracts were studied in sarcoma 180, Ehrlich carcinoma, B16 melanoma, Ca755 mammary carcinoma, P388 leukemia, L1210 leukemia, and Guerin carcinoma (original, cisplatin-resistant and doxorubicin-resistant variants). 26710838 15 18 GTE Plant 26710838 50 61 sarcoma 180 Negative_phenotype 26710838 63 80 Ehrlich carcinoma Negative_phenotype 26710838 82 94 B16 melanoma Negative_phenotype 26710838 96 101 Ca755 Negative_phenotype 26710838 102 119 mammary carcinoma Negative_phenotype 26710838 121 134 P388 leukemia Negative_phenotype 26710838 136 150 L1210 leukemia Negative_phenotype 26710838 156 172 Guerin carcinoma Negative_phenotype 26710838 184 238 cisplatin-resistant and doxorubicin-resistant variants Negative_phenotype 26710838_7 The extracts were administered as 0.1% solution in drinking water (0.6-1.0 mg by total polyphenolics per mouse per day and 4.0-6.3 mg per rat per day). 26710838_8 RESULTS: Tumor growth inhibition (TGI) in mice treated with NanoGTE, cisplatin or cisplatin + NanoGTE was 27%, 55% and 78%, respectively, in Sarcoma 180%, 21%, 45% and 59%, respectively, in Ehrlich carcinoma; and 8%, 13% and 38%, respectively in B16 melanoma. 26710838 9 21 Tumor growth Negative_phenotype 26710838 34 37 TGI Positive_phenotype 26710838 60 67 NanoGTE Plant 26710838 94 101 NanoGTE Plant 26710838 141 148 Sarcoma Negative_phenotype 26710838 190 207 Ehrlich carcinoma Negative_phenotype 26710838 246 258 B16 melanoma Negative_phenotype 26710838 Decrease 9 21 Tumor growth Negative_phenotype 60 67 NanoGTE Plant 26710838 Decrease 9 21 Tumor growth Negative_phenotype 94 101 NanoGTE Plant 26710838 Increase 34 37 TGI Positive_phenotype 60 67 NanoGTE Plant 26710838_9 Composites of NanoGTE, red wine, and lemon peel (NanoGTRWL) enhanced the antitumor effects of cyclophosphamide in mice with Ca755 mammary carcinoma. 26710838 14 21 NanoGTE Plant 26710838 37 42 lemon Plant 26710838 49 58 NanoGTRWL Plant 26710838 73 82 antitumor Positive_phenotype 26710838 124 129 Ca755 Negative_phenotype 26710838 130 147 mammary carcinoma Negative_phenotype 26710838 Increase 14 21 NanoGTE Plant 73 82 antitumor Positive_phenotype 26710838 Decrease 14 21 NanoGTE Plant 124 129 Ca755 Negative_phenotype 26710838 Decrease 14 21 NanoGTE Plant 130 147 mammary carcinoma Negative_phenotype 26710838 Increase 49 58 NanoGTRWL Plant 73 82 antitumor Positive_phenotype 26710838 Decrease 49 58 NanoGTRWL Plant 124 129 Ca755 Negative_phenotype 26710838 Decrease 49 58 NanoGTRWL Plant 130 147 mammary carcinoma Negative_phenotype 26710838_10 The treatment with combination of NanoGTE and inhibitors of polyamines (PA) synthesis (DFMO + MGBG) resulted in significant TGI of P388 leukemia (up to 71%) and L1210 leukemia. 26710838 34 41 NanoGTE Plant 26710838 124 127 TGI Positive_phenotype 26710838 131 144 P388 leukemia Negative_phenotype 26710838 161 175 L1210 leukemia Negative_phenotype 26710838 Increase 34 41 NanoGTE Plant 124 127 TGI Positive_phenotype 26710838 Decrease 34 41 NanoGTE Plant 131 144 P388 leukemia Negative_phenotype 26710838 Decrease 34 41 NanoGTE Plant 161 175 L1210 leukemia Negative_phenotype 26710838_11 In rats transplanted with Guerin carcinoma (parental strain), treatment with GTRW or GTE alone resulted in 25-28% TGI vs. 55-68% TGI in cisplatin-treated animals. 26710838 26 42 Guerin carcinoma Negative_phenotype 26710838 77 81 GTRW Plant 26710838 85 88 GTE Plant 26710838 114 117 TGI Positive_phenotype 26710838 129 132 TGI Positive_phenotype 26710838 Decrease 26 42 Guerin carcinoma Negative_phenotype 77 81 GTRW Plant 26710838 Increase 77 81 GTRW Plant 114 117 TGI Positive_phenotype 26710838 Increase 77 81 GTRW Plant 129 132 TGI Positive_phenotype 26710838 Increase 85 88 GTE Plant 114 117 TGI Positive_phenotype 26710838 Increase 85 88 GTE Plant 129 132 TGI Positive_phenotype 26710838_12 The inhibition observed in the case of combination of GTE or GTRW with cisplatin was additive giving 81-88% TGI. 26710838 54 57 GTE Plant 26710838 61 65 GTRW Plant 26710838 108 111 TGI Positive_phenotype 26710838 Increase 54 57 GTE Plant 108 111 TGI Positive_phenotype 26710838_13 Similar effects were observed when combinations of the cytostatics with GTE (or NanoGTE) were tested against cisplatin- or doxorubicin-resistant Guerin carcinoma. 26710838 72 75 GTE Plant 26710838 80 87 NanoGTE Plant 26710838 109 161 cisplatin- or doxorubicin-resistant Guerin carcinoma Negative_phenotype 26710838 Decrease 72 75 GTE Plant 109 161 cisplatin- or doxorubicin-resistant Guerin carcinoma Negative_phenotype 26710838 Decrease 80 87 NanoGTE Plant 109 161 cisplatin- or doxorubicin-resistant Guerin carcinoma Negative_phenotype 26710838_14 Moreover, the plant extracts lowered side toxicity of the drugs. 26710838 37 50 side toxicity Negative_phenotype 26710838_15 Treatment with GTE, NanoGTE, and NanoGTRW decreased the levels of malondialdehyde in heart, kidney and liver tissue of experimental animals, as well as the levels of urea and creatinine in blood serum, increased erythrocyte and platelet counts, hemoglobin content, and decreased leucocyte counts. 26710838 15 18 GTE Plant 26710838 20 27 NanoGTE Plant 26710838 33 41 NanoGTRW Plant 26710838_16 CONCLUSION: The obtained data indicate the prospects for further development of GTE and corresponding nanocomposites as auxiliary agents in cancer chemotherapy. 26710838 80 83 GTE Plant 26710838 140 146 cancer Negative_phenotype 26710838 Decrease 80 83 GTE Plant 140 146 cancer Negative_phenotype 26751692_1 Black Ginseng Extract Counteracts Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetes in Mice. 26751692 6 13 Ginseng Plant 26751692 57 65 Diabetes Negative_phenotype 26751692 Decrease 6 13 Ginseng Plant 57 65 Diabetes Negative_phenotype 26751692_2 UNASSIGNED: Black ginseng, a new type of processed ginseng that has a unique ginsenoside profile, has been shown to display potent pharmacological activities in in vitro and in vivo models. 26751692 18 25 ginseng Plant 26751692 51 58 ginseng Plant 26751692_3 Although red ginseng is considered beneficial for the prevention of diabetes, the relationship between black ginseng and diabetes is unknown. 26751692 13 20 ginseng Plant 26751692 68 76 diabetes Negative_phenotype 26751692 109 116 ginseng Plant 26751692 121 129 diabetes Negative_phenotype 26751692 Decrease 13 20 ginseng Plant 68 76 diabetes Negative_phenotype 26751692_4 Therefore, this study was designed to evaluate the anti-diabetic potential of black ginseng extract (BGE) in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced insulin-deficient diabetic mice, in comparison with red ginseng extract (RGE). 26751692 51 64 anti-diabetic Positive_phenotype 26751692 84 91 ginseng Plant 26751692 101 104 BGE Plant 26751692 138 164 insulin-deficient diabetic Negative_phenotype 26751692 194 201 ginseng Plant 26751692 211 214 RGE Plant 26751692_5 HPLC analyses showed that BGE has a different ginsenoside composition to RGE; BGE contains Rg5 and compound k as the major ginsenosides. 26751692 26 29 BGE Plant 26751692 73 76 RGE Plant 26751692 78 81 BGE Plant 26751692_6 BGE at 200 mg/kg reduced hyperglycemia, increased the insulin/glucose ratio and improved islet architecture and b-cell function in STZ-treated mice. 26751692 0 3 BGE Plant 26751692 25 38 hyperglycemia Negative_phenotype 26751692 54 75 insulin/glucose ratio Neutral_phenotype 26751692 Decrease 0 3 BGE Plant 25 38 hyperglycemia Negative_phenotype 26751692 Increase 0 3 BGE Plant 54 75 insulin/glucose ratio Neutral_phenotype 26751692_7 The inhibition of b-cell apoptosis by BGE was associated with suppression of the cytokine-induced nuclear factor-kB-mediated signaling pathway in the pancreas. 26751692 38 41 BGE Plant 26751692 150 158 pancreas Positive_phenotype 26751692 Increase 38 41 BGE Plant 150 158 pancreas Positive_phenotype 26751692_8 Moreover, these anti-diabetic effects of BGE were more potent than those of RGE. 26751692 16 29 anti-diabetic Positive_phenotype 26751692 41 44 BGE Plant 26751692 76 79 RGE Plant 26751692 Increase 16 29 anti-diabetic Positive_phenotype 41 44 BGE Plant 26751692 Increase 16 29 anti-diabetic Positive_phenotype 76 79 RGE Plant 26751692_9 Collectively, our data indicate that BGE, in part by suppressing cytokine-induced apoptotic signaling, protects b-cells from oxidative injury and counteracts diabetes in mice. 26751692 37 40 BGE Plant 26751692 125 141 oxidative injury Negative_phenotype 26751692 158 166 diabetes Negative_phenotype 26751692 Decrease 37 40 BGE Plant 125 141 oxidative injury Negative_phenotype 26751692 Decrease 37 40 BGE Plant 158 166 diabetes Negative_phenotype 26778605_1 Improvement of atopic dermatitis with topical application of Spirodela polyrhiza. 26778605 15 32 atopic dermatitis Negative_phenotype 26778605 61 80 Spirodela polyrhiza Plant 26778605_2 ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Spirodela polyrhiza has been used as a traditional remedy for the treatment of urticarial, acute nephritis, inflammation, as well as skin disease. 26778605 32 51 Spirodela polyrhiza Plant 26778605 111 121 urticarial Negative_phenotype 26778605 123 138 acute nephritis Negative_phenotype 26778605 140 152 inflammation Negative_phenotype 26778605 165 177 skin disease Negative_phenotype 26778605 Decrease 32 51 Spirodela polyrhiza Plant 111 121 urticarial Negative_phenotype 26778605 Decrease 32 51 Spirodela polyrhiza Plant 123 138 acute nephritis Negative_phenotype 26778605 Decrease 32 51 Spirodela polyrhiza Plant 140 152 inflammation Negative_phenotype 26778605 Decrease 32 51 Spirodela polyrhiza Plant 165 177 skin disease Negative_phenotype 26778605_3 AIM OF STUDY: Atopic dermatitis (AD) is characterized hyperplasia of skin lesion and increase of serum immunoglobulin E (IgE) level. 26778605 14 31 Atopic dermatitis Negative_phenotype 26778605 33 35 AD Negative_phenotype 26778605 54 80 hyperplasia of skin lesion Negative_phenotype 26778605_4 In this study, the topical effects of S. polyrhiza (SP) on 2, 4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB)-induced AD mice model were investigated by several experiments. 26778605 38 50 S. polyrhiza Plant 26778605 52 54 SP Plant 26778605 100 102 AD Negative_phenotype 26778605_5 MATERIALS AND METHODS: BALB/c mice were randomly divided into five groups as NOR, CON, DEX, SP 1, and SP 100 groups (n=5, respectively). 26778605_6 To induce atopic dermatitis-like skin lesions, DNCB had been applied on shaved dorsal skin. 26778605 10 45 atopic dermatitis-like skin lesions Negative_phenotype 26778605_7 SP was topically treated to DNCB-induced mice as 1 and 100mg/mL concentrations. 26778605 0 2 SP Plant 26778605_8 Histological changes were showed by hematoxylin and eosin (H_E) staining and the infiltration of mast cells was detected by toluidine blue staining. 26778605 0 20 Histological changes Negative_phenotype 26778605 81 107 infiltration of mast cells Negative_phenotype 26778605_9 In addition, the level of IgE and each cytokines were measured and expressions of inflammatory signaling factors were analyzed by western blotting assay. 26778605_10 RESULTS: SP treatment improved a hyperplasia of epidermis and dermis in DNCB-induced AD-like skin lesion. 26778605 9 11 SP Plant 26778605 33 68 hyperplasia of epidermis and dermis Negative_phenotype 26778605 85 104 AD-like skin lesion Negative_phenotype 26778605 Decrease 9 11 SP Plant 33 68 hyperplasia of epidermis and dermis Negative_phenotype 26778605 Decrease 9 11 SP Plant 85 104 AD-like skin lesion Negative_phenotype 26778605_11 The infiltration of mast cells was also decreased by treatment of SP. 26778605 4 30 infiltration of mast cells Negative_phenotype 26778605 66 68 SP Plant 26778605 Decrease 4 30 infiltration of mast cells Negative_phenotype 66 68 SP Plant 26778605_12 In addition, SP reduced the level of IgE in serum and attenuated the secretion of cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-4, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-a. 26778605 13 15 SP Plant 26778605_13 Treatment of SP also inhibited the expressions of pro-inflammatory mediators including nuclear factor-kB (NF-kB), phosphor-IkB-a, and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)s. 26778605 13 15 SP Plant 26778605_14 CONCLUSIONS: From these data, we propose that SP ameliorates AD via modulation of pro-inflammatory mediators. 26778605 46 48 SP Plant 26778605 61 63 AD Negative_phenotype 26778605 Decrease 46 48 SP Plant 61 63 AD Negative_phenotype 26778605_15 SP may have the potential to be used as an alternative for treatment of AD. 26778605 0 2 SP Plant 26778605 72 74 AD Negative_phenotype 26778605 Decrease 0 2 SP Plant 72 74 AD Negative_phenotype 26792956_1 Phytochemicals of Aristolochia tagala and Curcuma caesia exert anticancer effect by tumor necrosis factor-a-mediated decrease in nuclear factor kappaB binding activity. 26792956 18 37 Aristolochia tagala Plant 26792956 42 56 Curcuma caesia Plant 26792956 63 73 anticancer Positive_phenotype 26792956 Increase 18 37 Aristolochia tagala Plant 63 73 anticancer Positive_phenotype 26792956 Increase 42 56 Curcuma caesia Plant 63 73 anticancer Positive_phenotype 26792956_2 RATIONALE: The active compounds or metabolites of herbal plants exert a definite physiological action on the human body and thus are widely used in human therapy for various diseases including cancer. 26792956 193 199 cancer Negative_phenotype 26792956_3 Previous studies by our group have reported the anticarcinogenic properties of the two herbal plants extracts (HPE) of Aristolochia tagala (AT) Cham. and Curcuma caesia (CC) Roxb. in diethylnitrosamine-induced mouse liver cancer in vivo. 26792956 48 64 anticarcinogenic Positive_phenotype 26792956 119 149 Aristolochia tagala (AT) Cham. Plant 26792956 154 179 Curcuma caesia (CC) Roxb. Plant 26792956 216 228 liver cancer Negative_phenotype 26792956 Increase 48 64 anticarcinogenic Positive_phenotype 119 149 Aristolochia tagala (AT) Cham. Plant 26792956 Increase 48 64 anticarcinogenic Positive_phenotype 154 179 Curcuma caesia (CC) Roxb. Plant 26792956 Decrease 119 149 Aristolochia tagala (AT) Cham. Plant 216 228 liver cancer Negative_phenotype 26792956 Decrease 154 179 Curcuma caesia (CC) Roxb. Plant 216 228 liver cancer Negative_phenotype 26792956_4 The anticarcinogenic properties of these extracts may be due to the active compounds present in them. 26792956 4 20 anticarcinogenic Positive_phenotype 26792956_5 OBJECTIVES: Our objective was to analyze the phytochemical constituents present in AT and CC, to assay their antioxidant properties and to determine their role in a possible intervention on tumor progression. 26792956 83 85 AT Plant 26792956 90 92 CC Plant 26792956 109 120 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 26792956 190 195 tumor Negative_phenotype 26792956_6 MATERIALS AND METHODS: Qualitative and quantitative analysis of constituent with anticancer properties present in the crude methanol extract of the two plants CC and AT was carried out following standard methods. 26792956 81 91 anticancer Positive_phenotype 26792956 159 161 CC Plant 26792956 166 168 AT Plant 26792956_7 Separation of the phytochemical compounds was done by open column chromatography. 26792956_8 The extracts were eluted out with gradients of chloroform-methanol solvents. 26792956_9 Ultraviolet-visible spectra of individual fractions were recorded, and the fractions were combined based on their max. 26792956_10 The free radical scavenging activity of crude extracts and fractions obtained was also determined; the radical scavenging activity was expressed as IC50. 26792956_11 High-performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) analysis of fractionated compounds was carried out to identify partially the phytochemical compounds. 26792956_12 The anti-inflammatory and anticancer activity of AT and CC extracts was studied in DEN induced BALB/c mice by analyzing the tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-a) levels in serum and the nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kB) binding activity in nuclear extracts of the liver. 26792956 4 21 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 26792956 26 36 anticancer Positive_phenotype 26792956 49 51 AT Plant 26792956 56 58 CC Plant 26792956_13 RESULTS: It was observed that both AT and CC contained compounds such as phenolics, tannins, flavonoids, terpenoids, etc., and both extracts exhibited antioxidant capacity. 26792956 35 37 AT Plant 26792956 42 44 CC Plant 26792956 151 162 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 26792956 Increase 35 37 AT Plant 151 162 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 26792956 Increase 42 44 CC Plant 151 162 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 26792956_14 HPTLC analysis revealed the presence of phenolic compounds in CC and indicated the presence of anthocynidin 3-glycosides, 6-hydroxylated flavonols, some flavones and chalcone glycosides in AT and also confirmed the presence of compounds such as terpenes, phenols, steroids, and other organic compounds in CC and presence of flavonoids in AT. 26792956 62 64 CC Plant 26792956 189 191 AT Plant 26792956 305 307 CC Plant 26792956 338 340 AT Plant 26792956_15 In vivo studies carried out in BALB/c mice showed that exposure to DEN caused an increase in TNF-a and NF-kB binding activity. 26792956_16 The HPE (CC or AT) was seen to revert this effect. 26792956 9 11 CC Plant 26792956 15 17 AT Plant 26792956_17 CONCLUSIONS: The current paper documents the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer activity of the two extracts probably through TNF-a-mediated decrease in NF-kB binding activity. 26792956 45 56 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 26792956 58 75 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 26792956 81 91 anticancer Positive_phenotype 26792956_18 The active components of AT and CC may act as the potential anticancer agents in hepatocellular carcinoma and warrants further investigation. 26792956 25 27 AT Plant 26792956 32 34 CC Plant 26792956 60 70 anticancer Positive_phenotype 26792956 81 105 hepatocellular carcinoma Negative_phenotype 26792956 Increase 25 27 AT Plant 60 70 anticancer Positive_phenotype 26792956 Decrease 25 27 AT Plant 81 105 hepatocellular carcinoma Negative_phenotype 26792956 Increase 32 34 CC Plant 60 70 anticancer Positive_phenotype 26792956 Decrease 32 34 CC Plant 81 105 hepatocellular carcinoma Negative_phenotype 26800498_1 Grapes (Vitis vinifera) as a Potential Candidate for the Therapy of the Metabolic Syndrome. 26800498 0 6 Grapes Plant 26800498 8 22 Vitis vinifera Plant 26800498 72 90 Metabolic Syndrome Negative_phenotype 26800498 Decrease 0 6 Grapes Plant 72 90 Metabolic Syndrome Negative_phenotype 26800498 Decrease 8 22 Vitis vinifera Plant 72 90 Metabolic Syndrome Negative_phenotype 26800498_2 UNASSIGNED: Metabolic syndrome is associated with several disorders, including hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia as well as cardiovascular diseases and stroke. 26800498 12 30 Metabolic syndrome Negative_phenotype 26800498 79 91 hypertension Negative_phenotype 26800498 93 101 diabetes Negative_phenotype 26800498 103 117 hyperlipidemia Negative_phenotype 26800498 129 152 cardiovascular diseases Negative_phenotype 26800498 157 163 stroke Negative_phenotype 26800498_3 Plant-derived polyphenols, compounds found in numerous plant species, play an important role as potential treatments for components of metabolic syndrome. 26800498 135 153 metabolic syndrome Negative_phenotype 26800498_4 Studies have provided evidence for protective effects of various polyphenol-rich foods against metabolic syndrome. 26800498 95 113 metabolic syndrome Negative_phenotype 26800498_5 Fruits, vegetables, cereals, nuts, and berries are rich in polyphenolic compounds. 26800498_6 Grapes (Vitis vinifera), especially grape seeds, stand out as rich sources of polyphenol potent antioxidants and have been reported helpful for inhibiting the risk factors involved in the metabolic syndrome such as hyperlipidemia, hyperglycemia, and hypertension. 26800498 0 6 Grapes Plant 26800498 8 22 Vitis vinifera Plant 26800498 36 41 grape Plant 26800498 96 108 antioxidants Positive_phenotype 26800498 188 206 metabolic syndrome Negative_phenotype 26800498 215 229 hyperlipidemia Negative_phenotype 26800498 231 244 hyperglycemia Negative_phenotype 26800498 250 262 hypertension Negative_phenotype 26800498 Increase 0 6 Grapes Plant 96 108 antioxidants Positive_phenotype 26800498 Decrease 0 6 Grapes Plant 188 206 metabolic syndrome Negative_phenotype 26800498 Decrease 0 6 Grapes Plant 215 229 hyperlipidemia Negative_phenotype 26800498 Decrease 0 6 Grapes Plant 231 244 hyperglycemia Negative_phenotype 26800498 Decrease 0 6 Grapes Plant 250 262 hypertension Negative_phenotype 26800498 Increase 8 22 Vitis vinifera Plant 96 108 antioxidants Positive_phenotype 26800498 Decrease 8 22 Vitis vinifera Plant 188 206 metabolic syndrome Negative_phenotype 26800498 Decrease 8 22 Vitis vinifera Plant 215 229 hyperlipidemia Negative_phenotype 26800498 Decrease 8 22 Vitis vinifera Plant 231 244 hyperglycemia Negative_phenotype 26800498 Decrease 8 22 Vitis vinifera Plant 250 262 hypertension Negative_phenotype 26800498 Increase 36 41 grape Plant 96 108 antioxidants Positive_phenotype 26800498 Decrease 36 41 grape Plant 188 206 metabolic syndrome Negative_phenotype 26800498 Decrease 36 41 grape Plant 215 229 hyperlipidemia Negative_phenotype 26800498 Decrease 36 41 grape Plant 231 244 hyperglycemia Negative_phenotype 26800498 Decrease 36 41 grape Plant 250 262 hypertension Negative_phenotype 26800498_7 There are also many studies about gastroprotective, hepatoprotective, and anti-obesity effects of grape polyphenolic compounds especially proanthocyanidins in the literature. 26800498 34 50 gastroprotective Positive_phenotype 26800498 52 68 hepatoprotective Positive_phenotype 26800498 74 86 anti-obesity Positive_phenotype 26800498 98 103 grape Plant 26800498 Increase 34 50 gastroprotective Positive_phenotype 98 103 grape Plant 26800498 Increase 52 68 hepatoprotective Positive_phenotype 98 103 grape Plant 26800498 Increase 74 86 anti-obesity Positive_phenotype 98 103 grape Plant 26800498_8 The present study investigates the protective effects of grape seeds in metabolic syndrome. 26800498 57 62 grape Plant 26800498 72 90 metabolic syndrome Negative_phenotype 26800498_9 The results of this study show that grape polyphenols have significant effects on the level of blood glucose, lipid profile, blood pressure, as well as beneficial activities in liver and heart with various mechanisms. 26800498 36 41 grape Plant 26800498 86 108 level of blood glucose Neutral_phenotype 26800498 110 123 lipid profile Neutral_phenotype 26800498 125 139 blood pressure Neutral_phenotype 26800498 177 182 liver Positive_phenotype 26800498 187 192 heart Positive_phenotype 26800498 Decrease 36 41 grape Plant 86 108 level of blood glucose Neutral_phenotype 26800498 Decrease 36 41 grape Plant 110 123 lipid profile Neutral_phenotype 26800498 Decrease 36 41 grape Plant 125 139 blood pressure Neutral_phenotype 26800498 Increase 36 41 grape Plant 177 182 liver Positive_phenotype 26800498_10 In addition, the pharmacokinetics of grape polyphenols is discussed. 26800498 37 42 grape Plant 26800498_11 More detailed mechanistic investigations and phytochemical studies for finding the exact bioactive component(s) and molecular signaling pathways are suggested. 26800498_12 Copyright 2016 John Wiley _ Sons, Ltd. 26817239_1 Antioxidant Activity and Cytotoxic Effect of Ventilago denticulata Willd Leaves Extracts. 26817239 0 11 Antioxidant Positive_phenotype 26817239 45 72 Ventilago denticulata Willd Plant 26817239_2 BACKGROUND: Oxidative stress is characterized by an imbalance between the antioxidant defense systems and the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). 26817239 12 28 Oxidative stress Negative_phenotype 26817239 74 101 antioxidant defense systems Positive_phenotype 26817239_3 The excess of ROS can damage biomolecules and leading to several chronic conditions and diseases such as diabetes, antherosclerosis, ischemic injury, inflammation and carcinogenesis. 26817239 105 113 diabetes Negative_phenotype 26817239 115 131 antherosclerosis Negative_phenotype 26817239 133 148 ischemic injury Negative_phenotype 26817239 150 162 inflammation Negative_phenotype 26817239 167 181 carcinogenesis Negative_phenotype 26817239_4 Plant extracts and their constituents as a natural source of antioxidants have been extensively studied. 26817239 61 73 antioxidants Positive_phenotype 26817239_5 OBJECTIVE: The study aimed to investigate the antioxidant and cytotoxicity of aqueous and ethanolic Rhang Dang (entilago denticulata Willd) leaves extract. 26817239 46 57 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 26817239 100 110 Rhang Dang Plant 26817239 112 138 entilago denticulata Willd Plant 26817239_6 MATERIAL AND METHOD: The aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Rhang Dang leaves were preliminary analyzed for their phenolic profile (total phenolics and total flavonoids). 26817239 59 69 Rhang Dang Plant 26817239_7 These extracts were evaluated for their antioxidant properties by different methods such as DPPH radical scavenging andperoxyl radical scavenging activity generated by AAPH (2,2'-Azobis (2-methylpropionamidine) dihydrochloride). 26817239 40 51 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 26817239_8 Their cytotoxic effects on hepatocellular carcinoma cell line (HepG2) and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were determined by MTT assay. 26817239 27 51 hepatocellular carcinoma Negative_phenotype 26817239 63 68 HepG2 Negative_phenotype 26817239_9 Anti-hemolytic activity was examined using spectrophotometrical method. 26817239 0 14 Anti-hemolytic Positive_phenotype 26817239_10 RESULTS: The ethanolic extract from Rhang Dang leaves exhibited a strong antioxidant activity and prevented hemolysis. 26817239 36 46 Rhang Dang Plant 26817239 73 84 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 26817239 108 117 hemolysis Negative_phenotype 26817239 Increase 36 46 Rhang Dang Plant 73 84 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 26817239 Decrease 36 46 Rhang Dang Plant 108 117 hemolysis Negative_phenotype 26817239_11 It showed the highest amount of phenolics (91.03 12.43 mg of gallic acid equivalents/g extract) and flavonoid compound (69.76 10.84 mg of catechin equivalents/g). 26817239_12 Interestingly, this extract was more cytotoxic to HepG2 cells than PBMC. 26817239 50 55 HepG2 Negative_phenotype 26817239_13 CONCLUSION: The ethanolic extract from Rhang Dang leaves had strong antioxidant activity and cytotoxic effect on cancer cells. 26817239 39 49 Rhang Dang Plant 26817239 68 79 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 26817239 113 119 cancer Negative_phenotype 26817239 Increase 39 49 Rhang Dang Plant 68 79 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 26817239 Decrease 39 49 Rhang Dang Plant 113 119 cancer Negative_phenotype 26821190_1 Traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacological properties of Neolamarckia cadamba: A review. 26821190 67 87 Neolamarckia cadamba Plant 26821190_2 ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: There are more than 3000 officially documented plants in the Indian subcontinent that hold great medicinal potential. 26821190_3 One such under-explored plant is an evergreen tropical tree Neolamarckia cadamba (Roxb.) Bosser (Rubiaceae). 26821190 60 95 Neolamarckia cadamba (Roxb.) Bosser Plant 26821190_4 It is widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions of the world and has therapeutic potential against many diseases such as diabetes, anaemia, stomatitis, leprosy, cancer and infectious diseases. 26821190 134 142 diabetes Negative_phenotype 26821190 144 151 anaemia Negative_phenotype 26821190 153 163 stomatitis Negative_phenotype 26821190 165 172 leprosy Negative_phenotype 26821190 174 180 cancer Negative_phenotype 26821190 185 204 infectious diseases Negative_phenotype 26821190_5 Neolamarckia cadamba has historical existence in India and it is mentioned in mythical stories. 26821190 0 20 Neolamarckia cadamba Plant 26821190_6 There are several reports on medicinal values of root, bark and leaves of N. cadamba; but the literature on its fruits is scanty. 26821190 74 84 N. cadamba Plant 26821190_7 Therefore, the present review aims to provide updated comprehensive information on the phytochemistry and pharmacological properties of different parts of N. cadamba tree with special reference to its fruit, in order to open new perspectives for future food and pharmacological research. 26821190 155 165 N. cadamba Plant 26821190_8 MATERIALS AND METHODS: A literature search was performed on N. cadamba using ethnobotanical textbooks, published articles in peer-reviewed journals, unpublished materials, government survey reports and scientific databases such as Pubmed, Scopus, Web of Science, Science Direct, Google Scholar and other web search engines (Google, Yahoo). 26821190 60 70 N. cadamba Plant 26821190_9 The Plant List, International Plant Name Index and Kew Botanical Garden Plant name databases were used to validate the scientific names. 26821190_10 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Neolamarckia cadamba is one of the economically important trees, which is being exploited for paper, pulp and wood industry. 26821190 24 44 Neolamarckia cadamba Plant 26821190_11 In folk medicine, various parts of N. cadamba are used in the treatment of various ailments such as fever, uterine complaints, blood diseases, skin diseases, tumor, anaemia, eye inflammation and diarrhoea. 26821190 35 45 N. cadamba Plant 26821190 100 105 fever Negative_phenotype 26821190 107 125 uterine complaints Negative_phenotype 26821190 127 141 blood diseases Negative_phenotype 26821190 143 156 skin diseases Negative_phenotype 26821190 158 163 tumor Negative_phenotype 26821190 165 172 anaemia Negative_phenotype 26821190 174 190 eye inflammation Negative_phenotype 26821190 195 204 diarrhoea Negative_phenotype 26821190 Decrease 35 45 N. cadamba Plant 100 105 fever Negative_phenotype 26821190 Decrease 35 45 N. cadamba Plant 107 125 uterine complaints Negative_phenotype 26821190 Decrease 35 45 N. cadamba Plant 127 141 blood diseases Negative_phenotype 26821190 Decrease 35 45 N. cadamba Plant 143 156 skin diseases Negative_phenotype 26821190 Decrease 35 45 N. cadamba Plant 158 163 tumor Negative_phenotype 26821190 Decrease 35 45 N. cadamba Plant 165 172 anaemia Negative_phenotype 26821190 Decrease 35 45 N. cadamba Plant 174 190 eye inflammation Negative_phenotype 26821190 Decrease 35 45 N. cadamba Plant 195 204 diarrhoea Negative_phenotype 26821190_12 Other reported uses of N. cadamba include antihepatotoxic, antimalarial, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, diuretic and laxative. 26821190 23 33 N. cadamba Plant 26821190 42 57 antihepatotoxic Positive_phenotype 26821190 59 71 antimalarial Positive_phenotype 26821190 73 82 analgesic Positive_phenotype 26821190 84 101 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 26821190 103 114 antipyretic Positive_phenotype 26821190 116 124 diuretic Positive_phenotype 26821190 129 137 laxative Positive_phenotype 26821190 Increase 23 33 N. cadamba Plant 42 57 antihepatotoxic Positive_phenotype 26821190 Increase 23 33 N. cadamba Plant 59 71 antimalarial Positive_phenotype 26821190 Increase 23 33 N. cadamba Plant 73 82 analgesic Positive_phenotype 26821190 Increase 23 33 N. cadamba Plant 84 101 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 26821190 Increase 23 33 N. cadamba Plant 103 114 antipyretic Positive_phenotype 26821190 Increase 23 33 N. cadamba Plant 116 124 diuretic Positive_phenotype 26821190 Increase 23 33 N. cadamba Plant 129 137 laxative Positive_phenotype 26821190_13 Various phytochemicals such as cadambine and its derivatives (dihydrocadambine and isodihydrocadambine) and indole alkaloids (Neolamarckines) were isolated from the leaves; whereas the presence of quinovic acid derivatives have been reported in the bark of N. cadamba. 26821190 257 267 N. cadamba Plant 26821190_14 CONCLUSION: The present review compiles information on an ethnopharmacologically useful plant N. cadamba. 26821190 94 104 N. cadamba Plant 26821190_15 Bioactive compounds responsible for its various medicinal properties and their effects at the molecular level need to be investigated in more detail. 26821190_16 Furthermore, the detailed study of toxicity and pharmacological properties of extracts as well as molecules in N. cadamba is required to confirm the ethnomedicinal claims of N. cadamba for food and pharmaceutical applications. 26821190 35 43 toxicity Negative_phenotype 26821190 111 121 N. cadamba Plant 26821190 174 184 N. cadamba Plant 26839997_1 Pharmacological perspectives from Brazilian Salvia officinalis (Lamiaceae): antioxidant, and antitumor in mammalian cells. 26839997 44 62 Salvia officinalis Plant 26839997 76 87 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 26839997 93 102 antitumor Positive_phenotype 26839997_2 Salvia officinalis (Lamiaceae) has been used in south of Brazil as a diary homemade, in food condiment and tea-beverage used for the treatment of several disorders. 26839997 0 18 Salvia officinalis Plant 26839997_3 The objective of this study was to characterize chemical compounds in the hydroalcoholic (ExtHS) and aqueous (ExtAS) extract from Salvia officinalis (L.) by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and by high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-QTOF MS/MS), evaluate in vitro ability to scavenge the free radical 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH ) and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS +), catalase (CAT-like) and superoxide dismutase (SOD-like) activity, moreover cytotoxic by MTT assay, alterations on cell morphology by giemsa and apoptotic-induced mechanism for annexin V/propidium iodide. 26839997 130 153 Salvia officinalis (L.) Plant 26839997_4 Chemical identification sage extracts revealed the presence of acids and phenolic compounds. 26839997 24 28 sage Plant 26839997_5 In vitro antioxidant analysis for both extracts indicated promising activities. 26839997 9 20 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 26839997_6 The cytotoxic assays using tumor (Hep-2, HeLa, A-549, HT-29 and A-375) and in non-tumor (HEK-293 and MRC-5), showed selectivity for tumor cell lines. 26839997 27 32 tumor Negative_phenotype 26839997 34 39 Hep-2 Negative_phenotype 26839997 41 45 HeLa Negative_phenotype 26839997 47 52 A-549 Negative_phenotype 26839997 54 59 HT-29 Negative_phenotype 26839997 64 69 A-375 Negative_phenotype 26839997 132 137 tumor Negative_phenotype 26839997_7 Immunocytochemistry presenting a majority of tumor cells at late stages of the apoptotic process and necrosis. 26839997 45 50 tumor Negative_phenotype 26839997 101 109 necrosis Negative_phenotype 26839997_8 Given the results presented here, Brazilian Salvia officinalis (L.) used as condiment and tea, may protect the body against some disease, in particularly those where oxidative stress is involved, like neurodegenerative disorders, inflammation and cancer. 26839997 44 67 Salvia officinalis (L.) Plant 26839997 166 182 oxidative stress Negative_phenotype 26839997 201 228 neurodegenerative disorders Negative_phenotype 26839997 230 242 inflammation Negative_phenotype 26839997 247 253 cancer Negative_phenotype 26839997 Decrease 44 67 Salvia officinalis (L.) Plant 166 182 oxidative stress Negative_phenotype 26839997 Decrease 44 67 Salvia officinalis (L.) Plant 201 228 neurodegenerative disorders Negative_phenotype 26839997 Decrease 44 67 Salvia officinalis (L.) Plant 230 242 inflammation Negative_phenotype 26839997 Decrease 44 67 Salvia officinalis (L.) Plant 247 253 cancer Negative_phenotype 26842214_1 Ferula gummosa Boiss flower and leaf extracts inhibit angiogenesis in vitro. 26842214 0 20 Ferula gummosa Boiss Plant 26842214_2 BACKGROUND: Angiogenesis is a vital process in development as well as in tumor metastasis. 26842214 73 89 tumor metastasis Negative_phenotype 26842214_3 Therefore, inhibition of tumor angiogenesis may be an approach for cancer therapy. 26842214 25 43 tumor angiogenesis Negative_phenotype 26842214 67 73 cancer Negative_phenotype 26842214_4 In this study, we evaluated the effect of Ferula gummosa Boiss flower and leaf extracts on angiogenesis. 26842214 42 62 Ferula gummosa Boiss Plant 26842214 91 103 angiogenesis Negative_phenotype 26842214_5 MATERIALS AND METHODS: Cell growth and cytotoxic effects of different concentrations (0-70 g/mL) of F. gummosa Boiss flower and leaf extracts were evaluated on the growth of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) using Neutral Red assay. 26842214 101 117 F. gummosa Boiss Plant 26842214_6 Then, wound healing, in vitro angiogenesis assay and quantitative VEGF gene expression analysis were conducted with the noncytotoxic concentrations of the ethanol extract. 26842214 6 19 wound healing Positive_phenotype 26842214_7 RESULTS: Our results indicated that observed HUVECs viability was higher than 60% for both extracts after 24 hours treatment at concentration of 30 g/mL or lower, whereas cytotoxic effects were observed at higher concentrations or after 48 hours treatment. 26842214_8 F. gummosa Boiss flower and leaf extracts inhibited migration and angiogenesis capacity in a concentration-dependent manner (10-30 g/mL), and down regulated VEGF transcription (20 g/mL for flower extract and 30 g/mL for leaf extract). 26842214 0 16 F. gummosa Boiss Plant 26842214_9 CONCLUSIONS: Our findings revealed that F. gummosa Boiss flower and leaf extracts may contain antiangiogenic compounds, which could be used in preparation of new therapeutic agents for inhibition of tumor angiogenesis. 26842214 40 56 F. gummosa Boiss Plant 26842214 94 108 antiangiogenic Positive_phenotype 26842214 199 217 tumor angiogenesis Negative_phenotype 26842214 Increase 40 56 F. gummosa Boiss Plant 94 108 antiangiogenic Positive_phenotype 26842214 Decrease 40 56 F. gummosa Boiss Plant 199 217 tumor angiogenesis Negative_phenotype 26842214_10 To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of antiangiogenic effects of F. gummosa Boiss flower and leaf extracts and more studies are needed to identify the effective components of the extracts. 26842214 58 72 antiangiogenic Positive_phenotype 26842214 84 100 F. gummosa Boiss Plant 26842214 Increase 58 72 antiangiogenic Positive_phenotype 84 100 F. gummosa Boiss Plant 26842885_1 Agrimonia pilosa Ledeb., Cinnamomum cassia Blume, and Lonicera japonica Thunb. protect against cognitive dysfunction and energy and glucose dysregulation by reducing neuroinflammation and hippocampal insulin resistance in b-amyloid-infused rats. 26842885 0 23 Agrimonia pilosa Ledeb. Plant 26842885 25 48 Cinnamomum cassia Blume Plant 26842885 54 78 Lonicera japonica Thunb. Plant 26842885 95 116 cognitive dysfunction Negative_phenotype 26842885 121 153 energy and glucose dysregulation Negative_phenotype 26842885 166 183 neuroinflammation Negative_phenotype 26842885 200 218 insulin resistance Negative_phenotype 26842885 Decrease 0 23 Agrimonia pilosa Ledeb. Plant 95 116 cognitive dysfunction Negative_phenotype 26842885 Decrease 0 23 Agrimonia pilosa Ledeb. Plant 121 153 energy and glucose dysregulation Negative_phenotype 26842885 Decrease 0 23 Agrimonia pilosa Ledeb. Plant 166 183 neuroinflammation Negative_phenotype 26842885 Decrease 0 23 Agrimonia pilosa Ledeb. Plant 200 218 insulin resistance Negative_phenotype 26842885 Decrease 25 48 Cinnamomum cassia Blume Plant 95 116 cognitive dysfunction Negative_phenotype 26842885 Decrease 25 48 Cinnamomum cassia Blume Plant 121 153 energy and glucose dysregulation Negative_phenotype 26842885 Decrease 25 48 Cinnamomum cassia Blume Plant 166 183 neuroinflammation Negative_phenotype 26842885 Decrease 25 48 Cinnamomum cassia Blume Plant 200 218 insulin resistance Negative_phenotype 26842885 Decrease 54 78 Lonicera japonica Thunb. Plant 95 116 cognitive dysfunction Negative_phenotype 26842885 Decrease 54 78 Lonicera japonica Thunb. Plant 121 153 energy and glucose dysregulation Negative_phenotype 26842885 Decrease 54 78 Lonicera japonica Thunb. Plant 200 218 insulin resistance Negative_phenotype 26842885_2 UNASSIGNED: Objectives The water extracts of Cinnamomum cassia Blume bark (CCB; Lauraceae), Lonicera japonica Thunb. flower (LJT; Caprifoliaceae), and Agrimonia pilosa Ledeb. leaves (APL; Rosaceae) prevented amyloid-b (25-35)-induced cell death in PC12 cells in our preliminary study. 26842885 45 68 Cinnamomum cassia Blume Plant 26842885 75 78 CCB Plant 26842885 92 116 Lonicera japonica Thunb. Plant 26842885 125 128 LJT Plant 26842885 151 174 Agrimonia pilosa Ledeb. Plant 26842885 183 186 APL Plant 26842885 248 252 PC12 Negative_phenotype 26842885 Decrease 151 174 Agrimonia pilosa Ledeb. Plant 248 252 PC12 Negative_phenotype 26842885 Decrease 183 186 APL Plant 248 252 PC12 Negative_phenotype 26842885_3 We evaluated whether long-term oral consumption of CCB, LJT, and APL improves cognitive dysfunction and glucose homeostasis in rats with experimentally induced AD-type dementia. 26842885 51 54 CCB Plant 26842885 56 59 LJT Plant 26842885 65 68 APL Plant 26842885 78 99 cognitive dysfunction Negative_phenotype 26842885 104 123 glucose homeostasis Positive_phenotype 26842885 160 176 AD-type dementia Negative_phenotype 26842885_4 Methods Male rats received hippocampal CA1 infusions of amyloid-b (25-35, AD) or amyloid-b (35-25, non-plaque forming, normal-controls, Non-AD-CON), at a rate of 3.6 nmol/day for 14 days. 26842885_5 AD rats were divided into four groups receiving either 2% lyophilized water extracts of CCB, LJT, or APL or 2% dextrin (AD-CON) in high-fat diets (43% energy as fat). 26842885 0 2 AD Negative_phenotype 26842885 88 91 CCB Plant 26842885 93 96 LJT Plant 26842885 101 104 APL Plant 26842885_6 Results Hippocampal amyloid-b deposition, tau phosphorylation, and expressions of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-a and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) (neruoinflammation markers) were increased, and insulin signaling decreased in AD-CON. 26842885_7 CCB, LJT, and APL all prevented hippocampal amyloid-b accumulation and enhanced hippocampal insulin signaling. 26842885 0 3 CCB Plant 26842885 5 8 LJT Plant 26842885 14 17 APL Plant 26842885_8 CCB, LJT, and APL decreased TNF-a and iNOS in the hippocampus and especially APL exhibited the greatest decrease. 26842885 0 3 CCB Plant 26842885 5 8 LJT Plant 26842885 14 17 APL Plant 26842885 77 80 APL Plant 26842885_9 AD-CON exhibited cognitive dysfunction in passive avoidance and water maze tests, whereas CCB, LJT, and APL protected against cognitive dysfunction, and APL was most effective and was similar to Non-AD-CON. 26842885 17 38 cognitive dysfunction Negative_phenotype 26842885 90 93 CCB Plant 26842885 95 98 LJT Plant 26842885 104 107 APL Plant 26842885 126 147 cognitive dysfunction Negative_phenotype 26842885 153 156 APL Plant 26842885 Decrease 90 93 CCB Plant 126 147 cognitive dysfunction Negative_phenotype 26842885 Decrease 95 98 LJT Plant 126 147 cognitive dysfunction Negative_phenotype 26842885 Decrease 104 107 APL Plant 126 147 cognitive dysfunction Negative_phenotype 26842885 Decrease 126 147 cognitive dysfunction Negative_phenotype 153 156 APL Plant 26842885_10 AD-CON had less fat oxidation as an energy fuel, but it was reversed by CCB, LJT, and especially APL. 26842885 72 75 CCB Plant 26842885 77 80 LJT Plant 26842885 97 100 APL Plant 26842885_11 APL-treated rats had less visceral fat than AD-CON rats. 26842885 0 3 APL Plant 26842885 26 38 visceral fat Negative_phenotype 26842885 Decrease 0 3 APL Plant 26 38 visceral fat Negative_phenotype 26842885_12 AD-CON rats exhibited impaired insulin sensitivity and increased insulin secretion during oral glucose tolerance test compared with Non-AD-CON, but CCB and APL prevented the impairment. 26842885 22 50 impaired insulin sensitivity Negative_phenotype 26842885 95 112 glucose tolerance Positive_phenotype 26842885 148 151 CCB Plant 26842885 156 159 APL Plant 26842885_13 Discussion These results supported that APL, LJT, and CCB effectively prevent the cognitive dysfunction and the impairment of energy and glucose homeostasis induced by amyloid-b deposition by reducing neuroinflammation and enhancing insulin signaling. 26842885 40 43 APL Plant 26842885 45 48 LJT Plant 26842885 54 57 CCB Plant 26842885 82 103 cognitive dysfunction Negative_phenotype 26842885 126 156 energy and glucose homeostasis Positive_phenotype 26842885 201 218 neuroinflammation Negative_phenotype 26842885 Decrease 40 43 APL Plant 82 103 cognitive dysfunction Negative_phenotype 26842885 Increase 40 43 APL Plant 126 156 energy and glucose homeostasis Positive_phenotype 26842885 Decrease 40 43 APL Plant 201 218 neuroinflammation Negative_phenotype 26842885 Decrease 45 48 LJT Plant 82 103 cognitive dysfunction Negative_phenotype 26842885 Increase 45 48 LJT Plant 126 156 energy and glucose homeostasis Positive_phenotype 26842885 Decrease 45 48 LJT Plant 201 218 neuroinflammation Negative_phenotype 26842885 Decrease 54 57 CCB Plant 82 103 cognitive dysfunction Negative_phenotype 26842885 Increase 54 57 CCB Plant 126 156 energy and glucose homeostasis Positive_phenotype 26842885 Decrease 54 57 CCB Plant 201 218 neuroinflammation Negative_phenotype 26842885_14 APL exhibited the greatest effectiveness for improving cognitive function. 26842885 0 3 APL Plant 26842885 55 73 cognitive function Positive_phenotype 26842885 Increase 0 3 APL Plant 55 73 cognitive function Positive_phenotype 26850344_1 Delonix regia: historic perspectives and modern phytochemical and pharmacological researches. 26850344 0 13 Delonix regia Plant 26850344_2 Delonix regia (Bojer ex Hook) Raffin (Fabaceae), also known as flame of forest, is a semi-deciduous tree, distributed throughout Madagascar, India, Africa, and Northern Australia. 26850344 0 36 Delonix regia (Bojer ex Hook) Raffin Plant 26850344_3 Various parts of the plant are traditionally used for the treatment of different ailments such as inflammation, rheumatism, bronchitis, diabetes, anemia, fever, gynecological disorders, and pneumonia. 26850344 98 110 inflammation Negative_phenotype 26850344 112 122 rheumatism Negative_phenotype 26850344 124 134 bronchitis Negative_phenotype 26850344 136 144 diabetes Negative_phenotype 26850344 146 152 anemia Negative_phenotype 26850344 154 159 fever Negative_phenotype 26850344 161 184 gynecological disorders Negative_phenotype 26850344 190 199 pneumonia Negative_phenotype 26850344_4 The plant possess antioxidant, hepatoprotective, gastroprotective, wound healing, antiarthritic, larvicidal, antimalarial, antiemetic, antibacterial, antifungal, antiinflammatory, analgesic, antidiarrhoeal, antiheamolytic, diuretic, and anthelmintic activities. 26850344 18 29 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 26850344 31 47 hepatoprotective Positive_phenotype 26850344 49 65 gastroprotective Positive_phenotype 26850344 67 80 wound healing Positive_phenotype 26850344 82 95 antiarthritic Positive_phenotype 26850344 97 107 larvicidal Positive_phenotype 26850344 109 121 antimalarial Positive_phenotype 26850344 123 133 antiemetic Positive_phenotype 26850344 135 148 antibacterial Positive_phenotype 26850344 150 160 antifungal Positive_phenotype 26850344 162 178 antiinflammatory Positive_phenotype 26850344 180 189 analgesic Positive_phenotype 26850344 191 205 antidiarrhoeal Positive_phenotype 26850344 207 221 antiheamolytic Positive_phenotype 26850344 223 231 diuretic Positive_phenotype 26850344 237 249 anthelmintic Positive_phenotype 26850344_5 This review is an up-to-date compilation on its traditional uses in context to phytochemical and pharmacological perspectives. 26851499_1 A comprehensive analysis on Symplocos racemosa Roxb. 26851499 28 52 Symplocos racemosa Roxb. Plant 26851499_2 : Traditional uses, botany, phytochemistry and pharmacological activities. 26851499_3 ETHANOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Symplocos racemosa Roxb. 26851499 33 57 Symplocos racemosa Roxb. Plant 26851499_4 belongs to a unigeneric family Symplocaceae, known as lodhra in Sanskrit; is a small evergreen tree, found throughout the tropical and sub-tropical countries. 26851499_5 Ethnobotanical literature indicates use of S. racemosa in treatment of eye disease, skin diseases, ear diseases, liver and bowel complaints, tumors, uterine disorders, spongy and bleeding gums, asthma, fever, snake-bite, gonorrhea and arthritis. 26851499 43 54 S. racemosa Plant 26851499 71 82 eye disease Negative_phenotype 26851499 84 97 skin diseases Negative_phenotype 26851499 99 111 ear diseases Negative_phenotype 26851499 113 139 liver and bowel complaints Negative_phenotype 26851499 141 147 tumors Negative_phenotype 26851499 149 166 uterine disorders Negative_phenotype 26851499 168 192 spongy and bleeding gums Negative_phenotype 26851499 194 200 asthma Negative_phenotype 26851499 202 207 fever Negative_phenotype 26851499 209 219 snake-bite Negative_phenotype 26851499 221 230 gonorrhea Negative_phenotype 26851499 235 244 arthritis Negative_phenotype 26851499 Decrease 43 54 S. racemosa Plant 71 82 eye disease Negative_phenotype 26851499 Decrease 43 54 S. racemosa Plant 84 97 skin diseases Negative_phenotype 26851499 Decrease 43 54 S. racemosa Plant 99 111 ear diseases Negative_phenotype 26851499 Decrease 43 54 S. racemosa Plant 113 139 liver and bowel complaints Negative_phenotype 26851499 Decrease 43 54 S. racemosa Plant 141 147 tumors Negative_phenotype 26851499 Decrease 43 54 S. racemosa Plant 149 166 uterine disorders Negative_phenotype 26851499 Decrease 43 54 S. racemosa Plant 168 192 spongy and bleeding gums Negative_phenotype 26851499 Decrease 43 54 S. racemosa Plant 194 200 asthma Negative_phenotype 26851499 Decrease 43 54 S. racemosa Plant 202 207 fever Negative_phenotype 26851499 Decrease 43 54 S. racemosa Plant 209 219 snake-bite Negative_phenotype 26851499 Decrease 43 54 S. racemosa Plant 221 230 gonorrhea Negative_phenotype 26851499 Decrease 43 54 S. racemosa Plant 235 244 arthritis Negative_phenotype 26851499_6 The main aim of this review is to provide detailed phytopharmacological profile on S. racemosa in support with the traditional practices and ethnomedicinal uses. 26851499 83 94 S. racemosa Plant 26851499_7 MATERIALS _ METHODS: All relevant worldwide accepted databases have been searched for the name "Symplocos racemosa" along with other literature from Indian Classical texts and Pharmacopoeias. 26851499 96 114 Symplocos racemosa Plant 26851499_8 The accessible literatures available on S. racemosa, were collected through electronic search on Pub med, Scopus, Science direct and traditional reports. 26851499 40 51 S. racemosa Plant 26851499_9 RESULTS: S. racemosa is important Indian traditional drug used in many Ayurvedic and herbal formulations for treatment of liver as well as uterine disorders and leucorrhoea. 26851499 9 20 S. racemosa Plant 26851499 122 156 liver as well as uterine disorders Negative_phenotype 26851499 161 172 leucorrhoea Negative_phenotype 26851499 Decrease 9 20 S. racemosa Plant 122 156 liver as well as uterine disorders Negative_phenotype 26851499 Decrease 9 20 S. racemosa Plant 161 172 leucorrhoea Negative_phenotype 26851499_10 Majority of phytopharmacological reports are on stem bark of the plant which include anti-cancer, hepatoprotective, anti-oxidant, anti-androgenic effect, anti-inflammatory, wound healing activity and anti-diabetic effects. 26851499 85 96 anti-cancer Positive_phenotype 26851499 98 114 hepatoprotective Positive_phenotype 26851499 116 128 anti-oxidant Positive_phenotype 26851499 130 145 anti-androgenic Positive_phenotype 26851499 154 171 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 26851499 173 186 wound healing Positive_phenotype 26851499 200 213 anti-diabetic Positive_phenotype 26851499_11 Phytochemical studies indicated presence of many phenolic glycosides like symplocoside, triterpenoids like betulinic acid, acetyloleanolic acid and oleanolic acid and flavonoids like quercetin which might have contributed to the observed protective effects. 26851499_12 CONCLUSION: Many ethno botanical claims have been confirmed through systematic in-vitro and in-vivo pharmacological studies on different extracts of stem bark and isolated constituents. 26851499_13 However, systematic studies on the bio-markers are desirable to establish mode of action and to validate the traditional claim in clinical practice after proper safety assessment. 26851499_14 The conservation data of genus Symplocos showed risk of extinction due to restricted distribution in the wild hence systematic techniques should be developed for the maintenance of this plant. 26851499 31 40 Symplocos Plant 26854821_1 Effects of Standardized Eriobotrya japonica Extract in LP-BM5 Murine Leukemia Viruses-Induced Murine Immunodeficiency Syndrome. 26854821 24 43 Eriobotrya japonica Plant 26854821 55 126 LP-BM5 Murine Leukemia Viruses-Induced Murine Immunodeficiency Syndrome Negative_phenotype 26854821_2 UNASSIGNED: Folk medicine has long employed leaves from Eriobotrya japonica Lindl. (Rosaceae) (LEJ) as relieving many diseases including chronic bronchitis and high fever. 26854821 56 82 Eriobotrya japonica Lindl. Plant 26854821 95 98 LEJ Plant 26854821 137 155 chronic bronchitis Negative_phenotype 26854821 160 170 high fever Negative_phenotype 26854821 Decrease 56 82 Eriobotrya japonica Lindl. Plant 137 155 chronic bronchitis Negative_phenotype 26854821 Decrease 56 82 Eriobotrya japonica Lindl. Plant 160 170 high fever Negative_phenotype 26854821 Decrease 95 98 LEJ Plant 137 155 chronic bronchitis Negative_phenotype 26854821 Decrease 95 98 LEJ Plant 160 170 high fever Negative_phenotype 26854821_3 In this study, we investigated the immunomodulatory effects of leaves from LEJ water extracts (LEJE) in LP-BM5 murine leukemia viruses (MuLV)-induced immune-deficient animal model. 26854821 35 51 immunomodulatory Positive_phenotype 26854821 75 78 LEJ Plant 26854821 95 99 LEJE Plant 26854821 104 166 LP-BM5 murine leukemia viruses (MuLV)-induced immune-deficient Negative_phenotype 26854821_4 Dietary supplementation of LEJE (100, 300, 500 mg/kg) began on the day of LP-BM5 MuLV infection and continued for 12 weeks. 26854821 27 31 LEJE Plant 26854821 74 95 LP-BM5 MuLV infection Negative_phenotype 26854821_5 Dietary supplementation of LEJE inhibited LP-BM5 MuLV-induced splenomegaly and lymphadenopathy. 26854821 27 31 LEJE Plant 26854821 42 94 LP-BM5 MuLV-induced splenomegaly and lymphadenopathy Negative_phenotype 26854821 Decrease 27 31 LEJE Plant 42 94 LP-BM5 MuLV-induced splenomegaly and lymphadenopathy Negative_phenotype 26854821_6 Moreover, LEJE attenuated reductions of T- and B-cell proliferation and Th1/Th2 cytokine imbalance in LP-BM5. 26854821 10 14 LEJE Plant 26854821 72 108 Th1/Th2 cytokine imbalance in LP-BM5 Negative_phenotype 26854821 Decrease 10 14 LEJE Plant 72 108 Th1/Th2 cytokine imbalance in LP-BM5 Negative_phenotype 26854821_7 We found that dietary supplements of LEJE suppressed the hypergammaglobulinemia by ameliorating LP-BM5 MuLV infection-induced B-cell dysfunction and production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. 26854821 37 41 LEJE Plant 26854821 57 79 hypergammaglobulinemia Negative_phenotype 26854821 96 144 LP-BM5 MuLV infection-induced B-cell dysfunction Negative_phenotype 26854821 Decrease 37 41 LEJE Plant 57 79 hypergammaglobulinemia Negative_phenotype 26854821 Decrease 37 41 LEJE Plant 96 144 LP-BM5 MuLV infection-induced B-cell dysfunction Negative_phenotype 26854821_8 We suggest that Eriobotrya japonica may have beneficial immunomodulatory effects, improving the balance of Th1/Th2 cytokines and anti-inflammatory effects. 26854821 16 35 Eriobotrya japonica Plant 26854821 56 72 immunomodulatory Positive_phenotype 26854821 96 124 balance of Th1/Th2 cytokines Positive_phenotype 26854821 129 146 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 26854821 Increase 16 35 Eriobotrya japonica Plant 56 72 immunomodulatory Positive_phenotype 26854821 Increase 16 35 Eriobotrya japonica Plant 96 124 balance of Th1/Th2 cytokines Positive_phenotype 26854821 Increase 16 35 Eriobotrya japonica Plant 129 146 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 26916913_1 The Chemical Constituents and Bioactivities of Psoralea corylifolia Linn. : A Review. 26916913 47 73 Psoralea corylifolia Linn. Plant 26916913_2 Psoralea corylifolia Linn. (P. corylifolia) is an important medicinal plant with thousands of years of clinical application. 26916913 28 42 P. corylifolia Plant 26916913_3 It has been widely used in many traditional Chinese medicine formulas for the treatment of various diseases such as leucoderma and other skin diseases, cardiovascular diseases, nephritis, osteoporosis, and cancer. 26916913 116 126 leucoderma Negative_phenotype 26916913 137 150 skin diseases Negative_phenotype 26916913 152 175 cardiovascular diseases Negative_phenotype 26916913 177 186 nephritis Negative_phenotype 26916913 188 200 osteoporosis Negative_phenotype 26916913 206 212 cancer Negative_phenotype 26916913_4 Phytochemical studies indicated that coumarins, flavonoids, and meroterpenes are the main components of P. corylifolia, and most of these components are present in the seeds or fruits. 26916913 104 118 P. corylifolia Plant 26916913_5 The extracts and active components of P. corylifolia demonstrated multiple biological activities, including estrogenic, antitumor, anti-oxidant, antimicrobial, antidepressant, anti-inflammatory, osteoblastic, and hepatoprotective activities. 26916913 38 52 P. corylifolia Plant 26916913 108 118 estrogenic Positive_phenotype 26916913 120 129 antitumor Positive_phenotype 26916913 131 143 anti-oxidant Positive_phenotype 26916913 145 158 antimicrobial Positive_phenotype 26916913 160 174 antidepressant Positive_phenotype 26916913 176 193 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 26916913 195 207 osteoblastic Positive_phenotype 26916913 213 229 hepatoprotective Positive_phenotype 26916913 Increase 38 52 P. corylifolia Plant 108 118 estrogenic Positive_phenotype 26916913 Increase 38 52 P. corylifolia Plant 120 129 antitumor Positive_phenotype 26916913 Increase 38 52 P. corylifolia Plant 131 143 anti-oxidant Positive_phenotype 26916913 Increase 38 52 P. corylifolia Plant 145 158 antimicrobial Positive_phenotype 26916913 Increase 38 52 P. corylifolia Plant 160 174 antidepressant Positive_phenotype 26916913 Increase 38 52 P. corylifolia Plant 176 193 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 26916913 Increase 38 52 P. corylifolia Plant 195 207 osteoblastic Positive_phenotype 26916913 Increase 38 52 P. corylifolia Plant 213 229 hepatoprotective Positive_phenotype 26916913_6 This paper systematically summarized literatures on the chemical constituents and biological activities of P. corylifolia, which provided useful information for the further research and development toward this potent medicinal plant. 26916913 107 121 P. corylifolia Plant 26923541_1 Pharmacokinetic profiles of the five isoflavonoids from Pueraria lobata roots in the CSF and plasma of rats. 26923541 56 71 Pueraria lobata Plant 26923541_2 ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Traditional Chinese medicine Radix Puerariae, the roots of Pueraria lobata (Wild.) Ohwi., has been widely used for the treatment of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases in China for centuries. 26923541 91 120 Pueraria lobata (Wild.) Ohwi. Plant 26923541 164 207 cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases Negative_phenotype 26923541 Decrease 91 120 Pueraria lobata (Wild.) Ohwi. Plant 164 207 cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases Negative_phenotype 26923541_3 Isoflavonoids are believed the active components of this herb. 26923541_4 AIM OF THIS STUDY: The present study aims to investigate the brain penetration and pharmacokinetics of five active isoflavonoids in the ventricular CSF and plasma of rats after intravenous administration of a Pueraria isoflavonoids (PIF) extract, to better understand the active components of this herb for neuro-activities. 26923541 209 217 Pueraria Plant 26923541 233 236 PIF Plant 26923541 307 323 neuro-activities Positive_phenotype 26923541_5 MATERIAL AND METHODS: Under anesthesia condition, SD rats (n=6) were successively suffered two surgeries for implanting cannulas at lateral ventricle and right jugular vein for brain microdialysis and blood collection, respectively. 26923541_6 After recovery, the rats received intravenous dose of PIF at 80mg/kg and the concentrations of puerarin (PU), 3'-methoxypuerarin (MPU), 3'-hydroxypuerarin (HPU) daidzein (DA) and daidzein-8-C-apiosyl-(1-6)-glycoside (DAC) in the ventricular dialysate and plasma samples were determined using a ultra-fast liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method. 26923541 54 57 PIF Plant 26923541_7 RESULTS: Complete concentration versus time profiles of the five components in plasma and four components except for HPU in ventricular CSF were obtained. 26923541_8 After dosing, the average C0 values of PU, MPU, DA, DAC and HPU in plasma were estimated 6.53, 13.72, 1.54, 15.84 and 86.07 g/mL, and PU, MPU, DA and DAC were rapidly penetrated to the brain and reached to their Cmax of 521.52, 415.00, 74.34 and 380.03 ng/mL in CSF at about 0.5-0.8h, respectively. 26923541_9 The elimination t1/2 of PU, DA and DAC in CSF and plasma were no significant difference, while the t1/2 of MPU in ventricular CSF was longer than that in plasma which may attributable to the different physiological environment of central and peripheral compartments. 26923541_10 The brain penetration index (AUCCSF/AUCplasma) was found to be about 9.29, 7.25, 11.96, and 4.21% for PU, MPU, DA, and DAC respectively. 26923541 4 27 brain penetration index Neutral_phenotype 26923541_11 CONCLUSION: PU, MPU, DA, DAC can quickly penetrate to the brain through the blood brain barrier (BBB) and might be responsible for the neuro-pharmacological activities of P. lobata. 26923541 135 156 neuro-pharmacological Positive_phenotype 26923541 171 180 P. lobata Plant 26923541 Increase 135 156 neuro-pharmacological Positive_phenotype 171 180 P. lobata Plant 26944235_1 Ximenia caffra Sond. (Ximeniaceae) in sub-Saharan Africa: A synthesis and review of its medicinal potential. 26944235 0 20 Ximenia caffra Sond. Plant 26944235_2 ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Ximenia caffra Sond. (Ximeniaceae), commonly known as "sour plum" is traditionally used, both topically and orally to treat a wide range of human diseases and ailments such as wounds, sexually transmitted infections (STIs), infertility, stomach ache, fever, eye problems, diarrhoea, bilharzia, menorrhagia, malaria, intestinal worms, impotence and coughs. 26944235 32 52 Ximenia caffra Sond. Plant 26944235 87 96 sour plum Plant 26944235 208 214 wounds Negative_phenotype 26944235 216 247 sexually transmitted infections Negative_phenotype 26944235 249 253 STIs Negative_phenotype 26944235 256 267 infertility Negative_phenotype 26944235 269 281 stomach ache Negative_phenotype 26944235 283 288 fever Negative_phenotype 26944235 290 302 eye problems Negative_phenotype 26944235 304 313 diarrhoea Negative_phenotype 26944235 315 324 bilharzia Negative_phenotype 26944235 326 337 menorrhagia Negative_phenotype 26944235 339 346 malaria Negative_phenotype 26944235 348 364 intestinal worms Negative_phenotype 26944235 366 375 impotence Negative_phenotype 26944235 380 386 coughs Negative_phenotype 26944235 Decrease 32 52 Ximenia caffra Sond. Plant 208 214 wounds Negative_phenotype 26944235 Decrease 32 52 Ximenia caffra Sond. Plant 216 247 sexually transmitted infections Negative_phenotype 26944235 Decrease 32 52 Ximenia caffra Sond. Plant 249 253 STIs Negative_phenotype 26944235 Decrease 32 52 Ximenia caffra Sond. Plant 256 267 infertility Negative_phenotype 26944235 Decrease 32 52 Ximenia caffra Sond. Plant 269 281 stomach ache Negative_phenotype 26944235 Decrease 32 52 Ximenia caffra Sond. Plant 283 288 fever Negative_phenotype 26944235 Decrease 32 52 Ximenia caffra Sond. Plant 290 302 eye problems Negative_phenotype 26944235 Decrease 32 52 Ximenia caffra Sond. Plant 304 313 diarrhoea Negative_phenotype 26944235 Decrease 32 52 Ximenia caffra Sond. Plant 315 324 bilharzia Negative_phenotype 26944235 Decrease 32 52 Ximenia caffra Sond. Plant 326 337 menorrhagia Negative_phenotype 26944235 Decrease 32 52 Ximenia caffra Sond. Plant 339 346 malaria Negative_phenotype 26944235 Decrease 32 52 Ximenia caffra Sond. Plant 348 364 intestinal worms Negative_phenotype 26944235 Decrease 32 52 Ximenia caffra Sond. Plant 366 375 impotence Negative_phenotype 26944235 Decrease 32 52 Ximenia caffra Sond. Plant 380 386 coughs Negative_phenotype 26944235 Decrease 87 96 sour plum Plant 208 214 wounds Negative_phenotype 26944235 Decrease 87 96 sour plum Plant 216 247 sexually transmitted infections Negative_phenotype 26944235 Decrease 87 96 sour plum Plant 249 253 STIs Negative_phenotype 26944235 Decrease 87 96 sour plum Plant 256 267 infertility Negative_phenotype 26944235 Decrease 87 96 sour plum Plant 269 281 stomach ache Negative_phenotype 26944235 Decrease 87 96 sour plum Plant 283 288 fever Negative_phenotype 26944235 Decrease 87 96 sour plum Plant 290 302 eye problems Negative_phenotype 26944235 Decrease 87 96 sour plum Plant 304 313 diarrhoea Negative_phenotype 26944235 Decrease 87 96 sour plum Plant 315 324 bilharzia Negative_phenotype 26944235 Decrease 87 96 sour plum Plant 326 337 menorrhagia Negative_phenotype 26944235 Decrease 87 96 sour plum Plant 339 346 malaria Negative_phenotype 26944235 Decrease 87 96 sour plum Plant 348 364 intestinal worms Negative_phenotype 26944235 Decrease 87 96 sour plum Plant 366 375 impotence Negative_phenotype 26944235 Decrease 87 96 sour plum Plant 380 386 coughs Negative_phenotype 26944235_3 The bark and fruits are used by small-scale farmers as ethnoveterinary medicine to treat dermatophilosis, foot rot, saddle sores and control ectoparasites. 26944235 89 104 dermatophilosis Negative_phenotype 26944235 106 114 foot rot Negative_phenotype 26944235 116 128 saddle sores Negative_phenotype 26944235 141 154 ectoparasites Negative_phenotype 26944235_4 Oil from X. caffra seed is traditionally used as a moisturiser, soap and shampoo for dry, fragile and damaged hair. 26944235 9 18 X. caffra Plant 26944235 85 114 dry, fragile and damaged hair Negative_phenotype 26944235 Decrease 9 18 X. caffra Plant 85 114 dry, fragile and damaged hair Negative_phenotype 26944235_5 AIM OF THE REVIEW: The aim of this study was to comprehensively summarize the research that has been done on the botany, ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemistry and biological activities of X. caffra in different locations throughout its geographical range in the sub-Saharan African region so as to understand its importance and potential in primary healthcare systems. 26944235 186 195 X. caffra Plant 26944235_6 MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study was carried out using a comprehensive and systematic literature search on the ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemistry and biological activities of the species throughout its distributional range. 26944235_7 Literature sources included papers published in international journals, reports from international, regional and national organizations, conference papers, books and theses. 26944235_8 PubMed and Scopus, search engines such as Google Scholar and online collection ScienceDirect were used. 26944235_9 RESULTS: This study showed that X. caffra is used as traditional medicine in 83.3% of the countries in tropical Africa where it is indigenous. 26944235 32 41 X. caffra Plant 26944235_10 A total of 65 human and animal ailments and diseases are recorded for X. caffra, with a high degree of consensus for wounds, sexually transmitted infections (STIs), infertility, stomach ache, fever, eye problems, diarrhoea, bilharzia, menorrhagia, malaria, intestinal worms and coughs. 26944235 70 79 X. caffra Plant 26944235 117 123 wounds Negative_phenotype 26944235 125 156 sexually transmitted infections Negative_phenotype 26944235 158 162 STIs Negative_phenotype 26944235 165 176 infertility Negative_phenotype 26944235 178 190 stomach ache Negative_phenotype 26944235 192 197 fever Negative_phenotype 26944235 199 211 eye problems Negative_phenotype 26944235 213 222 diarrhoea Negative_phenotype 26944235 224 233 bilharzia Negative_phenotype 26944235 235 246 menorrhagia Negative_phenotype 26944235 248 255 malaria Negative_phenotype 26944235 257 273 intestinal worms Negative_phenotype 26944235 278 284 coughs Negative_phenotype 26944235 Decrease 70 79 X. caffra Plant 117 123 wounds Negative_phenotype 26944235 Decrease 70 79 X. caffra Plant 125 156 sexually transmitted infections Negative_phenotype 26944235 Decrease 70 79 X. caffra Plant 158 162 STIs Negative_phenotype 26944235 Decrease 70 79 X. caffra Plant 165 176 infertility Negative_phenotype 26944235 Decrease 70 79 X. caffra Plant 178 190 stomach ache Negative_phenotype 26944235 Decrease 70 79 X. caffra Plant 192 197 fever Negative_phenotype 26944235 Decrease 70 79 X. caffra Plant 199 211 eye problems Negative_phenotype 26944235 Decrease 70 79 X. caffra Plant 213 222 diarrhoea Negative_phenotype 26944235 Decrease 70 79 X. caffra Plant 224 233 bilharzia Negative_phenotype 26944235 Decrease 70 79 X. caffra Plant 235 246 menorrhagia Negative_phenotype 26944235 Decrease 70 79 X. caffra Plant 248 255 malaria Negative_phenotype 26944235 Decrease 70 79 X. caffra Plant 257 273 intestinal worms Negative_phenotype 26944235 Decrease 70 79 X. caffra Plant 278 284 coughs Negative_phenotype 26944235_11 Phytochemical investigation of X. caffra revealed that the species has various compounds including flavonoids, phenols, phytosterols, tannins and fatty acids. 26944235 31 40 X. caffra Plant 26944235_12 Different plant parts, aqueous and organic extracts exhibited anti-amoebic, antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antiparasitic, antiproliferative, HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT) inhibitory, insecticidal, non-mutagenic and toxicity activities. 26944235 62 74 anti-amoebic Positive_phenotype 26944235 76 89 antibacterial Positive_phenotype 26944235 91 101 antifungal Positive_phenotype 26944235 103 120 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 26944235 122 133 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 26944235 135 148 antiparasitic Positive_phenotype 26944235 150 167 antiproliferative Positive_phenotype 26944235 169 174 HIV-1 Negative_phenotype 26944235 214 226 insecticidal Positive_phenotype 26944235 228 241 non-mutagenic Neutral_phenotype 26944235 246 254 toxicity Negative_phenotype 26944235_13 CONCLUSION: In this review, the ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemistry, biological activities and toxicity of different extracts and compounds of X. caffra have been summarized. 26944235 95 103 toxicity Negative_phenotype 26944235 143 152 X. caffra Plant 26944235 Decrease 95 103 toxicity Negative_phenotype 143 152 X. caffra Plant 26944235_14 Although many of the ethnomedicinal uses of X. caffra have been validated by phytochemical and pharmacological studies, there are still some gaps where current knowledge could be improved. 26944235 44 53 X. caffra Plant 26944235_15 There are very few to nil experimental animal studies, randomized clinical trials and target-organ toxicity studies involving X. caffra and its derivatives that have been carried out so far. 26944235 99 107 toxicity Negative_phenotype 26944235 126 135 X. caffra Plant 26944235_16 At the present moment, there is not sufficient evidence to interpret the specific chemical mechanisms associated with some of the documented biological activities of the species. 26944235_17 Therefore, future studies should identify the bioactive components, details of the molecular modes or mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics and physiological pathways for specific bioactives of X. caffra. 26944235 195 204 X. caffra Plant 26951885_1 Antitumor and apoptosis-inducing effects of a-mangostin extracted from the pericarp of the mangosteen fruit (Garcinia mangostana L.)in YD-15 tongue mucoepidermoid carcinoma cells. 26951885 0 9 Antitumor Positive_phenotype 26951885 91 101 mangosteen Plant 26951885 109 132 Garcinia mangostana L. Plant 26951885 136 141 YD-15 Negative_phenotype 26951885 142 173 tongue mucoepidermoid carcinoma Negative_phenotype 26951885_2 a-mangostin is a dietary xanthone which has been shown to have antioxidant, anti-allergic, antiviral, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and anticancer effects in various types of human cancer cells. 26951885 63 74 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 26951885 76 89 anti-allergic Positive_phenotype 26951885 91 100 antiviral Positive_phenotype 26951885 102 115 antibacterial Positive_phenotype 26951885 117 134 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 26951885 139 149 anticancer Positive_phenotype 26951885 184 190 cancer Negative_phenotype 26951885_3 In the present study, we aimed to elucidate the molecular mechanisms responsible for the apoptosis-inducing effects of a-mangostin on YD-15 tongue mucoepidermoid carcinoma cells. 26951885 134 139 YD-15 Negative_phenotype 26951885 140 171 tongue mucoepidermoid carcinoma Negative_phenotype 26951885_4 The results from MTT assays revealed that cell proliferation significantly decreased in a dose-dependent manner in the cells treated with a-mangostin. 26951885_5 DAPI staining illustrated that chromatin condensation in the cells treated with 15 M a-mangostin was far greater than that in the untreated cells. 26951885_6 Flow cytometric analysis indicated that a-mangostin suppressed YD-15 cell viability by inducing apoptosis and promoting cell cycle arrest in the sub-G1 phase. 26951885 63 68 YD-15 Negative_phenotype 26951885_7 Western blot analysis of various signaling molecules revealed that a-mangostin targeted the extracellular signal -regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways through the inhibition of ERK1/2 and p38 phosphorylation in a dose -dependent manner. 26951885_8 a-mangostin also increased the levels of Bax (pro-apoptotic), cleaved caspase-3, cleaved caspase-9 and cleaved-poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), whereas the levels of the anti-apoptotic factors, Bcl-2 and c-myc, decreased in a dose-dependent manner. 26951885_9 The anticancer effects of a-mangostin were also investigated in a tumor xenograft mouse model. 26951885 4 14 anticancer Positive_phenotype 26951885 66 71 tumor Negative_phenotype 26951885_10 The a-mangostin-treated nude mice bearing YD-15 tumor xenografts exhibited a significantly reduced tumor volume and tumor weight due to the potent promoting effects of a-mangostin on cancer cell apoptosis, as determined by TUNEL assay. 26951885 42 47 YD-15 Negative_phenotype 26951885 48 53 tumor Negative_phenotype 26951885 99 104 tumor Negative_phenotype 26951885 116 121 tumor Negative_phenotype 26951885 183 189 cancer Negative_phenotype 26951885_11 Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that the level of cleaved caspase-3 increased, whereas the Ki-67, p-ERK1/2 and p-p38 levels decreased in the a-mangostin -treated mice. 26951885_12 Taken together, the findings of our study indicate that a-mangostin induces the apoptosis of YD-15 tongue carcinoma cells through the ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK signaling pathways. 26951885 93 98 YD-15 Negative_phenotype 26951885 99 115 tongue carcinoma Negative_phenotype 26954484_1 The effects of garlic extract upon endothelial function, vascular inflammation, oxidative stress and insulin resistance in adults with type 2 diabetes at high cardiovascular risk. 26954484 15 21 garlic Plant 26954484 35 55 endothelial function Positive_phenotype 26954484 57 78 vascular inflammation Negative_phenotype 26954484 80 96 oxidative stress Negative_phenotype 26954484 101 119 insulin resistance Negative_phenotype 26954484 135 150 type 2 diabetes Negative_phenotype 26954484 159 178 cardiovascular risk Negative_phenotype 26954484_2 A pilot double blind randomized placebo controlled trial. 26954484_3 BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Endothelial dysfunction, vascular inflammation and oxidative stress have been integrally linked to the pathogenesis of both type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. 26954484 21 44 Endothelial dysfunction Negative_phenotype 26954484 46 67 vascular inflammation Negative_phenotype 26954484 72 88 oxidative stress Negative_phenotype 26954484 145 160 type 2 diabetes Negative_phenotype 26954484 165 187 cardiovascular disease Negative_phenotype 26954484_4 Aged Garlic Extract (AGE), a potent antioxidant, has been shown in previous studies to attenuate these novel risk factors in a non-diabetic population. 26954484 5 11 Garlic Plant 26954484 21 24 AGE Plant 26954484 36 47 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 26954484 Increase 5 11 Garlic Plant 36 47 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 26954484 Increase 21 24 AGE Plant 36 47 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 26954484_5 AIMS: This study tested the hypothesis that AGE may improve endothelial function, oxidative stress, vascular inflammation and insulin resistance in high risk cardiovascular subjects with type 2 diabetes. 26954484 44 47 AGE Plant 26954484 60 80 endothelial function Positive_phenotype 26954484 82 98 oxidative stress Negative_phenotype 26954484 100 121 vascular inflammation Negative_phenotype 26954484 126 144 insulin resistance Negative_phenotype 26954484 187 202 type 2 diabetes Negative_phenotype 26954484_6 METHODS: A double blind, placebo controlled crossover pilot study was performed in 26 subjects with type 2 diabetes who received 1200mg of AGE or placebo daily for 4weeks with a 4week washout period. 26954484 100 115 type 2 diabetes Negative_phenotype 26954484 139 142 AGE Plant 26954484_7 Plasma HsCRP was measured as a marker of inflammation. 26954484 41 53 inflammation Negative_phenotype 26954484_8 Plasma TAOS, blood GSH/GSSG and plasma LHP were measured as markers of oxidative stress/anti-oxidant defense. 26954484 71 87 oxidative stress Negative_phenotype 26954484 88 100 anti-oxidant Positive_phenotype 26954484_9 Insulin resistance was measured using the HOMA-IR method. 26954484 0 18 Insulin resistance Negative_phenotype 26954484_10 Endothelial function was measured using change in the reflective index (RI) post-salbutamol using digital photoplethysmography and urinary albumin/creatinine ratio was measured as a biochemical surrogate. 26954484 0 20 Endothelial function Positive_phenotype 26954484_11 Measurements were taken at baseline and after intervention with AGE or placebo. 26954484 64 67 AGE Plant 26954484_12 RESULTS: Of the 26 patients studied (male 17, female 9), age was 61 8years (mean 1 SD), HbA1c 7.2 1.1%, BP 130/75 15.9/9.8mmHg, total cholesterol 4.2 0.81mmol/l, triglyceride 2.11 1.51mmol/l, and HDL cholesterol 1.04 0.29mmol/l. 26954484 107 109 BP Neutral_phenotype 26954484 132 149 total cholesterol Neutral_phenotype 26954484 167 179 triglyceride Neutral_phenotype 26954484 202 217 HDL cholesterol Neutral_phenotype 26954484_13 The majority of patients were being treated with metformin (59%), aspirin (50%) and statin (96%) therapy. 26954484_14 36% were treated with an ACEI. 26954484_15 There were no changes in these therapies throughout the study. 26954484_16 Treatment with AGE had no significant effect upon the above metabolic parameters including insulin resistance. 26954484 15 18 AGE Plant 26954484 91 109 insulin resistance Negative_phenotype 26954484_17 Treatment with AGE also had no significant effect on markers of endothelial function (plethysmography), oxidative stress (TAOS, GSH/GSSG, LHP) or inflammation (HsCRP). 26954484 15 18 AGE Plant 26954484 64 84 endothelial function Positive_phenotype 26954484 104 120 oxidative stress Negative_phenotype 26954484 146 158 inflammation Negative_phenotype 26954484_18 CONCLUSION: In this group of type 2 diabetic patients at high cardiovascular risk, 4weeks treatment with AGE did not significantly improve endothelial function, vascular inflammation, oxidative stress or insulin resistance. 26954484 29 44 type 2 diabetic Negative_phenotype 26954484 62 81 cardiovascular risk Negative_phenotype 26954484 105 108 AGE Plant 26954484 139 159 endothelial function Positive_phenotype 26954484 161 182 vascular inflammation Negative_phenotype 26954484 184 200 oxidative stress Negative_phenotype 26954484 204 222 insulin resistance Negative_phenotype 26957868_1 New fatty acid and acyl glycoside from the aerial parts of Phyllanthus fraternus Webster. 26957868 59 88 Phyllanthus fraternus Webster Plant 26957868_2 BACKGROUND: Phyllanthus fraternus Webster (Euphorbiaceae) is used to treat dyspepsia, indigestion, jaundice, dysentery, diabetes, influenza, kidney stones, urinary tract diseases, vaginitis, and skin eruptions in traditional systems of medicine. 26957868 12 41 Phyllanthus fraternus Webster Plant 26957868 75 84 dyspepsia Negative_phenotype 26957868 86 97 indigestion Negative_phenotype 26957868 99 107 jaundice Negative_phenotype 26957868 109 118 dysentery Negative_phenotype 26957868 120 128 diabetes Negative_phenotype 26957868 130 139 influenza Negative_phenotype 26957868 141 154 kidney stones Negative_phenotype 26957868 156 178 urinary tract diseases Negative_phenotype 26957868 180 189 vaginitis Negative_phenotype 26957868 195 209 skin eruptions Negative_phenotype 26957868 Decrease 12 41 Phyllanthus fraternus Webster Plant 75 84 dyspepsia Negative_phenotype 26957868 Decrease 12 41 Phyllanthus fraternus Webster Plant 86 97 indigestion Negative_phenotype 26957868 Decrease 12 41 Phyllanthus fraternus Webster Plant 99 107 jaundice Negative_phenotype 26957868 Decrease 12 41 Phyllanthus fraternus Webster Plant 109 118 dysentery Negative_phenotype 26957868 Decrease 12 41 Phyllanthus fraternus Webster Plant 120 128 diabetes Negative_phenotype 26957868 Decrease 12 41 Phyllanthus fraternus Webster Plant 130 139 influenza Negative_phenotype 26957868 Decrease 12 41 Phyllanthus fraternus Webster Plant 141 154 kidney stones Negative_phenotype 26957868 Decrease 12 41 Phyllanthus fraternus Webster Plant 156 178 urinary tract diseases Negative_phenotype 26957868 Decrease 12 41 Phyllanthus fraternus Webster Plant 180 189 vaginitis Negative_phenotype 26957868 Decrease 12 41 Phyllanthus fraternus Webster Plant 195 209 skin eruptions Negative_phenotype 26957868_3 MATERIALS AND METHODS: The methanol extract of aerial parts of P. fraternus was obtained by soxhlation method. 26957868 63 75 P. fraternus Plant 26957868_4 Isolation of compounds was done by silica gel column chromatography. 26957868_5 Analytical thin layer chromatography was used to check the homogeneity of eluted fractions. 26957868_6 The structures of isolated compounds were established on the basis of spectral studies and chemical reactions. 26957868_7 RESULTS: Phytochemical investigation of a methanolic extract of the aerial parts yielded a new fatty acid characterized as cis-n-octacos-17-enoic acid (5) and a new acyl tetraglycoside formulated as n-dodecanoyl-O-b-D-glucopyranosyl-(2' > 1'')-O-b-D-glucopyranosyl-(2'' > 1''')-O-b-D-glucopyranosyl-(2''' > 1'''')-O-b-D-glucopyranoside (7) along with known compounds 1-pentacosanol (1), b-sitosteryl oleate (2), b-sitosteryl linoleate (3), stigmasterol (4) and palmityl glucuronoside (6). 26961224_1 Combination with Red ginseng and Polygoni Multiflori ameliorates highfructose diet induced metabolic syndrome. 26961224 21 28 ginseng Plant 26961224 33 52 Polygoni Multiflori Plant 26961224 91 109 metabolic syndrome Negative_phenotype 26961224 Decrease 21 28 ginseng Plant 91 109 metabolic syndrome Negative_phenotype 26961224 Decrease 33 52 Polygoni Multiflori Plant 91 109 metabolic syndrome Negative_phenotype 26961224_2 BACKGROUND: Metabolic syndrome such as dyslipidemia, hypertension, obesity, impaired glucose tolerance and fatty liver, can be caused by modification of diet by means of overconsumption of high fructose diet. 26961224 12 30 Metabolic syndrome Negative_phenotype 26961224 39 51 dyslipidemia Negative_phenotype 26961224 53 65 hypertension Negative_phenotype 26961224 67 74 obesity Negative_phenotype 26961224 76 102 impaired glucose tolerance Negative_phenotype 26961224 107 118 fatty liver Negative_phenotype 26961224_3 This study was designed to investigate whether combination with Red ginseng and Polygoni Multiflori Radix (RGPM), widely used traditional herbal medicine, ameliorates on highfructose (HF) diet-induced metabolic syndrome. 26961224 68 75 ginseng Plant 26961224 80 99 Polygoni Multiflori Plant 26961224 107 111 RGPM Plant 26961224 201 219 metabolic syndrome Negative_phenotype 26961224_4 METHODS: SD rats were fed the 60 % HF diet with/without rosiglitazone, and RGPM 100, 300 mg/kg/day, respectively. 26961224 76 80 RGPM Plant 26961224_5 All groups received regular diet or HF diet, respectively, for 8 weeks. 26961224_6 The last three groups treatment of rosiglitazone and RPGM orally for a period of 6 weeks. 26961224 53 57 RPGM Plant 26961224_7 RESULTS: Chronic treatment with RGPM significantly decreased body weight, fat weight and adipocyte size. 26961224 32 36 RGPM Plant 26961224 61 72 body weight Neutral_phenotype 26961224 74 84 fat weight Neutral_phenotype 26961224 89 103 adipocyte size Neutral_phenotype 26961224 Decrease 32 36 RGPM Plant 61 72 body weight Neutral_phenotype 26961224 Decrease 32 36 RGPM Plant 74 84 fat weight Neutral_phenotype 26961224 Decrease 32 36 RGPM Plant 89 103 adipocyte size Neutral_phenotype 26961224_8 RGPM significantly prevented the development of the metabolic disturbances such as hypertension, hyperlipidemia and impaired glucose tolerance. 26961224 0 4 RGPM Plant 26961224 52 74 metabolic disturbances Negative_phenotype 26961224 83 95 hypertension Negative_phenotype 26961224 97 111 hyperlipidemia Negative_phenotype 26961224 116 142 impaired glucose tolerance Negative_phenotype 26961224 Decrease 0 4 RGPM Plant 52 74 metabolic disturbances Negative_phenotype 26961224 Decrease 0 4 RGPM Plant 83 95 hypertension Negative_phenotype 26961224 Decrease 0 4 RGPM Plant 97 111 hyperlipidemia Negative_phenotype 26961224 Decrease 0 4 RGPM Plant 116 142 impaired glucose tolerance Negative_phenotype 26961224_9 RGPM also led to increase in high density lipoprotein level in the HF group. 26961224 0 4 RGPM Plant 26961224 29 59 high density lipoprotein level Neutral_phenotype 26961224_10 RGPM suppressed high-fructose diet induced vascular inflammation marker expression such as adhesion molecules and ET-1 in aorta as well as increasing of C-reactive protein (CRP) levels in plasma. 26961224 0 4 RGPM Plant 26961224 43 64 vascular inflammation Negative_phenotype 26961224 Decrease 0 4 RGPM Plant 43 64 vascular inflammation Negative_phenotype 26961224_11 Similarly, RGPM attenuated hepatic lipid accumulation by inhibition of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) expression. 26961224 11 15 RGPM Plant 26961224 27 53 hepatic lipid accumulation Negative_phenotype 26961224 Decrease 11 15 RGPM Plant 27 53 hepatic lipid accumulation Negative_phenotype 26961224_12 CONCLUSION: An administration of RGPM may be a beneficial therapy for the treatment of metabolic syndrome through the improvement of hypertension, obesity, hyperlipidemia, vascular inflammation and insulin resistance. 26961224 33 37 RGPM Plant 26961224 87 105 metabolic syndrome Negative_phenotype 26961224 133 145 hypertension Negative_phenotype 26961224 147 154 obesity Negative_phenotype 26961224 156 170 hyperlipidemia Negative_phenotype 26961224 172 193 vascular inflammation Negative_phenotype 26961224 198 216 insulin resistance Negative_phenotype 26961224 Decrease 33 37 RGPM Plant 87 105 metabolic syndrome Negative_phenotype 26961224 Decrease 33 37 RGPM Plant 133 145 hypertension Negative_phenotype 26961224 Decrease 33 37 RGPM Plant 147 154 obesity Negative_phenotype 26961224 Decrease 33 37 RGPM Plant 156 170 hyperlipidemia Negative_phenotype 26961224 Decrease 33 37 RGPM Plant 172 193 vascular inflammation Negative_phenotype 26961224 Decrease 33 37 RGPM Plant 198 216 insulin resistance Negative_phenotype 26968675_1 Bitter melon: a panacea for inflammation and cancer. 26968675 0 12 Bitter melon Plant 26968675 28 40 inflammation Negative_phenotype 26968675 45 51 cancer Negative_phenotype 26968675_2 Nature is a rich source of medicinal plants and their products that are useful for treatment of various diseases and disorders. 26968675_3 Momordica charantia, commonly known as bitter melon or bitter gourd, is one of such plants known for its biological activities used in traditional system of medicines. 26968675 0 19 Momordica charantia Plant 26968675 39 51 bitter melon Plant 26968675 55 67 bitter gourd Plant 26968675_4 This plant is cultivated in all over the world, including tropical areas of Asia, Amazon, east Africa, and the Caribbean and used as a vegetable as well as folk medicine. 26968675_5 All parts of the plant, including the fruit, are commonly consumed and cooked with different vegetables, stir-fried, stuffed or used in small quantities in soups or beans to give a slightly bitter flavor and taste. 26968675_6 The plant is reported to possess anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, anti-bacterial, anti-obesity, and immunomodulatory activities. 26968675 33 45 anti-oxidant Positive_phenotype 26968675 47 64 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 26968675 66 77 anti-cancer Positive_phenotype 26968675 79 92 anti-diabetic Positive_phenotype 26968675 94 108 anti-bacterial Positive_phenotype 26968675 110 122 anti-obesity Positive_phenotype 26968675 128 144 immunomodulatory Positive_phenotype 26968675_7 The plant extract inhibits cancer cell growth by inducing apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, autophagy and inhibiting cancer stem cells. 26968675 27 33 cancer Negative_phenotype 26968675 113 119 cancer Negative_phenotype 26968675_8 The plant is rich in bioactive chemical constituents like cucurbitane type triterpenoids, triterpene glycosides, phenolic acids, flavonoids, essential oils, saponins, fatty acids, and proteins. 26968675_9 Some of the isolated compounds (Kuguacin J, Karaviloside XI, Kuguaglycoside C, Momordicoside Q-U, Charantin, a-eleostearic acid) and proteins (a-Momorcharin, RNase MC2, MAP30) possess potent biological activity. 26968675_10 In the present review, we are summarizing the anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer activities of Momordica charantia along with a short account of important chemical constituents, providing a basis for establishing detail biological activities of the plant and developing novel drug molecules based on the active chemical constituents. 26968675 46 58 anti-oxidant Positive_phenotype 26968675 60 77 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 26968675 83 94 anti-cancer Positive_phenotype 26968675 109 128 Momordica charantia Plant 26968675 Increase 46 58 anti-oxidant Positive_phenotype 109 128 Momordica charantia Plant 26968675 Increase 60 77 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 109 128 Momordica charantia Plant 26968675 Increase 83 94 anti-cancer Positive_phenotype 109 128 Momordica charantia Plant 26988564_1 Extracts of Bauhinia championii (Benth.) Benth. inhibit NF-B-signaling in a rat model of collagen-induced arthritis and primary synovial cells. 26988564 12 47 Bauhinia championii (Benth.) Benth. Plant 26988564 113 122 arthritis Negative_phenotype 26988564_2 ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Bauhinia championii (Benth.) Benth. is used in Chinese traditional medicine to treat arthritis, especially has been used a long time ago on rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in She ethnic minority group. 26988564 32 67 Bauhinia championii (Benth.) Benth. Plant 26988564 117 126 arthritis Negative_phenotype 26988564 172 192 rheumatoid arthritis Negative_phenotype 26988564 194 196 RA Negative_phenotype 26988564_3 AIM OF THE RESEARCH: To investigate the anti-RA effect of Bauhinia championii (Benth.) Benth ethyl acetate extract (BCBEE) and the molecular bases of it. 26988564 40 47 anti-RA Positive_phenotype 26988564 58 92 Bauhinia championii (Benth.) Benth Plant 26988564 116 121 BCBEE Plant 26988564_4 MATERIALS AND METHODS: BCBEE was studied on a rat model of RA induced by collagen in vivo, as well as on primary synovial cells in vitro. 26988564 23 28 BCBEE Plant 26988564 59 61 RA Negative_phenotype 26988564_5 RESULTS: After BCBEE treatment, in vivo, it was showed that paw and joint edema was inhibited, pathological joint changes was ameliorated and the levels of interleukin (IL)-1b and tumor necrosis factor- (TNF-a) was decreased significantly. 26988564 15 20 BCBEE Plant 26988564 60 79 paw and joint edema Negative_phenotype 26988564 95 121 pathological joint changes Negative_phenotype 26988564 Decrease 15 20 BCBEE Plant 60 79 paw and joint edema Negative_phenotype 26988564 Decrease 15 20 BCBEE Plant 95 121 pathological joint changes Negative_phenotype 26988564_6 The protein and mRNA expressions of nuclear factor-B (NF-kB)(p65), IkB, p-IkB and IkB kinase beta (IkKb) were also down-regulated. 26988564_7 Moreover, the in vitro study revealed that BCBEE treatment inhibited primary synovial cells proliferation, and promoted down-regulation of NF-kB(p65), IkB, p-IkB and IkKb. 26988564 43 48 BCBEE Plant 26988564_8 CONCLUSIONS: Taken together, the present study demonstrates that BCBEE produces a protection in a rat model of RA induced by collagen via inhibiting paw and joint edema, ameliorating pathological joint changes and regulating the levels of cytokines and its action mechanism maybe is via down-regulating NF-kB(p65), IkB, p-IkB and IkKb expression. 26988564 65 70 BCBEE Plant 26988564 111 113 RA Negative_phenotype 26988564 152 171 paw and joint edema Negative_phenotype 26988564 186 212 pathological joint changes Negative_phenotype 26988564 Decrease 65 70 BCBEE Plant 111 113 RA Negative_phenotype 26988564 Decrease 65 70 BCBEE Plant 152 171 paw and joint edema Negative_phenotype 26988564 Decrease 65 70 BCBEE Plant 186 212 pathological joint changes Negative_phenotype 27001625_1 Anti-tumor Effect of Hot Aqueous Extracts from Sonchus Oleraceus (L.) L. and Juniperus sabina L-Two Traditional Medicinal Plants in China. 27001625 0 10 Anti-tumor Positive_phenotype 27001625 47 72 Sonchus Oleraceus (L.) L. Plant 27001625 77 95 Juniperus sabina L Plant 27001625 Increase 0 10 Anti-tumor Positive_phenotype 47 72 Sonchus Oleraceus (L.) L. Plant 27001625 Increase 0 10 Anti-tumor Positive_phenotype 77 95 Juniperus sabina L Plant 27001625_2 ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Sonchus oleraceus (L.) L (SO) and Juniperus sabina L (JS) are traditional medicinal plants in China. 27001625 32 56 Sonchus oleraceus (L.) L Plant 27001625 58 60 SO Plant 27001625 66 84 Juniperus sabina L Plant 27001625 86 88 JS Plant 27001625_3 And the aqueous extracts of them have been used to treat tumor, inflammatory diseases, infection and so on in Chinese folk culture. 27001625 57 62 tumor Negative_phenotype 27001625 64 85 inflammatory diseases Negative_phenotype 27001625 87 96 infection Negative_phenotype 27001625_4 However, the underlying mechanisms of their anti-tumor activities have not been illustrated yet. 27001625 44 54 anti-tumor Positive_phenotype 27001625_5 OBJECTIVE: This study aims to evaluate the inhibitory effects of aqueous extracts from SO and JS on tumor cells. 27001625 87 89 SO Plant 27001625 94 96 JS Plant 27001625 100 105 tumor Negative_phenotype 27001625_6 MATERIALS AND METHODS: The prepared aqueous extracts of SO and JS were used to treat HepG-2 and K562 tumor cells, while the human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were set as normal control. 27001625 56 58 SO Plant 27001625 63 65 JS Plant 27001625 85 91 HepG-2 Negative_phenotype 27001625 96 100 K562 Negative_phenotype 27001625 101 106 tumor Negative_phenotype 27001625_7 The viabilities, cell cycle and apoptosis of tumor cells after extracts treatment were assessed, in addition the expression of apoptosis-related genes (FasL, caspase 3, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10) were analyzed. 27001625 45 50 tumor Negative_phenotype 27001625_8 Meanwhile, the adherence and migration of HepG-2 were tested, and the expression levels of MMPs and ICAM-1 were analyzed. 27001625 42 48 HepG-2 Negative_phenotype 27001625_9 On top of that, the pSTAT in the two cells were also analyzed and suggested the related signaling pathway that the extracts acted on with in these tumor cells. 27001625 147 152 tumor Negative_phenotype 27001625_10 RESULTS: Results showed that aqueous extracts of SO and JS have inhibitory effects on HepG-2 and K562 cells by decreasing cell viability and inducing apoptosis via up-regulation of the expression of the apoptosis-related genes FasL, caspase 3 and caspase 9. 27001625 49 51 SO Plant 27001625 56 58 JS Plant 27001625 86 92 HepG-2 Negative_phenotype 27001625 97 101 K562 Negative_phenotype 27001625 Decrease 49 51 SO Plant 86 92 HepG-2 Negative_phenotype 27001625 Decrease 49 51 SO Plant 97 101 K562 Negative_phenotype 27001625 Decrease 56 58 JS Plant 86 92 HepG-2 Negative_phenotype 27001625 Decrease 56 58 JS Plant 97 101 K562 Negative_phenotype 27001625_11 The extracts had different IC50 on tumor cells and PBMCs, which could block the tumor cell cycle at the G0/G1 stage and significantly inhibit the adherence of HepG-2 cells. 27001625 35 40 tumor Negative_phenotype 27001625 80 85 tumor Negative_phenotype 27001625 159 165 HepG-2 Negative_phenotype 27001625_12 The extracts inhibited migration of these cells by inhibiting the expression of ICAM-1, MMP-2 and MMP-9. 27001625_13 Further study indicated that the inhibition of pSTAT1 and 3 might be responsible for the inhibitory effects of the extracts on tumor cells. 27001625 127 132 tumor Negative_phenotype 27001625_14 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: The results of this study indicated that SO and JS extracts had the anti-tumor effects, which may be developed as novel anti-tumor drugs and used in cancer therapy. 27001625 68 70 SO Plant 27001625 75 77 JS Plant 27001625 95 105 anti-tumor Positive_phenotype 27001625 147 157 anti-tumor Positive_phenotype 27001625 176 182 cancer Negative_phenotype 27001625 Increase 68 70 SO Plant 95 105 anti-tumor Positive_phenotype 27001625 Increase 68 70 SO Plant 147 157 anti-tumor Positive_phenotype 27001625 Decrease 68 70 SO Plant 176 182 cancer Negative_phenotype 27001625 Increase 75 77 JS Plant 95 105 anti-tumor Positive_phenotype 27001625 Increase 75 77 JS Plant 147 157 anti-tumor Positive_phenotype 27001625 Decrease 75 77 JS Plant 176 182 cancer Negative_phenotype 27013794_1 Bioactive Extract from Moringa oleifera Inhibits the Pro-inflammatory Mediators in Lipopolysaccharide Stimulated Macrophages. 27013794 23 39 Moringa oleifera Plant 27013794_2 INTRODUCTION: Inflammation is a well-known physiological response to protect the body against infection and restore tissue injury. 27013794 14 26 Inflammation Negative_phenotype 27013794 94 103 infection Negative_phenotype 27013794 116 129 tissue injury Negative_phenotype 27013794_3 Nevertheless, the chronic inflammation can trigger various inflammatory associated diseases/disorder. 27013794 18 38 chronic inflammation Negative_phenotype 27013794 59 101 inflammatory associated diseases/disorder. Negative_phenotype 27013794_4 Moringa oleifera is a widely grown plant in most tropical countries and it has been recognized traditionally for several medicinal benefits. 27013794 0 16 Moringa oleifera Plant 27013794_5 OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to investigate the anti-inflammatory properties of M. oleifera extract on lipopolysaccharide (LPS) - stimulated macrophages. 27013794 63 80 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 27013794 95 106 M. oleifera Plant 27013794_6 MATERIALS AND METHODS: The anti-inflammatory effect of M. oleifera hydroethanolic bioactive leaves extracts was evaluated by assessing the inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) production during Griess reaction and the expression of pro-inflammatory mediators in macrophages. 27013794 27 44 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 27013794 55 66 M. oleifera Plant 27013794_7 RESULTS: Interestingly, we found that M. oleifera hydroethanolic bioactive leaves extract significantly inhibited the secretion of NO production and other inflammatory markers such as prostaglandin E2, tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-1b. 27013794 38 49 M. oleifera Plant 27013794_8 Meanwhile, the bioactive extract has induced the production of IL-10 in a dose-dependent manner. 27013794_9 In addition, M. oleifera hydroethanolic bioactive leaves extract effectively suppressed the protein expression of inflammatory markers inducible NO synthase, cyclooxygenase-2, and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B-cells p65 in LPS-induced RAW264.7 macrophages in a dose-dependent manner. 27013794 13 24 M. oleifera Plant 27013794_10 CONCLUSION: These findings support the traditional use of M. oleifera plant as an effective treatment for inflammation associated diseases/disorders. 27013794 58 69 M. oleifera Plant 27013794 106 148 inflammation associated diseases/disorders Negative_phenotype 27013794 Decrease 58 69 M. oleifera Plant 106 148 inflammation associated diseases/disorders Negative_phenotype 27013794_11 SUMMARY: Hydroethanolic extracts of Moringa oleifera effectively inhibit the NO production in LPS induced inflammatory model. 27013794 36 52 Moringa oleifera Plant 27013794 106 118 inflammatory Negative_phenotype 27013794 Decrease 36 52 Moringa oleifera Plant 106 118 inflammatory Negative_phenotype 27013794_12 M. oleifera crude extracts successfully modulate the production of pro-inflammatory mediators in LPS stimulated macrophages. 27013794_13 M. oleifera extracts suppressed the expression of inflammatory mediators in LPS stimulated macrophages. 27025367_1 Marsdenia tenacissima extract suppresses A549 cell migration through regulation of CCR5-CCL5 axis, Rho C, and phosphorylated FAK. 27025367 0 21 Marsdenia tenacissima Plant 27025367 41 45 A549 Negative_phenotype 27025367 Decrease 0 21 Marsdenia tenacissima Plant 41 45 A549 Negative_phenotype 27025367_2 Marsdenia tenacissima, a traditional Chinese medicine, is long been used to treat various diseases including asthma, cancer, trachitis, tonsillitis, pharyngitis, cystitis, and pneumonia. 27025367 0 21 Marsdenia tenacissima Plant 27025367 109 115 asthma Negative_phenotype 27025367 117 123 cancer Negative_phenotype 27025367 125 134 trachitis Negative_phenotype 27025367 136 147 tonsillitis Negative_phenotype 27025367 149 160 pharyngitis Negative_phenotype 27025367 162 170 cystitis Negative_phenotype 27025367 176 185 pneumonia Negative_phenotype 27025367 Decrease 0 21 Marsdenia tenacissima Plant 109 115 asthma Negative_phenotype 27025367 Decrease 0 21 Marsdenia tenacissima Plant 117 123 cancer Negative_phenotype 27025367 Decrease 0 21 Marsdenia tenacissima Plant 125 134 trachitis Negative_phenotype 27025367 Decrease 0 21 Marsdenia tenacissima Plant 136 147 tonsillitis Negative_phenotype 27025367 Decrease 0 21 Marsdenia tenacissima Plant 149 160 pharyngitis Negative_phenotype 27025367 Decrease 0 21 Marsdenia tenacissima Plant 162 170 cystitis Negative_phenotype 27025367 Decrease 0 21 Marsdenia tenacissima Plant 176 185 pneumonia Negative_phenotype 27025367_3 Although Marsdenia tenacissima has been demonstrated to have strong anti-tumor effects against primary tumors, its effect on cancer metastasis remains to be defined, and the molecular mechanism underlying the anti-metastatic effect is unknown. 27025367 9 30 Marsdenia tenacissima Plant 27025367 68 78 anti-tumor Positive_phenotype 27025367 95 109 primary tumors Negative_phenotype 27025367 125 142 cancer metastasis Negative_phenotype 27025367 209 224 anti-metastatic Positive_phenotype 27025367 Increase 9 30 Marsdenia tenacissima Plant 68 78 anti-tumor Positive_phenotype 27025367 Decrease 9 30 Marsdenia tenacissima Plant 95 109 primary tumors Negative_phenotype 27025367 Decrease 9 30 Marsdenia tenacissima Plant 125 142 cancer metastasis Negative_phenotype 27025367 Increase 9 30 Marsdenia tenacissima Plant 209 224 anti-metastatic Positive_phenotype 27025367_4 In the present study, we investigated the effects of XAP (an extract of Marsdenia tenacissima) on A549 lung cancer cell migration and explored the role of CCR5-CCL5 axis in the anti-metastatic effects of XAP. 27025367 53 56 XAP Plant 27025367 72 93 Marsdenia tenacissima Plant 27025367 98 102 A549 Negative_phenotype 27025367 103 114 lung cancer Negative_phenotype 27025367 177 192 anti-metastatic Positive_phenotype 27025367 204 207 XAP Plant 27025367_5 Our resutls showed that XAP inhibited A549 lung cancer cell migration and invasion in a dose-dependent manner. 27025367 24 27 XAP Plant 27025367 38 42 A549 Negative_phenotype 27025367 43 54 lung cancer Negative_phenotype 27025367 Decrease 24 27 XAP Plant 38 42 A549 Negative_phenotype 27025367 Decrease 24 27 XAP Plant 43 54 lung cancer Negative_phenotype 27025367_6 The protein levels of CCR5, but not CCR9 and CXCR4, were decreased by XAP. 27025367 70 73 XAP Plant 27025367_7 The secretion of CCL5, the ligand of CCR5, was reduced by XAP. 27025367 58 61 XAP Plant 27025367_8 XAP down-regulated Rho C expression and FAK phosphorylation. 27025367 0 3 XAP Plant 27025367_9 In conclusion, XAP inhibited A549 cell migration and invasion through down-regulation of CCR5-CCL5 axis, Rho C, and FAK. 27025367 15 18 XAP Plant 27025367 29 33 A549 Negative_phenotype 27025367 Decrease 15 18 XAP Plant 29 33 A549 Negative_phenotype 27034601_1 UP1304, a Botanical Composition Containing Two Standardized Extracts of Curcuma longa and Morus alba, Mitigates Pain and Inflammation in Adjuvant-induced Arthritic Rats. 27034601 72 85 Curcuma longa Plant 27034601 90 100 Morus alba Plant 27034601 112 116 Pain Negative_phenotype 27034601 121 133 Inflammation Negative_phenotype 27034601 154 163 Arthritic Negative_phenotype 27034601 Decrease 72 85 Curcuma longa Plant 112 116 Pain Negative_phenotype 27034601 Decrease 72 85 Curcuma longa Plant 121 133 Inflammation Negative_phenotype 27034601 Decrease 72 85 Curcuma longa Plant 154 163 Arthritic Negative_phenotype 27034601 Decrease 90 100 Morus alba Plant 112 116 Pain Negative_phenotype 27034601 Decrease 90 100 Morus alba Plant 121 133 Inflammation Negative_phenotype 27034601 Decrease 90 100 Morus alba Plant 154 163 Arthritic Negative_phenotype 27034601_2 BACKGROUND: Though, the initial etiologies of arthritis are multifactorial, clinically, patients share pain as the prime complaints. 27034601 46 55 arthritis Negative_phenotype 27034601 103 107 pain Negative_phenotype 27034601_3 Present day pain relief therapeutics heavily relies on the use of prescription and over the counter nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs as the first line of defense where their long-term usage causes gastrointestinal and cardiovascular-related side effects. 27034601 12 23 pain relief Positive_phenotype 27034601 201 257 gastrointestinal and cardiovascular-related side effects Negative_phenotype 27034601_4 Hence, the need for evidence-based safer and efficacious alternatives from natural sources to overcome the most prominent and disabling symptoms of arthritis is an overdue. 27034601 136 157 symptoms of arthritis Negative_phenotype 27034601_5 Here, we evaluated the anti-inflammatory and analgesic effect of UP1304, a composition that contains a standardized blend of two extracts from the rhizome of Curcuma longa and the root bark of Morus alba in adjuvant-induced arthritis models in rats. 27034601 23 40 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 27034601 45 54 analgesic Positive_phenotype 27034601 158 171 Curcuma longa Plant 27034601 193 203 Morus alba Plant 27034601 224 233 arthritis Negative_phenotype 27034601_6 MATERIALS AND METHODS: The anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of the botanical composition were demonstrated in adjuvant-induced arthritis models in rats with oral dose ranges of 50-200 mg/kg. 27034601 27 44 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 27034601 49 58 analgesic Positive_phenotype 27034601 134 143 arthritis Negative_phenotype 27034601_7 Ibuprofen at a dose of 100 mg/kg was used as a reference compound. 27034601_8 Ex vivo sulfated glycosaminoglycan inhibition assays were performed. 27034601_9 RESULTS: Statistically significant improvements in pain resistance, suppression of paw edema and ankle thickness were observed in animals treated with UP1304 compared to vehicle-treated diseased rats. 27034601 51 66 pain resistance Positive_phenotype 27034601 83 92 paw edema Negative_phenotype 27034601 97 112 ankle thickness Neutral_phenotype 27034601_10 These results were similar to those achieved by ibuprofen treatment. 27034601_11 Inhibitions of proteoglycan degradation were observed in a range of 37.5-61.7% for concentration of UP1304 at 50-200 g/mL when compared to interleukin-1a-exposed untreated explants. 27034601_12 CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that UP1304, for its analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects, could potentially be considered agent of botanical origin for the improvement of arthritis associated symptoms. 27034601 53 62 analgesic Positive_phenotype 27034601 67 84 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 27034601 175 204 arthritis associated symptoms Negative_phenotype 27034601_13 SUMMARY: Pain is one of the cardinal signs of arthritis.Long term applications of commonly used non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for pain relief are associated with cardiovascular and gastrointestinal side effects.Cartilage degradation evidenced as glycosaminoglycan loss from articular cartilage into the synovial fluid has been reported in arthritis patients.Adjuvant-induced arthritis model in rats are among the widely used models for efficacy evaluation of nutraceuticals. 27034601 9 13 Pain Negative_phenotype 27034601 46 55 arthritis Negative_phenotype 27034601 138 149 pain relief Positive_phenotype 27034601 170 218 cardiovascular and gastrointestinal side effects Negative_phenotype 27034601 219 240 Cartilage degradation Negative_phenotype 27034601 347 356 arthritis Negative_phenotype 27034601 383 392 arthritis Negative_phenotype 27034601_14 Efficacy of UP1304, a composition containing a blend of two standardized extracts from the rhizome of Curcuma longa and root bark of Morus alba, was evaluated in adjuvant-induced arthritis model in rats and in glycosaminoglycan releasing inhibition assays. 27034601 102 115 Curcuma longa Plant 27034601 133 143 Morus alba Plant 27034601 179 188 arthritis Negative_phenotype 27034601_15 UP1304 demonstrated its enhanced significance by improving the major cardinal signs of arthritis in vivo and ex vivo. 27034601 87 96 arthritis Negative_phenotype 27034601_16 UP1304 could potentially be considered as a dietary supplement product for the management of arthritis. 27034601 93 102 arthritis Negative_phenotype 27069489_1 Ethnobotanical Study of Plants Used in the Management of HIV/AIDS-Related Diseases in Livingstone, Southern Province, Zambia. 27069489 57 82 HIV/AIDS-Related Diseases Negative_phenotype 27069489_2 Faced with critical shortages of staff, long queues, and stigma at public health facilities in Livingstone, Zambia, persons who suffer from HIV/AIDS-related diseases use medicinal plants to manage skin infections, diarrhoea, sexually transmitted infections, tuberculosis, cough, malaria, and oral infections. 27069489 140 165 HIV/AIDS-related diseases Negative_phenotype 27069489 197 212 skin infections Negative_phenotype 27069489 214 223 diarrhoea Negative_phenotype 27069489 225 256 sexually transmitted infections Negative_phenotype 27069489 258 270 tuberculosis Negative_phenotype 27069489 272 277 cough Negative_phenotype 27069489 279 286 malaria Negative_phenotype 27069489 292 307 oral infections Negative_phenotype 27069489_3 In all, 94 medicinal plant species were used to manage HIV/AIDS-related diseases. 27069489 55 80 HIV/AIDS-related diseases Negative_phenotype 27069489_4 Most remedies are prepared from plants of various families such as Combretaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Fabaceae, and Lamiaceae. 27069489_5 More than two-thirds of the plants (mostly leaves and roots) are utilized to treat two or more diseases related to HIV infection. 27069489 115 128 HIV infection Negative_phenotype 27069489_6 Eighteen plants, namely, Achyranthes aspera L., Lannea discolor (Sond.) Engl., Hyphaene petersiana Klotzsch ex Mart., Asparagus racemosus Willd., Capparis tomentosa Lam., Cleome hirta Oliv., Garcinia livingstonei T. Anderson, Euclea divinorum Hiern, Bridelia cathartica G. Bertol., Acacia nilotica Delile, Piliostigma thonningii (Schumach.) Milne-Redh., Dichrostachys cinerea (L.) Wight and Arn., Abrus precatorius L., Hoslundia opposita Vahl., Clerodendrum capitatum (Willd.) Schumach., Ficus sycomorus L., Ximenia americana L., and Ziziphus mucronata Willd., were used to treat four or more disease conditions. 27069489 25 46 Achyranthes aspera L. Plant 27069489 48 77 Lannea discolor (Sond.) Engl. Plant 27069489 79 116 Hyphaene petersiana Klotzsch ex Mart. Plant 27069489 118 144 Asparagus racemosus Willd. Plant 27069489 146 169 Capparis tomentosa Lam. Plant 27069489 171 189 Cleome hirta Oliv. Plant 27069489 191 224 Garcinia livingstonei T. Anderson Plant 27069489 226 248 Euclea divinorum Hiern Plant 27069489 250 280 Bridelia cathartica G. Bertol. Plant 27069489 282 304 Acacia nilotica Delile Plant 27069489 306 352 Piliostigma thonningii (Schumach.) Milne-Redh. Plant 27069489 354 395 Dichrostachys cinerea (L.) Wight and Arn. Plant 27069489 397 417 Abrus precatorius L. Plant 27069489 419 443 Hoslundia opposita Vahl. Plant 27069489 445 486 Clerodendrum capitatum (Willd.) Schumach. Plant 27069489 488 506 Ficus sycomorus L. Plant 27069489 508 528 Ximenia americana L. Plant 27069489 534 559 Ziziphus mucronata Willd. Plant 27069489_7 About 31% of the plants in this study were administered as monotherapies. 27069489_8 Multiuse medicinal plants may contain broad-spectrum antimicrobial agents. 27069489 53 66 antimicrobial Positive_phenotype 27069489_9 However, since widely used plants easily succumb to the threats of overharvesting, they need special protocols and guidelines for their genetic conservation. 27069489_10 There is still need to confirm the antimicrobial efficacies, pharmacological parameters, cytotoxicity, and active chemical ingredients of the discovered plants. 27069489 35 48 antimicrobial Positive_phenotype 27114638_1 Anti-inflammatory and anti-granuloma activity of Berberis aristata DC. in experimental models of inflammation. 27114638 0 17 Anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 27114638 22 36 anti-granuloma Positive_phenotype 27114638 49 70 Berberis aristata DC. Plant 27114638 97 109 inflammation Negative_phenotype 27114638_2 OBJECTIVE: Berberis aristata (Berberidaceae) is an important medicinal plant used in traditional system of medicine for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and other inflammatory disorders. 27114638 11 28 Berberis aristata Plant 27114638 137 157 rheumatoid arthritis Negative_phenotype 27114638 168 190 inflammatory disorders Negative_phenotype 27114638 Decrease 11 28 Berberis aristata Plant 137 157 rheumatoid arthritis Negative_phenotype 27114638 Decrease 11 28 Berberis aristata Plant 168 190 inflammatory disorders Negative_phenotype 27114638_3 The aim of the present study is to scientifically validate the traditional use of BA in the treatment of inflammatory disorders. 27114638 82 84 BA Plant 27114638 105 127 inflammatory disorders Negative_phenotype 27114638_4 MATERIALS AND METHODS: Anti-inflammatory and anti-granuloma activity of BA hydroalcoholic extract (BAHE) were evaluated in experimental models, viz., carrageenan-induced paw edema, cotton pellet-induced granuloma formation, and complete Freund's adjuvant-induced stimulation of peritoneal macrophages in rats. 27114638 23 40 Anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 27114638 45 59 anti-granuloma Positive_phenotype 27114638 72 74 BA Plant 27114638 99 103 BAHE Plant 27114638 170 179 paw edema Negative_phenotype 27114638 203 212 granuloma Negative_phenotype 27114638_5 Expression of inflammatory mediators, viz., tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-a), interleukin-1b (IL-1b), IL-6, IL-10, TNF-R1, and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) was carried out in serum and peritoneal macrophages to derive the plausible mechanism of BAHE in activated peritoneal macrophages. 27114638 244 248 BAHE Plant 27114638_6 RESULTS: Pretreatment with BAHE produced a dose-dependent reduction (P < 0.01) in carrageenan-induced paw edema and cotton pellet-induced granuloma model. 27114638 27 31 BAHE Plant 27114638 102 111 paw edema Negative_phenotype 27114638 138 147 granuloma Negative_phenotype 27114638 Decrease 27 31 BAHE Plant 102 111 paw edema Negative_phenotype 27114638 Decrease 27 31 BAHE Plant 138 147 granuloma Negative_phenotype 27114638_7 BAHE treatment produced significant (P < 0.01) reduction in serum inflammatory cytokine levels as compared to control. 27114638 0 4 BAHE Plant 27114638_8 Protein expression of pro-inflammatory markers, IL-1b, IL-6, TNF-R1, and COX-2, was found to be reduced in stimulated macrophages whereas anti-inflammatory cytokine, IL-10, was upregulated in peritoneal macrophages. 27114638_9 CONCLUSION: The result of the present study thus demonstrates the anti-inflammatory and anti-granuloma activity of BAHE which may be attributed to its inhibitory activity on macrophage-derived cytokine and mediators. 27114638 66 83 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 27114638 88 102 anti-granuloma Positive_phenotype 27114638 115 119 BAHE Plant 27125591_1 Potent in vitro anti-proliferative, apoptotic and anti-oxidative activities of semi-purified Job's tears (Coix lachryma-jobi Linn.) extracts from different preparation methods on 5 human cancer cell lines. 27125591 16 34 anti-proliferative Positive_phenotype 27125591 50 64 anti-oxidative Positive_phenotype 27125591 93 104 Job's tears Plant 27125591 106 130 Coix lachryma-jobi Linn. Plant 27125591 187 193 cancer Negative_phenotype 27125591_2 ETHONOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCES: Job's tears (Coix lacryma-jobi Linn.) is commonly used as an herbal medicine. 27125591 34 45 Job's tears Plant 27125591 47 70 Coix lacryma-jobi Linn. Plant 27125591_3 The low incidence of cancer has been observed in the area of China where regularly consume Job's tears. 27125591 21 27 cancer Negative_phenotype 27125591 91 102 Job's tears Plant 27125591 Decrease 21 27 cancer Negative_phenotype 91 102 Job's tears Plant 27125591_4 The effects of preparation methods of Job's tears on anti-cancer activities were investigated. 27125591 38 49 Job's tears Plant 27125591 53 64 anti-cancer Positive_phenotype 27125591_5 Potent in vitro anti-proliferative, apoptotic and anti-oxidative activities of semi-purified Job's tears extracts from different preparation methods on 5 human cancer cell lines comparing with standards and commercial product were observed. 27125591 16 34 anti-proliferative Positive_phenotype 27125591 50 64 anti-oxidative Positive_phenotype 27125591 93 104 Job's tears Plant 27125591 160 166 cancer Negative_phenotype 27125591 Increase 16 34 anti-proliferative Positive_phenotype 93 104 Job's tears Plant 27125591 Increase 50 64 anti-oxidative Positive_phenotype 93 104 Job's tears Plant 27125591 Decrease 93 104 Job's tears Plant 160 166 cancer Negative_phenotype 27125591_6 AIM OF STUDY: To study the anti-proliferative, apoptotic and anti-oxidative activities of semi-purified Job's tear extracts from different preparation methods on 5 human cancer cell lines. 27125591 27 45 anti-proliferative Positive_phenotype 27125591 61 75 anti-oxidative Positive_phenotype 27125591 104 114 Job's tear Plant 27125591 170 176 cancer Negative_phenotype 27125591_7 MATERIALS AND METHODS: The crude methanolic extracts of non-cooked, steamed and roasted Job's tears cultivars were prepared and further semi-purified by liquid-liquid extraction techniques. 27125591 88 99 Job's tears Plant 27125591_8 Both of crude and semi-purified extracts were tested for anti-proliferative, apoptotic induction, anti-oxidative activities and phytochemicals content. 27125591 57 75 anti-proliferative Positive_phenotype 27125591 98 112 anti-oxidative Positive_phenotype 27125591_9 RESULTS: The highest yields of crude and-purified extracts were 4.60 and 1.46%, respectively. 27125591_10 In crude extracts, the steamed whole Thai Black Loei Job's tears (W-TBL-S1) extract showed the highest anti-proliferative activity in mouth epidermal carcinoma cell (KB) at the IC50 of 43.61 0.76 g/ml (0.005 folds of doxorubicin), whereas the roasted whole Laos White Loei Job's tears (W-LWL-R2) extract showed the highest apoptotic activity in cervical adenocarcinoma (HeLa) at 21.52 1.50% (0.22 and 15.05 folds of doxorubicin and commercial product, respectively). 27125591 53 64 Job's tears Plant 27125591 66 74 W-TBL-S1 Plant 27125591 103 121 anti-proliferative Positive_phenotype 27125591 134 159 mouth epidermal carcinoma Negative_phenotype 27125591 166 168 KB Negative_phenotype 27125591 274 285 Job's tears Plant 27125591 287 295 W-LWL-R2 Plant 27125591 346 369 cervical adenocarcinoma Negative_phenotype 27125591 371 375 HeLa Negative_phenotype 27125591 Increase 53 64 Job's tears Plant 103 121 anti-proliferative Positive_phenotype 27125591 Decrease 53 64 Job's tears Plant 134 159 mouth epidermal carcinoma Negative_phenotype 27125591 Decrease 53 64 Job's tears Plant 166 168 KB Negative_phenotype 27125591 Increase 66 74 W-TBL-S1 Plant 103 121 anti-proliferative Positive_phenotype 27125591 Decrease 66 74 W-TBL-S1 Plant 134 159 mouth epidermal carcinoma Negative_phenotype 27125591 Decrease 66 74 W-TBL-S1 Plant 166 168 KB Negative_phenotype 27125591 Decrease 274 285 Job's tears Plant 346 369 cervical adenocarcinoma Negative_phenotype 27125591 Decrease 274 285 Job's tears Plant 371 375 HeLa Negative_phenotype 27125591 Decrease 287 295 W-LWL-R2 Plant 346 369 cervical adenocarcinoma Negative_phenotype 27125591 Decrease 287 295 W-LWL-R2 Plant 371 375 HeLa Negative_phenotype 27125591_11 After liquid-liquid extraction, almost all of the semi-purified extracts showed increases in anti-proliferative activity. 27125591 93 111 anti-proliferative Positive_phenotype 27125591_12 Ethyl acetate fraction of the roasted whole Laos White Loei Job's tears (W-LWL-R2) showed the highest anti-proliferative activity in HeLa cell at the IC50 of 0.97 0.82 g/ml (7.82 and 45.39 folds of doxorubicin and crude extract, respectively) and apoptotic activity of 18.77 6.31% (0.19 folds of doxorubicin). 27125591 60 71 Job's tears Plant 27125591 73 81 W-LWL-R2 Plant 27125591 102 120 anti-proliferative Positive_phenotype 27125591 133 137 HeLa Negative_phenotype 27125591 Increase 60 71 Job's tears Plant 102 120 anti-proliferative Positive_phenotype 27125591 Decrease 60 71 Job's tears Plant 133 137 HeLa Negative_phenotype 27125591 Increase 73 81 W-LWL-R2 Plant 102 120 anti-proliferative Positive_phenotype 27125591 Decrease 73 81 W-LWL-R2 Plant 133 137 HeLa Negative_phenotype 27125591_13 The commercial product showed no anti-proliferative activity in all cell lines but induced apoptosis in HeLa cell at 1.43 0.34%. 27125591 33 51 anti-proliferative Positive_phenotype 27125591 104 108 HeLa Negative_phenotype 27125591_14 The butanol and hexane soluble fractions of the roasted whole of Laos White Loei Job's tears (W-LWL-R2) showed the highest free radical scavenging (SC50) and metal chelating activity (MC50) of 0.31 0.06mg/ml (0.64 folds of ascorbic acid) and 0.08 0.01mg/ml (6.37 folds of EDTA), respectively. 27125591 81 92 Job's tears Plant 27125591 94 102 W-LWL-R2 Plant 27125591_15 All ethyl acetate fractions contain high content of carotenoid and tannin, whereas the hexane soluble fraction of the roasted hull of Laos Black Loei Job's tears (H-LBL-R1) showed the highest linoleic acid content of 8.09 0.74% w/w. 27125591 150 161 Job's tears Plant 27125591 163 171 H-LBL-R1 Plant 27125591_16 CONCLUSIONS: This study has demonstrated the potent anti-cancer activity of the semi-purified extracts from roasted Job's tears with high potential for further development to modern anti-cancer drug. 27125591 52 63 anti-cancer Positive_phenotype 27125591 116 127 Job's tears Plant 27125591 Increase 52 63 anti-cancer Positive_phenotype 116 127 Job's tears Plant 27140496_1 Wasabi leaf extracts attenuate adipocyte hypertrophy through PPARy and AMPK. 27140496 0 6 Wasabi Plant 27140496 31 52 adipocyte hypertrophy Negative_phenotype 27140496 Decrease 0 6 Wasabi Plant 31 52 adipocyte hypertrophy Negative_phenotype 27140496_2 UNASSIGNED: Hypertrophy of adipocytes in obese adipose tissues causes metabolic abnormality by adipocytokine dysregulation, which promotes type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and dyslipidemia. 27140496 12 62 Hypertrophy of adipocytes in obese adipose tissues Negative_phenotype 27140496 70 91 metabolic abnormality Negative_phenotype 27140496 139 163 type 2 diabetes mellitus Negative_phenotype 27140496 165 177 hypertension Negative_phenotype 27140496 183 195 dyslipidemia Negative_phenotype 27140496_3 We investigated the effects of wasabi (Wasabia japonica Matsum) leaf extracts on metabolic abnormalities in SHRSP.Z-Leprfa/IzmDmcr rats (SHRSP/ZF), which are a model of metabolic syndrome. 27140496 31 37 wasabi Plant 27140496 39 62 Wasabia japonica Matsum Plant 27140496 81 130 metabolic abnormalities in SHRSP.Z-Leprfa/IzmDmcr Negative_phenotype 27140496 137 145 SHRSP/ZF Negative_phenotype 27140496 169 187 metabolic syndrome Negative_phenotype 27140496_4 Male SHRSP/ZF rats aged 7 weeks were divided into two groups: control and wasabi leaf extract (WLE) groups, which received water or oral treatment with 4 g/kg/day WLE for 6 weeks. 27140496 5 13 SHRSP/ZF Negative_phenotype 27140496 75 81 wasabi Plant 27140496 96 99 WLE Plant 27140496 165 168 WLE Plant 27140496_5 WLE improved the body weight gain and high blood pressure in SHRSP/ZF rats, and the plasma triglyceride levels were significantly lower in the WLE group. 27140496 0 3 WLE Plant 27140496 17 33 body weight gain Negative_phenotype 27140496 38 69 high blood pressure in SHRSP/ZF Negative_phenotype 27140496 84 110 plasma triglyceride levels Neutral_phenotype 27140496 143 146 WLE Plant 27140496 Decrease 0 3 WLE Plant 17 33 body weight gain Negative_phenotype 27140496 Decrease 0 3 WLE Plant 38 69 high blood pressure in SHRSP/ZF Negative_phenotype 27140496 Decrease 84 110 plasma triglyceride levels Neutral_phenotype 143 146 WLE Plant 27140496_6 Adipocyte hypertrophy was markedly prevented in adipose tissue. 27140496 0 21 Adipocyte hypertrophy Negative_phenotype 27140496_7 The expression of PPARy and subsequent downstream genes was suppressed in the WLE group adipose tissues. 27140496 78 81 WLE Plant 27140496_8 Our data suggest that WLE inhibits adipose hypertrophy by suppressing PPARy expression in adipose tissue and stimulating the AMPK activity by increased adiponectin. 27140496 22 25 WLE Plant 27140496 35 54 adipose hypertrophy Negative_phenotype 27140496 Decrease 22 25 WLE Plant 35 54 adipose hypertrophy Negative_phenotype 27181714_1 The effects of ethanol extract of propolis on histopathological changes and antioxidant defense of kidney in rat model for type 1 diabetes mellitus. 27181714 34 42 propolis Plant 27181714 46 71 histopathological changes Negative_phenotype 27181714 76 87 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 27181714 123 147 type 1 diabetes mellitus Negative_phenotype 27181714_2 AIMS/INTRODUCTION: Oxidative stress has a key role in the pathogenesis of diabetes. 27181714 19 35 Oxidative stress Negative_phenotype 27181714 74 82 diabetes Negative_phenotype 27181714_3 Propolis and its constituents have a wide range of medicinal properties against oxidative stress. 27181714 0 8 Propolis Plant 27181714 80 96 oxidative stress Negative_phenotype 27181714 Decrease 0 8 Propolis Plant 80 96 oxidative stress Negative_phenotype 27181714_4 In this study we evaluated antioxidant effects of ethanolic extracts of propolis (EEP) on kidney in diabetes mellitus rats. 27181714 27 38 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 27181714 72 80 propolis Plant 27181714 82 85 EEP Plant 27181714 90 117 kidney in diabetes mellitus Negative_phenotype 27181714_5 MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty male Wistar rats were randomly divided into the following five groups: control, diabetes mellitus, diabetes mellitus with vehicle-treated, diabetes mellitus with propolis-treated (100 mg/kg), and diabetes mellitus with propolis-treated (200 mg/kg). 27181714 109 126 diabetes mellitus Negative_phenotype 27181714 128 145 diabetes mellitus Negative_phenotype 27181714 168 185 diabetes mellitus Negative_phenotype 27181714 191 199 propolis Plant 27181714 225 242 diabetes mellitus Negative_phenotype 27181714 248 256 propolis Plant 27181714_6 Diabetes mellitus in rats was induced by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (60 mg/kg). 27181714 0 17 Diabetes mellitus Negative_phenotype 27181714_7 Diabetic groups were treated with vehicle or ethanolic extracts of Iranian propolis for 6 weeks. 27181714 0 8 Diabetic Negative_phenotype 27181714 75 83 propolis Plant 27181714_8 Serum concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) were measured. 27181714_9 RESULTS: The results showed that Iranian propolis significantly inhibit body weight loss in diabetes mellitus rats. 27181714 41 49 propolis Plant 27181714 72 109 body weight loss in diabetes mellitus Negative_phenotype 27181714 Decrease 41 49 propolis Plant 72 109 body weight loss in diabetes mellitus Negative_phenotype 27181714_10 The propolis extracts significantly reduced serum glucose levels and kidney weight in diabetes mellitus rats (p < 0.001). 27181714 4 12 propolis Plant 27181714 44 64 serum glucose levels Neutral_phenotype 27181714 69 82 kidney weight Neutral_phenotype 27181714 86 103 diabetes mellitus Negative_phenotype 27181714 Decrease 4 12 propolis Plant 44 64 serum glucose levels Neutral_phenotype 27181714 Decrease 4 12 propolis Plant 69 82 kidney weight Neutral_phenotype 27181714_11 Moreover, significantly reduced the MDA content, increased the activity of SOD and GPx (p < 0.001) along with the total antioxidant activity in the kidney tissue of diabetes mellitus rats. 27181714 120 131 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 27181714 165 182 diabetes mellitus Negative_phenotype 27181714_12 In the kidney of the diabetes mellitus and vehicle group, the glomerular basement membrane (GBM) thickness and glomerular area (GA) were significantly increased. 27181714 7 38 kidney of the diabetes mellitus Negative_phenotype 27181714 62 106 glomerular basement membrane (GBM) thickness Neutral_phenotype 27181714 111 126 glomerular area Neutral_phenotype 27181714 128 130 GA Neutral_phenotype 27181714_13 Treatment of diabetes mellitus rats with the propolis extract significantly reduced the GBM thickness and glomerular area. 27181714 13 30 diabetes mellitus Negative_phenotype 27181714 45 53 propolis Plant 27181714 88 101 GBM thickness Neutral_phenotype 27181714 106 121 glomerular area Neutral_phenotype 27181714 Decrease 13 30 diabetes mellitus Negative_phenotype 45 53 propolis Plant 27181714 Decrease 45 53 propolis Plant 88 101 GBM thickness Neutral_phenotype 27181714 Decrease 45 53 propolis Plant 106 121 glomerular area Neutral_phenotype 27181714_14 CONCLUSIONS: The present study results showed that the Iranian propolis extract could enhance the antioxidant levels and histopathological in the kidney of rat. 27181714 63 71 propolis Plant 27181714 98 116 antioxidant levels Positive_phenotype 27181714 Increase 63 71 propolis Plant 98 116 antioxidant levels Positive_phenotype 27181714_15 Final Results showed that the most of favorable effects of the propolis is mediated by a reduction of blood glucose levels in diabetic animals. 27181714 63 71 propolis Plant 27181714 102 122 blood glucose levels Neutral_phenotype 27181714 126 134 diabetic Negative_phenotype 27181714 Decrease 63 71 propolis Plant 102 122 blood glucose levels Neutral_phenotype 27181714 Decrease 63 71 propolis Plant 126 134 diabetic Negative_phenotype 27181714_16 This article is protected by copyright. 27181714_17 All rights reserved. 27262330_1 Historical Spice as a Future Drug: Therapeutic Potential of Piperlongumine. 27262330_2 BACKGROUND: Spice and spice-derived compounds have been identified and explored for their health benefits since centuries. 27262330_3 One of the spice long pepper has been traditionally used to treat chronic bronchitis, asthma, constipation, gonorrhea, paralysis of the tongue, diarrhea, cholera, malaria, viral hepatitis, respiratory infections, stomach ache, diseases of the spleen, cough, and tumors. 27262330 17 28 long pepper Plant 27262330 66 84 chronic bronchitis Negative_phenotype 27262330 86 92 asthma Negative_phenotype 27262330 94 106 constipation Negative_phenotype 27262330 108 117 gonorrhea Negative_phenotype 27262330 119 142 paralysis of the tongue Negative_phenotype 27262330 144 152 diarrhea Negative_phenotype 27262330 154 161 cholera Negative_phenotype 27262330 163 170 malaria Negative_phenotype 27262330 172 187 viral hepatitis Negative_phenotype 27262330 189 211 respiratory infections Negative_phenotype 27262330 213 225 stomach ache Negative_phenotype 27262330 227 249 diseases of the spleen Negative_phenotype 27262330 251 256 cough Negative_phenotype 27262330 262 268 tumors Negative_phenotype 27262330 Decrease 17 28 long pepper Plant 66 84 chronic bronchitis Negative_phenotype 27262330 Decrease 17 28 long pepper Plant 86 92 asthma Negative_phenotype 27262330 Decrease 17 28 long pepper Plant 94 106 constipation Negative_phenotype 27262330 Decrease 17 28 long pepper Plant 108 117 gonorrhea Negative_phenotype 27262330 Decrease 17 28 long pepper Plant 119 142 paralysis of the tongue Negative_phenotype 27262330 Decrease 17 28 long pepper Plant 144 152 diarrhea Negative_phenotype 27262330 Decrease 17 28 long pepper Plant 154 161 cholera Negative_phenotype 27262330 Decrease 17 28 long pepper Plant 163 170 malaria Negative_phenotype 27262330 Decrease 17 28 long pepper Plant 172 187 viral hepatitis Negative_phenotype 27262330 Decrease 17 28 long pepper Plant 189 211 respiratory infections Negative_phenotype 27262330 Decrease 17 28 long pepper Plant 213 225 stomach ache Negative_phenotype 27262330 Decrease 17 28 long pepper Plant 227 249 diseases of the spleen Negative_phenotype 27262330 Decrease 17 28 long pepper Plant 251 256 cough Negative_phenotype 27262330 Decrease 17 28 long pepper Plant 262 268 tumors Negative_phenotype 27262330_4 METHODS: In this review, the evidences for the chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic potential of piperlongumine have been described. 27262330 47 62 chemopreventive Positive_phenotype 27262330 67 83 chemotherapeutic Positive_phenotype 27262330_5 RESULTS: The active component piperlonguime has shown effective against various ailments including cancer, neurogenerative disease, arthritis, melanogenesis, lupus nephritis, and hyperlipidemic. 27262330 99 105 cancer Negative_phenotype 27262330 107 130 neurogenerative disease Negative_phenotype 27262330 132 141 arthritis Negative_phenotype 27262330 143 156 melanogenesis Negative_phenotype 27262330 158 173 lupus nephritis Negative_phenotype 27262330 179 193 hyperlipidemic Negative_phenotype 27262330_6 These beneficial effects of piperlongumine is attributed to its ability to modulate several signaling molecules like reactive oxygen species, kinases, proteasome, proto-oncogenes, transcription factors, cell cycle, inflammatory molecules and cell growth and survival molecules. 27262330_7 Piperlongumine also chemosensitizes to drugs resistant cancer cells. 27262330 55 61 cancer Negative_phenotype 27262330_8 CONCLUSION: Overall the consumption of long peppers is therefore recommended for the prevention and treatment of various diseases including cancer, and thus piperlongumine may be a promising future candidate drug against cancer. 27262330 39 51 long peppers Plant 27262330 140 146 cancer Negative_phenotype 27262330 221 227 cancer Negative_phenotype 27262330 Decrease 39 51 long peppers Plant 140 146 cancer Negative_phenotype 27262330 Decrease 39 51 long peppers Plant 221 227 cancer Negative_phenotype 27282666_1 Anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects of Critonia aromatisans leaves: Downregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines. 27282666 0 17 Anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 27282666 22 38 immunomodulatory Positive_phenotype 27282666 50 70 Critonia aromatisans Plant 27282666_2 ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Critonia aromatisans (Asteraceae), commonly known as "Chiople", is a cultivated species that is used in Mayan traditional medicine to treat inflammation, joint pain and rheumatism. 27282666 32 52 Critonia aromatisans Plant 27282666 86 93 Chiople Plant 27282666 172 184 inflammation Negative_phenotype 27282666 186 196 joint pain Negative_phenotype 27282666 201 211 rheumatism Negative_phenotype 27282666 Decrease 32 52 Critonia aromatisans Plant 172 184 inflammation Negative_phenotype 27282666 Decrease 32 52 Critonia aromatisans Plant 186 196 joint pain Negative_phenotype 27282666 Decrease 32 52 Critonia aromatisans Plant 201 211 rheumatism Negative_phenotype 27282666 Decrease 86 93 Chiople Plant 172 184 inflammation Negative_phenotype 27282666 Decrease 86 93 Chiople Plant 186 196 joint pain Negative_phenotype 27282666 Decrease 86 93 Chiople Plant 201 211 rheumatism Negative_phenotype 27282666_3 AIM OF THE STUDY: To evaluate the in vivo and in vitro anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties of aqueous and organic extracts prepared from Critonia aromatisans leaves. 27282666 55 72 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 27282666 77 93 immunomodulatory Positive_phenotype 27282666 151 171 Critonia aromatisans Plant 27282666_4 MATERIALS AND METHODS: Methanol, ethyl acetate, methylene chloride, hexanic, and aqueous extracts were obtained from the leaves of C. aromatisans. 27282666 131 145 C. aromatisans Plant 27282666_5 The anti-inflammatory properties of the extracts were tested in vivo to evaluate their ability to reduce the inflammatory response in the carrageenan-induced hind paw edema model in NIH mice. 27282666 4 21 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 27282666 109 121 inflammatory Negative_phenotype 27282666 158 172 hind paw edema Negative_phenotype 27282666_6 In addition, to explore the immunomodulatory effects of C. aromatisans, in vitro testing was performed to determine whether C. aromatisans leaf extracts are capable of decreasing macrophage production of nitric oxide (NO), tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-a), and cytokines IL-1b, IL-6, and cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) without affecting macrophage viability. 27282666 28 44 immunomodulatory Positive_phenotype 27282666 56 70 C. aromatisans Plant 27282666 124 138 C. aromatisans Plant 27282666_7 RESULTS: Single orally administered doses (100mg/kg or 200mg/kg) of a hexanic extract of C. aromatisans leaves significantly reduced carrageenan-induced paw edema in mice (P<0.001) by 76% and 84%, respectively. 27282666 89 103 C. aromatisans Plant 27282666 153 162 paw edema Negative_phenotype 27282666 Decrease 89 103 C. aromatisans Plant 153 162 paw edema Negative_phenotype 27282666_8 The effect of the extract in this model was generally comparable to those of the standard drugs used. 27282666_9 In the in vitro determination, the extracts reduced the amount of NO mainly at 500 and 1000 g/mL. 27282666_10 Hexanic extract and subfractions C, D, E, and F at 50 and 100 g/mL produced the lowest concentration of mediators in culture supernatants (protein) and at the mRNA/gene level by the significant down-regulation of cytokines. 27282666_11 These findings explain some of the anti-inflammatory activity of this species. 27282666 35 52 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 27282666_12 Purification of fractions C and D allowed the complete identification of cyclocolorenone, stigmasterol and stigmasterol derivatives as some of their main components. 27282666_13 CONCLUSION: A hexanic extract of C. aromatisans displayed anti-inflammatory effects, validating the traditional practice of Mayan communities wherein an ointment with a petrolatum base, a non-polar substance, is used to treat inflammation. 27282666 33 47 C. aromatisans Plant 27282666 58 75 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 27282666 226 238 inflammation Negative_phenotype 27282666 Increase 33 47 C. aromatisans Plant 58 75 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 27282666_14 Additionally, C. aromatisans showed strong in vivo and in vitro activity, and one of the mechanisms of its anti-inflammatory response was shown to be inhibition of the production of NO and pro-inflammatory cytokines. 27282666 14 28 C. aromatisans Plant 27282666 107 124 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 27282666 Increase 14 28 C. aromatisans Plant 107 124 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 27282666_15 The results of this study provide a pharmacological basis for the use of C. aromatisans leaves in the treatment of inflammatory disorders. 27282666 73 87 C. aromatisans Plant 27282666 115 137 inflammatory disorders Negative_phenotype 27282666 Decrease 73 87 C. aromatisans Plant 115 137 inflammatory disorders Negative_phenotype 27282666_16 The presence of stigmasterol and cyclocolorenone could be the responsibles of the anti-inflammatory activity of this specie. 27282666 82 99 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 27282666_17 Further studies should be done on the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of cyclocolorenone. 27282666 38 49 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 27282666 54 71 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 27282666_18 The results of this study provide a pharmacological basis for the use of C. aromatisans leaves in the treatment of inflammatory disorders. 27282666 73 87 C. aromatisans Plant 27282666 115 137 inflammatory disorders Negative_phenotype 27282666 Decrease 73 87 C. aromatisans Plant 115 137 inflammatory disorders Negative_phenotype 27288919_1 Pistacia integerrima ameliorates airway inflammation by attenuation of TNF-a, IL-4, and IL-5 expression levels, and pulmonary edema by elevation of AQP1 and AQP5 expression levels in mouse model of ovalbumin-induced allergic asthma. 27288919 0 20 Pistacia integerrima Plant 27288919 33 52 airway inflammation Negative_phenotype 27288919 116 131 pulmonary edema Negative_phenotype 27288919 216 231 allergic asthma Negative_phenotype 27288919 Decrease 0 20 Pistacia integerrima Plant 33 52 airway inflammation Negative_phenotype 27288919 Decrease 0 20 Pistacia integerrima Plant 116 131 pulmonary edema Negative_phenotype 27288919 Decrease 0 20 Pistacia integerrima Plant 216 231 allergic asthma Negative_phenotype 27288919_2 BACKGROUND: Natural products are considered as an essential source for the search of new drugs. 27288919_3 Pistacia integerrima galls (PI) have been used for the treatment of asthma and cough in traditional system of medicine. 27288919 0 20 Pistacia integerrima Plant 27288919 28 30 PI Plant 27288919 68 74 asthma Negative_phenotype 27288919 79 84 cough Negative_phenotype 27288919 Decrease 0 20 Pistacia integerrima Plant 68 74 asthma Negative_phenotype 27288919 Decrease 0 20 Pistacia integerrima Plant 79 84 cough Negative_phenotype 27288919 Decrease 28 30 PI Plant 68 74 asthma Negative_phenotype 27288919 Decrease 28 30 PI Plant 79 84 cough Negative_phenotype 27288919_4 AIM/HYPOTHESIS: Current study investigates the immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory activities of P. integerrima in mouse model of ovalbumin-induced allergic asthma. 27288919 47 63 immunomodulatory Positive_phenotype 27288919 68 85 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 27288919 100 114 P. integerrima Plant 27288919 151 166 allergic asthma Negative_phenotype 27288919_5 METHODS: Mice were intraperitoneally sensitized and subsequently challenged intranasally with ovalbumin to induce allergic asthma. 27288919 114 129 allergic asthma Negative_phenotype 27288919_6 Experimental group mice were treated with methanol extract of P. integerrima extract (200mg/kg b. w.) and Methylprednisolone (MP) (15mg/kg b. w.) for 07 consecutive days, alongside intranasal challenge. 27288919 62 76 P. integerrima Plant 27288919_7 Lung tissues were stained with Hematoxyline and Eosin (H _ E), and Periodic Acid-Schiff (PAS) stains for histopathological evaluation. 27288919_8 Lung wet/dry weight ratio was measured as an index of lung tissue edema. 27288919 0 25 Lung wet/dry weight ratio Neutral_phenotype 27288919 45 71 index of lung tissue edema Negative_phenotype 27288919_9 Albumin was injected in the right ear 24h before sacrificing the mice and difference of weight was taken as a degree of delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH). 27288919 88 94 weight Neutral_phenotype 27288919 120 149 delayed type hypersensitivity Negative_phenotype 27288919 151 154 DTH Negative_phenotype 27288919_10 mRNA expression levels of TNF-a, IL-4, IL-5, Aquaporin-1 (AQP1), and AQP5 were evaluated using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) followed by gel electrophoresis. 27288919_11 RESULTS: The data showed both PI extract and MP significantly alleviated DTH and nearly normalized total leukocyte count and differential leukocyte count in both blood and BALF. 27288919 30 32 PI Plant 27288919 73 76 DTH Negative_phenotype 27288919 Decrease 30 32 PI Plant 73 76 DTH Negative_phenotype 27288919_12 We found significantly suppressed goblet cell hyperplasia and inflammatory cell infiltration after treatment with both PI extract and MP. 27288919 34 57 goblet cell hyperplasia Negative_phenotype 27288919 62 92 inflammatory cell infiltration Negative_phenotype 27288919 119 121 PI Plant 27288919 Decrease 34 57 goblet cell hyperplasia Negative_phenotype 119 121 PI Plant 27288919 Decrease 62 92 inflammatory cell infiltration Negative_phenotype 119 121 PI Plant 27288919_13 Expression levels of TNF-a, IL-4, and IL-5 were also found significantly reduced after treatment with both PI extract and MP, which might have resulted in the amelioration of airway inflammation. 27288919 107 109 PI Plant 27288919 175 194 airway inflammation Negative_phenotype 27288919 Decrease 107 109 PI Plant 175 194 airway inflammation Negative_phenotype 27288919_14 Current study displayed that both PI extract and MP significantly decreased lung wet/dry ratio, suggesting reduction in pulmonary edema. 27288919 34 36 PI Plant 27288919 76 94 lung wet/dry ratio Neutral_phenotype 27288919 120 135 pulmonary edema Negative_phenotype 27288919 Decrease 34 36 PI Plant 76 94 lung wet/dry ratio Neutral_phenotype 27288919 Decrease 34 36 PI Plant 120 135 pulmonary edema Negative_phenotype 27288919_15 RT-PCR analysis showed significant increase in AQP1 and AQP5 expression levels after treatment with both PI extract and MP, which might have caused the alleviation of pulmonary edema. 27288919 105 107 PI Plant 27288919 167 182 pulmonary edema Negative_phenotype 27288919 Decrease 105 107 PI Plant 167 182 pulmonary edema Negative_phenotype 27288919_16 CONCLUSION: Our study displays that P. integerrima possesses significant anti-asthmatic activity which may be attributed to reduction in TNF-a, IL-4, and IL-5 expression levels, and increase in AQP1 and AQP5 expression levels. 27288919 36 50 P. integerrima Plant 27288919 73 87 anti-asthmatic Positive_phenotype 27288919 Increase 36 50 P. integerrima Plant 73 87 anti-asthmatic Positive_phenotype 27344039_1 Protective effects of Astragalus polysaccharides against endothelial dysfunction in hypertrophic rats induced by isoproterenol. 27344039 57 96 endothelial dysfunction in hypertrophic Negative_phenotype 27344039_2 UNASSIGNED: Astragalus polysaccharide (APS) is an important bioactive component extracted from Chinese herb Astragalus membranaceus. 27344039 108 131 Astragalus membranaceus Plant 27344039_3 It has been widely used in treatment of cardiovascular diseases. 27344039 40 63 cardiovascular diseases Negative_phenotype 27344039_4 We have previously reported that APS could inhibit isoproterenol-induced cardiac hypertrophy. 27344039 73 92 cardiac hypertrophy Negative_phenotype 27344039_5 The present study was designed to evaluate the protective effect of APS on vascular endothelia in cardiac hypertrophy rats induced by isoproterenol (ISO). 27344039 98 117 cardiac hypertrophy Negative_phenotype 27344039_6 ISO (10mg*kg(-1)) was intraperitoneally injected once daily for 2weeks to induce cardiac hypertrophy. 27344039 81 100 cardiac hypertrophy Negative_phenotype 27344039_7 APS (400 and 800mg*kg(-1)) was intragastrically injected once daily along with ISO. 27344039_8 The results showed that combination with APS significantly ameliorates the endothelial dysfunction while attenuates cardiac hypertrophy induced by ISO. 27344039 75 98 endothelial dysfunction Negative_phenotype 27344039 116 135 cardiac hypertrophy Negative_phenotype 27344039_9 We found that administration with APS could attenuate the increase in number of circulating endothelial cell (CEC). 27344039_10 APS also decreases the superoxide anion generation and the protein expression of p65 and the levels of TNF-a and IL-6; while increases the cGMP levels, an activity marker for nitric oxide (NO) in aortas. 27344039_11 In addition, APS improves the relaxation dysfunction in isolated aortic rings and increases the protein expression of IkBa and Cu/Zn-SOD in aortas. 27344039 30 52 relaxation dysfunction Negative_phenotype 27344039_12 In conclusion, our results suggested that APS had a protective effect against endothelial dysfunction in hypertrophic rats induced by ISO. 27344039 78 117 endothelial dysfunction in hypertrophic Negative_phenotype 27344039_13 The underlining mechanisms may be contributed to the anti-inflammatory effects and the improvement of the imbalance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) and NO. 27344039 53 70 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 27424320_1 The efficacy of Aesculus hippocastanum seeds on diabetic nephropathy in a streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat model. 27424320 16 38 Aesculus hippocastanum Plant 27424320 48 68 diabetic nephropathy Negative_phenotype 27424320 97 105 diabetic Negative_phenotype 27424320_2 UNASSIGNED: Cytokines, such as transforming growth factor (TGF)- 1, and increased oxidative stress are considered to be responsible for the development of diabetic nephropathy. 27424320 83 99 oxidative stress Negative_phenotype 27424320 156 176 diabetic nephropathy Negative_phenotype 27424320_3 We hypothesized that Aesculus hippocastanum (AH) seeds may have preventive effects on oxidative stress and TGF-b-related diabetic nephropathy in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic nephropathy in rats. 27424320 21 43 Aesculus hippocastanum Plant 27424320 45 47 AH Plant 27424320 86 102 oxidative stress Negative_phenotype 27424320 121 141 diabetic nephropathy Negative_phenotype 27424320 174 194 diabetic nephropathy Negative_phenotype 27424320_4 Twenty-one male Sprague-Dawley albino rats were divided into three groups (n=7). 27424320 31 37 albino Negative_phenotype 27424320_5 Except for the control group, they all had diabetic nephropathy induced by an intraperitoneal injection of STZ. 27424320 43 63 diabetic nephropathy Negative_phenotype 27424320_6 While the diabetes group did not receive any medication, the diabetes+AH group was given the medication for 4 weeks. 27424320 10 18 diabetes Negative_phenotype 27424320 61 69 diabetes Negative_phenotype 27424320 70 72 AH Plant 27424320_7 After the experiment, analyses were performed to evaluate the glomerular area, severity of sclerosis, and fibronectin immunoexpression, as well as levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), TGF-b, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), blood glucose, creatinine, and proteinuria. 27424320 62 77 glomerular area Neutral_phenotype 27424320 79 100 severity of sclerosis Negative_phenotype 27424320 214 227 blood glucose Neutral_phenotype 27424320 245 256 proteinuria Negative_phenotype 27424320_8 It was found that glomerular area, severity of sclerosis, fibronectin immunoexpression, and levels of MDA, TGF-b, BUN, creatinine, and proteinuria were decreased in the diabetes+AH group. 27424320 18 33 glomerular area Neutral_phenotype 27424320 35 56 severity of sclerosis Negative_phenotype 27424320 135 146 proteinuria Negative_phenotype 27424320 169 177 diabetes Negative_phenotype 27424320 178 180 AH Plant 27424320_9 It is known that diabetic nephropathy is induced, to a large extent, by hyperglycemia. 27424320 17 37 diabetic nephropathy Negative_phenotype 27424320 72 85 hyperglycemia Negative_phenotype 27424320_10 In the present study, AH extract ameliorated diabetic nephropathy without decrease in blood glucose levels. 27424320 22 24 AH Plant 27424320 45 65 diabetic nephropathy Negative_phenotype 27424320 86 99 blood glucose Neutral_phenotype 27424320 Decrease 22 24 AH Plant 45 65 diabetic nephropathy Negative_phenotype 27424320_11 In the study, AH seeds showed beneficial effects on the functional properties of the kidney and microscopic improvements in diabetic nephropathy. 27424320 14 16 AH Plant 27424320 124 144 diabetic nephropathy Negative_phenotype 27424320 Decrease 14 16 AH Plant 124 144 diabetic nephropathy Negative_phenotype 27444692_1 Total flavonoid aglycones extract in Radix Scutellariae inhibites lung carcinoma and lung metastasis by affecting cell cycle and DNA synthesis. 27444692 43 55 Scutellariae Plant 27444692 66 80 lung carcinoma Negative_phenotype 27444692 85 100 lung metastasis Negative_phenotype 27444692 Decrease 43 55 Scutellariae Plant 66 80 lung carcinoma Negative_phenotype 27444692 Decrease 43 55 Scutellariae Plant 85 100 lung metastasis Negative_phenotype 27444692_2 ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Radix Scutellariae (Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, RS), a traditional herbal medicine commonly used to treat inflammation, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, bacterial and viral infections, is reported to treat lung cancer by supplements of modern medicine. 27444692 38 50 Scutellariae Plant 27444692 52 82 Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi Plant 27444692 84 86 RS Plant 27444692 142 154 inflammation Negative_phenotype 27444692 156 168 hypertension Negative_phenotype 27444692 170 192 cardiovascular disease Negative_phenotype 27444692 194 224 bacterial and viral infections Negative_phenotype 27444692 247 258 lung cancer Negative_phenotype 27444692 Decrease 38 50 Scutellariae Plant 142 154 inflammation Negative_phenotype 27444692 Decrease 38 50 Scutellariae Plant 156 168 hypertension Negative_phenotype 27444692 Decrease 38 50 Scutellariae Plant 170 192 cardiovascular disease Negative_phenotype 27444692 Decrease 38 50 Scutellariae Plant 194 224 bacterial and viral infections Negative_phenotype 27444692 Decrease 38 50 Scutellariae Plant 247 258 lung cancer Negative_phenotype 27444692 Decrease 52 82 Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi Plant 142 154 inflammation Negative_phenotype 27444692 Decrease 52 82 Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi Plant 156 168 hypertension Negative_phenotype 27444692 Decrease 52 82 Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi Plant 170 192 cardiovascular disease Negative_phenotype 27444692 Decrease 52 82 Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi Plant 194 224 bacterial and viral infections Negative_phenotype 27444692 Decrease 52 82 Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi Plant 247 258 lung cancer Negative_phenotype 27444692 Decrease 84 86 RS Plant 142 154 inflammation Negative_phenotype 27444692 Decrease 84 86 RS Plant 156 168 hypertension Negative_phenotype 27444692 Decrease 84 86 RS Plant 170 192 cardiovascular disease Negative_phenotype 27444692 Decrease 84 86 RS Plant 194 224 bacterial and viral infections Negative_phenotype 27444692 Decrease 84 86 RS Plant 247 258 lung cancer Negative_phenotype 27444692_3 The total flavonoid aglycones extract (TFAE) from RS is the most important composition for the pharmacodynamic effects. 27444692 50 52 RS Plant 27444692_4 The present study was designed to evaluate the anti-lung tumor effect of TFAE on A549 cells and A549 cell nude mice xenografts. 27444692 47 62 anti-lung tumor Positive_phenotype 27444692 81 85 A549 Negative_phenotype 27444692 96 100 A549 Negative_phenotype 27444692_5 The aim of the study is to investigate the effect and mechanism of TFAE treating non-small cell lung cancer both in vitro and in vivo. 27444692 81 107 non-small cell lung cancer Negative_phenotype 27444692_6 MATERIALS AND METHODS: The anti-tumor activity of TFAE in vitro was investigated using the MTT assay. 27444692 27 37 anti-tumor Positive_phenotype 27444692_7 The changes of cell invasion and migration were detected by Transwell assay and tube formation experiments were used to detect the anti-angiogenic effect. 27444692 131 146 anti-angiogenic Positive_phenotype 27444692_8 The anti-tumor effects of TFAE in vivo were evaluated in A549 cell nude mice xenografts. 27444692 4 14 anti-tumor Positive_phenotype 27444692 57 61 A549 Negative_phenotype 27444692_9 The mechanism of TFAE was detected by Flow cytometry technology, Western blot assay and Immuno-histochemistry assay. 27444692_10 RESULTS: In vitro, TFAE inhibited the proliferation, invasion and migration of A549 cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. 27444692 79 83 A549 Negative_phenotype 27444692_11 In vivo, TFAE by oral administration at 100mg/kg for 30 days decreased the tumor volume and tumor weight in A549 cell xenograft by 25.5% with no statistical significance (P<0.05) compared to the cis-platinum positive control group (30.0%). 27444692 75 80 tumor Negative_phenotype 27444692 75 80 tumor Negative_phenotype 27444692 108 112 A549 Negative_phenotype 27444692_12 The cell cycle and DNA synthesis experiment illustrated that TFAE could induce A549 cell cycle to arreste in S phase and DNA synthesis in A549 cells be inhibited, while TFAE had no influence on apoptosis of A549 cells. 27444692 79 83 A549 Negative_phenotype 27444692 79 83 A549 Negative_phenotype 27444692 79 83 A549 Negative_phenotype 27444692_13 Western Blot assay demonstrated that the treatment of TFAE could make Cyclin D1 decrease and p53 increase both in vitro and in vivo. 27444692_14 CONCLUSION: TFAE displayed the inhibition effects of non-small cell lung cancer both in vitro and in vivo and the underlying mechanism might be related to the increased p53 protein expression and decreased Cyclin D1 expression, leading to cell cycle arrested in S phase and the decrease of DNA synthesis. 27444692 53 79 non-small cell lung cancer Negative_phenotype 27446367_1 Anti-tumor effect of Radix Paeoniae Rubra extract on mice bladder tumors using intravesical therapy. 27446367 0 10 Anti-tumor Positive_phenotype 27446367 27 41 Paeoniae Rubra Plant 27446367 58 72 bladder tumors Negative_phenotype 27446367_2 UNASSIGNED: Radix Paeoniae Rubra (RPR) is the dried root of Paeonia lactiflora Pallas and Paeonia veitchii Lynch, and is a herbal medicine that is widely used in traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of blood-heat and blood-stasis syndrome, similarly to Cortex Moutan. 27446367 18 32 Paeoniae Rubra Plant 27446367 34 37 RPR Plant 27446367 60 85 Paeonia lactiflora Pallas Plant 27446367 90 112 Paeonia veitchii Lynch Plant 27446367 212 248 blood-heat and blood-stasis syndrome Negative_phenotype 27446367 263 276 Cortex Moutan Plant 27446367 Decrease 18 32 Paeoniae Rubra Plant 212 248 blood-heat and blood-stasis syndrome Negative_phenotype 27446367 Decrease 34 37 RPR Plant 212 248 blood-heat and blood-stasis syndrome Negative_phenotype 27446367 Decrease 60 85 Paeonia lactiflora Pallas Plant 212 248 blood-heat and blood-stasis syndrome Negative_phenotype 27446367 Decrease 90 112 Paeonia veitchii Lynch Plant 212 248 blood-heat and blood-stasis syndrome Negative_phenotype 27446367 Decrease 212 248 blood-heat and blood-stasis syndrome Negative_phenotype 263 276 Cortex Moutan Plant 27446367_3 The present study identified the same three components in RPR and Cortex Moutan extracts. 27446367 58 61 RPR Plant 27446367 66 79 Cortex Moutan Plant 27446367_4 In addition, it has been reported that RPR has an anti-cancer effect. 27446367 39 42 RPR Plant 27446367 50 61 anti-cancer Positive_phenotype 27446367 Increase 39 42 RPR Plant 50 61 anti-cancer Positive_phenotype 27446367_5 Bladder cancer is the seventh most common type of cancer worldwide. 27446367 0 14 Bladder cancer Negative_phenotype 27446367 50 56 cancer Negative_phenotype 27446367_6 Due to the high recurrence rate, identifying novel drugs for bladder cancer therapy is essential. 27446367 61 75 bladder cancer Negative_phenotype 27446367_7 In the present study, RPR extract was evaluated as a bladder cancer therapy in vitro and in vivo. 27446367 22 25 RPR Plant 27446367 53 67 bladder cancer Negative_phenotype 27446367_8 The present results revealed that RPR extract reduced the cell viability of bladder cancer cells with a half maximal inhibitory concentration of 1-3 mg/ml, and had an extremely low cytotoxic effect on normal urothelial cells. 27446367 34 37 RPR Plant 27446367 76 90 bladder cancer Negative_phenotype 27446367 Decrease 34 37 RPR Plant 76 90 bladder cancer Negative_phenotype 27446367_9 Additionally, RPR decreased certain cell cycle populations, predominantly cells in the G1 phase, and caused a clear sub-G increase. 27446367 14 17 RPR Plant 27446367_10 In a mouse orthotopic bladder tumor model, intravesical application of RPR extract decreased the bladder tumor size without altering the blood biochemical parameters of the mice. 27446367 22 35 bladder tumor Negative_phenotype 27446367 71 74 RPR Plant 27446367 97 110 bladder tumor Negative_phenotype 27446367 Decrease 22 35 bladder tumor Negative_phenotype 71 74 RPR Plant 27446367 Decrease 71 74 RPR Plant 97 110 bladder tumor Negative_phenotype 27446367_11 In summary, the present results demonstrate the anti-proliferative properties of RPR extract on bladder cancer cells, and its anti-bladder tumor effect in vivo. 27446367 48 66 anti-proliferative Positive_phenotype 27446367 81 84 RPR Plant 27446367 96 110 bladder cancer Negative_phenotype 27446367 126 144 anti-bladder tumor Positive_phenotype 27446367 Increase 48 66 anti-proliferative Positive_phenotype 81 84 RPR Plant 27446367 Decrease 81 84 RPR Plant 96 110 bladder cancer Negative_phenotype 27446367 Increase 81 84 RPR Plant 126 144 anti-bladder tumor Positive_phenotype 27446367_12 Compared to Cortex Moutan extract, RPR extract may provide a more effective alternative therapeutic strategy for the intravesical therapy of superficial bladder cancer. 27446367 12 25 Cortex Moutan Plant 27446367 35 38 RPR Plant 27446367 153 167 bladder cancer Negative_phenotype 27446367 Decrease 12 25 Cortex Moutan Plant 153 167 bladder cancer Negative_phenotype 27446367 Decrease 35 38 RPR Plant 153 167 bladder cancer Negative_phenotype 27447121_1 Polyporus umbellatus inhibited tumor cell proliferation and promoted tumor cell apoptosis by down-regulating AKT in breast cancer. 27447121 0 20 Polyporus umbellatus Plant 27447121 31 36 tumor Negative_phenotype 27447121 69 74 tumor Negative_phenotype 27447121 116 129 breast cancer Negative_phenotype 27447121 Decrease 0 20 Polyporus umbellatus Plant 31 36 tumor Negative_phenotype 27447121 Decrease 0 20 Polyporus umbellatus Plant 69 74 tumor Negative_phenotype 27447121 Decrease 0 20 Polyporus umbellatus Plant 116 129 breast cancer Negative_phenotype 27447121_2 UNASSIGNED: Breast cancer (BC) is the foremost cause of cancer-related mortality in women worldwide. 27447121 12 25 Breast cancer Negative_phenotype 27447121 27 29 BC Negative_phenotype 27447121 56 62 cancer Negative_phenotype 27447121_3 Polyporus umbellatus is a polysaccharide preparation of the Chinese traditional herb medicine, which has been explored as an inhibitory compounds in suppressing many cancers. 27447121 0 20 Polyporus umbellatus Plant 27447121 166 173 cancers Negative_phenotype 27447121 Decrease 0 20 Polyporus umbellatus Plant 166 173 cancers Negative_phenotype 27447121_4 And AKT has been known as an essential signaling pathway to regulate cell proliferation and apoptosis via Mdm2/p53 and Caspase-3 signaling pathways respectively. 27447121_5 In our study, western blot, RT-PCR, immunochemical assay, immunofluorescence as well as flow cytometry were performed in vitro or in vivo to determine the effects of Polyporus umbellatus on the progression of human laryngeal cancer. 27447121 166 186 Polyporus umbellatus Plant 27447121 215 231 laryngeal cancer Negative_phenotype 27447121_6 First, the breast cancer cell growth, invasion and migration were inhibited, as well as the tumor volume in nude mice was down-regulated for Polyporus umbellatus use. 27447121 11 24 breast cancer Negative_phenotype 27447121 92 97 tumor Negative_phenotype 27447121 141 161 Polyporus umbellatus Plant 27447121 Decrease 11 24 breast cancer Negative_phenotype 141 161 Polyporus umbellatus Plant 27447121 Decrease 92 97 tumor Negative_phenotype 141 161 Polyporus umbellatus Plant 27447121_7 Additionally, our data also showed that Polyporus umbellatus suppressed breast cancer cells proliferation, which was linked with the down-regulation of AKT activation by Polyporus umbellatus treatment. 27447121 40 60 Polyporus umbellatus Plant 27447121 72 85 breast cancer Negative_phenotype 27447121 170 190 Polyporus umbellatus Plant 27447121 Decrease 40 60 Polyporus umbellatus Plant 72 85 breast cancer Negative_phenotype 27447121 Decrease 72 85 breast cancer Negative_phenotype 170 190 Polyporus umbellatus Plant 27447121_8 Mdm was inactivated while p53 was stimulated for Polyporus umbellatus administration, displaying inhibitory role in tumor growth. 27447121 49 69 Polyporus umbellatus Plant 27447121 116 128 tumor growth Negative_phenotype 27447121 Decrease 49 69 Polyporus umbellatus Plant 116 128 tumor growth Negative_phenotype 27447121_9 Furthermore, Polyporus umbellatus could up-regulate breast cancer cells in G0/G1 phase during cell cycle, and at the same time reducing cells in S phase. 27447121 13 33 Polyporus umbellatus Plant 27447121 52 65 breast cancer Negative_phenotype 27447121 Decrease 13 33 Polyporus umbellatus Plant 52 65 breast cancer Negative_phenotype 27447121_10 Also, flow cytometry and western blot assays suggested that apoptosis was induced by the administration of Polyporus umbellatus, which enhanced Caspase-3 expressions by AKT-regulated anti-apoptotic and pro-apoptotic signals. 27447121 107 127 Polyporus umbellatus Plant 27447121_11 In conclusion, our data indicated that Polyporus umbellatus had a potential role in controlling human breast cancer through inhibiting tumor cell proliferation, inducing apoptosis regulated by AKT, which might provide a therapeutic strategy for breast cancer suppression in the future. 27447121 39 59 Polyporus umbellatus Plant 27447121 102 115 breast cancer Negative_phenotype 27447121 135 140 tumor Negative_phenotype 27447121 245 258 breast cancer Negative_phenotype 27447121 Decrease 39 59 Polyporus umbellatus Plant 102 115 breast cancer Negative_phenotype 27447121 Decrease 39 59 Polyporus umbellatus Plant 135 140 tumor Negative_phenotype 27447121 Decrease 39 59 Polyporus umbellatus Plant 245 258 breast cancer Negative_phenotype 27456242_1 Evaluation of Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertner bark extracts for in vitro cytotoxicity on cancer cells and in vivo antitumor activity in solid and liquid tumor models. 27456242 14 43 Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertner Plant 27456242 87 93 cancer Negative_phenotype 27456242 112 121 antitumor Positive_phenotype 27456242 134 156 solid and liquid tumor Negative_phenotype 27456242_2 UNASSIGNED: The stem bark of Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertner is claimed to be useful in the treatment of tumors in the southern part of India. 27456242 29 58 Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertner Plant 27456242 103 109 tumors Negative_phenotype 27456242 Decrease 29 58 Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertner Plant 103 109 tumors Negative_phenotype 27456242_3 This plant possesses a number of sesquiterpenoids and isoflavones which are known for their anticancer properties. 27456242 92 102 anticancer Positive_phenotype 27456242_4 The present study was designed to scientifically evaluate the cytotoxic potential of bark extracts in in vitro on Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC), MCF-7 and B16F10 cells and in vivo in EAC (Liquid tumor) model and Dalton's lymphoma ascites (DLA or solid tumor) model. 27456242 114 139 Ehrlich ascites carcinoma Negative_phenotype 27456242 141 144 EAC Negative_phenotype 27456242 147 152 MCF-7 Negative_phenotype 27456242 157 163 B16F10 Negative_phenotype 27456242 185 188 EAC Negative_phenotype 27456242 190 202 Liquid tumor Negative_phenotype 27456242 214 239 Dalton's lymphoma ascites Negative_phenotype 27456242 241 244 DLA Negative_phenotype 27456242 248 259 solid tumor Negative_phenotype 27456242_5 The bark was powdered and extracted successively with solvents viz., petroleum ether (PE), benzene, chloroform, acetone (AC), and ethyl alcohol in the sequential order of polarity. 27456242_6 Cytotoxicity of dried extracts was screened on EAC cells by trypan blue assay. 27456242 47 50 EAC Negative_phenotype 27456242_7 Three potent extracts namely petroleum ether, acetone, and ethanol were screened for their cytotoxicity on MCF-7 and B16F10 cells by MTT assay and nucleomorphological alteration by propidium iodide staining. 27456242 107 112 MCF-7 Negative_phenotype 27456242 117 123 B16F10 Negative_phenotype 27456242_8 Safe doses of these extracts were evaluated by acute toxicity study in mice. 27456242 47 61 acute toxicity Negative_phenotype 27456242_9 Extracts were found to be safe up to 300 mg/kg in acute toxicity study. 27456242 51 65 acute toxicity Negative_phenotype 27456242_10 Dosage of 1/10th and 1/20th of safe dose i.e., 15 and 30 mg/kg were selected for in vivo study. 27456242_11 In the EAC model, both doses of the extracts showed a significant (P < 0.05) improvement in mean survival time and a maximum decline in tumor induced increase in body weight (an indirect measure of tumor weight) by the PE and AC treatment at 15 mg/kg compared to control. 27456242 7 10 EAC Negative_phenotype 27456242 99 107 survival Positive_phenotype 27456242 138 143 tumor Negative_phenotype 27456242 164 175 body weight Neutral_phenotype 27456242 200 205 tumor Negative_phenotype 27456242_12 In the DLA-model, all extracts at both tested dose levels showed >50 % reduction in tumor weight and a significant reduction (P < 0.05) in tumor volume on the 30th day compared to control. 27456242 7 10 DLA Negative_phenotype 27456242 85 90 tumor Negative_phenotype 27456242 142 147 tumor Negative_phenotype 27456242_13 It can be concluded that these extracts possess cytotoxic and antitumor activity. 27456242 62 71 antitumor Positive_phenotype 27484768_1 Inhibitory effects of an aqueous extract from Cortex Phellodendri on the growth and replication of broad-spectrum of viruses in vitro and in vivo. 27484768 46 65 Cortex Phellodendri Plant 27484768 117 124 viruses Negative_phenotype 27484768_2 BACKGROUND: Cortex Phellodendri (C. Phellodendri), the dried trunk bark of Phellodendron amurense Ruprecht, has been known as a traditional herbal medicine, showing several bioactivities. 27484768 12 31 Cortex Phellodendri Plant 27484768 33 48 C. Phellodendri Plant 27484768 75 106 Phellodendron amurense Ruprecht Plant 27484768_3 However, antiviral activity of C. Phellodendri aqueous extract (CP) not reported in detail, particularly aiming the prophylactic effectiveness. 27484768 9 18 antiviral Positive_phenotype 27484768 31 46 C. Phellodendri Plant 27484768 64 66 CP Plant 27484768 116 128 prophylactic Positive_phenotype 27484768_4 METHODS: In vitro CP antiviral activity evaluated against Influenza A virus (PR8), Vesicular Stomatitis Virus (VSV), Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV), Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV), Coxsackie Virus (H3-GFP) and Enterovirus-71 (EV-71) infection on immune (RAW264.7) and epithelial (HEK293T/HeLa) cells. 27484768 18 20 CP Plant 27484768 21 30 antiviral Positive_phenotype 27484768 58 75 Influenza A virus Negative_phenotype 27484768 77 80 PR8 Negative_phenotype 27484768 83 109 Vesicular Stomatitis Virus Negative_phenotype 27484768 111 114 VSV Negative_phenotype 27484768 117 140 Newcastle Disease Virus Negative_phenotype 27484768 142 145 NDV Negative_phenotype 27484768 148 168 Herpes Simplex Virus Negative_phenotype 27484768 170 173 HSV Negative_phenotype 27484768 176 191 Coxsackie Virus Negative_phenotype 27484768 193 199 H3-GFP Negative_phenotype 27484768 205 219 Enterovirus-71 Negative_phenotype 27484768 221 226 EV-71 Negative_phenotype 27484768 228 237 infection Negative_phenotype 27484768 283 287 HeLa Negative_phenotype 27484768_5 Such antiviral effects were explained by the induction of antiviral state which was determined by phosphorylation of signal molecules, secretion of IFNs and cytokines, and cellular antiviral mRNA expression. 27484768 5 14 antiviral Positive_phenotype 27484768 58 67 antiviral Positive_phenotype 27484768 181 190 antiviral Positive_phenotype 27484768_6 Furthermore, Compounds present in the aqueous fractions confirmed by HPLC analysis and evaluated their anti-viral activities. 27484768 103 113 anti-viral Positive_phenotype 27484768_7 Additionally, in vivo protective effect of CP against divergent influenza A subtypes was determined in a BALB/c mouse infection model. 27484768 43 45 CP Plant 27484768 64 84 influenza A subtypes Negative_phenotype 27484768 118 127 infection Negative_phenotype 27484768_8 RESULTS: An effective dose of CP significantly reduced the virus replication both in immune and epithelial cells. 27484768 30 32 CP Plant 27484768 59 64 virus Negative_phenotype 27484768 Decrease 30 32 CP Plant 59 64 virus Negative_phenotype 27484768_9 Mechanically, CP induced mRNA expression of anti-viral genes and cytokine secretion in both RAW264.7 and HEK293T cells. 27484768 14 16 CP Plant 27484768 44 54 anti-viral Positive_phenotype 27484768 Increase 14 16 CP Plant 44 54 anti-viral Positive_phenotype 27484768_10 Furthermore, the main compound identified was berberine, and shows promising antiviral properties similar to CP. 27484768 77 86 antiviral Positive_phenotype 27484768 109 111 CP Plant 27484768 Increase 77 86 antiviral Positive_phenotype 109 111 CP Plant 27484768_11 Finally, BALB/c mice treated with CP displayed higher protection levels against lethal doses of highly pathogenic influenza A subtypes (H1N1, H5N2, H7N3 and H9N2). 27484768 34 36 CP Plant 27484768 114 134 influenza A subtypes Negative_phenotype 27484768 136 140 H1N1 Negative_phenotype 27484768 142 146 H5N2 Negative_phenotype 27484768 148 152 H7N3 Negative_phenotype 27484768 157 161 H9N2 Negative_phenotype 27484768 Decrease 34 36 CP Plant 114 134 influenza A subtypes Negative_phenotype 27484768 Decrease 34 36 CP Plant 136 140 H1N1 Negative_phenotype 27484768 Decrease 34 36 CP Plant 142 146 H5N2 Negative_phenotype 27484768 Decrease 34 36 CP Plant 148 152 H7N3 Negative_phenotype 27484768 Decrease 34 36 CP Plant 157 161 H9N2 Negative_phenotype 27484768_12 CONCLUSION: CP including berberine play an immunomodulatory role with broad spectrum antiviral activity, due to induction of antiviral state via type I IFN stimulation mechanism. 27484768 12 14 CP Plant 27484768 43 59 immunomodulatory Positive_phenotype 27484768 85 94 antiviral Positive_phenotype 27484768 125 134 antiviral Positive_phenotype 27484768 Increase 12 14 CP Plant 43 59 immunomodulatory Positive_phenotype 27484768 Increase 12 14 CP Plant 85 94 antiviral Positive_phenotype 27484768 Increase 12 14 CP Plant 125 134 antiviral Positive_phenotype 27484768_13 Consequently, C. Phellodendri could be a potential source for promising natural antivirals or to design other antiviral agents for animal and humans. 27484768 14 29 C. Phellodendri Plant 27484768 80 90 antivirals Positive_phenotype 27484768 110 119 antiviral Positive_phenotype 27484768 Increase 14 29 C. Phellodendri Plant 80 90 antivirals Positive_phenotype 27484768 Increase 14 29 C. Phellodendri Plant 110 119 antiviral Positive_phenotype 27496015_1 Anti-inflammatory activity of aqueous extract and bioactive compounds identified from the fruits of Hancornia speciosa Gomes (Apocynaceae). 27496015 0 17 Anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 27496015 100 124 Hancornia speciosa Gomes Plant 27496015 Increase 0 17 Anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 100 124 Hancornia speciosa Gomes Plant 27496015_2 BACKGROUND: Hancornia speciosa Gomes (Apocynaceae), popularly known as "mangabeira," has been used in folk medicine to treat inflammatory disorders, hypertension, dermatitis, diabetes, liver diseases and gastric disorders. 27496015 12 36 Hancornia speciosa Gomes Plant 27496015 72 82 mangabeira Plant 27496015 125 147 inflammatory disorders Negative_phenotype 27496015 149 161 hypertension Negative_phenotype 27496015 163 173 dermatitis Negative_phenotype 27496015 175 183 diabetes Negative_phenotype 27496015 185 199 liver diseases Negative_phenotype 27496015 204 221 gastric disorders Negative_phenotype 27496015 Decrease 12 36 Hancornia speciosa Gomes Plant 125 147 inflammatory disorders Negative_phenotype 27496015 Decrease 12 36 Hancornia speciosa Gomes Plant 149 161 hypertension Negative_phenotype 27496015 Decrease 12 36 Hancornia speciosa Gomes Plant 163 173 dermatitis Negative_phenotype 27496015 Decrease 12 36 Hancornia speciosa Gomes Plant 175 183 diabetes Negative_phenotype 27496015 Decrease 12 36 Hancornia speciosa Gomes Plant 185 199 liver diseases Negative_phenotype 27496015 Decrease 12 36 Hancornia speciosa Gomes Plant 204 221 gastric disorders Negative_phenotype 27496015 Decrease 72 82 mangabeira Plant 125 147 inflammatory disorders Negative_phenotype 27496015 Decrease 72 82 mangabeira Plant 163 173 dermatitis Negative_phenotype 27496015 Decrease 72 82 mangabeira Plant 175 183 diabetes Negative_phenotype 27496015 Decrease 72 82 mangabeira Plant 185 199 liver diseases Negative_phenotype 27496015 Decrease 72 82 mangabeira Plant 204 221 gastric disorders Negative_phenotype 27496015_3 Although the ethnobotany indicates that its fruits can be used for the treatment of ulcers and inflammatory disorders, only few studies have been conducted to prove such biological activities. 27496015 84 90 ulcers Negative_phenotype 27496015 95 117 inflammatory disorders Negative_phenotype 27496015_4 This study investigated the anti-inflammatory properties of the aqueous extract of the fruits of H. speciosa Gomes as well as its bioactive compounds using in vivo experimental models. 27496015 28 45 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 27496015 97 114 H. speciosa Gomes Plant 27496015_5 METHODS: The bioactive compounds were identified by High Performance Liquid Chromatography coupled with diode array detector (HPLC-DAD) and Liquid Chromatography coupled with Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS). 27496015_6 The anti-inflammatory properties were investigated through in vivo tests, which comprised xylene-induced ear edema, carrageenan-induced peritonitis and zymosan-induced air pouch. 27496015 4 21 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 27496015 105 114 ear edema Negative_phenotype 27496015 136 147 peritonitis Negative_phenotype 27496015 168 177 air pouch Negative_phenotype 27496015_7 The levels of IL-1b, IL-6, IL-12 and TNF-a were determined using ELISA. 27496015_8 RESULTS: Rutin and chlorogenic acid were identified in the extract as the main secondary metabolites. 27496015_9 In addition, the extract as well as rutin and chlorogenic acid significantly inhibited the xilol-induced ear edema and also reduced the cell migration in both carrageenan-induced peritonitis and zymosan-induced air pouch models. 27496015 105 114 ear edema Negative_phenotype 27496015 179 190 peritonitis Negative_phenotype 27496015 211 220 air pouch Negative_phenotype 27496015_10 Reduced levels of cytokines were also observed. 27496015_11 CONCLUSION: This is the first study that demonstrated the anti-inflammatory activity of the extract of H. speciosa fruits against different inflammatory agents in animal models, suggesting that its bioactive molecules, especially rutin and chlorogenic acid are, at least in part, responsible for such activity. 27496015 58 75 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 27496015 103 114 H. speciosa Plant 27496015 Increase 58 75 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 103 114 H. speciosa Plant 27496015_12 These findings support the widespread use of Hancornia speciosa in popular medicine and demonstrate that its aqueous extract has therapeutical potential for the development of herbal drugs with anti-inflammatory properties. 27496015 45 63 Hancornia speciosa Plant 27496015 194 211 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 27496015 Increase 45 63 Hancornia speciosa Plant 194 211 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 27497638_1 The total alkaloid fraction of bulbs of Fritillaria cirrhosa displays anti-inflammatory activity and attenuates acute lung injury. 27497638 40 60 Fritillaria cirrhosa Plant 27497638 70 87 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 27497638 112 129 acute lung injury Negative_phenotype 27497638 Increase 40 60 Fritillaria cirrhosa Plant 70 87 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 27497638 Decrease 40 60 Fritillaria cirrhosa Plant 112 129 acute lung injury Negative_phenotype 27497638_2 ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Bulb of Fritillaria cirrhosa D.Don (BFC) has been wildly used in China for a long time for folk medicine since its significant therapeutic effects on respiratory diseases, such as cough, expectoration, pneumonia and bronchial inflammation, which are related to respiratory inflammatory response. 27497638 40 66 Fritillaria cirrhosa D.Don Plant 27497638 68 71 BFC Plant 27497638 182 202 respiratory diseases Negative_phenotype 27497638 212 217 cough Negative_phenotype 27497638 219 232 expectoration Negative_phenotype 27497638 234 243 pneumonia Negative_phenotype 27497638 248 270 bronchial inflammation Negative_phenotype 27497638 293 317 respiratory inflammatory Negative_phenotype 27497638 Decrease 40 66 Fritillaria cirrhosa D.Don Plant 182 202 respiratory diseases Negative_phenotype 27497638 Decrease 40 66 Fritillaria cirrhosa D.Don Plant 212 217 cough Negative_phenotype 27497638 Decrease 40 66 Fritillaria cirrhosa D.Don Plant 219 232 expectoration Negative_phenotype 27497638 Decrease 40 66 Fritillaria cirrhosa D.Don Plant 234 243 pneumonia Negative_phenotype 27497638 Decrease 40 66 Fritillaria cirrhosa D.Don Plant 248 270 bronchial inflammation Negative_phenotype 27497638 Decrease 40 66 Fritillaria cirrhosa D.Don Plant 293 317 respiratory inflammatory Negative_phenotype 27497638 Decrease 68 71 BFC Plant 182 202 respiratory diseases Negative_phenotype 27497638 Decrease 68 71 BFC Plant 212 217 cough Negative_phenotype 27497638 Decrease 68 71 BFC Plant 219 232 expectoration Negative_phenotype 27497638 Decrease 68 71 BFC Plant 234 243 pneumonia Negative_phenotype 27497638 Decrease 68 71 BFC Plant 248 270 bronchial inflammation Negative_phenotype 27497638 Decrease 68 71 BFC Plant 293 317 respiratory inflammatory Negative_phenotype 27497638_3 However, there is a lack of investigation on the in vivo anti-inflammatory properties of BFC. 27497638 57 74 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 27497638 89 92 BFC Plant 27497638_4 AIM OF THE STUDY: The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vivo anti-inflammatory activity of the purified total alkaloid fraction of BFC (TAF) by using different animal models of inflammation to provide scientific evidence for its traditional use. 27497638 68 85 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 27497638 138 141 BFC Plant 27497638 143 146 TAF Plant 27497638 184 196 inflammation Negative_phenotype 27497638_5 MATERIALS AND METHODS: The total alkaloid fraction from BFC was prepared by using H-103 resin column. 27497638 56 59 BFC Plant 27497638_6 Anti-inflammatory effect of TAF was evaluated by models of acetic acid-induced capillary permeability accentuation, carrageenan-induced rat paw edema, cotton pellet-induced granuloma formation and LPS-induced acute lung injury (ALI). 27497638 0 17 Anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 27497638 28 31 TAF Plant 27497638 79 114 capillary permeability accentuation Negative_phenotype 27497638 140 149 paw edema Negative_phenotype 27497638 173 182 granuloma Negative_phenotype 27497638 209 226 acute lung injury Negative_phenotype 27497638 228 231 ALI Negative_phenotype 27497638_7 The level of cytokines (TNF, IL-6, IL-4 and IL-10) was measured by ELISA. 27497638_8 Histopathological analyses were performed by using hematoxylin and eosin staining. 27497638_9 RESULTS: TAF can inhibit acetic acid-induced capillary permeability accentuation, carrageenan-induced paw edema, cotton pellet-induced granuloma formation, suppress inflammatory cells recruitment and cytokine production in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from LPS-induced ALI mice, and attenuate pathological changes in the lung tissues of ALI mice. 27497638 9 12 TAF Plant 27497638 45 80 capillary permeability accentuation Negative_phenotype 27497638 102 111 paw edema Negative_phenotype 27497638 135 144 granuloma Negative_phenotype 27497638 273 276 ALI Negative_phenotype 27497638 341 344 ALI Negative_phenotype 27497638 Decrease 9 12 TAF Plant 45 80 capillary permeability accentuation Negative_phenotype 27497638 Decrease 9 12 TAF Plant 102 111 paw edema Negative_phenotype 27497638 Decrease 9 12 TAF Plant 135 144 granuloma Negative_phenotype 27497638 Decrease 9 12 TAF Plant 273 276 ALI Negative_phenotype 27497638 Decrease 9 12 TAF Plant 341 344 ALI Negative_phenotype 27497638_10 CONCLUSION: This study provides scientific evidence for bulb of F. cirrhosa to treat respiratory inflammation. 27497638 64 75 F. cirrhosa Plant 27497638 85 109 respiratory inflammation Negative_phenotype 27497638 Decrease 64 75 F. cirrhosa Plant 85 109 respiratory inflammation Negative_phenotype 27513722_1 Burden of cancer attributable to tobacco smoking in member countries of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), 2012. 27513722 10 16 cancer Negative_phenotype 27513722 33 40 tobacco Plant 27513722_2 BACKGROUND: Cancer is an increasing problem in ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations). 27513722 12 18 Cancer Negative_phenotype 27513722_3 Tobacco use is a well-established risk factor for many types of cancers. 27513722 0 7 Tobacco Plant 27513722 64 71 cancers Negative_phenotype 27513722 Increase 0 7 Tobacco Plant 64 71 cancers Negative_phenotype 27513722_4 Evidence on burden of cancer attributable to tobacco is essential to raise public and political awareness of the negative effects of tobacco on cancer and to be used to stimulate political action aims at reducing smoking prevalence in ASEAN member countries. 27513722 22 28 cancer Negative_phenotype 27513722 45 52 tobacco Plant 27513722 133 140 tobacco Plant 27513722 144 150 cancer Negative_phenotype 27513722 Increase 22 28 cancer Negative_phenotype 45 52 tobacco Plant 27513722 Increase 133 140 tobacco Plant 144 150 cancer Negative_phenotype 27513722_5 The objective of this study was to estimate burden of cancer attributable to tobacco smoking in ASEAN, 2012. 27513722 54 60 cancer Negative_phenotype 27513722 77 84 tobacco Plant 27513722_6 METHODS: In this study, smoking prevalence was combined with Relative Risks (RRs) of cancer to obtain Smoking Attributable Fractions (SAFs). 27513722 85 91 cancer Negative_phenotype 27513722_7 Cancer incidence and mortality data among individuals aged 15 years and older were derived from GLOBOCAN 2012. 27513722 0 6 Cancer Negative_phenotype 27513722_8 Fourteen types of cancer were included in the analysis. 27513722 18 24 cancer Negative_phenotype 27513722_9 Sensitivity analyses were conducted to examine the impact of the use of alternative RRs and the use of alternative prevalence of smoking in some countries. 27513722_10 RESULTS: The findings showed that tobacco smoking was responsible for 131,502 cancer incidence and 105,830 cancer mortality in ASEAN countries in 2012. 27513722 34 41 tobacco Plant 27513722 78 84 cancer Negative_phenotype 27513722 107 113 cancer Negative_phenotype 27513722 Increase 34 41 tobacco Plant 78 84 cancer Negative_phenotype 27513722 Increase 34 41 tobacco Plant 107 113 cancer Negative_phenotype 27513722_11 In other words, tobacco smoking was accounted for 28.4% (43.3% in male and 8.5% in female) of cancer incidence and 30.5% (44.2% in male and 9.4% in female) of cancer mortality in ASEAN. 27513722 16 23 tobacco Plant 27513722 94 100 cancer Negative_phenotype 27513722 159 165 cancer Negative_phenotype 27513722 Increase 16 23 tobacco Plant 94 100 cancer Negative_phenotype 27513722 Increase 16 23 tobacco Plant 159 165 cancer Negative_phenotype 27513722_12 When looking at the types of cancer, lung cancer showed the strongest association with tobacco smoking. 27513722 29 35 cancer Negative_phenotype 27513722 37 48 lung cancer Negative_phenotype 27513722 87 94 tobacco Plant 27513722 Increase 29 35 cancer Negative_phenotype 87 94 tobacco Plant 27513722 Increase 37 48 lung cancer Negative_phenotype 87 94 tobacco Plant 27513722_13 Incidence of cancer and cancer mortality attributable to tobacco smoking varied by countries due to the differences in size of population, background risk of cancer, and prevalence of smoking in each country. 27513722 13 19 cancer Negative_phenotype 27513722 24 30 cancer Negative_phenotype 27513722 57 64 tobacco Plant 27513722 158 164 cancer Negative_phenotype 27513722 Increase 13 19 cancer Negative_phenotype 57 64 tobacco Plant 27513722 Increase 24 30 cancer Negative_phenotype 57 64 tobacco Plant 27513722 Increase 57 64 tobacco Plant 158 164 cancer Negative_phenotype 27513722_14 According to the sensitivity analyses, RRs of lung cancer, pharynx cancer, and larynx cancer used in the estimates have significant impact on the estimates. 27513722 46 57 lung cancer Negative_phenotype 27513722 59 73 pharynx cancer Negative_phenotype 27513722 79 92 larynx cancer Negative_phenotype 27513722_15 CONCLUSIONS: As about one-third of cancer incidence and mortality in ASEAN are attributable to tobacco smoking ASEAN member countries are strongly encouraged to put in place stronger tobacco control policies and to strengthen the existing tobacco control measure in order to effectively control cancer. 27513722 35 41 cancer Negative_phenotype 27513722 95 102 tobacco Plant 27513722 183 190 tobacco Plant 27513722 239 246 tobacco Plant 27513722 295 301 cancer Negative_phenotype 27513722 Increase 35 41 cancer Negative_phenotype 95 102 tobacco Plant 27549624_1 Multiple cellular effects of leaf extracts from Parinari curatellifolia. 27549624 48 71 Parinari curatellifolia Plant 27549624_2 BACKGROUND: Parinari curatellifolia is a prominent plant in folk medicine in Sub-Saharan Africa. 27549624 12 35 Parinari curatellifolia Plant 27549624_3 The plant decoctions are used to treat various ailments, including the treatment of cancer, pneumonia, fever, microbial infections and anti-inflammation. 27549624 84 90 cancer Negative_phenotype 27549624 92 101 pneumonia Negative_phenotype 27549624 103 108 fever Negative_phenotype 27549624 110 130 microbial infections Negative_phenotype 27549624 135 152 anti-inflammation Positive_phenotype 27549624_4 The aims of the study were to investigate the effects of P. curatellifolia leaf extracts on cell inflammatory and proliferative activity. 27549624 57 74 P. curatellifolia Plant 27549624 97 109 inflammatory Negative_phenotype 27549624_5 METHODS: Parinari curatellifolia fresh leaves were collected from Centenary in Mashonaland Central Province of Zimbabwe. 27549624 9 32 Parinari curatellifolia Plant 27549624_6 Plant extracts were prepared using methanol, water, acetone and ethanol. 27549624_7 Firstly, the effects of the extracts were determined on xanthine oxidase activity. 27549624_8 Kinetic constants were determined for the extracts that showed inhibitory effects. 27549624_9 Then the effects of Parinari curatellifolia water extract on LPS, menadione and hydrogen peroxide-activated nitric oxide production in RAW 264.7 cells was determined by quantifying the amount of nitrites formed. 27549624 20 43 Parinari curatellifolia Plant 27549624_10 Finally, the effects of P. curatellifolia on the proliferation of Jurkat-T cells as well as its modulation of cisplatin-induced cell- cytotoxicity was investigated on a Jurkat human T-cell lymphoma cell line. 27549624 24 41 P. curatellifolia Plant 27549624 66 74 Jurkat-T Negative_phenotype 27549624 169 197 Jurkat human T-cell lymphoma Negative_phenotype 27549624_11 RESULTS: There was significant XO inhibitory activity by the ethanol and methanol extracts at 15.6 g/ml and 3.9 g/ml respectively. 27549624_12 The IC50 determination for allopurinol, ethanol extract and methanol extract were 0.43 g/ml, 1.38 g/ml and 2.19 g/ml respectively. 27549624_13 The kinetic results showed that the ethanol and methanol extracts were allosteric inhibitors of XO. 27549624_14 The water extract of P. curatellifolia inhibited NO production in RAW cells when LPS was used as an activator. 27549624 21 38 P. curatellifolia Plant 27549624_15 P. curatellifolia and cisplatin showed dose-dependent cytotoxicity on Jurkat-T cells. 27549624 0 17 P. curatellifolia Plant 27549624 70 78 Jurkat-T Negative_phenotype 27549624 Decrease 0 17 P. curatellifolia Plant 70 78 Jurkat-T Negative_phenotype 27549624_16 Isolated DNA from the cells showed that there was DNA cleavage on cells exposed to P. curatellifolia indicating that apoptosis may be a mechanism by which P. curatellifolia exerts its cytotoxicity on Jurkat-T cells. 27549624 83 100 P. curatellifolia Plant 27549624 155 172 P. curatellifolia Plant 27549624 200 208 Jurkat-T Negative_phenotype 27549624 Decrease 83 100 P. curatellifolia Plant 200 208 Jurkat-T Negative_phenotype 27549624 Decrease 155 172 P. curatellifolia Plant 200 208 Jurkat-T Negative_phenotype 27549624_17 CONCLUSIONS: These results scientifically support the use of P. curatellifolia leaf extracts in the management of pain, inflammatory and neoplastic conditions. 27549624 61 78 P. curatellifolia Plant 27549624 114 118 pain Negative_phenotype 27549624 120 132 inflammatory Negative_phenotype 27549624 137 158 neoplastic conditions Negative_phenotype 27549624 Decrease 61 78 P. curatellifolia Plant 114 118 pain Negative_phenotype 27549624 Decrease 61 78 P. curatellifolia Plant 120 132 inflammatory Negative_phenotype 27549624 Decrease 61 78 P. curatellifolia Plant 137 158 neoplastic conditions Negative_phenotype 27549624_18 P. curatellifolia thus has multiple biological effects, thus, validating its use in traditional medical uses. 27549624 0 17 P. curatellifolia Plant 27551490_1 Sundew plant, a potential source of anti-inflammatory agents, selectively induces G2/M arrest and apoptosis in MCF-7 cells through upregulation of p53 and Bax/Bcl-2 ratio. 27551490 0 12 Sundew plant Plant 27551490 36 53 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 27551490 111 116 MCF-7 Negative_phenotype 27551490 Increase 0 12 Sundew plant Plant 36 53 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 27551490 Decrease 0 12 Sundew plant Plant 111 116 MCF-7 Negative_phenotype 27551490_2 The worldwide cancer incidences are remarkable despite the advancement in cancer drug discovery field, highlighting the need for new therapies focusing on cancer cell and its microenvironment, including inflammation. 27551490 14 20 cancer Negative_phenotype 27551490 155 161 cancer Negative_phenotype 27551490 203 215 inflammation Negative_phenotype 27551490_3 Several species of Drosera (family: Droseraceae) are used in various traditional as well as homeopathic systems of medicine. 27551490 19 26 Drosera Plant 27551490_4 Drosera burmannii Vahl. is also enlisted in French Pharmacopoeia in 1965 for the treatment of inflammatory diseases, including chronic bronchitis, asthma and whooping cough. 27551490 0 23 Drosera burmannii Vahl. Plant 27551490 94 115 inflammatory diseases Negative_phenotype 27551490 127 145 chronic bronchitis Negative_phenotype 27551490 147 153 asthma Negative_phenotype 27551490 158 172 whooping cough Negative_phenotype 27551490 Decrease 0 23 Drosera burmannii Vahl. Plant 94 115 inflammatory diseases Negative_phenotype 27551490 Decrease 0 23 Drosera burmannii Vahl. Plant 127 145 chronic bronchitis Negative_phenotype 27551490 Decrease 0 23 Drosera burmannii Vahl. Plant 147 153 asthma Negative_phenotype 27551490 Decrease 0 23 Drosera burmannii Vahl. Plant 158 172 whooping cough Negative_phenotype 27551490_5 The present study is designed to substantiate the potential of D. burmannii in in vitro anticancer activity and its relation with anti-inflammatory property. 27551490 63 75 D. burmannii Plant 27551490 88 98 anticancer Positive_phenotype 27551490 130 147 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 27551490_6 In vitro anticancer study revealed that DBME is inhibiting the proliferation of MCF-7 cells without affecting the viability of other malignant and non-malignant cells. 27551490 9 19 anticancer Positive_phenotype 27551490 40 44 DBME Plant 27551490 80 85 MCF-7 Negative_phenotype 27551490 Increase 9 19 anticancer Positive_phenotype 40 44 DBME Plant 27551490 Decrease 40 44 DBME Plant 80 85 MCF-7 Negative_phenotype 27551490_7 DBME induced G2/M phase arrest and apoptosis in MCF-7 cells by suppressing the expression of cyclin A1, cyclin B1 and Cdk-1 and increasing the expression of p53, Bax/Bcl-2 ratio leading to activation of caspases and PARP degradation. 27551490 0 4 DBME Plant 27551490 48 53 MCF-7 Negative_phenotype 27551490 Decrease 0 4 DBME Plant 48 53 MCF-7 Negative_phenotype 27551490_8 Presence of caspase-8 (Z-IETD-fmk) and caspase-9 (Z-LEHD-fmk) inhibitors alone did prevent the apoptosis partially while apoptosis prevention was significantly observed when used in combination, suggesting vital role of caspases in DBME-induced apoptosis in MCF-7 cells. 27551490 232 236 DBME Plant 27551490 258 263 MCF-7 Negative_phenotype 27551490 Decrease 232 236 DBME Plant 258 263 MCF-7 Negative_phenotype 27551490_9 DBME also downregulated LPS-induced increased expression of iNOS, COX-2 and TNF-a along with suppression on intracellular ROS production that confirms the potential of DBME as anti-inflammatory extract. 27551490 0 4 DBME Plant 27551490 168 172 DBME Plant 27551490 176 193 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 27551490 Increase 0 4 DBME Plant 176 193 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 27551490 Increase 168 172 DBME Plant 176 193 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 27551490_10 GCMS analysis revealed the presence of four major compounds hexadecanoic acid, tetradecanoic acid, hexadecen-1-ol, trans-9 and 1-tetradecanol along with some other fatty acid derivatives and carotenoids (Beta-doradecin) in DBME. 27551490 223 227 DBME Plant 27551490_11 These findings confirmed the anti-inflammatory activity of DBME, which is already listed in French Pharmacopeia in 1965. 27551490 29 46 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 27551490 59 63 DBME Plant 27551490 Increase 29 46 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 59 63 DBME Plant 27551490_12 Here we have additionally reported the anti-breast cancer activity of DBME and its relation to the anti-inflammatory potential. 27551490 39 57 anti-breast cancer Positive_phenotype 27551490 70 74 DBME Plant 27551490 99 116 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 27551490 Increase 39 57 anti-breast cancer Positive_phenotype 70 74 DBME Plant 27551490 Increase 70 74 DBME Plant 99 116 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 27551490_13 Hence, an ethnopharmacological approach can be considered as useful tool for the discovery of new drug leads. 27558166_1 Anti-cancer effect of Annona Muricata Linn Leaves Crude Extract (AMCE) on breast cancer cell line. 27558166 0 11 Anti-cancer Positive_phenotype 27558166 22 42 Annona Muricata Linn Plant 27558166 65 69 AMCE Plant 27558166 74 87 breast cancer Negative_phenotype 27558166_2 BACKGROUND: Annona muricata Linn which comes from Annonaceae family possesses many therapeutic benefits as reported in previous studies and to no surprise, it has been used in many cultures to treat various ailments including headaches, insomnia, and rheumatism to even treating cancer. 27558166 12 32 Annona muricata Linn Plant 27558166 226 235 headaches Negative_phenotype 27558166 237 245 insomnia Negative_phenotype 27558166 251 261 rheumatism Negative_phenotype 27558166 279 285 cancer Negative_phenotype 27558166 Decrease 12 32 Annona muricata Linn Plant 226 235 headaches Negative_phenotype 27558166 Decrease 12 32 Annona muricata Linn Plant 237 245 insomnia Negative_phenotype 27558166 Decrease 12 32 Annona muricata Linn Plant 251 261 rheumatism Negative_phenotype 27558166 Decrease 12 32 Annona muricata Linn Plant 279 285 cancer Negative_phenotype 27558166_3 However, Annona muricata Linn obtained from different cultivation area does not necessarily offer the same therapeutic effects towards breast cancer (in regards to its bioactive compound production). 27558166 9 29 Annona muricata Linn Plant 27558166 135 148 breast cancer Negative_phenotype 27558166_4 In this study, anti-proliferative and anti-cancer effects of Annona muricata crude extract (AMCE) on breast cancer cell lines were evaluated. 27558166 15 33 anti-proliferative Positive_phenotype 27558166 38 49 anti-cancer Positive_phenotype 27558166 61 76 Annona muricata Plant 27558166 92 96 AMCE Plant 27558166 101 114 breast cancer Negative_phenotype 27558166_5 METHODS: A screening of nineteen samples of Annona muricata from different location was determined by MTT assay on breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7, MDA-MB-231, and 4 T1) which revealed a varied potency (IC50) amongst them. 27558166 44 59 Annona muricata Plant 27558166 115 128 breast cancer Negative_phenotype 27558166 141 146 MCF-7 Negative_phenotype 27558166 148 158 MDA-MB-231 Negative_phenotype 27558166 164 169 4 T1 Negative_phenotype 27558166_6 Then, based on the IC50 profile from the anti-proliferative assay, further downward assays such as cell cycle analysis, Annexin V/FITC, AO/PI, migration, invasion, and wound healing assay were performed only with the most potent leaf aqueous extract (B1 AMCE) on 4 T1 breast cancer cell line to investigate its anti-cancer effect. 27558166 41 59 anti-proliferative Positive_phenotype 27558166 168 181 wound healing Positive_phenotype 27558166 251 258 B1 AMCE Plant 27558166 263 268 4 T1 Negative_phenotype 27558166 269 282 breast cancer Negative_phenotype 27558166 312 323 anti-cancer Positive_phenotype 27558166_7 Then, the in vivo anti-cancer study was conducted where mice were fed with extract after inducing the tumor. 27558166 18 29 anti-cancer Positive_phenotype 27558166 102 107 tumor Negative_phenotype 27558166_8 At the end of the experiment, histopathology of tumor section, tumor nitric oxide level, tumor malondialdehyde level, clonogenic assay, T cell immunophenotyping, and proteome profiler analysis were performed. 27558166 48 53 tumor Negative_phenotype 27558166 48 53 tumor Negative_phenotype 27558166 48 53 tumor Negative_phenotype 27558166_9 RESULTS: Annona muricata crude extract samples exhibited different level of cytotoxicity toward breast cancer cell lines. 27558166 9 24 Annona muricata Plant 27558166 96 109 breast cancer Negative_phenotype 27558166 Decrease 9 24 Annona muricata Plant 96 109 breast cancer Negative_phenotype 27558166_10 The selected B1 AMCE reduced the tumor's size and weight, showed anti-metastatic features, and induced apoptosis in vitro and in vivo of the 4 T1 cells. 27558166 13 20 B1 AMCE Plant 27558166 33 40 tumor's Negative_phenotype 27558166 65 80 anti-metastatic Positive_phenotype 27558166 141 146 4 T1 Negative_phenotype 27558166 Decrease 13 20 B1 AMCE Plant 33 40 tumor's Negative_phenotype 27558166 Increase 13 20 B1 AMCE Plant 65 80 anti-metastatic Positive_phenotype 27558166 Decrease 13 20 B1 AMCE Plant 141 146 4 T1 Negative_phenotype 27558166_11 Furthermore, it decreased the level of nitric oxide and malondialdehyde in tumor while also increased the level of white blood cell, T-cell, and natural killer cell population. 27558166 75 80 tumor Negative_phenotype 27558166_12 CONCLUSION: The results suggest that, B1 AMCE is a promising candidate for cancer treatment especially in breast cancer and deserves further research as an alternative to conventional drugs while also stressed out the selection of soursop sample which plays a significant role in determining its potential therapeutic effect on cancer. 27558166 38 45 B1 AMCE Plant 27558166 75 81 cancer Negative_phenotype 27558166 106 119 breast cancer Negative_phenotype 27558166 328 334 cancer Negative_phenotype 27558166 Decrease 38 45 B1 AMCE Plant 75 81 cancer Negative_phenotype 27558166 Decrease 38 45 B1 AMCE Plant 106 119 breast cancer Negative_phenotype 27558166 Decrease 38 45 B1 AMCE Plant 328 334 cancer Negative_phenotype 27566202_1 The genus Anogeissus: A review on ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry and pharmacology. 27566202 10 20 Anogeissus Plant 27566202_2 ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: The genus Anogeissus (axlewood tree, ghatti tree, button tree and chewing stick tree) belongs to Combretaceae, includes eight species that are distributed in Asia and Africa. 27566202 42 52 Anogeissus Plant 27566202 54 67 axlewood tree Plant 27566202 69 80 ghatti tree Plant 27566202 82 93 button tree Plant 27566202 98 116 chewing stick tree Plant 27566202_3 Plants are used as an ethnomedicine in Asia and Africa to treat various ailments like diabetes, fever, diarrhoea, dysentery, tuberculosis, wound healing, skin diseases (eczema, psoriasis), snake and scorpion venom. 27566202 86 94 diabetes Negative_phenotype 27566202 96 101 fever Negative_phenotype 27566202 103 112 diarrhoea Negative_phenotype 27566202 114 123 dysentery Negative_phenotype 27566202 125 137 tuberculosis Negative_phenotype 27566202 139 152 wound healing Positive_phenotype 27566202 154 167 skin diseases Negative_phenotype 27566202 169 175 eczema Negative_phenotype 27566202 177 186 psoriasis Negative_phenotype 27566202 189 213 snake and scorpion venom Negative_phenotype 27566202_4 Based on the traditional knowledge, different phytochemical and pharmacological activities have been at the focus of research. 27566202_5 The aim of this review is to provide updated, comprehensive and categorized information on the ethnobotany, phytochemistry, pharmacological research and toxicity of Anogeissus species in order to identify their therapeutic potential and directs future research opportunities. 27566202 153 161 toxicity Negative_phenotype 27566202 165 175 Anogeissus Plant 27566202_6 MATERIALS AND METHODS: The relevant data was searched by using the keyword "Anogeissus" in "Scopus", "Google Scholar", "Web of Science", "PubMed", and "ScienceDirect" databases. 27566202 76 86 Anogeissus Plant 27566202_7 Plant taxonomy was validated by the databases "The Plant List" and A.J. 27566202_8 Scott, 1978. 27566202_9 RESULTS: This review discusses the current knowledge of the ethnobotany, phytochemistry and in vitro as well as in vivo pharmacological evaluations carried out on the extracts and isolated main active constituents of Anogeissus genus. 27566202 217 227 Anogeissus Plant 27566202_10 Among eight species, most of the phytochemical and pharmacological studies were performed on four species. 27566202_11 About 55 secondary metabolites are isolated from the genus. 27566202_12 Stem bark, leaf, seed, fruit, root of the plants are used for the treatment of several health disorders such as diabetes, fever, diarrhoea, dysentery, tuberculosis, wound healing, skin diseases (eczema, psoriasis), snake and scorpion venom. 27566202 112 120 diabetes Negative_phenotype 27566202 122 127 fever Negative_phenotype 27566202 129 138 diarrhoea Negative_phenotype 27566202 140 149 dysentery Negative_phenotype 27566202 151 163 tuberculosis Negative_phenotype 27566202 165 178 wound healing Positive_phenotype 27566202 180 193 skin diseases Negative_phenotype 27566202 195 201 eczema Negative_phenotype 27566202 203 212 psoriasis Negative_phenotype 27566202 215 239 snake and scorpion venom Negative_phenotype 27566202_13 Gum ghatti obtained from Anogeissus latifolia is used after delivery as tonic and in spermatorrhoea. 27566202 25 45 Anogeissus latifolia Plant 27566202 85 99 spermatorrhoea Negative_phenotype 27566202_14 Many phytochemical investigations on this genus confirmed that it is rich in phenolic compounds. 27566202_15 Modern pharmacology research has confirmed that the crude extracts or the isolated active compounds of the genus Anogeissus possess antioxidant, antimicrobial, wound healing, antiulcer, anti-inflammation, anti-diabetics, hepatoprotective, hypolipidemic, antiparasitic and neuroprotective effects. 27566202 113 123 Anogeissus Plant 27566202 132 143 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 27566202 145 158 antimicrobial Positive_phenotype 27566202 160 173 wound healing Positive_phenotype 27566202 175 184 antiulcer Positive_phenotype 27566202 186 203 anti-inflammation Positive_phenotype 27566202 205 219 anti-diabetics Positive_phenotype 27566202 221 237 hepatoprotective Positive_phenotype 27566202 239 252 hypolipidemic Positive_phenotype 27566202 254 267 antiparasitic Positive_phenotype 27566202 272 287 neuroprotective Positive_phenotype 27566202 Increase 113 123 Anogeissus Plant 132 143 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 27566202 Increase 113 123 Anogeissus Plant 145 158 antimicrobial Positive_phenotype 27566202 Increase 113 123 Anogeissus Plant 160 173 wound healing Positive_phenotype 27566202 Increase 113 123 Anogeissus Plant 175 184 antiulcer Positive_phenotype 27566202 Increase 113 123 Anogeissus Plant 186 203 anti-inflammation Positive_phenotype 27566202 Increase 113 123 Anogeissus Plant 205 219 anti-diabetics Positive_phenotype 27566202 Increase 113 123 Anogeissus Plant 221 237 hepatoprotective Positive_phenotype 27566202 Increase 113 123 Anogeissus Plant 239 252 hypolipidemic Positive_phenotype 27566202 Increase 113 123 Anogeissus Plant 254 267 antiparasitic Positive_phenotype 27566202 Increase 113 123 Anogeissus Plant 272 287 neuroprotective Positive_phenotype 27566202_16 CONCLUSIONS: This review confirms that some Anogeissus species have emerged as a good source of the traditional medicine for wound healing, inflammation, skin diseases, microbial infection and diabetes. 27566202 44 54 Anogeissus Plant 27566202 125 138 wound healing Positive_phenotype 27566202 140 152 inflammation Negative_phenotype 27566202 154 167 skin diseases Negative_phenotype 27566202 169 188 microbial infection Negative_phenotype 27566202 193 201 diabetes Negative_phenotype 27566202 Increase 44 54 Anogeissus Plant 125 138 wound healing Positive_phenotype 27566202 Decrease 44 54 Anogeissus Plant 140 152 inflammation Negative_phenotype 27566202 Decrease 44 54 Anogeissus Plant 154 167 skin diseases Negative_phenotype 27566202 Decrease 44 54 Anogeissus Plant 169 188 microbial infection Negative_phenotype 27566202 Decrease 44 54 Anogeissus Plant 193 201 diabetes Negative_phenotype 27566202_17 Many traditional uses of Anogeissus species have now been validated by modern pharmacology research. 27566202 25 35 Anogeissus Plant 27566202_18 Intensive investigations of all the species of Anogeissus regarding phytochemical and pharmacological properties, especially their mechanism of action, safety and efficacy could be the future research interests before starting clinical trials. 27566202 47 57 Anogeissus Plant 27588077_1 Inhibitory effects of Persicariae Rhizoma aqueous extracts on experimental periodontitis and alveolar bone loss in Sprague-Dawley rats. 27588077 22 33 Persicariae Plant 27588077 75 88 periodontitis Negative_phenotype 27588077 93 111 alveolar bone loss Negative_phenotype 27588077_2 UNASSIGNED: Persicariae Rhizoma (PR) is the dried stem parts of Persicaria tinctoria H. Gross (Polygonaceae), and has been traditionally used as anti-inflammatory and detoxifying agent. 27588077 12 23 Persicariae Plant 27588077 33 35 PR Plant 27588077 64 93 Persicaria tinctoria H. Gross Plant 27588077 145 162 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 27588077 167 178 detoxifying Positive_phenotype 27588077 Increase 12 23 Persicariae Plant 145 162 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 27588077 Increase 12 23 Persicariae Plant 167 178 detoxifying Positive_phenotype 27588077 Increase 33 35 PR Plant 145 162 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 27588077 Increase 33 35 PR Plant 167 178 detoxifying Positive_phenotype 27588077 Increase 64 93 Persicaria tinctoria H. Gross Plant 145 162 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 27588077 Increase 64 93 Persicaria tinctoria H. Gross Plant 167 178 detoxifying Positive_phenotype 27588077_3 In the present study, the effects of PR aqueous extracts on ligation-induced experimental periodontitis (EPD) and associated alveolar bone loss in rats were examined. 27588077 37 39 PR Plant 27588077 90 103 periodontitis Negative_phenotype 27588077 105 108 EPD Negative_phenotype 27588077 125 143 alveolar bone loss Negative_phenotype 27588077_4 Following the induction of EPD in rats, PR extracts were orally administered once a day for 10 days, and the changes and gains in body weight, alveolar bone loss and total aerobic bacterial counts of buccal gingiva were observed with histopathological analysis. 27588077 27 30 EPD Negative_phenotype 27588077 40 42 PR Plant 27588077 130 141 body weight Neutral_phenotype 27588077 143 161 alveolar bone loss Negative_phenotype 27588077 172 189 aerobic bacterial Negative_phenotype 27588077 200 214 buccal gingiva Negative_phenotype 27588077_5 In addition, anti-inflammatory effects were evaluated by monitoring myeloperoxidase (MPO) activities, and interleukin (IL)-1b and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-a contents, and anti-oxidant effects were investigated by measuring inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) activities and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. 27588077 13 30 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 27588077 174 186 anti-oxidant Positive_phenotype 27588077_6 Bacterial proliferation, periodontitis and associated alveolar bone loss induced by ligature placement were significantly and dose-dependently inhibited by the treatment with PR extracts. 27588077 0 9 Bacterial Negative_phenotype 27588077 25 38 periodontitis Negative_phenotype 27588077 54 72 alveolar bone loss Negative_phenotype 27588077 175 177 PR Plant 27588077 Decrease 0 9 Bacterial Negative_phenotype 175 177 PR Plant 27588077 Decrease 25 38 periodontitis Negative_phenotype 175 177 PR Plant 27588077 Decrease 54 72 alveolar bone loss Negative_phenotype 175 177 PR Plant 27588077_7 The inhibitory effects of 200 mg/kg PR were similar to those of 5 mg/kg indomethacin on ligation-induced periodontitis and associated alveolar bone losses in this study. 27588077 36 38 PR Plant 27588077 105 118 periodontitis Negative_phenotype 27588077 134 154 alveolar bone losses Negative_phenotype 27588077 Decrease 36 38 PR Plant 105 118 periodontitis Negative_phenotype 27588077 Decrease 36 38 PR Plant 134 154 alveolar bone losses Negative_phenotype 27588077_8 The results suggest that PR effectively inhibits ligature placement-induced periodontitis and alveolar bone loss in rats via antibacterial, antioxidative and anti-inflammatory activities. 27588077 25 27 PR Plant 27588077 76 89 periodontitis Negative_phenotype 27588077 94 112 alveolar bone loss Negative_phenotype 27588077 125 138 antibacterial Positive_phenotype 27588077 140 153 antioxidative Positive_phenotype 27588077 158 175 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 27588077 Decrease 25 27 PR Plant 76 89 periodontitis Negative_phenotype 27588077 Decrease 25 27 PR Plant 94 112 alveolar bone loss Negative_phenotype 27588077 Increase 25 27 PR Plant 125 138 antibacterial Positive_phenotype 27588077 Increase 25 27 PR Plant 140 153 antioxidative Positive_phenotype 27588077 Increase 25 27 PR Plant 158 175 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 27616033_1 Kochia scoparia induces apoptosis of oral cancer cells in vitro and in heterotopic tumors. 27616033 0 15 Kochia scoparia Plant 27616033 37 48 oral cancer Negative_phenotype 27616033 71 89 heterotopic tumors Negative_phenotype 27616033 Decrease 0 15 Kochia scoparia Plant 37 48 oral cancer Negative_phenotype 27616033 Decrease 0 15 Kochia scoparia Plant 71 89 heterotopic tumors Negative_phenotype 27616033_2 ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Kochia scoparia grows commonly in China, Japan, and Korea and its mature fruit has been used throughout the area in traditional medicine to treat diseases including skin problems and inflammatory and allergic disease. 27616033 32 47 Kochia scoparia Plant 27616033 197 210 skin problems Negative_phenotype 27616033 215 227 inflammatory Negative_phenotype 27616033 232 248 allergic disease Negative_phenotype 27616033 Decrease 32 47 Kochia scoparia Plant 197 210 skin problems Negative_phenotype 27616033 Decrease 32 47 Kochia scoparia Plant 215 227 inflammatory Negative_phenotype 27616033 Decrease 32 47 Kochia scoparia Plant 232 248 allergic disease Negative_phenotype 27616033_3 More importantly, Kochia scoparia has been prescribed to treat the malignant tumor of head and neck region and breast mass. 27616033 18 33 Kochia scoparia Plant 27616033 67 122 malignant tumor of head and neck region and breast mass Negative_phenotype 27616033 Decrease 18 33 Kochia scoparia Plant 67 122 malignant tumor of head and neck region and breast mass Negative_phenotype 27616033_4 Although it has been proposed as an anti-cancer agent for several cancers, its exact in vivo anti-cancer properties and the molecular mechanisms underlying its effects are poorly understood. 27616033 36 47 anti-cancer Positive_phenotype 27616033 66 73 cancers Negative_phenotype 27616033 93 104 anti-cancer Positive_phenotype 27616033_5 AIM OF THE STUDY: To evaluate the anti-cancer activity of the methanol extract of K. scoparia, mature fruit (MEKS) on oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and to explore its mode of action. 27616033 34 45 anti-cancer Positive_phenotype 27616033 82 93 K. scoparia Plant 27616033 109 113 MEKS Plant 27616033 118 146 oral squamous cell carcinoma Negative_phenotype 27616033 148 152 OSCC Negative_phenotype 27616033_6 MATERIALS AND METHODS: To assess proliferation inhibition and apoptosis induction by MEKS, MTT assays, cell analysis, ANNEXIN V and PI double staining, and Hoechst 33342 staining were performed. 27616033 85 89 MEKS Plant 27616033_7 The activation of caspases and the MAP kinase p38 was evaluated using Western blot analysis. 27616033_8 The anti-cancer properties of MEKS in vivo were elucidated in a heterotopic OSCC animal model. 27616033 4 15 anti-cancer Positive_phenotype 27616033 30 34 MEKS Plant 27616033 64 80 heterotopic OSCC Negative_phenotype 27616033 Increase 4 15 anti-cancer Positive_phenotype 30 34 MEKS Plant 27616033 Decrease 30 34 MEKS Plant 64 80 heterotopic OSCC Negative_phenotype 27616033_9 RESULTS: After OSCC cells were treated with MEKS, the numbers of sub-G1 accumulated cells and apoptotic bodies increased, indicating that MEKS inhibited OSCC cell proliferation selectively through induction of apoptosis. 27616033 15 19 OSCC Negative_phenotype 27616033 44 48 MEKS Plant 27616033 138 142 MEKS Plant 27616033 153 157 OSCC Negative_phenotype 27616033 Decrease 15 19 OSCC Negative_phenotype 44 48 MEKS Plant 27616033 Decrease 138 142 MEKS Plant 153 157 OSCC Negative_phenotype 27616033_10 Apoptosis of MEKS-treated OSCC cells was induced in a dose-dependent manner by caspase-3 and -9 activation. 27616033 13 17 MEKS Plant 27616033 26 30 OSCC Negative_phenotype 27616033 Decrease 13 17 MEKS Plant 26 30 OSCC Negative_phenotype 27616033_11 In addition, pretreatment with p38 inhibitor SB203580 in combination with MEKS significantly prevented MEKS-induced apoptosis in OSCC cells and also decreased cleaved capase 3, 9, and cleaved PARP activity in western blotting. 27616033 74 78 MEKS Plant 27616033 103 107 MEKS Plant 27616033 129 133 OSCC Negative_phenotype 27616033 Decrease 74 78 MEKS Plant 129 133 OSCC Negative_phenotype 27616033 Decrease 103 107 MEKS Plant 129 133 OSCC Negative_phenotype 27616033_12 MEKS treatment significantly increased the apoptosis of OSCC and inhibited tumour growth in our animal model. 27616033 0 4 MEKS Plant 27616033 56 60 OSCC Negative_phenotype 27616033 75 81 tumour Negative_phenotype 27616033 Decrease 0 4 MEKS Plant 56 60 OSCC Negative_phenotype 27616033 Decrease 0 4 MEKS Plant 75 81 tumour Negative_phenotype 27616033_13 CONCLUSION: Taken together, these results indicated that MEKS induced apoptosis of OSCC cells through caspase activation involving the p38 MAPK pathway. 27616033 57 61 MEKS Plant 27616033 83 87 OSCC Negative_phenotype 27616033 Decrease 57 61 MEKS Plant 83 87 OSCC Negative_phenotype 27616033_14 MEKS could be a promising anti-cancer candidate for OSCC treatment. 27616033 0 4 MEKS Plant 27616033 26 37 anti-cancer Positive_phenotype 27616033 52 56 OSCC Negative_phenotype 27616033 Increase 0 4 MEKS Plant 26 37 anti-cancer Positive_phenotype 27616033 Decrease 0 4 MEKS Plant 52 56 OSCC Negative_phenotype 27706951_1 Inhibition of pancreatic lipase and amylase by extracts of different spices and plants. 27706951_2 UNASSIGNED: The aim of this study is to search new anti-obesity and anti-diabetic agents from plant and spices crude extracts as alternative to synthetic drugs. 27706951 51 63 anti-obesity Positive_phenotype 27706951 68 81 anti-diabetic Positive_phenotype 27706951_3 The inhibitory effect of 72 extracts was evaluated, in vitro, on lipase and amylase activities. 27706951_4 Aqueous extracts of cinnamon and black tea exhibited an appreciable inhibitory effect on pancreatic amylase with IC50 values of 18 and 87 g, respectively. 27706951 20 28 cinnamon Plant 27706951 39 42 tea Plant 27706951_5 Aqueous extracts of cinnamon and mint showed strong inhibitory effects against pancreatic lipase with IC50 of 45 and 62 g, respectively. 27706951 20 28 cinnamon Plant 27706951 33 37 mint Plant 27706951_6 The presence of bile salts and colipase or an excess of interface failed to restore the lipase activity. 27706951_7 Therefore, the inhibition of pancreatic lipase, by extracts of spices and plants, belongs to an irreversible inhibition. 27706951_8 Crude extract of cinnamon showed the strongest anti-lipase and anti-amylase activities which offer a prospective therapeutic approach for the management of diabetes and obesity. 27706951 17 25 cinnamon Plant 27706951 47 58 anti-lipase Positive_phenotype 27706951 63 75 anti-amylase Positive_phenotype 27706951 156 164 diabetes Negative_phenotype 27706951 169 176 obesity Negative_phenotype 27706951 Increase 17 25 cinnamon Plant 47 58 anti-lipase Positive_phenotype 27706951 Increase 17 25 cinnamon Plant 63 75 anti-amylase Positive_phenotype 27706951 Decrease 17 25 cinnamon Plant 156 164 diabetes Negative_phenotype 27706951 Decrease 17 25 cinnamon Plant 169 176 obesity Negative_phenotype 27721054_1 In vitro and in vivo assessment of meadowsweet (Filipendula ulmaria) as anti-inflammatory agent. 27721054 35 46 meadowsweet Plant 27721054 48 67 Filipendula ulmaria Plant 27721054 72 89 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 27721054_2 ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Meadowsweet (Filipendula ulmaria (L.) Maxim, Rosaceae) has been traditionally used in most European countries for the treatment of inflammatory diseases due to its antipyretic, analgesic, astringent, and anti-rheumatic properties. 27721054 32 43 Meadowsweet Plant 27721054 45 75 Filipendula ulmaria (L.) Maxim Plant 27721054 163 184 inflammatory diseases Negative_phenotype 27721054 196 207 antipyretic Positive_phenotype 27721054 209 218 analgesic Positive_phenotype 27721054 220 230 astringent Positive_phenotype 27721054 236 250 anti-rheumatic Positive_phenotype 27721054 Decrease 32 43 Meadowsweet Plant 163 184 inflammatory diseases Negative_phenotype 27721054 Increase 32 43 Meadowsweet Plant 196 207 antipyretic Positive_phenotype 27721054 Increase 32 43 Meadowsweet Plant 209 218 analgesic Positive_phenotype 27721054 Increase 32 43 Meadowsweet Plant 220 230 astringent Positive_phenotype 27721054 Increase 32 43 Meadowsweet Plant 236 250 anti-rheumatic Positive_phenotype 27721054 Decrease 45 75 Filipendula ulmaria (L.) Maxim Plant 163 184 inflammatory diseases Negative_phenotype 27721054 Increase 45 75 Filipendula ulmaria (L.) Maxim Plant 196 207 antipyretic Positive_phenotype 27721054 Increase 45 75 Filipendula ulmaria (L.) Maxim Plant 209 218 analgesic Positive_phenotype 27721054 Increase 45 75 Filipendula ulmaria (L.) Maxim Plant 220 230 astringent Positive_phenotype 27721054 Increase 45 75 Filipendula ulmaria (L.) Maxim Plant 236 250 anti-rheumatic Positive_phenotype 27721054_3 However, there is little scientific evidence on F. ulmaria anti-inflammatory effects regarding its impact on cyclooxygenases enzymatic activity and in vivo assessment of anti-inflammatory potential. 27721054 48 58 F. ulmaria Plant 27721054 59 76 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 27721054 170 187 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 27721054_4 This study aims to reveal the anti-inflammatory activity of methanolic extracts from the aerial parts (FUA) and roots (FUR) of F. ulmaria, both in in vitro and in vivo conditions. 27721054 30 47 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 27721054 103 106 FUA Plant 27721054 119 122 FUR Plant 27721054 127 137 F. ulmaria Plant 27721054_5 MATERIALS AND METHODS: The characteristic phenolic compounds in F. ulmaria extracts were monitored via high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC). 27721054 64 74 F. ulmaria Plant 27721054_6 The in vitro anti-inflammatory activity of F. ulmaria extracts was evaluated using cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) enzyme assays, and an assay for determining COX-2 gene expression. 27721054 13 30 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 27721054 43 53 F. ulmaria Plant 27721054_7 The in vivo anti-inflammatory effect of F. ulmaria extracts was determined in two doses (100 and 200 mg/kg b.w.) with hot plate test and carrageenan-induced paw edema test in rats. 27721054 12 29 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 27721054 40 50 F. ulmaria Plant 27721054 157 166 paw edema Negative_phenotype 27721054_8 Inflammation was also evaluated by histopathological and immunohistochemical analysis. 27721054 0 12 Inflammation Negative_phenotype 27721054_9 RESULTS: FUA extract showed the presence of rutoside, spiraeoside, and isoquercitrin. 27721054 9 12 FUA Plant 27721054_10 Both F. ulmaria extracts at a concentration of 50 g/mL were able to inhibit COX-1 and -2 enzyme activities, whereby FUA extract (62.84% and 46.43% inhibition, respectively) was double as effective as the root extract (32.11% and 20.20%, respectively). 27721054 5 15 F. ulmaria Plant 27721054 116 119 FUA Plant 27721054_11 Extracts hardly inhibited the level of COX-2 gene expression in THP-1 cells at a concentration of 25 g/mL (10.19% inhibition by FUA and 8.54% by FUR). 27721054 128 131 FUA Plant 27721054 145 148 FUR Plant 27721054_12 In the hot plate test, both extracts in two doses (100 and 200mg/kg b.w. 27721054_13 ), exhibited an increase in latency time when compared with the control group (p<0.05). 27721054_14 In the carrageenan-induced acute inflammation test, FUA at doses of 100 and 200mg/kg b.w., and FUR at 200mg/kg, were able to significantly reduce the mean maximal swelling of rat paw until 6h of treatment. 27721054 27 45 acute inflammation Negative_phenotype 27721054 52 55 FUA Plant 27721054 95 98 FUR Plant 27721054 163 182 swelling of rat paw Negative_phenotype 27721054 Decrease 27 45 acute inflammation Negative_phenotype 52 55 FUA Plant 27721054 Decrease 27 45 acute inflammation Negative_phenotype 95 98 FUR Plant 27721054 Decrease 52 55 FUA Plant 163 182 swelling of rat paw Negative_phenotype 27721054 Decrease 95 98 FUR Plant 163 182 swelling of rat paw Negative_phenotype 27721054_15 Indomethacin, FUA, and FUR extracts significantly decreased inflammation score and this effect was more pronounced after 24h, compared to the control group (p<0.05). 27721054 14 17 FUA Plant 27721054 23 26 FUR Plant 27721054 60 72 inflammation Negative_phenotype 27721054 Decrease 14 17 FUA Plant 60 72 inflammation Negative_phenotype 27721054 Decrease 23 26 FUR Plant 60 72 inflammation Negative_phenotype 27721054_16 CONCLUSIONS: The observed results of in vitro and, for the first time, in vivo anti-inflammatory activity of meadowsweet extracts, provide support of the traditional use of this plant in the treatment of different inflammatory conditions. 27721054 79 96 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 27721054 109 120 meadowsweet Plant 27721054 214 226 inflammatory Negative_phenotype 27721054 Increase 79 96 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 109 120 meadowsweet Plant 27721054 Decrease 109 120 meadowsweet Plant 214 226 inflammatory Negative_phenotype 27721054_17 Further investigation of the anti-inflammatory compounds could reveal the mechanism of anti-inflammatory action of these extracts. 27721054 29 46 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 27721054 29 46 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 27730005_1 Scutellaria baicalensis, the golden herb from the garden of Chinese medicinal plants. 27730005 0 23 Scutellaria baicalensis Plant 27730005_2 UNASSIGNED: Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, or Chinese skullcap, has been widely used as a medicinal plant in China for thousands of years, where the preparation from its roots is called Huang-Qin. 27730005 12 42 Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi Plant 27730005 55 63 skullcap Plant 27730005 187 196 Huang-Qin Plant 27730005_3 It has been applied in the treatment of diarrhea, dysentery, hypertension, hemorrhaging, insomnia, inflammation and respiratory infections. 27730005 40 48 diarrhea Negative_phenotype 27730005 50 59 dysentery Negative_phenotype 27730005 61 73 hypertension Negative_phenotype 27730005 75 87 hemorrhaging Negative_phenotype 27730005 89 97 insomnia Negative_phenotype 27730005 99 111 inflammation Negative_phenotype 27730005 116 138 respiratory infections Negative_phenotype 27730005_4 Flavones such as baicalin, wogonoside and their aglycones baicalein wogonin are the major bioactive compounds extracted from the root of S. baicalensis. 27730005 137 151 S. baicalensis Plant 27730005_5 These flavones have been reported to have various pharmacological functions, including anti-cancer, hepatoprotection, antibacterial and antiviral, antioxidant, anticonvulsant and neuroprotective effects. 27730005 87 98 anti-cancer Positive_phenotype 27730005 100 116 hepatoprotection Positive_phenotype 27730005 118 131 antibacterial Positive_phenotype 27730005 136 145 antiviral Positive_phenotype 27730005 147 158 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 27730005 160 174 anticonvulsant Positive_phenotype 27730005 179 194 neuroprotective Positive_phenotype 27730005_6 In this review, we focus on clinical applications and the pharmacological properties of the medicinal plant and the flavones extracted from it. 27730005_7 We also describe biotechnological and metabolic methods that have been used to elucidate the biosynthetic pathways of the bioactive compounds in Scutellaria. 27730005 145 156 Scutellaria Plant 27748188_1 Garlic for Cardiovascular Disease: Prevention or Treatment? 27748188 0 6 Garlic Plant 27748188 11 33 Cardiovascular Disease Negative_phenotype 27748188_2 UNASSIGNED: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of global mortality with a substantial economic impact. 27748188 12 34 Cardiovascular disease Negative_phenotype 27748188 36 39 CVD Negative_phenotype 27748188 72 81 mortality Negative_phenotype 27748188_3 The annual deaths are expected to increase in the next decade. 27748188_4 An array of dietary supplements is being used by people worldwide to ameliorate cardiovascular risk factors. 27748188 80 107 cardiovascular risk factors Negative_phenotype 27748188_5 Garlic (Allium sativum L.), a top-selling herbal dietary supplement, is renowned for its wide range beneficial effects, particularly in the treatment and prevention of CVD. 27748188 0 6 Garlic Plant 27748188 8 25 Allium sativum L. Plant 27748188 168 171 CVD Negative_phenotype 27748188 Decrease 0 6 Garlic Plant 168 171 CVD Negative_phenotype 27748188 Decrease 8 25 Allium sativum L. Plant 168 171 CVD Negative_phenotype 27748188_6 This review aims to present a thorough discussion of the available evidence-based data which support the use of garlic in the treatment or prevention of cardiovascular diseases, including atherosclerosis, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia. 27748188 112 118 garlic Plant 27748188 153 176 cardiovascular diseases Negative_phenotype 27748188 188 203 atherosclerosis Negative_phenotype 27748188 205 217 hypertension Negative_phenotype 27748188 223 237 hyperlipidemia Negative_phenotype 27748188 Decrease 112 118 garlic Plant 153 176 cardiovascular diseases Negative_phenotype 27748188 Decrease 112 118 garlic Plant 188 203 atherosclerosis Negative_phenotype 27748188 Decrease 112 118 garlic Plant 205 217 hypertension Negative_phenotype 27748188 Decrease 112 118 garlic Plant 223 237 hyperlipidemia Negative_phenotype 27748188_7 The molecular mechanisms underlying these effects are dissected as well. 27748188_8 This review supports the notion that garlic has the potential to treat mild hypertension, to decrease hypercholesterolemia, and to prevent atherosclerosis. 27748188 37 43 garlic Plant 27748188 71 88 mild hypertension Negative_phenotype 27748188 102 122 hypercholesterolemia Negative_phenotype 27748188 139 154 atherosclerosis Negative_phenotype 27748188 Decrease 37 43 garlic Plant 71 88 mild hypertension Negative_phenotype 27748188 Decrease 37 43 garlic Plant 102 122 hypercholesterolemia Negative_phenotype 27748188 Decrease 37 43 garlic Plant 139 154 atherosclerosis Negative_phenotype 27748188_9 More clinical studies are essential to unequivocally understand the mechanisms underlying treatment or prevention of theses cardiovascular conditions. 27804883_1 Pros and cons of medical cannabis use by people with chronic brain disorders. 27804883 25 33 cannabis Plant 27804883 53 76 chronic brain disorders Negative_phenotype 27804883_2 BACKGROUND: Cannabis is the most widely used illicit drug in the world and there is growing concern about the mental health effects of cannabis use. 27804883 12 20 Cannabis Plant 27804883 110 123 mental health Positive_phenotype 27804883 135 143 cannabis Plant 27804883_3 These concerns are at least partly due to the strong increase in recreational and medical cannabis use and the rise in tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) levels. 27804883 90 98 cannabis Plant 27804883_4 Cannabis is widely used to self-medicate by older people and people with brain disorders such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), multiple sclerosis (MS), Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia. 27804883 0 8 Cannabis Plant 27804883 73 88 brain disorders Negative_phenotype 27804883 97 126 amyotrophic lateral sclerosis Negative_phenotype 27804883 128 131 ALS Negative_phenotype 27804883 134 152 multiple sclerosis Negative_phenotype 27804883 154 156 MS Negative_phenotype 27804883 159 178 Alzheimer's disease Negative_phenotype 27804883 180 182 AD Negative_phenotype 27804883 185 204 Parkinson's disease Negative_phenotype 27804883 206 208 PD Negative_phenotype 27804883 211 227 bipolar disorder Negative_phenotype 27804883 233 246 schizophrenia Negative_phenotype 27804883 Decrease 0 8 Cannabis Plant 73 88 brain disorders Negative_phenotype 27804883 Decrease 0 8 Cannabis Plant 97 126 amyotrophic lateral sclerosis Negative_phenotype 27804883 Decrease 0 8 Cannabis Plant 128 131 ALS Negative_phenotype 27804883 Decrease 0 8 Cannabis Plant 134 152 multiple sclerosis Negative_phenotype 27804883 Decrease 0 8 Cannabis Plant 154 156 MS Negative_phenotype 27804883 Decrease 0 8 Cannabis Plant 159 178 Alzheimer's disease Negative_phenotype 27804883 Decrease 0 8 Cannabis Plant 180 182 AD Negative_phenotype 27804883 Decrease 0 8 Cannabis Plant 185 204 Parkinson's disease Negative_phenotype 27804883 Decrease 0 8 Cannabis Plant 206 208 PD Negative_phenotype 27804883 Decrease 0 8 Cannabis Plant 211 227 bipolar disorder Negative_phenotype 27804883 Decrease 0 8 Cannabis Plant 233 246 schizophrenia Negative_phenotype 27804883_5 OBJECTIVE: This review provides an overview of the perceived benefits and adverse mental health effects of cannabis use in people with ALS, MS, AD, PD, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia. 27804883 74 95 adverse mental health Negative_phenotype 27804883 107 115 cannabis Plant 27804883 135 138 ALS Negative_phenotype 27804883 140 142 MS Negative_phenotype 27804883 144 146 AD Negative_phenotype 27804883 148 150 PD Negative_phenotype 27804883 152 168 bipolar disorder Negative_phenotype 27804883 174 187 schizophrenia Negative_phenotype 27804883_6 RESULTS: The reviewed studies indicate that cannabis use diminishes some symptoms associated with these disorders. 27804883 44 52 cannabis Plant 27804883_7 Cannabis use decreases pain and spasticity in people with MS, decreases tremor, rigidity, and pain in people with PD, and improves the quality of life of ALS patients by improving appetite, and decreasing pain and spasticity. 27804883 0 8 Cannabis Plant 27804883 23 27 pain Negative_phenotype 27804883 32 60 spasticity in people with MS Negative_phenotype 27804883 72 78 tremor Negative_phenotype 27804883 80 88 rigidity Negative_phenotype 27804883 94 116 pain in people with PD Negative_phenotype 27804883 154 157 ALS Negative_phenotype 27804883 180 188 appetite Positive_phenotype 27804883 205 209 pain Negative_phenotype 27804883 214 224 spasticity Negative_phenotype 27804883 Decrease 0 8 Cannabis Plant 23 27 pain Negative_phenotype 27804883 Decrease 0 8 Cannabis Plant 32 60 spasticity in people with MS Negative_phenotype 27804883 Decrease 0 8 Cannabis Plant 72 78 tremor Negative_phenotype 27804883 Decrease 0 8 Cannabis Plant 80 88 rigidity Negative_phenotype 27804883 Decrease 0 8 Cannabis Plant 94 116 pain in people with PD Negative_phenotype 27804883 Decrease 0 8 Cannabis Plant 154 157 ALS Negative_phenotype 27804883 Increase 0 8 Cannabis Plant 180 188 appetite Positive_phenotype 27804883 Decrease 0 8 Cannabis Plant 205 209 pain Negative_phenotype 27804883 Decrease 0 8 Cannabis Plant 214 224 spasticity Negative_phenotype 27804883_8 Cannabis use is more common among people with schizophrenia than healthy controls. 27804883 0 8 Cannabis Plant 27804883 46 59 schizophrenia Negative_phenotype 27804883 Increase 0 8 Cannabis Plant 46 59 schizophrenia Negative_phenotype 27804883_9 Cannabis use is a risk factor for schizophrenia and increases positive symptoms in schizophrenia patients but diminishes negative symptoms. 27804883 0 8 Cannabis Plant 27804883 34 47 schizophrenia Negative_phenotype 27804883 62 96 positive symptoms in schizophrenia Positive_phenotype 27804883 Increase 0 8 Cannabis Plant 34 47 schizophrenia Negative_phenotype 27804883 Increase 0 8 Cannabis Plant 62 96 positive symptoms in schizophrenia Positive_phenotype 27804883_10 Cannabis use worsens bipolar disorder and there is no evidence that bipolar patients derive any benefit from cannabis. 27804883 0 8 Cannabis Plant 27804883 21 37 bipolar disorder Negative_phenotype 27804883 68 75 bipolar Negative_phenotype 27804883 109 117 cannabis Plant 27804883 Increase 0 8 Cannabis Plant 21 37 bipolar disorder Negative_phenotype 27804883_11 In late stage Alzheimer's patients, cannabis products may improve food intake, sleep quality, and diminish agitation. 27804883 14 25 Alzheimer's Negative_phenotype 27804883 36 44 cannabis Plant 27804883 66 77 food intake Neutral_phenotype 27804883 79 92 sleep quality Neutral_phenotype 27804883 107 116 agitation Negative_phenotype 27804883 Increase 36 44 cannabis Plant 66 77 food intake Neutral_phenotype 27804883 Increase 36 44 cannabis Plant 79 92 sleep quality Neutral_phenotype 27804883 Decrease 36 44 cannabis Plant 107 116 agitation Negative_phenotype 27804883_12 CONCLUSION: Cannabis use diminishes some of the adverse effects of neurological and psychiatric disorders. 27804883 12 20 Cannabis Plant 27804883 67 105 neurological and psychiatric disorders Negative_phenotype 27804883 Decrease 12 20 Cannabis Plant 67 105 neurological and psychiatric disorders Negative_phenotype 27804883_13 However, chronic cannabis use may lead to cognitive impairments and dependence. 27804883 17 25 cannabis Plant 27804883 42 63 cognitive impairments Negative_phenotype 27804883 68 78 dependence Negative_phenotype 27804883 Increase 17 25 cannabis Plant 42 63 cognitive impairments Negative_phenotype 27804883 Increase 17 25 cannabis Plant 68 78 dependence Negative_phenotype 27823625_1 Hydroalcoholic extract of Sapium glandulatum (Vell.) Pax displays potent anti-inflammatory activities through a glucocorticoid receptor-dependent pathway. 27823625 26 56 Sapium glandulatum (Vell.) Pax Plant 27823625 73 90 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 27823625 Increase 26 56 Sapium glandulatum (Vell.) Pax Plant 73 90 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 27823625_2 BACKGROUND: Ethnobotanical studies of the Sapium genus reveal that many species are widely used in several countries as therapeutic drugs and they are widely used in folk medicine for treatment of different diseases, including skin inflammation. 27823625 42 48 Sapium Plant 27823625 227 244 skin inflammation Negative_phenotype 27823625 Decrease 42 48 Sapium Plant 227 244 skin inflammation Negative_phenotype 27823625_3 This raises interest in the study of the pharmacological properties and phytochemical composition of these plants. 27823625_4 The biological properties of Sapium glandulatum, a native species of southern Brazil, has not been reported in the literature. 27823625 29 47 Sapium glandulatum Plant 27823625_5 PURPOSE: The aim of the present study was to investigate the anti-inflammatory action of the hydroalcoholic extract of Sapium glandulatum (EHSG) leaves in mouse models of acute or chronic skin inflammation. 27823625 61 78 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 27823625 119 137 Sapium glandulatum Plant 27823625 139 143 EHSG Plant 27823625 171 205 acute or chronic skin inflammation Negative_phenotype 27823625_6 STUDY DESIGN/METHODS: Topical effects of EHSG were evaluated in 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced edema in the ear. 27823625 41 45 EHSG Plant 27823625 115 131 edema in the ear Negative_phenotype 27823625_7 Systemic effects of the extract were studied in a TPA-induced ear edema model, as well as in a carrageenan-induced paw edema model. 27823625 62 71 ear edema Negative_phenotype 27823625 115 124 paw edema Negative_phenotype 27823625_8 To gain insight into the mechanism by which EHSG blocked inflammation, we evaluated the role of glucocorticoid receptors (GR) using the TPA-induced ear edema model and also measured specific binding in a glucocorticoid assay. 27823625 44 48 EHSG Plant 27823625 57 69 inflammation Negative_phenotype 27823625 148 157 ear edema Negative_phenotype 27823625_9 Possible adverse effects of EHSG were evaluated after multiple treatments with the extract in the skin atrophy model on the ear and with the alkaline comet assay. 27823625 28 32 EHSG Plant 27823625 98 110 skin atrophy Negative_phenotype 27823625_10 RESULTS: EHSG presented potent anti-inflammatory activity when applied topically in acute and chronic models, inhibiting edema formation and leukocyte migration as well as expression pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1b, IL-6 and TNF-a in the tissue. 27823625 9 13 EHSG Plant 27823625 31 48 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 27823625 121 126 edema Negative_phenotype 27823625 Increase 9 13 EHSG Plant 31 48 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 27823625 Decrease 9 13 EHSG Plant 121 126 edema Negative_phenotype 27823625_11 Similar anti-inflammatory effects were found following oral treatment in both ear and paw edema models. 27823625 8 25 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 27823625 78 95 ear and paw edema Negative_phenotype 27823625_12 Strikingly, the EHSG-induced blockade of leukocyte migration was reversed by mifepristone, a GR antagonist. 27823625 16 20 EHSG Plant 27823625_13 Additionally, a specific binding assay revealed that ESGH interacts with GR. 27823625 53 57 ESGH Plant 27823625_14 Multiple treatments with EHSG failed to induce adverse effects when evaluated in the skin atrophy model and bone marrow genotoxicity test. 27823625 25 29 EHSG Plant 27823625 85 97 skin atrophy Negative_phenotype 27823625 108 132 bone marrow genotoxicity Negative_phenotype 27823625_15 CONCLUSION: Taken together, our data suggest that EHSG is a potential source of anti-inflammatory tool compounds for the treatment of pro-inflammatory-derived skin diseases, and its mechanism of action may be, at least in part, via the GR pathway. 27823625 50 54 EHSG Plant 27823625 80 97 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 27823625 134 172 pro-inflammatory-derived skin diseases Negative_phenotype 27823625 Increase 50 54 EHSG Plant 80 97 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 27823625 Increase 50 54 EHSG Plant 134 172 pro-inflammatory-derived skin diseases Negative_phenotype 27836777_1 Anticancer effects of Ixeris dentata (Thunb. ex Thunb.) nakai extract on human melanoma cells A375P and A375SM. 27836777 0 10 Anticancer Positive_phenotype 27836777 22 61 Ixeris dentata (Thunb. ex Thunb.) nakai Plant 27836777 79 87 melanoma Negative_phenotype 27836777 94 99 A375P Negative_phenotype 27836777 104 110 A375SM Negative_phenotype 27836777_2 ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: The plant species Taraxacum coreanum (TC), Youngia sonchifolia (YS), and Ixeris dentata (ID) belong to the family Compositae and are used for medicinal purposes in traditional medicine. 27836777 50 68 Taraxacum coreanum Plant 27836777 70 72 TC Plant 27836777 75 94 Youngia sonchifolia Plant 27836777 96 98 YS Plant 27836777 105 119 Ixeris dentata Plant 27836777 121 123 ID Plant 27836777_3 However, the anticancer effects of TC, YS, and ID extracts and the underlying molecular mechanisms in melanoma cells have not been elucidated. 27836777 13 23 anticancer Positive_phenotype 27836777 35 37 TC Plant 27836777 39 41 YS Plant 27836777 47 49 ID Plant 27836777 102 110 melanoma Negative_phenotype 27836777_4 AIM OF THE STUDY: To investigate the potential anticancer effects of TC, YS, and ID extracts on human melanoma cells and explore the potential pharmacological mechanisms in vitro and in vivo. 27836777 47 57 anticancer Positive_phenotype 27836777 69 71 TC Plant 27836777 73 75 YS Plant 27836777 81 83 ID Plant 27836777 102 110 melanoma Negative_phenotype 27836777_5 MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this comparative study, we investigated the effects of TC, YS, and ID extracts on cell proliferation in human melanoma A375P and A375SM cells using MTT[3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide] assays. 27836777 81 83 TC Plant 27836777 85 87 YS Plant 27836777 93 95 ID Plant 27836777 136 144 melanoma Negative_phenotype 27836777 145 150 A375P Negative_phenotype 27836777 155 161 A375SM Negative_phenotype 27836777_6 Apoptotic cells were detected by 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylinodole (DAPI) staining. 27836777_7 We also investigated whether the growth-inhibitory effects were associated with the induction of apoptosis and whether the mechanisms of cell death were the result of signaling molecules such as p53, Bax, Bcl-2, caspase-9, Poly-ADP ribose polymerase (PARP), and Erk (Extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase) 1/2. 27836777_8 The in vivo antitumor effects were evaluated by measuring the tumor volume and weight and performing Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) dUTP Nick End Labeling (TUNEL) assay and immunohistochemistry (IHC) in tumor xenograft models. 27836777 12 21 antitumor Positive_phenotype 27836777 62 67 tumor Negative_phenotype 27836777 216 221 tumor Negative_phenotype 27836777_9 RESULTS: TC, YS, and ID extracts effectively inhibited the growth of A375P and A375SM cells. 27836777 9 11 TC Plant 27836777 13 15 YS Plant 27836777 21 23 ID Plant 27836777 69 74 A375P Negative_phenotype 27836777 79 85 A375SM Negative_phenotype 27836777 Decrease 9 11 TC Plant 69 74 A375P Negative_phenotype 27836777 Decrease 9 11 TC Plant 79 85 A375SM Negative_phenotype 27836777 Decrease 13 15 YS Plant 69 74 A375P Negative_phenotype 27836777 Decrease 13 15 YS Plant 79 85 A375SM Negative_phenotype 27836777 Decrease 21 23 ID Plant 69 74 A375P Negative_phenotype 27836777 Decrease 21 23 ID Plant 79 85 A375SM Negative_phenotype 27836777_10 In addition, several apoptotic events were observed following treatment, including DNA fragmentation and chromatin condensation by DAPI staining. 27836777_11 The extracts increased p53, Bax, cleaved-caspase-9 and cleaved-PARP expression, whereas the expression of Bcl-2 was decreased in both cell lines. 27836777_12 Furthermore, ID extract significantly inhibited the activation of Erk1/2 in both cell lines. 27836777 13 15 ID Plant 27836777_13 Among the three extracts, ID had the strongest apoptotic effects. 27836777 26 28 ID Plant 27836777_14 The administration of ID extract to mice inhibited tumor growth without any toxicity following 4 weeks of treatment. 27836777 22 24 ID Plant 27836777 51 63 tumor growth Negative_phenotype 27836777 76 84 toxicity Negative_phenotype 27836777 Decrease 22 24 ID Plant 51 63 tumor growth Negative_phenotype 27836777_15 This extract increased the expression of apoptotic cells and p53 protein and decreased phospho-Erk1/2 protein. 27836777_16 CONCLUSION: TC, YS, and ID extracts suppress the growth of human melanoma cells through apoptosis. 27836777 12 14 TC Plant 27836777 16 18 YS Plant 27836777 24 26 ID Plant 27836777 65 73 melanoma Negative_phenotype 27836777 Decrease 12 14 TC Plant 65 73 melanoma Negative_phenotype 27836777 Decrease 16 18 YS Plant 65 73 melanoma Negative_phenotype 27836777 Decrease 24 26 ID Plant 65 73 melanoma Negative_phenotype 27836777_17 Among these extracts, ID has the strongest anticancer and apoptotic effects. 27836777 22 24 ID Plant 27836777 43 53 anticancer Positive_phenotype 27836777 Increase 22 24 ID Plant 43 53 anticancer Positive_phenotype 27836777_18 It induces apoptosis through the inhibition of Erk1/2 in A375P and A375SM human melanoma cells and in tumor xenograft models and may be a potential chemotherapeutic agent against melanoma. 27836777 57 62 A375P Negative_phenotype 27836777 67 73 A375SM Negative_phenotype 27836777 80 88 melanoma Negative_phenotype 27836777 102 107 tumor Negative_phenotype 27836777 148 164 chemotherapeutic Positive_phenotype 27836777 179 187 melanoma Negative_phenotype 27838807_1 The inhibiting activity of meadowsweet extract on neurocarcinogenesis induced transplacentally in rats by ethylnitrosourea. 27838807 27 38 meadowsweet Plant 27838807 50 69 neurocarcinogenesis Negative_phenotype 27838807 Decrease 27 38 meadowsweet Plant 50 69 neurocarcinogenesis Negative_phenotype 27838807_2 UNASSIGNED: Inhibitory activity of a decoction of meadowsweet, given postnatally, was studied in rats at risk for neurogenic and renal tumors initiated by transplacental exposure to ethylnitrosourea (ENU). 27838807 50 61 meadowsweet Plant 27838807 114 141 neurogenic and renal tumors Negative_phenotype 27838807_3 Chemical analysis of ethanol and aqueous extracts of meadowsweet has shown high content of biologically active flavonoids and tannins. 27838807 53 64 meadowsweet Plant 27838807_4 Pregnant rats of LIO strain were given a single i.v. injection of ENU, 75 mg/kg, n the 21st day of gestation. 27838807_5 After weaning at 3 weeks after birth, the offspring were divided into two groups: the first was a positive control (ENU), while rats in the second group (ENU + meadowsweet) were given daily a decoction of meadowsweet as drinking water throughout their lifetime. 27838807 164 175 meadowsweet Plant 27838807 209 220 meadowsweet Plant 27838807_6 All rats of the first group (ENU) developed multiple malignant tumors, which occurred in brain (86%), spinal cord (43%), peripheral and cranial nerves (29%) and in kidney (31%). 27838807 44 69 multiple malignant tumors Negative_phenotype 27838807_7 More than one-third of CNS tumors were oligodendrogliomas. 27838807 23 33 CNS tumors Negative_phenotype 27838807 39 57 oligodendrogliomas Negative_phenotype 27838807_8 Mixed gliomas (oligoastrocytomas) occurred less frequently. 27838807 0 13 Mixed gliomas Negative_phenotype 27838807 15 32 oligoastrocytomas Negative_phenotype 27838807_9 All other types including astrocytomas, glioblastomas, and ependymomas were rare. 27838807 26 38 astrocytomas Negative_phenotype 27838807 40 53 glioblastomas Negative_phenotype 27838807 59 70 ependymomas Negative_phenotype 27838807_10 All PNS tumors were neurinomas (schwannomas). 27838807 4 14 PNS tumors Negative_phenotype 27838807 20 30 neurinomas Negative_phenotype 27838807 32 43 schwannomas Negative_phenotype 27838807_11 The spectrum of tumors was similar in rats of the second group. 27838807 16 22 tumors Negative_phenotype 27838807_12 Postnatal consumption of meadowsweet significantly reduced number of tumor-bearing rats (by 1.2 times), the incidence and multiplicity of CNS tumors (brain-by 2.0 and 2.1 times, respectively; spinal cord-by 3.1 and 3.0 times, respectively) and significantly increased latency period, compared to rats of the first group. 27838807 25 36 meadowsweet Plant 27838807 69 74 tumor Negative_phenotype 27838807 138 148 CNS tumors Negative_phenotype 27838807 Decrease 25 36 meadowsweet Plant 69 74 tumor Negative_phenotype 27838807 Decrease 25 36 meadowsweet Plant 138 148 CNS tumors Negative_phenotype 27838807_13 No significant reduction in PNS or renal tumors was seen in rats given meadowsweet. 27838807 28 31 PNS Negative_phenotype 27838807 35 47 renal tumors Negative_phenotype 27838807 71 82 meadowsweet Plant 27838807_14 Meadowsweet extract can be considered an effective cancer preventive agent especially as a neurocarcinogenesis inhibitor. 27838807 0 11 Meadowsweet Plant 27838807 51 68 cancer preventive Positive_phenotype 27838807 91 110 neurocarcinogenesis Negative_phenotype 27838807 Increase 0 11 Meadowsweet Plant 51 68 cancer preventive Positive_phenotype 27838807 Decrease 0 11 Meadowsweet Plant 91 110 neurocarcinogenesis Negative_phenotype 27845266_1 Psidium guajava L., from ethnobiology to scientific evaluation: Elucidating bioactivity against pathogenic microorganisms. 27845266 0 18 Psidium guajava L. Plant 27845266 96 121 pathogenic microorganisms Negative_phenotype 27845266_2 ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: The use of popular plants has guided pharmaceutical research aimed at combating pathogenic microorganisms. 27845266 112 137 pathogenic microorganisms Negative_phenotype 27845266_3 Psidium guajava L. is a plant of great versatility and it has been used both as food and as a therapeutic agent. 27845266 0 18 Psidium guajava L. Plant 27845266_4 Root, bark, leaves, fruits, flowers and seeds are used for medicinal purposes, especially in infusions and decoctions for oral and topical use. 27845266_5 P. guajava is utilized in symptomatology treatment related to organ malfunction and of diseases caused by the action of pathogenic and/or opportunistic microorganisms. 27845266 0 10 P. guajava Plant 27845266 62 79 organ malfunction Negative_phenotype 27845266 120 130 pathogenic Negative_phenotype 27845266 138 166 opportunistic microorganisms Positive_phenotype 27845266 Decrease 0 10 P. guajava Plant 62 79 organ malfunction Negative_phenotype 27845266 Decrease 0 10 P. guajava Plant 120 130 pathogenic Negative_phenotype 27845266 Increase 0 10 P. guajava Plant 138 166 opportunistic microorganisms Positive_phenotype 27845266_6 Many pharmacological studies have been conducted to scientifically assess its therapeutic potential. 27845266_7 AIMS OF STUDY: The aim of the current study is to relate the popular use of this plant and its bioscientific assessment as a therapeutic agent in the treatment of diseases and symptoms caused by the action of protozoa, fungi, bacteria and viruses, and also evaluate the safety for the usage and the interaction with drugs. 27845266 209 217 protozoa Negative_phenotype 27845266 219 224 fungi Negative_phenotype 27845266 226 234 bacteria Negative_phenotype 27845266 239 246 viruses Negative_phenotype 27845266_8 MATERIALS AND METHODS: A bibliographic database the ethnobiology of Psidium guajava (2005-2015) and the pharmacological infections and parasitic diseases (2010-2015). 27845266 68 83 Psidium guajava Plant 27845266 104 130 pharmacological infections Negative_phenotype 27845266 135 153 parasitic diseases Negative_phenotype 27845266_9 Searches were done in scientific disclosure databases such as PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus. 27845266_10 RESULTS: P. guajava leaf extracts were scientifically investigated for the treatment of diseases caused by protozoa (leishmaniasis, malaria, giardiasis, amoebiasis and trichomoniasis), fungi (dermatosis, systemic and mucocutaneous diseases), bacteria (respiratory, mucocutaneous and gastrointestinal infections, cholera, gastritis and stomach ulcers, oral and periodontal infections, venereal diseases and urinary infections) and viruses (herpes, influenza, rotavirus disease and AIDS). 27845266 9 19 P. guajava Plant 27845266 88 115 diseases caused by protozoa Negative_phenotype 27845266 117 130 leishmaniasis Negative_phenotype 27845266 132 139 malaria Negative_phenotype 27845266 141 151 giardiasis Negative_phenotype 27845266 153 163 amoebiasis Negative_phenotype 27845266 168 182 trichomoniasis Negative_phenotype 27845266 185 190 fungi Negative_phenotype 27845266 192 202 dermatosis Negative_phenotype 27845266 204 239 systemic and mucocutaneous diseases Negative_phenotype 27845266 242 250 bacteria Negative_phenotype 27845266 252 310 respiratory, mucocutaneous and gastrointestinal infections Negative_phenotype 27845266 312 319 cholera Negative_phenotype 27845266 321 330 gastritis Negative_phenotype 27845266 335 349 stomach ulcers Negative_phenotype 27845266 351 382 oral and periodontal infections Negative_phenotype 27845266 384 401 venereal diseases Negative_phenotype 27845266 406 424 urinary infections Negative_phenotype 27845266 430 437 viruses Negative_phenotype 27845266 439 445 herpes Negative_phenotype 27845266 447 456 influenza Negative_phenotype 27845266 458 475 rotavirus disease Negative_phenotype 27845266 480 484 AIDS Negative_phenotype 27845266 Decrease 9 19 P. guajava Plant 88 115 diseases caused by protozoa Negative_phenotype 27845266 Decrease 9 19 P. guajava Plant 117 130 leishmaniasis Negative_phenotype 27845266 Decrease 9 19 P. guajava Plant 132 139 malaria Negative_phenotype 27845266 Decrease 9 19 P. guajava Plant 141 151 giardiasis Negative_phenotype 27845266 Decrease 9 19 P. guajava Plant 153 163 amoebiasis Negative_phenotype 27845266 Decrease 9 19 P. guajava Plant 168 182 trichomoniasis Negative_phenotype 27845266 Decrease 9 19 P. guajava Plant 185 190 fungi Negative_phenotype 27845266 Decrease 9 19 P. guajava Plant 192 202 dermatosis Negative_phenotype 27845266 Decrease 9 19 P. guajava Plant 204 239 systemic and mucocutaneous diseases Negative_phenotype 27845266 Decrease 9 19 P. guajava Plant 242 250 bacteria Negative_phenotype 27845266 Decrease 9 19 P. guajava Plant 252 310 respiratory, mucocutaneous and gastrointestinal infections Negative_phenotype 27845266 Decrease 9 19 P. guajava Plant 312 319 cholera Negative_phenotype 27845266 Decrease 9 19 P. guajava Plant 321 330 gastritis Negative_phenotype 27845266 Decrease 9 19 P. guajava Plant 335 349 stomach ulcers Negative_phenotype 27845266 Decrease 9 19 P. guajava Plant 351 382 oral and periodontal infections Negative_phenotype 27845266 Decrease 9 19 P. guajava Plant 384 401 venereal diseases Negative_phenotype 27845266 Decrease 9 19 P. guajava Plant 406 424 urinary infections Negative_phenotype 27845266 Decrease 9 19 P. guajava Plant 430 437 viruses Negative_phenotype 27845266 Decrease 9 19 P. guajava Plant 439 445 herpes Negative_phenotype 27845266 Decrease 9 19 P. guajava Plant 447 456 influenza Negative_phenotype 27845266 Decrease 9 19 P. guajava Plant 458 475 rotavirus disease Negative_phenotype 27845266 Decrease 9 19 P. guajava Plant 480 484 AIDS Negative_phenotype 27845266_11 The toxicity assays indicates the safet for usage. 27845266 4 12 toxicity Negative_phenotype 27845266_12 CONCLUSIONS: Highlight and elucidate the therapeutic potential and versatility of P. guajava. 27845266 82 92 P. guajava Plant 27845266_13 They also justify using ethnobiology efficiency to guide pharmacological studies. 27845266_14 Some limitations can be observed in this kind of study, as the lack for ethnobiological informations and the absence of some controls in the assays. 27865350_1 The fruit of Acanthopanax senticosus (Rupr. et Maxim.) Harms improves insulin resistance and hepatic lipid accumulation by modulation of liver adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase activity and lipogenic gene expression in high-fat diet-fed obese mice. 27865350 13 60 Acanthopanax senticosus (Rupr. et Maxim.) Harms Plant 27865350 70 88 insulin resistance Negative_phenotype 27865350 93 119 hepatic lipid accumulation Negative_phenotype 27865350 252 257 obese Negative_phenotype 27865350 Decrease 13 60 Acanthopanax senticosus (Rupr. et Maxim.) Harms Plant 70 88 insulin resistance Negative_phenotype 27865350 Decrease 13 60 Acanthopanax senticosus (Rupr. et Maxim.) Harms Plant 93 119 hepatic lipid accumulation Negative_phenotype 27865350_2 UNASSIGNED: Obesity-associated insulin resistance is a major risk factor for most metabolic diseases, including dyslipidemia and type 2 diabetes. 27865350 12 49 Obesity-associated insulin resistance Negative_phenotype 27865350 82 100 metabolic diseases Negative_phenotype 27865350 112 124 dyslipidemia Negative_phenotype 27865350 129 144 type 2 diabetes Negative_phenotype 27865350_3 Acanthopanax senticosus (Rupr. et Maxim.) Harms (Goka) root has been used in traditional Chinese medicine for treatment of diabetes and other conditions; however, little is known about the effects of Goka fruit (GF). 27865350 0 47 Acanthopanax senticosus (Rupr. et Maxim.) Harms Plant 27865350 49 53 Goka Plant 27865350 123 131 diabetes Negative_phenotype 27865350 200 204 Goka Plant 27865350 212 214 GF Plant 27865350 Decrease 0 47 Acanthopanax senticosus (Rupr. et Maxim.) Harms Plant 123 131 diabetes Negative_phenotype 27865350 Decrease 49 53 Goka Plant 123 131 diabetes Negative_phenotype 27865350 Decrease 123 131 diabetes Negative_phenotype 200 204 Goka Plant 27865350 Decrease 123 131 diabetes Negative_phenotype 212 214 GF Plant 27865350_4 Goka fruit is rich in anthocyanin, which has beneficial effects on obesity and insulin resistance via activation of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK). 27865350 0 4 Goka Plant 27865350 67 74 obesity Negative_phenotype 27865350 79 97 insulin resistance Negative_phenotype 27865350 Decrease 0 4 Goka Plant 67 74 obesity Negative_phenotype 27865350 Decrease 0 4 Goka Plant 79 97 insulin resistance Negative_phenotype 27865350_5 We hypothesized that GF can improve obesity-associated insulin resistance. 27865350 21 23 GF Plant 27865350 36 73 obesity-associated insulin resistance Negative_phenotype 27865350_6 The aim of the present study was to investigate whether GF improves insulin resistance in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mice. 27865350 56 58 GF Plant 27865350 68 86 insulin resistance Negative_phenotype 27865350 118 123 obese Negative_phenotype 27865350_7 High-fat diet mice treated with GF (500 and 1000 mg/kg) for 12 weeks showed an improved glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity, as well as reduced plasma insulin and liver lipid accumulation. 27865350 32 34 GF Plant 27865350 88 105 glucose tolerance Positive_phenotype 27865350 110 129 insulin sensitivity Positive_phenotype 27865350 150 164 plasma insulin Neutral_phenotype 27865350 169 193 liver lipid accumulation Negative_phenotype 27865350 Increase 32 34 GF Plant 88 105 glucose tolerance Positive_phenotype 27865350 Increase 32 34 GF Plant 110 129 insulin sensitivity Positive_phenotype 27865350 Decrease 32 34 GF Plant 150 164 plasma insulin Neutral_phenotype 27865350 Decrease 32 34 GF Plant 169 193 liver lipid accumulation Negative_phenotype 27865350_8 Moreover, GF administration to HFD mice resulted in down-regulation of fatty acid synthase expression and up-regulation of cholesterol 7-alpha-hydroxylase expression in the liver. 27865350 10 12 GF Plant 27865350_9 Notably, AMPK phosphorylation in the liver increased after GF administration. 27865350 59 61 GF Plant 27865350_10 In summary, GF supplementation improved obesity-associated insulin resistance and hepatic lipid accumulation through modulation of AMPK activity and lipid metabolism-associated gene expression. 27865350 12 14 GF Plant 27865350 40 77 obesity-associated insulin resistance Negative_phenotype 27865350 82 108 hepatic lipid accumulation Negative_phenotype 27865350 Decrease 12 14 GF Plant 40 77 obesity-associated insulin resistance Negative_phenotype 27865350 Decrease 12 14 GF Plant 82 108 hepatic lipid accumulation Negative_phenotype 27869910_1 The methanol-ethyl acetate partitioned fraction from Chinese olive fruits inhibits cancer cell proliferation and tumor growth by promoting apoptosis through the suppression of the NF-kB signaling pathway. 27869910 53 66 Chinese olive Plant 27869910 83 89 cancer Negative_phenotype 27869910 113 125 tumor growth Negative_phenotype 27869910 Decrease 53 66 Chinese olive Plant 83 89 cancer Negative_phenotype 27869910 Decrease 53 66 Chinese olive Plant 113 125 tumor growth Negative_phenotype 27869910_2 UNASSIGNED: Chinese olives (Canarium album L.) have historically been used for medicinal purposes rather than commercially for oil. 27869910 12 26 Chinese olives Plant 27869910 28 45 Canarium album L. Plant 27869910_3 In this report, we reveal that the methanol-ethyl acetate partitioned fraction from Chinese olive fruits (MEO), of which ellagic acid accounted for 12%, exhibited profound anti-proliferative activities in the human colon cancer cell line, HCT116. 27869910 84 97 Chinese olive Plant 27869910 106 109 MEO Plant 27869910 172 190 anti-proliferative Positive_phenotype 27869910 215 227 colon cancer Negative_phenotype 27869910 239 245 HCT116 Negative_phenotype 27869910 Increase 84 97 Chinese olive Plant 172 190 anti-proliferative Positive_phenotype 27869910 Decrease 84 97 Chinese olive Plant 215 227 colon cancer Negative_phenotype 27869910 Decrease 84 97 Chinese olive Plant 239 245 HCT116 Negative_phenotype 27869910 Increase 106 109 MEO Plant 172 190 anti-proliferative Positive_phenotype 27869910 Decrease 106 109 MEO Plant 215 227 colon cancer Negative_phenotype 27869910 Decrease 106 109 MEO Plant 239 245 HCT116 Negative_phenotype 27869910_4 Additionally, oral administration of MEO remarkably inhibited the tumor growth of subcutaneously implanted CT26 cells, a mouse colon carcinoma cell line, in BALB/c mice. 27869910 37 40 MEO Plant 27869910 66 78 tumor growth Negative_phenotype 27869910 107 111 CT26 Negative_phenotype 27869910 127 142 colon carcinoma Negative_phenotype 27869910 Decrease 37 40 MEO Plant 66 78 tumor growth Negative_phenotype 27869910 Decrease 37 40 MEO Plant 107 111 CT26 Negative_phenotype 27869910 Decrease 37 40 MEO Plant 127 142 colon carcinoma Negative_phenotype 27869910_5 Treatment with MEO induced a significant increase in the percentage of apoptotic cells and resulted in poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) cleavage, suggesting that MEO inhibits cancer cell proliferation by promoting apoptosis. 27869910 15 18 MEO Plant 27869910 164 167 MEO Plant 27869910 177 183 cancer Negative_phenotype 27869910 Decrease 15 18 MEO Plant 177 183 cancer Negative_phenotype 27869910 Decrease 164 167 MEO Plant 177 183 cancer Negative_phenotype 27869910_6 Our study also showed that MEO exerted the most potent effect on the inhibition of NF-kB-mediated signaling among the partitioned fractions from Chinese olives. 27869910 27 30 MEO Plant 27869910 145 159 Chinese olives Plant 27869910_7 This process employed the use of reporter-based bio-platforms that are capable of detecting the activation of NF-kB. 27869910_8 In addition, phosphorylation of NF-kB signaling-associated proteins, IKKa/b, IkBa, and p65, was reduced in MEO-incubated cancer cells, indicating that MEO suppresses NF-kB activation. 27869910 107 110 MEO Plant 27869910 121 127 cancer Negative_phenotype 27869910 151 154 MEO Plant 27869910 Decrease 121 127 cancer Negative_phenotype 151 154 MEO Plant 27869910_9 Moreover, MEO treatment significantly suppressed lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced cancer cell proliferation, demonstrating that MEO promotes cancer cell apoptosis through the inhibition of the NF-kB signaling pathway. 27869910 10 13 MEO Plant 27869910 82 88 cancer Negative_phenotype 27869910 128 131 MEO Plant 27869910 141 147 cancer Negative_phenotype 27869910 Decrease 10 13 MEO Plant 82 88 cancer Negative_phenotype 27869910 Decrease 128 131 MEO Plant 141 147 cancer Negative_phenotype 27869910_10 In summary, our findings demonstrate that the methanol-ethyl acetate partitioned fraction from Chinese olive fruits inhibits cancer cell proliferation and tumor growth by promoting apoptosis through the suppression of NF-kB signaling. 27869910 95 108 Chinese olive Plant 27869910 125 131 cancer Negative_phenotype 27869910 155 167 tumor growth Negative_phenotype 27869910 Decrease 95 108 Chinese olive Plant 125 131 cancer Negative_phenotype 27869910 Decrease 95 108 Chinese olive Plant 155 167 tumor growth Negative_phenotype 27869910_11 Therefore, the Chinese olive fruit has promising potential in cancer treatment. 27869910 15 28 Chinese olive Plant 27869910 62 68 cancer Negative_phenotype 27869910 Decrease 15 28 Chinese olive Plant 62 68 cancer Negative_phenotype