10614837_1 High doses of digitalis increase the myocardial production of proinflammatory cytokines and worsen myocardial injury in viral myocarditis: a possible mechanism of digitalis toxicity. 10614837 99 137 myocardial injury in viral myocarditis Negative_phenotype 10614837 163 181 digitalis toxicity Negative_phenotype 10614837_2 Results of recent studies suggest that proinflammatory cytokines cause myocardial contractile dysfunction, and that the drugs used to treat heart failure modulate the production of cytokines. 10614837 71 105 myocardial contractile dysfunction Negative_phenotype 10614837 140 153 heart failure Negative_phenotype 10614837_3 This study was designed to examine the effects of digoxin in a murine model of heart failure induced by viral myocarditis. 10614837 79 121 heart failure induced by viral myocarditis Negative_phenotype 10614837_4 Four-week-old inbred DBA/2 mice were inoculated intraperitoneally with encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV). 10614837 71 97 encephalomyocarditis virus Negative_phenotype 10614837 99 103 EMCV Negative_phenotype 10614837_5 Digoxin was given orally in doses of 0.1, 1 or 10 mg/kg daily from the day of virus inoculation. 10614837_6 Interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha production in the heart were measured on day 5 after EMCV inoculation by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. 10614837 120 124 EMCV Negative_phenotype 10614837_7 The 14-day mortality tended to be increased in mice treated with 1 mg/kg, and was significantly increased in the group treated with 10 mg/kg per day. 10614837 11 20 mortality Negative_phenotype 10614837_8 Myocardial necrosis and cellular infiltration on day 6 were significantly more severe in the high-dose digoxin group than in the control group. 10614837 0 19 Myocardial necrosis Negative_phenotype 10614837 24 45 cellular infiltration Negative_phenotype 10614837_9 In the animals treated with 1 mg/kg digoxin, IL-1beta was significantly higher than in the control group. 10614837_10 Intracardiac TNF-alpha levels were increased in a dose-dependent manner. 10614837_11 These results suggest that digoxin worsens viral myocarditis, and that its use in high doses should be avoided in patients suffering from heart failure due to viral myocarditis. 10614837 43 60 viral myocarditis Negative_phenotype 10614837 138 151 heart failure Negative_phenotype 10614837 159 176 viral myocarditis Negative_phenotype 11193193_1 A salvianolic acid B-rich fraction of Salvia miltiorrhiza induces neointimal cell apoptosis in rabbit angioplasty model. 11193193 38 57 Salvia miltiorrhiza Plant 11193193 66 76 neointimal Negative_phenotype 11193193_2 Apoptosis has been suggested to participate in stabilizing cell number in restenosis. 11193193 74 84 restenosis Negative_phenotype 11193193_3 Salvia miltiorrhiza (SM) Bunge which is a Chinese herb widely used for the treatment of cardiovascular disorders contains a potent antioxidant, Salvianolic acid B. 11193193 0 30 Salvia miltiorrhiza (SM) Bunge Plant 11193193 88 112 cardiovascular disorders Negative_phenotype 11193193 131 142 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 11193193_4 To determine whether the antioxidant affects vascular apoptosis, the present study examined the frequency of apoptotic cell death in atherosclerotic plaques and in restenotic lesions of cholesterol-fed rabbits. 11193193 25 36 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 11193193 133 156 atherosclerotic plaques Negative_phenotype 11193193 164 182 restenotic lesions Negative_phenotype 11193193_5 New Zealand White rabbits were treated with a normal diet (normal), a 2% cholesterol diet (HC), a 2% cholesterol diet and endothelial denudation (HC-ED), a 2% cholesterol diet with 5% water-soluble extract of SM (4.8 g/Kg B.W./day) and endothelial denudation (HC-ED-SM), or with a 2% cholesterol diet containing probucol (0.6 g/kg B.W./day) and endothelial denudation (HC-ED-probucol). 11193193 122 144 endothelial denudation Negative_phenotype 11193193 146 151 HC-ED Negative_phenotype 11193193 209 211 SM Plant 11193193 236 258 endothelial denudation Negative_phenotype 11193193 260 268 HC-ED-SM Negative_phenotype 11193193 345 367 endothelial denudation Negative_phenotype 11193193 369 383 HC-ED-probucol Negative_phenotype 11193193_6 Apoptosis and associated cell types were examined in serial paraffin sections by in situ terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling and immunohistochemistry. 11193193_7 The expression of p53, an apoptosis-related protein, was also examined. 11193193_8 Apoptosis was mainly detected in the neointima of the three groups with endothelial denudation. 11193193 37 46 neointima Negative_phenotype 11193193 72 94 endothelial denudation Negative_phenotype 11193193_9 The percentage of apoptotic cells in SM-treated group (68.5+/-5.9%) was significantly higher than that of normal (0%), HC (1.9+/-1.2%), HC-ED (46.1+/-5.4%), and probucol-treated (32.8+/-3.9%) groups. 11193193 37 39 SM Plant 11193193 136 141 HC-ED Negative_phenotype 11193193_10 The SM treatment markedly reduced the thickness of the neointima which was mainly composed of smooth muscle cells with few macrophages. 11193193 4 6 SM Plant 11193193 38 64 thickness of the neointima Negative_phenotype 11193193 Decrease 4 6 SM Plant 38 64 thickness of the neointima Negative_phenotype 11193193_11 In accordance with the apoptotic cell counts, positive immunoreactivity for p53 was observed in restenotic lesions from HC-ED, SM-treated and probucol-treated groups but not in the intima of the other two groups. 11193193 96 125 restenotic lesions from HC-ED Negative_phenotype 11193193 127 129 SM Plant 11193193_12 These results suggest that the treatment with salvianolic acid B-rich fraction of SM induces apoptosis in neointima which in turn may help prevent the neointimal thickening. 11193193 82 84 SM Plant 11193193 106 115 neointima Negative_phenotype 11193193 151 172 neointimal thickening Negative_phenotype 11193193 Decrease 82 84 SM Plant 151 172 neointimal thickening Negative_phenotype 11215322_1 Effect of long-term application of Crataegus oxyacantha on ischemia and reperfusion induced arrhythmias in rats. 11215322 35 55 Crataegus oxyacantha Plant 11215322 59 103 ischemia and reperfusion induced arrhythmias Negative_phenotype 11215322_2 The effect of long-term application of Crataegus oxyacantha on ischemia and reperfusion induced arrhythmias was investigated in Wistar rats on the heart in situ and on Langendorff preparations. 11215322 39 59 Crataegus oxyacantha Plant 11215322 63 107 ischemia and reperfusion induced arrhythmias Negative_phenotype 11215322_3 Seventeen rats were fed for 8 weeks with 0.5 g/kg b.w. 11215322_4 Crataegus extract per day, standardised to 2.2% flavonoids. 11215322 0 9 Crataegus Plant 11215322_5 Twenty age-matched untreated rats served as controls. 11215322_6 In the hearts in situ as well as in the Langendorff preparations the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) was ligated for 20 min and subsequently reperfused for 30 min. 11215322_7 ECG was continuously recorded and the time spent between start of ischemia and onset of arrhythmias was measured. 11215322 66 74 ischemia Negative_phenotype 11215322 88 99 arrhythmias Negative_phenotype 11215322_8 In addition, during ischemia and reperfusion the number of ventricular premature beats and bigemini and the duration of salvos and ventricular flutter and fibrillation were determined. 11215322 20 44 ischemia and reperfusion Negative_phenotype 11215322 59 86 ventricular premature beats Negative_phenotype 11215322 91 99 bigemini Negative_phenotype 11215322 120 126 salvos Negative_phenotype 11215322 131 150 ventricular flutter Negative_phenotype 11215322 155 167 fibrillation Negative_phenotype 11215322_9 The ischemic area was evaluated in all experiments and coronary flow was measured in Langendorff preparations. 11215322 4 12 ischemic Negative_phenotype 11215322 55 68 coronary flow Neutral_phenotype 11215322_10 In the present experiments, no cardioprotective effects of Crataegus oxyacantha could be detected, neither in the heart in situ nor in the Langendorff preparations. 11215322 59 79 Crataegus oxyacantha Plant 11215322_11 Although the ischemic areas were identical, arrhythmias occurred even earlier in the Crataegus collectives than in the controls. 11215322 13 21 ischemic Negative_phenotype 11215322 44 55 arrhythmias Negative_phenotype 11215322 85 94 Crataegus Plant 11215322 Increase 44 55 arrhythmias Negative_phenotype 85 94 Crataegus Plant 11215322_12 Also the number and duration of ischemia and reperfusion induced arrhythmias tended to occur longer and more frequently in the Crataegus collectives, whilst coronary flow remained unchanged. 11215322 32 76 ischemia and reperfusion induced arrhythmias Negative_phenotype 11215322 127 136 Crataegus Plant 11215322 157 170 coronary flow Neutral_phenotype 11215322_13 The phenomenon that Crataegus rather aggravates than prevents arrhythmias may be reduced to a Crataegus induced increase in intracellular Ca(2+)-concentration proven true for the positive inotropic effects of Crataegus. 11215322 20 29 Crataegus Plant 11215322 62 73 arrhythmias Negative_phenotype 11215322 94 103 Crataegus Plant 11215322 209 218 Crataegus Plant 11215322 Increase 20 29 Crataegus Plant 62 73 arrhythmias Negative_phenotype 11227675_1 Growth inhibition and apoptosis of gastric cancer cell lines by Anemarrhena asphodeloides Bunge. 11227675 35 49 gastric cancer Negative_phenotype 11227675 64 95 Anemarrhena asphodeloides Bunge Plant 11227675_2 In this study, we aimed to determine the growth inhibition and the induction of apoptotic cell death brought about by the herb Anemarrhena asphodeloides Bunge in gastric cancer cell lines, and to clarify the mechanism of this apoptosis. 11227675 127 158 Anemarrhena asphodeloides Bunge Plant 11227675 162 176 gastric cancer Negative_phenotype 11227675_3 Water-soluble ingredients of A. asphodeloides, and the gastric cancer cell lines, MKN45 and KATO-III, were used in vitro. 11227675 29 45 A. asphodeloides Plant 11227675 55 69 gastric cancer Negative_phenotype 11227675 82 87 MKN45 Negative_phenotype 11227675 92 100 KATO-III Negative_phenotype 11227675_4 Growth inhibition, induction of cell death, morphological features, the presence of DNA ladders, increases in caspase-3-like activity, the effects of a caspase-3 inhibitor on apoptotic cell death, and the release of cytochrome c by A. asphodeloides were analyzed. 11227675 232 248 A. asphodeloides Plant 11227675_5 A. asphodeloides inhibited the growth and decreased the viability of the gastric cancer cell lines. 11227675 0 16 A. asphodeloides Plant 11227675 73 87 gastric cancer Negative_phenotype 11227675 Decrease 0 16 A. asphodeloides Plant 73 87 gastric cancer Negative_phenotype 11227675_6 The viability of normal skin fibroblasts in the presence of low concentrations of A. asphodeloides was higher than that of gastric cancer cells. 11227675 82 98 A. asphodeloides Plant 11227675 123 137 gastric cancer Negative_phenotype 11227675_7 Apoptotic bodies and DNA ladders were observed to be induced in MKN45 and KATO-III by A. asphodeloides. 11227675 64 69 MKN45 Negative_phenotype 11227675 74 82 KATO-III Negative_phenotype 11227675 86 102 A. asphodeloides Plant 11227675 Decrease 64 69 MKN45 Negative_phenotype 86 102 A. asphodeloides Plant 11227675 Decrease 74 82 KATO-III Negative_phenotype 86 102 A. asphodeloides Plant 11227675_8 The caspase 3 inhibitor, Ac-DEVD-CHO, inhibited the apoptotic cell death of gastric cancer cells induced by A. asphodeloides. 11227675 76 90 gastric cancer Negative_phenotype 11227675 108 124 A. asphodeloides Plant 11227675 Decrease 76 90 gastric cancer Negative_phenotype 108 124 A. asphodeloides Plant 11227675_9 The caspase 3-like activity in MKN45 and KATO-III cells increased after the addition of A. asphodeloides. 11227675 31 36 MKN45 Negative_phenotype 11227675 41 49 KATO-III Negative_phenotype 11227675 88 104 A. asphodeloides Plant 11227675 Decrease 31 36 MKN45 Negative_phenotype 88 104 A. asphodeloides Plant 11227675 Decrease 41 49 KATO-III Negative_phenotype 88 104 A. asphodeloides Plant 11227675_10 Cytochrome c was released from mitochondria into the cytosol 8 h after the addition of A. asphodeloides, and reached a peak at 16 h. 11227675 87 103 A. asphodeloides Plant 11227675_11 The peak of cytochrome c release was earlier than that of caspase 3-like activity. 11227675_12 We concluded that A. asphodeloides inhibited the growth of the gastric cancer cell lines MKN45 and KATO-III and induced apoptosis. 11227675 18 34 A. asphodeloides Plant 11227675 63 77 gastric cancer Negative_phenotype 11227675 89 94 MKN45 Negative_phenotype 11227675 99 107 KATO-III Negative_phenotype 11227675 Decrease 18 34 A. asphodeloides Plant 63 77 gastric cancer Negative_phenotype 11227675 Decrease 18 34 A. asphodeloides Plant 89 94 MKN45 Negative_phenotype 11227675 Decrease 18 34 A. asphodeloides Plant 99 107 KATO-III Negative_phenotype 11227675_13 The apoptosis of MKN45 and KATO-III cells induced by A. asphodeloides was associated with the release of cytochrome c from the mitochondria, followed by an increase in caspase 3-like activity. 11227675 17 22 MKN45 Negative_phenotype 11227675 27 35 KATO-III Negative_phenotype 11227675 53 69 A. asphodeloides Plant 11227675 Decrease 17 22 MKN45 Negative_phenotype 53 69 A. asphodeloides Plant 11227675 Decrease 27 35 KATO-III Negative_phenotype 53 69 A. asphodeloides Plant 11602283_1 Hamamelitannin from Hamamelis virginiana inhibits the tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF)-induced endothelial cell death in vitro. 11602283 20 40 Hamamelis virginiana Plant 11602283_2 The tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF) inhibitory activity of hamamelitannin from Hamamelis virginiana was investigated by assessing the TNF-mediated EAhy926 endothelial cell death and adhesiveness to monocytes. 11602283 82 102 Hamamelis virginiana Plant 11602283_3 Treatment of the cells by TNF (25 ng/ml) and actinomycin D (0.1ng/ml) resulted in significant DNA fragmentation (34+/-0.6, n=4) and cytotoxicity (97+/-4.5%, n=6) following treatment for 8 and 24h, respectively. 11602283_4 One to 100 microM concentrations of hamamelitannin inhibited the TNF-mediated endothelial cell death and DNA fragmentation in a dose-dependent manner. 11602283_5 One hundred % protection against TNF-induced DNA fragmentation and cytotoxicity was obtained for hamamelitannin concentrations higher than 10 microM. 11602283 67 79 cytotoxicity Negative_phenotype 11602283_6 The protective effect of hamamelitannin was comparable with that of a related compound epigallocatechin gallate while gallic acid was a weak protective agent (<40% protection). 11602283_7 EAhy926 endothelial cells upregulated (by 4- to 7-fold) the surface expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and adhesiveness to monocytic U937 cells after treatment with TNF (0.5ng/ml) for 6 or 24h. 11602283_8 Concentrations (1-100 microM) of hamamelitannin that inhibited the TNF-mediated cell death and DNA fragmentation, however, failed to inhibit the TNF-induced ICAM-1 expression and EAhy926 cell adhesiveness to U937 cells. 11602283 208 212 U937 Negative_phenotype 11602283_9 Thus, hamamelitannin inhibits the TNF-mediated endothelial cell death without altering the TNF-induced upregulation of endothelial adhesiveness. 11602283_10 The observed anti-TNF activity of hamamelitannin may explain the antihamorrhaegic use of H. virginiana in traditional medicine and its claimed use as a protective agent for UV radiation. 11602283 65 81 antihamorrhaegic Positive_phenotype 11602283 89 102 H. virginiana Plant 11602283 Increase 65 81 antihamorrhaegic Positive_phenotype 89 102 H. virginiana Plant 11984083_1 Absence of tumor growth stimulation in a panel of 16 human tumor cell lines by mistletoe extracts in vitro. 11984083 11 23 tumor growth Negative_phenotype 11984083 59 64 tumor Negative_phenotype 11984083 79 88 mistletoe Plant 11984083_2 Extracts of Viscum album (mistletoe) are widely used as complementary cancer therapies in Europe. 11984083 12 24 Viscum album Plant 11984083 26 35 mistletoe Plant 11984083 70 76 cancer Negative_phenotype 11984083 Decrease 12 24 Viscum album Plant 70 76 cancer Negative_phenotype 11984083 Decrease 26 35 mistletoe Plant 70 76 cancer Negative_phenotype 11984083_3 The mistletoe lectins have been identified as the main active principle of mistletoe extracts. 11984083 4 13 mistletoe Plant 11984083 75 84 mistletoe Plant 11984083_4 They have been shown to exhibit cytotoxic effects as well as immunomodulatory activities. 11984083 61 77 immunomodulatory Positive_phenotype 11984083_5 The latter is exemplified by induction of cytokine secretion and increased activity of natural killer cells. 11984083_6 Recent reports, however, indicated possible tumor growth stimulation by mistletoe extracts. 11984083 44 56 tumor growth Negative_phenotype 11984083 72 81 mistletoe Plant 11984083 Association 44 56 tumor growth Negative_phenotype 72 81 mistletoe Plant 11984083_7 Therefore, the three aqueous mistletoe extracts (Iscador M special, Iscador Qu special and Iscador P) were evaluated for antiproliferative and/or stimulatory effects in a panel of 16 human tumor cell lines in vitro using a cellular proliferation assay. 11984083 29 38 mistletoe Plant 11984083 121 138 antiproliferative Positive_phenotype 11984083 189 194 tumor Negative_phenotype 11984083_8 The results show no evidence of stimulation of tumor growth by any of the three Iscador preparations, comprising central nervous system, gastric, non-small cell lung, mammary, prostate, renal and uterine cancer cell lines, as well as cell lines from hematological malignancies and melanomas. 11984083 47 59 tumor growth Negative_phenotype 11984083 113 210 central nervous system, gastric, non-small cell lung, mammary, prostate, renal and uterine cancer Negative_phenotype 11984083 250 276 hematological malignancies Negative_phenotype 11984083 281 290 melanomas Negative_phenotype 11984083_9 On the contrary, Iscador preparations containing a high lectin concentration (Iscador M special and Iscador Qu special) showed antitumor activity in the mammary cancer cell line MAXF 401NL at the 15 microg/ml dose level with a more than 70% growth inhibition compared to untreated control cells. 11984083 127 136 antitumor Positive_phenotype 11984083 153 167 mammary cancer Negative_phenotype 11984083 178 188 MAXF 401NL Negative_phenotype 11984083_10 In addition, a slight antitumor activity (growth inhibition 30-70%) was found in three tumor cell lines for Iscador M special and in seven tumor cell lines for Iscador Qu special, respectively. 11984083 22 31 antitumor Positive_phenotype 11984083 87 92 tumor Negative_phenotype 11984083 139 144 tumor Negative_phenotype 11984083_11 Iscador P, which contains no mistletoe lectin I, showed no antiproliferative activity. 11984083 59 76 antiproliferative Positive_phenotype 11998565_1 [Cancer prevention with green tea: reality and wishful thinking]. 11998565 1 7 Cancer Negative_phenotype 11998565 30 33 tea Plant 11998565 Decrease 1 7 Cancer Negative_phenotype 30 33 tea Plant 11998565_2 Different processing of the leaves of the tea plant Camellia sinensis yields green or black tea, the subject of numerous investigations on the preventive effects on chronic degenerative diseases. 11998565 52 69 Camellia sinensis Plant 11998565 165 194 chronic degenerative diseases Negative_phenotype 11998565_3 The tea polyphenols, in particular (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) were found to account for most of the protective effects. 11998565_4 Since the concentration of EGCG is 5 times higher in green than in black tea, it is assumed that green tea possesses a greater preventive potential. 11998565 73 76 tea Plant 11998565 103 106 tea Plant 11998565_5 Protection against cancer and cardiovascular diseases are the most important biomedical effects. 11998565 19 25 cancer Negative_phenotype 11998565 30 53 cardiovascular diseases Negative_phenotype 11998565_6 In experimental models the preventive activity of tea is well documented for tumors at many organ sites. 11998565 50 53 tea Plant 11998565 77 83 tumors Negative_phenotype 11998565 Decrease 50 53 tea Plant 77 83 tumors Negative_phenotype 11998565_7 In humans, tea was reported to be protective against tumors of the lung, the gastrointestinal tract and the liver. 11998565 11 14 tea Plant 11998565 53 113 tumors of the lung, the gastrointestinal tract and the liver Negative_phenotype 11998565 Decrease 11 14 tea Plant 53 113 tumors of the lung, the gastrointestinal tract and the liver Negative_phenotype 11998565_8 Tea polyphenols, especially EGCG, were shown to exert cancer-protective activity by the following mechanisms: they inhibit the metabolic activation of carcinogens and induce at the same time detoxifying enzymes. 11998565 54 60 cancer Negative_phenotype 11998565 151 162 carcinogens Negative_phenotype 11998565_9 They inhibit signaling pathways controlling cell proliferation and tumor growth such as protein kinase C and the release of tumor necrose factor-alpha from cells. 11998565 67 79 tumor growth Negative_phenotype 11998565_10 Tea polyphenols reactivate processes which are impaired in tumor cells, such as the programmed cell death and the tumorsuppressor gene p53. 11998565 59 64 tumor Negative_phenotype 11998565_11 Finally, tea polyphenols can also block angiogenesis leading to a starvation of the tumor. 11998565 84 89 tumor Negative_phenotype 11998565_12 By inactivation of proteolytic enzymes they inhibit the development of metastases. 11998565 71 81 metastases Negative_phenotype 11998565_13 This short review summarizes relevant recent findings on the protective effects of green tea constituents. 11998565 89 92 tea Plant 12215374_1 Paeoniae Radix, a Chinese herbal extract, inhibit hepatoma cells growth by inducing apoptosis in a p53 independent pathway. 12215374 0 8 Paeoniae Plant 12215374 50 58 hepatoma Negative_phenotype 12215374 Decrease 0 8 Paeoniae Plant 50 58 hepatoma Negative_phenotype 12215374_2 Paeoniae Radix (PR) is the root of traditional Chinese Herb named Paeonia lactiflora Pallas, which is commonly used to treat liver diseases in China for centuries. 12215374 0 8 Paeoniae Plant 12215374 16 18 PR Plant 12215374 66 91 Paeonia lactiflora Pallas Plant 12215374 125 139 liver diseases Negative_phenotype 12215374 Decrease 0 8 Paeoniae Plant 125 139 liver diseases Negative_phenotype 12215374 Decrease 16 18 PR Plant 125 139 liver diseases Negative_phenotype 12215374 Decrease 66 91 Paeonia lactiflora Pallas Plant 125 139 liver diseases Negative_phenotype 12215374_3 Several earlier studies have indicated that PR has anticancer growth activities, however the mechanism underlying these activities was unclear and remained to be elucidated. 12215374 44 46 PR Plant 12215374 51 61 anticancer Positive_phenotype 12215374 Increase 44 46 PR Plant 51 61 anticancer Positive_phenotype 12215374_4 In this study, we evaluated the molecular mechanism of the effect of PR on human hepatoma cell lines, HepG2 and Hep3B. 12215374 69 71 PR Plant 12215374 81 89 hepatoma Negative_phenotype 12215374 102 107 HepG2 Negative_phenotype 12215374 112 117 Hep3B Negative_phenotype 12215374_5 Our results showed that the water-extract of Paeoniae Radix (PRE) had inhibitory effect on the growth of both HepG2 and Hep3B cell lines. 12215374 45 53 Paeoniae Plant 12215374 61 64 PRE Plant 12215374 110 115 HepG2 Negative_phenotype 12215374 120 125 Hep3B Negative_phenotype 12215374 Decrease 45 53 Paeoniae Plant 110 115 HepG2 Negative_phenotype 12215374 Decrease 45 53 Paeoniae Plant 120 125 Hep3B Negative_phenotype 12215374 Decrease 61 64 PRE Plant 110 115 HepG2 Negative_phenotype 12215374 Decrease 61 64 PRE Plant 120 125 Hep3B Negative_phenotype 12215374_6 The induction of internucleosomal DNA fragmentation and chromatin condensation appearance, and accumulation of sub-G1 phase of cell cycle profile in PRE treated hepatoma cells evidenced that the cytotoxicity of PRE to the hepatoma cells is through activation of the cell death program, apoptosis. 12215374 149 152 PRE Plant 12215374 161 169 hepatoma Negative_phenotype 12215374 211 214 PRE Plant 12215374 222 230 hepatoma Negative_phenotype 12215374 Decrease 211 214 PRE Plant 222 230 hepatoma Negative_phenotype 12215374_7 The activation of apoptosis by PRE is independent of the p53 pathway as Hep3B cell is p53-deficient. 12215374 31 34 PRE Plant 12215374 72 77 Hep3B Negative_phenotype 12215374_8 In addition, the differential gene expression of PRE treated HepG2 was examined by cDNA microarray technology and RT-PCR analysis. 12215374 49 52 PRE Plant 12215374 61 66 HepG2 Negative_phenotype 12215374_9 We found that the gene expression of BNIP3 was up-regulated while ZK1, RAD23B, and HSPD1 were down-regulated during early apoptosis of the hepatoma cell mediated by PRE. 12215374 139 147 hepatoma Negative_phenotype 12215374 165 168 PRE Plant 12215374 Decrease 139 147 hepatoma Negative_phenotype 165 168 PRE Plant 12215374_10 The elucidation of the drug targets of PR on inhibition of tumor cells growth should enable further development of PR for liver cancer therapy. 12215374 39 41 PR Plant 12215374 59 64 tumor Negative_phenotype 12215374 115 117 PR Plant 12215374 122 134 liver cancer Negative_phenotype 12215374 Decrease 39 41 PR Plant 59 64 tumor Negative_phenotype 12215374 Decrease 115 117 PR Plant 122 134 liver cancer Negative_phenotype 12470437_1 Anticancer activity of Scutellaria baicalensis and its potential mechanism. 12470437 0 10 Anticancer Positive_phenotype 12470437 23 46 Scutellaria baicalensis Plant 12470437_2 OBJECTIVE: Scutellaria baicalensis is a widely used Chinese herbal medicine that historically is used in anti-inflammatory and anticancer therapy. 12470437 11 34 Scutellaria baicalensis Plant 12470437 105 122 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 12470437 127 137 anticancer Positive_phenotype 12470437 Increase 11 34 Scutellaria baicalensis Plant 105 122 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 12470437 Increase 11 34 Scutellaria baicalensis Plant 127 137 anticancer Positive_phenotype 12470437_3 The aim of the study is to determine its ability to inhibit human cancer cells in vitro and to determine whether its anticancer activity is because of the inhibition of prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) production that is derived from arachidonic acid through cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) pathway. 12470437 66 72 cancer Negative_phenotype 12470437 117 127 anticancer Positive_phenotype 12470437_4 METHODS: Cell lines from the most common human cancers, including squamous cell carcinoma (SCC-25, KB), breast cancer (MCF-7), hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2), prostate carcinoma (PC-3 and LNCaP), and colon cancer (KM-12 and HCT-15) were tested. 12470437 47 54 cancers Negative_phenotype 12470437 66 89 squamous cell carcinoma Negative_phenotype 12470437 91 97 SCC-25 Negative_phenotype 12470437 99 101 KB Negative_phenotype 12470437 104 117 breast cancer Negative_phenotype 12470437 119 124 MCF-7 Negative_phenotype 12470437 127 151 hepatocellular carcinoma Negative_phenotype 12470437 153 158 HepG2 Negative_phenotype 12470437 161 179 prostate carcinoma Negative_phenotype 12470437 181 185 PC-3 Negative_phenotype 12470437 190 195 LNCaP Negative_phenotype 12470437 202 214 colon cancer Negative_phenotype 12470437 216 221 KM-12 Negative_phenotype 12470437 226 232 HCT-15 Negative_phenotype 12470437_5 The cells were treated with various concentrations of Scutellaria baicalensis (0.1-100 mg/mL) for 72 hours. 12470437 54 77 Scutellaria baicalensis Plant 12470437_6 Percentage of viable cells after treatment was assessed using a trypan blue dye exclusion assay and the level of PGE(2) production was determined by enzyme immunoassay (EIA). 12470437_7 RESULTS: Scutellaria baicalensis demonstrated a strong dose-dependent growth inhibition in all cell lines. 12470437 9 32 Scutellaria baicalensis Plant 12470437_8 Inhibition concentration at 50% (IC(50)) for HepG2, MCF-7, PC-3, LNCaP, KM-12, HCT-15, KB and SCC-25 cells was 1.1, 0.9, 0.52, 0.82, 1.1, 1.5, 1.0, and 1.2 mg/mL, respectively. 12470437 45 50 HepG2 Negative_phenotype 12470437 52 57 MCF-7 Negative_phenotype 12470437 59 63 PC-3 Negative_phenotype 12470437 65 70 LNCaP Negative_phenotype 12470437 72 77 KM-12 Negative_phenotype 12470437 79 85 HCT-15 Negative_phenotype 12470437 87 89 KB Negative_phenotype 12470437 94 100 SCC-25 Negative_phenotype 12470437_9 Three cell lines (KB, SCC-25, and HepG2) were assessed for the production of PGE(2) and a high level of extracellular (KB and SCC-25) and intracellular PGE(2) (HepG2) was noted. 12470437 18 20 KB Negative_phenotype 12470437 22 28 SCC-25 Negative_phenotype 12470437 34 39 HepG2 Negative_phenotype 12470437 119 121 KB Negative_phenotype 12470437 126 132 SCC-25 Negative_phenotype 12470437 160 165 HepG2 Negative_phenotype 12470437_10 In the presence of Scutellaria baicalensis extract, there was a significant decrease of PGE(2) in a dose-dependent fashion. 12470437 19 42 Scutellaria baicalensis Plant 12470437_11 CONCLUSIONS: Scutellaria baicalensis strongly inhibits cell growth in all cancer cell lines tested. 12470437 13 36 Scutellaria baicalensis Plant 12470437 74 80 cancer Negative_phenotype 12470437 Decrease 13 36 Scutellaria baicalensis Plant 74 80 cancer Negative_phenotype 12470437_12 However, prostate and breast cancer cells (PC-3, LNCaP, and MCF-7) are slightly more sensitive than other type of cancer cells. 12470437 9 35 prostate and breast cancer Negative_phenotype 12470437 43 47 PC-3 Negative_phenotype 12470437 49 54 LNCaP Negative_phenotype 12470437 60 65 MCF-7 Negative_phenotype 12470437 114 120 cancer Negative_phenotype 12470437_13 It also inhibits PGE(2) production, indicating that suppression of tumor cell growth may be due to its ability to inhibit COX-2 activity. 12470437 67 72 tumor Negative_phenotype 12470437_14 This study supports the notion of using Scutellaria baicalensis as a novel anticancer agent to treat various cancers. 12470437 40 63 Scutellaria baicalensis Plant 12470437 75 85 anticancer Positive_phenotype 12470437 109 116 cancers Negative_phenotype 12470437 Increase 40 63 Scutellaria baicalensis Plant 75 85 anticancer Positive_phenotype 12470437 Decrease 40 63 Scutellaria baicalensis Plant 109 116 cancers Negative_phenotype 12577361_1 [Experimental study on oncogenicity of Aristolochia manshuriensis in rats]. 12577361 23 35 oncogenicity Negative_phenotype 12577361 39 65 Aristolochia manshuriensis Plant 12577361_2 OBJECTIVE: To observe the oncogenetic process, biological behavior, pathological and immunohistochemical features of tumor induced by Aristolochia manshuriensis (AM) in rats. 12577361 26 37 oncogenetic Negative_phenotype 12577361 117 122 tumor Negative_phenotype 12577361 134 160 Aristolochia manshuriensis Plant 12577361 162 164 AM Plant 12577361_3 METHODS: Acute renal injury model was established with AM docoction in different dosages by gastrogavage to observe the histomorphologic and immunohistochemical features dynamically. 12577361 9 27 Acute renal injury Negative_phenotype 12577361 55 57 AM Plant 12577361_4 RESULTS: (1) At month 0, 1 and 3, the occurrence of renal tumor or tumor-like proliferation was not observed; (2) At month 6, the occurrence of renal tumor-like proliferation in all the three AM dosage groups (50 g/kg, 30 g/kg and 20 g/kg) was 100.0%. 12577361 52 63 renal tumor Negative_phenotype 12577361 67 72 tumor Negative_phenotype 12577361 144 155 renal tumor Negative_phenotype 12577361 192 194 AM Plant 12577361 Increase 144 155 renal tumor Negative_phenotype 192 194 AM Plant 12577361_5 Immunohistochemical examination conducted in 2 rats showed that the short spindle-shaped interstitial cells were expressed positively both by vimentin and proliferative cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), but were shown negative for smooth muscle actin (SMA) and p53; (3) At month 6, the occurrence of renal tumor in the three dosage groups was 42.8%, 25.0% and 0% respectively, including 4 cases of renal mesenchymal tumor and 1 case of nephroblastoma. 12577361 295 306 renal tumor Negative_phenotype 12577361 393 416 renal mesenchymal tumor Negative_phenotype 12577361 431 445 nephroblastoma Negative_phenotype 12577361_6 Immunohistochemical examination conducted in 3 cases of renal mesenchymal tumor showed that the short spindle-shaped tumor cells expressed both by vimentin and PCNA, and SMA and p53 were positive for well-differentiated tumor cells. 12577361 56 79 renal mesenchymal tumor Negative_phenotype 12577361 117 122 tumor Negative_phenotype 12577361 220 225 tumor Negative_phenotype 12577361_7 (4) The occurrence of extrarenal tumor in the three dosage groups was 14.3%, 12.5% and 12.5% respectively, 1 case of mammary duct epithelial tumor, 1 thyroid follicle epithelial tumor and 1 skin appendicular epithelial tumor. 12577361 22 38 extrarenal tumor Negative_phenotype 12577361 117 146 mammary duct epithelial tumor Negative_phenotype 12577361 150 183 thyroid follicle epithelial tumor Negative_phenotype 12577361 190 224 skin appendicular epithelial tumor Negative_phenotype 12577361_8 No tumor occurred in the control group. 12577361_9 CONCLUSION: Large dosage of AM is oncogenic. 12577361 28 30 AM Plant 12577361 34 43 oncogenic Negative_phenotype 12577361 Increase 28 30 AM Plant 34 43 oncogenic Negative_phenotype 12577361_10 The occurrence of renal tumor was relatively high, and the histological type is mainly mesenchymal. 12577361 18 29 renal tumor Negative_phenotype 12577361_11 Vimentin, SMA, PCNA and p53 positive expression was shown for well-differentiated renal mesenchymal tumor. 12577361 82 105 renal mesenchymal tumor Negative_phenotype 12577361_12 The occurrence of extrarenal tumor is rather low. 12577361 18 34 extrarenal tumor Negative_phenotype 12597545_1 Validation of traditional claim of Tulsi, Ocimum sanctum Linn. as a medicinal plant. 12597545 35 40 Tulsi Plant 12597545 42 62 Ocimum sanctum Linn. Plant 12597545_2 In several ancient systems of medicine including Ayurveda, Greek, Roman, Siddha and Unani, Ocimum sanctum has vast number of therapeutic applications such as in cardiopathy, haemopathy, leucoderma, asthma, bronchitis, catarrhal fever, otalgia, hepatopathy, vomiting, lumbago, hiccups, ophthalmia, gastropathy, genitourinary disorders, ringworm, verminosis and skin diseases etc. 12597545 91 105 Ocimum sanctum Plant 12597545 161 172 cardiopathy Negative_phenotype 12597545 174 184 haemopathy Negative_phenotype 12597545 186 196 leucoderma Negative_phenotype 12597545 198 204 asthma Negative_phenotype 12597545 206 216 bronchitis Negative_phenotype 12597545 218 233 catarrhal fever Negative_phenotype 12597545 235 242 otalgia Negative_phenotype 12597545 244 255 hepatopathy Negative_phenotype 12597545 257 265 vomiting Negative_phenotype 12597545 267 274 lumbago Negative_phenotype 12597545 276 283 hiccups Negative_phenotype 12597545 285 295 ophthalmia Negative_phenotype 12597545 297 308 gastropathy Negative_phenotype 12597545 310 333 genitourinary disorders Negative_phenotype 12597545 335 343 ringworm Negative_phenotype 12597545 345 355 verminosis Negative_phenotype 12597545 360 373 skin diseases Negative_phenotype 12597545 Decrease 91 105 Ocimum sanctum Plant 161 172 cardiopathy Negative_phenotype 12597545 Decrease 91 105 Ocimum sanctum Plant 174 184 haemopathy Negative_phenotype 12597545 Decrease 91 105 Ocimum sanctum Plant 186 196 leucoderma Negative_phenotype 12597545 Decrease 91 105 Ocimum sanctum Plant 198 204 asthma Negative_phenotype 12597545 Decrease 91 105 Ocimum sanctum Plant 206 216 bronchitis Negative_phenotype 12597545 Decrease 91 105 Ocimum sanctum Plant 218 233 catarrhal fever Negative_phenotype 12597545 Decrease 91 105 Ocimum sanctum Plant 235 242 otalgia Negative_phenotype 12597545 Decrease 91 105 Ocimum sanctum Plant 244 255 hepatopathy Negative_phenotype 12597545 Decrease 91 105 Ocimum sanctum Plant 257 265 vomiting Negative_phenotype 12597545 Decrease 91 105 Ocimum sanctum Plant 267 274 lumbago Negative_phenotype 12597545 Decrease 91 105 Ocimum sanctum Plant 276 283 hiccups Negative_phenotype 12597545 Decrease 91 105 Ocimum sanctum Plant 285 295 ophthalmia Negative_phenotype 12597545 Decrease 91 105 Ocimum sanctum Plant 297 308 gastropathy Negative_phenotype 12597545 Decrease 91 105 Ocimum sanctum Plant 310 333 genitourinary disorders Negative_phenotype 12597545 Decrease 91 105 Ocimum sanctum Plant 335 343 ringworm Negative_phenotype 12597545 Decrease 91 105 Ocimum sanctum Plant 345 355 verminosis Negative_phenotype 12597545 Decrease 91 105 Ocimum sanctum Plant 360 373 skin diseases Negative_phenotype 12597545_3 The present review incorporates the description of O. sanctum plant, its chemical constituents, and various pharmacological activities. 12597545 51 61 O. sanctum Plant 12890427_1 In vitro anti-inflammatory activity of Phlebodium decumanum. 12890427 9 26 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 12890427 39 59 Phlebodium decumanum Plant 12890427_2 Modulation of tumor necrosis factor and soluble TNF receptors. 12890427_3 The immunomodulatory activity of a standardized water soluble fraction of the fern Phlebodium decumanum (EXPLY-37) previously shown to have "in vivo" anti-inflammatory activity was analyzed "in vitro". 12890427 4 20 immunomodulatory Positive_phenotype 12890427 83 103 Phlebodium decumanum Plant 12890427 105 113 EXPLY-37 Plant 12890427 150 167 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 12890427 Increase 83 103 Phlebodium decumanum Plant 150 167 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 12890427 Increase 105 113 EXPLY-37 Plant 150 167 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 12890427_4 This extract inhibited tumor necrosis factor (TNF) production by macrophages activated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or LPS plus interferon (IFN)-gamma. 12890427_5 In contrast, nitric oxide (NO) and interleukin (IL)-1beta production were not affected in the same cultures, whereas IL-6 production was partially inhibited. 12890427_6 More interestingly, EXPLY-37 increased the release of soluble TNF-receptor 2 (sTNFR2) and of IL-1R antagonist (IL-1Ra) but not of sTNFR1, by activated macrophages. 12890427 20 28 EXPLY-37 Plant 12890427_7 EXPLY-37 had no effect on T lymphocyte activation, measured as proliferation as well as expression of early and late cell surface antigens CD69, CD25 (IL-2R-alpha) and CD71 (transferrin receptor) at the cell membrane. 12890427 0 8 EXPLY-37 Plant 12890427_8 At the molecular level, EXPLY-37 did not inhibit the activation of the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB) transcription factor by TNF. 12890427 24 32 EXPLY-37 Plant 12890427_9 In summary, EXPLY-37 has two anti-inflammatory activities "in vitro": it decreases TNF production and increases IL-1Ra and sTNFR2, which may be able to neutralize IL-1 and TNF activity, respectively. 12890427 12 20 EXPLY-37 Plant 12890427 29 46 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 12890427 Increase 12 20 EXPLY-37 Plant 29 46 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 12926900_1 Hibiscus sabdariffa extract inhibits the development of atherosclerosis in cholesterol-fed rabbits. 12926900 0 19 Hibiscus sabdariffa Plant 12926900 56 71 atherosclerosis Negative_phenotype 12926900 Decrease 0 19 Hibiscus sabdariffa Plant 56 71 atherosclerosis Negative_phenotype 12926900_2 Hibiscus sabdariffa L., a local soft drink material and medicinal herb, is usually used effectively in native medicines against hypertension, pyrexia, and liver disorders. 12926900 0 22 Hibiscus sabdariffa L. Plant 12926900 128 140 hypertension Negative_phenotype 12926900 142 149 pyrexia Negative_phenotype 12926900 155 170 liver disorders Negative_phenotype 12926900 Decrease 0 22 Hibiscus sabdariffa L. Plant 142 149 pyrexia Negative_phenotype 12926900 Decrease 0 22 Hibiscus sabdariffa L. Plant 155 170 liver disorders Negative_phenotype 12926900_3 Here, we report an extract, HSE (H. sabdariffa extract), which is designed to exhibit hypolipidemia and antiatherosclerotic effects in rabbits with experimental atherosclerosis. 12926900 28 31 HSE Plant 12926900 33 46 H. sabdariffa Plant 12926900 86 99 hypolipidemia Negative_phenotype 12926900 104 123 antiatherosclerotic Positive_phenotype 12926900 161 176 atherosclerosis Negative_phenotype 12926900_4 New Zealand White rabbits were fed with a normal diet, high cholesterol (1.3%), lard oil (3%) diet (HCD) with or without 0.5 or 1% HSE for 10 weeks. 12926900 131 134 HSE Plant 12926900_5 The levels of triglyceride, cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) were lower in the serum of rabbits fed HCD plus HSE than in the serum of rabbits fed HCD. 12926900 4 80 levels of triglyceride, cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol Neutral_phenotype 12926900 82 87 LDL-C Neutral_phenotype 12926900 137 140 HSE Plant 12926900_6 Feeding HSE (0.5 and 1% in the diet) to rabbits significantly reduced severe atherosclerosis in the aorta. 12926900 8 11 HSE Plant 12926900 77 92 atherosclerosis Negative_phenotype 12926900 Decrease 8 11 HSE Plant 77 92 atherosclerosis Negative_phenotype 12926900_7 Histopathological examination showed that HSE reduced foam cell formation and inhibited smooth muscle cell migration and calcification in the blood vessel of rabbits. 12926900 42 45 HSE Plant 12926900_8 These results suggest that HSE inhibits serum lipids and shows an antiatherosclerotic activity. 12926900 27 30 HSE Plant 12926900 66 85 antiatherosclerotic Positive_phenotype 12926900 Increase 27 30 HSE Plant 66 85 antiatherosclerotic Positive_phenotype 14606069_1 Therapeutic mechanism of ginkgo biloba exocarp polysaccharides on gastric cancer. 14606069 25 38 ginkgo biloba Plant 14606069 66 80 gastric cancer Negative_phenotype 14606069_2 AIM: To study the therapeutic mechanism of Ginkgo biloba exocarp polysaccharides (GBEP) on gastric cancer. 14606069 43 56 Ginkgo biloba Plant 14606069 82 86 GBEP Plant 14606069 91 105 gastric cancer Negative_phenotype 14606069_3 METHODS: Thirty patients with gastric cancer were treated with oral GBEP capsules. 14606069 30 44 gastric cancer Negative_phenotype 14606069 68 72 GBEP Plant 14606069_4 The area of tumors was measured by electron gastroscope before and after treatment, then the inhibitory and effective rates were calculated. 14606069 12 18 tumors Negative_phenotype 14606069_5 The ultrastructures of tumor cells were examined by transmissional electron microscope. 14606069 23 28 tumor Negative_phenotype 14606069_6 Cell culture, MTT, flow cytometry were performed to observe proliferation, apoptosis and changes of relevant gene expression of human gastric cancer SGC-7901 cells. 14606069 134 148 gastric cancer Negative_phenotype 14606069 149 157 SGC-7901 Negative_phenotype 14606069_7 RESULTS: Compared with the statement before treatment, GBEP capsules could reduce the area of tumors, and the effective rate was 73.4%. 14606069 55 59 GBEP Plant 14606069 94 100 tumors Negative_phenotype 14606069 Decrease 55 59 GBEP Plant 94 100 tumors Negative_phenotype 14606069_8 Ultrastructural changes of the cells indicated that GBEP could induce apoptosis and differentiation in tumor cells of patients with gastric cancer. 14606069 52 56 GBEP Plant 14606069 103 108 tumor Negative_phenotype 14606069 132 146 gastric cancer Negative_phenotype 14606069 Decrease 52 56 GBEP Plant 103 108 tumor Negative_phenotype 14606069 Decrease 52 56 GBEP Plant 132 146 gastric cancer Negative_phenotype 14606069_9 GBEP could inhibit the growth of human gastric cancer SGC-7901 cells following 24-72 h treatment in vitro at 10-320 mg/L, which was dose- and time-dependent. 14606069 0 4 GBEP Plant 14606069 39 53 gastric cancer Negative_phenotype 14606069 54 62 SGC-7901 Negative_phenotype 14606069 Decrease 0 4 GBEP Plant 39 53 gastric cancer Negative_phenotype 14606069 Decrease 0 4 GBEP Plant 54 62 SGC-7901 Negative_phenotype 14606069_10 GBEP was able to elevate the apoptosis rate and expression of c-fos gene, but reduce the expression of c-myc and bcl-2 genes also in a dose-dependent manner. 14606069 0 4 GBEP Plant 14606069_11 CONCLUSION: The therapeutic mechanism of GBEP on human gastric cancer may relate to its effects on the expression of c-myc, bcl-2 and c-fos genes, which can inhibit proliferation and induce apoptosis and differentiation of tumor cells. 14606069 41 45 GBEP Plant 14606069 55 69 gastric cancer Negative_phenotype 14606069 223 228 tumor Negative_phenotype 14606069 Decrease 41 45 GBEP Plant 55 69 gastric cancer Negative_phenotype 14606069 Decrease 41 45 GBEP Plant 223 228 tumor Negative_phenotype 14992538_1 Extracts from the roots of Lindera strychifolia induces apoptosis in lung cancer cells and prolongs survival of tumor-bearing mice. 14992538 27 47 Lindera strychifolia Plant 14992538 69 80 lung cancer Negative_phenotype 14992538 100 117 survival of tumor Positive_phenotype 14992538 Decrease 27 47 Lindera strychifolia Plant 69 80 lung cancer Negative_phenotype 14992538 Increase 27 47 Lindera strychifolia Plant 100 117 survival of tumor Positive_phenotype 14992538_2 Lindera strychifolia, a scandent shrub Lauraceous medicinal plant, has been used in Chinese traditional medicine as a palliative and an anti-spasmodic. 14992538 0 20 Lindera strychifolia Plant 14992538 118 128 palliative Positive_phenotype 14992538 136 150 anti-spasmodic Positive_phenotype 14992538 Increase 0 20 Lindera strychifolia Plant 118 128 palliative Positive_phenotype 14992538 Increase 0 20 Lindera strychifolia Plant 136 150 anti-spasmodic Positive_phenotype 14992538_3 It also shows cytotoxic effects against several tumor cell lines and inhibits marcromolecule biosynthesis. 14992538 48 53 tumor Negative_phenotype 14992538_4 This study investigated the anti-tumor effects of L. strychifolia extract against lung cancer cells using in vitro and in vivo models. 14992538 28 38 anti-tumor Positive_phenotype 14992538 50 65 L. strychifolia Plant 14992538 82 93 lung cancer Negative_phenotype 14992538_5 Two human lung cancer cell lines A549 (adenocarcinoma) and SBC-3 (small cell carcinoma), and a non-tumor cell line 3T3-L1 (mice fibroblasts) were subjected to L. strychifolia extract treatment. 14992538 10 21 lung cancer Negative_phenotype 14992538 33 37 A549 Negative_phenotype 14992538 39 53 adenocarcinoma Negative_phenotype 14992538 59 64 SBC-3 Negative_phenotype 14992538 66 86 small cell carcinoma Negative_phenotype 14992538 159 174 L. strychifolia Plant 14992538_6 On lung cancer cells, L. strychifolia induced cell growth inhibition in a dose-dependent manner. 14992538 3 14 lung cancer Negative_phenotype 14992538 22 37 L. strychifolia Plant 14992538 Decrease 3 14 lung cancer Negative_phenotype 22 37 L. strychifolia Plant 14992538_7 Conversely, the extract did not show any significant cytotoxic effect on 3T3-L1 cells. 14992538_8 Therefore, the extract is specific for tumor cells. 14992538 39 44 tumor Negative_phenotype 14992538_9 Tumor cells treated with L. strychifolia extract showed typical morphological appearance of apoptosis including nuclei fragmentation and cell condensation. 14992538 0 5 Tumor Negative_phenotype 14992538 25 40 L. strychifolia Plant 14992538 Decrease 0 5 Tumor Negative_phenotype 25 40 L. strychifolia Plant 14992538_10 The in vivo effects of L. strychifolia extract were investigated in C57BL/6 mice transplanted with Lewis lung cancer (LL-2) cells, and in BALB/c nude mice transplanted with A549 or SBC-3 human lung cancer cells. 14992538 23 38 L. strychifolia Plant 14992538 99 116 Lewis lung cancer Negative_phenotype 14992538 118 122 LL-2 Negative_phenotype 14992538 173 177 A549 Negative_phenotype 14992538 181 186 SBC-3 Negative_phenotype 14992538 193 204 lung cancer Negative_phenotype 14992538_11 Oral administration of L. strychifolia extract prolonged survival time and inhibited tumor growth in a dose-dependent manner by inducing apoptosis in the LL-2 cell mice model. 14992538 23 38 L. strychifolia Plant 14992538 57 65 survival Positive_phenotype 14992538 85 97 tumor growth Negative_phenotype 14992538 154 158 LL-2 Negative_phenotype 14992538 Increase 23 38 L. strychifolia Plant 57 65 survival Positive_phenotype 14992538 Decrease 23 38 L. strychifolia Plant 85 97 tumor growth Negative_phenotype 14992538 Decrease 23 38 L. strychifolia Plant 154 158 LL-2 Negative_phenotype 14992538_12 Furthermore, in A549 or SBC-3 cell nude mice models, oral administration of L. strychifolia extract also significantly inhibited tumor growth at the 5.0 mg/ml concentration. 14992538 16 20 A549 Negative_phenotype 14992538 24 29 SBC-3 Negative_phenotype 14992538 76 91 L. strychifolia Plant 14992538 129 141 tumor growth Negative_phenotype 14992538 Decrease 16 20 A549 Negative_phenotype 76 91 L. strychifolia Plant 14992538 Decrease 24 29 SBC-3 Negative_phenotype 76 91 L. strychifolia Plant 14992538 Decrease 76 91 L. strychifolia Plant 129 141 tumor growth Negative_phenotype 14992538_13 These findings suggested that the components of L. strychifolia have anticancer activity and may contribute to clinical applications in the prevention and treatment of lung cancer. 14992538 48 63 L. strychifolia Plant 14992538 69 79 anticancer Positive_phenotype 14992538 168 179 lung cancer Negative_phenotype 14992538 Increase 48 63 L. strychifolia Plant 69 79 anticancer Positive_phenotype 14992538 Decrease 48 63 L. strychifolia Plant 168 179 lung cancer Negative_phenotype 15037213_1 Neem (Azadirachta indica) leaf mediated immune activation causes prophylactic growth inhibition of murine Ehrlich carcinoma and B16 melanoma. 15037213 0 4 Neem Plant 15037213 6 24 Azadirachta indica Plant 15037213 40 57 immune activation Positive_phenotype 15037213 106 123 Ehrlich carcinoma Negative_phenotype 15037213 128 131 B16 Negative_phenotype 15037213 132 140 melanoma Negative_phenotype 15037213 Increase 0 4 Neem Plant 40 57 immune activation Positive_phenotype 15037213 Decrease 0 4 Neem Plant 106 123 Ehrlich carcinoma Negative_phenotype 15037213 Decrease 0 4 Neem Plant 128 131 B16 Negative_phenotype 15037213 Decrease 0 4 Neem Plant 132 140 melanoma Negative_phenotype 15037213 Increase 6 24 Azadirachta indica Plant 40 57 immune activation Positive_phenotype 15037213 Decrease 6 24 Azadirachta indica Plant 106 123 Ehrlich carcinoma Negative_phenotype 15037213 Decrease 6 24 Azadirachta indica Plant 128 131 B16 Negative_phenotype 15037213 Decrease 6 24 Azadirachta indica Plant 132 140 melanoma Negative_phenotype 15037213_2 Conditional growth inhibition of murine Ehrlich carcinoma (EC) and B16 melanoma (B16Mel) was observed, following treatment of mice (Swiss and C57BL/6) with aqueous extract of neem (Azadirachta indica) (1 unit/mice/week for 4 weeks) either before or after inoculation of 1 x 10(6) tumor cells. 15037213 40 57 Ehrlich carcinoma Negative_phenotype 15037213 59 61 EC Negative_phenotype 15037213 67 70 B16 Negative_phenotype 15037213 71 79 melanoma Negative_phenotype 15037213 81 87 B16Mel Negative_phenotype 15037213 175 179 neem Plant 15037213 181 199 Azadirachta indica Plant 15037213 280 285 tumor Negative_phenotype 15037213 Decrease 40 57 Ehrlich carcinoma Negative_phenotype 175 179 neem Plant 15037213 Decrease 40 57 Ehrlich carcinoma Negative_phenotype 181 199 Azadirachta indica Plant 15037213 Decrease 59 61 EC Negative_phenotype 175 179 neem Plant 15037213 Decrease 59 61 EC Negative_phenotype 181 199 Azadirachta indica Plant 15037213 Decrease 67 70 B16 Negative_phenotype 175 179 neem Plant 15037213 Decrease 67 70 B16 Negative_phenotype 181 199 Azadirachta indica Plant 15037213 Decrease 71 79 melanoma Negative_phenotype 175 179 neem Plant 15037213 Decrease 71 79 melanoma Negative_phenotype 181 199 Azadirachta indica Plant 15037213 Decrease 81 87 B16Mel Negative_phenotype 175 179 neem Plant 15037213 Decrease 81 87 B16Mel Negative_phenotype 181 199 Azadirachta indica Plant 15037213 Decrease 175 179 neem Plant 280 285 tumor Negative_phenotype 15037213 Decrease 181 199 Azadirachta indica Plant 280 285 tumor Negative_phenotype 15037213_3 Tumor inoculation after weekly injections for 4 weeks with neem leaf preparation (NLP) induced significant reduction of tumor growth (both EC and B16Mel) and increased survivability of mice. 15037213 0 5 Tumor Negative_phenotype 15037213 59 63 neem Plant 15037213 82 85 NLP Plant 15037213 120 132 tumor growth Negative_phenotype 15037213 139 141 EC Negative_phenotype 15037213 146 152 B16Mel Negative_phenotype 15037213 168 181 survivability Positive_phenotype 15037213 Decrease 59 63 neem Plant 120 132 tumor growth Negative_phenotype 15037213 Decrease 59 63 neem Plant 139 141 EC Negative_phenotype 15037213 Decrease 59 63 neem Plant 146 152 B16Mel Negative_phenotype 15037213 Increase 59 63 neem Plant 168 181 survivability Positive_phenotype 15037213 Decrease 82 85 NLP Plant 120 132 tumor growth Negative_phenotype 15037213 Decrease 82 85 NLP Plant 139 141 EC Negative_phenotype 15037213 Decrease 82 85 NLP Plant 146 152 B16Mel Negative_phenotype 15037213 Increase 82 85 NLP Plant 168 181 survivability Positive_phenotype 15037213_4 On the other hand, NLP treatment after tumor inoculation demonstrated no tumor growth inhibition in the NLP treated group in comparison to the PBS treated control. 15037213 19 22 NLP Plant 15037213 39 44 tumor Negative_phenotype 15037213 73 85 tumor growth Negative_phenotype 15037213 104 107 NLP Plant 15037213_5 No direct cytotoxic effect of NLP towards EC and B16Mel tumor cells was observed in vitro. 15037213 30 33 NLP Plant 15037213 42 44 EC Negative_phenotype 15037213 49 55 B16Mel Negative_phenotype 15037213 56 61 tumor Negative_phenotype 15037213_6 The spleen cells of NLP treated mice when mixed with inoculum of B16Mel tumor cells and injected into a group of mice, tumor growth was found to be significantly reduced and survivability of the tumor hosts increased remarkably in comparison to mice inoculated with tumor along with normal spleen cells. 15037213 20 23 NLP Plant 15037213 65 71 B16Mel Negative_phenotype 15037213 72 77 tumor Negative_phenotype 15037213 119 131 tumor growth Negative_phenotype 15037213 174 187 survivability Positive_phenotype 15037213 195 200 tumor Negative_phenotype 15037213 266 271 tumor Negative_phenotype 15037213 Decrease 20 23 NLP Plant 119 131 tumor growth Negative_phenotype 15037213 Increase 20 23 NLP Plant 174 187 survivability Positive_phenotype 15037213 Decrease 20 23 NLP Plant 195 200 tumor Negative_phenotype 15037213_7 Concanavalin A (ConA) induced proliferation of lymphocytes from NLP treated mice was significantly higher than the lymphocytes of untreated mice. 15037213 64 67 NLP Plant 15037213_8 In in vitro, NLP by itself had no proliferative effects on lymphocytes but it co-stimulated ConA induced mitogenesis. 15037213 13 16 NLP Plant 15037213_9 NLP induced lymphocytosis as evidenced by increased lymphocyte count in blood as well as spleen. 15037213 0 3 NLP Plant 15037213_10 Flow cytometric evidence suggested that increase in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells accounted for lymphocytosis. 15037213_11 The conditional tumor growth retardation, observed in mice treated with NLP before tumor inoculation, may be regulated by NLP mediated immune activation, having prominent role in the cellular immune function of the tumor host. 15037213 16 28 tumor growth Negative_phenotype 15037213 72 75 NLP Plant 15037213 83 88 tumor Negative_phenotype 15037213 122 125 NLP Plant 15037213 135 152 immune activation Positive_phenotype 15037213 192 207 immune function Positive_phenotype 15037213 215 220 tumor Negative_phenotype 15037213 Decrease 16 28 tumor growth Negative_phenotype 72 75 NLP Plant 15037213 Increase 122 125 NLP Plant 135 152 immune activation Positive_phenotype 15037213 Increase 122 125 NLP Plant 192 207 immune function Positive_phenotype 15037213 Decrease 122 125 NLP Plant 215 220 tumor Negative_phenotype 15222974_1 An Anacardiaceae preparation reduces the expression of inflammation-related genes in murine macrophages. 15222974 55 67 inflammation Negative_phenotype 15222974_2 This study investigated the effects of an aqueous extract of the stem bark of Mangifera indica L. (Anacardiaceae; Vimang), which contains a defined mixture of components including polyphenols (principally mangiferin, MA), triterpenes, phytosteroids, fatty acids and microelements, on expression of inflammation mediators in inflammatory murine macrophages after stimulation in vitro with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma). 15222974 78 97 Mangifera indica L. Plant 15222974 114 120 Vimang Plant 15222974_3 In vitro treatment with Vimang at 4 microg/ml reduced levels of NOS-2 mRNA and NOS-2, while treatment at 40 microg/ml also reduced levels of COX-2 mRNA, COX-2, and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). 15222974 24 30 Vimang Plant 15222974_4 Results suggested that MA is involved in these effects. 15222974_5 In vitro treatment with Vimang at 40 microg/ml also inhibited mRNA levels of the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin 1beta (IL-1beta), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), but did not affect mRNA levels of IL-6 or tumor growth factor-beta (TGF-beta). 15222974 24 30 Vimang Plant 15222974_6 Extracellular release of TNF-alpha by inflammatory macrophages was inhibited by in vitro treatment with Vimang at the same concentrations that showed inhibition of TNF-alpha mRNA levels. 15222974 104 110 Vimang Plant 15222974_7 The inhibition of TNF-alpha production appears to be at least partially attributable to MA. 15222974_8 Vimang at 4 microg/ml decreased mRNA levels of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) but did not affect expression of the NF-kappaB inhibitor (IkappaB). 15222974 0 6 Vimang Plant 15222974_9 These data indicate that the potent anti-inflammatory effects of Vimang are due to selective modulation of the expression of inflammation-related genes, leading to attenuation of macrophage activation. 15222974 36 53 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 15222974 65 71 Vimang Plant 15222974 125 137 inflammation Negative_phenotype 15222974 Increase 36 53 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 65 71 Vimang Plant 15222974 Decrease 65 71 Vimang Plant 125 137 inflammation Negative_phenotype 15488639_1 Physalis peruviana extract induces apoptosis in human Hep G2 cells through CD95/CD95L system and the mitochondrial signaling transduction pathway. 15488639 0 18 Physalis peruviana Plant 15488639 54 60 Hep G2 Negative_phenotype 15488639 Decrease 0 18 Physalis peruviana Plant 54 60 Hep G2 Negative_phenotype 15488639_2 Physalis species is a popular folk medicine used for treating cancer, leukemia, hepatitis and other diseases. 15488639 0 8 Physalis Plant 15488639 62 68 cancer Negative_phenotype 15488639 70 78 leukemia Negative_phenotype 15488639 80 89 hepatitis Negative_phenotype 15488639 Decrease 0 8 Physalis Plant 62 68 cancer Negative_phenotype 15488639 Decrease 0 8 Physalis Plant 70 78 leukemia Negative_phenotype 15488639 Decrease 0 8 Physalis Plant 80 89 hepatitis Negative_phenotype 15488639_3 Studies have shown that the ethanol extract of Physalis peruviana (EEPP) inhibits growth and induces apoptotic death of human Hep G2 cells in culture, whereas proliferation of the mouse BALB/C normal liver cells was not affected. 15488639 47 65 Physalis peruviana Plant 15488639 67 71 EEPP Plant 15488639 126 132 Hep G2 Negative_phenotype 15488639 Decrease 47 65 Physalis peruviana Plant 126 132 Hep G2 Negative_phenotype 15488639 Decrease 67 71 EEPP Plant 126 132 Hep G2 Negative_phenotype 15488639_4 In this study, we performed detailed studies to define the molecular mechanism of EEPP-induced apoptosis in Hep G2 cells. 15488639 82 86 EEPP Plant 15488639 108 114 Hep G2 Negative_phenotype 15488639_5 The results further confirmed that EEPP inhibited cell proliferation in a dose- and time-dependent manner. 15488639 35 39 EEPP Plant 15488639_6 At 50 microg/ml, EEPP significantly increased the accumulation of the sub-G1 peak (hypoploid) and the portion of apoptotic annexin V positive cells. 15488639 17 21 EEPP Plant 15488639 83 92 hypoploid Negative_phenotype 15488639 Increase 17 21 EEPP Plant 83 92 hypoploid Negative_phenotype 15488639_7 EEPP was found to trigger apoptosis through the release of cytochrome c, Smac/DIABLO and Omi/HtrA2 from mitochondria to cytosol and consequently resulted in caspase-3 activation. 15488639 0 4 EEPP Plant 15488639_8 Pre-treatment with a general caspase inhibitor (z-VAD-fmk) prevented cytochrome c release. 15488639_9 After 48 h of EEPP treatment, the apoptosis of Hep G2 cells was found to associate with an elevated p53, and CD95 and CD95L proteins expression. 15488639 14 18 EEPP Plant 15488639 47 53 Hep G2 Negative_phenotype 15488639 Decrease 14 18 EEPP Plant 47 53 Hep G2 Negative_phenotype 15488639_10 Furthermore, a marked down-regulation of the expression of the Bcl-2, Bcl-XL and XIAP, and up-regulation of the Bax and Bad proteins were noted. 15488639_11 Taken together, the present results suggest that EEPP-induced Hep G2 cell apoptosis was possibly mediated through the CD95/CD95L system and the mitochondrial signaling transduction pathway. 15488639 49 53 EEPP Plant 15488639 62 68 Hep G2 Negative_phenotype 15488639 Decrease 49 53 EEPP Plant 62 68 Hep G2 Negative_phenotype 15618130_1 Anti-allergic effects of Artemisia iwayomogi on mast cell-mediated allergy model. 15618130 0 13 Anti-allergic Positive_phenotype 15618130 25 44 Artemisia iwayomogi Plant 15618130 67 74 allergy Negative_phenotype 15618130_2 The discovery of drugs for the treatment of allergic disease is an important subject in human health. 15618130 44 60 allergic disease Negative_phenotype 15618130_3 The Artemisia iwayomogi (Compositae) (AIE) has been used as a traditional medicine in Korea and is known to have an anti-inflammatory effect. 15618130 4 23 Artemisia iwayomogi Plant 15618130 25 35 Compositae Plant 15618130 38 41 AIE Plant 15618130 116 133 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 15618130 Increase 4 23 Artemisia iwayomogi Plant 116 133 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 15618130 Increase 25 35 Compositae Plant 116 133 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 15618130 Increase 38 41 AIE Plant 116 133 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 15618130_4 However, its specific mechanism of action is still unknown. 15618130_5 In this report, we investigated the effect of AIE on the mast cell-mediated allergy model and studied the possible mechanism of action. 15618130 46 49 AIE Plant 15618130 76 83 allergy Negative_phenotype 15618130_6 AIE inhibited compound 48/80-induced systemic reactions and plasma histamine release in mice. 15618130 0 3 AIE Plant 15618130_7 AIE decreased immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated local allergic reaction, passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) reaction. 15618130 0 3 AIE Plant 15618130 52 60 allergic Negative_phenotype 15618130 71 100 passive cutaneous anaphylaxis Negative_phenotype 15618130 102 105 PCA Negative_phenotype 15618130 Decrease 0 3 AIE Plant 52 60 allergic Negative_phenotype 15618130 Decrease 0 3 AIE Plant 71 100 passive cutaneous anaphylaxis Negative_phenotype 15618130 Decrease 0 3 AIE Plant 102 105 PCA Negative_phenotype 15618130_8 AIE dose dependently attenuated histamine release from rat peritoneal mast cells activated by compound 48/80 or IgE. 15618130 0 3 AIE Plant 15618130_9 AIE decreased the compound 48/80-induced intracellular Ca(2+). 15618130 0 3 AIE Plant 15618130_10 Furthermore, AIE decreased the phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) plus calcium ionophore A23187-stimulated tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6 gene expression and production in human mast cells. 15618130 13 16 AIE Plant 15618130_11 The inhibitory effect of AIE on the proinflammatory cytokine was p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) dependent. 15618130 25 28 AIE Plant 15618130_12 AIE attenuated PMA plus A23187-induced degradation of IkappaBalpha and nuclear translocation of NF-kappaB and specifically blocked activation of p38 MAPK but not that of c-jun N-terminal kinase and extracellular signal-regulated kinase. 15618130 0 3 AIE Plant 15618130_13 Our findings provide evidence that AIE inhibits mast cell-derived immediate-type allergic reactions and involvement of intracellular Ca(2+), proinflammatory cytokines, p38 MAPK, and NF-kappaB in these effects. 15618130 35 38 AIE Plant 15618130 66 89 immediate-type allergic Negative_phenotype 15618130 Decrease 35 38 AIE Plant 66 89 immediate-type allergic Negative_phenotype 15880139_1 Pomegranate flower improves cardiac lipid metabolism in a diabetic rat model: role of lowering circulating lipids. 15880139 0 11 Pomegranate Plant 15880139 28 52 cardiac lipid metabolism Negative_phenotype 15880139 58 66 diabetic Negative_phenotype 15880139 Decrease 0 11 Pomegranate Plant 28 52 cardiac lipid metabolism Negative_phenotype 15880139 Decrease 0 11 Pomegranate Plant 58 66 diabetic Negative_phenotype 15880139_2 Excess triglyceride (TG) accumulation and increased fatty acid (FA) oxidation in the diabetic heart contribute to cardiac dysfunction. 15880139 85 99 diabetic heart Negative_phenotype 15880139 114 133 cardiac dysfunction Negative_phenotype 15880139_3 Punica granatum flower (PGF) is a traditional antidiabetic medicine. 15880139 0 22 Punica granatum flower Plant 15880139 24 27 PGF Plant 15880139 46 58 antidiabetic Positive_phenotype 15880139 Increase 0 22 Punica granatum flower Plant 46 58 antidiabetic Positive_phenotype 15880139 Increase 24 27 PGF Plant 46 58 antidiabetic Positive_phenotype 15880139_4 Here, we investigated the effects and mechanisms of action of PGF extract on abnormal cardiac lipid metabolism both in vivo and in vitro. 15880139 62 65 PGF Plant 15880139 77 110 abnormal cardiac lipid metabolism Negative_phenotype 15880139_5 Long-term oral administration of PGF extract (500 mg kg(-1)) reduced cardiac TG content, accompanied by a decrease in plasma levels of TG and total cholesterol in Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats, indicating improvement by PGF extract of abnormal cardiac TG accumulation and hyperlipidemia in this diabetic model. 15880139 33 36 PGF Plant 15880139 142 159 total cholesterol Neutral_phenotype 15880139 170 178 diabetic Negative_phenotype 15880139 186 189 ZDF Negative_phenotype 15880139 223 226 PGF Plant 15880139 275 306 hyperlipidemia in this diabetic Negative_phenotype 15880139 Decrease 33 36 PGF Plant 142 159 total cholesterol Neutral_phenotype 15880139 Decrease 33 36 PGF Plant 170 178 diabetic Negative_phenotype 15880139 Decrease 33 36 PGF Plant 186 189 ZDF Negative_phenotype 15880139 Decrease 223 226 PGF Plant 275 306 hyperlipidemia in this diabetic Negative_phenotype 15880139_6 Treatment of ZDF rats with PGF extract lowered plasma FA levels. 15880139 13 16 ZDF Negative_phenotype 15880139 27 30 PGF Plant 15880139 47 63 plasma FA levels Neutral_phenotype 15880139 Decrease 13 16 ZDF Negative_phenotype 27 30 PGF Plant 15880139 Decrease 27 30 PGF Plant 47 63 plasma FA levels Neutral_phenotype 15880139_7 Furthermore, the treatment suppressed cardiac overexpression of mRNAs encoding for FA transport protein, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-alpha, carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1, acyl-CoA oxidase and 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase alpha2, and restored downregulated cardiac acetyl-CoA carboxylase mRNA expression in ZDF rats, whereas it showed little effect in Zucker lean rats. 15880139 334 337 ZDF Negative_phenotype 15880139_8 The results suggest that PGF extract inhibits increased cardiac FA uptake and oxidation in the diabetic condition. 15880139 25 28 PGF Plant 15880139 95 103 diabetic Negative_phenotype 15880139 Decrease 25 28 PGF Plant 95 103 diabetic Negative_phenotype 15880139_9 PGF extract and its component oleanolic acid enhanced PPAR-alpha luciferase reporter gene activity in human embryonic kidney 293 cells, and this effect was completely suppressed by a selective PPAR-alpha antagonist MK-886, consistent with the presence of PPAR-alpha activator activity in the extract and this component. 15880139 0 3 PGF Plant 15880139_10 Our findings suggest that PGF extract improves abnormal cardiac lipid metabolism in ZDF rats by activating PPAR-alpha and thereby lowering circulating lipid and inhibiting its cardiac uptake. 15880139 26 29 PGF Plant 15880139 47 87 abnormal cardiac lipid metabolism in ZDF Negative_phenotype 15880139 Decrease 26 29 PGF Plant 47 87 abnormal cardiac lipid metabolism in ZDF Negative_phenotype 15975614_1 Salacia oblonga root improves postprandial hyperlipidemia and hepatic steatosis in Zucker diabetic fatty rats: activation of PPAR-alpha. 15975614 0 15 Salacia oblonga Plant 15975614 30 98 postprandial hyperlipidemia and hepatic steatosis in Zucker diabetic Negative_phenotype 15975614 Decrease 0 15 Salacia oblonga Plant 30 98 postprandial hyperlipidemia and hepatic steatosis in Zucker diabetic Negative_phenotype 15975614_2 Salacia oblonga (SO) root is an Ayurvedic medicine with anti-diabetic and anti-obese properties. 15975614 0 15 Salacia oblonga Plant 15975614 17 19 SO Plant 15975614 56 69 anti-diabetic Positive_phenotype 15975614 74 84 anti-obese Positive_phenotype 15975614 Increase 0 15 Salacia oblonga Plant 56 69 anti-diabetic Positive_phenotype 15975614 Increase 0 15 Salacia oblonga Plant 56 69 anti-diabetic Positive_phenotype 15975614 Increase 17 19 SO Plant 56 69 anti-diabetic Positive_phenotype 15975614 Increase 17 19 SO Plant 74 84 anti-obese Positive_phenotype 15975614_3 Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-alpha, a nuclear receptor, plays an important role in maintaining the homeostasis of lipid metabolism. 15975614_4 Here, we demonstrate that chronic oral administration of the water extract from the root of SO to Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats, a genetic model of type 2 diabetes and obesity, lowered plasma triglyceride and total cholesterol (TC) levels, increased plasma high-density lipoprotein levels and reduced the liver contents of triglyceride, non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) and the ratio of fatty droplets to total tissue. 15975614 92 94 SO Plant 15975614 105 113 diabetic Negative_phenotype 15975614 121 124 ZDF Negative_phenotype 15975614 151 166 type 2 diabetes Negative_phenotype 15975614 171 178 obesity Negative_phenotype 15975614 188 207 plasma triglyceride Neutral_phenotype 15975614 212 241 total cholesterol (TC) levels Neutral_phenotype 15975614 253 291 plasma high-density lipoprotein levels Neutral_phenotype 15975614 308 338 liver contents of triglyceride Neutral_phenotype 15975614 340 366 non-esterified fatty acids Neutral_phenotype 15975614 368 372 NEFA Neutral_phenotype 15975614 391 405 fatty droplets Neutral_phenotype 15975614 Decrease 92 94 SO Plant 105 113 diabetic Negative_phenotype 15975614 Decrease 92 94 SO Plant 121 124 ZDF Negative_phenotype 15975614 Decrease 92 94 SO Plant 151 166 type 2 diabetes Negative_phenotype 15975614 Decrease 92 94 SO Plant 171 178 obesity Negative_phenotype 15975614 Decrease 92 94 SO Plant 188 207 plasma triglyceride Neutral_phenotype 15975614 Decrease 92 94 SO Plant 212 241 total cholesterol (TC) levels Neutral_phenotype 15975614 Decrease 92 94 SO Plant 253 291 plasma high-density lipoprotein levels Neutral_phenotype 15975614 Decrease 92 94 SO Plant 308 338 liver contents of triglyceride Neutral_phenotype 15975614 Decrease 92 94 SO Plant 340 366 non-esterified fatty acids Neutral_phenotype 15975614 Decrease 92 94 SO Plant 368 372 NEFA Neutral_phenotype 15975614 Decrease 92 94 SO Plant 391 405 fatty droplets Neutral_phenotype 15975614_5 By contrast, the extract had no effect on plasma triglyceride and TC levels in fasted ZDF rats. 15975614 42 61 plasma triglyceride Neutral_phenotype 15975614 66 75 TC levels Neutral_phenotype 15975614 86 89 ZDF Negative_phenotype 15975614_6 After olive oil administration to ZDF the extract also inhibited the increase in plasma triglyceride levels. 15975614 6 11 olive Plant 15975614 34 37 ZDF Negative_phenotype 15975614 81 107 plasma triglyceride levels Neutral_phenotype 15975614 Decrease 6 11 olive Plant 34 37 ZDF Negative_phenotype 15975614 Decrease 6 11 olive Plant 81 107 plasma triglyceride levels Neutral_phenotype 15975614_7 These results suggest that SO extract improves postprandial hyperlipidemia and hepatic steatosis in ZDF rats. 15975614 27 29 SO Plant 15975614 47 103 postprandial hyperlipidemia and hepatic steatosis in ZDF Negative_phenotype 15975614 Decrease 27 29 SO Plant 47 103 postprandial hyperlipidemia and hepatic steatosis in ZDF Negative_phenotype 15975614_8 Additionally, SO treatment enhanced hepatic expression of PPAR-alpha mRNA and protein, and carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1 and acyl-CoA oxidase mRNAs in ZDF rats. 15975614 14 16 SO Plant 15975614 154 157 ZDF Negative_phenotype 15975614_9 In vitro, SO extract and its main component mangiferin activated PPAR-alpha luciferase activity in human embryonic kidney 293 cells and lipoprotein lipase mRNA expression and enzyme activity in THP-1 differentiated macrophages; these effects were completely suppressed by a selective PPAR-alpha antagonist MK-886. 15975614 10 12 SO Plant 15975614_10 The findings from both in vivo and in vitro suggest that SO extract functions as a PPAR-alpha activator, providing a potential mechanism for improvement of postprandial hyperlipidemia and hepatic steatosis in diabetes and obesity. 15975614 57 59 SO Plant 15975614 156 229 postprandial hyperlipidemia and hepatic steatosis in diabetes and obesity Negative_phenotype 15975614 Decrease 57 59 SO Plant 156 229 postprandial hyperlipidemia and hepatic steatosis in diabetes and obesity Negative_phenotype 16029939_1 Anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory activities of the extracts from the inflorescence of Chrysanthemum indicum Linn . 16029939 0 17 Anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 16029939 22 38 immunomodulatory Positive_phenotype 16029939 92 118 Chrysanthemum indicum Linn Plant 16029939_2 Chrysanthemum indicum Linn (CI) has a long history for the treatment of inflammation, hypertension and respiratory diseases in China. 16029939 0 26 Chrysanthemum indicum Linn Plant 16029939 30 32 CI Plant 16029939 74 86 inflammation Negative_phenotype 16029939 88 100 hypertension Negative_phenotype 16029939 105 125 respiratory diseases Negative_phenotype 16029939_3 The purpose of the present study was to investigate the anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties of the inflorescence or bud of CI extracts. 16029939 56 73 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 16029939 78 94 immunomodulatory Positive_phenotype 16029939 137 139 CI Plant 16029939_4 The ethanol extract of CI (CIEE) was fractionated to a petroleum ether soluble fraction (CIPF), an ethyl acetate soluble fraction (CIEF), a butanol soluble fraction (CIBF) and a water soluble fraction (CIWF) successively. 16029939 23 25 CI Plant 16029939 27 31 CIEE Plant 16029939 89 93 CIPF Plant 16029939 131 135 CIEF Plant 16029939 166 170 CIBF Plant 16029939 202 206 CIWF Plant 16029939_5 CIBF (150 mg/kg, p.o.) caused a significant inhibition on the auricle edema in mice. 16029939 0 4 CIBF Plant 16029939 62 75 auricle edema Negative_phenotype 16029939 Decrease 0 4 CIBF Plant 62 75 auricle edema Negative_phenotype 16029939_6 CIBF (150, 300 mg/kg, p.o.) not only significantly increased the delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) reaction induced by 2,4-dinitro-fluorobenzene (DNFB) but also significantly enhanced antibody generation by splenic cells of mice and IgG and IgM levels in mice sera in response to sheep red blood cells (SRBC) in cyclophosphamide (CP)-induced mice. 16029939 0 4 CIBF Plant 16029939 65 94 delayed-type hypersensitivity Negative_phenotype 16029939 96 99 DTH Negative_phenotype 16029939 Increase 0 4 CIBF Plant 65 94 delayed-type hypersensitivity Negative_phenotype 16029939 Increase 0 4 CIBF Plant 96 99 DTH Negative_phenotype 16029939_7 Furthermore, CIBF (150, 300 mg/kg, p.o.) obviously potentiated the function of the mononuclear phagocytic system in CP-induced mice. 16029939 13 17 CIBF Plant 16029939_8 The above results reveal that CIBF possesses anti-inflammatory, humoral and cellular immunomodulatory and mononuclear phagocytic activities, probably due to the presence of flavonoids. 16029939 30 34 CIBF Plant 16029939 45 62 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 16029939 64 101 humoral and cellular immunomodulatory Positive_phenotype 16029939 Increase 30 34 CIBF Plant 45 62 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 16029939 Increase 30 34 CIBF Plant 64 101 humoral and cellular immunomodulatory Positive_phenotype 16039554_1 Aqueous extract of Salvia miltiorrhiza attenuates increased endothelial permeability induced by tumor necrosis factor-alpha. 16039554 19 38 Salvia miltiorrhiza Plant 16039554_2 Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge, a traditional Chinese herbal medicine, is often used for prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disorders such as atherosclerosis. 16039554 0 25 Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge Plant 16039554 112 136 cardiovascular disorders Negative_phenotype 16039554 145 160 atherosclerosis Negative_phenotype 16039554 Decrease 0 25 Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge Plant 112 136 cardiovascular disorders Negative_phenotype 16039554 Decrease 0 25 Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge Plant 145 160 atherosclerosis Negative_phenotype 16039554_3 To understand its mechanism of pharmacological action, its effects on endothelial monolayer permeability are studied. 16039554_4 The present study demonstrated that extract of S. miltiorrhiza (ESM) and its major ingredients, Danshensu (DSS) and salvianolic acid B (Sal B), inhibited tumor necrosis factor (TNF-alpha) induced endothelial permeability, whereas the other major ingredient, protocatechualdehyde, was ineffective. 16039554 47 62 S. miltiorrhiza Plant 16039554 64 67 ESM Plant 16039554_5 ESM, DSS and Sal B also repressed expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activation in TNF-alpha induced HUVEC cells. 16039554 0 3 ESM Plant 16039554_6 Furthermore, it was found that ESM attenuated the disorganization of vascular endothelial (VE)-cadherin induced by TNF-alpha. 16039554 31 34 ESM Plant 16039554_7 The effect of ESM on TNF-alpha induced endothelial permeability and redistribution of VE-cadherin is likely due to a reduction of VEGF protein expression as a result of modulation of the ERK signaling pathway. 16039554 14 17 ESM Plant 16039554_8 Endothelial cell hyperpermeability is implicated in inflammation and subsequent ischemic reperfusion injury and atherosclerosis. 16039554 52 64 inflammation Negative_phenotype 16039554 69 107 subsequent ischemic reperfusion injury Negative_phenotype 16039554 112 127 atherosclerosis Negative_phenotype 16039554_9 Data from this study suggest that one of the mechanisms S. miltiorrhiza exerts its pharmacological effect is through its modulation of endothelial cell permeability. 16039554 56 71 S. miltiorrhiza Plant 16141313_1 Stereospecific induction of nuclear factor-kappaB activation by isochamaejasmin. 16141313_2 The root of Stellera chamaejasme L. is a traditional Chinese herb termed Rui Xiang Lang Du and has been used to treat solid tumors, tuberculosis and psoriasis. 16141313 12 35 Stellera chamaejasme L. Plant 16141313 73 90 Rui Xiang Lang Du Plant 16141313 118 130 solid tumors Negative_phenotype 16141313 132 144 tuberculosis Negative_phenotype 16141313 149 158 psoriasis Negative_phenotype 16141313 Decrease 12 35 Stellera chamaejasme L. Plant 118 130 solid tumors Negative_phenotype 16141313 Decrease 12 35 Stellera chamaejasme L. Plant 132 144 tuberculosis Negative_phenotype 16141313 Decrease 12 35 Stellera chamaejasme L. Plant 149 158 psoriasis Negative_phenotype 16141313 Decrease 73 90 Rui Xiang Lang Du Plant 118 130 solid tumors Negative_phenotype 16141313 Decrease 73 90 Rui Xiang Lang Du Plant 132 144 tuberculosis Negative_phenotype 16141313 Decrease 73 90 Rui Xiang Lang Du Plant 149 158 psoriasis Negative_phenotype 16141313_3 Exactly how S. chamaejasme L. regulates cellular responses remains unclear. 16141313 12 29 S. chamaejasme L. Plant 16141313_4 We examined four biflavonoids isolated from S. chamaejasme L., including isochamaejasmin, two of its stereo-isomers and a methyl derivative, in functional assays originally designed to screen ligands for the G protein-coupled formyl peptide receptor-like 1 (FPRL1). 16141313 44 61 S. chamaejasme L. Plant 16141313_5 Isochamaejasmin was found to induce the expression of a nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB-directed reporter gene in transfected HeLa cells with an EC50 of 3.23 microM, independently of FPRL1. 16141313 121 125 HeLa Negative_phenotype 16141313_6 The isochamaejasmin-stimulated NF-kappaB reporter activity was accompanied by nuclear translocation of NF-kappaB proteins and was blocked by a dominant-negative construct of IkappaBalpha. 16141313_7 Isochamaejasmin also induced time-dependent phosphorylation of the mitogen-activated protein kinases extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 and p38, and a novel protein kinase C (PKCdelta). 16141313_8 Likewise, inhibition of these kinases with the respective pharmacological inhibitors significantly reduced the isochamaejasmin-stimulated NF-kappaB activation. 16141313_9 It is noteworthy that the two stereoisomers and the methyl derivative did not induce detectable activation of NF-kappaB and were more cytotoxic than isochamaejasmin, which could partially rescue cycloheximide-induced apoptosis. 16141313_10 Inhibition of NF-kappaB activation reversed the anti-apoptotic effect of isochamaejasmin. 16141313_11 These results provide the first evidence for a potential mechanism of action by S. chamaejasme L., and indicate that structurally similar compounds derived from S. chamaejasme L. may have different pharmacological properties. 16141313 80 97 S. chamaejasme L. Plant 16141313 161 178 S. chamaejasme L. Plant 16235996_1 Suppressive effects of fruit-juice concentrate of Prunus mume Sieb. et Zucc. (Japanese apricot, Ume) on Helicobacter pylori-induced glandular stomach lesions in Mongolian gerbils. 16235996 50 76 Prunus mume Sieb. et Zucc. Plant 16235996 78 94 Japanese apricot Plant 16235996 96 99 Ume Plant 16235996 104 157 Helicobacter pylori-induced glandular stomach lesions Negative_phenotype 16235996_2 Helicobacter pylori (Hp) infection is an important factor in human gastric disorders, including chronic active gastritis, peptic ulcers, intestinal metaplasia and cancer. 16235996 0 19 Helicobacter pylori Negative_phenotype 16235996 21 23 Hp Negative_phenotype 16235996 67 84 gastric disorders Negative_phenotype 16235996 96 120 chronic active gastritis Negative_phenotype 16235996 122 135 peptic ulcers Negative_phenotype 16235996 137 158 intestinal metaplasia Negative_phenotype 16235996 163 169 cancer Negative_phenotype 16235996_3 Since epidemiologic studies overwhelmingly agree on a protective influence of fruits and vegetables in reducing the risk of gastric neoplasia and processed foods made from Prunus mume Sieb. et Zucc. (Japanese apricot or "Ume" in Japanese) are traditionally known for their miscellaneous medical effects, in the present study we investigated the efficacy of a fruit-juice concentrate of Japanese apricot (CJA) in the glandular stomach of Hp-infected Mongolian gerbils. 16235996 124 141 gastric neoplasia Negative_phenotype 16235996 172 198 Prunus mume Sieb. et Zucc. Plant 16235996 200 216 Japanese apricot Plant 16235996 221 224 Ume Plant 16235996 386 402 Japanese apricot Plant 16235996 404 407 CJA Plant 16235996 437 439 Hp Negative_phenotype 16235996 Decrease 124 141 gastric neoplasia Negative_phenotype 172 198 Prunus mume Sieb. et Zucc. Plant 16235996_4 Hp-inoculated gerbils were given CJA in their drinking water at concentrations of 1 and 3% for 10 weeks. 16235996 0 2 Hp Negative_phenotype 16235996 33 36 CJA Plant 16235996_5 The microscopic scores for gastritis and mucosal hyperplasia in the CJA groups were significantly lower than in the Hp-inoculated control group, with dose-dependence. 16235996 27 36 gastritis Negative_phenotype 16235996 41 60 mucosal hyperplasia Negative_phenotype 16235996 68 71 CJA Plant 16235996 116 118 Hp Negative_phenotype 16235996 Decrease 27 36 gastritis Negative_phenotype 68 71 CJA Plant 16235996 Decrease 41 60 mucosal hyperplasia Negative_phenotype 68 71 CJA Plant 16235996_6 Real-time PCR was performed to quantitate Hp by demonstrating urease A gene amount using gerbils glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) gene as an internal control. 16235996 42 44 Hp Negative_phenotype 16235996_7 Average relative urease A gene dosage in the glandular stomach in the 1 and 3% CJA and Hp-inoculated control groups was 26.6 +/- 11.6% (average +/- SE), 30.3 +/- 10.5%, 100 +/- 40.9%, respectively, the fruit-juice concentrate causing significant lowering (P<0.01 and P<0.05, respectively, with 1 and 3%). 16235996 79 82 CJA Plant 16235996 87 89 Hp Negative_phenotype 16235996_8 These findings suggest that suppressive effects on gastric cancer development might also be expected as a result of decreased numbers of Hp and improvement of Hp-induced chronic active gastritis on administration of CJA. 16235996 51 65 gastric cancer Negative_phenotype 16235996 137 139 Hp Negative_phenotype 16235996 159 194 Hp-induced chronic active gastritis Negative_phenotype 16235996 216 219 CJA Plant 16235996 Decrease 51 65 gastric cancer Negative_phenotype 216 219 CJA Plant 16235996 Decrease 137 139 Hp Negative_phenotype 216 219 CJA Plant 16235996 Decrease 159 194 Hp-induced chronic active gastritis Negative_phenotype 216 219 CJA Plant 16273300_1 Antiproliferative and apoptosis-inducing activity of Brucea javanica extract on human carcinoma cells. 16273300 0 17 Antiproliferative Positive_phenotype 16273300 53 68 Brucea javanica Plant 16273300 86 95 carcinoma Negative_phenotype 16273300_2 We have recently demonstrated the antiproliferative and apoptotic activities of herbal traditional Chinese medicines, including the analomous fruit extract of Gleditsia sinensis, the fresh juice of Scutellaria barbata and the warmed water extract of Radix Sophorae Tonkinensis on a series of human carcinoma cells. 16273300 34 51 antiproliferative Positive_phenotype 16273300 159 177 Gleditsia sinensis Plant 16273300 198 217 Scutellaria barbata Plant 16273300 256 276 Sophorae Tonkinensis Plant 16273300 298 307 carcinoma Negative_phenotype 16273300 Increase 34 51 antiproliferative Positive_phenotype 159 177 Gleditsia sinensis Plant 16273300 Increase 34 51 antiproliferative Positive_phenotype 198 217 Scutellaria barbata Plant 16273300 Increase 34 51 antiproliferative Positive_phenotype 256 276 Sophorae Tonkinensis Plant 16273300 Decrease 159 177 Gleditsia sinensis Plant 298 307 carcinoma Negative_phenotype 16273300 Decrease 198 217 Scutellaria barbata Plant 298 307 carcinoma Negative_phenotype 16273300 Decrease 256 276 Sophorae Tonkinensis Plant 298 307 carcinoma Negative_phenotype 16273300_3 Here, we further report the potential anti-cancer activity of the warmed water extract of Brucea javanica (BJE). 16273300 38 49 anti-cancer Positive_phenotype 16273300 90 105 Brucea javanica Plant 16273300 107 110 BJE Plant 16273300 Increase 38 49 anti-cancer Positive_phenotype 90 105 Brucea javanica Plant 16273300 Increase 38 49 anti-cancer Positive_phenotype 107 110 BJE Plant 16273300_4 Four cancer cell lines, including A549 non-small cell lung cancer, Hep3B hepatocellular carcinoma, MDA-MB231 breast cancer and SLMT-1 oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma, were incubated with BJE and strong apoptotic induction was observed under inverted microscopic investigation for all of the four cell lines tested. 16273300 5 11 cancer Negative_phenotype 16273300 34 38 A549 Negative_phenotype 16273300 39 65 non-small cell lung cancer Negative_phenotype 16273300 67 72 Hep3B Negative_phenotype 16273300 73 97 hepatocellular carcinoma Negative_phenotype 16273300 99 108 MDA-MB231 Negative_phenotype 16273300 109 122 breast cancer Negative_phenotype 16273300 127 133 SLMT-1 Negative_phenotype 16273300 134 169 oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma Negative_phenotype 16273300 191 194 BJE Plant 16273300 Decrease 5 11 cancer Negative_phenotype 191 194 BJE Plant 16273300 Decrease 34 38 A549 Negative_phenotype 191 194 BJE Plant 16273300 Decrease 39 65 non-small cell lung cancer Negative_phenotype 191 194 BJE Plant 16273300 Decrease 67 72 Hep3B Negative_phenotype 191 194 BJE Plant 16273300 Decrease 73 97 hepatocellular carcinoma Negative_phenotype 191 194 BJE Plant 16273300 Decrease 99 108 MDA-MB231 Negative_phenotype 191 194 BJE Plant 16273300 Decrease 109 122 breast cancer Negative_phenotype 191 194 BJE Plant 16273300 Decrease 127 133 SLMT-1 Negative_phenotype 191 194 BJE Plant 16273300 Decrease 134 169 oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma Negative_phenotype 191 194 BJE Plant 16273300_5 Using the MDA-MB231 breast cancer cell line as an experimental model, additional analyses supported the hypothesis that the mitochondrial membrane potential depolarization pathway was induced by BJE. 16273300 10 19 MDA-MB231 Negative_phenotype 16273300 20 33 breast cancer Negative_phenotype 16273300 195 198 BJE Plant 16273300_6 The APO-1/Fas receptor death induction pathway was not activated under the influence of BJE, as studied by staining with Fas ligand and Fas receptor specific antibodies. 16273300 88 91 BJE Plant 16273300_7 Accordingly, only weak activation of caspase 8 was observed upon BJE treatment. 16273300 65 68 BJE Plant 16273300_8 On the other hand, caspase 3 activity was stimulated up to five-fold in BJE-treated cells compared to untreated controls. 16273300 72 75 BJE Plant 16273300_9 Oligonucleosomal DNA fragmentation formation was detected by labelling the nucleic acid ladders with TdT-mediated dUTP nick end labelling. 16273300_10 Collectively, BJE-induced cancer cell death proceeds through a mitochondrial dependent pathway associated with caspase 3 activation. 16273300 14 17 BJE Plant 16273300 26 32 cancer Negative_phenotype 16273300 Decrease 14 17 BJE Plant 26 32 cancer Negative_phenotype 16275626_1 Anti-inflammatory potential of Antrodia Camphorata through inhibition of iNOS, COX-2 and cytokines via the NF-kappaB pathway. 16275626 0 17 Anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 16275626 31 50 Antrodia Camphorata Plant 16275626_2 Antrodia camphorata (A. camphorata), well known in Taiwan as a traditional Chinese medicine, has been shown to exhibit antioxidant and anticancer effects. 16275626 0 19 Antrodia camphorata Plant 16275626 21 34 A. camphorata Plant 16275626 119 130 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 16275626 135 145 anticancer Positive_phenotype 16275626 Increase 0 19 Antrodia camphorata Plant 119 130 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 16275626 Increase 0 19 Antrodia camphorata Plant 135 145 anticancer Positive_phenotype 16275626 Increase 21 34 A. camphorata Plant 119 130 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 16275626 Increase 21 34 A. camphorata Plant 135 145 anticancer Positive_phenotype 16275626_3 In the present study, therefore, we have examined the effects of the fermented culture broth of A. camphorata (25-100 microg/ml) in terms of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production, and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) protein expression in RAW 264.7 macrophages. 16275626 96 109 A. camphorata Plant 16275626_4 Our results indicate concentration-dependent A. camphorata inhibition of LPS-induced NO and PGE2 production, without appreciable cytotoxicity on the RAW 264.7 cells. 16275626 45 58 A. camphorata Plant 16275626_5 A. camphorata also attenuates the production of LPS-induced tumor necrosis factor (TNF-alpha) and interleukin (IL)-1beta. 16275626 0 13 A. camphorata Plant 16275626_6 Furthermore, A. camphorata blocks the IkappaB-alpha degradation induced by LPS. 16275626 13 26 A. camphorata Plant 16275626_7 These results indicate that A. camphorata inhibits LPS induction of cytokine, iNOS and COX-2 expression by blocking NF-kappaB activation. 16275626 28 41 A. camphorata Plant 16275626_8 Therefore, we report the first confirmation of the anti-inflammatory potential of this traditionally employed herbal medicine in vitro. 16275626 51 68 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 16328960_1 Antioxidant activity of Terminalia arjuna bark extract on N-nitrosodiethylamine induced hepatocellular carcinoma in rats. 16328960 0 11 Antioxidant Positive_phenotype 16328960 24 41 Terminalia arjuna Plant 16328960 88 112 hepatocellular carcinoma Negative_phenotype 16328960_2 The present investigation was carried out to evaluate the antioxidant nature of ethanolic extract of Terminalia arjuna bark (EETA) on N-nitrosodiethylamine (DEN) induced liver cancer in male Wistar albino rats. 16328960 58 69 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 16328960 101 118 Terminalia arjuna Plant 16328960 125 129 EETA Plant 16328960 170 182 liver cancer Negative_phenotype 16328960 198 204 albino Negative_phenotype 16328960_3 Liver cancer was induced by single intraperitonial injection of DEN (200 mg/kg). 16328960 0 12 Liver cancer Negative_phenotype 16328960_4 After 2 weeks of DEN administration, Phenobarbital (PB) was given to promote the cancer for up to 14 successive weeks. 16328960 81 87 cancer Negative_phenotype 16328960_5 EETA extract (400 mg/kg) was given post-orally for 28 days to hepatocellular carcinoma-bearing rats. 16328960 0 4 EETA Plant 16328960 62 86 hepatocellular carcinoma Negative_phenotype 16328960_6 After the experimental period, all the animals were sacrificed and serum, liver and kidney samples were collected for further biochemical analysis. 16328960_7 The levels of lipid peroxides (LPO) under basal and also in the presence of inducers (H(2)O(2), ascorbate and FeSO(4)) were estimated in serum, liver and kidney of control and experimental animals. 16328960_8 Enzymic antioxidants, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and non-enzymic antioxidants like Vitamin C (Vit-C) and Vitamin E (Vit-E) levels were determined in all the groups of animals. 16328960_9 A significant increase in LPO levels were observed while the levels of enzymic and non-enzymic antioxidants were decreased, when subjected to DEN induction. 16328960_10 These altered enzyme levels were ameliorated significantly by administration of EETA at the concentration of 400 mg/kg in drug-treated animals. 16328960 80 84 EETA Plant 16328960_11 This protective effect of EETA was associated with inhibition of LPO induced by DEN and to maintain the antioxidant enzyme levels. 16328960 26 30 EETA Plant 16328960_12 Our results show an antioxidant activity of T. arjuna bark against DEN-induced liver cancer. 16328960 20 31 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 16328960 44 53 T. arjuna Plant 16328960 79 91 liver cancer Negative_phenotype 16328960 Increase 20 31 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 44 53 T. arjuna Plant 16328960 Decrease 44 53 T. arjuna Plant 79 91 liver cancer Negative_phenotype 16596287_1 Ethanol extract from Artemisia vestita, a traditional Tibetan medicine, exerts anti-sepsis action through down-regulating the MAPK and NF-kappaB pathways. 16596287 21 38 Artemisia vestita Plant 16596287 79 90 anti-sepsis Positive_phenotype 16596287 Increase 21 38 Artemisia vestita Plant 79 90 anti-sepsis Positive_phenotype 16596287_2 Artemisia vestita Wall., a traditional Tibetan medicine, has wide clinical application for inflammatory diseases. 16596287 0 23 Artemisia vestita Wall. Plant 16596287 91 112 inflammatory diseases Negative_phenotype 16596287 Decrease 0 23 Artemisia vestita Wall. Plant 91 112 inflammatory diseases Negative_phenotype 16596287_3 However, its molecular mechanism of anti-inflammatory effect is poorly understood. 16596287 36 53 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 16596287_4 In the present study, we investigated the anti-inflammatory activity and underlying mechanism of the ethanol extract from Artemisia vestita (AV-ext) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced sepsis. 16596287 42 59 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 16596287 122 139 Artemisia vestita Plant 16596287 141 147 AV-ext Plant 16596287 185 191 sepsis Negative_phenotype 16596287_5 Pretreatment with AV-ext significantly decreased the levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) in serum and liver and lung tissues, and improved the survival of mice with experimental sepsis. 16596287 18 24 AV-ext Plant 16596287 157 165 survival Positive_phenotype 16596287 192 198 sepsis Negative_phenotype 16596287 Increase 18 24 AV-ext Plant 157 165 survival Positive_phenotype 16596287 Decrease 18 24 AV-ext Plant 192 198 sepsis Negative_phenotype 16596287_6 AV-ext also remarkably reduced the expression levels of TNF-alpha, interleukin-1beta and cyclooxygenase-2 in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages and dose dependently suppressed the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), such as p38, extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK1/2) and c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK). 16596287 0 6 AV-ext Plant 16596287_7 Furthermore, pretreatment with AV-ext dose dependently inhibited the activation of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB), as well as the degradation and phosphorylation of inhibitory kappaB (IkappaB) in LPS-activated RAW 264.7 macrophages. 16596287 31 37 AV-ext Plant 16596287_8 These results collectively reveal that AV-ext inhibits TNF-alpha release from macrophages by suppressing MAPK and NF-kappaB signaling pathways and suggest that AV-ext may be beneficial for the treatment of endotoxin shock or sepsis. 16596287 39 45 AV-ext Plant 16596287 160 166 AV-ext Plant 16596287 206 221 endotoxin shock Negative_phenotype 16596287 225 231 sepsis Negative_phenotype 16596287 Decrease 160 166 AV-ext Plant 206 221 endotoxin shock Negative_phenotype 16596287 Decrease 160 166 AV-ext Plant 225 231 sepsis Negative_phenotype 16631160_1 Platycodin D-induced apoptosis through nuclear factor-kappaB activation in immortalized keratinocytes. 16631160_2 Platycodi Radix is the root of Platycodon grandiflorum and it is widely used in the traditional Oriental medicine as an expectorant for pulmonary diseases and a remedy for respiratory disorders. 16631160 0 9 Platycodi Plant 16631160 31 54 Platycodon grandiflorum Plant 16631160 136 154 pulmonary diseases Negative_phenotype 16631160 172 193 respiratory disorders Negative_phenotype 16631160 Decrease 0 9 Platycodi Plant 136 154 pulmonary diseases Negative_phenotype 16631160 Decrease 0 9 Platycodi Plant 172 193 respiratory disorders Negative_phenotype 16631160 Decrease 31 54 Platycodon grandiflorum Plant 136 154 pulmonary diseases Negative_phenotype 16631160 Decrease 31 54 Platycodon grandiflorum Plant 172 193 respiratory disorders Negative_phenotype 16631160_3 Platycodin D is the major constituent of triterpene saponins in the root. 16631160_4 This study investigates apoptosis by platycodin D in immortalized human keratinocytes (HaCaT). 16631160_5 Platycodin D-induced apoptosis in HaCaT cells was confirmed by DNA fragmentation, caspase-3 activation, and caspase-8 activation. 16631160_6 Platycodin D could activate inhibitor of nuclear factor-kappaB kinase (IKK)-beta in the nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) activation of upstream level, but not IKK-alpha. 16631160_7 Pretreated-N-tosyl-l-phenylalanine chloromethyl ketone (TPCK), a potent NF-kappaB inhibitor, could suppress the induction of apoptosis and activation of NF-kappaB of HaCaT cells by platycodin D. We also demonstrated that platycodin D-mediated apoptosis of HaCaT cells upregulates Fas receptor and Fas ligand (FasL) expression, but did not exhibit p53 activation. 16631160_8 HaCaT cells were also transfected with pFLF1, which preserves the promoter region of Fas receptor gene containing NF-kappaB binding site. 16631160_9 On incubation with platycodin D, the NF-kappaB activity related to Fas receptor increased in a dose-dependent manner. 16631160_10 Among the major transcription elements on Fas receptor and FasL promoter, NF-kappaB activation was shown to have an essential role in the expression of the death receptor such as FasL. 16631160_11 These results suggest that platycodin D has the ability to induce apoptosis in HaCaT cells through the upregulation of Fas receptor and FasL expression via to NF-kappaB activation in the transcriptional level. 16631160_12 These results demonstrate that the NF-kappaB activation plays a crucial role in the induction of apoptosis in human HaCaT cells on treatment with platycodin D. 16644472_1 Anti-tumor and anti-angiogenic effects of Phyllanthus urinaria in mice bearing Lewis lung carcinoma. 16644472 0 10 Anti-tumor Positive_phenotype 16644472 15 30 anti-angiogenic Positive_phenotype 16644472 42 62 Phyllanthus urinaria Plant 16644472 79 99 Lewis lung carcinoma Negative_phenotype 16644472_2 Phyllanthus urinaria, a widely used herb medicine in Asia, was tested for its anti-tumor effect in vivo for the first time. 16644472 0 20 Phyllanthus urinaria Plant 16644472 78 88 anti-tumor Positive_phenotype 16644472 Increase 0 20 Phyllanthus urinaria Plant 78 88 anti-tumor Positive_phenotype 16644472_3 The anti-tumor activity in P. urinaria extract was evaluated by its effect on tumor developed in C57BL/6J mice with implantation of Lewis lung carcinoma cells. 16644472 4 14 anti-tumor Positive_phenotype 16644472 27 38 P. urinaria Plant 16644472 78 83 tumor Negative_phenotype 16644472 132 152 Lewis lung carcinoma Negative_phenotype 16644472_4 The oral administration of P. urinaria to mice caused significant inhibition of tumor development with lower occurrence rate and markedly reduced tumor size. 16644472 27 38 P. urinaria Plant 16644472 80 85 tumor Negative_phenotype 16644472 146 151 tumor Negative_phenotype 16644472 Decrease 27 38 P. urinaria Plant 80 85 tumor Negative_phenotype 16644472 Decrease 27 38 P. urinaria Plant 146 151 tumor Negative_phenotype 16644472_5 Neither the total body weight of mouse nor the weights of organs including heart, lung, liver, spleen and kidney revealed any difference between two groups, suggesting limited in vivo cytotoxic effect of P. urinaria in mice. 16644472 18 29 body weight Neutral_phenotype 16644472 204 215 P. urinaria Plant 16644472_6 TUNEL assay demonstrated the increase of apoptosis in tumor sections prepared from P. urinaria-treated mice compared with control mice. 16644472 54 59 tumor Negative_phenotype 16644472 83 94 P. urinaria Plant 16644472 Decrease 54 59 tumor Negative_phenotype 83 94 P. urinaria Plant 16644472_7 It is worth of note that the neovascularization in tumor was inhibited in P. urinaria-treated mice, which implicated the potential anti-angiogenic effect of P. urinaria. 16644472 29 56 neovascularization in tumor Negative_phenotype 16644472 74 85 P. urinaria Plant 16644472 131 146 anti-angiogenic Positive_phenotype 16644472 157 168 P. urinaria Plant 16644472 Decrease 29 56 neovascularization in tumor Negative_phenotype 74 85 P. urinaria Plant 16644472 Increase 131 146 anti-angiogenic Positive_phenotype 157 168 P. urinaria Plant 16644472_8 Further study using an in vitro matrix-induced tube formation of HUVECs again confirmed the anti-angiogenic action of P. urinaria. 16644472 92 107 anti-angiogenic Positive_phenotype 16644472 118 129 P. urinaria Plant 16644472 Increase 92 107 anti-angiogenic Positive_phenotype 118 129 P. urinaria Plant 16644472_9 P. urinaria exerted no inhibitory effect on the growth of HUVECs, however, the migration of HUVECs as analyzed using transwell assay was suppressed markedly by P. urinaria in a dose-dependent manner. 16644472 0 11 P. urinaria Plant 16644472 160 171 P. urinaria Plant 16644472_10 All together, the present study indicated that P. urinaria extract is an anti-tumor and anti-angiogenic agent, which can be used safely in animals. 16644472 47 58 P. urinaria Plant 16644472 73 83 anti-tumor Positive_phenotype 16644472 88 103 anti-angiogenic Positive_phenotype 16644472 Increase 47 58 P. urinaria Plant 73 83 anti-tumor Positive_phenotype 16644472 Increase 47 58 P. urinaria Plant 88 103 anti-angiogenic Positive_phenotype 16676298_1 Exploring Allium species as a source of potential medicinal agents. 16676298 10 16 Allium Plant 16676298_2 It has been shown that Allium species may help to prevent tumor promotion, cardiovascular diseases and aging; all processes that are associated with free radicals. 16676298 23 29 Allium Plant 16676298 58 63 tumor Negative_phenotype 16676298 75 98 cardiovascular diseases Negative_phenotype 16676298 103 108 aging Negative_phenotype 16676298 Decrease 23 29 Allium Plant 58 63 tumor Negative_phenotype 16676298 Decrease 23 29 Allium Plant 75 98 cardiovascular diseases Negative_phenotype 16676298 Decrease 23 29 Allium Plant 103 108 aging Negative_phenotype 16676298_3 Therefore the Allium species of both cultivated species (Allium nutans L., Allium fistulosum L., Allium vineale L., Allium psekemense B. Fedtsch, Allium cepa L., Allium sativum L.) and wild species (Allium flavum L., Allium sphaerocephalum L., Allium atroviolaceum Boiss, Allium schenoprasum L., Allium vineale L., Allium ursinum L., Allium scorodoprasum L.) from various locations were investigated for their antioxidative properties. 16676298 14 20 Allium Plant 16676298 57 73 Allium nutans L. Plant 16676298 75 95 Allium fistulosum L. Plant 16676298 97 114 Allium vineale L. Plant 16676298 116 144 Allium psekemense B. Fedtsch Plant 16676298 146 160 Allium cepa L. Plant 16676298 162 179 Allium sativum L. Plant 16676298 199 215 Allium flavum L. Plant 16676298 217 242 Allium sphaerocephalum L. Plant 16676298 244 270 Allium atroviolaceum Boiss Plant 16676298 272 294 Allium schenoprasum L. Plant 16676298 296 313 Allium vineale L. Plant 16676298 315 332 Allium ursinum L. Plant 16676298 334 357 Allium scorodoprasum L. Plant 16676298 410 423 antioxidative Positive_phenotype 16676298_4 The leaves were examined for activities of antioxidative enzymes (catalase, peroxidase, superoxide-dismutase, glutathione-peroxidase), non-enzymic antioxidants (reduced glutathione and total flavonoids), content of soluble proteins, vitamin C, carotenoids, chlorophylls a and b, as well as the quantities of malonyldialdehyde and *OH and O2*- radicals. 16676298 147 159 antioxidants Positive_phenotype 16676298_5 Using a contemporary spectroscopic fluorescent method, lipofuscin, 'plant age pigments' were determined. 16676298_6 ESR spectroscopy was used to follow the decrease of oxygen radicals in the presence of extracts of Allium species in phosphate buffer (pH 7). 16676298 99 105 Allium Plant 16676298_7 The results showed that all Allium species had strong antioxidative properties due to their high concentration of total flavonoids, high content of carotenoids and chlorophylls, and very low concentrations of toxic oxygen radicals. 16676298 28 34 Allium Plant 16676298 54 67 antioxidative Positive_phenotype 16676298 Increase 28 34 Allium Plant 54 67 antioxidative Positive_phenotype 16676298_8 ESR signals of DMPO-OH radical adducts, in the presence of Allium extracts in phosphate buffer (pH 7), were reduced by up to 94.3%. 16676298 59 65 Allium Plant 16949230_1 Evidence of anti-inflammatory effects of Passiflora edulis in an inflammation model. 16949230 12 29 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 16949230 41 58 Passiflora edulis Plant 16949230 65 77 inflammation Negative_phenotype 16949230_2 The popular medicine Passiflora edulis has been used as a sedative, tranquilizer, against cutaneous inflammatory diseases and intermittent fever. 16949230 21 38 Passiflora edulis Plant 16949230 58 66 sedative Positive_phenotype 16949230 68 80 tranquilizer Positive_phenotype 16949230 90 121 cutaneous inflammatory diseases Negative_phenotype 16949230 126 144 intermittent fever Negative_phenotype 16949230 Increase 21 38 Passiflora edulis Plant 58 66 sedative Positive_phenotype 16949230 Increase 21 38 Passiflora edulis Plant 68 80 tranquilizer Positive_phenotype 16949230 Decrease 21 38 Passiflora edulis Plant 90 121 cutaneous inflammatory diseases Negative_phenotype 16949230 Decrease 21 38 Passiflora edulis Plant 126 144 intermittent fever Negative_phenotype 16949230_3 Most of the pharmacological investigations of Passiflora edulis have been addressed to its Central Nervous System activities, such as anxiolytic, anticonvulsant and sedative actions. 16949230 46 63 Passiflora edulis Plant 16949230 91 113 Central Nervous System Positive_phenotype 16949230 134 144 anxiolytic Positive_phenotype 16949230 146 160 anticonvulsant Positive_phenotype 16949230 165 173 sedative Positive_phenotype 16949230 Increase 46 63 Passiflora edulis Plant 91 113 Central Nervous System Positive_phenotype 16949230 Increase 46 63 Passiflora edulis Plant 134 144 anxiolytic Positive_phenotype 16949230 Increase 46 63 Passiflora edulis Plant 146 160 anticonvulsant Positive_phenotype 16949230 Increase 46 63 Passiflora edulis Plant 165 173 sedative Positive_phenotype 16949230_4 Otherwise, there are few reports about the anti-inflammatory activity of the Passiflora species. 16949230 43 60 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 16949230 77 87 Passiflora Plant 16949230_5 The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanism of the anti-inflammatory effect of aqueous lyophilized extract obtained from leaves of Passiflora edulis var. flavicarpa Degener (Passifloraceae) in the mouse model of pleurisy induced by carrageenan (Cg), bradykinin, histamine or substance P, observing the effects upon leucocytes migration, myeloperoxidase (MPO), nitric oxide (NO) concentrations and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha) and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1beta) levels. 16949230 62 79 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 16949230 142 183 Passiflora edulis var. flavicarpa Degener Plant 16949230 223 231 pleurisy Negative_phenotype 16949230_6 RESULTS: Passiflora edulis (250mg/kg) administered by intraperitoneal route (i.p.) inhibited the leukocyte, neutrophils, myeloperoxidase, nitric oxide, TNFalpha and IL-1beta levels (P<0.01) in the pleurisy induced by carrageenan. 16949230 9 26 Passiflora edulis Plant 16949230 197 205 pleurisy Negative_phenotype 16949230 Decrease 9 26 Passiflora edulis Plant 197 205 pleurisy Negative_phenotype 16949230_7 Passiflora edulis (250-500mg/kg, i.p.) also inhibited total and differential leukocytes in the pleurisy induced by bradykinin, histamine or substance P (P<0.05). 16949230 0 17 Passiflora edulis Plant 16949230 95 103 pleurisy Negative_phenotype 16949230 Decrease 0 17 Passiflora edulis Plant 95 103 pleurisy Negative_phenotype 16949230_8 CONCLUSION: Several mechanisms, including the inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNFalpha, IL-1beta), enzyme (myeloperoxidase) and mediators (bradykinin, histamine, substance P, nitric oxide) release and/or action, appear to account for Passiflora edulis's actions. 16949230 244 261 Passiflora edulis Plant 19501282_1 Anti-parasitic activity and cytotoxicity of selected medicinal plants from Kenya. 19501282 0 14 Anti-parasitic Positive_phenotype 19501282_2 Indigenous rural communities in the tropics manage parasitic diseases, like malaria and leishmaniasis, using herbal drugs. 19501282 51 69 parasitic diseases Negative_phenotype 19501282 76 83 malaria Negative_phenotype 19501282 88 101 leishmaniasis Negative_phenotype 19501282_3 The efficacy, dosage, safety and active principles of most of the herbal preparations are not known. 19501282_4 Extracts from 6 selected plant species, used as medicinal plants by indigenous local communities in Kenya, were screened for in vitro anti-plasmodial and anti-leishmanial activity, against 2 laboratory-adapted Plasmodium falciparum isolates (D6, CQ-sensitive and W2, CQ-resistant) and Leishmania major (IDU/KE/83=NLB-144 strain), respectively. 19501282 134 149 anti-plasmodial Positive_phenotype 19501282 154 170 anti-leishmanial Positive_phenotype 19501282 210 231 Plasmodium falciparum Negative_phenotype 19501282 285 295 Leishmania Negative_phenotype 19501282_5 The methanol extract of Suregada zanzibariensis leaves exhibited good anti-plasmodial activity (IC(50) 4.66+/-0.22 and 1.82+/-0.07 microg/ml for D6 and W2, respectively). 19501282 24 47 Suregada zanzibariensis Plant 19501282 70 85 anti-plasmodial Positive_phenotype 19501282 Increase 24 47 Suregada zanzibariensis Plant 70 85 anti-plasmodial Positive_phenotype 19501282_6 Similarly, the methanol extracts of Albizia coriaria (IC(50) 37.83+/-2.11 microg/ml for D6) and Aspergillus racemosus (32.63+/-2.68 and 33.95+/-2.05 microg/ml for D6 and W2, respectively) had moderate anti-plasmodial activity. 19501282 36 52 Albizia coriaria Plant 19501282 96 117 Aspergillus racemosus Plant 19501282 201 216 anti-plasmodial Positive_phenotype 19501282 Increase 36 52 Albizia coriaria Plant 201 216 anti-plasmodial Positive_phenotype 19501282 Increase 96 117 Aspergillus racemosus Plant 201 216 anti-plasmodial Positive_phenotype 19501282_7 Acacia tortilis (IC(50) 85.73+/-3.36 microg/ml for W2) and Albizia coriaria (IC(50) 71.17+/-3.58 microg/ml for W2) methanol extracts and Aloe nyeriensis var kedongensis (IC(50) 87.70+/-2.98 and 67.84+/-2.12 microg/ml for D6 and W2, respectively) water extract exhibited mild anti-plasmodial activity. 19501282 0 15 Acacia tortilis Plant 19501282 59 75 Albizia coriaria Plant 19501282 137 168 Aloe nyeriensis var kedongensis Plant 19501282 275 290 anti-plasmodial Positive_phenotype 19501282 Increase 0 15 Acacia tortilis Plant 275 290 anti-plasmodial Positive_phenotype 19501282 Increase 59 75 Albizia coriaria Plant 275 290 anti-plasmodial Positive_phenotype 19501282 Increase 137 168 Aloe nyeriensis var kedongensis Plant 275 290 anti-plasmodial Positive_phenotype 19501282_8 The rest of the extracts did not exhibit any anti-plasmodial activity. 19501282 45 60 anti-plasmodial Positive_phenotype 19501282_9 Although the leishmanicidal activity of extracts were lower than for pentosam (80%), reasonable activity was observed for Aloe nyeriensis methanol (68.4+/-6.3%), Albizia coriara water (66.7+/-5.0%), Maytenus putterlickoides methanol (60.0+/-6.23%), Asparagus racemosus methanol and water (58.3+/-8.22 and 56.8+/-6.58%, respectively), Aloe nyeriensis water (53.3+/-5.1%) and Acacia tortilis water (52.9+/-6.55%) extracts at 1000 microg/ml. 19501282 13 27 leishmanicidal Negative_phenotype 19501282 122 137 Aloe nyeriensis Plant 19501282 162 177 Albizia coriara Plant 19501282 199 223 Maytenus putterlickoides Plant 19501282 249 268 Asparagus racemosus Plant 19501282 334 349 Aloe nyeriensis Plant 19501282 374 389 Acacia tortilis Plant 19501282 Decrease 13 27 leishmanicidal Negative_phenotype 122 137 Aloe nyeriensis Plant 19501282 Decrease 13 27 leishmanicidal Negative_phenotype 162 177 Albizia coriara Plant 19501282 Decrease 13 27 leishmanicidal Negative_phenotype 199 223 Maytenus putterlickoides Plant 19501282 Decrease 13 27 leishmanicidal Negative_phenotype 249 268 Asparagus racemosus Plant 19501282 Decrease 13 27 leishmanicidal Negative_phenotype 334 349 Aloe nyeriensis Plant 19501282 Decrease 13 27 leishmanicidal Negative_phenotype 374 389 Acacia tortilis Plant 19501282_10 Leishmania major infected macrophages treated with methanol extracts of Suregada zanzibariensis and Aloe nyeriensis var kedongensis and pentostam had infection rates of 28+/-2.11, 30+/-1.22 and 40+/-3.69%, respectively at 1000 microg/ml, indicating better anti-leishmanial activity for the extracts. 19501282 0 10 Leishmania Negative_phenotype 19501282 72 95 Suregada zanzibariensis Plant 19501282 100 131 Aloe nyeriensis var kedongensis Plant 19501282 256 272 anti-leishmanial Positive_phenotype 19501282 Decrease 0 10 Leishmania Negative_phenotype 72 95 Suregada zanzibariensis Plant 19501282 Decrease 0 10 Leishmania Negative_phenotype 100 131 Aloe nyeriensis var kedongensis Plant 19501282 Increase 72 95 Suregada zanzibariensis Plant 256 272 anti-leishmanial Positive_phenotype 19501282 Increase 100 131 Aloe nyeriensis var kedongensis Plant 256 272 anti-leishmanial Positive_phenotype 19501282_11 The methanol extract of Albizia coriara (44.0+/-3.69%) and aqueous extracts of Asparagus racemosus (42+/-3.84%) and Acacia tortilis (44+/-5.59%) had similar activity to pentosam. 19501282 24 39 Albizia coriara Plant 19501282 79 98 Asparagus racemosus Plant 19501282 116 131 Acacia tortilis Plant 19501282_12 Multiplication indices for Leishmania major amastigotes treated with methanol extracts of Albizia coriaria, Suregada zanzibariensis and Aloe nyeriensis var kedongensis, aqueous extract of Acacia tortilis and pentosam were 28.5+/-1.43, 29.4+/-2.15, 31.1+/-2.22, 35.9+/-3.49 and 44.0+/-3.27%, respectively, at 1000 microg/ml, confirming better anti-leishmanial activity for the extracts. 19501282 27 37 Leishmania Negative_phenotype 19501282 44 55 amastigotes Negative_phenotype 19501282 90 106 Albizia coriaria Plant 19501282 108 131 Suregada zanzibariensis Plant 19501282 136 167 Aloe nyeriensis var kedongensis Plant 19501282 188 203 Acacia tortilis Plant 19501282 342 358 anti-leishmanial Positive_phenotype 19501282 Decrease 27 37 Leishmania Negative_phenotype 90 106 Albizia coriaria Plant 19501282 Decrease 27 37 Leishmania Negative_phenotype 108 131 Suregada zanzibariensis Plant 19501282 Decrease 27 37 Leishmania Negative_phenotype 136 167 Aloe nyeriensis var kedongensis Plant 19501282 Decrease 27 37 Leishmania Negative_phenotype 188 203 Acacia tortilis Plant 19501282 Decrease 44 55 amastigotes Negative_phenotype 90 106 Albizia coriaria Plant 19501282 Decrease 44 55 amastigotes Negative_phenotype 108 131 Suregada zanzibariensis Plant 19501282 Decrease 44 55 amastigotes Negative_phenotype 136 167 Aloe nyeriensis var kedongensis Plant 19501282 Decrease 44 55 amastigotes Negative_phenotype 188 203 Acacia tortilis Plant 19501282 Increase 90 106 Albizia coriaria Plant 342 358 anti-leishmanial Positive_phenotype 19501282 Increase 108 131 Suregada zanzibariensis Plant 342 358 anti-leishmanial Positive_phenotype 19501282 Increase 136 167 Aloe nyeriensis var kedongensis Plant 342 358 anti-leishmanial Positive_phenotype 19501282 Increase 188 203 Acacia tortilis Plant 342 358 anti-leishmanial Positive_phenotype 19501282_13 Aqueous extracts of Aloe nyeriensis (46.7+/-3.28%) and Albizia coriaria (47.5+/-3.21%) had similar activity level to pentosam. 19501282 20 35 Aloe nyeriensis Plant 19501282 55 71 Albizia coriaria Plant 19501282_14 The plant extracts have better inhibitory activity while pentosam has better leishmanicidal activity. 19501282 77 91 leishmanicidal Negative_phenotype 19501282_15 All extracts exhibited very low cytotoxicity (CC(50) > 500 microg/ml) against human embryonic lung fibroblast (HELF) cells. 19501282_16 The investigations demonstrated the efficacy and safety of some extracts of plants that are used by rural indigenous communities for the treatment of parasitic diseases. 19501282 150 168 parasitic diseases Negative_phenotype 21205429_1 Anti-metabolic syndrome and immunostimulant activities of Egyptian fenugreek seeds in diabetic/obese and immunosuppressive rat models. 21205429 0 23 Anti-metabolic syndrome Positive_phenotype 21205429 28 43 immunostimulant Positive_phenotype 21205429 67 76 fenugreek Plant 21205429 86 100 diabetic/obese Negative_phenotype 21205429 105 122 immunosuppressive Negative_phenotype 21205429_2 Preliminary trials have suggested possible hypoglycaemic, hypolipidaemic and immunomodulatory properties of the fenugreek plant. 21205429 43 56 hypoglycaemic Positive_phenotype 21205429 58 72 hypolipidaemic Positive_phenotype 21205429 77 93 immunomodulatory Positive_phenotype 21205429 112 121 fenugreek Plant 21205429_3 Here, we evaluated and compared the efficacy of Egyptian fenugreek seed powder (FSP, 0 5 and 1 0 g/kg body weight) in alleviating the experimentally induced metabolic syndrome (in type 1 diabetic and obese rat models) and experimentally induced immunosuppression and delay in burn-healing (in cyclophosphamide (CP)-treated rats). 21205429 57 66 fenugreek Plant 21205429 80 83 FSP Plant 21205429 160 178 metabolic syndrome Negative_phenotype 21205429 183 198 type 1 diabetic Negative_phenotype 21205429 203 208 obese Negative_phenotype 21205429 248 265 immunosuppression Negative_phenotype 21205429 279 291 burn-healing Positive_phenotype 21205429_4 FSP significantly alleviated (P < 0 05-0 001) most signs of the metabolic syndrome resulting from experimentally induced type 1 diabetes and obesity by 40-76 and 56-78 %, respectively, including hyperglycaemia, hyperlipidaemia, elevation in atherogenic indices, impairment of liver functions, severe changes in body weight and oxidative stress. 21205429 0 3 FSP Plant 21205429 68 86 metabolic syndrome Negative_phenotype 21205429 125 140 type 1 diabetes Negative_phenotype 21205429 145 152 obesity Negative_phenotype 21205429 200 214 hyperglycaemia Negative_phenotype 21205429 216 231 hyperlipidaemia Negative_phenotype 21205429 246 265 atherogenic indices Negative_phenotype 21205429 267 296 impairment of liver functions Negative_phenotype 21205429 316 327 body weight Neutral_phenotype 21205429 332 348 oxidative stress Negative_phenotype 21205429 Decrease 0 3 FSP Plant 68 86 metabolic syndrome Negative_phenotype 21205429 Decrease 0 3 FSP Plant 125 140 type 1 diabetes Negative_phenotype 21205429 Decrease 0 3 FSP Plant 145 152 obesity Negative_phenotype 21205429 Decrease 0 3 FSP Plant 200 214 hyperglycaemia Negative_phenotype 21205429 Decrease 0 3 FSP Plant 216 231 hyperlipidaemia Negative_phenotype 21205429 Decrease 0 3 FSP Plant 267 296 impairment of liver functions Negative_phenotype 21205429 Decrease 0 3 FSP Plant 316 327 body weight Neutral_phenotype 21205429 Decrease 0 3 FSP Plant 332 348 oxidative stress Negative_phenotype 21205429_5 Besides, FSP (especially the high dose) completely modulated the immunosuppressive activity of CP including leucopenia (resulting from neutropenia and lymphopenia), decrease in weights and cellularity of lymphoid organs, serum y-globulin level, delayed type of hypersensitivity response and delay in the skin-burning healing process. 21205429 9 12 FSP Plant 21205429 65 82 immunosuppressive Negative_phenotype 21205429 108 118 leucopenia Negative_phenotype 21205429 135 146 neutropenia Negative_phenotype 21205429 151 162 lymphopenia Negative_phenotype 21205429 177 184 weights Neutral_phenotype 21205429 204 219 lymphoid organs Positive_phenotype 21205429 261 277 hypersensitivity Negative_phenotype 21205429 304 324 skin-burning healing Positive_phenotype 21205429 Decrease 9 12 FSP Plant 65 82 immunosuppressive Negative_phenotype 21205429 Decrease 9 12 FSP Plant 108 118 leucopenia Negative_phenotype 21205429 Decrease 9 12 FSP Plant 135 146 neutropenia Negative_phenotype 21205429 Decrease 9 12 FSP Plant 151 162 lymphopenia Negative_phenotype 21205429 Decrease 9 12 FSP Plant 177 184 weights Neutral_phenotype 21205429 Increase 9 12 FSP Plant 204 219 lymphoid organs Positive_phenotype 21205429 Decrease 9 12 FSP Plant 261 277 hypersensitivity Negative_phenotype 21205429_6 FSP decreased the immunosuppressive activity of CP by 57-108 %. 21205429 0 3 FSP Plant 21205429 18 35 immunosuppressive Negative_phenotype 21205429 Decrease 0 3 FSP Plant 18 35 immunosuppressive Negative_phenotype 21205429_7 These beneficial effects of FSP were dose dependent in most cases, and FSP doses used here were considered safe in general. 21205429 28 31 FSP Plant 21205429 71 74 FSP Plant 21205429_8 FSP was more efficient in alleviating the signs of the metabolic syndrome in the obese animals (over 9 %) than in the type 1 diabetic animals. 21205429 0 3 FSP Plant 21205429 55 86 metabolic syndrome in the obese Negative_phenotype 21205429 119 134 type 1 diabetic Negative_phenotype 21205429 Decrease 0 3 FSP Plant 55 86 metabolic syndrome in the obese Negative_phenotype 21205429 Decrease 0 3 FSP Plant 119 134 type 1 diabetic Negative_phenotype 21205429_9 Moreover, the immunostimulant activity of fenugreek seeds exceeded their anti-metabolic syndrome activity by 15-24 %. 21205429 14 29 immunostimulant Positive_phenotype 21205429 42 51 fenugreek Plant 21205429 73 96 anti-metabolic syndrome Positive_phenotype 21205429 Increase 14 29 immunostimulant Positive_phenotype 42 51 fenugreek Plant 21205429 Increase 42 51 fenugreek Plant 73 96 anti-metabolic syndrome Positive_phenotype 21205429_10 In conclusion, fenugreek seeds may be useful not only as a dietary adjunct for the control of the metabolic syndrome in diabetic/obese patients, but also as an immunostimulant in immunocompromised patients such as those under chemotherapeutic interventions. 21205429 15 24 fenugreek Plant 21205429 98 134 metabolic syndrome in diabetic/obese Negative_phenotype 21205429 160 196 immunostimulant in immunocompromised Positive_phenotype 21205429 226 242 chemotherapeutic Positive_phenotype 21205429 Decrease 15 24 fenugreek Plant 98 134 metabolic syndrome in diabetic/obese Negative_phenotype 21205429 Increase 15 24 fenugreek Plant 160 196 immunostimulant in immunocompromised Positive_phenotype 21205429 Increase 15 24 fenugreek Plant 226 242 chemotherapeutic Positive_phenotype 21591821_1 Effect of Thuja occidentalis and its polysaccharide on cell-mediated immune responses and cytokine levels of metastatic tumor-bearing animals. 21591821 10 28 Thuja occidentalis Plant 21591821 69 75 immune Positive_phenotype 21591821 109 125 metastatic tumor Negative_phenotype 21591821_2 CONTEXT: Tumor microenvironment induces an active immune tolerance and escapes immune surveillance. 21591821 9 14 Tumor Negative_phenotype 21591821 50 66 immune tolerance Positive_phenotype 21591821 79 98 immune surveillance Positive_phenotype 21591821_3 In order to achieve an effective antitumor immune response, appropriately activated immune cells should maintain their antitumor activity to overcome the immune suppressive tumor microenvironment. 21591821 33 49 antitumor immune Positive_phenotype 21591821 119 128 antitumor Positive_phenotype 21591821 154 160 immune Positive_phenotype 21591821 173 178 tumor Negative_phenotype 21591821_4 OBJECTIVES: This study focuses on the effect of Thuja occidentalis L. (Cupressaceae) extract and its polysaccharide (TPS) on cell-mediated immune response (CMI) in metastasis bearing mice. 21591821 48 69 Thuja occidentalis L. Plant 21591821 139 145 immune Positive_phenotype 21591821 156 159 CMI Positive_phenotype 21591821 164 174 metastasis Negative_phenotype 21591821_5 MATERIALS AND METHODS: Metastasis was induced by injecting B16F-10 melanoma cells in mice through the tail vein and effector mechanisms of CMI was studied by analyzing cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) activity, natural killer (NK) cell activity, antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) and antibody-dependent complement-mediated cytotoxicity (ACC). 21591821 23 33 Metastasis Negative_phenotype 21591821 59 66 B16F-10 Negative_phenotype 21591821 67 75 melanoma Negative_phenotype 21591821 139 142 CMI Positive_phenotype 21591821_6 The effect of T. occidentalis and TPS on pro-inflammatory cytokines and tissue inhibitor matrix metalloproteinases (TIMP) levels were also analyzed. 21591821 14 29 T. occidentalis Plant 21591821_7 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Administration of T. occidentalis and TPS enhanced the NK cell activity, ADCC and ACC much earlier than the control tumor-bearing animals. 21591821 42 57 T. occidentalis Plant 21591821 140 145 tumor Negative_phenotype 21591821 Decrease 42 57 T. occidentalis Plant 140 145 tumor Negative_phenotype 21591821_8 T. occidentalis and TPS were also found to decrease the elevated level of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-1b, IL-6, GM-CSF and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-a in the serum of metastatic tumor-bearing animals. 21591821 0 15 T. occidentalis Plant 21591821 193 209 metastatic tumor Negative_phenotype 21591821 Decrease 0 15 T. occidentalis Plant 193 209 metastatic tumor Negative_phenotype 21591821_9 The level of antitumor factors such as IL-2 and TIMP was elevated by the treatment with T. occidentalis and TPS in the serum, which was lowered in the untreated tumor-bearing animals. 21591821 13 22 antitumor Positive_phenotype 21591821 88 103 T. occidentalis Plant 21591821 161 166 tumor Negative_phenotype 21591821 Increase 13 22 antitumor Positive_phenotype 88 103 T. occidentalis Plant 21591821 Decrease 88 103 T. occidentalis Plant 161 166 tumor Negative_phenotype 21591821_10 CONCLUSION: This study clearly suggests that T. occidentalis and TPS effectively stimulate cell-mediated immune system and decrease pro-inflammatory cytokines, thereby inhibiting metastasis of tumor cells. 21591821 45 60 T. occidentalis Plant 21591821 105 118 immune system Positive_phenotype 21591821 179 198 metastasis of tumor Negative_phenotype 21591821 Increase 45 60 T. occidentalis Plant 105 118 immune system Positive_phenotype 21591821 Decrease 45 60 T. occidentalis Plant 179 198 metastasis of tumor Negative_phenotype 21652192_1 Anti-genotoxic effect of the Sargassum dentifolium extracts: prevention of chromosomal aberrations, micronuclei, and DNA fragmentation. 21652192 0 14 Anti-genotoxic Positive_phenotype 21652192 29 50 Sargassum dentifolium Plant 21652192 75 98 chromosomal aberrations Negative_phenotype 21652192 100 111 micronuclei Negative_phenotype 21652192_2 The alga Sargassum dentifolium (Turner) C. Agardh, belongs to Sargassaceae, is a brown seaweed in red sea shores in Egypt. 21652192 9 49 Sargassum dentifolium (Turner) C. Agardh Plant 21652192_3 This work aimed to extract different water-soluble polysaccharide extracts (E1, E2, and E3) from S. dentifolium and to investigate their protective effect against cyclophosphamide (CP)-induced genotoxicity. 21652192 97 111 S. dentifolium Plant 21652192 193 205 genotoxicity Negative_phenotype 21652192_4 Mice bone marrow cells (BMCs) were collected and analyzed for the chromosomal aberration, micronucleated BMCs (MN-BMCs), the mitotic index, DNA fragmentation by comet assay, and histone deacetylases (HDACs), and radical scavenging capacity of extracts was evaluated by the oxygen radical absorbance capacity assay. 21652192 66 88 chromosomal aberration Negative_phenotype 21652192_5 The results indicated that E2 and E3 significantly inhibited CP-induced multiple chromosomal aberrations, where E1 and E3 significantly suppressed the number of CP-induced formation of tetraploidy. 21652192 72 104 multiple chromosomal aberrations Negative_phenotype 21652192 185 196 tetraploidy Negative_phenotype 21652192_6 The extracts prohibited the cytotoxic effect of CP and recovered the mitotic activity, whereas E1 possessed the highest recovery and mitosis. 21652192_7 In absence of MN, CP induced formation of bi- and poly-nucleated BMCs. 21652192_8 E1 prohibited CP-induced formation of bi-nucleated BMCs, while E2 and E3 prohibited CP-induced formation of poly-nucleated BMCs. 21652192_9 CP-induced MN-BMCs were accompanied with mono-, bi- and poly-nucleated cells. 21652192_10 E1 and E3 remarkably suppressed mono-nucleated MN-BMCs, while E2 inhibited bi-nucleated MN-BMCs. 21652192_11 All the extracts significantly inhibited the CP-induced formation of poly-nucleated MN-BMCs. 21652192_12 CP-induced DNA fragmentation was inhibited by all extracts, where E1 was the strongest inhibitor as concluded from the comet tail moment. 21652192_13 All the extracts were strong OH scavengers, while only E3 was ROO scavenger. 21652192_14 The results revealed a drastic decline in HDACs activity by E1 and E3. 21652192_15 In conclusion, S. dentifolium polysaccharide extracts E1 and E3 possessed a potential anti-genotoxic and a promising anti-mutagenic activity. 21652192 15 29 S. dentifolium Plant 21652192 86 100 anti-genotoxic Positive_phenotype 21652192 117 131 anti-mutagenic Positive_phenotype 21652192 Increase 15 29 S. dentifolium Plant 86 100 anti-genotoxic Positive_phenotype 21652192 Increase 15 29 S. dentifolium Plant 117 131 anti-mutagenic Positive_phenotype 21685957_1 Toxicology and carcinogenesis studies of milk thistle extract (CAS No. 84604-20-6) in F344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice (Feed Studies). 21685957 41 53 milk thistle Plant 21685957_2 Milk thistle extracts have been used as medicinal herbs in the treatment of liver cirrhosis, chronic hepatitis (liver inflammation), and gallbladder disorders. 21685957 0 12 Milk thistle Plant 21685957 76 91 liver cirrhosis Negative_phenotype 21685957 93 110 chronic hepatitis Negative_phenotype 21685957 112 130 liver inflammation Negative_phenotype 21685957 137 158 gallbladder disorders Negative_phenotype 21685957 Decrease 0 12 Milk thistle Plant 76 91 liver cirrhosis Negative_phenotype 21685957 Decrease 0 12 Milk thistle Plant 93 110 chronic hepatitis Negative_phenotype 21685957 Decrease 0 12 Milk thistle Plant 112 130 liver inflammation Negative_phenotype 21685957 Decrease 0 12 Milk thistle Plant 137 158 gallbladder disorders Negative_phenotype 21685957_3 Treatment claims also include lowering cholesterol levels; reducing insulin resistance; reducing the growth of cancer cells in breast, cervical, and prostate gland cancers; and antiviral activity. 21685957 39 57 cholesterol levels Neutral_phenotype 21685957 68 86 insulin resistance Negative_phenotype 21685957 111 117 cancer Negative_phenotype 21685957 127 171 breast, cervical, and prostate gland cancers Negative_phenotype 21685957 177 186 antiviral Positive_phenotype 21685957_4 Other reported uses of milk thistle in folk medicine include as a treatment for malarial fever, bronchitis, gallstones, jaundice, peritonitis, uterine congestion, varicose veins, and as a milk production stimulant for nursing mothers. 21685957 23 35 milk thistle Plant 21685957 80 94 malarial fever Negative_phenotype 21685957 96 106 bronchitis Negative_phenotype 21685957 108 118 gallstones Negative_phenotype 21685957 120 128 jaundice Negative_phenotype 21685957 130 141 peritonitis Negative_phenotype 21685957 143 161 uterine congestion Negative_phenotype 21685957 163 177 varicose veins Negative_phenotype 21685957 188 213 milk production stimulant Positive_phenotype 21685957 Decrease 23 35 milk thistle Plant 80 94 malarial fever Negative_phenotype 21685957 Decrease 23 35 milk thistle Plant 96 106 bronchitis Negative_phenotype 21685957 Decrease 23 35 milk thistle Plant 108 118 gallstones Negative_phenotype 21685957 Decrease 23 35 milk thistle Plant 108 118 gallstones Negative_phenotype 21685957 Decrease 23 35 milk thistle Plant 120 128 jaundice Negative_phenotype 21685957 Decrease 23 35 milk thistle Plant 130 141 peritonitis Negative_phenotype 21685957 Decrease 23 35 milk thistle Plant 143 161 uterine congestion Negative_phenotype 21685957 Decrease 23 35 milk thistle Plant 163 177 varicose veins Negative_phenotype 21685957 Increase 23 35 milk thistle Plant 188 213 milk production stimulant Positive_phenotype 21685957_5 The roots soaked in water overnight are used in food, and the despined leaves are added to salads. 21685957_6 Roasted milk thistle fruit has been used as a coffee substitute. 21685957 8 20 milk thistle Plant 21685957_7 Milk thistle extract was nominated for study by the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences because it is one of the most widely used herbs in the United States. 21685957 0 12 Milk thistle Plant 21685957_8 Male and female F344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice were exposed to an ethanol/water extract of milk thistle fruit (milk thistle extract) containing approximately 65% silymarin in feed for 3 months or 2 years. 21685957 88 100 milk thistle Plant 21685957 108 120 milk thistle Plant 21685957_9 Genetic toxicology studies were conducted in Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli and mouse peripheral blood erythrocytes. 21685957 45 67 Salmonella typhimurium Negative_phenotype 21685957 72 88 Escherichia coli Negative_phenotype 21685957_10 3-MONTH STUDY IN RATS: Groups of 10 male and 10 female rats were fed diets containing 0, 3,125, 6,250, 12,500, 25,000, or 50,000 ppm milk thistle extract (equivalent to average daily doses of approximately 260, 525, 1,050, 2,180, or 4,500 mg milk thistle extract/kilogram body weight to males and 260, 510, 1,050, 2,150, or 4,550 mg/kg to females) for 14 weeks.All rats survived to the end of the study. 21685957 133 145 milk thistle Plant 21685957 242 254 milk thistle Plant 21685957_11 Mean body weights of exposed groups were within 10% of those of the controls. 21685957 5 17 body weights Neutral_phenotype 21685957_12 Feed consumption by exposed and control groups was similar. 21685957_13 The sperm motility in 12,500, 25,000, and 50,000 ppm males was decreased by 5%, 11%, and 9%, respectively, relative to that of the controls; the total number of spermatid heads per testis decreased by 11%, 21%, and 9% in 12,500, 25,000, and 50,000 ppm males. 21685957_14 No significant differences in estrous cyclicity were observed between exposed and control groups of female rats. 21685957_15 No exposure-related histopathologic lesions were observed. 21685957 20 43 histopathologic lesions Negative_phenotype 21685957_16 3-MONTH STUDY IN MICE: Groups of 10 male and 10 female mice were fed diets containing 0, 3,125, 6,250, 12,500, 25,000, or 50,000 ppm milk thistle extract (equivalent to average daily doses of approximately 640, 1,340, 2,500, 5,280, or 11,620 mg/kg to males and 580, 1,180, 2,335, 4,800, or 9,680 mg/kg to females) for 14 weeks. 21685957 133 145 milk thistle Plant 21685957_17 All mice survived to the end of the study. 21685957_18 Mean body weights and feed consumption of all exposed groups were similar to those of the controls. 21685957 5 17 body weights Neutral_phenotype 21685957_19 Absolute and relative thymus weights were significantly decreased in 25,000 and 50,000 ppm males. 21685957 22 36 thymus weights Neutral_phenotype 21685957_20 No significant differences were observed between exposed and control groups, for sperm parameters of male mice, for estrous cyclicity of female mice, or for reproductive organ weights of male or female mice, when mice were administered milk thistle extract in feed at 12,500, 25,000, or 50,000 ppm. 21685957 157 183 reproductive organ weights Neutral_phenotype 21685957 236 248 milk thistle Plant 21685957_21 No exposure-related histopathologic lesions were observed. 21685957 20 43 histopathologic lesions Negative_phenotype 21685957_22 2-YEAR STUDY IN RATS: Groups of 50 male and 50 female rats were fed diets containing 0, 12,500, 25,000, or 50,000 ppm milk thistle extract (equivalent to average daily doses of approximately 570, 1,180, or 2,520 mg/kg to males and 630, 1,300, or 2,750 mg/kg to females) for 105 to 106 weeks. 21685957 118 130 milk thistle Plant 21685957_23 Exposure to milk thistle extract had no effect on survival of male or female rats. 21685957 12 24 milk thistle Plant 21685957 50 58 survival Positive_phenotype 21685957_24 Mean body weights of all exposed groups were similar to those of the controls throughout the study. 21685957 5 17 body weights Neutral_phenotype 21685957_25 Feed consumption by exposed groups of males and females was generally similar to that by the controls throughout the study. 21685957_26 Significantly decreased incidences of mammary gland fibroadenoma, adenoma, or carcinoma (combined) occurred in females exposed to 25,000 or 50,000 ppm. 21685957 38 64 mammary gland fibroadenoma Negative_phenotype 21685957 57 64 adenoma Negative_phenotype 21685957 78 87 carcinoma Negative_phenotype 21685957_27 Significantly increased incidences of clear cell and mixed cell focus of the liver occurred in 25,000 and 50,000 ppm females. 21685957 77 82 liver Positive_phenotype 21685957_28 The incidences of bile duct hyperplasia were significantly decreased in 50,000 ppm males and in all exposed groups of females, and the incidence of mixed inflammatory cell infiltration was significantly decreased in 50,000 ppm males. 21685957 18 39 bile duct hyperplasia Negative_phenotype 21685957 154 184 inflammatory cell infiltration Negative_phenotype 21685957_29 2-YEAR STUDY IN MICE: Groups of 50 male and 50 female mice were fed diets containing 0, 12,500, 25,000, or 50,000 ppm milk thistle extract (equivalent to average daily doses of approximately 1,610, 3,530, or 7,770 mg/kg to males and 1,500, 3,175, or 7,180 mg/kg to females) for 105 to 106 weeks. 21685957 118 130 milk thistle Plant 21685957_30 Exposure to milk thistle extract had no effect on survival of male or female mice. 21685957 12 24 milk thistle Plant 21685957 50 58 survival Positive_phenotype 21685957_31 The mean body weights of the 25,000 ppm groups were less than those of controls after week 25; mean body weights of 50,000 ppm groups were less than those of controls after week 12. 21685957 9 21 body weights Neutral_phenotype 21685957 100 112 body weights Neutral_phenotype 21685957_32 Feed consumption by exposed groups of males and females was generally similar to that by the controls throughout the study. 21685957_33 Significantly decreased incidences of hepatocellular adenoma and hepatocellular carcinoma occurred in 50,000 ppm males, and decreased incidences of hepatocellular adenoma or carcinoma (combined) occurred in 25,000 and 50,000 ppm males. 21685957 38 60 hepatocellular adenoma Negative_phenotype 21685957 65 89 hepatocellular carcinoma Negative_phenotype 21685957 148 183 hepatocellular adenoma or carcinoma Negative_phenotype 21685957_34 GENETIC TOXICOLOGY: Five milk thistle extracts were tested independently in bacterial mutagenicity studies using a variety of S. typhimurium tester strains and one E. coli strain. 21685957 25 37 milk thistle Plant 21685957 76 98 bacterial mutagenicity Negative_phenotype 21685957 126 140 S. typhimurium Negative_phenotype 21685957 164 171 E. coli Negative_phenotype 21685957_35 Results were negative in three of the five studies, with and without exogenous metabolic activation. 21685957_36 In two studies, milk thistle extract was mutagenic in S. typhimurium strain TA98 in the presence of exogenous metabolic activation enzymes. 21685957 16 28 milk thistle Plant 21685957 54 68 S. typhimurium Negative_phenotype 21685957 76 80 TA98 Negative_phenotype 21685957_37 Silymarin, a major constituent of milk thistle extract, was positive in S. typhimurium strains TA98 and TA100, when testing occurred in the presence of exogenous metabolic activation enzymes. 21685957 34 46 milk thistle Plant 21685957 72 86 S. typhimurium Negative_phenotype 21685957 95 99 TA98 Negative_phenotype 21685957 104 109 TA100 Negative_phenotype 21685957_38 Silybin, another component of milk thistle extract, was negative in a S. typhimurium gene mutation assay, with and without liver S9 activation enzymes. 21685957 30 42 milk thistle Plant 21685957 70 84 S. typhimurium Negative_phenotype 21685957_39 Administration of milk thistle extract in feed for 3 months did not increase the frequencies of micronucleated normochromatic erythrocytes, an indication of chromosomal abnormalities, in the peripheral blood of male or female B6C3F1 mice. 21685957 18 30 milk thistle Plant 21685957 157 182 chromosomal abnormalities Negative_phenotype 21685957_40 CONCLUSIONS: Under the conditions of these 2-year feed studies, there was no evidence of carcinogenic activity of milk thistle extract in male or female F344/N rats or B6C3F1 mice exposed to 12,500, 25,000, or 50,000 ppm. 21685957 89 101 carcinogenic Negative_phenotype 21685957 114 126 milk thistle Plant 21685957_41 Exposure to milk thistle extract resulted in increased incidences of clear cell and mixed cell foci in the liver of female rats and decreases in body weights of exposed groups of male and female mice. 21685957 12 24 milk thistle Plant 21685957 145 157 body weights Neutral_phenotype 21685957 Decrease 12 24 milk thistle Plant 145 157 body weights Neutral_phenotype 21685957_42 Decreased incidences of mammary gland neoplasms occurred in exposed groups of female rats, and decreased incidences of hepatocellular neoplasms occurred in exposed groups of male mice. 21685957 24 47 mammary gland neoplasms Negative_phenotype 21685957 119 143 hepatocellular neoplasms Negative_phenotype 21686137_1 Effects of panax quinquefolium on streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats: role of C-peptide, nitric oxide and oxidative stress. 21686137 11 30 panax quinquefolium Plant 21686137 57 65 diabetic Negative_phenotype 21686137 108 124 oxidative stress Negative_phenotype 21686137_2 BACKGROUND: Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus are at high risk for vascular disorders as hypertension and nephropathy. 21686137 12 47 Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus Negative_phenotype 21686137 69 87 vascular disorders Negative_phenotype 21686137 91 103 hypertension Negative_phenotype 21686137 108 119 nephropathy Negative_phenotype 21686137_3 Ginseng is one of the most widely used herbal medicines and is reported to have a wide range of therapeutic and pharmacological applications for antioxidant and vasorelaxation although the mechanism is not clear. 21686137 0 7 Ginseng Plant 21686137 145 156 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 21686137 161 175 vasorelaxation Positive_phenotype 21686137 Increase 0 7 Ginseng Plant 145 156 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 21686137 Increase 0 7 Ginseng Plant 161 175 vasorelaxation Positive_phenotype 21686137_4 This study, aimed to evaluate hypoglycemic, antioxidant and vasodilator effects of Panax quinquefolium aqueous ginseng extract (AGE) against streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes in male rats. 21686137 30 42 hypoglycemic Positive_phenotype 21686137 44 55 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 21686137 60 71 vasodilator Positive_phenotype 21686137 83 102 Panax quinquefolium Plant 21686137 111 118 ginseng Plant 21686137 128 131 AGE Plant 21686137 170 178 diabetes Negative_phenotype 21686137_5 Furthermore explore the role of AGE in C-peptide and nitric oxide (NO) and their relation in STZ induced diabetic rats. 21686137 32 35 AGE Plant 21686137 105 113 diabetic Negative_phenotype 21686137_6 METHODS: Thirty White male Sprague daw-ley rats weighing 150-200 gm, about 4 month old were equally divided into the following: a control group (normal, nondiabetic), a diabetic group induced by intraperitoneal (I/P) injection of STZ (non-AGE-treated) and an AGE-treated diabetic group (STZ+AGE) (for 8 days). 21686137 169 177 diabetic Negative_phenotype 21686137 259 262 AGE Plant 21686137 271 279 diabetic Negative_phenotype 21686137_7 Serum level of urea, creatinine, glucose, insulin, C-peptide and NO were analyzed. 21686137_8 Activities of hepatic glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase), hepatic glycogen phosphorylase and the renal antioxidant enzyme, catalase were analyzed. 21686137 93 110 renal antioxidant Positive_phenotype 21686137_9 Also renal oxidative stress marker malondialdehyde (MDA) was measured. 21686137 5 27 renal oxidative stress Negative_phenotype 21686137_10 RESULTS: Data showed that STZ treated rats produced a significant increased level of serum urea, creatinine, glucose, NO and renal MDA. 21686137_11 Also, induced significantly higher activities of hepatic G6Pase and glycogen phosphorylase compared with controls, while give significant lowered serum insulin, C-peptide level and renal catalase activity. 21686137 181 186 renal Positive_phenotype 21686137_12 Whereas treatment with AGE led to a significant amelioration in the hyperglycemia (lower the activity of G6Pase and glycogen phosphorylase), hyperinsulinemia and oxidative stress markers. 21686137 23 26 AGE Plant 21686137 68 81 hyperglycemia Negative_phenotype 21686137 141 157 hyperinsulinemia Negative_phenotype 21686137 162 178 oxidative stress Negative_phenotype 21686137 Decrease 23 26 AGE Plant 68 81 hyperglycemia Negative_phenotype 21686137 Decrease 23 26 AGE Plant 141 157 hyperinsulinemia Negative_phenotype 21686137 Decrease 23 26 AGE Plant 162 178 oxidative stress Negative_phenotype 21686137_13 Besides declining the higher level of renal function test and NO. 21686137 38 52 renal function Positive_phenotype 21686137_14 CONCLUSIONS: STZ induced-diabetes (DM) associated with renal function disturbances, hypoinsulinemia, defective antioxidant stability and increased (NO) this may have implications for the progress of DM and its related problems. 21686137 25 33 diabetes Negative_phenotype 21686137 35 37 DM Negative_phenotype 21686137 55 82 renal function disturbances Negative_phenotype 21686137 84 99 hypoinsulinemia Negative_phenotype 21686137 111 122 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 21686137 199 201 DM Negative_phenotype 21686137_15 Treatment with AGE improved DM and its associated metabolic problems in different degrees. 21686137 15 18 AGE Plant 21686137 28 30 DM Negative_phenotype 21686137 50 68 metabolic problems Negative_phenotype 21686137 Decrease 15 18 AGE Plant 28 30 DM Negative_phenotype 21686137 Decrease 15 18 AGE Plant 50 68 metabolic problems Negative_phenotype 21686137_16 Furthermore it has insulin sensitizing, hypoglycemic, antioxidant and vasodilator effects. 21686137 19 38 insulin sensitizing Positive_phenotype 21686137 40 52 hypoglycemic Positive_phenotype 21686137 54 65 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 21686137 70 81 vasodilator Positive_phenotype 21686137_17 Communally AGE is a potential way to surmount the diabetic state and it has vasodilator effects. 21686137 11 14 AGE Plant 21686137 50 58 diabetic Negative_phenotype 21686137 76 87 vasodilator Positive_phenotype 21686137 Decrease 11 14 AGE Plant 50 58 diabetic Negative_phenotype 21686137 Increase 11 14 AGE Plant 76 87 vasodilator Positive_phenotype 21717156_1 Synergistic anti-inflammatory effect of Radix Platycodon in combination with herbs for cleaning-heat and detoxification and its mechanism. 21717156 12 29 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 21717156 46 56 Platycodon Plant 21717156 87 100 cleaning-heat Positive_phenotype 21717156 105 119 detoxification Positive_phenotype 21717156_2 OBJECTIVE: To investigate the synergistic anti-inflammatory effect of Radix Platycodon in combination with herbs for cleaning-heat and detoxification and its mechanism for Fel-targeting. 21717156 42 59 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 21717156 76 86 Platycodon Plant 21717156 117 130 cleaning-heat Positive_phenotype 21717156 135 149 detoxification Positive_phenotype 21717156_3 METHODS: Forty Wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups (8 per group): the sham-operated group, model group, Radix Platycodon group, Flos Lonicera and Fructus Forsythia (LF) group, and Radix Platycodon, Flos Lonicera and Fructus Forsythia combination (PLF) group, using a random number table. 21717156 125 135 Platycodon Plant 21717156 143 156 Flos Lonicera Plant 21717156 161 178 Fructus Forsythia Plant 21717156 180 182 LF Plant 21717156 201 211 Platycodon Plant 21717156 213 226 Flos Lonicera Plant 21717156 231 248 Fructus Forsythia Plant 21717156 262 265 PLF Plant 21717156_4 A rat chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) model was established by passive smoking and intratracheal instillation of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). 21717156 6 43 chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Negative_phenotype 21717156 45 49 COPD Negative_phenotype 21717156_5 The treatments started from the 15th day of passive smoking for a total duration of 14 days. 21717156_6 At the end of the treatment, changes in the following measurements were determined: lung histopathology, inflammatory cytokines including tumor necrosis factor a (TNF-a), transforming growth factor b (TGF-b) and interleukin IL-1b (IL-1b) in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), and mRNA expression of endogenous active substance intestinal trefoil factor 3 (TFF3) in the lung tissue. 21717156_7 RESULTS: Light microscopy showed that compared with the sham-operated group, rats in the COPD model group had disrupted alveolar structure, collapsed local alveoli, significantly widened or even fused alveolar septa, and massive infiltration of inflammatory cells in the alveolar wall and interstitium. 21717156 89 93 COPD Negative_phenotype 21717156 110 138 disrupted alveolar structure Negative_phenotype 21717156 140 163 collapsed local alveoli Negative_phenotype 21717156 179 215 widened or even fused alveolar septa Negative_phenotype 21717156 229 257 infiltration of inflammatory Negative_phenotype 21717156_8 In addition, significant bronchial epithelium hyperplasia, partially shed epithelia, and marked inflammatory cell infiltration in the bronchial wall and its surrounding tissues were noticed. 21717156 25 57 bronchial epithelium hyperplasia Negative_phenotype 21717156 69 83 shed epithelia Negative_phenotype 21717156 96 126 inflammatory cell infiltration Negative_phenotype 21717156_9 Electron microscopy showed that rats in the model group had degeneration of alveolar type II epithelial cell; reduction, breakage or even loss of cell surface microvilli; swollen mitochondria with disappearing cristae and vacuole-like structure; and, increased secondary lysosomes in alveolar macrophages. 21717156 60 108 degeneration of alveolar type II epithelial cell Negative_phenotype 21717156 121 169 breakage or even loss of cell surface microvilli Negative_phenotype 21717156 171 191 swollen mitochondria Negative_phenotype 21717156_10 The TNF-a, TGF-b and IL-1b levels and white blood cell (WBC) count in BALF were significantly increased (P < 0.01 or P < 0.05) and TFF3 mRNA expression in the lung tissue was significantly reduced (P < 0.01). 21717156_11 After treatment, the pathological morphology of lung injury was less severe in all three treatment groups. 21717156 48 59 lung injury Negative_phenotype 21717156_12 In addition, TGF-b and IL-1b and WBC count in BALF were decreased (P < 0.01 or P < 0.05), and TFF3 mRNA expression in the lung tissue was significantly increased in the PLF group (P < 0.01). 21717156 169 172 PLF Plant 21717156_13 Compared with the LF group, the IL-1b in BALF was significantly decreased P < 0.05), and TFF3 mRNA expression was significantly increased (P < 0.05) in the PLF group. 21717156 18 20 LF Plant 21717156 156 159 PLF Plant 21717156_14 CONCLUSIONS: Radix Platycodon synergizes with herbs for cleaning-heat and detoxification in reducing inflammatory injury in a rat model of COPD. 21717156 23 24 y Plant 21717156 56 69 cleaning-heat Positive_phenotype 21717156 74 88 detoxification Positive_phenotype 21717156 101 143 inflammatory injury in a rat model of COPD Negative_phenotype 21717156 Increase 23 24 y Plant 56 69 cleaning-heat Positive_phenotype 21717156 Increase 23 24 y Plant 74 88 detoxification Positive_phenotype 21717156 Decrease 23 24 y Plant 101 143 inflammatory injury in a rat model of COPD Negative_phenotype 21717156_15 The synergistic anti-inflammatory effect is reflected in the improvement in pathological changes and in the reduction of IL-1b levels in BALF. 21717156 16 33 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 21717156_16 The mechanism of such synergistic action may be related to its effect on maintaining the TFF3 mRNA expression and Fel-targeting function. 21929329_1 Update on the chemopreventive effects of ginger and its phytochemicals. 21929329 14 29 chemopreventive Positive_phenotype 21929329 41 47 ginger Plant 21929329_2 The rhizomes of Zingiber officinale Roscoe (Zingiberaceae), commonly known as ginger, is one of the most widely used spice and condiment. 21929329 16 42 Zingiber officinale Roscoe Plant 21929329 78 84 ginger Plant 21929329_3 It is also an integral part of many traditional medicines and has been extensively used in Chinese, Ayurvedic, Tibb-Unani, Srilankan, Arabic, and African traditional medicines, since antiquity, for many unrelated human ailments including common colds, fever, sore throats, vomiting, motion sickness, gastrointestinal complications, indigestion, constipation, arthritis, rheumatism, sprains, muscular aches, pains, cramps, hypertension, dementia, fever, infectious diseases, and helminthiasis. 21929329 245 250 colds Negative_phenotype 21929329 252 257 fever Negative_phenotype 21929329 259 271 sore throats Negative_phenotype 21929329 273 281 vomiting Negative_phenotype 21929329 283 298 motion sickness Negative_phenotype 21929329 300 330 gastrointestinal complications Negative_phenotype 21929329 332 343 indigestion Negative_phenotype 21929329 345 357 constipation Negative_phenotype 21929329 359 368 arthritis Negative_phenotype 21929329 370 380 rheumatism Negative_phenotype 21929329 382 389 sprains Negative_phenotype 21929329 391 405 muscular aches Negative_phenotype 21929329 407 412 pains Negative_phenotype 21929329 414 420 cramps Negative_phenotype 21929329 422 434 hypertension Negative_phenotype 21929329 436 444 dementia Negative_phenotype 21929329 446 451 fever Negative_phenotype 21929329 453 472 infectious diseases Negative_phenotype 21929329 478 491 helminthiasis Negative_phenotype 21929329_4 The putative active compounds are nonvolatile pungent principles, namely gingerols, shogaols, paradols, and zingerone. 21929329_5 These compounds are some of the extensively studied phytochemicals and account for the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiemetic, and gastroprotective activities. 21929329 87 98 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 21929329 100 117 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 21929329 119 129 antiemetic Positive_phenotype 21929329 135 151 gastroprotective Positive_phenotype 21929329_6 A number of preclinical investigations with a wide variety of assay systems and carcinogens have shown that ginger and its compounds possess chemopreventive and antineoplastic effects. 21929329 108 114 ginger Plant 21929329 141 156 chemopreventive Positive_phenotype 21929329 161 175 antineoplastic Positive_phenotype 21929329 Increase 108 114 ginger Plant 141 156 chemopreventive Positive_phenotype 21929329 Increase 108 114 ginger Plant 161 175 antineoplastic Positive_phenotype 21929329_7 A number of mechanisms have been observed to be involved in the chemopreventive effects of ginger. 21929329 64 79 chemopreventive Positive_phenotype 21929329 91 97 ginger Plant 21929329 Increase 64 79 chemopreventive Positive_phenotype 91 97 ginger Plant 21929329_8 The cancer preventive activities of ginger are supposed to be mainly due to free radical scavenging, antioxidant pathways, alteration of gene expressions, and induction of apoptosis, all of which contribute towards decrease in tumor initiation, promotion, and progression. 21929329 4 10 cancer Negative_phenotype 21929329 36 42 ginger Plant 21929329 101 112 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 21929329 227 232 tumor Negative_phenotype 21929329 Decrease 4 10 cancer Negative_phenotype 36 42 ginger Plant 21929329 Increase 36 42 ginger Plant 101 112 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 21929329 Decrease 36 42 ginger Plant 227 232 tumor Negative_phenotype 21929329_9 This review provides concise information from preclinical studies with both cell culture models and relevant animal studies by focusing on the mechanisms responsible for the chemopreventive action. 21929329 174 189 chemopreventive Positive_phenotype 21929329_10 The conclusion describes directions for future research to establish its activity and utility as a human cancer preventive and therapeutic drug. 21929329 105 111 cancer Negative_phenotype 21929329_11 The above-mentioned mechanisms of ginger seem to be promising for cancer prevention; however, further clinical studies are warranted to assess the efficacy and safety of ginger. 21929329 34 40 ginger Plant 21929329 66 72 cancer Negative_phenotype 21929329 170 176 ginger Plant 21929329 Decrease 34 40 ginger Plant 66 72 cancer Negative_phenotype 23007975_1 Extract from mistletoe, Viscum album L., reduces Hsp27 and 14-3-3 protein expression and induces apoptosis in C6 rat glioma cells. 23007975 13 22 mistletoe Plant 23007975 24 39 Viscum album L. Plant 23007975 110 112 C6 Negative_phenotype 23007975 117 123 glioma Negative_phenotype 23007975 Decrease 13 22 mistletoe Plant 110 112 C6 Negative_phenotype 23007975 Decrease 13 22 mistletoe Plant 117 123 glioma Negative_phenotype 23007975 Decrease 24 39 Viscum album L. Plant 110 112 C6 Negative_phenotype 23007975 Decrease 24 39 Viscum album L. Plant 117 123 glioma Negative_phenotype 23007975_2 Extracts of mistletoe (Viscum album) are intensively used in complementary medicine, but their mechanisms are not fully understood in most cases, and the effects on metabolism have not been investigated in detail. 23007975 12 21 mistletoe Plant 23007975 23 35 Viscum album Plant 23007975_3 However, some biologically active natural products are well known to provoke unexpected cellular responses. 23007975_4 They reduce overexpression of heat shock proteins (Hsps) in cancer cells. 23007975 60 66 cancer Negative_phenotype 23007975_5 The aim of the current study was to determine whether methanolic extract of V. album, which possesses antioxidant activity, has an effect on expression levels of Hsp27 and 14-3-3 proteins in a C6 glioma cell line. 23007975 76 84 V. album Plant 23007975 102 113 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 23007975 193 195 C6 Negative_phenotype 23007975 196 202 glioma Negative_phenotype 23007975_6 For the first time, the apoptosis-inducing effect of this extract was also determined via caspase-3 activation in the cells. 23007975_7 Overexpression of Hsps was induced by heat shock at 42 C for 1 h. 23007975_8 Expression levels of Hsp27 and 14-3-3 proteins were determined using Western blot analysis. 23007975_9 The apoptosis-inducing effect was also evaluated via caspase-3 activation in C6 glioma cells. 23007975 77 79 C6 Negative_phenotype 23007975 80 86 glioma Negative_phenotype 23007975_10 Pretreatment of the cells with a nontoxic dose (100 g/mL) of V. album extract before heat shock significantly reduced expression levels of Hsp27 (73%) and 14-3-3b (124%), 14-3-3y (23%), and 14-3-3 (84%) proteins. 23007975 62 70 V. album Plant 23007975_11 Pretreatment with the extract before heat shock increased apoptosis via caspase-3 activation (60%) in C6 glioma cells. 23007975 102 104 C6 Negative_phenotype 23007975 105 111 glioma Negative_phenotype 23007975_12 This result suggested that the methanolic extract of V. album downregulates expression of Hsp27 and 14-3-3 chaperone proteins and induces apoptosis, which warrants further exploration as a potential bioactive compound for cancer therapy. 23007975 53 61 V. album Plant 23007975 222 228 cancer Negative_phenotype 23007975 Decrease 53 61 V. album Plant 222 228 cancer Negative_phenotype 23057003_1 Evaluation of Caesalpinia bonduc seed coat extract for anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity. 23057003 14 32 Caesalpinia bonduc Plant 23057003 55 72 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 23057003 77 86 analgesic Positive_phenotype 23057003_2 In the present work, Caesalpinia bonduc seed coat extract (CBSCE) has been evaluated for anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity C. bonduc seeds have been attributed with anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties in the folklore medicine. 23057003 21 39 Caesalpinia bonduc Plant 23057003 59 64 CBSCE Plant 23057003 89 106 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 23057003 111 120 analgesic Positive_phenotype 23057003 130 139 C. bonduc Plant 23057003 172 189 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 23057003 194 203 analgesic Positive_phenotype 23057003 Increase 21 39 Caesalpinia bonduc Plant 89 106 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 23057003 Increase 21 39 Caesalpinia bonduc Plant 111 120 analgesic Positive_phenotype 23057003 Increase 59 64 CBSCE Plant 89 106 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 23057003 Increase 59 64 CBSCE Plant 111 120 analgesic Positive_phenotype 23057003 Increase 130 139 C. bonduc Plant 172 189 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 23057003 Increase 130 139 C. bonduc Plant 194 203 analgesic Positive_phenotype 23057003_3 Here in our study, we have tried to carry out the systematic evaluation of the seed coat extract of C. bonduc to substantiate these claims. 23057003 100 109 C. bonduc Plant 23057003_4 C. bonduc seed coat was extracted with 95% ethanol and concentrated; further, the extract was screened for anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity. 23057003 0 9 C. bonduc Plant 23057003 107 124 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 23057003 129 138 analgesic Positive_phenotype 23057003_5 The studies were carried using Carrageenan-induced Paw Edema, Egg albumin-induced paw edema, Eddy's Hot Plate Test, Tail Immersion Method so as to prove acclaimed properties. 23057003 51 60 Paw Edema Negative_phenotype 23057003 82 91 paw edema Negative_phenotype 23057003_6 The data was analyzed statistically by Students' 't' test. 23057003_7 The results indicate that seed coat extract has the ability to decrease the induced inflammation at varied doses in Carrageenan model as well as in the Egg albumin model in rats. 23057003 84 96 inflammation Negative_phenotype 23057003_8 The antinociceptive results indicate that the extract has the ability to increase the pain threshold of the animals and reduce the pain factor, thereby inducing analgesia. 23057003 4 19 antinociceptive Positive_phenotype 23057003 86 90 pain Negative_phenotype 23057003 131 135 pain Negative_phenotype 23057003 161 170 analgesia Positive_phenotype 23057003_9 Thus, it can be concluded that CBSCE posses analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity. 23057003 31 36 CBSCE Plant 23057003 44 53 analgesic Positive_phenotype 23057003 58 75 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 23057003 Increase 31 36 CBSCE Plant 44 53 analgesic Positive_phenotype 23057003 Increase 31 36 CBSCE Plant 58 75 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 23060691_1 Selaginella tamariscina water extract inhibits receptor activator for the nuclear factor-kB ligand-induced osteoclast differentiation by blocking mitogen-activated protein kinase and NF-kB signaling. 23060691 0 23 Selaginella tamariscina Plant 23060691_2 BACKGROUND: Selaginella tamariscina has been traditionally used in Korea for treating hematochezia, hematuria, and prolapse of the anus. 23060691 12 35 Selaginella tamariscina Plant 23060691 86 98 hematochezia Negative_phenotype 23060691 100 109 hematuria Negative_phenotype 23060691 115 135 prolapse of the anus Negative_phenotype 23060691 Decrease 12 35 Selaginella tamariscina Plant 86 98 hematochezia Negative_phenotype 23060691 Decrease 12 35 Selaginella tamariscina Plant 100 109 hematuria Negative_phenotype 23060691 Decrease 12 35 Selaginella tamariscina Plant 115 135 prolapse of the anus Negative_phenotype 23060691_3 The aim of this study was to evaluate the inhibitory effect of Selaginella tamariscina water extract (ST-WE) on osteoclast differentiation, and to determine the underlying molecular mechanism. 23060691 63 86 Selaginella tamariscina Plant 23060691 102 107 ST-WE Plant 23060691_4 MATERIALS AND METHODS: RAW264.7 cells were used as a model to examine receptor activator for the nuclear factor-kB ligand (RANKL)-induced osteoclast differentiation. 23060691_5 Expression of osteoclastic genes and transcription factors was evaluated by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (QPCR). 23060691 14 26 osteoclastic Negative_phenotype 23060691_6 Activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinases, extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and p38, and NF-kB were determined by Western blot analysis. 23060691_7 RESULTS: ST-WE significantly inhibited RANKL-induced tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) activity and formation of multinucleated osteoclasts in RAW264.7 cells. 23060691 9 14 ST-WE Plant 23060691 137 148 osteoclasts Negative_phenotype 23060691 Decrease 9 14 ST-WE Plant 137 148 osteoclasts Negative_phenotype 23060691_8 ST-WE also significantly inhibited the RANKL-induced mRNA expression of TRAP, cathepsin K, and the d2 isoform of vacuolar ATPase V(0) domain (ATPv0d2) gene. 23060691 0 5 ST-WE Plant 23060691_9 In addition, ST-WE inhibited the RANKL-induced phosphorylation of ERK, JNK, and p38, phosphorylation of I-kB(a) and NF-kB p65, and the expression of transcription factors c-fos, Fra-2, and nuclear factor of activated T cells 1. 23060691 13 18 ST-WE Plant 23060691_10 Furthermore, ST inhibited the bone resorptive activity of osteoclasts. 23060691 13 15 ST Plant 23060691 30 45 bone resorptive Negative_phenotype 23060691 58 69 osteoclasts Negative_phenotype 23060691 Decrease 13 15 ST Plant 30 45 bone resorptive Negative_phenotype 23060691 Decrease 13 15 ST Plant 58 69 osteoclasts Negative_phenotype 23060691_11 CONCLUSION: ST-WE might have beneficial effects on bonedisease by inhibiting osteoclastogenesis and osteoclastic activity. 23060691 12 17 ST-WE Plant 23060691 51 62 bonedisease Negative_phenotype 23060691 77 95 osteoclastogenesis Negative_phenotype 23060691 100 112 osteoclastic Negative_phenotype 23060691 Decrease 12 17 ST-WE Plant 51 62 bonedisease Negative_phenotype 23060691 Decrease 12 17 ST-WE Plant 77 95 osteoclastogenesis Negative_phenotype 23060691 Decrease 12 17 ST-WE Plant 100 112 osteoclastic Negative_phenotype 23065287_1 Phytochemical composition of Cymbopogon citratus and Eucalyptus citriodora essential oils and their anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties on Wistar rats. 23065287 29 48 Cymbopogon citratus Plant 23065287 53 74 Eucalyptus citriodora Plant 23065287 100 117 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 23065287 122 131 analgesic Positive_phenotype 23065287_2 Cymbopogon citratus and Eucalyptus citriodora are widely used herbs/plants as a source of ethnomedicines in tropical regions of the world. 23065287 0 19 Cymbopogon citratus Plant 23065287 24 45 Eucalyptus citriodora Plant 23065287_3 In this work, we studied the anti-inflammatory and gastroprotective effects of C. citratus and E. citriodora essential oils on formol-induced edema, and acetic acid induced abdominal cramps in Wistar rats. 23065287 29 46 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 23065287 51 67 gastroprotective Positive_phenotype 23065287 79 90 C. citratus Plant 23065287 95 108 E. citriodora Plant 23065287 142 147 edema Negative_phenotype 23065287 173 189 abdominal cramps Negative_phenotype 23065287_4 To fully understand the chemically induced anti-inflammatory properties of these plants, we first analyzed the chemical composition of the essential oils. 23065287 43 60 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 23065287_5 A total of 16 chemical constituents accounting for 93.69 % of the oil, were identified in C. citratus among which, Geranial (27.04 %), neral (19.93 %) and myrcene (27.04 %) were the major constituents. 23065287 91 102 C. citratus Plant 23065287_6 For E. citriodora, 19 compounds representing 97.2 % of the extracted oil were identified. 23065287 4 17 E. citriodora Plant 23065287_7 The dominant compound of E. citriodora essential oil was citronellal (83.50 %). 23065287 25 38 E. citriodora Plant 23065287_8 In vivo analysis and histological assay showed that the two essential oils displayed significant dose dependent edema inhibition effect over time. 23065287 112 117 edema Negative_phenotype 23065287_9 They displayed strong analgesic and antipyretic properties similar to that induced by 50 mg/kg of acetylsalicylate of lysine. 23065287 22 31 analgesic Positive_phenotype 23065287 36 47 antipyretic Positive_phenotype 23065287_10 However, the E. citriodora essential oil was more effective than that of C. citratus. 23065287 13 26 E. citriodora Plant 23065287 73 84 C. citratus Plant 23065287_11 We identified significant numbers of aldehyde molecules in both essential oils mediating antioxidant activity that may contribute to the anti-inflammatory effects observed on the rats. 23065287 89 100 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 23065287 137 154 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 23065287_12 Altogether, this work demonstrates the anti-inflammatory property of C. citratus and E. citriodora suggesting their potential role as adjuvant therapeutic alternatives in dealing with inflammatory-related diseases. 23065287 39 56 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 23065287 69 80 C. citratus Plant 23065287 85 98 E. citriodora Plant 23065287 184 213 inflammatory-related diseases Negative_phenotype 23065287 Increase 39 56 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 69 80 C. citratus Plant 23065287 Increase 39 56 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 85 98 E. citriodora Plant 23065287 Decrease 69 80 C. citratus Plant 184 213 inflammatory-related diseases Negative_phenotype 23065287 Decrease 85 98 E. citriodora Plant 184 213 inflammatory-related diseases Negative_phenotype 23130236_1 Parthenium dermatitis manifesting clinically as polymorphic light eruption and prurigo nodularis- like lesions with vasculitis-like picture on histopathology. 23130236 0 21 Parthenium dermatitis Negative_phenotype 23130236 48 74 polymorphic light eruption Negative_phenotype 23130236 79 110 prurigo nodularis- like lesions Negative_phenotype 23130236 116 126 vasculitis Negative_phenotype 23130236_2 Parthenium dermatitis is a widespread and distressing dermatoses in rural and urban India caused by the air borne allergen of the Compositae weed Parthenium hysterophorus. 23130236 0 21 Parthenium dermatitis Negative_phenotype 23130236 54 64 dermatoses Negative_phenotype 23130236 130 145 Compositae weed Plant 23130236 146 170 Parthenium hysterophorus Plant 23130236 Increase 0 21 Parthenium dermatitis Negative_phenotype 130 145 Compositae weed Plant 23130236 Increase 0 21 Parthenium dermatitis Negative_phenotype 146 170 Parthenium hysterophorus Plant 23130236 Increase 54 64 dermatoses Negative_phenotype 130 145 Compositae weed Plant 23130236 Increase 54 64 dermatoses Negative_phenotype 146 170 Parthenium hysterophorus Plant 23130236_3 Parthenium dermatitis has been thought to be mediated solely by type IV hypersensitivity, but recently a combined immediate (type I) and delayed (type IV) hypersensitivity mechanism has been postulated in the initiation and perpetuation of parthenium dermatitis, especially in sensitized subjects with an atopic diathesis. 23130236 0 21 Parthenium dermatitis Negative_phenotype 23130236 64 88 type IV hypersensitivity Negative_phenotype 23130236 155 171 hypersensitivity Negative_phenotype 23130236 240 261 parthenium dermatitis Negative_phenotype 23130236 305 311 atopic Negative_phenotype 23130236_4 Initially, the exposed sites of the body are involved. 23130236_5 Later in the course of the disease, unexposed sites may get involved. 23130236_6 Various clinical presentations have been described in parthenium dermatitis. 23130236 54 75 parthenium dermatitis Negative_phenotype 23130236_7 Typically, it presents as an air borne contact dermatitis (ABCD) involving the eyelids and nasolabial folds Other presentations include a photodermatitis (essentially a pseudo photodermatitis), atopic dermatitis, seborrheic dermatitis, exfoliative dermatitis, hand dermatitis. 23130236 29 57 air borne contact dermatitis Negative_phenotype 23130236 59 63 ABCD Negative_phenotype 23130236 138 153 photodermatitis Negative_phenotype 23130236 194 211 atopic dermatitis Negative_phenotype 23130236 213 234 seborrheic dermatitis Negative_phenotype 23130236 236 258 exfoliative dermatitis Negative_phenotype 23130236 260 275 hand dermatitis Negative_phenotype 23130236_8 Photosensitive lichenoid dermatitis and prurigo nodularis are rarer presentations. 23130236 0 35 Photosensitive lichenoid dermatitis Negative_phenotype 23130236 40 57 prurigo nodularis Negative_phenotype 23130236_9 Uncommon presentations have been described in parthenium dermatitis. 23130236 46 67 parthenium dermatitis Negative_phenotype 23130236_10 They include prurigo nodularis-like lesions and photosensitive lichenoid eruption. 23130236 13 43 prurigo nodularis-like lesions Negative_phenotype 23130236 48 81 photosensitive lichenoid eruption Negative_phenotype 23130236_11 Three cases are presented, two of whom presented as polymorphic-like lesions and one as prurigo nodularis. 23130236 52 76 polymorphic-like lesions Negative_phenotype 23130236 88 105 prurigo nodularis Negative_phenotype 23130236_12 All three patch tested positive to parthenium on Day 2.Prick testing was positive in two of the three patients. 23130236 35 45 parthenium Negative_phenotype 23130236_13 Parthenium dermatitis mimicking polymorphic light eruption has not been reported. 23130236 0 21 Parthenium dermatitis Negative_phenotype 23130236 32 58 polymorphic light eruption Negative_phenotype 23130236_14 Histopathology revealed vasculitis in the lesional skin in two of the patients. 23130236 24 55 vasculitis in the lesional skin Negative_phenotype 23130236_15 Although leukocytoclastic vasculitis has been reported earlier from the prick-tested site, this is the first report demonstrating the presence of vasculitis in lesional skin of parthenium dermatitis. 23130236 9 36 leukocytoclastic vasculitis Negative_phenotype 23528361_1 Atropa acuminata Royle Ex Lindl. blunts production of pro-inflammatory mediators eicosanoids., leukotrienes, cytokines in vitro and in vivo models of acute inflammatory responses. 23528361 0 32 Atropa acuminata Royle Ex Lindl. Plant 23528361 150 168 acute inflammatory Negative_phenotype 23528361 Decrease 0 32 Atropa acuminata Royle Ex Lindl. Plant 150 168 acute inflammatory Negative_phenotype 23528361_2 ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Atropa acuminata Royle Ex Lindl. has been widely used in folk medicine for several inflammatory disorders such as arthritis, asthma, conjunctivitis, encephalitis, pancreatitis, peritonitis, acute infections and neuroinflammatory disorders. 23528361 32 64 Atropa acuminata Royle Ex Lindl. Plant 23528361 115 137 inflammatory disorders Negative_phenotype 23528361 146 155 arthritis Negative_phenotype 23528361 157 163 asthma Negative_phenotype 23528361 165 179 conjunctivitis Negative_phenotype 23528361 181 193 encephalitis Negative_phenotype 23528361 195 207 pancreatitis Negative_phenotype 23528361 209 220 peritonitis Negative_phenotype 23528361 222 238 acute infections Negative_phenotype 23528361 243 270 neuroinflammatory disorders Negative_phenotype 23528361 Decrease 32 64 Atropa acuminata Royle Ex Lindl. Plant 115 137 inflammatory disorders Negative_phenotype 23528361 Decrease 32 64 Atropa acuminata Royle Ex Lindl. Plant 146 155 arthritis Negative_phenotype 23528361 Decrease 32 64 Atropa acuminata Royle Ex Lindl. Plant 157 163 asthma Negative_phenotype 23528361 Decrease 32 64 Atropa acuminata Royle Ex Lindl. Plant 165 179 conjunctivitis Negative_phenotype 23528361 Decrease 32 64 Atropa acuminata Royle Ex Lindl. Plant 181 193 encephalitis Negative_phenotype 23528361 Decrease 32 64 Atropa acuminata Royle Ex Lindl. Plant 195 207 pancreatitis Negative_phenotype 23528361 Decrease 32 64 Atropa acuminata Royle Ex Lindl. Plant 209 220 peritonitis Negative_phenotype 23528361 Decrease 32 64 Atropa acuminata Royle Ex Lindl. Plant 222 238 acute infections Negative_phenotype 23528361 Decrease 32 64 Atropa acuminata Royle Ex Lindl. Plant 243 270 neuroinflammatory disorders Negative_phenotype 23528361_3 AIM OF THE STUDY: Our aim was to evaluate Atropa acuminata for its anti-inflammatory properties and to delineate its possible mechanism of action on the modulation of the inflammatory mediators. 23528361 42 58 Atropa acuminata Plant 23528361 67 84 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 23528361_4 MATERIALS AND METHODS: We investigated the inhibitory action of ethanolic extract of Atropa acuminata (AAEE) on production of NO, TNF-a and IL-1b in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 cells and also assayed it for COX 1/2 and 5-LOX inhibitory activities. 23528361 85 101 Atropa acuminata Plant 23528361 103 107 AAEE Plant 23528361_5 Next AAEE was tested in acute inflammatory animal models., carragenean induced rat paw edema, carragenean induce pleurisy in rats and vascular permeability in mice and the effects on NO, PGE2 and LTB4 production in the pleural fluid and paw exudates were evaluated. 23528361 5 9 AAEE Plant 23528361 24 42 acute inflammatory Negative_phenotype 23528361 83 92 paw edema Negative_phenotype 23528361 113 121 pleurisy Negative_phenotype 23528361_6 In addition the effects on leukocyte migration and exudation and vascular permeability were also observed. 23528361_7 RESULTS: Our findings summarized novel anti-inflammatory mechanisms for Atropa acuminata based on dual in vitro cyclooxygenase 1/2/ and 5-Lipoxygenase inhibitory activities and also significant downregulation of nitric oxide (NO) and pro-inflammatory cytokin (TNF-a and Il-1 b) release in LPS-stimulated RAW 246.7 macrophage cell line. 23528361 39 56 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 23528361 72 88 Atropa acuminata Plant 23528361 Increase 39 56 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 72 88 Atropa acuminata Plant 23528361_8 In acute inflammatory models in vivo (carragenean induced edema, carragenean induced pleurisy in rats and vascular permeability in mice), AAEE exhibited an extensive diverse mechanism for anti-inflammatory properties. 23528361 3 21 acute inflammatory Negative_phenotype 23528361 58 63 edema Negative_phenotype 23528361 85 93 pleurisy Negative_phenotype 23528361 138 142 AAEE Plant 23528361 188 205 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 23528361 Decrease 3 21 acute inflammatory Negative_phenotype 138 142 AAEE Plant 23528361 Decrease 58 63 edema Negative_phenotype 138 142 AAEE Plant 23528361 Decrease 85 93 pleurisy Negative_phenotype 138 142 AAEE Plant 23528361 Increase 138 142 AAEE Plant 188 205 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 23528361_9 This was indicated on the basis of dose dependent suppression of multi targeted inflammatory mediators., NO, TNF-a and IL-1b, eicosanoids., PGE2 and leukotrienes., LTB4 along with significantly decreased leucocyte migration, exudation and decreased vascular permeability. 23528361_10 These effects were more potent and prolonged than traditional NSAIDS, thereby indicating fewer side effects. 23528361_11 AAEE was found to be safe for long term administration, as confirmed by the results of acute toxicity studies and MTT assay. 23528361 0 4 AAEE Plant 23528361 87 101 acute toxicity Negative_phenotype 23528361_12 The complex mode of action of the herbs was attributed possibly due to the high polyphenolic, flavanol and flavonoid content present in the extracts as observed by means of quantitative screening for phytochemicals. 23528361_13 CONCLUSION: Our study provides scientific evidence to support the traditional anti-inflammatory uses of Atropa acuminata and is probably due to inhibitory effects on multiple inflammatory mediators which indicates a promising potential for the development of a strong anti-inflammatory agent from this plant. 23528361 78 95 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 23528361 104 120 Atropa acuminata Plant 23528361 268 285 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 23528361 Increase 78 95 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 104 120 Atropa acuminata Plant 23528361 Increase 104 120 Atropa acuminata Plant 268 285 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 23612703_1 A review of the gastroprotective effects of ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe). 23612703 16 32 gastroprotective Positive_phenotype 23612703 44 50 ginger Plant 23612703 52 78 Zingiber officinale Roscoe Plant 23612703_2 The rhizomes of Zingiber officinale Roscoe (Zingiberaceae), commonly known as ginger is an important kitchen spice and also possess a myriad health benefits. 23612703 16 42 Zingiber officinale Roscoe Plant 23612703 78 84 ginger Plant 23612703_3 The rhizomes have been used since antiquity in the various traditional systems of medicine to treat arthritis, rheumatism, sprains, muscular aches, pains, sore throats, cramps, hypertension, dementia, fever, infectious diseases, catarrh, nervous diseases, gingivitis, toothache, asthma, stroke and diabetes. 23612703 100 109 arthritis Negative_phenotype 23612703 111 121 rheumatism Negative_phenotype 23612703 123 130 sprains Negative_phenotype 23612703 132 146 muscular aches Negative_phenotype 23612703 148 153 pains Negative_phenotype 23612703 155 167 sore throats Negative_phenotype 23612703 169 175 cramps Negative_phenotype 23612703 177 189 hypertension Negative_phenotype 23612703 191 199 dementia Negative_phenotype 23612703 201 206 fever Negative_phenotype 23612703 208 227 infectious diseases Negative_phenotype 23612703 229 236 catarrh Negative_phenotype 23612703 238 254 nervous diseases Negative_phenotype 23612703 256 266 gingivitis Negative_phenotype 23612703 268 277 toothache Negative_phenotype 23612703 279 285 asthma Negative_phenotype 23612703 287 293 stroke Negative_phenotype 23612703 298 306 diabetes Negative_phenotype 23612703_4 Ginger is also used as home remedy and is of immense value in treating various gastric ailments like constipation, dyspepsia, belching, bloating, gastritis, epigastric discomfort, gastric ulcerations, indigestion, nausea and vomiting and scientific studies have validated the ethnomedicinal uses. 23612703 0 6 Ginger Plant 23612703 79 95 gastric ailments Negative_phenotype 23612703 101 113 constipation Negative_phenotype 23612703 115 124 dyspepsia Negative_phenotype 23612703 126 134 belching Negative_phenotype 23612703 136 144 bloating Negative_phenotype 23612703 146 155 gastritis Negative_phenotype 23612703 157 178 epigastric discomfort Negative_phenotype 23612703 180 199 gastric ulcerations Negative_phenotype 23612703 201 212 indigestion Negative_phenotype 23612703 214 220 nausea Negative_phenotype 23612703 225 233 vomiting Negative_phenotype 23612703 Decrease 0 6 Ginger Plant 79 95 gastric ailments Negative_phenotype 23612703 Decrease 0 6 Ginger Plant 101 113 constipation Negative_phenotype 23612703 Decrease 0 6 Ginger Plant 115 124 dyspepsia Negative_phenotype 23612703 Decrease 0 6 Ginger Plant 126 134 belching Negative_phenotype 23612703 Decrease 0 6 Ginger Plant 136 144 bloating Negative_phenotype 23612703 Decrease 0 6 Ginger Plant 146 155 gastritis Negative_phenotype 23612703 Decrease 0 6 Ginger Plant 157 178 epigastric discomfort Negative_phenotype 23612703 Decrease 0 6 Ginger Plant 180 199 gastric ulcerations Negative_phenotype 23612703 Decrease 0 6 Ginger Plant 201 212 indigestion Negative_phenotype 23612703 Decrease 0 6 Ginger Plant 214 220 nausea Negative_phenotype 23612703 Decrease 0 6 Ginger Plant 225 233 vomiting Negative_phenotype 23612703_5 Ginger is also shown to be effective in preventing gastric ulcers induced by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs [NSAIDs like indomethacin, aspirin], reserpine, ethanol, stress (hypothermic and swimming), acetic acid and Helicobacter pylori-induced gastric ulcerations in laboratory animals. 23612703 0 6 Ginger Plant 23612703 51 65 gastric ulcers Negative_phenotype 23612703 222 269 Helicobacter pylori-induced gastric ulcerations Negative_phenotype 23612703 Decrease 0 6 Ginger Plant 51 65 gastric ulcers Negative_phenotype 23612703 Decrease 0 6 Ginger Plant 222 269 Helicobacter pylori-induced gastric ulcerations Negative_phenotype 23612703_6 Various preclinical and clinical studies have also shown ginger to possess anti-emetic effects against different emetogenic stimuli. 23612703 57 63 ginger Plant 23612703 75 86 anti-emetic Positive_phenotype 23612703 113 123 emetogenic Negative_phenotype 23612703 Increase 57 63 ginger Plant 75 86 anti-emetic Positive_phenotype 23612703 Decrease 57 63 ginger Plant 113 123 emetogenic Negative_phenotype 23612703_7 However, conflicting reports especially in the prevention of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting and motion sickness prevent us from drawing any firm conclusion on its effectiveness as a broad spectrum anti-emetic. 23612703 82 88 nausea Negative_phenotype 23612703 93 101 vomiting Negative_phenotype 23612703 106 121 motion sickness Negative_phenotype 23612703 207 218 anti-emetic Positive_phenotype 23612703_8 Ginger has been shown to possess free radical scavenging, antioxidant; inhibition of lipid peroxidation and that these properties might have contributed to the observed gastroprotective effects. 23612703 0 6 Ginger Plant 23612703 58 69 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 23612703 169 185 gastroprotective Positive_phenotype 23612703 Increase 0 6 Ginger Plant 58 69 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 23612703 Increase 0 6 Ginger Plant 169 185 gastroprotective Positive_phenotype 23612703_9 This review summarizes the various gastroprotective effects of ginger and also emphasizes on aspects that warranty future research to establish its activity and utility as a gastroprotective agent in humans. 23612703 35 51 gastroprotective Positive_phenotype 23612703 63 69 ginger Plant 23612703 174 190 gastroprotective Positive_phenotype 23612703 Increase 35 51 gastroprotective Positive_phenotype 63 69 ginger Plant 23612703 Increase 63 69 ginger Plant 174 190 gastroprotective Positive_phenotype 23661870_1 Effect of aqueous extracts of Achyranthes aspera Linn. on experimental animal model for inflammation. 23661870 30 54 Achyranthes aspera Linn. Plant 23661870 88 100 inflammation Negative_phenotype 23661870_2 BACKGROUND: Achyranthes aspera is known as Chirchita (Hindi), Apamarga (Sanskrit), Aghedi (Gujarati), Apang (Bengali), Nayurivi (Tamil), Kalalat (Malyalam) and Agadha (Marathi) in our country. 23661870 12 30 Achyranthes aspera Plant 23661870 43 52 Chirchita Plant 23661870 62 70 Apamarga Plant 23661870 83 89 Aghedi Plant 23661870 102 107 Apang Plant 23661870 119 127 Nayurivi Plant 23661870 137 144 Kalalat Plant 23661870 160 166 Agadha Plant 23661870_3 It possesses valuable medicinal properties and used in treatment of cough, bronchitis and rheumatism, malarial fever, dysentery, asthma, hypertension and diabetes in Indian folklore. 23661870 68 73 cough Negative_phenotype 23661870 75 85 bronchitis Negative_phenotype 23661870 90 100 rheumatism Negative_phenotype 23661870 102 116 malarial fever Negative_phenotype 23661870 118 127 dysentery Negative_phenotype 23661870 129 135 asthma Negative_phenotype 23661870 137 149 hypertension Negative_phenotype 23661870 154 162 diabetes Negative_phenotype 23661870_4 Present study was designed to evaluate anti-inflammatory activity of an aqueous extracts of Achyranthes aspera (AEAA). 23661870 39 56 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 23661870 92 110 Achyranthes aspera Plant 23661870 112 116 AEAA Plant 23661870_5 MATERIALS AND METHODS: AEAA leaves and whole plant (i.e. Aqueous extracts of Achyranthes aspera leaves (AEAAL)/Aqueous extracts of A. aspera whole plant (AEAAW) were studied in albino mice using carrageenan induced left hind paw edema. 23661870 23 27 AEAA Plant 23661870 77 95 Achyranthes aspera Plant 23661870 104 109 AEAAL Plant 23661870 131 140 A. aspera Plant 23661870 154 159 AEAAW Plant 23661870 177 183 albino Negative_phenotype 23661870 220 234 hind paw edema Negative_phenotype 23661870_6 Both extracts were subjected to preliminary phytochemical analysis and acute toxicity of the extracts was also studied using Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development OECD guidelines 423. 23661870 71 85 acute toxicity Negative_phenotype 23661870_7 RESULTS: Acute toxicity study confirmed toxic dose of AEAA to be more than 2,000 mg/kg. 23661870 9 23 Acute toxicity Negative_phenotype 23661870 40 45 toxic Negative_phenotype 23661870 54 58 AEAA Plant 23661870 Increase 9 23 Acute toxicity Negative_phenotype 54 58 AEAA Plant 23661870 Increase 40 45 toxic Negative_phenotype 54 58 AEAA Plant 23661870_8 Flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins and triterpenoids were the major constituents found in extracts. 23661870_9 AEAA reduced the edema induced by carrageenan by 35.71-54.76% on intraperitoneally administration of 400 mg/kg and 800 mg/kg as compared to the untreated control group. 23661870 0 4 AEAA Plant 23661870 17 22 edema Negative_phenotype 23661870 Decrease 0 4 AEAA Plant 17 22 edema Negative_phenotype 23661870_10 Diclofenac sodium at 10 mg/kg inhibited the edema volume by 42.85%. 23661870 44 49 edema Negative_phenotype 23661870_11 The results indicated that the AEAA 800 mg/kg body weight shows more significant (P < 0.01, P < 0.001) anti-inflammatory activity when compared with the standard and untreated control respectively. 23661870 31 35 AEAA Plant 23661870 46 57 body weight Neutral_phenotype 23661870 103 120 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 23661870 Increase 31 35 AEAA Plant 103 120 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 23661870_12 CONCLUSION: Both AEAA exhibit promising anti-inflammatory activity attributed to flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins and triterpenoids phytoconstituents. 23661870 17 21 AEAA Plant 23661870 40 57 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 23661870 Increase 17 21 AEAA Plant 40 57 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 24055469_1 Comparison of active constituents, acute toxicity, anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of Porana sinensis Hemsl., Erycibe obtusifolia Benth. and Erycibe schmidtii Craib. 24055469 35 49 acute toxicity Negative_phenotype 24055469 51 67 anti-nociceptive Positive_phenotype 24055469 72 89 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 24055469 104 126 Porana sinensis Hemsl. Plant 24055469 128 154 Erycibe obtusifolia Benth. Plant 24055469 159 182 Erycibe schmidtii Craib Plant 24055469_2 ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Erycibe obtusifolia and Erycibe schmidtii, which belong to the same genus as Erycibe, are widely used in traditional medicine for the treatment of joint pain and rheumatoid arthritis (RA). 24055469 32 51 Erycibe obtusifolia Plant 24055469 56 73 Erycibe schmidtii Plant 24055469 109 116 Erycibe Plant 24055469 179 189 joint pain Negative_phenotype 24055469 194 214 rheumatoid arthritis Negative_phenotype 24055469 216 218 RA Negative_phenotype 24055469 Decrease 32 51 Erycibe obtusifolia Plant 179 189 joint pain Negative_phenotype 24055469 Decrease 32 51 Erycibe obtusifolia Plant 194 214 rheumatoid arthritis Negative_phenotype 24055469 Decrease 32 51 Erycibe obtusifolia Plant 216 218 RA Negative_phenotype 24055469 Decrease 56 73 Erycibe schmidtii Plant 179 189 joint pain Negative_phenotype 24055469 Decrease 56 73 Erycibe schmidtii Plant 194 214 rheumatoid arthritis Negative_phenotype 24055469 Decrease 56 73 Erycibe schmidtii Plant 216 218 RA Negative_phenotype 24055469 Decrease 109 116 Erycibe Plant 179 189 joint pain Negative_phenotype 24055469 Decrease 109 116 Erycibe Plant 194 214 rheumatoid arthritis Negative_phenotype 24055469 Decrease 109 116 Erycibe Plant 216 218 RA Negative_phenotype 24055469_3 Porana sinensis has become a widely used substitute for Erycibe obtusifolia and Erycibe schmidtii as they have declined in the wild. 24055469 0 15 Porana sinensis Plant 24055469 56 75 Erycibe obtusifolia Plant 24055469 80 97 Erycibe schmidtii Plant 24055469_4 In the present work, the content of the main active components, the acute toxicity, the anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of Porana sinensis, Erycibe obtusifolia and Erycibe schmidtii were compared, and the mechanisms of anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities were discussed. 24055469 68 82 acute toxicity Negative_phenotype 24055469 88 104 anti-nociceptive Positive_phenotype 24055469 109 126 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 24055469 141 156 Porana sinensis Plant 24055469 158 177 Erycibe obtusifolia Plant 24055469 182 199 Erycibe schmidtii Plant 24055469 237 253 anti-nociceptive Positive_phenotype 24055469 258 275 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 24055469_5 MATERIALS AND METHODS: A quantitative HPLC (high performance liquid chromatography) method was first developed to compare the content of the main active components (scopoletin, scopolin and chlorogenic acid). 24055469_6 The anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive activities of 40% ethanolic extracts of the three plants were compared using the models of xylene-induced ear edema, formalin-induced inflammation, carrageenan-induced air pouch inflammation, acetic acid-induced writhing and formalin-induced nociception. 24055469 4 21 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 24055469 26 42 anti-nociceptive Positive_phenotype 24055469 149 158 ear edema Negative_phenotype 24055469 177 189 inflammation Negative_phenotype 24055469 211 233 air pouch inflammation Negative_phenotype 24055469 255 263 writhing Negative_phenotype 24055469 285 296 nociception Negative_phenotype 24055469_7 The acute toxicity of the 40% ethanolic extracts of the three plants was studied. 24055469 4 18 acute toxicity Negative_phenotype 24055469_8 RESULTS: The assay suggested a large content of scopoletin, scopolin and chlorogenic acid in the three plants. 24055469_9 The 40% ethanolic extracts of the three plants were almost non-toxic at the dose of 5g/kg and all of them showed significant anti-inflammatory effects in the tests of xylene-induced ear edema and formalin-induced inflammation. 24055469 125 142 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 24055469 182 191 ear edema Negative_phenotype 24055469 213 225 inflammation Negative_phenotype 24055469_10 In the carrageenan-induced air pouch inflammation test, the synthesis of PGE2 was significantly inhibited by all the extracts. 24055469 27 49 air pouch inflammation Negative_phenotype 24055469_11 They significantly inhibited the number of contortions induced by acetic acid and the second phase of the formalin-induced licking response. 24055469_12 Naloxone was not able to reverse the analgesic effect of these extracts. 24055469 37 46 analgesic Positive_phenotype 24055469_13 CONCLUSION: The study identifies the similarity of the three plants in their main active components as well as acute toxicity, anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities. 24055469 111 125 acute toxicity Negative_phenotype 24055469 127 143 anti-nociceptive Positive_phenotype 24055469 148 165 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 24055469_14 It supports the use of Porana sinensis as a suitable substitute, but further studies are needed to confirm this. 24055469 23 38 Porana sinensis Plant 24200496_1 Genuine traditional Korean medicine, Naju Jjok (Chung-Dae, Polygonum tinctorium) improves 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene-induced atopic dermatitis-like lesional skin. 24200496 37 46 Naju Jjok Plant 24200496 48 57 Chung-Dae Plant 24200496 59 79 Polygonum tinctorium Plant 24200496 123 159 atopic dermatitis-like lesional skin Negative_phenotype 24200496 Decrease 37 46 Naju Jjok Plant 123 159 atopic dermatitis-like lesional skin Negative_phenotype 24200496 Decrease 48 57 Chung-Dae Plant 123 159 atopic dermatitis-like lesional skin Negative_phenotype 24200496 Decrease 59 79 Polygonum tinctorium Plant 123 159 atopic dermatitis-like lesional skin Negative_phenotype 24200496_2 PURPOSE: Naju Jjok (NJJ, Polygonum tinctorium) is a clear heat and release toxin medicinal. 24200496 9 18 Naju Jjok Plant 24200496 20 23 NJJ Plant 24200496 25 45 Polygonum tinctorium Plant 24200496 75 80 toxin Negative_phenotype 24200496_3 It has been used to treat various inflammatory diseases and as a dye in clothing in traditional Korean medicine. 24200496 34 55 inflammatory diseases Negative_phenotype 24200496_4 However, the effect of NJJ on atopic dermatitis (AD) has not been elucidated. 24200496 23 26 NJJ Plant 24200496 30 47 atopic dermatitis Negative_phenotype 24200496 49 51 AD Negative_phenotype 24200496_5 Therefore, we examined whether NJJ would have an inhibitory effect on AD using the mimic AD murine model and in vitro model. 24200496 31 34 NJJ Plant 24200496 70 72 AD Negative_phenotype 24200496 89 91 AD Negative_phenotype 24200496_6 METHODS: We treated NJJ on 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB)-induced AD-like skin lesions in NC/Nga mice, phorbol myristate acetate/calcium ionophore A23187-stimulated human mast cell line (HMC-1) cells, and anti-CD3/anti-CD28-stimulated splenocytes. 24200496 20 23 NJJ Plant 24200496 67 87 AD-like skin lesions Negative_phenotype 24200496_7 Histological analysis, ELISA, PCR, and Western blot analysis were performed. 24200496_8 RESULTS: The oral administration with NJJ suppressed the total clinical severity in DNFB-induced AD-like lesional skin. 24200496 38 41 NJJ Plant 24200496 63 80 clinical severity Negative_phenotype 24200496 97 118 AD-like lesional skin Negative_phenotype 24200496 Decrease 38 41 NJJ Plant 63 80 clinical severity Negative_phenotype 24200496 Decrease 38 41 NJJ Plant 97 118 AD-like lesional skin Negative_phenotype 24200496_9 NJJ significantly suppressed the levels of inflammatory mRNA and protein in AD-like lesional skin. 24200496 0 3 NJJ Plant 24200496 76 97 AD-like lesional skin Negative_phenotype 24200496 Decrease 0 3 NJJ Plant 76 97 AD-like lesional skin Negative_phenotype 24200496_10 NJJ significantly suppressed the levels of IgE and interleukin-4 in the serum of DNFB-induced AD mice. 24200496 0 3 NJJ Plant 24200496 94 96 AD Negative_phenotype 24200496 Decrease 0 3 NJJ Plant 94 96 AD Negative_phenotype 24200496_11 The expression of mast cells-derived caspase-1 was suppressed by NJJ in AD-like lesional skin. 24200496 65 68 NJJ Plant 24200496 72 93 AD-like lesional skin Negative_phenotype 24200496 Decrease 65 68 NJJ Plant 72 93 AD-like lesional skin Negative_phenotype 24200496_12 In addition, topical application with NJJ improved clinical symptoms in DNFB-induced AD mice. 24200496 38 41 NJJ Plant 24200496 85 87 AD Negative_phenotype 24200496 Decrease 38 41 NJJ Plant 85 87 AD Negative_phenotype 24200496_13 The topical application with NJJ significantly suppressed the levels of IgE and histamine in the serum of DNFB-induced AD mice. 24200496 29 32 NJJ Plant 24200496 119 121 AD Negative_phenotype 24200496 Decrease 29 32 NJJ Plant 119 121 AD Negative_phenotype 24200496_14 NJJ suppressed the production and mRNA expression of TSLP by blockade of caspase-1 signal pathway in the activated HMC-1 cells. 24200496 0 3 NJJ Plant 24200496_15 Furthermore, NJJ significantly decreased the production of tumor necrosis factor-a from the stimulated splenocytes. 24200496 13 16 NJJ Plant 24200496_16 CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, these results propose curative potential of natural dye, NJJ by showing the scientific evidence on anti-AD effect of NJJ which has been used traditionally. 24200496 85 88 NJJ Plant 24200496 127 134 anti-AD Positive_phenotype 24200496 145 148 NJJ Plant 24200496 Increase 85 88 NJJ Plant 127 134 anti-AD Positive_phenotype 24200496 Increase 127 134 anti-AD Positive_phenotype 145 148 NJJ Plant 24269774_1 Valeriana amurensis improves Amyloid-beta 1-42 induced cognitive deficit by enhancing cerebral cholinergic function and protecting the brain neurons from apoptosis in mice. 24269774 0 19 Valeriana amurensis Plant 24269774 55 72 cognitive deficit Negative_phenotype 24269774 86 115 cerebral cholinergic function Positive_phenotype 24269774 120 148 protecting the brain neurons Positive_phenotype 24269774 Decrease 0 19 Valeriana amurensis Plant 55 72 cognitive deficit Negative_phenotype 24269774 Increase 0 19 Valeriana amurensis Plant 86 115 cerebral cholinergic function Positive_phenotype 24269774 Increase 0 19 Valeriana amurensis Plant 120 148 protecting the brain neurons Positive_phenotype 24269774_2 ETHNOPHAMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Valeriana amurensis, a perennial medicinal herb, has been widely used as anxiolytic, antidepressant, antispasmodic, and sedative in traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs). 24269774 31 50 Valeriana amurensis Plant 24269774 104 114 anxiolytic Positive_phenotype 24269774 116 130 antidepressant Positive_phenotype 24269774 132 145 antispasmodic Positive_phenotype 24269774 151 159 sedative Positive_phenotype 24269774 Increase 31 50 Valeriana amurensis Plant 104 114 anxiolytic Positive_phenotype 24269774 Increase 31 50 Valeriana amurensis Plant 116 130 antidepressant Positive_phenotype 24269774 Increase 31 50 Valeriana amurensis Plant 132 145 antispasmodic Positive_phenotype 24269774 Increase 31 50 Valeriana amurensis Plant 151 159 sedative Positive_phenotype 24269774_3 Moreover, it has been used to treat dementia in Mongolia preparations. 24269774 36 44 dementia Negative_phenotype 24269774_4 In our previous study, we reported that AD-effective fraction of Valeriana amurensis (AD-EFV) has protective effect on Ab-induced toxicity in PC12 cells. 24269774 40 42 AD Negative_phenotype 24269774 65 84 Valeriana amurensis Plant 24269774 86 92 AD-EFV Plant 24269774 130 146 toxicity in PC12 Negative_phenotype 24269774 Decrease 65 84 Valeriana amurensis Plant 130 146 toxicity in PC12 Negative_phenotype 24269774 Decrease 86 92 AD-EFV Plant 130 146 toxicity in PC12 Negative_phenotype 24269774_5 Up to now, however, the therapeutic effect of Valeriana amurensis on Alzheimer disease (AD) has not been explored. 24269774 46 65 Valeriana amurensis Plant 24269774 69 86 Alzheimer disease Negative_phenotype 24269774 88 90 AD Negative_phenotype 24269774_6 This study was designed to determine whether the AD-EFV could improve the Amyloid-beta (Ab)-induced cognitive deficit and to explore the mechanism of AD-EFV improves cognitive deficit in intact animals. 24269774 49 55 AD-EFV Plant 24269774 100 117 cognitive deficit Negative_phenotype 24269774 150 156 AD-EFV Plant 24269774 166 183 cognitive deficit Negative_phenotype 24269774_7 MATERIALS AND METHODS: The constituents of AD-EFV were isolated with silica gel, octadecyl silica gel (ODS) column chromatography (CC) and preparative HPLC. 24269774 43 49 AD-EFV Plant 24269774_8 The structures of compounds were determined by detailed NMR and ESI-MS data analyses. 24269774_9 AD mice model was established by injecting A(b1-42) (1 L, 200 mol) into the bilateral ventricle. 24269774 0 2 AD Negative_phenotype 24269774_10 Cognitive performance was evaluated by the Morris water maze (MWM) test. 24269774_11 The level of cerebral acetylcholine (ACh), the activities of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) were investigated using Enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA) kits. 24269774_12 Brain sections were processed and neuronal apoptosis in hippocampus were evaluated by Hematoxylin and Eosin (HE), Nissl, and Tunel stainings. 24269774_13 The analyses of p-ERK/ERK and Bcl-2/Bax protein expression by western blot assay were used to explore the anti-neuronal apoptosis mechanism of AD-EFV. 24269774 143 149 AD-EFV Plant 24269774_14 RESULTS: Seventeen compounds (15 lignans and two iridoids) were isolated from AD-EFV. 24269774 78 84 AD-EFV Plant 24269774_15 A significant improvement in cognitive function was observed in administrated AD-EFV AD model mice. 24269774 29 47 cognitive function Positive_phenotype 24269774 78 84 AD-EFV Plant 24269774 85 87 AD Negative_phenotype 24269774 Increase 29 47 cognitive function Positive_phenotype 78 84 AD-EFV Plant 24269774 Decrease 78 84 AD-EFV Plant 85 87 AD Negative_phenotype 24269774_16 AD-EFV increased the ACh level by enhancing the ChAT activity but has no effect on AChE activity in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus in mice. 24269774 0 6 AD-EFV Plant 24269774_17 Moreover, the histological injury in hippocampus CA1 induced by A(b1-42) was inhibited following administration of the AD-EFV. 24269774 14 33 histological injury Negative_phenotype 24269774 119 125 AD-EFV Plant 24269774 Decrease 14 33 histological injury Negative_phenotype 119 125 AD-EFV Plant 24269774_18 As well as the expression ratios of Bcl-2 to Bax and p-ERK to ERK were increased significantly in the mice which were administrated AD-EFV. 24269774 132 138 AD-EFV Plant 24269774_19 CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that AD-EFV could ameliorate Ab induced cognitive dysfunction through two underlying mechanisms: AD-EFV enhances the cerebral cholinergic function by increasing the secretion of ACh and enhancing the ChAT activity, and AD-EFV protects the brain neurons from Ab induced apoptosis via activating the p-ERK and Bcl-2 signaling and suppressing the Bax pathways. 24269774 40 46 AD-EFV Plant 24269774 75 96 cognitive dysfunction Negative_phenotype 24269774 132 138 AD-EFV Plant 24269774 152 181 cerebral cholinergic function Positive_phenotype 24269774 254 260 AD-EFV Plant 24269774 274 287 brain neurons Positive_phenotype 24269774 Decrease 40 46 AD-EFV Plant 75 96 cognitive dysfunction Negative_phenotype 24269774 Increase 132 138 AD-EFV Plant 152 181 cerebral cholinergic function Positive_phenotype 24269774_20 Besides, the main constituents of AD-EFV are lignans which might be responsible for the AD-activity of Valeriana amurensis. 24269774 34 40 AD-EFV Plant 24269774 88 90 AD Negative_phenotype 24269774 103 122 Valeriana amurensis Plant 24269774 Decrease 34 40 AD-EFV Plant 88 90 AD Negative_phenotype 24269774 Decrease 88 90 AD Negative_phenotype 103 122 Valeriana amurensis Plant 24360122_1 Bitter bottle gourd (Lagenaria siceraria) toxicity. 24360122 7 50 bottle gourd (Lagenaria siceraria) toxicity Negative_phenotype 24360122_2 BACKGROUND: Bottle gourd (Lagenaria siceraria) is an edible plant in the Cucurbitaceae family. 24360122 12 24 Bottle gourd Plant 24360122 26 45 Lagenaria siceraria Plant 24360122_3 When extremely bitter, ingestion of bottle gourd can cause rapid onset diarrhea, vomiting, gastrointestinal bleeding, and hypotension due to release of a substance named cucurbitacin. 24360122 36 48 bottle gourd Plant 24360122 71 79 diarrhea Negative_phenotype 24360122 81 89 vomiting Negative_phenotype 24360122 91 116 gastrointestinal bleeding Negative_phenotype 24360122 122 133 hypotension Negative_phenotype 24360122 Increase 36 48 bottle gourd Plant 71 79 diarrhea Negative_phenotype 24360122 Increase 36 48 bottle gourd Plant 81 89 vomiting Negative_phenotype 24360122 Increase 36 48 bottle gourd Plant 91 116 gastrointestinal bleeding Negative_phenotype 24360122 Increase 36 48 bottle gourd Plant 122 133 hypotension Negative_phenotype 24360122_4 OBJECTIVE: Our aim was to increase physician awareness of cucurbitacin poisoning in order to facilitate accurate diagnosis and appropriate management. 24360122 58 80 cucurbitacin poisoning Negative_phenotype 24360122_5 CASE REPORT: Five adult patients presented with nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea within 5 to 25 min of ingesting cooked bitter bottle gourd. 24360122 48 54 nausea Negative_phenotype 24360122 56 64 vomiting Negative_phenotype 24360122 70 78 diarrhea Negative_phenotype 24360122 125 137 bottle gourd Plant 24360122 Increase 48 54 nausea Negative_phenotype 125 137 bottle gourd Plant 24360122 Increase 56 64 vomiting Negative_phenotype 125 137 bottle gourd Plant 24360122 Increase 70 78 diarrhea Negative_phenotype 125 137 bottle gourd Plant 24360122_6 One patient developed severe diarrhea, hematemesis, and hypotension requiring hospitalization. 24360122 29 37 diarrhea Negative_phenotype 24360122 39 50 hematemesis Negative_phenotype 24360122 56 67 hypotension Negative_phenotype 24360122_7 All patients improved within a few days with intravenous fluids and proton pump inhibitors. 24360122_8 To our knowledge, this is the first reported group of patients with toxicity due to ingestion of bottle gourd in the United States (US). 24360122 68 76 toxicity Negative_phenotype 24360122 97 109 bottle gourd Plant 24360122 Increase 68 76 toxicity Negative_phenotype 97 109 bottle gourd Plant 24360122_9 CONCLUSIONS: Physicians should be suspicious of cucurbitacin toxicity in patients who present with symptoms within minutes of ingestion of a plant in the Cucurbitaceae family. 24360122 48 69 cucurbitacin toxicity Negative_phenotype 24360122_10 Patients should be asked if the plant tasted unusually bitter. 24360122_11 The most common symptoms include diarrhea and hematemesis. 24360122 33 41 diarrhea Negative_phenotype 24360122 46 57 hematemesis Negative_phenotype 24360122_12 More than half of patients develop hypotension. 24360122 35 46 hypotension Negative_phenotype 24360122_13 There is no known antidote for bottle gourd poisoning; treatment is supportive. 24360122 31 53 bottle gourd poisoning Negative_phenotype 24360122_14 Proton pump inhibitors should be given to patients with gastrointestinal mucosal injury. 24360122 56 87 gastrointestinal mucosal injury Negative_phenotype 24379110_1 Effects of Zizyphus jujube extract on memory and learning impairment induced by bilateral electric lesions of the nucleus Basalis of Meynert in rat. 24379110 11 26 Zizyphus jujube Plant 24379110 38 106 memory and learning impairment induced by bilateral electric lesions Negative_phenotype 24379110_2 Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a common neurodegenerative condition that affects the elderly population. 24379110 0 19 Alzheimer's disease Negative_phenotype 24379110 21 23 AD Negative_phenotype 24379110 37 54 neurodegenerative Negative_phenotype 24379110_3 Its primary symptom is memory loss. 24379110 23 34 memory loss Negative_phenotype 24379110_4 The memory dysfunction in AD has been associated with cortical cholinergic deficiency and loss of cholinergic neurons of the nucleus basalis of Meynert (NBM). 24379110 4 28 memory dysfunction in AD Negative_phenotype 24379110_5 Zizyphus jujube (ZJ) activates choline acetyltransferase and may have beneficial effects in AD patients. 24379110 0 15 Zizyphus jujube Plant 24379110 17 19 ZJ Plant 24379110 92 94 AD Negative_phenotype 24379110 Decrease 0 15 Zizyphus jujube Plant 92 94 AD Negative_phenotype 24379110 Decrease 17 19 ZJ Plant 92 94 AD Negative_phenotype 24379110_6 This study investigates the effect of ZJ extract in intact rats and in rat model of AD. 24379110 38 40 ZJ Plant 24379110 84 86 AD Negative_phenotype 24379110_7 49 male Wistar rats were divided into seven equal groups (1-control, without surgery, received water), 2-AD (bilateral NBM lesion, received water), 3 and 4-AD + ZJ (NBM bilateral lesion, received ZJ extract 500 and 1,000 mg/kg b.w. per day for 15 days), 5-sham (surgery: electrode introduced into NBM without lesion, received water), 6 and 7-without surgery and lesion, received ZJ extract-the same as groups 3 and 4). 24379110 105 107 AD Negative_phenotype 24379110 109 129 bilateral NBM lesion Negative_phenotype 24379110 156 158 AD Negative_phenotype 24379110 163 165 ZJ Plant 24379110 167 187 NBM bilateral lesion Negative_phenotype 24379110 198 200 ZJ Plant 24379110 383 385 ZJ Plant 24379110_8 The learning and memory performance were assessed using passive avoidance paradigm, and the memory cognition for spatial learning and memory was evaluated by Morris water maze. 24379110 4 12 learning Positive_phenotype 24379110 17 35 memory performance Positive_phenotype 24379110 56 73 passive avoidance Positive_phenotype 24379110 92 108 memory cognition Positive_phenotype 24379110 113 129 spatial learning Positive_phenotype 24379110 134 140 memory Positive_phenotype 24379110_9 In shuttle box test ZJ extract (500 and 1,000 mg) significantly increased step-through latency in AD + ZJ groups compared with AD group. 24379110 20 22 ZJ Plant 24379110 99 101 AD Negative_phenotype 24379110 106 108 ZJ Plant 24379110 130 132 AD Negative_phenotype 24379110 Decrease 20 22 ZJ Plant 99 101 AD Negative_phenotype 24379110 Decrease 20 22 ZJ Plant 130 132 AD Negative_phenotype 24379110 Decrease 99 101 AD Negative_phenotype 106 108 ZJ Plant 24379110 Decrease 106 108 ZJ Plant 130 132 AD Negative_phenotype 24379110_10 In Morris water maze test (in probe day), both AD + ZJ groups receiving extract (500 and 1,000 mg) demonstrated significant preference for the quadrant in which the platform was located on the preceding day as compared with AD group. 24379110 47 49 AD Negative_phenotype 24379110 54 56 ZJ Plant 24379110 227 229 AD Negative_phenotype 24379110 Decrease 47 49 AD Negative_phenotype 54 56 ZJ Plant 24379110_11 Our results suggested that ZJ has repairing effects on memory and behavioral disorders produced by NBM lesion in rats and may have beneficial effects in treatment of AD patients. 24379110 27 29 ZJ Plant 24379110 55 86 memory and behavioral disorders Negative_phenotype 24379110 166 168 AD Negative_phenotype 24379110 Decrease 27 29 ZJ Plant 55 86 memory and behavioral disorders Negative_phenotype 24379110 Decrease 27 29 ZJ Plant 166 168 AD Negative_phenotype 24426279_1 Evaluation of Jatropha curcas Linn. 24426279 14 35 Jatropha curcas Linn. Plant 24426279_2 leaf extracts for its cytotoxicity and potential to inhibit hemagglutinin protein of influenza virus. 24426279 85 100 influenza virus Negative_phenotype 24426279_3 Influenza is a serious respiratory illness which can be debilitating and cause complications that lead to hospitalization and death. 24426279 0 9 Influenza Negative_phenotype 24426279 23 42 respiratory illness Negative_phenotype 24426279 126 131 death Negative_phenotype 24426279_4 Although influenza vaccine can prevent influenza virus infection, the only therapeutic options to treat influenza virus infection are antiviral agents. 24426279 9 26 influenza vaccine Positive_phenotype 24426279 39 64 influenza virus infection Negative_phenotype 24426279 104 129 influenza virus infection Negative_phenotype 24426279 134 143 antiviral Positive_phenotype 24426279_5 Given temporal and geographic changes and the shifts in antiviral drug resistance among influenza viruses, it is time to consider natural antiviral agents against influenza virus. 24426279 56 65 antiviral Positive_phenotype 24426279 88 105 influenza viruses Negative_phenotype 24426279 138 147 antiviral Positive_phenotype 24426279 163 178 influenza virus Negative_phenotype 24426279_6 Jatropha curcas is known for various medicinal uses. 24426279 0 15 Jatropha curcas Plant 24426279_7 Its antimicrobial, anti-cancer and anti-HIV activity has been well recognized. 24426279 4 17 antimicrobial Positive_phenotype 24426279 19 30 anti-cancer Positive_phenotype 24426279 35 43 anti-HIV Positive_phenotype 24426279_8 Because of its broad-spectrum activity, we investigated aqueous and methanol leaf extracts for cytotoxicity and its potential to inhibit hemagglutinin protein of influenza virus. 24426279 162 177 influenza virus Negative_phenotype 24426279_9 The bioactive compounds from leaf extracts were characterized by high-performance thinlayer chromatography which revealed the presence of major phytochemicals including flavonoids, saponins and tannins. 24426279_10 The cytotoxic concentration 50 for aqueous and methanol extracts were determined using trypan blue dye exclusion assay. 24426279_11 Inhibition of hemagglutinin protein was assessed using minimal cytotoxic concentrations of the extracts and 10(2.5) TCID50 (64 HA titre) of the Influenza A (H1N1) virus with different exposure studies using hemagglutination assay. 24426279 144 168 Influenza A (H1N1) virus Negative_phenotype 24426279_12 Aqueous and methanol extracts were found to be non toxic to Madin darby canine kidney cells below concentration of 15.57 and 33.62 mg/mL for respectively. 24426279_13 Inhibition of hemagglutinin was studied using reducing hemagglutination titre which confirmed that the J. curcas extracts have direct effect on the process of virus adsorption leading to its inhibition. 24426279 103 112 J. curcas Plant 24426279_14 Our results provide the information which shows the potential of Jatropha extracts in the treatment of influenza A (H1N1) virus infection. 24426279 65 73 Jatropha Plant 24426279 103 137 influenza A (H1N1) virus infection Negative_phenotype 24426279 Decrease 65 73 Jatropha Plant 103 137 influenza A (H1N1) virus infection Negative_phenotype 24426279_15 With an established reduced toxicity and prevention of infection by inhibiting hemagglutinin protein, these extracts and its derivatives may be further developed as broad spectrum anti-influenza drugs for prevention and treatment of infections by different types of influenza viruses with further mechanistic studies on anti-influenza. 24426279 28 36 toxicity Negative_phenotype 24426279 55 64 infection Negative_phenotype 24426279 180 194 anti-influenza Positive_phenotype 24426279 233 243 infections Negative_phenotype 24426279 266 283 influenza viruses Negative_phenotype 24426279 320 334 anti-influenza Positive_phenotype 24497171_1 Review of pharmacological effects of Myrtus communis L. and its active constituents. 24497171 37 55 Myrtus communis L. Plant 24497171_2 Myrtle (Myrtus communis L., Myrtaceae) is a medicinal herb used worldwide in traditional medicine. 24497171 0 6 Myrtle Plant 24497171 8 26 Myrtus communis L. Plant 24497171_3 A large number of components have been isolated from this herb. 24497171_4 Polyphenols, myrtucommulone (MC), semimyrtucommulone (S-MC), 1,8-cineole, a-pinene, myrtenyl acetate, limonene, linalool and a-terpinolene are among the compounds considered to be the main biologically active components. 24497171_5 Various parts of this herb such as its berries, leaves and fruits have been used extensively as a folk medicine for several centuries. 24497171_6 The herb is used traditionally for the treatment of disorders such as diarrhea, peptic ulcer, hemorrhoid, inflammation, pulmonary and skin diseases, although clinical and experimental studies suggest that it possesses a broader spectrum of pharmacological and therapeutic effects such as antioxidative, anticancer, anti-diabetic, antiviral, antibacterial, antifungal, hepatoprotective and neuroprotective activity. 24497171 70 78 diarrhea Negative_phenotype 24497171 80 92 peptic ulcer Negative_phenotype 24497171 94 104 hemorrhoid Negative_phenotype 24497171 106 118 inflammation Negative_phenotype 24497171 120 147 pulmonary and skin diseases Negative_phenotype 24497171 288 301 antioxidative Positive_phenotype 24497171 303 313 anticancer Positive_phenotype 24497171 315 328 anti-diabetic Positive_phenotype 24497171 330 339 antiviral Positive_phenotype 24497171 341 354 antibacterial Positive_phenotype 24497171 356 366 antifungal Positive_phenotype 24497171 368 384 hepatoprotective Positive_phenotype 24497171 389 404 neuroprotective Positive_phenotype 24497171_7 The present review attempts to give an overview on the phytochemical, pharmacological, toxicological and clinical studies of total extracts and the most relevant active ingredients of M. communis. 24497171 184 195 M. communis Plant 24511731_1 Gundelia: a systematic review of medicinal and molecular perspective. 24511731 0 8 Gundelia Plant 24511731_2 Gundelia (Gundelia tournefortii L.) is a member of the Asteraceae (Compositae) family which grows in the semi-desert areas of Iran, Jordan, Palestine, Syria, Iraq, Syria, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Anatolia and other countries. 24511731 0 8 Gundelia Plant 24511731 10 34 Gundelia tournefortii L. Plant 24511731_3 Traditionally, G. tournefortii (L.) is used for treatment of liver diseases, diabetes, chest pain, heart stroke, gastric pain, vitiligo, diarrhea and bronchitis. 24511731 15 35 G. tournefortii (L.) Plant 24511731 61 75 liver diseases Negative_phenotype 24511731 77 85 diabetes Negative_phenotype 24511731 87 97 chest pain Negative_phenotype 24511731 99 111 heart stroke Negative_phenotype 24511731 113 125 gastric pain Negative_phenotype 24511731 127 135 vitiligo Negative_phenotype 24511731 137 145 diarrhea Negative_phenotype 24511731 150 160 bronchitis Negative_phenotype 24511731 Decrease 15 35 G. tournefortii (L.) Plant 61 75 liver diseases Negative_phenotype 24511731 Decrease 15 35 G. tournefortii (L.) Plant 77 85 diabetes Negative_phenotype 24511731 Decrease 15 35 G. tournefortii (L.) Plant 87 97 chest pain Negative_phenotype 24511731 Decrease 15 35 G. tournefortii (L.) Plant 99 111 heart stroke Negative_phenotype 24511731 Decrease 15 35 G. tournefortii (L.) Plant 113 125 gastric pain Negative_phenotype 24511731 Decrease 15 35 G. tournefortii (L.) Plant 127 135 vitiligo Negative_phenotype 24511731 Decrease 15 35 G. tournefortii (L.) Plant 137 145 diarrhea Negative_phenotype 24511731 Decrease 15 35 G. tournefortii (L.) Plant 150 160 bronchitis Negative_phenotype 24511731_4 It is also reported to have hypoglycaemic, laxative, sedative, anti-inflammatory, anti-parasite, antiseptic and emetic effects. 24511731 28 41 hypoglycaemic Positive_phenotype 24511731 43 51 laxative Positive_phenotype 24511731 53 61 sedative Positive_phenotype 24511731 63 80 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 24511731 82 95 anti-parasite Positive_phenotype 24511731 97 107 antiseptic Positive_phenotype 24511731 112 118 emetic Positive_phenotype 24511731_5 It has enhanced gingivas and removed water from patients having spleenomegaly. 24511731 16 24 gingivas Negative_phenotype 24511731 64 77 spleenomegaly Negative_phenotype 24511731_6 Compounds found in gundelia proved to have several pharmacological effects, e.g. antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, antioxidant, antiplatelet and hypolipemic activities. 24511731 19 27 gundelia Plant 24511731 81 94 antibacterial Positive_phenotype 24511731 96 113 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 24511731 115 131 hepatoprotective Positive_phenotype 24511731 133 144 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 24511731 146 158 antiplatelet Positive_phenotype 24511731 163 174 hypolipemic Positive_phenotype 24511731 Increase 19 27 gundelia Plant 81 94 antibacterial Positive_phenotype 24511731 Increase 19 27 gundelia Plant 96 113 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 24511731 Increase 19 27 gundelia Plant 115 131 hepatoprotective Positive_phenotype 24511731 Increase 19 27 gundelia Plant 133 144 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 24511731 Increase 19 27 gundelia Plant 146 158 antiplatelet Positive_phenotype 24511731 Increase 19 27 gundelia Plant 163 174 hypolipemic Positive_phenotype 24511731_7 The observed pharmacological properties indicated a close association of these effects with infectious diseases, digestive disorders, high blood pressure and cancer. 24511731 92 111 infectious diseases Negative_phenotype 24511731 113 132 digestive disorders Negative_phenotype 24511731 134 153 high blood pressure Negative_phenotype 24511731 158 164 cancer Negative_phenotype 24511731_8 In traditional medicine, this plant has been prescribed in many disorders; therefore, clinical trials on the compounds ofgundelia seem essential. 24511731 121 129 gundelia Plant 24511731_9 This study gives an overview of traditional uses of gundelia, irrespective of pharmacological studies on its effects. 24511731 52 60 gundelia Plant 24534870_1 Anti-inflammatory activity of a methanol extract from Ardisia tinctoria on mouse macrophages and paw edema. 24534870 0 17 Anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 24534870 54 71 Ardisia tinctoria Plant 24534870 97 106 paw edema Negative_phenotype 24534870_2 Ardisia tinctoria (AT) is a plant of the Myrsinaceae family. 24534870 0 17 Ardisia tinctoria Plant 24534870 19 21 AT Plant 24534870_3 No studies on its anti-inflammatory effects have yet been reported. 24534870 18 35 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 24534870_4 This study investigated the anti-inflammatory activity of AT. 24534870 28 45 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 24534870 58 60 AT Plant 24534870_5 A non-cytotoxic methanol extract of AT inhibited the expression of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), leading to significantly reduced levels of nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and of two proteins regulated by these, interleukin-1b (IL-1b) and IL-6, in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. 24534870 36 38 AT Plant 24534870_6 The thickness of paw edema induced in vivo in mice by carrageenan administration was effectively reduced by the AT extract. 24534870 4 26 thickness of paw edema Negative_phenotype 24534870 112 114 AT Plant 24534870 Decrease 4 26 thickness of paw edema Negative_phenotype 112 114 AT Plant 24534870_7 Translocation of the nuclear factor-kB (NF-kB) subunit 65 (p65) into the nucleus and phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK) and extracellular signal-related kinase (ERK) were inhibited by the AT extract. 24534870 218 220 AT Plant 24534870_8 Our results indicated that a methanol extract of AT downregulates the inflammatory response by blocking phosphorylation of MEK and ERK and activation of NF-kB. 24534870 49 51 AT Plant 24534870 70 82 inflammatory Negative_phenotype 24534870 Decrease 49 51 AT Plant 70 82 inflammatory Negative_phenotype 24534870_9 To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study of anti-inflammatory effects of an AT extract, and demonstrates its potential in the treatment of inflammatory diseases. 24534870 57 74 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 24534870 89 91 AT Plant 24534870 152 173 inflammatory diseases Negative_phenotype 24534870 Increase 57 74 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 89 91 AT Plant 24534870 Decrease 89 91 AT Plant 152 173 inflammatory diseases Negative_phenotype 24667360_1 Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibition by Pterocarpus marsupium and Eugenia jambolana ameliorates streptozotocin induced Alzheimer's disease. 24667360 37 58 Pterocarpus marsupium Plant 24667360 63 80 Eugenia jambolana Plant 24667360 116 135 Alzheimer's disease Negative_phenotype 24667360 Decrease 37 58 Pterocarpus marsupium Plant 116 135 Alzheimer's disease Negative_phenotype 24667360 Decrease 63 80 Eugenia jambolana Plant 116 135 Alzheimer's disease Negative_phenotype 24667360_2 Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common form of dementia, is characterized by the loss of normal functions of brain cells and neuronal death, ultimately leading to memory loss. 24667360 0 19 Alzheimer's disease Negative_phenotype 24667360 21 23 AD Negative_phenotype 24667360 50 58 dementia Negative_phenotype 24667360 128 142 neuronal death Negative_phenotype 24667360 166 177 memory loss Negative_phenotype 24667360_3 Recent accumulating evidences have demonstrated the therapeutic potential of anti-diabetic agents, such as dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors, for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD), providing opportunities to explore and test the DPP-4 inhibitors for treating this fatal disease. 24667360 77 90 anti-diabetic Positive_phenotype 24667360 171 190 Alzheimer's disease Negative_phenotype 24667360 192 194 AD Negative_phenotype 24667360_4 Prior studies determining the efficacy of Pterocarpus marsupium (PM, Fabaceae) and Eugenia jambolana (EJ, Myrtaceae) extracts for ameliorating type 2 diabetes have demonstrated the DPP-4 inhibitory properties indicating the possibility of using of these extracts even for the treating AD. 24667360 42 63 Pterocarpus marsupium Plant 24667360 65 67 PM Plant 24667360 83 100 Eugenia jambolana Plant 24667360 102 104 EJ Plant 24667360 143 158 type 2 diabetes Negative_phenotype 24667360 285 287 AD Negative_phenotype 24667360 Decrease 42 63 Pterocarpus marsupium Plant 143 158 type 2 diabetes Negative_phenotype 24667360 Decrease 65 67 PM Plant 143 158 type 2 diabetes Negative_phenotype 24667360 Decrease 83 100 Eugenia jambolana Plant 143 158 type 2 diabetes Negative_phenotype 24667360 Decrease 102 104 EJ Plant 143 158 type 2 diabetes Negative_phenotype 24667360_5 Therefore, in the present study, the neuroprotective roles of PM and EJ for ameliorating the streptozotocin (STZ) induced AD have been tested in rat model. 24667360 37 52 neuroprotective Positive_phenotype 24667360 62 64 PM Plant 24667360 69 71 EJ Plant 24667360 122 124 AD Negative_phenotype 24667360_6 Experimentally, PM and EJ extracts, at a dose range of 200 and 400mg/kg, were administered orally to STZ induced AD Wistar rats and cognitive evaluation tests were performed using radial arm maze and hole-board apparatus. 24667360 16 18 PM Plant 24667360 23 25 EJ Plant 24667360 113 115 AD Negative_phenotype 24667360_7 Following 30 days of treatment with the extracts, a dose- and time-dependent attenuation of AD pathology, as evidenced by decreasing amyloid beta 42, total tau, phosphorylated tau and neuro-inflammation with an increase in glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) levels was observed. 24667360 92 94 AD Negative_phenotype 24667360 184 202 neuro-inflammation Negative_phenotype 24667360_8 Therefore, PM and EJ extracts contain cognitive enhancers as well as neuroprotective agents against STZ induced AD. 24667360 11 13 PM Plant 24667360 18 20 EJ Plant 24667360 38 57 cognitive enhancers Positive_phenotype 24667360 69 84 neuroprotective Positive_phenotype 24667360 112 114 AD Negative_phenotype 24667360 Increase 11 13 PM Plant 38 57 cognitive enhancers Positive_phenotype 24667360 Increase 11 13 PM Plant 69 84 neuroprotective Positive_phenotype 24667360 Decrease 11 13 PM Plant 112 114 AD Negative_phenotype 24667360 Increase 18 20 EJ Plant 38 57 cognitive enhancers Positive_phenotype 24667360 Increase 18 20 EJ Plant 69 84 neuroprotective Positive_phenotype 24667360 Decrease 18 20 EJ Plant 112 114 AD Negative_phenotype 24679057_1 The selective cytotoxic anti-cancer properties and proteomic analysis of Trigonella Foenum-Graecum. 24679057 24 35 anti-cancer Positive_phenotype 24679057 73 98 Trigonella Foenum-Graecum Plant 24679057_2 BACKGROUND: There are a number of dietary components that may prove useful in the prevention and treatment of cancer. 24679057 110 116 cancer Negative_phenotype 24679057_3 In some cultures, fenugreek seeds are used to treat cancer. 24679057 18 27 fenugreek Plant 24679057 52 58 cancer Negative_phenotype 24679057 Decrease 18 27 fenugreek Plant 52 58 cancer Negative_phenotype 24679057_4 The current study focuses on the anticancer properties and proteomic profiles of fenugreek seeds, and is prompted by the clinical profile of a case of primary CNS T cell lymphoma that responded to fenugreek treatment and resulted in tumor regression. 24679057 33 43 anticancer Positive_phenotype 24679057 81 90 fenugreek Plant 24679057 159 178 CNS T cell lymphoma Negative_phenotype 24679057 197 206 fenugreek Plant 24679057 233 238 tumor Negative_phenotype 24679057 Decrease 159 178 CNS T cell lymphoma Negative_phenotype 197 206 fenugreek Plant 24679057 Decrease 197 206 fenugreek Plant 233 238 tumor Negative_phenotype 24679057_5 METHOD: Various normal and cancer cell lines were exposed to fenugreek extract at differing concentrations (100 g/ml, 200 g/ml and 300 g/ml) and at different time points (0, 24, 48, 72 and 96 hrs). 24679057 27 33 cancer Negative_phenotype 24679057 61 70 fenugreek Plant 24679057_6 Protein fingerprints of fenugreek grain/seed types, obtained from four different geographical regions, were analyzed by proteomic expression profiles. 24679057 24 33 fenugreek Plant 24679057_7 RESULTS: We observed selective cytotoxic effects of fenugreek extract in vitro to a panel of cancer cell lines, including T-cell lymphoma. 24679057 52 61 fenugreek Plant 24679057 93 99 cancer Negative_phenotype 24679057 122 137 T-cell lymphoma Negative_phenotype 24679057 Decrease 52 61 fenugreek Plant 93 99 cancer Negative_phenotype 24679057 Decrease 52 61 fenugreek Plant 122 137 T-cell lymphoma Negative_phenotype 24679057_8 Additionally, the cluster analysis of proteomics data showed that the protein profile of the particular fenugreek used by the patient is significantly different from three other regional subtypes of fenugreek extract. 24679057 104 113 fenugreek Plant 24679057 199 208 fenugreek Plant 24679057_9 CONCLUSION: The in vitro effect of fenugreek as a substance with significant cytotoxicity to cancer cells points to the potential usefulness of fenugreek in the prevention and treatment of cancer. 24679057 35 44 fenugreek Plant 24679057 93 99 cancer Negative_phenotype 24679057 144 153 fenugreek Plant 24679057 189 195 cancer Negative_phenotype 24679057 Decrease 35 44 fenugreek Plant 93 99 cancer Negative_phenotype 24679057 Decrease 144 153 fenugreek Plant 189 195 cancer Negative_phenotype 24707440_1 Scientific Validation of Gentiana kurroo Royle for Anti-Inflammatory and Immunomodulatory Potential. 24707440 25 46 Gentiana kurroo Royle Plant 24707440 51 68 Anti-Inflammatory Positive_phenotype 24707440 73 89 Immunomodulatory Positive_phenotype 24707440_2 Gentiana kurroo Royle is a critically endangered medicinal plant species endemic to the northwestern Himalayas. 24707440 0 21 Gentiana kurroo Royle Plant 24707440_3 This plant was studied for the immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory potential. 24707440 31 47 immunomodulatory Positive_phenotype 24707440 52 69 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 24707440_4 Carrageenan paw edema model was used to study the potential of the drug in inflammation in Wistar rats. 24707440 12 21 paw edema Negative_phenotype 24707440 76 87 nflammation Negative_phenotype 24707440_5 SRBC specific haemagglutination titre and DTH assays were carried out in Balb/C mice for observing the effect of test drugs on immune system. 24707440 127 140 immune system Positive_phenotype 24707440_6 The plant extracts were found to be active against inflammation. 24707440 51 63 inflammation Negative_phenotype 24707440_7 The methanolic fraction was observed to be the most effective in inhibition of paw edema with the inhibitory potential of 47.62%. 24707440 79 88 paw edema Negative_phenotype 24707440_8 In immunomodulation studies the plant extracts showed the immunosuppressant activity. 24707440 3 19 immunomodulation Positive_phenotype 24707440 58 75 immunosuppressant Positive_phenotype 24707440_9 Methanolic fraction was observed to have maximum potential for the suppression of both humoral (57.57% and 54.05%) and cell mediated immunity (65.27% and 75%). 24707440_10 From these studies, it can be concluded that the extracts of plant are having anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressant activity. 24707440 78 95 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 24707440 100 117 immunosuppressant Positive_phenotype 24707440_11 Since in chronic inflammation like arthritis there is the involvement of immune system, this plant may serve as an alternative for the treatment of autoimmune diseases like arthritis. 24707440 9 29 chronic inflammation Negative_phenotype 24707440 35 44 arthritis Negative_phenotype 24707440 73 86 immune system Positive_phenotype 24707440 148 167 autoimmune diseases Negative_phenotype 24707440 173 182 arthritis Negative_phenotype 24727190_1 Anti-inflammatory effects of Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam.) Oken ethanol extract in acute and chronic cutaneous inflammation. 24727190 0 17 Anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 24727190 29 61 Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam.) Oken Plant 24727190 81 121 acute and chronic cutaneous inflammation Negative_phenotype 24727190_2 ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam.) Oken (Crassulaceae), popularly known in Brazil as "folha-da-fortuna", is a plant species used in folk medicine for the external and internal treatment of inflammation, infection, wound, burn, boil, ulcers and gastritis, and several other diseases. 24727190 32 64 Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam.) Oken Plant 24727190 111 127 folha-da-fortuna Plant 24727190 214 226 inflammation Negative_phenotype 24727190 228 237 infection Negative_phenotype 24727190 239 244 wound Negative_phenotype 24727190 246 250 burn Negative_phenotype 24727190 252 256 boil Negative_phenotype 24727190 258 264 ulcers Negative_phenotype 24727190 269 278 gastritis Negative_phenotype 24727190 Decrease 32 64 Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam.) Oken Plant 214 226 inflammation Negative_phenotype 24727190 Decrease 32 64 Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam.) Oken Plant 228 237 infection Negative_phenotype 24727190 Decrease 32 64 Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam.) Oken Plant 239 244 wound Negative_phenotype 24727190 Decrease 32 64 Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam.) Oken Plant 246 250 burn Negative_phenotype 24727190 Decrease 32 64 Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam.) Oken Plant 252 256 boil Negative_phenotype 24727190 Decrease 32 64 Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam.) Oken Plant 258 264 ulcers Negative_phenotype 24727190 Decrease 32 64 Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam.) Oken Plant 269 278 gastritis Negative_phenotype 24727190 Decrease 111 127 folha-da-fortuna Plant 214 226 inflammation Negative_phenotype 24727190 Decrease 111 127 folha-da-fortuna Plant 228 237 infection Negative_phenotype 24727190 Decrease 111 127 folha-da-fortuna Plant 239 244 wound Negative_phenotype 24727190 Decrease 111 127 folha-da-fortuna Plant 246 250 burn Negative_phenotype 24727190 Decrease 111 127 folha-da-fortuna Plant 252 256 boil Negative_phenotype 24727190 Decrease 111 127 folha-da-fortuna Plant 258 264 ulcers Negative_phenotype 24727190 Decrease 111 127 folha-da-fortuna Plant 269 278 gastritis Negative_phenotype 24727190_3 The present study aimed to perform the chemical characterization and the evaluation of the topical anti-inflammatory effect of the ethanol extract of Bryophyllum pinnatum leaves (EEBP) in acute and chronic mice ear edema models induced by different irritant agents. 24727190 99 116 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 24727190 150 170 Bryophyllum pinnatum Plant 24727190 179 183 EEBP Plant 24727190 188 220 acute and chronic mice ear edema Negative_phenotype 24727190_4 MATERIALS AND METHODS: The EEBP chemical characterization was performed by HPLC-UV DAD. 24727190 27 31 EEBP Plant 24727190_5 Ear edema on Swiss mice was induced by the topical application of Croton oil (single and multiple applications), arachidonic acid, phenol, capsaicin and ethyl phenylpropiolate (EPP). 24727190 0 9 Ear edema Negative_phenotype 24727190_6 The topical anti-inflammatory effect of EEBP was evaluated by measuring the ear weight (acute inflammation models) and thickness (chronic inflammation model). 24727190 12 29 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 24727190 40 44 EEBP Plant 24727190 76 86 ear weight Neutral_phenotype 24727190 88 106 acute inflammation Negative_phenotype 24727190 119 128 thickness Neutral_phenotype 24727190 130 150 chronic inflammation Negative_phenotype 24727190_7 Histopathological analyses of ear tissue samples sensitized with Croton oil (single and multiple applications) were also performed. 24727190_8 RESULTS: The flavonoids rutin, quercetin, luteolin and luteolin7-O-b-d-glucoside were detected in EEBP. 24727190 98 102 EEBP Plant 24727190_9 Topical application of EEBP significantly (P<0.001) inhibited the ear edema induced by Croton oil single application (inhibition of 57%), arachidonic acid (inhibition of 67%), phenol (inhibition of 80%), capsaicin (inhibition of 72%), EPP (inhibition of 75%) and Croton oil multiple application (55% after 9 days). 24727190 23 27 EEBP Plant 24727190 66 75 ear edema Negative_phenotype 24727190 Decrease 23 27 EEBP Plant 66 75 ear edema Negative_phenotype 24727190_10 Histopathological analyses confirmed the topical anti-inflammatory effect of EEBP since it was observed reduction of edema, epidermal hyperplasia, inflammatory cells infiltration and vasodilation. 24727190 49 66 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 24727190 77 81 EEBP Plant 24727190 117 122 edema Negative_phenotype 24727190 124 145 epidermal hyperplasia Negative_phenotype 24727190 147 178 inflammatory cells infiltration Negative_phenotype 24727190 183 195 vasodilation Positive_phenotype 24727190 Increase 49 66 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 77 81 EEBP Plant 24727190 Decrease 77 81 EEBP Plant 117 122 edema Negative_phenotype 24727190 Decrease 77 81 EEBP Plant 124 145 epidermal hyperplasia Negative_phenotype 24727190 Decrease 77 81 EEBP Plant 147 178 inflammatory cells infiltration Negative_phenotype 24727190 Decrease 77 81 EEBP Plant 183 195 vasodilation Positive_phenotype 24727190_11 CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that EEBP is effective as a topical anti-inflammatory agent in acute and chronic inflammatory processes possibly due to inhibition of arachidonic acid pathway, which justify the traditional use of Bryophyllum pinnatum as a remedy for skin disorders. 24727190 38 42 EEBP Plant 24727190 69 86 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 24727190 96 126 acute and chronic inflammatory Negative_phenotype 24727190 230 250 Bryophyllum pinnatum Plant 24727190 267 281 skin disorders Negative_phenotype 24727190 Increase 38 42 EEBP Plant 69 86 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 24727190 Decrease 38 42 EEBP Plant 96 126 acute and chronic inflammatory Negative_phenotype 24727190 Decrease 230 250 Bryophyllum pinnatum Plant 267 281 skin disorders Negative_phenotype 24741275_1 Comparative study on anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of Caesalpinia crista and Centella asiatica leaf extracts. 24741275 21 33 anti-oxidant Positive_phenotype 24741275 38 55 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 24741275 70 88 Caesalpinia crista Plant 24741275 93 110 Centella asiatica Plant 24741275_2 BACKGROUND: Amyloidosis, oxidative stress and inflammation have been strongly implicated in neurodegenerative disorders like Alzheimer's disease. 24741275 12 23 Amyloidosis Negative_phenotype 24741275 25 41 oxidative stress Negative_phenotype 24741275 46 58 inflammation Negative_phenotype 24741275 92 119 neurodegenerative disorders Negative_phenotype 24741275 125 144 Alzheimer's disease Negative_phenotype 24741275_3 Traditionally, Caesalpinia crista and Centella asiatica leaf extracts are used to treat brain related diseases in India. 24741275 15 33 Caesalpinia crista Plant 24741275 38 55 Centella asiatica Plant 24741275 88 110 brain related diseases Negative_phenotype 24741275 Decrease 15 33 Caesalpinia crista Plant 88 110 brain related diseases Negative_phenotype 24741275 Decrease 38 55 Centella asiatica Plant 88 110 brain related diseases Negative_phenotype 24741275_4 C. crista is used as a mental relaxant drink as well as to treat inflammatory diseases, whereas C. asiatica is reported to be used to enhance memory and to treat dementia. 24741275 0 9 C. crista Plant 24741275 23 38 mental relaxant Positive_phenotype 24741275 65 86 inflammatory diseases Negative_phenotype 24741275 96 107 C. asiatica Plant 24741275 142 148 memory Positive_phenotype 24741275 162 170 dementia Negative_phenotype 24741275 Increase 0 9 C. crista Plant 23 38 mental relaxant Positive_phenotype 24741275 Decrease 0 9 C. crista Plant 65 86 inflammatory diseases Negative_phenotype 24741275 Increase 96 107 C. asiatica Plant 142 148 memory Positive_phenotype 24741275 Decrease 96 107 C. asiatica Plant 162 170 dementia Negative_phenotype 24741275_5 OBJECTIVE: The present study is aimed to understand the anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory potential of C. asiatica and C. crista leaf extracts. 24741275 56 68 anti-oxidant Positive_phenotype 24741275 73 90 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 24741275 104 115 C. asiatica Plant 24741275 120 129 C. crista Plant 24741275_6 MATERIALS AND METHODS: Phenolic acid composition of the aqueous extracts of C. crista and C. asiatica were separated on a reverse phase C18 column (4.6 x 250 mm) using HPLC system. 24741275 76 85 C. crista Plant 24741275 90 101 C. asiatica Plant 24741275_7 Antioxidant properties of the leaf extracts were determined by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay and the reducing potential assay. 24741275 0 11 Antioxidant Positive_phenotype 24741275_8 The anti-inflammatory activities of aqueous extracts of C. crista and C. asiatica were studied using 5-lipoxygenase assay. 24741275 4 21 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 24741275 56 65 C. crista Plant 24741275 70 81 C. asiatica Plant 24741275_9 Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNLs) were isolated from blood by Ficoll-Histopaque density gradient followed by hypotonic lysis of erythrocytes. 24741275_10 RESULTS: Gallic, protocatechuic, gentisic, chlorogenic, caffeic, p-coumaric and ferulic acids were the phenolic acids identified in C. crista and C. asiatica leaf aqueous extracts. 24741275 132 141 C. crista Plant 24741275 146 157 C. asiatica Plant 24741275_11 However, gallic acid and ferulic acid contents were much higher in C. crista compared to C. asiatica. Leaf extracts of C. asiatica and C. crista exhibited antioxidant properties and inhibited 5-lipoxygenase (anti-inflammatory) in a dose dependent manner. 24741275 67 76 C. crista Plant 24741275 89 100 C. asiatica Plant 24741275 119 130 C. asiatica Plant 24741275 135 144 C. crista Plant 24741275 155 166 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 24741275 208 225 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 24741275 Increase 119 130 C. asiatica Plant 155 166 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 24741275 Increase 135 144 C. crista Plant 155 166 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 24741275 Increase 135 144 C. crista Plant 208 225 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 24741275_12 However, leaf extracts of C. crista had better antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity compared to that of C. asiatica. 24741275 26 35 C. crista Plant 24741275 47 58 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 24741275 63 80 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 24741275 110 121 C. asiatica Plant 24741275 Increase 26 35 C. crista Plant 47 58 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 24741275 Increase 26 35 C. crista Plant 63 80 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 24741275 Increase 47 58 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 110 121 C. asiatica Plant 24741275 Increase 63 80 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 110 121 C. asiatica Plant 24741275_13 The better activity of C. crista is attributed to high gallic acid and ferulic acid compared to C. asiatica. 24741275 23 32 C. crista Plant 24741275 96 107 C. asiatica Plant 24741275_14 CONCLUSIONS: Thus, the leaf extract of C. crista can be a potential therapeutic role for Alzheimer's disease. 24741275 39 48 C. crista Plant 24741275 89 108 Alzheimer's disease Negative_phenotype 24741275 Decrease 39 48 C. crista Plant 89 108 Alzheimer's disease Negative_phenotype 24786574_1 Anti-inflammatory activity of compounds from Boesenbergia longiflora rhizomes. 24786574 0 17 Anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 24786574 45 68 Boesenbergia longiflora Plant 24786574_2 ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: The rhizomes of Boesenbergia longiflora (Wall.) Kuntze have been traditionally used in treatment of inflammatory bowel disease, ulcerative colitis, aphthous ulcer and abscess. 24786574 48 86 Boesenbergia longiflora (Wall.) Kuntze Plant 24786574 132 158 inflammatory bowel disease Negative_phenotype 24786574 160 178 ulcerative colitis Negative_phenotype 24786574 180 194 aphthous ulcer Negative_phenotype 24786574 199 206 abscess Negative_phenotype 24786574 Decrease 48 86 Boesenbergia longiflora (Wall.) Kuntze Plant 132 158 inflammatory bowel disease Negative_phenotype 24786574 Decrease 48 86 Boesenbergia longiflora (Wall.) Kuntze Plant 160 178 ulcerative colitis Negative_phenotype 24786574 Decrease 48 86 Boesenbergia longiflora (Wall.) Kuntze Plant 180 194 aphthous ulcer Negative_phenotype 24786574 Decrease 48 86 Boesenbergia longiflora (Wall.) Kuntze Plant 199 206 abscess Negative_phenotype 24786574_3 Our previous study indicated that CHCl3 fractions of Boesenbergia longiflora had potential on anti-inflammatory properties. 24786574 53 76 Boesenbergia longiflora Plant 24786574 94 111 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 24786574 Increase 53 76 Boesenbergia longiflora Plant 94 111 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 24786574_4 In the present study, we investigated the active constituents of this plant for anti-inflammatory activity in order to support its traditional use. 24786574 80 97 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 24786574_5 MATERIAL AND METHODS: The CHCl3 fraction was isolated using chromatographic techniques. 24786574_6 Isolated compounds were tested using relevant in vitro anti-inflammatory assays against LPS-induced NO and TNF-a releases as well as their mechanisms in transcription levels in murine macrophage RAW264.7 cells. 24786574 55 72 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 24786574_7 RESULTS: The isolation of the CHCl3 fraction from Boesenbergia longiflora rhizomes led to the isolation of three new daucane sesquiterpenes, which were identified as 8-hydroxy-dauca-9, 11-diene-7-one (longiferone A; 1), dauca-8, 11-diene-7-one (longiferone B; 2) and dauca-8, 11-diene-7, 10-dione (longiferone C; 3); together with four known flavonoids, six known diarylheptanoids as well as one sterol. 24786574 50 73 Boesenbergia longiflora Plant 24786574_8 The longiferone B (2) and longiferone C (3) showed anti-inflammatory activity against NO release with IC50 values of 21.0 and 31.3 M, respectively. 24786574 51 68 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 24786574_9 Longiferone B (2) also suppressed the iNOS and COX-2 mRNA expression. 24786574_10 Moreover, the flavonoids and diarylheptanoids inhibited NO and TNF-a production in a dose dependent manner. 24786574_11 CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated that sesquiterpenes, diarylheptanoids and some methoxyflavonoids found in Boesenbergia longiflora are responsible for anti-inflammatory activity. 24786574 110 133 Boesenbergia longiflora Plant 24786574 154 171 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 24786574 Increase 110 133 Boesenbergia longiflora Plant 154 171 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 24882407_1 Korean red ginseng extract exhibits neuroprotective effects through inhibition of apoptotic cell death. 24882407 11 18 ginseng Plant 24882407 36 51 neuroprotective Positive_phenotype 24882407 Increase 11 18 ginseng Plant 36 51 neuroprotective Positive_phenotype 24882407_2 Red ginseng has long been used as a traditional medicine in many East Asian countries including Korea. 24882407 4 11 ginseng Plant 24882407_3 It is known to exhibit various pharmacological effects, including anti-oxidant, anti-cancer, anti-stress and anti-diabetes activities. 24882407 66 78 anti-oxidant Positive_phenotype 24882407 80 91 anti-cancer Positive_phenotype 24882407 93 104 anti-stress Positive_phenotype 24882407 109 122 anti-diabetes Positive_phenotype 24882407_4 To further explore its actions, the present study evaluated effects of Korean red ginseng (KRG) extract on neuronal injury induced by various types of insults using primary cultured rat cortical cells. 24882407 82 89 ginseng Plant 24882407 91 94 KRG Plant 24882407 107 122 neuronal injury Negative_phenotype 24882407_5 KRG extract inhibited neuronal damage and generation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) induced by excitatory amino acids, such as glutamate and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA), or by Ab(25-35). 24882407 0 3 KRG Plant 24882407 22 37 neuronal damage Negative_phenotype 24882407 Decrease 0 3 KRG Plant 22 37 neuronal damage Negative_phenotype 24882407_6 To elucidate possible mechanism(s) by which KRG extract exerts neuroprotective action, its effects on apoptosis and apoptosis-related signaling molecules in neurons were assessed. 24882407 44 47 KRG Plant 24882407 63 78 neuroprotective Positive_phenotype 24882407_7 KRG extract markedly increased phosphorylation of Bad at Ser 112 and inhibited Bax expression and caspase 3 activity. 24882407 0 3 KRG Plant 24882407_8 It also inhibited DNA fragmentation induced by NMDA or Ab(25-35). 24882407_9 These results indicate that KRG extract protects cultured neurons from excitotoxicity and Ab(25-35)-induced toxicity through inhibition of ROS generation and apoptotic cell death. 24882407 28 31 KRG Plant 24882407 71 85 excitotoxicity Negative_phenotype 24882407 108 116 toxicity Negative_phenotype 24882407 Decrease 28 31 KRG Plant 71 85 excitotoxicity Negative_phenotype 24882407 Decrease 28 31 KRG Plant 108 116 toxicity Negative_phenotype 24882407_10 In addition, KRG extract inhibited b-secretase activity, implying that it may reduce Ab peptide formation. 24882407 13 16 KRG Plant 24882407_11 Taken together, these findings suggest that KRG extract may be beneficial for the prevention and/or treatment of neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer's disease. 24882407 44 47 KRG Plant 24882407 113 140 neurodegenerative disorders Negative_phenotype 24882407 151 170 Alzheimer's disease Negative_phenotype 24882407 Decrease 44 47 KRG Plant 113 140 neurodegenerative disorders Negative_phenotype 24882407 Decrease 44 47 KRG Plant 151 170 Alzheimer's disease Negative_phenotype 24892270_1 Antioxidant and hepatoprotective activity of Veronica ciliata Fisch. extracts against carbon tetrachloride-induced liver injury in mice. 24892270 0 11 Antioxidant Positive_phenotype 24892270 16 32 hepatoprotective Positive_phenotype 24892270 45 68 Veronica ciliata Fisch. Plant 24892270 115 127 liver injury Negative_phenotype 24892270_2 Veronica ciliata Fisch. has been traditionally used in Traditional Chinese Medicine prescriptions due to its curative effects for hepatitis, cholecystitis, rheumatism, and urticaria. 24892270 0 23 Veronica ciliata Fisch. Plant 24892270 130 139 hepatitis Negative_phenotype 24892270 141 154 cholecystitis Negative_phenotype 24892270 156 166 rheumatism Negative_phenotype 24892270 172 181 urticaria Negative_phenotype 24892270 Decrease 0 23 Veronica ciliata Fisch. Plant 130 139 hepatitis Negative_phenotype 24892270 Decrease 0 23 Veronica ciliata Fisch. Plant 141 154 cholecystitis Negative_phenotype 24892270 Decrease 0 23 Veronica ciliata Fisch. Plant 156 166 rheumatism Negative_phenotype 24892270 Decrease 0 23 Veronica ciliata Fisch. Plant 172 181 urticaria Negative_phenotype 24892270_3 The present study was focused on investigating the role of ethyl acetate and aqueous extracts of Veronica ciliata Fisch. 24892270 97 119 Veronica ciliata Fisch Plant 24892270_4 Furthermore, in vitro antioxidant activity (scavenging of DPPH, ABTS, superoxide, and nitrite radicals; reducing power; b-carotene bleaching) and the hepatoprotective effect of the ethyl acetate extract by means of CCl4-induced oxidative stress in mice were investigated. 24892270 22 33 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 24892270 150 166 hepatoprotective Positive_phenotype 24892270 228 244 oxidative stress Negative_phenotype 24892270_5 The ethyl acetate extract of Veronica ciliata Fisch. displayed more noteworthy in vitro antioxidant activities than the aqueous extract. 24892270 29 52 Veronica ciliata Fisch. Plant 24892270 88 99 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 24892270 Increase 29 52 Veronica ciliata Fisch. Plant 88 99 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 24892270_6 Moreover, it signi cantly prevented the increase in serum T-AOC, ALT, AST and ALP level in acute liver damage induced by CCl4, decreased the extent of MDA formation in liver and elevated the activities of SOD and GSH in liver. 24892270 93 111 acute liver damage Negative_phenotype 24892270_7 This activity was found to be comparable to that of bifendate. 24892270_8 Histopathological observation of the liver was also performed to further support the evidence from the biochemical analysis. 24892270_9 The results indicated that strong antioxidant activities and a signi cant protective effect against acute hepatotoxicity induced by CCl4 of Veronica ciliata Fisch. were concentrated in the ethyl acetate extract. 24892270 34 45 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 24892270 102 122 acute hepatotoxicity Negative_phenotype 24892270 142 165 Veronica ciliata Fisch. Plant 24892270 Increase 34 45 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 142 165 Veronica ciliata Fisch. Plant 24892270 Decrease 102 122 acute hepatotoxicity Negative_phenotype 142 165 Veronica ciliata Fisch. Plant 24892270_10 The results suggested that this activity may be due to free radical-scavenging and antioxidant properties. 24892270 83 94 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 24911335_1 Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of Costus afer Ker Gawl. hexane leaf fraction in arthritic rat models. 24911335 0 17 Anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 24911335 22 33 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 24911335 48 69 Costus afer Ker Gawl. Plant 24911335 94 103 arthritic Negative_phenotype 24911335_2 ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Costus afer Ker Gawl is an indigenous tropical African medicinal plant used as therapy in the treatment of inflammatory ailments such as rheumatoid arthritis. 24911335 32 52 Costus afer Ker Gawl Plant 24911335 139 160 inflammatory ailments Negative_phenotype 24911335 169 189 rheumatoid arthritis Negative_phenotype 24911335 Decrease 32 52 Costus afer Ker Gawl Plant 139 160 inflammatory ailments Negative_phenotype 24911335 Decrease 32 52 Costus afer Ker Gawl Plant 169 189 rheumatoid arthritis Negative_phenotype 24911335_3 This study was designed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of the hexane fraction of C. afer leaves (CAHLF). 24911335 40 57 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 24911335 62 73 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 24911335 111 118 C. afer Plant 24911335 127 132 CAHLF Plant 24911335_4 MATERIALS AND METHODS: The anti-inflammatory effect of varying doses of CAHLF on carrageenan, arachidonic acid, and formaldehyde induced arthritis in male albino rats models were investigated in order to study the acute inflammatory phase. 24911335 27 44 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 24911335 72 77 CAHLF Plant 24911335 137 161 arthritis in male albino Negative_phenotype 24911335 216 234 acute inflammatory Negative_phenotype 24911335_5 Complete Freund s Adjuvant (CFA)-induced arthritis model was used to study the chronic inflammatory phase. 24911335 41 50 arthritis Negative_phenotype 24911335 79 99 chronic inflammatory Negative_phenotype 24911335_6 Two known anti-inflammatory drugs, Diclofenac sodium (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug [NSAID]) and prednisolone (glucocorticoid [steroidal drug]) were used as standards for comparison. 24911335_7 Various biochemical indices viz. superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione S-transferase (GST), reduced glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA), aspartate amino transferase (AST), alanine amino transferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total bilirubin (TB), total protein (TP), globulin and albumin levels were assayed using spectrophotometric methods. 24911335_8 RESULTS: Control animals in which arthritis have been induced using carrageenan, arachidonic acid, formaldehyde or CFA showed significant increases (P<0.05) in paw edema when compared with normal animals. 24911335 34 43 arthritis Negative_phenotype 24911335 160 169 paw edema Negative_phenotype 24911335_9 Treatment of the arthritis induced rats with CAHLF significantly (P<0.05) suppressed the edema. 24911335 17 26 arthritis Negative_phenotype 24911335 45 50 CAHLF Plant 24911335 89 94 edema Negative_phenotype 24911335 Decrease 17 26 arthritis Negative_phenotype 45 50 CAHLF Plant 24911335 Decrease 45 50 CAHLF Plant 89 94 edema Negative_phenotype 24911335_10 in vivo antioxidant study showed that CAHLF treated animals had a significantly (P<0.05) elevated GSH level, SOD, CAT and GST activities while MDA levels were significantly (P<0.05) reduced in the plasma, liver, kidney and brain. 24911335 8 19 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 24911335 38 43 CAHLF Plant 24911335 Increase 8 19 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 38 43 CAHLF Plant 24911335_11 CAHLF treated rats had a significantly (P<0.05) reduced plasma AST, ALT and ALP. 24911335 0 5 CAHLF Plant 24911335_12 Plasma TP, globulin, TB levels were reduced while albumin levels were elevated in CAHLF treated animals. 24911335 82 87 CAHLF Plant 24911335_13 CONCLUSIONS: CAHLF possesses substantial anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities against inflammatory diseases especially arthritis. 24911335 13 18 CAHLF Plant 24911335 41 58 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 24911335 63 74 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 24911335 94 115 inflammatory diseases Negative_phenotype 24911335 127 136 arthritis Negative_phenotype 24911335 Increase 13 18 CAHLF Plant 41 58 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 24911335 Increase 13 18 CAHLF Plant 63 74 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 24911335 Decrease 13 18 CAHLF Plant 94 115 inflammatory diseases Negative_phenotype 24911335 Decrease 13 18 CAHLF Plant 127 136 arthritis Negative_phenotype 24911335_14 It could be considered as a choice candidate in pharmaceutical anti-inflammatory drug development. 24953033_1 The protective effect of smilax glabra extract on advanced glycation end products-induced endothelial dysfunction in HUVECs via RAGE-ERK1/2-NF-kB pathway. 24953033 25 38 smilax glabra Plant 24953033 90 113 endothelial dysfunction Negative_phenotype 24953033_2 ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Smilax glabra Roxb. (SGR) is a traditional Chinese herb that has been used in folk for the treatment of diabetic vascular complications. 24953033 32 51 Smilax glabra Roxb. Plant 24953033 53 56 SGR Plant 24953033 136 167 diabetic vascular complications Negative_phenotype 24953033 Decrease 53 56 SGR Plant 136 167 diabetic vascular complications Negative_phenotype 24953033_3 Advanced glycation end products (AGEs)-induced endothelial dysfunction has been thought to be a major cause of diabetic vascular complications. 24953033 47 70 endothelial dysfunction Negative_phenotype 24953033 111 142 diabetic vascular complications Negative_phenotype 24953033_4 The present study was conducted to investigate the protective effect of SGR extract on AGEs-induced endothelial dysfunction and its underlying mechanisms. 24953033 72 75 SGR Plant 24953033 100 123 endothelial dysfunction Negative_phenotype 24953033_5 MATERIALS AND METHODS: Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were exposed to 200 g/ml AGEs to induce endothelial dysfunction. 24953033 112 135 endothelial dysfunction Negative_phenotype 24953033_6 Acridine orange/ethidium bromide (AO/EB) fluorescence assay and Annexin-V/PI double-staining were performed to determine endothelium apoptosis. 24953033_7 Dihydroethidium (DHE) fluorescence probe, SOD and MDA kits were used to evaluate oxidative stress. 24953033 81 97 oxidative stress Negative_phenotype 24953033_8 The effect of SGR extract on AGEs-induced TGF-beta1 expression was determined by immunocytochemistry and western blotting. 24953033 14 17 SGR Plant 24953033_9 Attenuations of SGR extract on receptor for AGEs (RAGE) expression, extracellular regulated protein kinases (ERK1/2) activation and NF-kB phosphorylation were determined by immunofluorescence assay and western blotting. 24953033 16 19 SGR Plant 24953033_10 The blockade assays for RAGE and ERK1/2 were carried out using a specific RAGE-antibody (RAGE-Ab) or a selective ERK1/2 inhibitor PD98059 in immunofluorescence assay. 24953033_11 RESULTS: The pretreatment of SGR extract (0.125, 0.25 and 0.5 mg crude drug/ml) significantly attenuated AGEs-induced endothelium apoptosis, and down-regulated TGF-beta1 protein expression in HUVECs. 24953033 29 32 SGR Plant 24953033_12 It was also well shown that SGR extract could down-regulate dose-dependently ROS over-generation, MDA content, TGF-beta1 expression, ERK1/2 and NF-kB activation whereas increase significantly SOD activity. 24953033 28 31 SGR Plant 24953033_13 Furthermore, the AGEs-induced ERK1/2 activation could be attenuated by the blockade of RAGE-Ab (5 g/ml) while the NF-kB activation was ameliorated by ERK1/2 inhibitor PD98059 (10 M). 24953033_14 CONCLUSION: These results indicated that SGR extract could attenuate AGEs-induced endothelial dysfunction via RAGE-ERK1/2-NF-kB pathways. 24953033 41 44 SGR Plant 24953033 82 105 endothelial dysfunction Negative_phenotype 24953033 Decrease 41 44 SGR Plant 82 105 endothelial dysfunction Negative_phenotype 24953033_15 Our findings suggest that SGR extract may be beneficial for attenuating endothelial dysfunction in diabetic vascular complications. 24953033 26 29 SGR Plant 24953033 72 130 endothelial dysfunction in diabetic vascular complications Negative_phenotype 24953033 Decrease 26 29 SGR Plant 72 130 endothelial dysfunction in diabetic vascular complications Negative_phenotype 24975194_1 Biomolecular evidence of anti-inflammatory effects by Clematis mandshurica Ruprecht root extract in rodent cells. 24975194 25 42 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 24975194 54 83 Clematis mandshurica Ruprecht Plant 24975194_2 ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Clematis mandshurica Ruprecht root is widely used in Asia as an analgesic and anti-inflammatory agent. 24975194 32 61 Clematis mandshurica Ruprecht Plant 24975194 96 105 analgesic Positive_phenotype 24975194 110 127 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 24975194 Increase 32 61 Clematis mandshurica Ruprecht Plant 96 105 analgesic Positive_phenotype 24975194 Increase 32 61 Clematis mandshurica Ruprecht Plant 110 127 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 24975194_3 This research investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of Clematis mandshurica Ruprecht root extract (CRE) using RAW 264.7 macrophage cells and carrageenan- (CA-) induced rat paw edema. 24975194 31 48 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 24975194 60 89 Clematis mandshurica Ruprecht Plant 24975194 104 107 CRE Plant 24975194 177 186 paw edema Negative_phenotype 24975194_4 MATERIALS AND METHODS: Production of tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-a), interleukin (IL)-1b, IL-6, nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in the culture supernatant, mRNA expression of TNF-a, IL-1b, IL-6, iNOS and COX-2, protein expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kB) and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) in the extract were assayed. 24975194_5 In addition, the effect of CRE on acute inflammation in vivo was observed using CA-induced rat hind paw edema assay. 24975194 27 30 CRE Plant 24975194 34 52 acute inflammation Negative_phenotype 24975194 95 109 hind paw edema Negative_phenotype 24975194_6 The changes on the histopathology and histomorphometry of hind paw skins-dorsum and ventrum pedis were observed using CA-treated rats. 24975194_7 RESULTS: Treatment with CRE (0.25, 0.5, and 1 mg/mL) resulted in inhibited levels of protein expression of lipopolysaccharide- (LPS-) induced iNOS, COX-2, NF-kB, and MAPKs (ERK, JNK, and p38) as well as production of TNF-a, IL-1b, IL-6, NO, and PGE2 induced by LPS. 24975194 24 27 CRE Plant 24975194_8 Consistent with these results, CRE reduced the LPS-induced expressions of these cytokines, iNOS and COX-2 at the mRNA levels in a dose-dependent manner. 24975194 31 34 CRE Plant 24975194_9 In particular, results of the CA-induced rat hind paw edema assay showed an anti-edema effect of CRE. 24975194 45 59 hind paw edema Negative_phenotype 24975194 76 86 anti-edema Positive_phenotype 24975194 97 100 CRE Plant 24975194 Decrease 45 59 hind paw edema Negative_phenotype 97 100 CRE Plant 24975194 Increase 76 86 anti-edema Positive_phenotype 97 100 CRE Plant 24975194_10 In addition, treatment with CRE resulted in dose-dependent inhibition of CA-induced increases of skin thickness, mast cell degranulation, and infiltrated inflammatory, TNF-a, IL-1b, iNOS, and COX-2-positive cells in both dorsum and ventrum pedis skin, respectively. 24975194 28 31 CRE Plant 24975194 97 111 skin thickness Neutral_phenotype 24975194 142 166 infiltrated inflammatory Negative_phenotype 24975194 Decrease 28 31 CRE Plant 97 111 skin thickness Neutral_phenotype 24975194 Decrease 28 31 CRE Plant 142 166 infiltrated inflammatory Negative_phenotype 24975194_11 CONCLUSIONS: These results demonstrate that CRE exhibits anti-inflammatory activities via decreasing production of pro-inflammatory mediators through suppression of the pathways of NF-kB and MAPKs in LPS-induced macrophage cells. 24975194 44 47 CRE Plant 24975194 57 74 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 24975194 Increase 44 47 CRE Plant 57 74 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 24975194_12 In addition, results of the CA-induced rat hind paw edema assay show an anti-edema effect of CRE. 24975194 43 57 hind paw edema Negative_phenotype 24975194 72 82 anti-edema Positive_phenotype 24975194 93 96 CRE Plant 24975194 Decrease 43 57 hind paw edema Negative_phenotype 93 96 CRE Plant 24975194 Increase 72 82 anti-edema Positive_phenotype 93 96 CRE Plant 24975194_13 Our findings also support the traditional use of CRE in the inflammatory symptoms of rheumatic arthritis and acute icteric hepatitis. 24975194 49 52 CRE Plant 24975194 60 104 inflammatory symptoms of rheumatic arthritis Negative_phenotype 24975194 109 132 acute icteric hepatitis Negative_phenotype 24975194 Decrease 49 52 CRE Plant 60 104 inflammatory symptoms of rheumatic arthritis Negative_phenotype 24975194 Decrease 49 52 CRE Plant 109 132 acute icteric hepatitis Negative_phenotype 24975194_14 Thus, CRE may have therapeutic potential for a variety of inflammation-mediated diseases and may be developed into potent anti-inflammatory drugs. 24975194 6 9 CRE Plant 24975194 58 88 inflammation-mediated diseases Negative_phenotype 24975194 Decrease 6 9 CRE Plant 58 88 inflammation-mediated diseases Negative_phenotype 25004880_1 Lotus leaf (Nelumbo nucifera) and its active constituents prevent inflammatory responses in macrophages via JNK/NF-kB signaling pathway. 25004880 0 5 Lotus Plant 25004880 12 28 Nelumbo nucifera Plant 25004880 66 78 inflammatory Negative_phenotype 25004880 Decrease 0 5 Lotus Plant 66 78 inflammatory Negative_phenotype 25004880 Decrease 12 28 Nelumbo nucifera Plant 66 78 inflammatory Negative_phenotype 25004880_2 Inflammation is a serious health issue worldwide that induces many diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), sepsis, acute pancreatitis and lung injury. 25004880 0 12 Inflammation Negative_phenotype 25004880 85 111 inflammatory bowel disease Negative_phenotype 25004880 113 116 IBD Negative_phenotype 25004880 119 125 sepsis Negative_phenotype 25004880 127 145 acute pancreatitis Negative_phenotype 25004880 150 161 lung injury Negative_phenotype 25004880_3 Thus, there is a great deal of interest in new methods of limiting inflammation. 25004880 67 79 inflammation Negative_phenotype 25004880_4 In this study, we investigated the leaves of Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn, an aquatic perennial plant cultivated in eastern Asia and India, in anti-inflammatory pharmacological effects in the murine macrophage cell line RAW264.7. 25004880 45 68 Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn Plant 25004880 138 155 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 25004880_5 Results showed that lipopolysaccharide (LPS) increased the protein expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and COX-2, as well as the mRNA expression and level of IL-6 and TNF-a, while NNE significantly reduced these effects of LPS. 25004880 197 200 NNE Plant 25004880_6 LPS also induced phospho-JNK protein expression. 25004880_7 The JNK-specific inhibitor SP600125 decreased the proteins expression of phospho-JNK, iNOS, COX-2, and the mRNAs expression and levels of IL-6 and TNF-a. 25004880_8 Further, NNE reduced the protein expression of phospho-JNK. 25004880 9 12 NNE Plant 25004880_9 LPS was also found to promote the translocation of NF-kB from the cytosol to the nucleus and to decrease the expression of cytosolic IkB. 25004880_10 NNE and SP600125 treatment recovered the LPS-induced expression of NF-kB and IkB. 25004880 0 3 NNE Plant 25004880_11 While phospho-ERK and phospho-p38 induced by LPS, could not be reversed by NNE. 25004880 75 78 NNE Plant 25004880_12 To further investigate the major components of NNE in anti-inflammatory effects, we determined the quercetin and catechin in inflammatory signals. 25004880 47 50 NNE Plant 25004880 54 71 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 25004880_13 Results showed that quercetin and catechin significantly decreased the proteins expression of iNOS, COX-2 and phospho-JNK. 25004880_14 Besides, the mRNAs and levels of IL-6 and TNF-a also decreased by quercetin and catechin treatment in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells. 25004880_15 These results showed that NNE and its major components quercetin and catechin exhibit anti-inflammatory activities by inhibiting the JNK- and NF-kB-regulated pathways and could therefore be an useful anti-inflammatory agent. 25004880 26 29 NNE Plant 25004880 86 103 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 25004880 Increase 26 29 NNE Plant 86 103 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 25456421_1 The enriched fraction of Vernonia cinerea L. induces apoptosis and inhibits multi-drug resistance transporters in human epithelial cancer cells. 25456421 25 44 Vernonia cinerea L. Plant 25456421 76 97 multi-drug resistance Negative_phenotype 25456421 120 137 epithelial cancer Negative_phenotype 25456421 Decrease 25 44 Vernonia cinerea L. Plant 76 97 multi-drug resistance Negative_phenotype 25456421 Decrease 25 44 Vernonia cinerea L. Plant 120 137 epithelial cancer Negative_phenotype 25456421_2 ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Vernonia cinerea Less. (VC) of the family Asteraceaes is considered as the sacred plant; 'Dasapushpam' which is ethnopharmacologically significant to the people of Kerala in India. 25456421 32 54 Vernonia cinerea Less. Plant 25456421 56 58 VC Plant 25456421_3 In fact, VC has been used in the traditional system of medicine (Ayurveda) for the treatment of various ailments including cancer. 25456421 9 11 VC Plant 25456421 123 129 cancer Negative_phenotype 25456421 Decrease 9 11 VC Plant 123 129 cancer Negative_phenotype 25456421_4 MATERIALS AND METHODS: Cytotoxicity of the ethanolic extract of VC (VC-ET), petroleum ether fraction (VC-PET), dichloromethane fraction (VC-DCM), n-butyl alcohol fraction (VC-BT), and rest fraction (VC-R) was evaluated in cervical carcinoma (HeLa), lung adenocarcinoma (A549), breast cancer (MCF-7), and colon carcinoma (Caco-2) cells using Sulforhodamine B (SRB) assay. 25456421 64 66 VC Plant 25456421 68 73 VC-ET Plant 25456421 102 108 VC-PET Plant 25456421 137 143 VC-DCM Plant 25456421 172 177 VC-BT Plant 25456421 199 203 VC-R Plant 25456421 222 240 cervical carcinoma Negative_phenotype 25456421 242 246 HeLa Negative_phenotype 25456421 249 268 lung adenocarcinoma Negative_phenotype 25456421 270 274 A549 Negative_phenotype 25456421 277 290 breast cancer Negative_phenotype 25456421 292 297 MCF-7 Negative_phenotype 25456421 304 319 colon carcinoma Negative_phenotype 25456421 321 327 Caco-2 Negative_phenotype 25456421_5 The apoptotic effects of VC-DCM were assessed in cancer cells using Annexin V assay. 25456421 25 31 VC-DCM Plant 25456421 49 55 cancer Negative_phenotype 25456421_6 The effects of VC-DCM on multi-drug resistance (MDR) transporters in HeLa, A549, MCF-7, and Caco-2 cells were evaluated using flow cytometry based functional assays. 25456421 15 21 VC-DCM Plant 25456421 25 46 multi-drug resistance Negative_phenotype 25456421 48 51 MDR Negative_phenotype 25456421 69 73 HeLa Negative_phenotype 25456421 75 79 A549 Negative_phenotype 25456421 81 86 MCF-7 Negative_phenotype 25456421 92 98 Caco-2 Negative_phenotype 25456421_7 Similarly, drug uptake in cancer cells and sensitization of cancer cells towards chemotherapeutic drugs in the presence of VC-DCM were studied using Daunorubicin (DNR) accumulation assay and SRB assay, respectively. 25456421 26 32 cancer Negative_phenotype 25456421 60 66 cancer Negative_phenotype 25456421 81 97 chemotherapeutic Positive_phenotype 25456421 123 129 VC-DCM Plant 25456421_8 RESULTS: Cytotoxicity assay revealed that the enriched fraction of VC (VC-DCM) possessed dose-dependent cytotoxic effects in human epithelial cancer cells (HeLa, A549, MCF-7, and Caco-2). 25456421 67 69 VC Plant 25456421 71 77 VC-DCM Plant 25456421 131 148 epithelial cancer Negative_phenotype 25456421 156 160 HeLa Negative_phenotype 25456421 162 166 A549 Negative_phenotype 25456421 168 173 MCF-7 Negative_phenotype 25456421 179 185 Caco-2 Negative_phenotype 25456421 Decrease 67 69 VC Plant 131 148 epithelial cancer Negative_phenotype 25456421 Decrease 67 69 VC Plant 156 160 HeLa Negative_phenotype 25456421 Decrease 67 69 VC Plant 162 166 A549 Negative_phenotype 25456421 Decrease 67 69 VC Plant 168 173 MCF-7 Negative_phenotype 25456421 Decrease 67 69 VC Plant 179 185 Caco-2 Negative_phenotype 25456421 Decrease 71 77 VC-DCM Plant 131 148 epithelial cancer Negative_phenotype 25456421 Decrease 71 77 VC-DCM Plant 156 160 HeLa Negative_phenotype 25456421 Decrease 71 77 VC-DCM Plant 162 166 A549 Negative_phenotype 25456421 Decrease 71 77 VC-DCM Plant 168 173 MCF-7 Negative_phenotype 25456421 Decrease 71 77 VC-DCM Plant 179 185 Caco-2 Negative_phenotype 25456421_9 Further, treatment of cancer cells (HeLa, A549, MCF-7, and Caco-2) with VC-DCM led to a significant increase in both early and late apoptosis, indicating the induction of apoptosis. 25456421 22 28 cancer Negative_phenotype 25456421 36 40 HeLa Negative_phenotype 25456421 42 46 A549 Negative_phenotype 25456421 48 53 MCF-7 Negative_phenotype 25456421 59 65 Caco-2 Negative_phenotype 25456421 72 78 VC-DCM Plant 25456421 Decrease 22 28 cancer Negative_phenotype 72 78 VC-DCM Plant 25456421 Decrease 36 40 HeLa Negative_phenotype 72 78 VC-DCM Plant 25456421 Decrease 42 46 A549 Negative_phenotype 72 78 VC-DCM Plant 25456421 Decrease 48 53 MCF-7 Negative_phenotype 72 78 VC-DCM Plant 25456421 Decrease 59 65 Caco-2 Negative_phenotype 72 78 VC-DCM Plant 25456421_10 Interestingly, VC-DCM significantly inhibited functional activity of MDR transporters (ABC-B1 and ABC-G2), enhanced DNR-uptake in cancer cells, and sensitized cancer cells towards chemotherapeutic drug-mediated cytotoxicity, thus indicating the ability of VC-DCM to reverse MDR in cancer and enhance the cytotoxic effects of anticancer drugs. 25456421 15 21 VC-DCM Plant 25456421 69 72 MDR Negative_phenotype 25456421 130 136 cancer Negative_phenotype 25456421 159 165 cancer Negative_phenotype 25456421 180 196 chemotherapeutic Positive_phenotype 25456421 256 262 VC-DCM Plant 25456421 274 277 MDR Negative_phenotype 25456421 281 287 cancer Negative_phenotype 25456421 325 335 anticancer Positive_phenotype 25456421 Decrease 15 21 VC-DCM Plant 69 72 MDR Negative_phenotype 25456421 Decrease 15 21 VC-DCM Plant 130 136 cancer Negative_phenotype 25456421 Decrease 15 21 VC-DCM Plant 159 165 cancer Negative_phenotype 25456421 Decrease 256 262 VC-DCM Plant 274 277 MDR Negative_phenotype 25456421 Decrease 256 262 VC-DCM Plant 281 287 cancer Negative_phenotype 25456421 Increase 256 262 VC-DCM Plant 325 335 anticancer Positive_phenotype 25456421_11 CONCLUSIONS: A methodological investigation on the anti-cancer properties of Vernonia cinerea Less. (VC) revealed that an enriched fraction of VC (VC-DCM) possessed cytotoxic effects, triggered apoptosis, inhibited MDR transporters, enhanced drug uptake, and sensitized cancer cells towards anticancer drug-mediated cytotoxicity in human epithelial cancer cells. 25456421 51 62 anti-cancer Positive_phenotype 25456421 77 99 Vernonia cinerea Less. Plant 25456421 101 103 VC Plant 25456421 143 145 VC Plant 25456421 147 153 VC-DCM Plant 25456421 215 218 MDR Negative_phenotype 25456421 270 276 cancer Negative_phenotype 25456421 291 301 anticancer Positive_phenotype 25456421 338 355 epithelial cancer Negative_phenotype 25456421 Increase 51 62 anti-cancer Positive_phenotype 77 99 Vernonia cinerea Less. Plant 25456421 Increase 51 62 anti-cancer Positive_phenotype 101 103 VC Plant 25456421 Decrease 101 103 VC Plant 215 218 MDR Negative_phenotype 25456421 Decrease 101 103 VC Plant 270 276 cancer Negative_phenotype 25456421 Increase 101 103 VC Plant 291 301 anticancer Positive_phenotype 25456421 Decrease 101 103 VC Plant 338 355 epithelial cancer Negative_phenotype 25456421 Decrease 143 145 VC Plant 215 218 MDR Negative_phenotype 25456421 Decrease 143 145 VC Plant 270 276 cancer Negative_phenotype 25456421 Decrease 143 145 VC Plant 338 355 epithelial cancer Negative_phenotype 25456421 Decrease 147 153 VC-DCM Plant 215 218 MDR Negative_phenotype 25456421 Decrease 147 153 VC-DCM Plant 270 276 cancer Negative_phenotype 25456421 Decrease 147 153 VC-DCM Plant 338 355 epithelial cancer Negative_phenotype 25456421_12 Thus, VC appears to be promising for an effective treatment of various drug-resistant human epithelial cancers. 25456421 6 8 VC Plant 25456421 92 110 epithelial cancers Negative_phenotype 25456421 Decrease 6 8 VC Plant 92 110 epithelial cancers Negative_phenotype 25797115_1 Induction of cell cycle arrest and apoptosis by betulinic acid-rich fraction from Dillenia suffruticosa root in MCF-7 cells involved p53/p21 and mitochondrial signalling pathway. 25797115 82 103 Dillenia suffruticosa Plant 25797115 112 117 MCF-7 Negative_phenotype 25797115_2 ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Dillenia suffruticosa (Family: Dilleniaceae) or commonly known as "Simpoh air" in Malaysia, is traditionally used for treatment of cancerous growth including breast cancer. 25797115 32 53 Dillenia suffruticosa Plant 25797115 99 109 Simpoh air Plant 25797115 163 172 cancerous Negative_phenotype 25797115 190 203 breast cancer Negative_phenotype 25797115 Decrease 32 53 Dillenia suffruticosa Plant 163 172 cancerous Negative_phenotype 25797115 Decrease 32 53 Dillenia suffruticosa Plant 190 203 breast cancer Negative_phenotype 25797115 Decrease 99 109 Simpoh air Plant 163 172 cancerous Negative_phenotype 25797115 Decrease 99 109 Simpoh air Plant 190 203 breast cancer Negative_phenotype 25797115_3 AIM OF THE STUDY: Dillenia suffruticosa root dichloromethane extract (DCM-DS) has been reported to induce G0/G1 phase cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in caspase-3 deficient MCF-7 breast cancer cells. 25797115 18 39 Dillenia suffruticosa Plant 25797115 70 76 DCM-DS Plant 25797115 173 178 MCF-7 Negative_phenotype 25797115 179 192 breast cancer Negative_phenotype 25797115 Decrease 18 39 Dillenia suffruticosa Plant 173 178 MCF-7 Negative_phenotype 25797115 Decrease 18 39 Dillenia suffruticosa Plant 179 192 breast cancer Negative_phenotype 25797115 Decrease 70 76 DCM-DS Plant 173 178 MCF-7 Negative_phenotype 25797115 Decrease 70 76 DCM-DS Plant 179 192 breast cancer Negative_phenotype 25797115_4 The present study was designed to investigate the involvement of p53/p21 and mitochondrial pathway in DCM-DS-treated MCF-7 cells as well as to identify the bioactive compounds responsible for the cytotoxicity of DCM-DS. 25797115 102 108 DCM-DS Plant 25797115 117 122 MCF-7 Negative_phenotype 25797115 212 218 DCM-DS Plant 25797115_5 MATERIALS AND METHODS: Extraction of Dillenia suffruticosa root was performed by the use of sequential solvent procedure. 25797115 37 58 Dillenia suffruticosa Plant 25797115_6 GeXP-based multiplex system was employed to investigate the expression of p53, p21, Bax and Bcl-2 genes in MCF-7 cells treated with DCM-DS. 25797115 107 112 MCF-7 Negative_phenotype 25797115 132 138 DCM-DS Plant 25797115_7 The protein expression was then determined using Western blot analysis. 25797115_8 The bioactive compounds present in DCM-DS were isolated by using column chromatography. 25797115 35 41 DCM-DS Plant 25797115_9 The structure of the compounds was elucidated by using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. 25797115_10 The cytotoxicity of the isolated compounds towards MCF-7 cells was evaluated by using MTT assay. 25797115 51 56 MCF-7 Negative_phenotype 25797115_11 The percentage of betulinic acid (BA) in DCM-DS was determined by HPLC analysis. 25797115 41 47 DCM-DS Plant 25797115_12 RESULTS: The expression of p53 was significantly up-regulated at protein level. 25797115_13 The expression of p21 at both gene and protein levels was significantly up-regulated upon treatment with DCM-DS, suggesting that the induction of G0/G1 phase cell cycle arrest in MCF-7 cells was via p53/p21 pathway. 25797115 105 111 DCM-DS Plant 25797115 179 184 MCF-7 Negative_phenotype 25797115 Decrease 105 111 DCM-DS Plant 179 184 MCF-7 Negative_phenotype 25797115_14 Bcl-2 protein was down-regulated with no change at the mRNA level, postulating that post-translational modification has occurred resulting in the degradation of Bcl-2 protein. 25797115_15 Overall, treatment with DCM-DS increased the ratio of Bax/Bcl-2 that drove the cells to undergo apoptosis. 25797115 24 30 DCM-DS Plant 25797115_16 A total of 3 triterpene compounds were isolated from DCM-DS. 25797115 53 59 DCM-DS Plant 25797115_17 Betulinic acid appears to be the major and most cytotoxic compound in DCM-DS. 25797115 70 76 DCM-DS Plant 25797115_18 CONCLUSION: DCM-DS induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in MCF-7 cells via p53/p21 pathway. 25797115 12 18 DCM-DS Plant 25797115 62 67 MCF-7 Negative_phenotype 25797115 Decrease 12 18 DCM-DS Plant 62 67 MCF-7 Negative_phenotype 25797115_19 In addition, DCM-DS induced apoptosis by increasing the ratio of Bax/Bcl-2. 25797115 13 19 DCM-DS Plant 25797115_20 Betulinic acid, which is one of the major compounds, is responsible for the cytotoxicity of the DCM-DS. 25797115 96 102 DCM-DS Plant 25797115_21 Therefore, BA can be used as a marker for standardisation of herbal product from D. suffruticosa. 25797115 81 96 D. suffruticosa Plant 25797115_22 DCM-DS can also be employed as BA-rich extract from roots of D. suffruticosa for the management of breast cancer. 25797115 0 6 DCM-DS Plant 25797115 61 76 D. suffruticosa Plant 25797115 99 112 breast cancer Negative_phenotype 25797115 Decrease 0 6 DCM-DS Plant 99 112 breast cancer Negative_phenotype 25797115 Decrease 61 76 D. suffruticosa Plant 99 112 breast cancer Negative_phenotype 25861954_1 Anti-inflammatory effects of water extract of Taraxacum mongolicum hand.-Mazz on lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation in acute lung injury by suppressing PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. 25861954 0 17 Anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 25861954 46 77 Taraxacum mongolicum hand.-Mazz Plant 25861954 108 141 inflammation in acute lung injury Negative_phenotype 25861954_2 ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Taraxacum mongolicum Hand.-Mazz is a famous medicinal plant in China, has been listed in the Pharmacopoeia of the People* s Republic of China and used to treat infection, fever, upper respiratory tract infection, pneumonia, and other infectious diseases. 25861954 32 63 Taraxacum mongolicum Hand.-Mazz Plant 25861954 192 201 infection Negative_phenotype 25861954 203 208 fever Negative_phenotype 25861954 210 243 upper respiratory tract infection Negative_phenotype 25861954 245 254 pneumonia Negative_phenotype 25861954 266 285 infectious diseases Negative_phenotype 25861954 Decrease 32 63 Taraxacum mongolicum Hand.-Mazz Plant 192 201 infection Negative_phenotype 25861954 Decrease 32 63 Taraxacum mongolicum Hand.-Mazz Plant 203 208 fever Negative_phenotype 25861954 Decrease 32 63 Taraxacum mongolicum Hand.-Mazz Plant 210 243 upper respiratory tract infection Negative_phenotype 25861954 Decrease 32 63 Taraxacum mongolicum Hand.-Mazz Plant 245 254 pneumonia Negative_phenotype 25861954 Decrease 32 63 Taraxacum mongolicum Hand.-Mazz Plant 266 285 infectious diseases Negative_phenotype 25861954_3 This study aims to evaluate the possible mechanisms responsible for the anti-inflammation effects of water extract of T. mongolicum Hand.-Mazz (WETMHM) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory in acute lung injury. 25861954 72 89 anti-inflammation Positive_phenotype 25861954 118 142 T. mongolicum Hand.-Mazz Plant 25861954 144 150 WETMHM Plant 25861954 188 221 inflammatory in acute lung injury Negative_phenotype 25861954_4 MATERIALS AND METHODS: Female BALB/c mice were randomly divided into five groups with 10 mice in each group: (1) control group (saline), (2) LPS group, (3) LPS+dexamethasone (LPS+Dex, 2mg/kg, administered by gavage), (4) LPS+WETMHM (5g/kg, administered by gavage), (5) LPS+WETMHM (10g/kg, administered by gavage). 25861954 225 231 WETMHM Plant 25861954 273 279 WETMHM Plant 25861954_5 The cell counting in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was measured. 25861954_6 The animal lung edema degree was evaluated by wet/dry weight (W/D) ratio. 25861954 11 21 lung edema Negative_phenotype 25861954_7 The superoxidase dismutase (SOD) activity and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity were assayed by SOD and MPO kits, respectively. 25861954_8 The levels of inflammation mediators including tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-a), interleukin (IL)-1b, and IL-6 were assayed by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method. 25861954_9 Pathological changes of lung tissues were observed by hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining. 25861954_10 The levels of P-PI3K, PI3K, P-Akt, Akt, P-mTOR and mTOR were measured by Western blotting. 25861954_11 RESULTS: The data showed that treatment with the WETMHM inhibited LPS-induced inflammation: (1) WETMHM attenuated inflammation cell numbers in the BALF, (2) decreased protein levels of lung PI3K/Akt/mTOR, and (3) improved SOD activity and (4) inhibited MPO activity; (5) histological studies demonstrated that WETMHM substantially inhibited LPS-induced neutrophils in lung tissue. 25861954 49 55 WETMHM Plant 25861954 78 90 inflammation Negative_phenotype 25861954 96 102 WETMHM Plant 25861954 114 126 inflammation Negative_phenotype 25861954 310 316 WETMHM Plant 25861954 353 379 neutrophils in lung tissue Negative_phenotype 25861954 Decrease 49 55 WETMHM Plant 78 90 inflammation Negative_phenotype 25861954 Decrease 96 102 WETMHM Plant 114 126 inflammation Negative_phenotype 25861954 Decrease 310 316 WETMHM Plant 353 379 neutrophils in lung tissue Negative_phenotype 25861954_12 CONCLUSION: The results indicated that the WETMHM had a protective effect on LPS-induced ALI in mice. 25861954 43 49 WETMHM Plant 25861954 89 92 ALI Negative_phenotype 25861954 Decrease 43 49 WETMHM Plant 89 92 ALI Negative_phenotype 25949238_1 Pandanus odoratissimus (Kewda): A Review on Ethnopharmacology, Phytochemistry, and Nutritional Aspects. 25949238 0 22 Pandanus odoratissimus Plant 25949238 24 29 Kewda Plant 25949238_2 Pandanus odoratissimus Linn. (family: Pandanaceae) is traditionally recommended by the Indian Ayurvedic medicines for treatment of headache, rheumatism, spasm, cold/flu, epilepsy, wounds, boils, scabies, leucoderma, ulcers, colic, hepatitis, smallpox, leprosy, syphilis, and cancer and as a cardiotonic, antioxidant, dysuric, and aphrodisiac. 25949238 0 28 Pandanus odoratissimus Linn. Plant 25949238 131 139 headache Negative_phenotype 25949238 141 151 rheumatism Negative_phenotype 25949238 153 158 spasm Negative_phenotype 25949238 160 168 cold/flu Negative_phenotype 25949238 170 178 epilepsy Negative_phenotype 25949238 180 186 wounds Negative_phenotype 25949238 188 193 boils Negative_phenotype 25949238 195 202 scabies Negative_phenotype 25949238 204 214 leucoderma Negative_phenotype 25949238 216 222 ulcers Negative_phenotype 25949238 224 229 colic Negative_phenotype 25949238 231 240 hepatitis Negative_phenotype 25949238 242 250 smallpox Negative_phenotype 25949238 252 259 leprosy Negative_phenotype 25949238 261 269 syphilis Negative_phenotype 25949238 275 281 cancer Negative_phenotype 25949238 291 302 cardiotonic Positive_phenotype 25949238 304 315 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 25949238 317 324 dysuric Negative_phenotype 25949238 330 341 aphrodisiac Positive_phenotype 25949238 Decrease 0 28 Pandanus odoratissimus Linn. Plant 131 139 headache Negative_phenotype 25949238 Decrease 0 28 Pandanus odoratissimus Linn. Plant 141 151 rheumatism Negative_phenotype 25949238 Decrease 0 28 Pandanus odoratissimus Linn. Plant 153 158 spasm Negative_phenotype 25949238 Decrease 0 28 Pandanus odoratissimus Linn. Plant 160 168 cold/flu Negative_phenotype 25949238 Decrease 0 28 Pandanus odoratissimus Linn. Plant 170 178 epilepsy Negative_phenotype 25949238 Decrease 0 28 Pandanus odoratissimus Linn. Plant 180 186 wounds Negative_phenotype 25949238 Decrease 0 28 Pandanus odoratissimus Linn. Plant 188 193 boils Negative_phenotype 25949238 Decrease 0 28 Pandanus odoratissimus Linn. Plant 195 202 scabies Negative_phenotype 25949238 Decrease 0 28 Pandanus odoratissimus Linn. Plant 204 214 leucoderma Negative_phenotype 25949238 Decrease 0 28 Pandanus odoratissimus Linn. Plant 216 222 ulcers Negative_phenotype 25949238 Decrease 0 28 Pandanus odoratissimus Linn. Plant 224 229 colic Negative_phenotype 25949238 Decrease 0 28 Pandanus odoratissimus Linn. Plant 231 240 hepatitis Negative_phenotype 25949238 Decrease 0 28 Pandanus odoratissimus Linn. Plant 242 250 smallpox Negative_phenotype 25949238 Decrease 0 28 Pandanus odoratissimus Linn. Plant 252 259 leprosy Negative_phenotype 25949238 Decrease 0 28 Pandanus odoratissimus Linn. Plant 261 269 syphilis Negative_phenotype 25949238 Decrease 0 28 Pandanus odoratissimus Linn. Plant 275 281 cancer Negative_phenotype 25949238 Increase 0 28 Pandanus odoratissimus Linn. Plant 291 302 cardiotonic Positive_phenotype 25949238 Increase 0 28 Pandanus odoratissimus Linn. Plant 304 315 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 25949238 Decrease 0 28 Pandanus odoratissimus Linn. Plant 317 324 dysuric Negative_phenotype 25949238 Increase 0 28 Pandanus odoratissimus Linn. Plant 330 341 aphrodisiac Positive_phenotype 25949238_3 It contains phytochemicals, namely, lignans and isoflavones, coumestrol, alkaloids, steroids, carbohydrates, phenolic compounds, glycosides, proteins, amino acids as well as vitamins and nutrients, and so forth. 25949238_4 It is having immense importance in nutrition. 25949238_5 A 100 g edible Pandanus pericarp is mainly comprised of water and carbohydrates (80 and 17 g, resp.) and protein (1.3 mg), fat (0.7 mg), and fiber (3.5 g). 25949238 17 25 Pandanus Plant 25949238_6 Pandanus fruits paste provides 321 kilocalories, protein (2.2 g), calcium (134 mg), phosphorus (108 mg), iron (5.7 mg), thiamin (0.04 mg), vitamin C (5 mg), and beta-carotene (19 to 19,000 g) (a carotenoid that is a precursor to vitamin A). 25949238 0 8 Pandanus Plant 25949238_7 Pandanus fruit is an important source of vitamins C, B1, B2, B3, and so forth, usually prepared as a Pandanus floured drink. 25949238 0 8 Pandanus Plant 25949238 101 109 Pandanus Plant 25949238_8 Traditional claims were scientifically evaluated by the various authors and the phytochemical profile of plant parts was well established. 25949238_9 The methods for analytical estimations were developed. 25949238_10 However, there is paucity of systematic compilation of scientifically important information about this plant. 25949238_11 In the present review we have systematically reviewed and compiled information of pharmacognostic, ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, pharmacology, nutritional aspects, and analytical methods. 25949238_12 This review will enrich knowledge leading the way into the discovery of new therapeutic agents with improved and intriguing pharmacological properties. 26004741_1 Loquat (Eriobotrya japonica) extract prevents dexamethasone-induced muscle atrophy by inhibiting the muscle degradation pathway in Sprague Dawley rats. 26004741 0 6 Loquat Plant 26004741 8 27 Eriobotrya japonica Plant 26004741 68 82 muscle atrophy Negative_phenotype 26004741 101 119 muscle degradation Negative_phenotype 26004741 Decrease 0 6 Loquat Plant 68 82 muscle atrophy Negative_phenotype 26004741 Decrease 0 6 Loquat Plant 101 119 muscle degradation Negative_phenotype 26004741 Decrease 8 27 Eriobotrya japonica Plant 68 82 muscle atrophy Negative_phenotype 26004741 Decrease 8 27 Eriobotrya japonica Plant 101 119 muscle degradation Negative_phenotype 26004741_2 UNASSIGNED: In the Orient, loquat (Eriobotrya japonica) extract (LE) is widely used in teas, food and folk medicines. 26004741 27 33 loquat Plant 26004741 35 54 Eriobotrya japonica Plant 26004741 65 67 LE Plant 26004741_3 The leaves of the loquat tree have been used for generations to treat chronic bronchitis, coughs, phlegm production, high fever and gastroenteric disorders. 26004741 18 24 loquat Plant 26004741 70 88 chronic bronchitis Negative_phenotype 26004741 90 96 coughs Negative_phenotype 26004741 98 115 phlegm production Negative_phenotype 26004741 117 127 high fever Negative_phenotype 26004741 132 155 gastroenteric disorders Negative_phenotype 26004741 Decrease 18 24 loquat Plant 70 88 chronic bronchitis Negative_phenotype 26004741 Decrease 18 24 loquat Plant 90 96 coughs Negative_phenotype 26004741 Decrease 18 24 loquat Plant 98 115 phlegm production Negative_phenotype 26004741 Decrease 18 24 loquat Plant 117 127 high fever Negative_phenotype 26004741 Decrease 18 24 loquat Plant 132 155 gastroenteric disorders Negative_phenotype 26004741_4 One of the major active components of loquat leaves is ursolic acid, which was recently investigated in the context of preventing muscle atrophy. 26004741 38 44 loquat Plant 26004741 130 144 muscle atrophy Negative_phenotype 26004741_5 The present study investigated the therapeutic potential of LE on dexamethasone -induced muscle atrophy in rats. 26004741 60 62 LE Plant 26004741 90 104 muscle atrophy Negative_phenotype 26004741_6 Daily intraperitoneal injections of dexamethasone caused muscle atrophy and evidence of muscle atrophy prevention by LE was demonstrated using various assays. 26004741 57 71 muscle atrophy Negative_phenotype 26004741 88 102 muscle atrophy Negative_phenotype 26004741 117 119 LE Plant 26004741 Decrease 57 71 muscle atrophy Negative_phenotype 117 119 LE Plant 26004741 Decrease 88 102 muscle atrophy Negative_phenotype 117 119 LE Plant 26004741_7 In particular, dexamethasone -induced grip strength loss was alleviated by LE and the increase in serum creatine kinase activity, a surrogate marker of muscle damage, caused by dexamethasone injection was reduced by LE. 26004741 39 57 grip strength loss Negative_phenotype 26004741 76 78 LE Plant 26004741 153 166 muscle damage Negative_phenotype 26004741 217 219 LE Plant 26004741 Decrease 39 57 grip strength loss Negative_phenotype 76 78 LE Plant 26004741 Decrease 153 166 muscle damage Negative_phenotype 217 219 LE Plant 26004741_8 Western blot analysis and immunoprecipitation demonstrated that dexamethasone markedly increased the protein expression levels of muscle ring finger 1 (MuRF1), which causes the ubiquitination and degradation of myosin heavy chain (MyHC), and decreased the protein expression levels of MyHC as well as increased the ubiquitinated MyHC to MyHC ratio. 26004741_9 However, LE reduced the dexamethasone -induced protein expression levels of MuRF1 and ubiquitinated MyHC. 26004741 9 11 LE Plant 26004741_10 Additional experiments revealed that LE supplementation inhibited the nuclear translocation of FoxO1 induced by dexamethasone. 26004741 37 39 LE Plant 26004741_11 These findings suggested that LE prevented dexamethasone -induced muscle atrophy by regulating the FoxO1 transcription factor and subsequently the expression of MuRF1. 26004741 30 32 LE Plant 26004741 67 81 muscle atrophy Negative_phenotype 26004741 Decrease 30 32 LE Plant 67 81 muscle atrophy Negative_phenotype 26023031_1 Effect of Centaurium erythraea Rafn, Artemisia herba-alba Asso and Trigonella foenum-graecum L. on liver fat accumulation in C57BL/6J mice with high-fat diet-induced type 2 diabetes. 26023031 10 35 Centaurium erythraea Rafn Plant 26023031 37 62 Artemisia herba-alba Asso Plant 26023031 67 95 Trigonella foenum-graecum L. Plant 26023031 99 121 liver fat accumulation Negative_phenotype 26023031 166 181 type 2 diabetes Negative_phenotype 26023031_2 ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Centaurium erythraea Rafn (CE), Artemisia herba-alba Asso (AHA) and Trigonella foenum-graecum L. (TFG) are traditionally used to treat type 2 diabetes in Algeria, previous studies have found that extracts of these plants were effective to treat or prevent experimental diabetes induced by high-fat diet (HFD). 26023031 32 57 Centaurium erythraea Rafn Plant 26023031 59 61 CE Plant 26023031 64 89 Artemisia herba-alba Asso Plant 26023031 91 94 AHA Plant 26023031 100 128 Trigonella foenum-graecum L. Plant 26023031 130 133 TFG Plant 26023031 167 182 type 2 diabetes Negative_phenotype 26023031 301 309 diabetes Negative_phenotype 26023031 Decrease 32 57 Centaurium erythraea Rafn Plant 167 182 type 2 diabetes Negative_phenotype 26023031 Decrease 32 57 Centaurium erythraea Rafn Plant 301 309 diabetes Negative_phenotype 26023031 Decrease 59 61 CE Plant 167 182 type 2 diabetes Negative_phenotype 26023031 Decrease 59 61 CE Plant 301 309 diabetes Negative_phenotype 26023031 Decrease 64 89 Artemisia herba-alba Asso Plant 167 182 type 2 diabetes Negative_phenotype 26023031 Decrease 64 89 Artemisia herba-alba Asso Plant 301 309 diabetes Negative_phenotype 26023031 Decrease 91 94 AHA Plant 167 182 type 2 diabetes Negative_phenotype 26023031 Decrease 91 94 AHA Plant 301 309 diabetes Negative_phenotype 26023031 Decrease 100 128 Trigonella foenum-graecum L. Plant 167 182 type 2 diabetes Negative_phenotype 26023031 Decrease 100 128 Trigonella foenum-graecum L. Plant 301 309 diabetes Negative_phenotype 26023031 Decrease 130 133 TFG Plant 167 182 type 2 diabetes Negative_phenotype 26023031 Decrease 130 133 TFG Plant 301 309 diabetes Negative_phenotype 26023031_3 AIM OF THE STUDY: Describe the additional effects of these extracts on lipid tissue deposition in HFD. 26023031 71 94 lipid tissue deposition Negative_phenotype 26023031_4 MATERIALS AND METHODS: Male C57BL/6J mice were fed with HFD to induce type 2 Diabetes. 26023031 70 85 type 2 Diabetes Negative_phenotype 26023031_5 Groups of mice were given plant extracts orally at 2g/kg/bodyweight daily for 20 weeks during establishment of diabetes, or for 18 weeks after confirmation of diabetes at the 17th week. 26023031 111 119 diabetes Negative_phenotype 26023031 159 167 diabetes Negative_phenotype 26023031_6 Liver and other tissue samples were stained with Oil Red O. 26023031_7 RESULTS: Liver steatosis was confirmed with HFD. 26023031 9 24 Liver steatosis Negative_phenotype 26023031_8 CE, AHA and TFG extracts improved liver steatosis by the end of the preventive (20 weeks) and curative periods (35 weeks). 26023031 0 2 CE Plant 26023031 4 7 AHA Plant 26023031 12 15 TFG Plant 26023031 34 49 liver steatosis Negative_phenotype 26023031 Decrease 0 2 CE Plant 34 49 liver steatosis Negative_phenotype 26023031 Decrease 4 7 AHA Plant 34 49 liver steatosis Negative_phenotype 26023031 Decrease 12 15 TFG Plant 34 49 liver steatosis Negative_phenotype 26023031_9 This was most marked for CE extract (p<0.05), less so with TFG and AHA. 26023031 25 27 CE Plant 26023031 59 62 TFG Plant 26023031 67 70 AHA Plant 26023031_10 No steatosis was found in other tissues. 26023031 3 12 steatosis Negative_phenotype 26023031_11 CONCLUSION: CE extract had a clear hepatoprotective effect in this mouse model of diet-induced type 2 diabetes. 26023031 12 14 CE Plant 26023031 35 51 hepatoprotective Positive_phenotype 26023031 95 110 type 2 diabetes Negative_phenotype 26023031 Increase 12 14 CE Plant 35 51 hepatoprotective Positive_phenotype 26023031 Decrease 12 14 CE Plant 95 110 type 2 diabetes Negative_phenotype 26023031_12 AHA and TFG had a minimal or no significant effect on steatosis. 26023031 0 3 AHA Plant 26023031 8 11 TFG Plant 26023031 54 63 steatosis Negative_phenotype 26023031_13 Beyond its effect as an antidiabetic agent, CE may also be promising to prevent or treat non-alcoholic liver steatosis. 26023031 24 36 antidiabetic Positive_phenotype 26023031 44 46 CE Plant 26023031 89 118 non-alcoholic liver steatosis Negative_phenotype 26023031 Increase 24 36 antidiabetic Positive_phenotype 44 46 CE Plant 26023031 Decrease 44 46 CE Plant 89 118 non-alcoholic liver steatosis Negative_phenotype 26123646_1 Antioxidant and phytochemical analysis of Ranunculus arvensis L. extracts. 26123646 0 11 Antioxidant Positive_phenotype 26123646 42 64 Ranunculus arvensis L. Plant 26123646_2 BACKGROUND: Ranunculus arvensis L. (R. arvensis) has long been used to treat a variety of medical conditions such as arthritis, asthma, hay fever, rheumatism, psoriasis, gut diseases and rheumatic pain. 26123646 12 34 Ranunculus arvensis L. Plant 26123646 36 47 R. arvensis Plant 26123646 117 126 arthritis Negative_phenotype 26123646 128 134 asthma Negative_phenotype 26123646 136 145 hay fever Negative_phenotype 26123646 147 157 rheumatism Negative_phenotype 26123646 159 168 psoriasis Negative_phenotype 26123646 170 182 gut diseases Negative_phenotype 26123646 187 201 rheumatic pain Negative_phenotype 26123646 Decrease 12 34 Ranunculus arvensis L. Plant 117 126 arthritis Negative_phenotype 26123646 Decrease 12 34 Ranunculus arvensis L. Plant 128 134 asthma Negative_phenotype 26123646 Decrease 12 34 Ranunculus arvensis L. Plant 136 145 hay fever Negative_phenotype 26123646 Decrease 12 34 Ranunculus arvensis L. Plant 147 157 rheumatism Negative_phenotype 26123646 Decrease 12 34 Ranunculus arvensis L. Plant 159 168 psoriasis Negative_phenotype 26123646 Decrease 12 34 Ranunculus arvensis L. Plant 170 182 gut diseases Negative_phenotype 26123646 Decrease 12 34 Ranunculus arvensis L. Plant 187 201 rheumatic pain Negative_phenotype 26123646 Decrease 36 47 R. arvensis Plant 117 126 arthritis Negative_phenotype 26123646 Decrease 36 47 R. arvensis Plant 128 134 asthma Negative_phenotype 26123646 Decrease 36 47 R. arvensis Plant 136 145 hay fever Negative_phenotype 26123646 Decrease 36 47 R. arvensis Plant 147 157 rheumatism Negative_phenotype 26123646 Decrease 36 47 R. arvensis Plant 159 168 psoriasis Negative_phenotype 26123646 Decrease 36 47 R. arvensis Plant 170 182 gut diseases Negative_phenotype 26123646 Decrease 36 47 R. arvensis Plant 187 201 rheumatic pain Negative_phenotype 26123646_3 Here, we screened R. arvensis for antioxidant activity, phytochemical and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analyses. 26123646 18 29 R. arvensis Plant 26123646 34 45 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 26123646_4 METHODS: The chloroform, chloroform:methanol, methanol, methanol:acetone, acetone, methanol:water and water extracts of R. arvensis were examined for DPPH (1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) free radical scavenging assay, hydrogen peroxide scavenging assay, phosphomolybdenum assay, reducing power assay, flavonoid content, phenolic content and high performance liquid chromatography analysis. 26123646 120 131 R. arvensis Plant 26123646_5 RESULTS: Significant antioxidant activity was displayed by methanol extract (IC 50 34.71 0.02) in DPPH free radical scavenging assay. 26123646 21 32 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 26123646_6 Total flavonoids and phenolics ranged 0.96-6.0 mg/g of extract calculated as rutin equivalent and 0.48-1.43 mg/g of extract calculated as gallic acid equivalent respectively. 26123646_7 Significant value of rutin and caffeic acid was observed via high performance liquid chromatography. 26123646_8 CONCLUSIONS: These results showed that extracts of R. arvensis exhibited significant antioxidant activities. 26123646 51 62 R. arvensis Plant 26123646 85 96 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 26123646 Increase 51 62 R. arvensis Plant 85 96 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 26123646_9 Moreover, R. arvensis is a rich source of rutin, flavonoids and phenolics. 26123646 10 21 R. arvensis Plant 26236231_1 Protective effects of ginseng on neurological disorders. 26236231 22 29 ginseng Plant 26236231 33 55 neurological disorders Negative_phenotype 26236231_2 Ginseng (Order: Apiales, Family: Araliaceae, Genus: Panax) has been used as a traditional herbal medicine for over 2000 years, and is recorded to have antianxiety, antidepressant and cognition enhancing properties. 26236231 0 7 Ginseng Plant 26236231 52 57 Panax Plant 26236231 151 162 antianxiety Positive_phenotype 26236231 164 178 antidepressant Positive_phenotype 26236231 183 202 cognition enhancing Positive_phenotype 26236231 Increase 0 7 Ginseng Plant 151 162 antianxiety Positive_phenotype 26236231 Increase 0 7 Ginseng Plant 164 178 antidepressant Positive_phenotype 26236231 Increase 0 7 Ginseng Plant 183 202 cognition enhancing Positive_phenotype 26236231 Increase 52 57 Panax Plant 151 162 antianxiety Positive_phenotype 26236231 Increase 52 57 Panax Plant 164 178 antidepressant Positive_phenotype 26236231 Increase 52 57 Panax Plant 183 202 cognition enhancing Positive_phenotype 26236231_3 The protective effects of ginseng on neurological disorders are discussed in this review. 26236231 26 33 ginseng Plant 26236231 37 59 neurological disorders Negative_phenotype 26236231_4 Ginseng species and ginsenosides, and their intestinal metabolism and bioavailability are briefly introduced. 26236231 0 7 Ginseng Plant 26236231_5 This is followed by molecular mechanisms of effects of ginseng on the brain, including glutamatergic transmission, monoamine transmission, estrogen signaling, nitric oxide (NO) production, the Keap1/Nrf2 adaptive cellular stress pathway, neuronal survival, apoptosis, neural stem cells and neuroregeneration, microglia, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes and cerebral microvessels. 26236231 55 62 ginseng Plant 26236231 238 255 neuronal survival Positive_phenotype 26236231 268 274 neural Positive_phenotype 26236231 290 307 neuroregeneration Positive_phenotype 26236231_6 The molecular mechanisms of the neuroprotective effects of ginseng in Alzheimer's disease (AD) including b-amyloid (Ab) formation, tau hyperphosphorylation and oxidative stress, major depression, stroke, Parkinson's disease and multiple sclerosis are presented. 26236231 32 47 neuroprotective Positive_phenotype 26236231 59 66 ginseng Plant 26236231 70 89 Alzheimer's disease Negative_phenotype 26236231 91 93 AD Negative_phenotype 26236231 160 176 oxidative stress Negative_phenotype 26236231 178 194 major depression Negative_phenotype 26236231 196 202 stroke Negative_phenotype 26236231 204 223 Parkinson's disease Negative_phenotype 26236231 228 246 multiple sclerosis Negative_phenotype 26236231 Increase 32 47 neuroprotective Positive_phenotype 59 66 ginseng Plant 26236231 Decrease 59 66 ginseng Plant 70 89 Alzheimer's disease Negative_phenotype 26236231 Decrease 59 66 ginseng Plant 91 93 AD Negative_phenotype 26236231 Decrease 59 66 ginseng Plant 160 176 oxidative stress Negative_phenotype 26236231 Decrease 59 66 ginseng Plant 178 194 major depression Negative_phenotype 26236231 Decrease 59 66 ginseng Plant 196 202 stroke Negative_phenotype 26236231 Decrease 59 66 ginseng Plant 204 223 Parkinson's disease Negative_phenotype 26236231 Decrease 59 66 ginseng Plant 228 246 multiple sclerosis Negative_phenotype 26236231_7 It is hoped that this discussion will stimulate more studies on the use of ginseng in neurological disorders. 26236231 75 82 ginseng Plant 26236231 86 108 neurological disorders Negative_phenotype 26236231 Decrease 75 82 ginseng Plant 86 108 neurological disorders Negative_phenotype 26463593_1 Mulberry leaves (Morus alba L.) ameliorate obesity-induced hepatic lipogenesis, fibrosis, and oxidative stress in high-fat diet-fed mice. 26463593 0 8 Mulberry Plant 26463593 17 30 Morus alba L. Plant 26463593 43 78 obesity-induced hepatic lipogenesis Negative_phenotype 26463593 80 88 fibrosis Negative_phenotype 26463593 94 110 oxidative stress Negative_phenotype 26463593 Decrease 0 8 Mulberry Plant 43 78 obesity-induced hepatic lipogenesis Negative_phenotype 26463593 Decrease 0 8 Mulberry Plant 80 88 fibrosis Negative_phenotype 26463593 Decrease 0 8 Mulberry Plant 94 110 oxidative stress Negative_phenotype 26463593 Decrease 17 30 Morus alba L. Plant 43 78 obesity-induced hepatic lipogenesis Negative_phenotype 26463593 Decrease 17 30 Morus alba L. Plant 80 88 fibrosis Negative_phenotype 26463593 Decrease 17 30 Morus alba L. Plant 94 110 oxidative stress Negative_phenotype 26463593_2 Obesity is associated with chronic diseases such as fatty liver, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and severe metabolic syndrome. 26463593 0 7 Obesity Negative_phenotype 26463593 52 63 fatty liver Negative_phenotype 26463593 65 80 type 2 diabetes Negative_phenotype 26463593 82 104 cardiovascular disease Negative_phenotype 26463593 117 135 metabolic syndrome Negative_phenotype 26463593_3 Obesity causes metabolic impairment including excessive lipid accumulation and fibrosis in the hepatic tissue as well as the increase in oxidative stress. 26463593 0 35 Obesity causes metabolic impairment Negative_phenotype 26463593 56 74 lipid accumulation Negative_phenotype 26463593 79 109 fibrosis in the hepatic tissue Negative_phenotype 26463593 137 153 oxidative stress Negative_phenotype 26463593_4 In order to investigate the effect of mulberry leaf (Morus alba L.) extract (MLE) on obesity-induced oxidative stress, lipogenesis, and fibrosis in liver, MLE has been gavaged for 12 weeks in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mice. 26463593 38 46 mulberry Plant 26463593 53 66 Morus alba L. Plant 26463593 77 80 MLE Plant 26463593 85 117 obesity-induced oxidative stress Negative_phenotype 26463593 119 130 lipogenesis Negative_phenotype 26463593 136 153 fibrosis in liver Negative_phenotype 26463593 155 158 MLE Plant 26463593 221 226 obese Negative_phenotype 26463593_5 MLE treatment significantly ameliorated LXRa-mediated lipogenesis and hepatic fibrosis markers such as a-smooth muscle actin, while MLE up-regulated lipolysis-associated markers such as lipoprotein lipase in the HFD-fed mice. 26463593 0 3 MLE Plant 26463593 54 65 lipogenesis Negative_phenotype 26463593 70 86 hepatic fibrosis Negative_phenotype 26463593 132 135 MLE Plant 26463593_6 Moreover, MLE normalized the activities of antioxidant enzymes including heme oxygenase-1 and glutathione peroxidase in accordance with protein levels of 4-hydroxynonenal in the HFD-fed mice. 26463593 10 13 MLE Plant 26463593_7 MLE has beneficial effects on obesity-related fatty liver disease by regulation of hepatic lipid metabolism, fibrosis, and antioxidant defense system. 26463593 0 3 MLE Plant 26463593 30 65 obesity-related fatty liver disease Negative_phenotype 26463593 83 107 hepatic lipid metabolism Positive_phenotype 26463593 109 117 fibrosis Negative_phenotype 26463593 123 134 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 26463593 Decrease 0 3 MLE Plant 30 65 obesity-related fatty liver disease Negative_phenotype 26463593 Association 0 3 MLE Plant 83 107 hepatic lipid metabolism Positive_phenotype 26463593 Decrease 0 3 MLE Plant 109 117 fibrosis Negative_phenotype 26463593 Increase 0 3 MLE Plant 123 134 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 26463593_8 MLE supplementation might be a potential therapeutic approach for obesity-related disease including non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. 26463593 0 3 MLE Plant 26463593 66 89 obesity-related disease Negative_phenotype 26463593 100 133 non-alcoholic fatty liver disease Negative_phenotype 26463593 Decrease 0 3 MLE Plant 66 89 obesity-related disease Negative_phenotype 26463593 Decrease 0 3 MLE Plant 100 133 non-alcoholic fatty liver disease Negative_phenotype 26528588_1 Ficus religiosa L. bark extracts inhibit Human Rhinovirus and Respiratory Syncytial Virus infection in vitro. 26528588 0 18 Ficus religiosa L. Plant 26528588 41 57 Human Rhinovirus Negative_phenotype 26528588 62 99 Respiratory Syncytial Virus infection Negative_phenotype 26528588 Decrease 0 18 Ficus religiosa L. Plant 41 57 Human Rhinovirus Negative_phenotype 26528588 Decrease 0 18 Ficus religiosa L. Plant 62 99 Respiratory Syncytial Virus infection Negative_phenotype 26528588_2 ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Ficus religiosa L. is one of the most relevant members of the family of Moraceae. 26528588 32 50 Ficus religiosa L. Plant 26528588_3 It is the most sacred tree of South Asia, and it is used in traditional Ayurvedic and Unani medicine to cure respiratory disorders like cough, wheezing and asthma. 26528588 109 130 respiratory disorders Negative_phenotype 26528588 136 141 cough Negative_phenotype 26528588 143 151 wheezing Negative_phenotype 26528588 156 162 asthma Negative_phenotype 26528588_4 Some studies were performed to investigate the anti-asthmatic potential of F. religiosa bark, leaves and fruit extracts but none of them tested their antiviral activity against viruses responsible for the exacerbation of wheezing and asthma. 26528588 47 61 anti-asthmatic Positive_phenotype 26528588 75 87 F. religiosa Plant 26528588 150 159 antiviral Positive_phenotype 26528588 221 229 wheezing Negative_phenotype 26528588 234 240 asthma Negative_phenotype 26528588_5 AIM OF THE STUDY: The present study was undertaken to investigate the antiviral activity of F. religiosa L. extracts against respiratory viruses such as human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and human rhinovirus (HRV). 26528588 70 79 antiviral Positive_phenotype 26528588 92 107 F. religiosa L. Plant 26528588 125 144 respiratory viruses Negative_phenotype 26528588 159 186 respiratory syncytial virus Negative_phenotype 26528588 188 191 RSV Negative_phenotype 26528588 197 213 human rhinovirus Negative_phenotype 26528588 215 218 HRV Negative_phenotype 26528588_6 MATERIALS AND METHODS: The antiviral activity of F. religiosa L. was tested in vitro by plaque reduction and virus yield assays and the major mechanism of action was investigated by virus inactivation and time-of-addition assays. 26528588 27 36 antiviral Positive_phenotype 26528588 49 64 F. religiosa L. Plant 26528588 182 200 virus inactivation Positive_phenotype 26528588_7 RESULTS: F. religiosa L. methanol bark extract was the most active against HRV with an EC50 of5.52 g/mL. 26528588 9 24 F. religiosa L. Plant 26528588 75 78 HRV Negative_phenotype 26528588 Decrease 9 24 F. religiosa L. Plant 75 78 HRV Negative_phenotype 26528588_8 This extract likely inhibited late steps of replicative cycle. 26528588_9 Water bark extract was the most active against RSV with an EC50 between 2.23 and 4.37 g/mL. 26528588 47 50 RSV Negative_phenotype 26528588_10 Partial virus inactivation and interference with virus attachment were both found to contribute to the anti-RSV activity. 26528588 8 26 virus inactivation Positive_phenotype 26528588 31 65 interference with virus attachment Positive_phenotype 26528588 103 111 anti-RSV Positive_phenotype 26528588_11 Replication of both viruses was inhibited in viral yield reduction assays. 26528588_12 CONCLUSIONS: The results of the present study demonstrate that F. religiosa L. is endowed with antiviral activity against RSV and HRV in vitro. 26528588 63 78 F. religiosa L. Plant 26528588 95 104 antiviral Positive_phenotype 26528588 122 125 RSV Negative_phenotype 26528588 130 133 HRV Negative_phenotype 26528588 Increase 63 78 F. religiosa L. Plant 95 104 antiviral Positive_phenotype 26528588 Decrease 63 78 F. religiosa L. Plant 122 125 RSV Negative_phenotype 26528588 Decrease 63 78 F. religiosa L. Plant 130 133 HRV Negative_phenotype 26528588_13 Further work remains to be done to identify the active components and to assess the therapeutic potential in vivo. 26589689_1 Preventive effect of Vaccinium uliginosum L. extract and its fractions on age-related macular degeneration and its action mechanisms. 26589689 21 44 Vaccinium uliginosum L. Plant 26589689 74 106 age-related macular degeneration Negative_phenotype 26589689_2 UNASSIGNED: Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of vision loss and blindness among the elderly. 26589689 12 44 Age-related macular degeneration Negative_phenotype 26589689 46 49 AMD Negative_phenotype 26589689 75 86 vision loss Negative_phenotype 26589689 91 100 blindness Negative_phenotype 26589689_3 Although the pathogenesis of this disease remains still obscure, several researchers have report that death of retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE) caused by excessive accumulation of A2E is crucial determinants of AMD. 26589689 102 139 death of retinal pigmented epithelium Negative_phenotype 26589689 213 216 AMD Negative_phenotype 26589689_4 In this study, the preventive effect of Vaccinium uliginosum L. (V.U) extract and its fractions on AMD was investigated in blue light-irradiated human RPE cell (ARPE-19 cells). 26589689 40 63 Vaccinium uliginosum L. Plant 26589689 65 68 V.U Plant 26589689 99 102 AMD Negative_phenotype 26589689_5 Blue light-induced RPE cell death was significantly inhibited by the treatment of V.U extract or its fraction. 26589689 82 85 V.U Plant 26589689_6 To identify the mechanism, FAB-MS analysis revealed that V.U inhibits the photooxidation of N-retinyl-N-retinylidene ethanolamine (A2E) induced by blue light in cell free system. 26589689 57 60 V.U Plant 26589689_7 Moreover, monitoring by quantitative HPLC also revealed that V.U extract and its fractions reduced intracellular accumulation of A2E, suggesting that V.U extract and its fractions inhibit not only blue light-induced photooxidation, but also intracellular accumulation of A2E, resulting in RPE cell survival after blue light exposure. 26589689 61 64 V.U Plant 26589689 150 153 V.U Plant 26589689_8 A2E-laden cell exposed to blue light induced apoptosis by increasing the cleaved form of caspase-3, Bax/Bcl-2. 26589689_9 Additionally, V.U inhibited by the treatment of V.U extract or quercetin-3-O-arabinofuranoside. 26589689 14 17 V.U Plant 26589689 48 51 V.U Plant 26589689_10 These results suggest that V.U extract and its fractions have preventive effect on blue light-induced damage in RPE cells and AMD. 26589689 27 30 V.U Plant 26589689 126 129 AMD Negative_phenotype 26589689 Decrease 27 30 V.U Plant 126 129 AMD Negative_phenotype 26596316_1 Effect of sophoridine on Ca(2+) induced Ca(2+) release during heart failure. 26596316 62 75 heart failure Negative_phenotype 26596316_2 UNASSIGNED: Sophoridine is a type of alkaloid extract derived from the Chinese herb Sophora flavescens Ait (kushen) and possess a variety of pharmacological effects including anti-inflammation, anti-anaphylaxis, anti-cancer, anti-arrhythmic and so on. 26596316 84 106 Sophora flavescens Ait Plant 26596316 108 114 kushen Plant 26596316 175 192 anti-inflammation Positive_phenotype 26596316 194 210 anti-anaphylaxis Positive_phenotype 26596316 212 223 anti-cancer Positive_phenotype 26596316 225 240 anti-arrhythmic Positive_phenotype 26596316 Increase 84 106 Sophora flavescens Ait Plant 175 192 anti-inflammation Positive_phenotype 26596316 Increase 84 106 Sophora flavescens Ait Plant 194 210 anti-anaphylaxis Positive_phenotype 26596316 Increase 84 106 Sophora flavescens Ait Plant 212 223 anti-cancer Positive_phenotype 26596316 Increase 84 106 Sophora flavescens Ait Plant 225 240 anti-arrhythmic Positive_phenotype 26596316 Increase 108 114 kushen Plant 175 192 anti-inflammation Positive_phenotype 26596316 Increase 108 114 kushen Plant 194 210 anti-anaphylaxis Positive_phenotype 26596316 Increase 108 114 kushen Plant 212 223 anti-cancer Positive_phenotype 26596316 Increase 108 114 kushen Plant 225 240 anti-arrhythmic Positive_phenotype 26596316_3 However, the effect of sophoridine on heart failure has not been known yet. 26596316 38 51 heart failure Negative_phenotype 26596316_4 In this study, the effect of sophoridine on heart failure was investigated using Sprague-Dawley (SD) rat model of chronic heart failure. 26596316 44 57 heart failure Negative_phenotype 26596316 114 135 chronic heart failure Negative_phenotype 26596316_5 Morphological results showed that in medium and high dose group, myofilaments were arranged orderly and closely, intermyofibrillar lysis disappeared and mitochondria contained tightly packed cristae compared with heart failure group. 26596316 213 226 heart failure Negative_phenotype 26596316_6 We investigated the Ca(2+) induced Ca(2+) transients and assessed the expression of ryanodine receptor (RyR2) and L-type Ca(2+) channel (dihydropyridine receptor, DHPR). 26596316_7 We found that the cytosolic Ca(2+) transients were markedly increased in amplitude in medium (deltaF/F(0)=43.33+/-1.92) and high dose groups (deltaF/F(0)= 47.21+/-1.25) compared with heart failure group (deltaF/F(0)=16.7+/-1.29, P<0.01), Moreover, we demonstrated that the expression of cardiac DHPR was significantly increased in medium- and high dose-group compared with heart failure rats. 26596316 183 196 heart failure Negative_phenotype 26596316 373 386 heart failure Negative_phenotype 26596316_8 Our results suggest that sophoridine could improve heart failure by ameliorating cardiac Ca(2+) induced Ca(2+) transients, and that this amelioration is associated with upregulation of DHPR. 26596316 51 64 heart failure Negative_phenotype 26600953_1 Protective Effects of Tinospora crispa Stem Extract on Renal Damage and Hemolysis during Plasmodium berghei Infection in Mice. 26600953 22 38 Tinospora crispa Plant 26600953 55 67 Renal Damage Negative_phenotype 26600953 72 81 Hemolysis Negative_phenotype 26600953 89 117 Plasmodium berghei Infection Negative_phenotype 26600953_2 UNASSIGNED: Renal damage and hemolysis induced by malaria are associated with mortality in adult patients. 26600953 12 24 Renal damage Negative_phenotype 26600953 29 57 hemolysis induced by malaria Negative_phenotype 26600953 78 87 mortality Negative_phenotype 26600953_3 It has been speculated that oxidative stress condition induced by malaria infection is involved in its pathology. 26600953 28 83 oxidative stress condition induced by malaria infection Negative_phenotype 26600953_4 Thus, we aimed to investigate the protective effects of Tinospora crispa stem extract on renal damage and hemolysis during Plasmodium berghei infection. 26600953 56 72 Tinospora crispa Plant 26600953 89 101 renal damage Negative_phenotype 26600953 106 115 hemolysis Negative_phenotype 26600953 123 151 Plasmodium berghei infection Negative_phenotype 26600953_5 T. crispa stem extract was prepared using hot water method and used for oral treatment in mice. 26600953 0 9 T. crispa Plant 26600953_6 Groups of ICR mice were infected with 1 * 10(7) parasitized erythrocytes of P. berghei ANKA by intraperitoneal injection and given the extracts (500, 1000, and 2000 mg/kg) twice a day for 4 consecutive days. 26600953_7 To assess renal damage and hemolysis, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, and hematocrit (%Hct) levels were then evaluated, respectively. 26600953 10 22 renal damage Negative_phenotype 26600953 27 36 hemolysis Negative_phenotype 26600953_8 Malaria infection resulted in renal damage and hemolysis as indicated by increasing of BUN and creatinine and decreasing of %Hct, respectively. 26600953 0 17 Malaria infection Negative_phenotype 26600953 30 42 renal damage Negative_phenotype 26600953 47 56 hemolysis Negative_phenotype 26600953_9 However, protective effects on renal damage and hemolysis were observed in infected mice treated with these extracts at doses of 1000 and 2000 mg/kg. 26600953 31 43 renal damage Negative_phenotype 26600953 48 57 hemolysis Negative_phenotype 26600953_10 In conclusion, T. crispa stem extract exerted protective effects on renal damage and hemolysis induced by malaria infection. 26600953 15 24 T. crispa Plant 26600953 68 80 renal damage Negative_phenotype 26600953 85 123 hemolysis induced by malaria infection Negative_phenotype 26600953 Decrease 15 24 T. crispa Plant 68 80 renal damage Negative_phenotype 26600953 Decrease 15 24 T. crispa Plant 85 123 hemolysis induced by malaria infection Negative_phenotype 26600953_11 This plant may work as potential source in the development of variety of herbal formulations for malarial treatment. 26600953 97 105 malarial Negative_phenotype 26625762_1 Dietary Ziziphus jujuba Fruit Influence on Aberrant Crypt Formation and Blood Cells in Colitis-Associated Colorectal Cancer in Mice. 26625762 8 23 Ziziphus jujuba Plant 26625762 43 57 Aberrant Crypt Negative_phenotype 26625762 87 123 Colitis-Associated Colorectal Cancer Negative_phenotype 26625762_2 Ziziphus jujuba (ZJ) fruit is rich in bioactive functional components such as polysaccharides, triterpenoid acid, flavonoids and oleamide. 26625762 0 15 Ziziphus jujuba Plant 26625762 17 19 ZJ Plant 26625762_3 It has been commonly used in the treatment of various diseases including diabetes, digestive disorders, diarrhea, skin infections, liver and urinary complaints. 26625762 73 81 diabetes Negative_phenotype 26625762 83 102 digestive disorders Negative_phenotype 26625762 104 112 diarrhea Negative_phenotype 26625762 114 129 skin infections Negative_phenotype 26625762 131 159 liver and urinary complaints Negative_phenotype 26625762_4 However, dietary effects with regard to chemoprevention of colon cancer have not been studied. 26625762 59 71 colon cancer Negative_phenotype 26625762_5 The present study was performed to evaluate the protective effects of dietary ZJ against colitis-associated colon carcinogenesis in azoxymethane (AOM)-dextran sodium sulphate (DSS)-treated mice. 26625762 78 80 ZJ Plant 26625762 89 128 colitis-associated colon carcinogenesis Negative_phenotype 26625762_6 AOM was injected (10 mg/kg b.wt., i.p.) and three cycles of 2% DSS in drinking water for 7 days with 14 days of normal drinking water in-between were administered to induce colitis-associated colon cancer. 26625762 173 204 colitis-associated colon cancer Negative_phenotype 26625762_7 ZJ fruit was supplemented into feed at levels of 5 and 10%. 26625762 0 2 ZJ Plant 26625762_8 Dietary ZJ significantly attenuated aberrant crypt foci (ACF) formation and also decreased the progression of hyperplasia to dysplasia. 26625762 8 10 ZJ Plant 26625762 36 55 aberrant crypt foci Negative_phenotype 26625762 57 60 ACF Negative_phenotype 26625762 110 134 hyperplasia to dysplasia Negative_phenotype 26625762 Decrease 8 10 ZJ Plant 36 55 aberrant crypt foci Negative_phenotype 26625762 Decrease 8 10 ZJ Plant 57 60 ACF Negative_phenotype 26625762 Decrease 8 10 ZJ Plant 110 134 hyperplasia to dysplasia Negative_phenotype 26625762_9 In addition, it significantly reduced circulating white blood cells, lymphocytes, neutrophils, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils and platelets compared to colon cancer mice. 26625762 155 167 colon cancer Negative_phenotype 26625762_10 We conclude that ZJ supplementation may delay the progression of colon cancer from hyperplasia to dysplasia and ultimately adenocarcinoma and cancer. 26625762 17 19 ZJ Plant 26625762 65 107 colon cancer from hyperplasia to dysplasia Negative_phenotype 26625762 123 137 adenocarcinoma Negative_phenotype 26625762 142 148 cancer Negative_phenotype 26625762 Decrease 17 19 ZJ Plant 65 107 colon cancer from hyperplasia to dysplasia Negative_phenotype 26625762 Decrease 17 19 ZJ Plant 123 137 adenocarcinoma Negative_phenotype 26625762 Decrease 17 19 ZJ Plant 142 148 cancer Negative_phenotype 26625762_11 In addition, it decreased circulating tumor-related leukocytes, main regulators of cancer inflammation. 26625762 26 62 circulating tumor-related leukocytes Negative_phenotype 26625762 83 89 cancer Negative_phenotype 26625762_12 Dietary consumption of ZJ fruit attenuated the formation of ACF and delayed the progression of colon cancer. 26625762 23 25 ZJ Plant 26625762 60 63 ACF Negative_phenotype 26625762 95 107 colon cancer Negative_phenotype 26625762 Decrease 23 25 ZJ Plant 60 63 ACF Negative_phenotype 26625762 Decrease 23 25 ZJ Plant 95 107 colon cancer Negative_phenotype 26821843_1 Angelica sinensis reduced Ab-induced memory impairment in rats. 26821843 0 17 Angelica sinensis Plant 26821843 37 54 memory impairment Negative_phenotype 26821843 Decrease 0 17 Angelica sinensis Plant 37 54 memory impairment Negative_phenotype 26821843_2 BACKGROUND: Studies have shown that Angelica sinensis (JiLin AoDong Medicine Industry Groups Co., Ltd., Jilin, China) root (AS) ameliorates various diseases, although its effects in Alzheimer's disease (AD) have not been elucidated. 26821843 36 53 Angelica sinensis Plant 26821843 124 126 AS Plant 26821843 182 201 Alzheimer's disease Negative_phenotype 26821843 203 205 AD Negative_phenotype 26821843_3 PURPOSE: The present study examined the effects of AS in a rat model of AD. 26821843 51 53 AS Plant 26821843 72 74 AD Negative_phenotype 26821843_4 METHODS: Positional Ab injections were administered to rats. 26821843_5 The behavioral effects of AS administration were examined using the Morris water maze, and the molecular effects on gene and protein expression, and apoptosis, were determined. 26821843 26 28 AS Plant 26821843_6 RESULTS: AS reversed the social behavioral impairments observed in this rat model of Ab-induced memory impairment. 26821843 9 11 AS Plant 26821843 25 54 social behavioral impairments Negative_phenotype 26821843 96 113 memory impairment Negative_phenotype 26821843 Decrease 9 11 AS Plant 25 54 social behavioral impairments Negative_phenotype 26821843_7 Western blot analysis also revealed lower hippocampal levels of Ab and b-site amyloid precursor protein-cleaving enzyme. 26821843_8 Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferased UTP nick end labeling indicated that AS significantly inhibited apoptosis via effects on nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB) signaling. 26821843 76 78 AS Plant 26821843_9 Real-time PCR, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and immunohistochemical staining indicated that AS effectively inhibited inflammation and upregulated expression of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the hippocampus of this rat AD model. 26821843 98 100 AS Plant 26821843 123 135 inflammation Negative_phenotype 26821843 293 295 AD Negative_phenotype 26821843 Decrease 98 100 AS Plant 123 135 inflammation Negative_phenotype 26821843_10 DISCUSSION: AS effectively rescued the symptoms of AD in a rat model by inhibiting inflammation, apoptosis, and NF-kB signaling pathway. 26821843 12 14 AS Plant 26821843 39 53 symptoms of AD Negative_phenotype 26821843 83 95 inflammation Negative_phenotype 26821843 Decrease 12 14 AS Plant 39 53 symptoms of AD Negative_phenotype 26821843 Decrease 12 14 AS Plant 83 95 inflammation Negative_phenotype 26821843_11 CONCLUSION: These findings suggested that AS could provide a potential drug for the treatment of AD. 26821843 42 44 AS Plant 26821843 97 99 AD Negative_phenotype 26821843 Decrease 42 44 AS Plant 97 99 AD Negative_phenotype 26851778_1 Evaluation of antiviral activities of Houttuynia cordata Thunb. extract, quercetin, quercetrin and cinanserin on murine coronavirus and dengue virus infection. 26851778 14 23 antiviral Positive_phenotype 26851778 38 63 Houttuynia cordata Thunb. Plant 26851778 120 158 coronavirus and dengue virus infection Negative_phenotype 26851778_2 OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the in vitro activities of the ethyl acetate (EA) fraction of Houttuynia cordata (H. cordata) Thunb. (Saururaceae) and three of its constituent flavonoids (quercetin, quercitrin and rutin) against murine coronavirus and dengue virus (DENV). 26851778 86 125 Houttuynia cordata (H. cordata) Thunb. Plant 26851778 229 257 coronavirus and dengue virus Negative_phenotype 26851778 259 263 DENV Negative_phenotype 26851778_3 METHODS: The antiviral activities of various concentrations of the EA fraction of H. cordata and flavonoids were assessed using virus neutralization tests against mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) and DENV type 2 (DENV-2). 26851778 13 22 antiviral Positive_phenotype 26851778 82 93 H. cordata Plant 26851778 129 149 virus neutralization Positive_phenotype 26851778 164 185 mouse hepatitis virus Negative_phenotype 26851778 187 190 MHV Negative_phenotype 26851778 196 207 DENV type 2 Negative_phenotype 26851778 209 215 DENV-2 Negative_phenotype 26851778_4 Cinanserin hydrochloride was also tested against MHV. 26851778 49 52 MHV Negative_phenotype 26851778_5 The EA fraction of H. cordata was tested for acute oral toxicity in C57BL/6 mice. 26851778 19 30 H. cordata Plant 26851778 46 65 acute oral toxicity Negative_phenotype 26851778_6 RESULTS: The EA fraction of H. cordata inhibited viral infectivity up to 6 d. 26851778 28 39 H. cordata Plant 26851778 50 67 viral infectivity Negative_phenotype 26851778_7 Cinanserin hydrochloride was able to inhibit MHV for only 2 d. 26851778 45 48 MHV Negative_phenotype 26851778_8 The 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC50) of the EA fraction of H. cordata added before the viral adsorption stage were 0.98 g/mL for MHV and 7.50 g/mL for DENV-2 with absence of cytotoxicity. 26851778 63 74 H. cordata Plant 26851778 135 138 MHV Negative_phenotype 26851778 158 164 DENV-2 Negative_phenotype 26851778_9 The mice fed with the EA fraction up to 2000 mg/kg did not induce any signs of acute toxicity, with normal histological features of major organs. 26851778 80 94 acute toxicity Negative_phenotype 26851778_10 Certain flavonoids exhibited comparatively weaker antiviral activity, notably quercetin which could inhibit both MHV and DENV-2. 26851778 50 59 antiviral Positive_phenotype 26851778 113 116 MHV Negative_phenotype 26851778_11 This was followed by quercitrin which could inhibit DENV-2 but not MHV, whereas rutin did not exert any inhibitory effect on either virus. 26851778 52 58 DENV-2 Negative_phenotype 26851778 67 70 MHV Negative_phenotype 26851778_12 When quercetin was combined with quercitrin, enhancement of anti-DENV-2 activity and reduced cytotoxicity were observed. 26851778 60 71 anti-DENV-2 Positive_phenotype 26851778_13 However, the synergistic efficacy of the flavonoid combination was still less than that of the EA fraction. 26851778_14 CONCLUSIONS: The compounds in H. cordata contribute to the superior antiviral efficacy of the EA fraction which lacked cytotoxicity in vitro and acute toxicity in vivo. 26851778 30 41 H. cordata Plant 26851778 69 78 antiviral Positive_phenotype 26851778 146 160 acute toxicity Negative_phenotype 26851778 Increase 30 41 H. cordata Plant 69 78 antiviral Positive_phenotype 26851778_15 H. cordata has much potential for the development of antiviral agents against coronavirus and dengue infections. 26851778 0 11 H. cordata Plant 26851778 54 63 antiviral Positive_phenotype 26851778 Increase 0 11 H. cordata Plant 54 63 antiviral Positive_phenotype 26916550_1 Kinsenoside inhibits the inflammatory mediator release in a type-II collagen induced arthritis mouse model by regulating the T cells responses. 26916550 85 94 arthritis Negative_phenotype 26916550_2 BACKGROUND: Anoectochilus formosanus has been used as a Chinese folk medicine and is known as the "King of medicine" in Chinese society due to its versatile pharmacological effects such as anti-hypertension, anti-diabetes, anti-heart disease, anti-lung and liver diseases, anti-nephritis and anti-Rheumatoid arthritis. 26916550 12 36 Anoectochilus formosanus Plant 26916550 189 206 anti-hypertension Positive_phenotype 26916550 208 221 anti-diabetes Positive_phenotype 26916550 223 241 anti-heart disease Positive_phenotype 26916550 243 271 anti-lung and liver diseases Positive_phenotype 26916550 273 287 anti-nephritis Positive_phenotype 26916550 292 317 anti-Rheumatoid arthritis Positive_phenotype 26916550 Increase 12 36 Anoectochilus formosanus Plant 189 206 anti-hypertension Positive_phenotype 26916550 Increase 12 36 Anoectochilus formosanus Plant 208 221 anti-diabetes Positive_phenotype 26916550 Increase 12 36 Anoectochilus formosanus Plant 223 241 anti-heart disease Positive_phenotype 26916550 Increase 12 36 Anoectochilus formosanus Plant 243 271 anti-lung and liver diseases Positive_phenotype 26916550 Increase 12 36 Anoectochilus formosanus Plant 273 287 anti-nephritis Positive_phenotype 26916550 Increase 12 36 Anoectochilus formosanus Plant 292 317 anti-Rheumatoid arthritis Positive_phenotype 26916550_3 Kinsenoside is an essential and active compound of A. formosanus (Orchidaceae). 26916550 51 64 A. formosanus Plant 26916550_4 However, the anti-arthritic activity of kinsenoside has still not been demonstrated. 26916550 13 27 anti-arthritic Positive_phenotype 26916550_5 In the present study, we confirmed that the kinsenoside treatment rheumatoid arthritis induced by collagen-induced arthritis in mice. 26916550 66 124 rheumatoid arthritis induced by collagen-induced arthritis Negative_phenotype 26916550_6 METHODS: Male DBA/1 J mice were immunized by intradermal injection of 100 g of type II collagen in CFA. 26916550_7 Kinsenoside was administered orally at a dose of 100 and 300 mg/kg once a day after 2nd booster injection. 26916550_8 Paw swelling, arthritic score and histological change were measured. 26916550 0 12 Paw swelling Negative_phenotype 26916550 14 29 arthritic score Negative_phenotype 26916550 34 53 histological change Negative_phenotype 26916550_9 ELISA was used to measure cytokines including tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-a), interleukin-10 (IL-10), interleukin-17 (IL-17) and interferon-y (IFN-y) in the splenocyte according to the manufacturer's instructions. 26916550_10 RESULTS: Compared with model group, kinsenoside significantly inhibited paw edema and decreased the arthritis score and disease incidence. 26916550 72 81 paw edema Negative_phenotype 26916550 100 115 arthritis score Negative_phenotype 26916550_11 Histopathological examination demonstrated that kinsenoside effectively protected bone and cartilage of knee joint from erosion, lesion and deformation versus those from the CIA group. 26916550 82 114 bone and cartilage of knee joint Positive_phenotype 26916550 120 127 erosion Negative_phenotype 26916550 129 135 lesion Negative_phenotype 26916550 140 151 deformation Negative_phenotype 26916550_12 Kinsenoside also decreased IL-1b, TNF-a, and MMP-9 expression, and increased the expression of IL-10 in inflamed joints. 26916550 104 119 inflamed joints Negative_phenotype 26916550_13 The administration of kinsenoside significantly suppressed levels of TNF-a, IFN-y, and IL-17, but increased concentrations of IL-10 in the supernatants of each of the splenocytes in CIA mice compared with that in the H2O-treated mice with CIA. 26916550_14 Using flow cytometric analysis, we demonstrated that kinsenoside increases the population of CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T cells, thereby inhibiting the Th1 cell and B cell populations. 26916550_15 Anticollagen IgG1 and IgG2a levels decreased in the serum of kinsenoside-treated mice. 26916550_16 CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that the administration of kinsenoside effectively suppressed inflammatory mediators' production and bone erosion in mice with collagen-induced arthritis showing the potential as an anti-arthritis agent. 26916550 136 148 bone erosion Negative_phenotype 26916550 179 188 arthritis Negative_phenotype 26916550 217 231 anti-arthritis Positive_phenotype 26916919_1 Polygonum multiflorum Decreases Airway Allergic Symptoms in a Murine Model of Asthma. 26916919 0 21 Polygonum multiflorum Plant 26916919 32 84 Airway Allergic Symptoms in a Murine Model of Asthma Negative_phenotype 26916919 Decrease 0 21 Polygonum multiflorum Plant 32 84 Airway Allergic Symptoms in a Murine Model of Asthma Negative_phenotype 26916919_2 The root of Polygonum multiflorum (also called He-Shou-Wu in Chinese) is a common herb and medicinal food in Asia used for its anti-aging properties. 26916919 12 33 Polygonum multiflorum Plant 26916919 47 57 He-Shou-Wu Plant 26916919 127 137 anti-aging Positive_phenotype 26916919 Increase 12 33 Polygonum multiflorum Plant 127 137 anti-aging Positive_phenotype 26916919 Increase 47 57 He-Shou-Wu Plant 127 137 anti-aging Positive_phenotype 26916919_3 Our study investigated the therapeutic potential of an extract of the root of Polygonum multiflorum (PME) in allergic asthma by using a mouse model. 26916919 78 99 Polygonum multiflorum Plant 26916919 101 104 PME Plant 26916919 109 124 allergic asthma Negative_phenotype 26916919_4 Feeding of 0.5 and 1 mg/mouse PME inhibited ovalbumin (OVA)-induced allergic asthma symptoms, including airway inflammation, mucus production, and airway hyper-responsiveness (AHR), in a dose-dependent manner. 26916919 30 33 PME Plant 26916919 68 92 allergic asthma symptoms Negative_phenotype 26916919 104 123 airway inflammation Negative_phenotype 26916919 125 141 mucus production Negative_phenotype 26916919 147 174 airway hyper-responsiveness Negative_phenotype 26916919 176 179 AHR Negative_phenotype 26916919 Decrease 30 33 PME Plant 68 92 allergic asthma symptoms Negative_phenotype 26916919 Decrease 30 33 PME Plant 104 123 airway inflammation Negative_phenotype 26916919 Decrease 30 33 PME Plant 125 141 mucus production Negative_phenotype 26916919 Decrease 30 33 PME Plant 147 174 airway hyper-responsiveness Negative_phenotype 26916919 Decrease 30 33 PME Plant 176 179 AHR Negative_phenotype 26916919_5 To discern PME's mechanism of action, we examined the profile and cytokine production of inflammatory cells in bronchial alveolar lavage fluid (BALF). 26916919 11 14 PME Plant 26916919_6 We found that eosinophils, the main inflammatory cell infiltrate in the lung of OVA-immunized mice, significantly decreased after PME treatment. 26916919 36 76 inflammatory cell infiltrate in the lung Negative_phenotype 26916919 130 133 PME Plant 26916919 Decrease 36 76 inflammatory cell infiltrate in the lung Negative_phenotype 130 133 PME Plant 26916919_7 Th2 cytokine levels, including interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, IL-13, eotaxin, and the proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-[Formula: see text], decreased in PME-treated mice. 26916919 168 171 PME Plant 26916919_8 Elevated mRNA expression of Th2 transcription factor GATA-3 in the lung tissue was also inhibited after oral feeding of PME in OVA-immunized mice. 26916919 120 123 PME Plant 26916919_9 Thus, we conclude that PME produces anti-asthma activity through the inhibition of Th2 cell activation. 26916919 23 26 PME Plant 26916919 36 47 anti-asthma Positive_phenotype 26916919 Increase 23 26 PME Plant 36 47 anti-asthma Positive_phenotype 26924564_1 Medicinal plants used in the traditional management of diabetes and its sequelae in Central America: a review. 26924564 55 63 diabetes Negative_phenotype 26924564 72 80 sequelae Negative_phenotype 26924564_2 ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Globally 387 million people currently have diabetes and it is projected that this condition will be the 7th leading cause of death worldwide by 2030. 26924564 75 83 diabetes Negative_phenotype 26924564 157 162 death Negative_phenotype 26924564_3 As of 2012, its total prevalence in Central America (8.5%) was greater than the prevalence in most Latin American countries and the population of this region widely use herbal medicine. 26924564_4 The aim of this study is to review the medicinal plants used to treat diabetes and its sequelae in seven Central American countries: Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua and Panama. 26924564 70 78 diabetes Negative_phenotype 26924564 87 95 sequelae Negative_phenotype 26924564_5 MATERIALS AND METHODS: We conducted a literature review and extracted from primary sources the plant use reports in traditional remedies that matched one of the following disease categories: diabetes mellitus, kidney disease, urinary problems, skin diseases and infections, cardiovascular disease, sexual dysfunctions, visual loss, and nerve damage. 26924564 191 208 diabetes mellitus Negative_phenotype 26924564 210 224 kidney disease Negative_phenotype 26924564 226 242 urinary problems Negative_phenotype 26924564 244 257 skin diseases Negative_phenotype 26924564 262 272 infections Negative_phenotype 26924564 274 296 cardiovascular disease Negative_phenotype 26924564 298 317 sexual dysfunctions Negative_phenotype 26924564 319 330 visual loss Negative_phenotype 26924564 336 348 nerve damage Negative_phenotype 26924564_6 Use reports were entered in a database and data were analysed in terms of the highest number of use reports for diabetes management and for the different sequelae. 26924564 112 120 diabetes Negative_phenotype 26924564 154 162 sequelae Negative_phenotype 26924564_7 We also examined the scientific evidence that might support the local uses of the most reported species. 26924564_8 RESULTS: Out of 535 identified species used to manage diabetes and its sequelae, 104 species are used to manage diabetes and we found in vitro and in vivo preclinical experimental evidence of hypoglycaemic effect for 16 of the 20 species reported by at least two sources. 26924564 54 62 diabetes Negative_phenotype 26924564 71 79 sequelae Negative_phenotype 26924564 112 120 diabetes Negative_phenotype 26924564 192 205 hypoglycaemic Positive_phenotype 26924564_9 However, only seven of these species are reported in more than 3 studies: Momordica charantia L., Neurolaena lobata (L.) R. Br. ex Cass., Tecoma stans (L.) Juss. ex Kunth, Persea americana Mill., Psidium guajava L., Anacardium occidentale L. and Hamelia patens Jacq. 26924564 74 96 Momordica charantia L. Plant 26924564 98 136 Neurolaena lobata (L.) R. Br. ex Cass. Plant 26924564 138 170 Tecoma stans (L.) Juss. ex Kunth Plant 26924564 172 194 Persea americana Mill. Plant 26924564 196 214 Psidium guajava L. Plant 26924564 216 241 Anacardium occidentale L. Plant 26924564 246 266 Hamelia patens Jacq. Plant 26924564_10 Several of the species that are used to manage diabetes in Central America are also used to treat conditions that may arise as its consequence such as kidney disease, urinary problems and skin conditions. 26924564 47 55 diabetes Negative_phenotype 26924564 151 165 kidney disease Negative_phenotype 26924564 167 183 urinary problems Negative_phenotype 26924564 188 203 skin conditions Neutral_phenotype 26924564_11 CONCLUSION: This review provides an overview of the medicinal plants used to manage diabetes and its sequelae in Central America and of the current scientific knowledge that might explain their traditional use. 26924564 84 92 diabetes Negative_phenotype 26924564 101 109 sequelae Negative_phenotype 26924564_12 In Central America a large number of medicinal plants are used to treat this condition and its sequelae, although relatively few species are widely used across the region. 26924564 95 103 sequelae Negative_phenotype 26924564_13 For the species used to manage diabetes, there is variation in the availability and quality of pharmacological, chemical and clinical studies to explain traditional use. 26924564 31 39 diabetes Negative_phenotype 27085937_1 Forsythia suspensa fruit extracts and the constituent matairesinol confer anti-allergic effects in an allergic dermatitis mouse model. 27085937 0 18 Forsythia suspensa Plant 27085937 74 87 anti-allergic Positive_phenotype 27085937 102 121 allergic dermatitis Negative_phenotype 27085937 Increase 0 18 Forsythia suspensa Plant 74 87 anti-allergic Positive_phenotype 27085937 Decrease 0 18 Forsythia suspensa Plant 102 121 allergic dermatitis Negative_phenotype 27085937_2 ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Forsythia suspensa is used in traditional medicine to treat inflammation. 27085937 32 50 Forsythia suspensa Plant 27085937 92 104 inflammation Negative_phenotype 27085937 Decrease 32 50 Forsythia suspensa Plant 92 104 inflammation Negative_phenotype 27085937_3 To clarify the anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic effects of F. suspensa fruits, we determined the therapeutic effects of crude extract, fractions, and a constituent from F. suspensa fruits on a murine atopic dermatitis (AD) model. 27085937 15 32 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 27085937 37 50 anti-allergic Positive_phenotype 27085937 62 73 F. suspensa Plant 27085937 172 183 F. suspensa Plant 27085937 203 220 atopic dermatitis Negative_phenotype 27085937 222 224 AD Negative_phenotype 27085937_4 MATERIALS AND METHODS: We investigated the inhibitory effects of F. suspensa extract (FSE), extract fractions, and the constituent matairesinol on histamine release from MC/9 mast cells activated by compound 48/80 and the development of AD-like skin lesions and symptoms in NC/Nga mice exposed to Dermatophagoides farinae (mite) extract. 27085937 65 76 F. suspensa Plant 27085937 86 89 FSE Plant 27085937 237 270 AD-like skin lesions and symptoms Negative_phenotype 27085937_5 High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis of FSE and its fractions were evaluated using matairesinol standard. 27085937 58 61 FSE Plant 27085937_6 RESULTS: FSE, FSE methylene chloride fraction (FSE-MC), and FSE water fraction (FSE-water) inhibited compound 48/80-induced histamine release from MC/9 mast cells. 27085937 9 12 FSE Plant 27085937 14 17 FSE Plant 27085937 47 53 FSE-MC Plant 27085937 60 63 FSE Plant 27085937 80 89 FSE-water Plant 27085937_7 Topical application of FSE or FSE-MC to NC/Nga mice exposed to Dermatophagoides farinae suppressed the development of AD-like skin lesions. 27085937 23 26 FSE Plant 27085937 30 36 FSE-MC Plant 27085937 118 138 AD-like skin lesions Negative_phenotype 27085937 Decrease 23 26 FSE Plant 118 138 AD-like skin lesions Negative_phenotype 27085937 Decrease 30 36 FSE-MC Plant 118 138 AD-like skin lesions Negative_phenotype 27085937_8 Quantitative HPLC analysis of FSE and FSE-MC identified the presence of matairesinol. 27085937 30 33 FSE Plant 27085937 38 44 FSE-MC Plant 27085937_9 Topical application of matairesinol to NC/Nga mice effectively reduced AD symptoms, inhibited inflammatory cell infiltration, and lowered immunoglobulin E levels in serum. 27085937 71 82 AD symptoms Negative_phenotype 27085937 94 124 inflammatory cell infiltration Negative_phenotype 27085937_10 Further study demonstrated that DfE-induced changes in IL-4 and IFN-y mRNA expression in the ears of NC/Nga mice were reversed by matairesinol application. 27085937_11 CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that the F. suspensa and its constituent matairesinol might be a therapeutic candidate for treating allergic inflammatory disorders such as AD. 27085937 45 56 F. suspensa Plant 27085937 136 167 allergic inflammatory disorders Negative_phenotype 27085937 176 178 AD Negative_phenotype 27085937 Decrease 45 56 F. suspensa Plant 136 167 allergic inflammatory disorders Negative_phenotype 27085937 Decrease 45 56 F. suspensa Plant 176 178 AD Negative_phenotype 27106908_1 Metastasized lung cancer suppression by Morinda citrifolia (Noni) leaf compared to Erlotinib via anti-inflammatory, endogenous antioxidant responses and apoptotic gene activation. 27106908 0 24 Metastasized lung cancer Negative_phenotype 27106908 40 58 Morinda citrifolia Plant 27106908 60 64 Noni Plant 27106908 97 114 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 27106908 127 138 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 27106908_2 UNASSIGNED: Metastasized lung and liver cancers cause over 2 million deaths annually, and are amongst the top killer cancers worldwide. 27106908 12 47 Metastasized lung and liver cancers Negative_phenotype 27106908 69 75 deaths Negative_phenotype 27106908 117 124 cancers Negative_phenotype 27106908_3 Morinda citrifolia (Noni) leaves are traditionally consumed as vegetables in the tropics. 27106908 0 18 Morinda citrifolia Plant 27106908 20 24 Noni Plant 27106908_4 The macro and micro effects of M. citrifolia (Noni) leaves on metastasized lung cancer development in vitro and in vivo were compared with the FDA-approved anti-cancer drug Erlotinib. 27106908 31 44 M. citrifolia Plant 27106908 46 50 Noni Plant 27106908 62 86 metastasized lung cancer Negative_phenotype 27106908_5 The extract inhibited the proliferation and induced apoptosis in A549 cells (IC50 = 23.47 g/mL) and mouse Lewis (LL2) lung carcinoma cells (IC50 = 5.50 g/mL) in vitro, arrested cancer cell cycle at G0/G1 phases and significantly increased caspase-3/-8 without changing caspase-9 levels. 27106908 65 69 A549 Negative_phenotype 27106908 111 139 Lewis (LL2) lung carcinoma Negative_phenotype 27106908 189 195 cancer Negative_phenotype 27106908_6 The extract showed no toxicity on normal MRC5 lung cells. 27106908 22 30 toxicity Negative_phenotype 27106908_7 Non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) A549-induced BALB/c mice were fed with 150 and 300 mg/kg M. citrifolia leaf extract and compared with Erlotinib (50 mg/kg body weight) for 21 days. 27106908 0 26 Non-small-cell lung cancer Negative_phenotype 27106908 28 33 NSCLC Negative_phenotype 27106908 35 39 A549 Negative_phenotype 27106908 94 107 M. citrifolia Plant 27106908 160 171 body weight Neutral_phenotype 27106908_8 It significantly increased the pro-apoptotic TRP53 genes, downregulated the pro-tumourigenesis genes (BIRC5, JAK2/STAT3/STAT5A) in the mice tumours, significantly increased the anti-inflammatory IL4, IL10 and NR3C1 expression in the metastasized lung and hepatic cancer tissues and enhanced the NFE2L2-dependent antioxidant responses against oxidative injuries. 27106908 140 147 tumours Negative_phenotype 27106908 177 194 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 27106908 233 269 metastasized lung and hepatic cancer Negative_phenotype 27106908 312 323 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 27106908 342 360 oxidative injuries Negative_phenotype 27106908_9 The extract elevated serum neutrophils and reduced the red blood cells, haemoglobin, corpuscular volume and cell haemoglobin concentration in the lung cancer-induced mammal. 27106908 85 103 corpuscular volume Neutral_phenotype 27106908 146 157 lung cancer Negative_phenotype 27106908_10 It suppressed inflammation and oedema, and upregulated the endogenous antioxidant responses and apoptotic genes to suppress the cancer. 27106908 14 26 inflammation Negative_phenotype 27106908 31 37 oedema Negative_phenotype 27106908 70 81 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 27106908 128 134 cancer Negative_phenotype 27106908_11 The 300 mg/kg extract was more effective than the 50 mg/kg Erlotinib for most of the parameters measured. 27154406_1 Ethanol extract of the tuber of Alisma orientale reduces the pathologic features in a chronic obstructive pulmonary disease mouse model. 27154406 32 48 Alisma orientale Plant 27154406 86 123 chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Negative_phenotype 27154406_2 ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: The tuber of Alismataceae Alisma orientale Juzepzuk has been prescribed as a remedy for treating the diseases associated with body fluid dysfunction such as edema and inflammatory lung diseases. 27154406 58 83 Alisma orientale Juzepzuk Plant 27154406 158 180 body fluid dysfunction Negative_phenotype 27154406 189 194 edema Negative_phenotype 27154406 199 225 inflammatory lung diseases Negative_phenotype 27154406 Decrease 58 83 Alisma orientale Juzepzuk Plant 158 180 body fluid dysfunction Negative_phenotype 27154406 Decrease 58 83 Alisma orientale Juzepzuk Plant 189 194 edema Negative_phenotype 27154406 Decrease 58 83 Alisma orientale Juzepzuk Plant 199 225 inflammatory lung diseases Negative_phenotype 27154406_3 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a debilitating, inflammatory lung disease without effective treatment. 27154406 0 37 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Negative_phenotype 27154406 39 43 COPD Negative_phenotype 27154406 64 89 inflammatory lung disease Negative_phenotype 27154406_4 Along with persistent inflammation, autophagy has been recently reported to contribute to COPD. 27154406 11 34 persistent inflammation Negative_phenotype 27154406 90 94 COPD Negative_phenotype 27154406_5 Here, by employing a murine model, we examined whether the tuber of the plant is effective against COPD. 27154406 99 103 COPD Negative_phenotype 27154406_6 MATERIALS AND METHODS: The ethanol extract of the tuber of A. orientale Juzepzuk (EEAO) was fingerprinted by HPLC. 27154406 59 80 A. orientale Juzepzuk Plant 27154406 82 86 EEAO Plant 27154406_7 For the establishment of COPD lung, mice received single intratracheal (i.t.) spraying of elastase and LPS per week for 2 weeks. 27154406 25 29 COPD Negative_phenotype 27154406_8 After approximated to the dose prescribed typically to patients, EEAO was administered to the lung 2h after each LPS treatment. 27154406 65 69 EEAO Plant 27154406_9 Morphometric analyses, semi-quantitative RT-PCR, and western blot were performed to evaluate the effects of EEAO on emphysema, inflammation, and autophagy in mouse lungs. 27154406 108 112 EEAO Plant 27154406 116 125 emphysema Negative_phenotype 27154406 127 139 inflammation Negative_phenotype 27154406 145 169 autophagy in mouse lungs Negative_phenotype 27154406_10 The effect of EEAO on autophagy was also assessed by western blot at the cellular level with murine macrophages and human lung epithelial cells. 27154406 14 18 EEAO Plant 27154406_11 RESULTS: When receiving i.t. elastase and LPS for 2 weeks, mice developed emphysema and inflammation in the lung. 27154406 74 83 emphysema Negative_phenotype 27154406 88 112 inflammation in the lung Negative_phenotype 27154406_12 EEAO treatment, however, significantly reduced emphysema and inflammatory cell infiltration to the lung with concomitant decrease of the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines including TNF-a, IL-6, and TGF-b, signature cytokines of COPD. 27154406 0 4 EEAO Plant 27154406 47 56 emphysema Negative_phenotype 27154406 61 103 inflammatory cell infiltration to the lung Negative_phenotype 27154406 235 239 COPD Negative_phenotype 27154406 Decrease 0 4 EEAO Plant 47 56 emphysema Negative_phenotype 27154406 Decrease 0 4 EEAO Plant 61 103 inflammatory cell infiltration to the lung Negative_phenotype 27154406_13 Unlike control mice, the lungs of the COPD mice expressed LC3-II, a biomarker for autophagy formation, which was decreased by EEAO treatment. 27154406 38 42 COPD Negative_phenotype 27154406 126 130 EEAO Plant 27154406 Decrease 38 42 COPD Negative_phenotype 126 130 EEAO Plant 27154406_14 EEAO also lowered the expression of LC3-II in murine macrophage, RAW 264.7, and human lung epithelial cell, BEAS-2B, which was associated with EEAO activating mTOR. 27154406 0 4 EEAO Plant 27154406 143 147 EEAO Plant 27154406_15 CONCLUSION: EEAO relieved COPD pathologic features in a mouse model, which was associated with suppression of lung inflammation, emphysema, and autophagy. 27154406 12 16 EEAO Plant 27154406 26 30 COPD Negative_phenotype 27154406 110 127 lung inflammation Negative_phenotype 27154406 129 138 emphysema Negative_phenotype 27154406 Decrease 12 16 EEAO Plant 26 30 COPD Negative_phenotype 27154406 Decrease 12 16 EEAO Plant 110 127 lung inflammation Negative_phenotype 27154406 Decrease 12 16 EEAO Plant 129 138 emphysema Negative_phenotype 27154406_16 Our results suggest an effectiveness of the tuber of A. orientale in chronic inflammatory lung diseases such as COPD. 27154406 53 65 A. orientale Plant 27154406 69 103 chronic inflammatory lung diseases Negative_phenotype 27154406 112 116 COPD Negative_phenotype 27154406 Decrease 53 65 A. orientale Plant 69 103 chronic inflammatory lung diseases Negative_phenotype 27154406 Decrease 53 65 A. orientale Plant 112 116 COPD Negative_phenotype 27213000_1 Flavonoids Extraction from Propolis Attenuates Pathological Cardiac Hypertrophy through PI3K/AKT Signaling Pathway. 27213000 47 79 Pathological Cardiac Hypertrophy Negative_phenotype 27213000_2 Propolis, a traditional medicine, has been widely used for a thousand years as an anti-inflammatory and antioxidant drug. 27213000 82 99 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 27213000 104 115 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 27213000_3 The flavonoid fraction is the main active component of propolis, which possesses a wide range of biological activities, including activities related to heart disease. 27213000 152 165 heart disease Negative_phenotype 27213000_4 However, the role of the flavonoids extraction from propolis (FP) in heart disease remains unknown. 27213000 69 82 heart disease Negative_phenotype 27213000_5 This study shows that FP could attenuate ISO-induced pathological cardiac hypertrophy (PCH) and heart failure in mice. 27213000 53 85 pathological cardiac hypertrophy Negative_phenotype 27213000 87 90 PCH Negative_phenotype 27213000 96 109 heart failure Negative_phenotype 27213000_6 The effect of the two fetal cardiac genes, atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) and b-myosin heavy chain (b-MHC), on PCH was reversed by FP. 27213000 112 115 PCH Negative_phenotype 27213000_7 Echocardiography analysis revealed cardiac ventricular dilation and contractile dysfunction in ISO-treated mice. 27213000 35 63 cardiac ventricular dilation Negative_phenotype 27213000 68 91 contractile dysfunction Negative_phenotype 27213000_8 This finding is consistent with the increased heart weight and cardiac ANF protein levels, massive replacement fibrosis, and myocardial apoptosis. 27213000 46 58 heart weight Neutral_phenotype 27213000 99 119 replacement fibrosis Negative_phenotype 27213000_9 However, pretreatment of mice with FP could attenuate cardiac dysfunction and hypertrophy in vivo. 27213000 54 73 cardiac dysfunction Negative_phenotype 27213000 78 89 hypertrophy Negative_phenotype 27213000_10 Furthermore, the cardiac protection of FP was suppressed by the pan-PI3K inhibitor wortmannin. 27213000_11 FP is a novel cardioprotective agent that can attenuate adverse cardiac dysfunction, hypertrophy, and associated disorder, such as fibrosis. 27213000 14 30 cardioprotective Positive_phenotype 27213000 56 83 adverse cardiac dysfunction Negative_phenotype 27213000 85 96 hypertrophy Negative_phenotype 27213000 131 139 fibrosis Negative_phenotype 27213000_12 The effects may be closely correlated with PI3K/AKT signaling. 27213000_13 FP may be clinically used to inhibit PCH progression and heart failure. 27213000 37 40 PCH Negative_phenotype 27213000 57 70 heart failure Negative_phenotype 27318275_1 Chemical Composition and Biological Activities of Artemisia judaica Essential Oil from Southern Desert of Jordan. 27318275 50 67 Artemisia judaica Plant 27318275_2 ETHNOPHARMACOLOGIC RELEVANCE: Artemisia judaica L. (Arabic name: Beithran), is a medicinal and aromatic plant growing in the valley bottoms of desert areas, particularly in the southern desert of Jordan nearest to the Jordan-Saudi Arabia borders and in Wadi Araba in the Southern Badia. 27318275 30 50 Artemisia judaica L. Plant 27318275 65 73 Beithran Plant 27318275_3 In Jordan, A. judaica is widely used in traditional medicine being recommended by aboriginal Bedouins in the North Badia region of Jordan as calmative. 27318275 11 21 A. judaica Plant 27318275_4 Furthermore, it is used for the treatment of stomach ache, heart diseases, sexual weakness, diabetes, gastro-intestinal disorders and external wounding. 27318275 45 57 stomach ache Negative_phenotype 27318275 59 73 heart diseases Negative_phenotype 27318275 75 90 sexual weakness Negative_phenotype 27318275 92 100 diabetes Negative_phenotype 27318275 102 129 gastro-intestinal disorders Negative_phenotype 27318275 134 151 external wounding Negative_phenotype 27318275_5 Aditionally, other folk medicines of the Arabic region commonly use this aromatic plant for the treatment of inflammatory-related diseases, for instance fungal infections, diabetes, atherosclerosis, cancer and arthritis. 27318275 109 138 inflammatory-related diseases Negative_phenotype 27318275 153 170 fungal infections Negative_phenotype 27318275 172 180 diabetes Negative_phenotype 27318275 182 197 atherosclerosis Negative_phenotype 27318275 199 205 cancer Negative_phenotype 27318275 210 219 arthritis Negative_phenotype 27318275_6 AIM OF THE STUDY: Considering the traditional medicinal uses and the lack of scientific studies addressing the cellular and molecular mechanisms behind A. judaica claimed activities, the present study was designed to validate some of the traditional uses ascribed to this species, specifically the antifungal and anti-inflammatory activities of A. judaica essential oil at doses devoid of cytotoxicity to mammalian cells. 27318275 152 162 A. judaica Plant 27318275 298 308 antifungal Positive_phenotype 27318275 313 330 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 27318275 345 355 A. judaica Plant 27318275_7 MATERIALS AND METHODS: Chemical analysis of A. judaica essential oil isolated by hydrodistillation from aerial parts was carried out by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). 27318275 44 54 A. judaica Plant 27318275_8 The antifungal activity (minimal inhibitory concentrations and minimal lethal concentrations) was evaluated against yeasts, dermatophyte and Aspergillus strains. 27318275 4 14 antifungal Positive_phenotype 27318275_9 In order to deeply explore the mechanisms behind the anti-fungal effect of the essential oil, the germ tube inhibition assay and the biofilms formation assay were evaluated using C. albicans. 27318275 53 64 anti-fungal Positive_phenotype 27318275 179 190 C. albicans Negative_phenotype 27318275_10 The assessment of cell viability was accomplished using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay in both hepatocytes and macrophages. 27318275_11 Furthermore, the in vitro anti-inflammatory potential of A. judaica oil was evaluated by measuring nitric oxide (NO) production using lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated mouse macrophages. 27318275 26 43 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 27318275 57 67 A. judaica Plant 27318275_12 RESULTS: Oxygen containing monoterpenes are a representative group of constituents (68.7%) with piperitone (30.4%), camphor (16.1%) and ethyl cinnamate (11.0%) as main compounds. 27318275_13 The highest antifungal activity of the oil was observed against Cryptococcus neoformans, with a MIC value of 0.16 L/mL. 27318275 12 22 antifungal Positive_phenotype 27318275_14 The oil revealed an important inhibitory effect on germ tube formation in C. albicans with 80% inhibition of filamentation at a concentration of 0.16 L/mL. 27318275 51 60 germ tube Negative_phenotype 27318275 74 85 C. albicans Negative_phenotype 27318275_15 Importantly, the oil also interfered with pre-formed biofilms by reducing the amount of the attached biomass. 27318275_16 Furthermore, the essential oil significantly inhibited NO production evoked by LPS on macrophages at concentrations with very low toxicity (0.32 L/mL) or without toxicity (0.16 L/mL) to both macrophages and hepatocytes. 27318275 130 138 toxicity Negative_phenotype 27318275_17 CONCLUSIONS: The present study revealed that A. judaica essential oil from Jordan significantly inhibited germ tube formation and disrupted preformed biofilms of C. albicans, emphasizing the therapeutic potential for the treatment of disseminated candidiasis. 27318275 45 55 A. judaica Plant 27318275 106 115 germ tube Negative_phenotype 27318275 162 173 C. albicans Negative_phenotype 27318275 234 258 disseminated candidiasis Negative_phenotype 27318275 Decrease 45 55 A. judaica Plant 106 115 germ tube Negative_phenotype 27318275 Decrease 45 55 A. judaica Plant 162 173 C. albicans Negative_phenotype 27318275 Decrease 45 55 A. judaica Plant 234 258 disseminated candidiasis Negative_phenotype 27318275_18 Additionally, safe concentrations of this essential oil significantly inhibited NO production elicited by LPS in macrophages, highlighting its potential anti-inflammatory activity. 27318275 153 170 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 27318275_19 Overall, A. judaica bears promising therapeutic potential for further drug development. 27318275 9 19 A. judaica Plant 27318275_20 Importantly, this work also validates some of the traditional uses of A. judaica. 27318275 70 80 A. judaica Plant 27403251_1 Therapeutic effects of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) in digestive disorders: a review. 27403251 23 30 saffron Plant 27403251 32 49 Crocus sativus L. Plant 27403251 54 73 digestive disorders Negative_phenotype 27403251_2 Saffron, the dried red-orange stigmas of Crocus sativus L, has been known as a flavoring agent, food coloring and traditional herbal medicine. 27403251 0 7 Saffron Plant 27403251 41 57 Crocus sativus L Plant 27403251_3 Pharmacological effects of saffron are mainly attributed to crocin, crocetin, picrocrocin and safranal. 27403251 27 34 saffron Plant 27403251_4 These components especially crocin, have significant effects including antidepressant and anticonvulsant, analgesic, anti-cancer and other therapeutic effects on different parts of our body namely cardiovascular, immune, respiratory, genital-urinary and central nervous system. 27403251 71 85 antidepressant Positive_phenotype 27403251 90 104 anticonvulsant Positive_phenotype 27403251 106 115 analgesic Positive_phenotype 27403251 117 128 anti-cancer Positive_phenotype 27403251 197 276 cardiovascular, immune, respiratory, genital-urinary and central nervous system Positive_phenotype 27403251_5 According to the reports and findings, saffron plays a key role to cure different digestive system disorders via chemopreventive, inhibition of cell proliferation, induction of apoptosis, antioxidant effects and radical scavenging, genoprotective property, prevention of lipid peroxidation and anti-inflammatory processes. 27403251 39 46 saffron Plant 27403251 82 108 digestive system disorders Negative_phenotype 27403251 113 128 chemopreventive Positive_phenotype 27403251 188 199 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 27403251 232 246 genoprotective Positive_phenotype 27403251 294 311 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 27403251_6 The outcome of the above mentioned mechanisms shows potential therapeutic properties of saffron against liver cancer, hepatotoxicity, fatty liver, hyperlipidemia, stomach cancer, peptic ulcer, colon cancer, ulcerative colitis, diabetes and pancreas cancer and ileum contractions. 27403251 88 95 saffron Plant 27403251 104 116 liver cancer Negative_phenotype 27403251 118 132 hepatotoxicity Negative_phenotype 27403251 134 145 fatty liver Negative_phenotype 27403251 147 161 hyperlipidemia Negative_phenotype 27403251 163 177 stomach cancer Negative_phenotype 27403251 179 191 peptic ulcer Negative_phenotype 27403251 193 205 colon cancer Negative_phenotype 27403251 207 225 ulcerative colitis Negative_phenotype 27403251 227 235 diabetes Negative_phenotype 27403251 240 255 pancreas cancer Negative_phenotype 27403251 260 278 ileum contractions Negative_phenotype 27403251 Decrease 88 95 saffron Plant 104 116 liver cancer Negative_phenotype 27403251 Decrease 88 95 saffron Plant 118 132 hepatotoxicity Negative_phenotype 27403251 Decrease 88 95 saffron Plant 134 145 fatty liver Negative_phenotype 27403251 Decrease 88 95 saffron Plant 147 161 hyperlipidemia Negative_phenotype 27403251 Decrease 88 95 saffron Plant 163 177 stomach cancer Negative_phenotype 27403251 Decrease 88 95 saffron Plant 179 191 peptic ulcer Negative_phenotype 27403251 Decrease 88 95 saffron Plant 193 205 colon cancer Negative_phenotype 27403251 Decrease 88 95 saffron Plant 207 225 ulcerative colitis Negative_phenotype 27403251 Decrease 88 95 saffron Plant 227 235 diabetes Negative_phenotype 27403251 Decrease 88 95 saffron Plant 240 255 pancreas cancer Negative_phenotype 27403251 Decrease 88 95 saffron Plant 260 278 ileum contractions Negative_phenotype 27403251_7 According to global statistics, the susceptibility to intestinal diseases is considered as a significant matter and can be important in health planning in any community. 27403251_8 Several strategies for treatment and prevention of the digestive system diseases have provided that the use of herbal remedies seems effective and useful. 27403251 55 80 digestive system diseases Negative_phenotype 27403251_9 Considering the available findings, the present study aims to introduce saffron as a prophylactic and therapeutic agent against gastrointestinal tract disorders. 27403251 72 79 saffron Plant 27403251 128 160 gastrointestinal tract disorders Negative_phenotype 27403251 Decrease 72 79 saffron Plant 128 160 gastrointestinal tract disorders Negative_phenotype 27403251_10 However, further clinical studies seem necessary in various aspects of saffron effects in different parts of body to verify these findings. 27403251 71 78 saffron Plant 27413203_1 Nutritional and therapeutic perspectives of Chia (Salvia hispanica L.): a review. 27413203 44 48 Chia Plant 27413203 50 69 Salvia hispanica L. Plant 27413203_2 The ancient grain is becoming enormously popular in modern food regimen in many countries; the higher proportion of a-linolenic acid makes chia the superb source of omega-3 fatty (about 65 % of the oil content). 27413203 139 143 chia Plant 27413203_3 Omega-3 fatty acid has been associated with a large number of physiological functions in human body. 27413203_4 Chia seed is a potential source of antioxidants with the presence of chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, myricetin, quercetin, and kaempferol which are believed to have cardiac, hepatic protective effects, anti-ageing and anti-carcinogenic characteristics. 27413203 0 4 Chia Plant 27413203 35 47 antioxidants Positive_phenotype 27413203 165 200 cardiac, hepatic protective effects Positive_phenotype 27413203 202 213 anti-ageing Positive_phenotype 27413203 218 235 anti-carcinogenic Positive_phenotype 27413203 Increase 0 4 Chia Plant 35 47 antioxidants Positive_phenotype 27413203 Increase 0 4 Chia Plant 165 200 cardiac, hepatic protective effects Positive_phenotype 27413203 Increase 0 4 Chia Plant 202 213 anti-ageing Positive_phenotype 27413203 Increase 0 4 Chia Plant 218 235 anti-carcinogenic Positive_phenotype 27413203_5 It is also a great source of dietary fibre which is beneficial for the digestive system and controlling diabetes mellitus with higher concentration of beneficial unsaturated fatty acids, gluten free protein, vitamin, minerals and phenolic compounds. 27413203 71 87 digestive system Positive_phenotype 27413203 104 121 diabetes mellitus Negative_phenotype 27413203_6 Therapeutic effects of chia in the control of diabetes, dyslipidaemia, hypertension, as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-blood clotting, laxative, antidepressant, antianxiety, analgesic, vision and immune improver is scientifically established. 27413203 23 27 chia Plant 27413203 46 54 diabetes Negative_phenotype 27413203 56 69 dyslipidaemia Negative_phenotype 27413203 71 83 hypertension Negative_phenotype 27413203 88 105 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 27413203 107 118 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 27413203 120 139 anti-blood clotting Positive_phenotype 27413203 141 149 laxative Positive_phenotype 27413203 151 165 antidepressant Positive_phenotype 27413203 167 178 antianxiety Positive_phenotype 27413203 180 189 analgesic Positive_phenotype 27413203 191 197 vision Positive_phenotype 27413203 202 217 immune improver Positive_phenotype 27413203 Decrease 23 27 chia Plant 46 54 diabetes Negative_phenotype 27413203 Decrease 23 27 chia Plant 56 69 dyslipidaemia Negative_phenotype 27413203 Decrease 23 27 chia Plant 71 83 hypertension Negative_phenotype 27413203 Increase 23 27 chia Plant 88 105 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 27413203 Increase 23 27 chia Plant 107 118 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 27413203 Increase 23 27 chia Plant 120 139 anti-blood clotting Positive_phenotype 27413203 Increase 23 27 chia Plant 141 149 laxative Positive_phenotype 27413203 Increase 23 27 chia Plant 151 165 antidepressant Positive_phenotype 27413203 Increase 23 27 chia Plant 167 178 antianxiety Positive_phenotype 27413203 Increase 23 27 chia Plant 180 189 analgesic Positive_phenotype 27413203 Increase 23 27 chia Plant 191 197 vision Positive_phenotype 27413203 Increase 23 27 chia Plant 202 217 immune improver Positive_phenotype 27445806_1 Cydonia oblonga M., A Medicinal Plant Rich in Phytonutrients for Pharmaceuticals. 27445806 0 18 Cydonia oblonga M. Plant 27445806_2 Cydonia oblonga M. is a medicinal plant of family Rosaceae which is used to prevent or treat several ailments such as cancer, diabetes, hepatitis, ulcer, respiratory, and urinary infections, etc. 27445806 0 18 Cydonia oblonga M. Plant 27445806 118 124 cancer Negative_phenotype 27445806 126 134 diabetes Negative_phenotype 27445806 136 145 hepatitis Negative_phenotype 27445806 147 152 ulcer Negative_phenotype 27445806 154 189 respiratory, and urinary infections Negative_phenotype 27445806 Decrease 0 18 Cydonia oblonga M. Plant 118 124 cancer Negative_phenotype 27445806 Decrease 0 18 Cydonia oblonga M. Plant 126 134 diabetes Negative_phenotype 27445806 Decrease 0 18 Cydonia oblonga M. Plant 136 145 hepatitis Negative_phenotype 27445806 Decrease 0 18 Cydonia oblonga M. Plant 147 152 ulcer Negative_phenotype 27445806 Decrease 0 18 Cydonia oblonga M. Plant 154 189 respiratory, and urinary infections Negative_phenotype 27445806_3 Cydonia oblonga commonly known as Quince is rich in useful secondary metabolites such as phenolics, steroids, flavonoids, terpenoids, tannins, sugars, organic acids, and glycosides. 27445806 0 15 Cydonia oblonga Plant 27445806 34 40 Quince Plant 27445806_4 A wide range of pharmacological activities like antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, cardiovascular, antidepressant, antidiarrheal, hypolipidemic, diuretic, and hypoglycemic have been ascribed to various parts of C. oblonga. 27445806 48 59 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 27445806 61 74 antibacterial Positive_phenotype 27445806 76 86 antifungal Positive_phenotype 27445806 88 105 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 27445806 107 123 hepatoprotective Positive_phenotype 27445806 125 139 cardiovascular Positive_phenotype 27445806 141 155 antidepressant Positive_phenotype 27445806 157 170 antidiarrheal Positive_phenotype 27445806 172 185 hypolipidemic Positive_phenotype 27445806 187 195 diuretic Positive_phenotype 27445806 201 213 hypoglycemic Positive_phenotype 27445806 253 263 C. oblonga Plant 27445806 Increase 48 59 antioxidant Positive_phenotype 253 263 C. oblonga Plant 27445806 Increase 61 74 antibacterial Positive_phenotype 253 263 C. oblonga Plant 27445806 Increase 76 86 antifungal Positive_phenotype 253 263 C. oblonga Plant 27445806 Increase 88 105 anti-inflammatory Positive_phenotype 253 263 C. oblonga Plant 27445806 Increase 107 123 hepatoprotective Positive_phenotype 253 263 C. oblonga Plant 27445806 Increase 125 139 cardiovascular Positive_phenotype 253 263 C. oblonga Plant 27445806 Increase 141 155 antidepressant Positive_phenotype 253 263 C. oblonga Plant 27445806 Increase 157 170 antidiarrheal Positive_phenotype 253 263 C. oblonga Plant 27445806 Increase 187 195 diuretic Positive_phenotype 253 263 C. oblonga Plant 27445806 Increase 201 213 hypoglycemic Positive_phenotype 253 263 C. oblonga Plant 27445806_5 The polysaccharide mucilage, glucuronoxylan extruded from seeds of C. oblonga is used in dermal patches to heal wounds. 27445806 67 77 C. oblonga Plant 27445806 112 118 wounds Negative_phenotype 27445806 Decrease 67 77 C. oblonga Plant 112 118 wounds Negative_phenotype 27445806_6 This review focuses on detailed investigations of high-valued phytochemicals as well as pharmacological and phytomedicinal attributes of the plant. 27457235_1 Antitumor evaluation of two selected Pakistani plant extracts on human bone and breast cancer cell lines. 27457235 0 9 Antitumor Positive_phenotype 27457235 71 93 bone and breast cancer Negative_phenotype 27457235_2 BACKGROUND: The medicinal plants Vincetoxicum arnottianum (VSM), Berberis orthobotrys (BORM), Onosma hispida (OHRM and OHAM) and Caccinia macranthera (CMM) are used traditionally in Pakistan and around the world for the treatment of various diseases including cancer, dermal infections, uterine tumor, wounds etc. 27457235 33 57 Vincetoxicum arnottianum Plant 27457235 59 62 VSM Plant 27457235 65 85 Berberis orthobotrys Plant 27457235 87 91 BORM Plant 27457235 94 108 Onosma hispida Plant 27457235 110 114 OHRM Plant 27457235 119 123 OHAM Plant 27457235 129 149 Caccinia macranthera Plant 27457235 151 154 CMM Plant 27457235 260 266 cancer Negative_phenotype 27457235 268 285 dermal infections Negative_phenotype 27457235 287 300 uterine tumor Negative_phenotype 27457235 302 308 wounds Negative_phenotype 27457235 Decrease 33 57 Vincetoxicum arnottianum Plant 260 266 cancer Negative_phenotype 27457235 Decrease 33 57 Vincetoxicum arnottianum Plant 268 285 dermal infections Negative_phenotype 27457235 Decrease 33 57 Vincetoxicum arnottianum Plant 287 300 uterine tumor Negative_phenotype 27457235 Decrease 33 57 Vincetoxicum arnottianum Plant 302 308 wounds Negative_phenotype 27457235 Decrease 59 62 VSM Plant 260 266 cancer Negative_phenotype 27457235 Decrease 59 62 VSM Plant 268 285 dermal infections Negative_phenotype 27457235 Decrease 59 62 VSM Plant 287 300 uterine tumor Negative_phenotype 27457235 Decrease 59 62 VSM Plant 302 308 wounds Negative_phenotype 27457235 Decrease 65 85 Berberis orthobotrys Plant 260 266 cancer Negative_phenotype 27457235 Decrease 65 85 Berberis orthobotrys Plant 268 285 dermal infections Negative_phenotype 27457235 Decrease 65 85 Berberis orthobotrys Plant 287 300 uterine tumor Negative_phenotype 27457235 Decrease 65 85 Berberis orthobotrys Plant 302 308 wounds Negative_phenotype 27457235 Decrease 87 91 BORM Plant 260 266 cancer Negative_phenotype 27457235 Decrease 87 91 BORM Plant 268 285 dermal infections Negative_phenotype 27457235 Decrease 87 91 BORM Plant 287 300 uterine tumor Negative_phenotype 27457235 Decrease 87 91 BORM Plant 302 308 wounds Negative_phenotype 27457235 Decrease 94 108 Onosma hispida Plant 260 266 cancer Negative_phenotype 27457235 Decrease 94 108 Onosma hispida Plant 268 285 dermal infections Negative_phenotype 27457235 Decrease 94 108 Onosma hispida Plant 287 300 uterine tumor Negative_phenotype 27457235 Decrease 94 108 Onosma hispida Plant 302 308 wounds Negative_phenotype 27457235 Decrease 110 114 OHRM Plant 260 266 cancer Negative_phenotype 27457235 Decrease 110 114 OHRM Plant 268 285 dermal infections Negative_phenotype 27457235 Decrease 110 114 OHRM Plant 287 300 uterine tumor Negative_phenotype 27457235 Decrease 110 114 OHRM Plant 302 308 wounds Negative_phenotype 27457235 Decrease 119 123 OHAM Plant 260 266 cancer Negative_phenotype 27457235 Decrease 119 123 OHAM Plant 268 285 dermal infections Negative_phenotype 27457235 Decrease 119 123 OHAM Plant 287 300 uterine tumor Negative_phenotype 27457235 Decrease 119 123 OHAM Plant 302 308 wounds Negative_phenotype 27457235 Decrease 129 149 Caccinia macranthera Plant 260 266 cancer Negative_phenotype 27457235 Decrease 129 149 Caccinia macranthera Plant 268 285 dermal infections Negative_phenotype 27457235 Decrease 129 149 Caccinia macranthera Plant 287 300 uterine tumor Negative_phenotype 27457235 Decrease 129 149 Caccinia macranthera Plant 302 308 wounds Negative_phenotype 27457235 Decrease 151 154 CMM Plant 260 266 cancer Negative_phenotype 27457235 Decrease 151 154 CMM Plant 268 285 dermal infections Negative_phenotype 27457235 Decrease 151 154 CMM Plant 287 300 uterine tumor Negative_phenotype 27457235 Decrease 151 154 CMM Plant 302 308 wounds Negative_phenotype 27457235_3 The present study focuses on the investigation of the selected Pakistani plants for their potential as anticancer agents on human bone and breast cancer cell lines in comparison with non-tumorigenic control cells. 27457235 103 113 anticancer Positive_phenotype 27457235 130 152 bone and breast cancer Negative_phenotype 27457235_4 METHODS: The antitumor evaluation was carried out on human bone (MG-63, Saos-2) and breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7, BT-20) in contrast to non-tumorigenic control cells (POB, MCF-12A) via cell viability measurements, cell cycle analysis, Annexin V/PI staining, microscopy based methods as well as migration/invasion determination, metabolic live cell monitoring and western blotting. 27457235 13 22 antitumor Positive_phenotype 27457235 59 97 bone (MG-63, Saos-2) and breast cancer Negative_phenotype 27457235 110 115 MCF-7 Negative_phenotype 27457235 117 122 BT-20 Negative_phenotype 27457235_5 RESULTS: After the first initial screening of the plant extracts, two extracts (BORM, VSM) revealed the highest potential with regard to its antitumor activity. 27457235 80 84 BORM Plant 27457235 86 89 VSM Plant 27457235 141 150 antitumor Positive_phenotype 27457235 Increase 80 84 BORM Plant 141 150 antitumor Positive_phenotype 27457235 Increase 86 89 VSM Plant 141 150 antitumor Positive_phenotype 27457235_6 Both extracts caused a significant reduction of cell viability in the breast and bone cancer cells in a concentration dependent manner. 27457235 70 92 breast and bone cancer Negative_phenotype 27457235_7 The effect of VSM is achieved primarily by inducing a G2/M arrest in the cell cycle and the stabilization of the actin stress fibers leading to reduced cell motility. 27457235 14 17 VSM Plant 27457235_8 By contrast BORM's cytotoxic properties were caused through the lysosomal-mediated cell death pathway indicated by an upregulation of Bcl-2 expression. 27457235 12 16 BORM Plant 27457235_9 CONCLUSIONS: The antitumor evaluation of certain medicinal plants presented in this study identified the methanolic root extract of Berberis orthobotrys and the methanolic extract of Vincetoxicum arnottianum as promising sources for exhibiting the antitumor activity. 27457235 17 26 antitumor Positive_phenotype 27457235 132 152 Berberis orthobotrys Plant 27457235 183 207 Vincetoxicum arnottianum Plant 27457235 248 257 antitumor Positive_phenotype 27457235 Increase 132 152 Berberis orthobotrys Plant 248 257 antitumor Positive_phenotype 27457235 Increase 183 207 Vincetoxicum arnottianum Plant 248 257 antitumor Positive_phenotype 27457235_10 Therefore, the indigenous use of the herbal remedies for the treatment of cancer and cancer-related diseases has a scientific basis. 27457235 74 80 cancer Negative_phenotype 27457235 85 108 cancer-related diseases Negative_phenotype 27457235_11 Moreover, the present study provides a base for phytochemical investigation of the plant extracts. 27571702_1 Ameliorative effects of Artemisia argyi Folium extract on 2,4 -dinitrochlorobenzene -induced atopic dermatitis -like lesions in BALB/c mice. 27571702 24 46 Artemisia argyi Folium Plant 27571702 95 127 atopic dermatitis -like lesions Negative_phenotype 27571702_2 UNASSIGNED: Artemisia argyi Folium has been used to treat skin diseases, including eczema and dermatitis, in South Korean medicine. 27571702 12 35 Artemisia argyi Folium Plant 27571702 59 72 skin diseases Negative_phenotype 27571702 84 90 eczema Negative_phenotype 27571702 95 105 dermatitis Negative_phenotype 27571702 Decrease 12 35 Artemisia argyi Folium Plant 59 72 skin diseases Negative_phenotype 27571702 Decrease 12 35 Artemisia argyi Folium Plant 84 90 eczema Negative_phenotype 27571702 Decrease 12 35 Artemisia argyi Folium Plant 95 105 dermatitis Negative_phenotype 27571702_3 The present study investigated the curative effects of Artemisia argyi Folium extract (AAFE) on 2,4 -dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) -induced atopic dermatitis (AD) -like skin lesions in a BALB/c mouse model. 27571702 55 78 Artemisia argyi Folium Plant 27571702 88 92 AAFE Plant 27571702 141 183 atopic dermatitis (AD) -like skin lesions Negative_phenotype 27571702_4 Briefly, the dorsal skin of the BALB/c mice was sensitized three times with DNCB, whereas the ears were challenged twice. 27571702_5 Repeated treatment with DNCB induced AD -like lesions. 27571702 37 54 AD -like lesions Negative_phenotype 27571702_6 The effects of AAFE on AD -like lesions were evaluated by clinical observation, histopathological analysis, immunohistochemistry and enzyme -linked immunosorbent assay. 27571702 15 19 AAFE Plant 27571702 23 40 AD -like lesions Negative_phenotype 27571702_7 In addition, reverse transcription -polymerase chain reaction and western blotting were performed. 27571702_8 Treatment with AAFE reduced AD -like lesions, as determined by clinical observation, histopathological analysis, and detection of the serum levels of histamine, immunoglobulin E and cytokines. 27571702 15 19 AAFE Plant 27571702 28 45 AD -like lesions Negative_phenotype 27571702 Decrease 15 19 AAFE Plant 28 45 AD -like lesions Negative_phenotype 27571702_9 With regards to its mechanism of action, AAFE inhibited the phosphorylation of Lck/yes -related novel tyrosine kinase (Lyn), spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk), mitogen -activated protein kinases (MAPKs), phosphoinositide 3 -kinase (PI3K)/Akt and IkBa, which have essential roles in the production of various cytokines in lymph nodes. 27571702 41 45 AAFE Plant 27571702_10 The suppressive activity of AAFE may be due to the inhibition of a series of immunopathological events, including the release of proinflammatory cytokines. 27571702 28 32 AAFE Plant 27571702_11 The results of the present study strongly suggest that AAFE exerts an anti -AD effect by inhibiting the Lyn, Syk, MAPKs, PI3K/Akt and IkBa pathways. 27571702 55 59 AAFE Plant 27571702 70 79 anti -AD Positive_phenotype 27571702 Increase 55 59 AAFE Plant 70 79 anti -AD Positive_phenotype 27571702_12 Therefore, AAFE may be considered an effective herbal remedy for the treatment of AD. 27571702 11 15 AAFE Plant 27571702 82 84 AD Negative_phenotype 27571702 Decrease 11 15 AAFE Plant 82 84 AD Negative_phenotype 27774898_1 Medicinal plants with multiple effects on cardiovascular diseases: A systematic review. 27774898 42 65 cardiovascular diseases Negative_phenotype 27774898_2 INTRODUCTION: Hyperlipidemia, obesity, hypertension, and diabetes are the most important risk factors for cardiovascular diseases. 27774898 14 28 Hyperlipidemia Negative_phenotype 27774898 30 37 obesity Negative_phenotype 27774898 39 51 hypertension Negative_phenotype 27774898 57 65 diabetes Negative_phenotype 27774898 106 129 cardiovascular diseases Negative_phenotype 27774898_3 The aim of this systematic review article is to introduce the medicinal plants that exert significant clinical effects on hypertension, hyperlipidemia, obesity, and diabetes. 27774898 122 134 hypertension Negative_phenotype 27774898 136 150 hyperlipidemia Negative_phenotype 27774898 152 159 obesity Negative_phenotype 27774898 165 173 diabetes Negative_phenotype 27774898_4 METHODS: In this review article, the international research databases including MEDLINE, Google scholar, EBSCO, Academic Search, Web of Science, SciVerse, Scopus (SCOPUS), EBSCO, Academic Search, Cochrane, Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) and a Chinese database (China Network Knowledge Infrastructure [CNKI]) were searched using the key words hyperlipidemia, hypertension, diabetes, herbal, obesity, and phytomedicine, matched by MESH, from their respective inceptions up to March, 2016. 27774898 359 373 hyperlipidemia Negative_phenotype 27774898 375 387 hypertension Negative_phenotype 27774898 389 397 diabetes Negative_phenotype 27774898 407 414 obesity Negative_phenotype 27774898_5 The plants that were effective on one, two, three, or all of four diseases were determined. 27774898_6 The doses, side effects, the most important pharmaceutically effective compounds, the used organs, and important points regarding usage were separately recorded. 27774898_7 Also known clinically significant interactions were presented. 27774898_8 RESULTS: 1023 articles were found to be about medicinal plants and hypertension, 1912 articles about medicinal plants and hyperlipidemia, 810 articles about medicinal plants and obesity, 1174 articles about medicinal plants and diabetes. 27774898 67 79 hypertension Negative_phenotype 27774898 122 136 hyperlipidemia Negative_phenotype 27774898 178 185 obesity Negative_phenotype 27774898 228 236 diabetes Negative_phenotype 27774898_9 Of 144 plants included in the analysis, 83 were found to be effective on hyperlipidemia, 100 on hypertension, 66 on obesity, and 72 on diabetes. 27774898 73 87 hyperlipidemia Negative_phenotype 27774898 96 108 hypertension Negative_phenotype 27774898 116 123 obesity Negative_phenotype 27774898 135 143 diabetes Negative_phenotype 27774898_10 43 plants were found to be effective on two diseases, 14 on three diseases, and 34 on all four diseases. 27774898_11 Three plants (Tomato, Cranberry and Pomegranate), in food and therapeutic doses, were found to be used to treat cardiovascular diseases especially in pre-eclampsia and hyperlipidemia in pregnancy. 27774898 14 20 Tomato Plant 27774898 22 31 Cranberry Plant 27774898 36 47 Pomegranate Plant 27774898 112 135 cardiovascular diseases Negative_phenotype 27774898 150 163 pre-eclampsia Negative_phenotype 27774898 168 182 hyperlipidemia Negative_phenotype 27774898 Decrease 14 20 Tomato Plant 112 135 cardiovascular diseases Negative_phenotype 27774898 Decrease 14 20 Tomato Plant 150 163 pre-eclampsia Negative_phenotype 27774898 Decrease 14 20 Tomato Plant 168 182 hyperlipidemia Negative_phenotype 27774898 Decrease 22 31 Cranberry Plant 112 135 cardiovascular diseases Negative_phenotype 27774898 Decrease 22 31 Cranberry Plant 150 163 pre-eclampsia Negative_phenotype 27774898 Decrease 22 31 Cranberry Plant 168 182 hyperlipidemia Negative_phenotype 27774898 Decrease 36 47 Pomegranate Plant 112 135 cardiovascular diseases Negative_phenotype 27774898 Decrease 36 47 Pomegranate Plant 150 163 pre-eclampsia Negative_phenotype 27774898 Decrease 36 47 Pomegranate Plant 168 182 hyperlipidemia Negative_phenotype 27774898_12 CONCLUSION: Regarding the findings of this study, we can argue that the medicinal plants, other than mono-therapy, can be used as poly-therapy, to treat cardiovascular diseases. 27774898 153 176 cardiovascular diseases Negative_phenotype