sentence: Among them , BPIFB1 and CHD4 susceptibility loci have been identified to be associated with lung cancer risk ( p = 1.79 × 10 and p < 0.001 , respectively ) and the former was also linked to age of onset of lung cancer ( p = 0.006 ) .47 , 48 Meanwhile , studies have been shown that PARP1 , NUDT1 , RAD52 and MFI2 susceptibility loci would increase the risk of other cancers , for example , PARP1 in gastric and breast cancer and MFI2 in colorectal cancer.49 , 50 , 51 These findings suggest that the existence of mutations in cancer predisposition genes may be a possible reason for their early onset of LUAD without smoking history and that a better understanding of lung cancer risk will depend on evaluation of cancer predisposition genes .