sentence: The evolution of environmental degradation phenomenon to green and gray growth concepts has enabled researchers to trace the environmental impacts of economic growth directly ( Capasso et al. 2019 ; Merino-Saum et al. 2020 ) through the distinction of GDP between the productivity-driven ( WB 2012 ; OECD 2017 ; GGGI 2020 ) and pollution-intensive outputs ( McCulligh 2018 ; Capasso et al. 2019 ) .