sentence: In this active-comparator cohort study , new users of tiotropium / olodaterol ( n = 1436 ) and tiotropium monotherapy ( n = 5352 ) were identified from a large Japanese hospital-based database ( Medical Data Vision Co ., Ltd ., Tokyo ; prespecified study period : 1 April 2015 to 31 March 2019 ) ; patients in each group were matched 1:1 using high-dimensional propensity scores ( hdPS ) .