At its greatest extent , the empire included the modern territories of Iran , Iraq , Kuwait , Syria , Jordan , Israel , Palestine , Lebanon , all significant population centers of ancient Egypt as far west as Libya , Turkey , Thrace and Macedonia , much of the Black Sea coastal regions , Armenia , Georgia , Azerbaijan , much of Central Asia , Afghanistan , northern Saudi Arabia , Pakistan , and parts of Oman and the UAE .
It spanned three continents , including parts of Afghanistan and Pakistan ; parts of Central Asia , Asia Minor , Thrace ; much of the Black Sea coastal regions ; Iraq , northern Saudi Arabia , Jordan , Israel , Lebanon , Syria ; and all significant population centers of ancient Egypt as far west as Libya .