First, you should provide Social Security the birth record of your son to prove he's born in the U.S.
just so you know...
Yes?
Social Security will contact the office that issued your son's birth record to verify it.
What if I don't have a state-issued birth record of my son?
Other documents, like his passport, can be used to prove your son's age.
Since the process can take some time, is there a way to claim my child for tax purposes until the process is completed?
Yes, you can contact the Internal Revenue Service and ask them for the form W-7A, Application for Taxpayer Identification Number for Pending U.S. Adoptions.
My kid lived outside the States for quite some time, what can I use as proof that he has never gotten a social security number?
You can use his passport or any record that shows he lived in another country. It could be school records or employment records.
Are there exceptions to the need for providing a birth certificate for U.S. born children?