ejaasaari/simplewiki-2025-04-01 huggingface dataset:
The giant salamanders are a family of large aquatic amphibia, the Cryptobranchidae.  They are the largest living amphibians. The Japanese giant salamander ("Andrias japonicus"), reaches up to , feeds on fish and crustaceans, and has been known to live for more than 50 years in captivity. The Chinese giant salamander ("Andrias davidianus") can reach a length of . They live in brooks and ponds in the eastern United States (the hellbender), and in China and Japan. Anatomy. Cryptobranchids are large, fat salamanders, with folds of skin along their flanks. These help increase the animal's surface area, allowing them to absorb more oxygen from the water.  Their metamorphosis from the larval stage is incomplete, so that the adults retain gill slits (although they also have lungs), and lack eyelids.  Chinese giant salamanders have lived as long as 75 years in captivity. It eats aquatic insects, fish, frogs and also crabs and shrimps. Hunting habits. They hunt mainly at night, and as they have poor eyesight, use sensory nodes on their head and body to detect tiny changes in water pressure, allowing them to find their prey. Reproduction. During mating season, these salamanders will travel upstream. After the fertilization of the eggs, the male will guard them for at least six months. At this point, the offspring will live off their noticeable stored fat until they are ready to hunt. Once ready they will hunt as a group rather than individually. Scientists at Asa Zoo in Japan have recently discovered that the male salamander will spawn with more than one female in his den. Sometimes the male "den master" will also allow a second male into the den, but the reason for this is unclear.
Manfred Albrecht Freiherr von Richthofen (2 May 1892 - 21 April 1918) was a German fighter aircraft pilot in World War I. His nickname was the "Red Baron". He is considered the ace-of-aces of the war, being officially credited with 80 air combat victories. The "Red Baron" is one of the most famous aviators in history and the subject of numerous representations in music, film and other media. He already received numerous honors and award for his exploits. Life. Richthofen was born in Breslau, Germany. In August 1914, Richthofen became a cavalry officer in World War I. In May 1915, he joined the air service and became an observer. He did that because the training course was shorter and would get him to fighting faster. In October, he began training as a pilot. In March 1916, he entered combat. He had his first victory in April. In 1917, he was in command of a squadron nicknamed the "flying circus". He painted his airplane red so his fellow Germans could see him. Richthofen’s sixteenth victory flying a plane made him the best pilot in Germany in 1917. On April 21, 1918, Richthofen was fatally shot, whilst flying low above the Somme Valley, near Amiens while fighting in France. He was 25 years old. He was chasing an enemy plane when a bullet passed through his chest, fatally wounding him. He then made a crash landing, in a field on a hill near the Bray-Corbie road, just north of Vaux-sur-Somme. His Fokker Dr.I was seriously damaged by the landing. One witness, Gunner George Ridgway, said that Richthofen was already dead when he and other Australian soldiers reached the plane. Canadian fighter pilot Arthur Roy Brown was officially credited with killing Richthofen. However, it is now generally agreed that the bullet that killed Richthofen was fired by a soldier on the ground. The enemy buried Richthofen's body with full military honors.
The Fokker Dr.I was a World War I fighter airplane. It was designed by Reinhold Platz and built by Fokker-Flugzeugwerke.  The Dr.I was used only in small numbers and it had many problems. It is well known as the plane flown by the "Red Baron", Manfred von Richthofen.
Elmer Earl "Butch" Hartman IV (Born January 10, 1965, Highland Park, Michigan) is an American cartoonist, animator,screenwriter, and voice actor. He is known for being the creator of "The Fairly OddParents", "Danny Phantom", T.U.F.F. Puppy and Bunsen is a Beast. He also created the Christian children’s cartoon The Garden  Childhood. Hartman was born in Highland Park, Michigan to Elmer Earl Hartman III and Carol Davis. He got the nickname "Butch" as a kid and still calls himself Butch as an adult. Hartman spent his childhood in Roseville, Michigan and his teen years in New Baltimore, Michigan. He graduated from Anchor Bay High School in New Baltimore in 1983. He then went to an art school called The California Institute of the Arts in Valencia, California. Early career. While still attending the California Institute of the Arts, Hartman received the chance to intern as an in-between animator on the Don Bluth film, "An American Tail". Shortly after graduating from the California Institute of the Arts Hartman was hired as a character designer for the animated series "My Little Pony". Instead, they had him working on storyboards (which he had not done before) and as quickly as he was hired, he was fired. Soon after Hartman found work with Ruby Slash, where he worked on "Adventures of Sonic the Hedgehog", "Captain N: The Game Master" and "Gadget Boy &amp; Heather". He was also a video reference crew for the Disney movie Pocahontas. Later, he became a writer, television director and storyboard artist for several Hanna-Barbera shows, including Dexter's Laboratory, Cow and Chicken, and Johnny Bravo.  After his contract with Hanna-Barbera finished up he went to work with former co-worker Fred Seibert on "Oh Yeah! Cartoons". He's also a friend of Seth MacFarlane and worked on MacFarlane's animated short "Zoomates" and "Dan Danger" with Steve Marmel. MacFarlane also has a character on Family Guy named after Hartman named Dr.
Modes of limited transposition are a kind of musical scale. They were used by the French composer Olivier Messiaen. Major scales have twelve different transpositions. This means that a major scale can start on any of the twelve notes (C, C#, D, D# etc.). There are also twelve different transpositions of the minor scale. Each transposition (“each scale”) is a different combination of notes (in this case: all of them). A chromatic scale (one which uses every note, i.e. using all white and black notes of a keyboard) only has one transposition. This means that a chromatic scale can start on any note: each time it is the same combination of notes. Messiaen was fascinated by scales that only had a few (usually two or three) transpositions. For example: the whole tone scale, which rises by a whole tone each time, has two transpositions. It can start, for example, on a C, so that the notes are C, D, E, F#, G#, A#, C. It can start on a C# so that the notes are C#, D#, F, G, A, B, C#. Transposing this up another semitone, starting on D, would give D, E, F#, G#, A#, C, D which is exactly the same combination of notes as the first one (the starting note is not important). The whole-tone scale was used by many composers including Glinka, Liszt and, especially, Debussy. Messiaen called it the "first mode" of transposition. Messiaen’s "second mode", also called the “octatonic scale”, rises by alternating semitone, tone, semitone, tone etc. Messiaen used this scale a great deal, not just in his tunes but in the chords that he used (i.e. melodically and harmonically). The "third mode" rises by a pattern of tone, semitone, semitone. It has four transpositions. The other four modes each have a total of six transpositions. Messiaen liked these modes because there is no note which sounds like the starting note. All the notes sound equal. He described them as having "the charm of impossibilities."
Olivier Messiaen (born Avignon, 10 December 1908; died Clichy, near Paris, 27 April 1992) was a French composer and organist. He is the most famous French composer of the mid-20th century and one of the most important and original composers of his time. He was a brilliant organist and played the organ at the church of La Trinité in Paris for over 60 years. He wrote music for orchestra, piano and organ, most of which is very difficult to play. He was also a great music teacher who taught several young students who became well-known composers e.g. Pierre Boulez, Yvonne Loriod (who became his second wife), Karlheinz Stockhausen, George Benjamin and Iannis Xenakis. Biography. Messiaen started to compose when he was seven years old. When he was given the score of Debussy’s opera "Pelléas et Mélisande" he could imagine the music in his head and he knew he wanted to be a composer. He went to the Paris Conservatoire when he was 11. His teachers included some famous composers such as Paul Dukas, Maurice Emmanuel, Charles-Marie Widor and Marcel Dupré. He was appointed organist at the church of La Trinité in Paris in 1930, a post he held until his death. When World War II broke out Messiaen was made a prisoner of war in 1940. While he was held in a Silesian camp he composed a work which was to become a very famous piece of chamber music: the "Quatour pour la fin du temps" ("Quartet for the end of time") for piano, violin, cello, and clarinet. He composed for these instruments because they were the instruments available. The piece was first performed by Messiaen and fellow prisoners to an audience of 5000 inmates and prison guards. He played a poorly maintained upright piano in freezing conditions and the trio played third-hand unkempt instruments. The work is about the life at the prison camp. Today the work is seen as one of 20th-century classical music's acknowledged master
Simplified Chinese characters are one of the two commonly used forms of Chinese characters. As the name shows, these characters were made simpler than the original characters. The original characters are called traditional Chinese characters. Simplified Chinese characters are used throughout Mainland China. They are also taught and used in some countries in Southeast Asia, including Singapore, and Malaysia. History. When the People's Republic of China was formed in 1949, the Communist Party of China wanted to help the Chinese people read and write. Before 1949, most Chinese people could not read. The government hoped that by using fewer strokes to write characters, along with many other changes in the education system, the Chinese language would become more standardized, like Japanese. The Empire of Japan had brought changes to the Japanese writing system during the earlier Meiji Restoration to make literacy and education more widely available to all Japanese citizens. Mao also hoped that simplifying Chinese characters would begin to shift Chinese people away from using the character system itself, and that eventually Chinese-speakers would only use a phonetic alphabet to write. The first set of simplified Chinese characters were first put to public use in 1956. Over time, more characters became "simplified", or existing ones changed, once in 1964 and again in 1978 and 1984.  In hopes of promoting phonetic writing, the CCP was also working creating a standard romanization to accurately represent the pronunciation of Standard Chinese, pinyin. It was first taught in primary schools in 1958. Roughly 2,000 Chinese characters have been simplified. Current use. Since the Republic of China fled to Taiwan and became separated from the rest of China, the government there did not choose to simplify its writing system. So, they still use the older traditional Chinese characters in Taiwan. The territories of Hong Kong and Macau also still use traditional characters, even though they are politically part of the rest of China, which switched to simplified characters. It could not be proven that Simplified Chinese characters were able to help people with reading and writing. As places using Traditional Chinese characters did not have literacy problems, in 2009 Pan Qing-Lin, a Chinese official, suggested to stop using Simplified Chinese
Traditional Chinese characters are one of the two commonly used forms of Chinese characters. As its name shows, it is the "traditional" written form of the Chinese language that first came about during the Han Dynasty (shortly after the Qin Dynasty) in 206 BC. The name "traditional" is used to set them apart from simplified Chinese characters. History. Court officials in the Han Dynasty believed that small seal script characters, which were standardized under Emperor Qin Shi Huangdi when he unified China, took too much time to write because Chinese characters at the time were written using curved lines instead of more angular lines. So Han officials decided to simplify writing Chinese characters by using multiple strokes, or lines, to form characters and radicals, rather than long curved lines. The changed small seal script characters are now commonly known as Hanzi (Simplified Chinese: 汉字 / Traditional Chinese: 漢字, meaning "Han characters"), because they were from the Han Dynasty. Hanzi became the standard writing system of Chinese and it even spread to other countries and languages. It was also used (with some differences) in the Japanese, Korean, and Vietnamese languages. Today, Japanese is the only non-Chinese language that still uses Chinese characters in daily life. They call them Kanji. After WWII, the Japanese simplified many of the characters. They called their simplified characters Shinjitai (which are not to be confused with simplified characters in Chinese), while traditional characters were called Kyujitai. The older, "traditional" forms of Chinese characters remained more or less the same (although there were a few changes now and then) until the People's Republic of China (PRC) was formed in 1949. At that time, the Communist Party of China (CPC) started to create simplified Chinese characters, in which anywhere between 20-30% of all the Chinese characters used in daily life were replaced by ones that had fewer strokes and were easier to write. This move by the CPC, which took place in the 1950s throughout Mainland China, was made in order to make education more available to common people, especially farmers. At the same time, the government of the Republic of China, which had fled
Windows Server 2008 is an unsupported (by now, except for Azure customers) server operating system from Microsoft, the previous version of which was Windows Server 2003. This operating system was codenamed named Windows Server "Longhorn", but on May 15, 2007, Bill Gates announced its official name on Windows Hardware Engineering Conference 2007. This operating system has several new features compared to its previous version. Many of these new features are present in Windows Vista. Windows Server 2008 removed support for processors without ACPI. It is the first version of Windows Server that includes Hyper-V and is also the final version of Windows Server that supports x86-based processors (also know as IA-32-based or 32-bit processors). Its successor, Windows Server 2008 R2 requires a 64-bit processor in any supported architecture (x86-64 for x86 and Itanium).
Windows Server 2003 is a server operating system produced by Microsoft. Introduced on April 24, 2003 as the next version to Windows 2000 Server, it was considered by Microsoft to be the cornerstone of their Windows Server System line of business server products. According to Microsoft, Windows Server 2003 is more scalable and delivers better performance than Windows 2000 Server.
Perry is an alcoholic beverage. It is made from fermented pears. It is made similar to the way cider is made from apples. Peary has been common for centuries in England. It is mostly found in the English counties of Gloucestershire, Herefordshire, and Worcestershire. Tt is also made in parts of South Wales and the Normandy and Anjou areas of France.  In more recent years, perry has also been referred to as "pear cider". Some groups (such as CAMRA) do not accept this as a name for the drink. The National Association of Cider Makers says that the terms perry and pear cider are interchangeable.
Plate tectonics is a theory of geology. It explains movement of the Earth's lithosphere. The lithosphere is the Earth's crust and the upper part of the mantle. The lithosphere is divided into plates, some of which are very large and can be entire continents. Heat from the mantle is the source of energy driving plate tectonics. Exactly how this works is still a matter of debate. This theory includes the idea of continental drift. Earth's crust. The outermost part of the structure of the Earth is made up of two layers. The lithosphere, above, is solid. It includes the crust and the uppermost part of the mantle.  Below the lithosphere is the asthenosphere. The asthenosphere is like a solid or a hot viscous liquid. It can flow like a liquid on long time scales. Large convection currents in the asthenosphere transfer heat to the surface, where plumes of less dense magma break apart the plates at the spreading centers. The deeper mantle below the asthenosphere is more rigid again. This is caused by extremely high pressure. Continental and oceanic plates. There are two types of tectonic plates: oceanic and continental. An oceanic plate is a tectonic plate at the bottom of the oceans. It is primarily made of mafic rocks, rich in iron and magnesium. It is thinner than the continental crust (generally less than 10 kilometers thick) and denser. It is also younger than continental crust. When they collide, the oceanic plate moves underneath the continental plate because of its density. As a result, it melts in the mantle and reforms. The oldest oceanic rocks are less than 200 million years old. Continental plate is the thick part of the earth's crust which forms the large land masses. Continental rock has lower density than oceanic rock. They are mostly made of felsic rocks. These have granite, with its abundant silica, aluminum, sodium and potassium. Continental plates are rarely destroyed. Their oldest rocks seem to be 4 billion years old. Oceanic plates cover about 71 percent of Earth’s surface, while continental plates cover 29 percent. Thickness of plates
The lithosphere is the solid shell of the planet "Earth". This means the crust, plus the part of the upper mantle which behaves elastically over long time scales.  Under the lithosphere is the asthenosphere, the weaker, hotter, and deeper part of the upper mantle. This part can flow.  The lithosphere provides a conductive lid on top of the convecting mantle: it reduces heat transport through the Earth. A lithosphere (Ancient Greek: λίθος [lithos] for "rocky", and σφαίρα [sphaira] for "sphere") is the rigid,[1] outermost shell of a terrestrial-type planet or natural satellite which is defined by its rigid mechanical properties. On Earth, it is composed of the crust and that portion of the upper mantle which behaves elastically on time scales of thousands of years or greater. The outermost shell of a rocky planet, the crust, is defined on the basis of its chemistry and mineralogy. Types of lithosphere :-. There are two types of lithosphere:- The lithosphere is divided into tectonic plates, which move gradually relative to one another.  Oceanic lithosphere thickens as it ages and moves away from the mid-ocean ridge. This thickening occurs by conductive cooling, which converts hot asthenosphere into lithospheric mantle, and causes the oceanic lithosphere to become increasingly dense with age. Oceanic lithosphere is less dense than asthenosphere for a few tens of millions of years, but after this becomes increasingly dense than asthenosphere.  When a continental plate comes together with an oceanic plate, at a subduction zones, the oceanic lithosphere always sinks beneath the continental.  New oceanic lithosphere is constantly being produced at mid-ocean ridges and is recycled back to the mantle at subduction zones. As a result, oceanic lithosphere is much younger than continental lithosphere: the oldest oceanic lithosphere is about 200 million years old, while parts of the continental lithosphere are billions of years old.  Another distinguishing characteristic of the lithosphere is its flow properties. Under the influence of the low-int
The New Jersey Devils are an ice hockey team that is part of the NHL. They play in the state of New Jersey. They have won the Stanley Cup, awarded to the best team in the NHL, 3 times. Year by year. "Statistics above are correct as of April 28, 2010". Franchise records. Scoring leaders. These are the top-ten point-scorers in franchise history. Figures are updated after each completed NHL regular season.  "Note: Pos = Position; GP = Games Played; G = Goals; A = Assists; Pts = Points; P/G = Points per game * = still active with the team "Updated at completion of 2008–2009 season"
Crookes is an area of the City of Sheffield, England, about 2.5 kilometers (1.5 miles) west of the center of the city. It borders Broomhill to the south, Walkley and Crookesmoor to the east and open countryside around the River Rivelin to the north. The area is  thought to have got its name from the Old Norse word "Krkor" which means a corner of land.
The Dallas Stars are a professional ice hockey team based in Dallas, Texas. They play in the National Hockey League (NHL). They have won 1 Stanley Cup, in 1999. The team began in the autumn of 1967, as the Minnesota North Stars. After the 1992-1993 season, the team moved to Dallas. Texas is known as the "Lone Star State". The team changed its name from "North Stars" to just "Stars" when they moved.
Broomhill which includes the areas of Sheffield of Broomhill, Crookesmoor, Endcliffe, and Tapton, is one of the 28 wards in City of Sheffield, in the country of England. It is in the western part of the city and covers an area of 2.7 km2. The population of this ward in 2001 was 16,800 people in 5,700 houses. Districts of Broomhill ward. Broomhill. Broomhill is a suburb of western Sheffield, England. Mostly created in the nineteenth century. The area is just west of the main building of the University of Sheffield, it is known for its large student population, and was identified in 2003 as the richest area apart from London for overall wealth. Crookesmoor. Crookesmoor is north of the University of Sheffield's main building housing its law department and sports centre, east of Crookes and south of Walkley. A residential area, it has a large but decreasing student population and is home to Crookes Valley Park. Endcliffe. Endcliffe is southwest of Broomhill and is a rich residential area, housing Birkdale School (aprivate school) and three student buildings, which are part of the University of Sheffield. Tapton. Tapton is west of Crookes. It is home to Tapton School.
Owen Hargreaves (born 20 January 1981 in Calgary, Alberta) was a Canadian-born Welsh English football player. He played his club football for Bayern Munich, Manchester United and Manchester City. He is now retired, and works as a commentator. His speciality was midfield defence, running interference in front of the back four. Honours. Bayern Munich Manchester United Individual
The asthenosphere is part of earth's mantle. It is about 100 km to 350 km under the surface. It is the lower part of the upper mantle, and behaves as a hot viscous liquid. It consists of hot, weak material that can be deformed like silly putty. That means it is capable of gradual flow. It is under the lithosphere.