ejaasaari/simplewiki-2025-04-01 huggingface dataset:
Mycobacterium is a genus of bacteria, with about 190 species.The genus includes pathogens known to cause serious diseases in mammals, including tuberculosis ("Mycobacterium tuberculosis") and leprosy ("Mycobacterium leprae"). Mycobacteria are immobile and are rod-shaped. They are mostly found in water, soil, and dust. The colony colour ranges from white to orange to pink (Iivanainen, 1999). Most mycobacteria need oxygen to survive (aerobic organisms), although some species require very little amounts of oxygen, less than what is present in the air, are called (microaerophilic bacteria) (Falkinham, 1996). Categorization. Mycobacteria can be categorized into three groups: 1.Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex – causative pathogen of tuberculosis 2.Non-tuberculosis mycobacteria (NTM) 3.Mycobacterium leprae – causative pathogen of leprosy Characterstics. The Greek prefix "myco" means "fungus". When they are on the surface of liquids, mycobacteria growth is similar to that of moulds, a kind of fungus. Mycobacteria have an external membrane, contain no layer that lies outside the bacteria (). The special characteristic about all Mycobacterium species is having a thicker cell wall than many other bacteria, which is to maintain the shape of the plasma membrane. The cell wall is waxy and rich in specific types of fats (lipids), called or . "Mycobacterium tuberculosis" can occupy different environments. However, they grow so slowly that their time exceeds 18 hours. Surprisingly, mycobacterium leprae have the longest doubling time of all bacteria. In comparison, bacteria "E. coli" only takes as short as 20 minutes to double. Clinical Manifestation. Mycobacteria can colonize their hosts without the hosts showing any adverse signs. Many people around the world have infections of "M. tuberculosis" without showing any signs of it. Mycobacterial infections are difficult to treat. The organisms are tough due to their cell wall. In addition,
Thutmose II (sometimes "Thutmosis", or "Tuthmosis II", which means "Born of Thoth") was the fourth Pharaoh of the Eighteenth dynasty of Egypt. He built some small monuments and began two small military campaigns but did little else during his rule and was probably strongly influenced by his wife, Hatshepsut. He ruled from 1493 BC to 1479 BC. Thutmose II's body was found in the Deir el-Bahri Cache above the Mortuary Temple of Hatshepsut with many other pharaohs. It can be viewed today in the Egyptian Museum in Cairo. Family. Thutmose II was the son of Thutmose I and a minor wife, Mutnofret. He may married his fully royal half-sister, Hatshepsut, in order to secure his kingship. His armies stopped rebellions in Nubia and the Levant and defeated a group of nomadic Bedouins. But these campaigns were led by the king's Generals, and not by Thutmose II himself. This is often seen as evidence that Thutmose II was still a child at his when he became king. Thutmose II fathered Neferure with Hatshepsut, and a male heir, the famous Thutmose III, by a lesser wife named Iset before his death. Some archaeologists believe that Hatshepsut was the real power behind the throne during Thutmose II’s rule. Domestic and foreign policies were similar and she claimed that her father wanted them to rule together. She is pictured in several scenes from a Karnak gateway dating to Thutmose II's reign, both together with her husband and alone. She later had herself crowned Pharaoh several years into the rule of her husband's young successor Thutmose III. "The queen's agents actually replaced the boy king's name in a few places with her own cartouches" on the gateway. The ancient historian Manetho wrote that Thutmose II ruled for 13 years. This figure is highly disputed among scholars. Some modern historians believe he ruled for only three years. Achievements. Most pharaohs are
The Mantoux test is a test developed to detect tuberculosis. In the year 1890, Robert Koch developed tuberculin, as a treatment for tuberculosis. The substance proved ineffective to treat the disease, today it is commonly used to detect it, though. Tuberculin is a substance based on the pathogen that causes tuberculosis. Charles Mantoux, a French physician, developed a test method, based on the work of Koch.  A positive test result simply says that the immune system came in contact with Mycobacteria - this does not necessarily mean that people with a positive test result have been infected with tuberculosis. Such a result, which shows as positive, even though the outcome should be negative is called "false positive".  The test shows the reaction of the immune system to tuberculin. This requires an intact immune system: People whose immune system is weakened, for example those with a HIV infection, may also show a "false negative": Their immune system may simply be too weak to react. Similarly, the use of certain substances, such as steroids may lead to false negatives.
Radiology is a field of medicine that uses medical imaging methods of ionizing radiation to detect and treat diseases. Examples include ultrasound, X-rays, Computed tomography, Positron emission tomography and Magnetic resonance imaging. In the English National Health Service a lot of radiology is outsourced to private forms, which were paid £120 million in 2021. Some are actually limited liability partnerships of NHS staff. Demand for radiology is increasing by about 10% a year.
Mobutu Sese Seko Kuku Ngbendu wa Za Banga (born Joseph-Desiré Mobutu; 14 October 1917 – 7 September 1997) () was the President of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The country was known as Zaire for much of his rule. Mobutu is commonly known as Mobutu or Mobutu Sese Seko. During the Congo Crisis, Mobutu led a coup against the nationalist government of Patrice Lumumba. He wanted to take control of the government of Congo-Léopoldville. He soon became the army chief of staff. In 1965 he led a second coup to be Prime Minister. Then in 1967 he established a presidential form of government headed by himself. As part of his program of “national authenticity,” Mobutu changed the Congo's name to Zaïre in 1971. He changed his own name to Mobutu Sese Seko in 1972. Mobutu established a one-party state and a cult of personality. He was an . During his reign, Mobutu built a highly centralized state. He attempted to purge the country of all colonial cultural influence. He got a large personal fortune through economic exploitation and corruption. Because of this some people called his rule “kleptocracy.” The nation suffered from uncontrolled inflation, a large debt, and massive currency devaluations. By 1991 economic deterioration and unrest led him to agree to share power with opposition leaders. He used the army to stop this change. In May 1997 rebel forces, led by Laurent Kabila, removed him from the country. Mobutu Sese Seko is notorious for the corruption, nepotism, and embezzlement of billions of dollars that took place during his reign. He also had extravagances such as Concorde-flown shopping trips to Paris. Mobutu presided over the country for some four decades, despite many reports of abuses and human-rights violations. As such, many have described him as the "archetypal African dictator". Mobutu died in 1997 of prostate cancer in Morocco.
Michael Gregory "Mike" Rowe (born March 18, 1962) is an American actor, singer, television host, and narrator. He is best known for his voice-over work on commercials and as the host of the television program "Dirty Jobs". Rowe has acted on television, stage and movies as well as radio. He does a large amount of work as a narrator and has even been an opera singer. Rowe was born on March 18, 1962 in Baltimore, Maryland. He studied at Overlea High School, at Essex Community College, and at Towson State University. He now lives in San Francisco, California.
Bryan Jay Singer (born September 17, 1965) is an American movie director, producer and screenwriter. Singer is known for his works in "The Usual Suspects", the "X-Men" movies and "Superman Returns". He has won a Saturn Award. Singer was born on September 17, 1965 in New York City. He was adopted and raised in West Windsor Township, New Jersey. He studied at West Windsor-Plainsboro High School South, at School of Visual Arts, and at the USC School of Cinematic Arts in Los Angeles. Singer is openly gay. On April 16, 2014, Singer was accused of sexually abusing a 17-year-old boy in a federal lawsuit filed in Hawaii. The accuser said Singer provided him with drugs and alcohol to encourage him to have sex on more than one occasion in 1999.
James Paul Marsden (born September 18, 1973) is an American movie, television, stage, and voice actor, singer, and a former model. Marsden is known for his role as Scott Summers or Cyclops in the first three "X-Men" movies. He is also known for his roles in "Hop", "Superman Returns", "Hairspray", "Enchanted", "The Notebook", and in "27 Dresses". Marsden was born on September 18, 1973 in Stillwater, Oklahoma. He studied at Hefner Middle School, at Putnam City North High School, and at Oklahoma State Univerity. Marsden was married to Lisa Linde from 2000 until they divorced in 2011. They had two children.
Brandon James Routh (born October 9, 1979) is an American movie, television, stage, voice actor and former fashion model who is known for his roles as Daniel Shaw in "Chuck" and as Superman in "Superman Returns". He won a Saturn Award in 2006. Routh is also known for his roles in "Zack and Miri Make a Porno" and "Scott Pilgrim vs. the World". In 2013, Routh voiced David "Hesh" Walker in the video game "". In 2014, he starred on "Arrow" as Ray Palmer/Atom which spun off into a guest role on "The Flash" and a starring role on "Legends of Tomorrow". Routh was born on October 9, 1979 in Norwalk, Iowa. Routh studied at the University of Iowa for a year to be a writer. During this time, he modeled and acted in order to earn his tuition fee. Routh has been married to Courtney Ford since 2007. They have a son, Leo James.
Richard Joseph "Dick" Durbin (born November 21, 1944) is the senior United States Senator from Illinois. He is also the Senate Minority Whip, the second highest position in the Democratic Party leadership in the Senate. Durbin was born on November 21, 1944 in East St. Louis, Illinois. He graduated from the Georgetown University School of Foreign Service and Georgetown University Law Center. Durbin is married to Loretta Schaefer. They had three children. In 2008, their daughter died from heart problems. Working in state legal counsel throughout the 1970s, he made an unsuccessful run for Lieutenant Governor of Illinois in 1978. He was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives in 1982, representing the Springfield-based 20th congressional district. In 1996, he won election to the U.S. Senate by an unexpected 15 points. He became the Senate Democratic Whip in 2005. From January 3, 2007 to January 3, 2015, he was the Senate Majority Whip because his party had the majority. Durbin is the only the fifth United States senator from Illinois to serve the position of United States Senate Minority Whip.
Madison Bumgarner (b. August 1, 1989) nicknamed "MadBum" or "Big Country" is a Major League Baseball player for the San Francisco Giants. He was born in Hickory, North Carolina. He is a left handed pitcher. Bumgarner was selected in the first round in the 2007 Major League Baseball Draft. He was named a starting pitcher on "Baseball America"'s 2010 All-Rookie Team.
Tedy Lacap Bruschi (born June 9, 1973) is a former NFL New England Patriots player. Bruschi won three Super Bowl rings and was a two-time All-Pro selection. Bruschi joined ESPN as an analyst after leaving football.
Benjamin Kogo (30 November 1944 – 20 January 2022) was a Kenyan athlete. His main sport was 3000 metre steeplechase running. He won a silver medal at the 1968 Summer Olympics. He won gold at the first All-Africa Games held in 1965 in Brazzaville. Kogo was born in Arwos, Nandi District. He died from prostate cancer on January 20, 2022 at the age of 77.
Leslie Jean Mann (born March 26, 1972) is an American movie, television, stage, and voice actress who is known for her roles in "Funny People", "ParaNorman", "This Is 40", "Knocked Up", and in "The Change-Up". Mann was born on March 26, 1972 in San Francisco, California. She studied at Corona del Mar High School. She has been married to Judd Apatow since 1997. They have two children. She is the older sister of Anderson Mann.
Polio vaccines are vaccines that prevent poliomyelitis (or polio). Two types of polio vaccines are used throughout the world. The first type was developed by Jonas Salk and first tested in 1952. Announced to the world by Salk on April 12, 1955, it is an injection of inactivated (dead) poliovirus. The second type was an oral vaccine developed by Albert Sabin, using attenuated poliovirus. An attenuated virus is a much less harmful strain of the same virus. Human trials of Sabin's vaccine began in 1957 and it was licensed in 1962.  There is no long term carrier for poliovirus (carriers are people who carry the virus but have no symptoms of the disease), and polioviruses have no non-primate reservoir in nature. The virus cannot survive in the open environment for a long time. Therefore, interruption of person to person transmission of the virus by vaccination is the key step in removing polio entirely. The two vaccines have eliminated polio from most countries in the world. Polio worldwide has dropped from about 350,000 cases in 1988 to 1,652 cases in 2007.
Nicholas John Frost (born 28 March 1972) is an English actor, comedian and screenwriter. He is best known for playing roles like Mike Watt in "Spaced", Ed in "Shaun of the Dead", Danny Butterman in "Hot Fuzz", Clive Gollings in "Paul", and Ron in "Attack the Block". He is also known for working with Simon Pegg. Frost was born on 28 March 1972 in Dagenham, London, England. He studied at Bell High School. He is married to Christina Frost.
This is a list of cities in The Bahamas. The following table lists the city or town name, the geographic coordinates, the population as of the 1990 census, an estimate of the population as of 2009, and the island name.
Cecilius Calvert, 2nd Baron Baltimore (August 8, 1605 – November 30, 1675), was a member of the English nobility who started the colony of Maryland in the British colonies. He was the first Proprietary Governor of the Province of Maryland. Before that, he was the ninth Proprietary Governor of the Colony of Newfoundland (in what is today Canada). His father was George Calvert, 1st Baron Baltimore. George Calvert was chosen to be the proprietary governor of both Maryland and Newfoundland, but he died before he could take the position. He was called "Cecil Calvert." Cecil was a Roman Catholic and the colony of Maryland was officially Catholic. He managed Maryland from his home in England. Maryland was known for its religious toleration. At the time, there was a lot of religious persecution in England. Many Catholics fled (ran away to) Maryland because their religion was accepted there. Calvert was governor of Maryland for forty-two years. He died in England on November 30, 1675, aged 70 years. The city of Baltimore is named for him.
Gabourey "Gabby" Sidibe (born May 6, 1983) is an American movie and television actress who started her career in the 2009 movie "" as Claireece "Precious" Jones, for which she won many awards and was nominated for an Academy Award. Sidibe was born on May 6, 1983 in Bedford–Stuyvesant, Brooklyn, New York City. She studied at Borough of Manhattan Community College, at City College of New York, and at Mercy College.
America Georgina Ferrera (born April 18, 1984) is an American movie, television, stage, and voice actress. She is best known for her role as Betty Suarez in "Ugly Betty". For her role as Betty Suarez, she won an Golden Globe Award, Emmy Award, and an Screen Actors Guild Award. Ferrera was born on April 18, 1984 in Los Angeles, California. She studied at the University of Southern California. She is married to Ryan Piers Williams since 2011. Ferrera is a Democrat and attended the 2012 Democratic National Convention in support of President Obama's re-election.
William Thomas "Bill" Hader Jr. (born June 7, 1978) is an American actor, comedian, director, producer and writer. He is best known for his roles in "Saturday Night Live", "Barry", "Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs", "Superbad", "Hot Rod", "Tropic Thunder", "Adventureland", "Paul", "Forgetting Sarah Marshall", ', "Inside Out", ', "The BFG" and as adult Richie Tozier in "It – Chapter Two". He married Maggie Carey in 2006 and they had 3 children. Hader and Carey separated in 2017 and Hader later filed for divorce several months later in December 2017. The divorce was finalized in 2018.
Jack Gilford (July 25, 1908 – June 4, 1990) was an American movie, television, stage actor, and comedian. He was known for his roles in "Cocoon", "A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum Movie", "Caveman", "They Might Be Giants", and in "Catch-22". Gilford was born on July 25, 1908 in New York City, New York. He was married to Madeline Lee from 1949 until his death in 1990. Gilford died on June 4, 1990 in New York City, New York from stomach cancer, aged 81.
'"Tchoukball"' is an indoor team sport. It was created in the 1970's by Swiss biologist Hermann Brandt. Brandt believed that "The objective of all physical activities is not to make champions, but make a contribution to building a harmonious society". He wanted to create a team sport which did not involve the injuries which he saw as being a problem in other sports. The sport is usually played on an indoor court that is by }. At each end, there is a 'frame' (a device similar to a trampoline off which the ball bounces). This frame measures . There is also a semicircular D-shaped area measuring in radius around the frame which players cannot enter. The game is played with two teams of 12 players on each team. Of the twelve players on a team, seven may be on the court at any one time. Each team can score on both ends on the field. In order to score a point, the ball must be thrown by an attacking player, hit the frame and bounce outside the 'D' without being caught by the defending team. Physical contact is not allowed, and defenders may not try to stop the attacking team's passes. Players may take three steps with the ball and can hold the ball for at most three seconds. Teams may not pass the ball more than three times before shooting at the frame. Tchoukball has become an international sport. It is played in Brazil, Canada, China, the Czech Republic, Great Britain, Hong Kong, India, Italy, Japan, Macau, Singapore, Switzerland, Taiwan, and the United States. It is governed by the Féderation Internationale de Tchoukball (FITB, founded in 1971). Taiwan hosted the 2004 World Championships and won both the women's and junior championships. The Swiss won the men's championship. The 2006, European Championships were held in Switzerland. Great Britain won both the Men's and Under-18's titles. Switzerland won the Ladies event.
David Wayne Spade (born July 22, 1964) is an American stand-up comedian, actor, writer, and television personality, known for his roles as Dennis Finch in "Just Shoot Me!", Marcus Higgins in "Grown Ups", and Russell Dunbar in "Rules of Engagement". He is also known as the voice of Kuzco in "The Emperor's New Groove" and "Kronk's New Groove". Spade was born on July 22, 1964 in Birmingham, Michigan. Spade moved to Scottsdale, Arizona at age four. He studied at Arizona State University. Spade has a daughter named Harper. The mother is Jillian Grace, a Playboy Playmate.
Lee Dong-hae () (born 15 October 1986 ), commonly known as just Donghae (), is a South Korean singer, songwriter and actor. He is best known as a member of the K-pop boy band Super Junior and its subgroup, Super Junior-M and Super Junior-Donghae &amp; Eunhyuk. He is also one of the first four Korean artists to appear on Chinese postage stamps.
Kristine Sutherland (born Kristine Young on April 17, 1955, in Boise, Idaho) is an American actress. She is best known for her role as Buffy Summers' mother Joyce Summers on the television series "Buffy The Vampire Slayer". Early life. Sutherland was born Kristine Young. She changed her name because she was often confused with another actress with a similar name. The last name "Sutherland" was after her cat, whom she named "Donald" after Donald Sutherland She attended high school in Lexington, Kentucky. After graduating, she studied at the University of Kentucky. Kristine Sutherland is not related to Donald Sutherland or his son Kiefer Sutherland. Career. Sutherland's first movie role was as Mae Thompson in the 1989 movie "Honey, I Shrunk the Kids". In 1997, she tried out for the role of Joyce Summers on The WB Television Network's television series "Buffy the Vampire Slayer". Creator Joss Whedon later said that one of the reasons he chose Sutherland for the role was the fact that she had a warm demeanor, as well as what he felt she look similar to actress Sarah Michelle Gellar, who was to play her daughter in the series. She was on the series often for the first five seasons. After she left at the end of season five, she returned for three more guest appearances. In April 2008, she had a guest starring role on "New Amsterdam". Personal life. Sutherland is married to actor John Pankow. He is best known as "Ira" on "Mad About You". They have one daughter named Eleanore.
A mirage is an image that is distorted by the atmosphere so that its form and location can look very different from the actual object. It is caused by the way light bends as it passes through layers of air of different temperatures. The words "mirage" and "mirror" come from the same root word, which means "to look at”. Cause. Normally, light travels in a straight line, but it will change direction depending on what it passes through. This bending is called "refraction." Gases, such as air, become thinner as they get warmer. As a result, light tends to curve (or refract) towards the colder layer of air. This makes the image appear to come from a different direction than the original object. There are two basic types of mirage, depending on which direction the temperature changes, inferior and superior. Inferior. An inferior mirage is arguably the most common type seen over land. In daytime, air near solid ground is typically warmer than the air above it. When light from the sky passes through it, a shimmering, fragmented image of the sky may appear to come from the ground, resembling water. Superior. Sometimes a mirage can appear to come from higher up than the original object. When the colder air is lower (called an inversion layer), as it often is over large bodies of water or ice, the apparent direction of the mirage will be opposite that of an inferior mirage. For example, the distorted image of a ship or an island may appear on or above the surface, even if the original object is hidden below the horizon. A "Fata Morgana" is a complex superior mirage whose appearance can change quickly and dramatically. Its name refers to Morgan le Fay, a mythical enchantress strongly associated with Arthurian legends. In times past, the disturbing images seen as part of the mirage were attributed to illusions created by magic. Artificial. A mirage-like effect can be achieved by allowing a soluble substance like sugar or salt to slowly dissolve in a deep container of water, so that there is more sugar in the water near the bottom than in the water above it. This can refract the image of an object seen through it in a similar manner as a superior mirage often seen over open water.