ejaasaari/simplewiki-2025-04-01 huggingface dataset:
In psychology, compensation is a way people hide something that they cannot do well, by doing something else really well. They may not even be aware that they are doing it. Compensation can hide real or imagined problems and personal or physical inferiority. However it does not really solve the cause of the problem. Positive compensations may help a person overcome difficulties. But negative compensations do not, and can even make the problems worse. There are two kinds of negative compensation: A well-known example of failing overcompensation, can be seen in people going through a mid life crisis. Approaching midlife many people (especially men) lack the energy to maintain their psychological defenses, including their compensatory acts. Origin. Alfred Adler, founder of individual psychology, used the word compensation in relation inferiority feelings. In his book "Study of Organ Inferiority and Its Physical Compensation" (1907) he wrote if a person feels inferior (weak) then they will (usually) try to compensate for it somewhere else. Adler's reason to explore this was from his own experience. He was shy and yet he pushed himself to give lectures. Adler also "transferred" this idea of compensation to psychic training. Cultural implications. Narcissistic people, by compensation theory, hide their feelings of low self-esteem by: Narcissistic children try to compensate for their jealousy and anger by fantasizing about: Christopher Lasch, an American historian and social critic wrote in his book "The Culture of Narcissism" (1979) that North American society in the 1970s was narcissistic. The narcissistic society: Therefore, it is "fascinated" with fame. Consumption can be an example of compensation (see study by Allison J. Pugh: "From compensation to ‘childhood wonder’"). Examples:
A shingle beach (or pebble beach) is a beach made of pebbles, not sand. The stones may be from diameter. These beaches strongly resist erosion by waves. This beach landform is quite common in Western Europe, because the pebbles come from the lines of flint in the chalk. Chesil Bank is an example. When the chalk erodes, the tough flint stays as pebbles. Other examples are found in Bahrain, North America and in a number of other places. On the east coast of New Zealand's South Island, there are mixed shingle and sand fans in the braided rivers.
Puddingstone is a kind of sedimentary rock. It is formed when pebbles, perhaps from a shingle beach, are cemented together by silica coming out of solution. The rock which forms is extremely hard and resistant to wear. It is used for grindstones and building. The pebbles are usually made of flint, and both they and the matrix are made of silica.
In mathematics, a injective function is a function "f" : "A" → "B" with the following property: for every element "b" in the codomain "B", there is at most one element "a" in the domain "A" such that "f"("a")="b", or equivalently, distinct elements in the domain map to distinct elements in the codomain. The term "injection" and the related terms "surjection" and "bijection" were introduced by Nicholas Bourbaki. In the 1930s, he and a group of other mathematicians published a series of books on modern advanced mathematics. An injective function is often called a 1-1 (read "one-to-one") function. However, this is to be distinguished from a 1-1 correspondence, which is a bijective function (both injective and surjective). Basic properties. Formally: formula_1  is an injective function if  formula_2  or equivalently formula_1  is an injective function if  formula_4 The element formula_5 is called a pre-image of the element formula_6 if formula_7 . Injections have one or none pre-images for every element "b" in "B". Cardinality. Cardinality is the "number" of elements in a set. The cardinality of "A"={X,Y,Z,W} is 4. This is written as #"A"=4. If the cardinality of the codomain is less than the cardinality of the domain, then the function cannot be an injection. For example, there is no injection from 6 elements to 5 elements, since it is impossible to map 6 elements to 5 elements without a duplicate. Examples. Elementary functions. Let "f"("x"):ℝ→ℝ be a real-valued function "y"="f"("x") of a real-valued argument "x". (This means both the input and output are real numbers.) Example: The linear function of a slanted line is 1-1. That is, "y"="
Lorient is a commune and seaport in the Morbihan department in Brittany. Sister cities. Lorient is twinned with:
Bongo may mean: In nature: In geography: In entertainment: In vehicles: In fiction: In other uses:
In mathematics, a surjective or onto function is a function "f" : "A" → "B" with the following property. For every element "b" in the codomain "B", there is at least one element "a" in the domain "A" such that "f"("a")="b". This means that no element in the codomain is unmapped, and that the range and codomain of "f" are the same set. The term "surjection" and the related terms "injection" and "bijection" were introduced by the group of mathematicians that called itself . In the 1930s, this group of mathematicians published a series of books on modern advanced mathematics. The French prefix "sur" means "above" or "onto" and was chosen since a surjective function maps its domain on to its codomain. Basic properties. Formally: formula_1  is a surjective function if  formula_2 such that formula_3 where the element formula_4 is called the image of the element formula_5, and the element formula_5 a pre-image of the element formula_4.  The formal definition can also be interpreted in two ways:  A pre-image does "not" have to be unique. In the top image, both {X} and {Y} are pre-images of the element {1}. It is only important that there be at least one pre-image. Examples. Elementary functions. Let "f"("x"):ℝ→ℝ be a real-valued function "y"="f"("x") of a real-valued argument "x". (This means both the input and output are numbers.) Finding a pre-image "x"o for a given "y"o is equivalent to either question: In mathematics, we can find exact (analytic) roots only of polynomials of first, second (and third) degree. We find roots of all other functions approximately (numerically). This means a formal proof of surjectivity is rarely direct. So the discussions below are informal. Example: The linear function of a slanted line is "onto". That
Shikasta is a 1979 science fiction novel. The full title is Re: Colonised Planet 5, Shikasta. British Nobel Prize in Literature-winner Doris Lessing wrote it as the first book in her five-book "Canopus in Argos" series. Alfred A. Knopf published it first in the United States in October 1979. Jonathan Cape published the book in the United Kingdom in November 1979. Shikasta is also the name of the fictional planet featured in the novel. The book has a subtitle, "Personal, psychological, historical documents relating to visit by Johor (George Sherban) Emissary (Grade 9) 87th of the Period of the Last Days". 'The novel is the history of the planet Shikasta under the influence of three galactic empires: Canopus, Sirius, and their shared enemy, Puttiora. The book is a series of reports by Canopean visitors to Shikasta. They record what happens on the planet which is very similar to Earth. The novel shows the Earth's prehistory, how things became worse, the "Century of Destruction" (the 20th-century), and the Apocalypse (World War III). "Shikasta" uses stories and images from the Old Testament and is influenced by spiritual and mystical themes in Sufism. Lessing had become interested in this Islamic belief system in the mid-1960s. The book was a major shift of focus in Lessing's writing, from realism to science fiction. Many of her readers were unhappy with the change. Critics gave the book both good and bad reviews. Some were impressed by the way the book showed a wide view of humanity and the universe. One reviewer called it a brave "and disturbing work from one of the world's great living writers". Others reviewers disliked the novel because it was depressing and humanity had no free will. People's lives were controlled by galactic empires. The story of Shikasta is retold in the third book of the "Canopus" series, "The Sirian Experiments" (1980). In that book, the story is told from the point of view
HOMO stands for highest occupied molecular orbital. LUMO stands for lowest unoccupied molecular orbital. The energy difference between the HOMO and LUMO is termed the HOMO-LUMO gap. HOMO and LUMO are sometimes referred to as frontier orbitals. Each molecular orbital has a calculated energy level. Chemists sort the molecular orbitals (MOs) by energy levels. Chemists assume that the electrons will occupy the lowest energy level MOs first. For example, if a molecule has enough electrons to fill 15 MOs, the 15 MOs with the lowest energy levels will be occupied. The 15th MO on the list would be called the "highest occupied molecular orbital" (HOMO) and the 16th MO on the list would be the "lowest unoccupied molecular orbital" (LUMO). The difference in the HOMO's energy level and the LUMO's energy level is called the band gap. The band gap can sometimes serve as a measure of the excitability of the molecule: the smaller the energy, the more easily a molecule's electrons will be excited. For example, this can help predict whether a substance will have luminescence. SOMO. A SOMO is a "singly occupied molecular orbital" such as half-filled HOMO of a radical.
Roald Hoffmann (born July 18, 1937) is a Polish-born American theoretical chemist of Jewish descent. He won the 1981 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. He currently teaches at Cornell University in Ithaca, New York. He was born in Zloczov, Poland (now Ukraine) Hoffmann survived The Holocaust and moved to the United States in 1949.
In organic chemistry and biochemistry, substituent is the name for a single atom or for a group of atoms that take the position of another atom in a molecule. They replace this atom. This reaction is called a substitution reaction. The atom or group of atoms that gets replaced is called the leaving group. The terms substituent, side chain, group, branch, or pendant group are used in the same way to describe branches from a parent structure. These terms have different meanings in polymer chemistry. In polymers, side chains extend from a backbone structure, while they are attached to the alpha carbon atoms of the amino acid backbone in proteins.  Organic chemistry has rules for naming compounds with substituent groups. The substituent group is listed first with a suffix to describe how it is attached to the main carbon chain. The suffix -yl is used when naming organic compounds that contain a single bond replacing one hydrogen. -ylidene and -ylidyne are used for double bonds and triple bonds respectively. When naming hydrocarbons that contain a substituent, position numbers may be used. These number will indicate which carbon atom the substituent is attached to. One case where this information is needed is that of isomers. The phrases most-substituted and least-substituted are often used to describe molecules and predict their products. For example: Structures. In a structural diagram or formula, the letters R or X are used to represent a substituent group. An organic substituent such as methyl, ethyl, aryl can be written as R (or R1, R2, etc.) This is a generic placeholder. The "R" derived from "radical" or "rest". The R can represent as many atoms as the author wants. The first to use this symbol was Charles Frédéric Gerhardt in 1844. The symbol X can represent electronegative substituents such as the halides.
The greater rhea, "Rhea americana", is a flightless bird found in South America. The greater rhea is also known as grey, common rhea, or the American rhea. The species, first described by Carl Linnaeus in 1758, is found in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay. The greater rhea takes its scientific name from the Greek goddess Rhea and the Latin word for "America". It has a length of and a wingspan of . Weighing , the greater rhea is the largest bird in South America.
Petr Kalandra (10 March 1950 – 7 September 1995) was a Czech musician, guitarist, harmonica player, vocalist and songwriter. He was member of A.S.P.M., Blues Session and Marsyas. He died in September 1995. In 2006, he was inducted into the Beatová síň slávy (Beat Hall of Fame).
Till Eulenspiegel's Merry Pranks (German: "Till Eulenspiegels lustige Streiche") is a very well-known piece of music for orchestra by Richard Strauss. It is a tone poem (a piece of music which tells some kind of story). In this work, Richard Strauss describes the adventures of Till Eulenspiegel who was the character in a series of stories written in Germany many years ago. Till Eulenspiegel was a kind of folk hero. He was a naughty boy who got up to all kinds of tricks. The music is very humorous and describes his adventures. The music is played by a large orchestra. There is a small clarinet (normally an E flat clarinet, although in Strauss's day he used a D clarinet) that describes the character of Till. Till is also represented by a French horn. The music. The music starts with the main theme, which is like saying: 'Once upon a time'. The horn plays one of Till's themes and this is taken up by the orchestra. The small clarinet is then heard, sounding like Till laughing. He rides his horse through the market and knocks lots of things off the stalls, then flirts with the girls (the first violin plays a theme which suggests love). Till gets on his horse again. Then suddenly there is a funeral march. Till has been caught and he is sentenced to death. Till pleads to be let free and tries to joke his way out of his troubles, but the executioner takes no notice. Till is taken to the gallows (small clarinet), the flutes rattle as he reaches the top. The small clarinet describes his death scream, and then he is executed (strings playing pizzicato. There is a short silence, then the music returns to the opening 'Once upon a Time' theme, but the music finishes with a little joke, as if saying that someone like Till can never be destroyed.
The Thomson's gazelle ("Gazella thomsonii") is the most common gazelle in East Africa. It is a kind of small antelope. It is named after explorer Joseph Thomson and, as a result, is sometimes referred to as a "tommie". They can be found on ranches and farmland throughout East Africa, and survive long after other species have been killed off or migrated away. Description. Thomson's gazelles are commonly referred to as "tommies". Tommies stand at about half a meter (22-26 inches) tall and weigh in between 15 and 25 kilograms (35-55 pounds). Although very similar in appearance to the Grant's gazelle, they have some distinguishing features. Predators. The tommy has adapted to drier life on the open grass plains of East Africa, mainly southern Kenya and northern Tanzania. Although tommies have many predators, including cheetahs, lions, leopards, crocodiles and hyenas, they are frequently the last animals left on an abandoned ranch or farmland.  Their major predators are cheetahs, which can run faster, but gazelles can outlast them in long chases and are able to make turns more speedily. This small antelope-gazelle can run extremely fast, from , to 96 km/h (60 mph) and zigzag, a peculiarity which often saves it from predators.  Sometimes they are also chased by leopards, lions and hyenas, but the gazelles are faster and more agile; these predators attack especially the young or infirm individuals. They can also be devoured by crocodiles and pythons, and their fawns are sometimes the prey of eagles, jackals, and baboons. A noticeable behaviour of Thomson's gazelles is their bounding leap, known as stotting or pronking, used to startle predators and display strength.
In organic chemistry, a diene ( ) or diolefin ( ) is a hydrocarbon that contains two carbon pi bonds.  Conjugated dienes are functional groups, with a general formula of CnH2n-2. Dienes and alkynes are functional isomers. Dienes occur occasionally in nature but are widely used in the polymer industry. Classes. Dienes can be divided into three classes, depending on the relative location of the double bonds:  Compounds that contain more than two double bonds are called polyenes. Polyenes and dienes, share many of their properties. Cycloadditions. An important reaction for conjugated dienes is the Diels–Alder reaction. Many specialized dienes have been developed to exploit this reactivity for the synthesis of natural products, e.g. Danishefsky’s diene.
In chemistry, a conjugated system is a system of continuous and parallel p-orbitals with delocalized electrons. Conjugated systems are created by several multiple bonds, each separated by single bonds. In general, conjugated systems may lower the overall energy of the molecule and increase how steady it is. They can contain lone pairs, radicals or carbonium ions. The compound may be cyclic, acyclic, linear or mixed. In most cases, the atoms in a molecule are held together by single bonds (where orbitals from adjacent atoms overlap). Molecules which have a conjugated system have unique properties different from normal compounds created by the sharing of the delocalized electrons among many atoms. Conjugation is the overlap of one p-orbital with another across a sigma bond (or single bond) that is in between. (The d-orbitals of larger atoms can also contribute to a conjugated system). A conjugated system has a region of overlapping p-orbitals, bridging the single bonds that are between. They allow a delocalization of pi electrons across all the adjacent aligned p-orbitals. The pi electrons do not belong to a single bond or atom, but rather to a group of atoms. The largest conjugated systems (with the greatest number of shared electrons) are in graphite, conductive polymers, and carbon nanotubes. Mechanism. Different types of molecular structures can result in conjugation. For conjugation, all the neighboring atoms in a chain must have an available p-orbital. In many cases, conjugated systems are a series of a single bonds each followed by a double bond. Other systems exist. For example, furan (see picture) is a five-membered ring with two alternating double bonds and an oxygen in position 1. The Oxygen in furan has two lone pairs, one of which fills a p-orbital on that position. The lone pair electron makes conjugation possible on a five-membered ring. The presence of a nitrogen in the ring can be a source of pi orbitals needed for conjugation. Also, pi orbitals needed for conjugation can come from substituent groups α to the ring like: a carbony
Kurt Alder (July 10, 1902 – June 20, 1958) was a German chemist and Nobel laureate. Biography. Alder was born in the industrial area of Königshütte, Silesia (modern day Chorzów). He received his early schooling there. Alder left the area for political reasons when Königshütte became part of Poland in 1922. He studied chemistry at the University of Berlin from 1922, and later at the University of Kiel where his earned a PhD in 1926 for work supervised by Diels. In 1930 Alder was appointed reader for chemistry at Kiel, and promoted to lecturer in 1934. In 1936 he left Kiel to join I G Farben Industrie at Leverkusen, where he worked on synthetic rubber. In 1940, he was appointed Professor of Experimental Chemistry and Chemical Technology at the University of Cologne and Director of the Institute of Chemistry there. Throughout this time and despite the many obstacles to original research in Europe at the time, he continued a systematic program of investigations of his particular interests in the synthesis of organic compounds. In all he published more than 151 papers in this field. Alder received several honorary degrees and other awards, most famously the 1950 Nobel Prize in Chemistry which he shared with his teacher Diels for their work on what is now known as the Diels–Alder reaction. The lunar crater Alder is named in his honour. The insecticide aldrin, created through a Diels–Alder reaction, is also named for him.
Kenichi Fukui (October 4, 1918–January 9, 1998) was a Japanese chemist. He won the 1981 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. Early life. Fukui was the oldest of three sons of Ryokichi Fukui, who was a merchant. He was born in Nara, Japan. He graduated from Kyoto Imperial University in 1941. Career. Fukui worked at the Army Fuel Laboratory of Japan during World War II.{ In 1943, he was appointed a lecturer in fuel chemistry at Kyoto Imperial University. He was professor of physical chemistry at Kyoto University from 1951 to 1982. He was president of the Kyoto Institute of Technology between 1982 and 1988. Fukui shared the 1981 Nobel Prize with Roald Hoffmann. Fukui and Hoffmann worked separately on the mechanisms of chemical reactions. Fukui explained in his Nobel lecture that,  "It is only after the remarkable appearance of the brilliant work by Woodward and Hoffmann that I have become fully aware that not only the density distribution but also the nodal property of the particular orbitals have significance in such a wide variety of chemical reactions."
Woodward's rules are a set of rules about how organic chemical compounds absorb ultraviolet light. They give information about the wavelength of the absorption maximum (symbol λmax ) in an ultraviolet-visible (UV) spectrum of a compound. The rules are named after Robert Burns Woodward. He was a Harvard University professor who won the 1965 Nobel Prize in chemistry. The rules are sometimes called the Woodward-Fieser rules, to also honor Louis Fieser.  The rules build the prediction on the type of chromophores present, the substituents on the chromophores, and changes due to the solvent. Examples are conjugated carbonyl compounds, conjugated dienes, and polyenes. Implementation. One set of Woodward-Fieser rules for dienes is shown in table one. A diene is either homoannular with both double bonds contained in one ring or heteroannular with two double bonds distributed between two rings. In the compound on the left the base value is 214 nm (a heteroannular diene). This diene group has 4 alkyl substituents (labeled 1,2,3,4) and the double bond in one ring is exocyclic to the other (adding 5 nm for an exocyclic double bond). In the compound on the right, the diene is homoannular with 4 alkyl substituents. Both double bonds in the central B ring are exocyclic with respect to rings A and C.
The Lemon shark is a shark that gets its name from its deep yellow back. Its belly is off-white. Lemon sharks are usually eight to ten feet long. They have long, sharp teeth for catching slippery fish. Lemon sharks are common on the southeast coast of the United States of America. The jaws of a Lemon Shark are wide and are not easily opened repeativley. The jaws are opened by muscle activity in the dorsal and ventral preorbitalis. (midventral surface of the chondrocranium) It's function is to allow the shark to open its mouth to eat or consume its prey and use it's teeth properly in order to eat. Description. The Lemon shark gets its name from the fact that it is yellow in colour. The underside is usually white or a lighter yellowish colour. Besides yellow, the Lemon shark is also brown and olive grey in colour. The Lemon shark is stocky, blunt-nosed, and has two dorsal fins of similar size and shape. The first dorsal fin is low and positioned at the back of the pectoral fins, and the second dorsal is of similar shape and size and positioned at the front of the anal fin. The pelvic fin weakly concave (curving inwards) rear margins, and the pectoral fin's outer margin is slightly convex (curving outwards), and both fins are weakly falcate. The snout is round and shorter than the width of the mouth. There is no mid-dorsal ridge present on this species. The upper teeth are narrow and broad with triangular smooth-edged cusps and finely serrated bases. These teeth get more oblique as they get closer to the corner of the mouth. The lower teeth are narrow and triangular with smooth-edged cusps. Lemon shark scales are large and overlapping with 3 to 5 ridges. The middle ridge is high, sharp and separated by deep furrows, and the back margins are opposite the primary ridges. The basal plates and pedicels are broad.  Lemon sharks usually range between the lengths of , and have a growth rate of 0.21 inches per year (0.54 cm per year). The maximum length that