ejaasaari/simplewiki-2025-04-01 huggingface dataset:
Adopted on March 30, 1870, the Fifteenth Amendment (Amendment XV) to the United States Constitution granted African-American men the right to vote. It was one of the Reconstruction Amendments. Background. Nowhere in the original Constitution or the Bill of Rights were Americans given the right to vote. The Fifteenth Amendment gave African-American men the right to vote. But not until the 1960s did judicial interpretation of the Fourteenth Amendment conclude the right to vote was a fundamental right of all citizens. The reasons behind the omissions of voting rights in the Bill of Rights and Constitution is that including them would have been too controversial at the time. Each state had different rules for who could vote. Some allowed free blacks the right to vote. Others allowed women the right to vote. A few states required ownership of property in order to vote. In the Election of 1868, Republican Party candidate, Ulysses S. Grant, won the presidency by only a narrow majority of the popular vote. He received support from free black voters in the South. Without that support, he probably would have lost the election. At the time blacks could not vote in the Northern states. The Republican party needed help to stay in power and thought that black votes would help. At the time Republicans controlled both the Senate and House. The proposed amendment was passed by Congress in 1869 and sent to the states for ratification. It was quickly ratified by three-quarters of the states in early 1870. Part of the reason why is that Republicans also controlled the state governments in the South. Southern Democrats were not able to block the measure. Results. After passage, the Fifteenth Amendment did not have much of any impact on black voting in the South for nearly a century. Southerners used various methods including terrorism, poll taxes and grandfather clauses to prevent blacks from voting. Congress and the Supreme Court repeatedly struck down voting restrictions. For example, in a landmark decision in "Smith v. Allwright" (1944), The Court decision made it unconstitutional to keep African-Americans from voting in a Democratic Party primary in Texas. Congress passed the Civil Rights Act of 1957 which stated that all Americans had the right
The two moons of Mars—Phobos and Deimos—are much smaller than the Moon, greatly reducing solar eclipses on that planet. Eclipses. Phobos. Phobos is only 20 by 25 km (12 by 16 mi) and has a rapid orbital motion, so someone on Mars would only see the solar eclipse for no longer than about thirty seconds. Phobos also takes only 7 hours 39 minutes to orbit Mars, while a Martian day is 24 hours 37 minutes long, meaning that Phobos can create two eclipses per Martian day.  Deimos. Deimos is too small, 15 by 10 km (9.3 by 6.2 mi), to cause an eclipse. The best someone on Mars would see would be a small object passing the Sun. View from Earth. Both moons are too small to cast a shadow on Mars that can be seen from Earth. However, since the creation of artificial satellites, the shadow of Phobos on Mars has been seen.
The War of the Oranges, or the War of the lemon was a brief conflict in Alentjo in 1801. French and Spanish troops invaded Portugal. Portugal was the last British ally in Europe. Napoleon and the Spanish prime minister and Generalissimo Manuel de Godoy demanded that she break her alliance with Britain. When the Portuguese refused they invaded. While laying siege to Elvas Godoy picked oranges from the outside of Elvas and sent them to the Queen of Spain, Maria Luisa, possibly his lover, with the message that he would go on to Lisbon. Thus, the conflict became known as the "War of the Oranges".  On 6 June 1801 Portugal agreed to the Treaty of Badajoz. Portugal agreed to close its ports to English ships, to give commercial concessions to France, to cede Olivenza to Spain and to pay an indemnity.
Deadpool is a 2016 American superhero comedy movie. It is based on the Marvel Comics's character Deadpool. The movie was directed by Tim Miller and it was produced by Simon Kinberg, Ryan Reynolds, and Lauren Shuler Donner. It was Miller's first movie as a director. A sequel movie titled "Deadpool 2" was released in 2018. "Deadpool" was first premiered at Le Grand Rex in Paris on February 8, 2016. It was released in North America on February 12, 2016. Principal photography for the movie started in Vancouver on March 23, 2015 and ended on May 29, 2015. Plot. Wade Wilson (Ryan Reynolds) is a former Special Forces operative who now works as a mercenary. His world comes crashing down when evil scientist Ajax (Ed Skrein) tortures, disfigures and transforms him into Deadpool. The rogue experiment leaves Deadpool with accelerated healing powers and a twisted sense of humor. With help from mutant allies Colossus and Negasonic Teenage Warhead (Brianna Hildebrand), Deadpool uses his new skills to hunt down the man who nearly destroyed his life. Reception. The movie got positive reviews from critics and audiences. It has a 83% rating on Rotten Tomatoes. Peter Travers of "Rolling Stone" said that the movie was "party time for action junkies" and also that Reynolds may have found the role that defines his career.
Arthur Worth "Bud" Collins, Jr. (June 17, 1929 – March 4, 2016) was an American journalist and television sportscaster. He was best known for his tennis commentary. Collins was born in Lima, Ohio. For several years with the "Boston Globe", he was a general and political columnist. In 1967, he was a candidate for mayor of Boston. Collins died on March 4, 2016 in Brookline, Massachusetts. He was aged 86.
Sophie Dessus (24 September 1955 – 3 March 2016) was a French Socialist politician. She was born in Suresnes, France. She represented Corrèze's First Constituency in the National Assembly, the first woman to represent Corrèze in the National Assembly. She served from 20 June 2012 until her death in 3 March 2016. Dessus died in Limoges, France of cancer on 3 March 2016. She was aged 60.
Ayatollah Abbas Vaez Tabasi (, 25 June 1935 – 4 March 2016) was an Iranian cleric. He holds memberships at different institutions. He was the Grand Imam and Chairman of the Astan Quds Razavi board from 1979 until his death in 2016. He was born in Tabas, Mashhad. Tabasi died from respiratory failure in Mashhad, Iran on 4 March 2016. He had lung cancer. Tabasi was aged 80.
Purno Agitok (P. A.) Sangma (1 September 1947 – 4 March 2016) was an Indian politician. He was born in Assam, India. He served as the Speaker of the Lok Sabha from 1996 to 1998 and Chief Minister of Meghalaya from 1988 to 1990. Sangma died on 4 March 2016 in New Delhi, India from a heart attack. He was aged 68.
(29 November 1968 – 3 March 2016) was a Japanese professional wrestler. He was better known for wrestling under a mask as Hayabusa. He mainly worked for the Frontier Martial-Arts Wrestling (FMW) promotion. He also wrestled for New Japan Pro Wrestling (NJPW) and in North America for Asistencia Asesoría y Administración (AAA), Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre (CMLL), and one match with Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW). Career. Ezaki debuted for New Japan Pro Wrestling (NJPW) at the 1994 Super J Cup, losing in the first round to Jushin Thunder Liger. He started wrestling under the Hayabusa gimmick in 1993 while he was working in Mexico. In October 2001, Ezaki suffered a career-ending injury when he tried to perform a springboard moonsault off the middle rope, lost his footing, landed on his head, and cracked two of his vertebrae which left him paralyzed. In 2015, Ezaki had regained the use of his legs and was able to stand on his own and walk with a cane. On 3 April 2015, Hayabusa took part in a press conference which announced the return of FMW. He had served as the executive producer of the promotion. Death. On 3 March 2016, Ezaki died from a subarachnoid hemorrhage at age 47. He was found dead in his home by the owner of a tavern that he was supposed to do a small concert for that day, but did not show up.
Mandalay ( or ; ) is a city in Myanmar. There is only one city in Myanmar that has more people than Mandalay. It is north of Yangon. Mandalay is on the east side of the Irrawaddy River. In 2014, there were 1,225,553 people living there. Name. The name "Mandalay" comes from the nearby hill called Mandalay Hill. "Mandalay" may come from the Pali language. Some people think that the name "Mandalay" comes from the Pali word "mandala". Other people think that the name comes from "Mount Mandara". Mandar is a mountain in Hindu mythology. The original name of the city was Yadanabon (, ). This name came from the Pali word "Ratanapūra" (). "Ratanapūra" means "City of Gems." The city also had another name: Lay Kyun Aung Myei (, ). This means "Victorious Land over the Four Islands." History. Early history. Mandalay was started by King Mindon. He started the city on 13 February 1857. He built Mandalay as the new capital city of the Kingdom of Burma. Mindon's city was in size. There were rivers on each side. It had 144 square blocks in a grid. In the middle was a palace that was 16 square blocks in size. The palace had four walls that were each long. Around the walls was a moat that was wide and deep. Each wall had turrets (towers) for watchmen. These turrets were placed every . Each turret had a spire made of gold. Each side had three gates and five bridges across the moat. The king also built some other buildings in the city. These buildings were the Kuthodaw Pagoda, the "Pahtan-haw Shwe Thein" upasampada hall, the "Thudamma" "Good Dharma" zayats (), and a library for the Pāli Canon. A "zayat" is a building where Buddhism is taught. In June 1857, the king moved the
An Act of Congress is a statute enacted by the United States Congress according to the powers granted to it by the Constitution of the United States. The term can be used in other countries with a legislature called a "Congress," such as the Congress of the Philippines. But most often the term is associated with the United States Congress. In the US, there are several steps from a bill or resolution becoming a law. It must first be passed by a majority of both of the houses of Congress. Then the bill or resolution is sent to get signed by the President. It becomes an Act of Congress by either the president's signature or, if the President does not return the bill or resolution within ten days. Bills. Senators and Representatives create thousands of written proposals each year for new laws. Called bills, only a few few ever make it all the way through the process to become a law. The Constitution requires only three steps: passing the House, passing the Senate and approval by the President. The actual process has become much more complicated.  A bill may be proposed by anyone but only a member of Congress, called the bill's sponsor, may introduce them on the floor of one of the houses of Congress. A bill may be introduced in both the Senate and House at the same time. In theory, this saves time over sending it though one house, then the other. In each house of Congress, a bill is sent to a committee. A committee studies the bill and recommends changes. If a committee does nothing, the bill is considered "dead". A committee may also add other unrelated provisions to a bill called amendments. Committees usually divide themselves into smaller groups called subcommittees. The bill's sponsors then try to convince the subcommittees to approve the bill. They do this through hearings. If the bill passes through a committee it is sent to the floor for debate and a vote. A bill may either be passed by be defeated. If passed, it is sent to the other house of Congress to follow the same procedures. Resolutions. In addition to bills, Congress also passes Acts of Congress called resolutions. There are three kinds: simple resolutions, joint resolutions and concurrent resolutions. Simple resolutions. These are resolutions concerning the operation of either
Jeffrey "Jeff" P. Weaver (born 1966) is an American political adviser. He was the campaign manager for the Bernie Sanders presidential campaign in 2016. Weaver served as the campaign manager during Bernie Sanders' successful Senate run in 2006. Weaver also served as chief of staff in Sanders’ House and Senate offices. Weaver was born in St. Albans, Vermont. He studied at Boston University, the University of Vermont, and Georgetown University.
Asta Sofie Amalie Nielsen (11 September 1881 – 24 May 1972) was a Danish silent movie actress. She was very popular in the 1910s. She was one of the first international movie stars. Nielsen was in 74 movies. 70 were in Germany where she was known simply as "Die Asta" ("The Asta"). She had large dark eyes, a face like a mask and a figure like a boy. Nielsen most often played strong and passionate women trapped by tragic lives. Her performances were erotic so Nielsen's movies were heavily censored in the United States. Therefore, she was not very famous there. Nielsen started her own movie studio in Berlin in the 1920s. She went back to Denmark in 1937 after Nazism became a problem. Later in life, Nielsen became a collage artist and an author.
Francis Lee Bailey Jr., commonly referred to as F. Lee Bailey, (June 10, 1933 – June 3, 2021) was an American criminal-defense lawyer. Bailey was born in Waltham, Massachusetts. He worked in Massachusetts and Florida. Bailey represented Doctor Sam Sheppard on appeal after Sheppard was convicted of murdering his wife. Bailey managed to get Sheppard a retrial, in which Bailey was successful in getting Sheppard acquitted. Bailey was the lead lawyer in successfully defending in the court martial for the My Lai Massacre. Bailey, along with others, successfully defended O. J. Simpson in the trial where Simpson was accused of murdering his ex-wife, Nicole Brown. In 2014, the Maine State Bar Association and the Maine Supreme Judicial Court denied Bailey's petition to have his law license reinstated. Bailey died in Atlanta, Georgia on June 3, 2021, one week before his 88th birthday.
Albert Einstein Square (, "Kikar Albert Einstein") is a public square in Jerusalem, Israel. it is located in the entrance of the Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities at the Talbiya neighborhood in Jerusalem. Albert Einstein visited Palestine in 1923 for 12 days. He gave the first lecture at the Mount Scopus campus of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem.  Einstein was in favor of the Hebrew University, as well as Zionism and education in general. This is the reason the square is named for him. Also, a statue of Einstein is nearby in the gardens of the Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities.
Ratified on February 3, 1913, the Sixteenth Amendment (Amendment XVI) to the United States Constitution allows the Congress to impose a federal income tax. This allows the federal government to collect a tax on personal income, no matter where that income came from. The Sixteenth Amendment overturned the 1895 Supreme Court landmark decision in "Pollock v. Farmers' Loan &amp; Trust Co". In "Pollock", the Court ruled that a 2 percent tax on incomes over $4,000 was unconstitutional. This was because the law the ruling struck down did not allow for apportionment, the court ruled against it. The Sixteenth Amendment allowed Congress to levy a uniform direct income tax without being subject to apportionment. Background. When the framers of the Constitution were determining how the new government would be funded, they were trying to avoid a tax based on a person's income. In the Constitution, Article one, Sections 2 and 9 created the "rule of apportionment". On a practical basis this required Congress to tax the states based on each state's population instead of a tax on each person's income or property. For example, if a state made up four percent of the total population, they would be required to pay four percent of the total federal tax. The framers of the Constitution expected direct taxes to be used and defined the term broadly. However, they did not see that apportionment would cripple any attempt to collect direct taxes. Before 1913, the bulk of federal revenues came from indirect taxes on goods. These include tariffs on goods imported into the country. They also included excise taxes on items like whiskey. Income taxes were not new in 1913. Congress had passed the Revenue Act of 1861 during the Civil War to help pay for the war. Ten years later it was allowed to lapse. The Confederate States of America also had an income tax. Starting in 1863, the tax exempted the first $1,000 and charged a 1% tax on the first $1,500 over the exemption. A 2% tax was levied on all income over that amount. In 1894, Congress
Def Jam Vendetta is a 2003 professional wrestling video game published by Electronic Arts and developed by AKI Corporation and EA Canada. It was released for the PlayStation 2 and Nintendo GameCube. "Def Jam Vendetta" was released on March 31, 2003 in North America, May 23, 2003 in PAL regions, and on August 21, 2003 in Japan. It featured hip hop musicians from the Def Jam Records label as fighters. The engine for the game was first designed for a sequel to EA's "WCW Mayhem", but EA lost their WCW license when WCW was bought by the World Wrestling Federation (WWF) in 2001. Reception. IGN rated the game a 8.9 out of 10. Jon Robinson of IGN said that the multiplayer was "smooth" and "slick". GameSpot rated the game 8.4 out of 10. Alex Navarro of GameSpot said "As a wrestling game, Def Jam Vendetta manages to succeed on most every level, providing surprisingly deep gameplay, quality graphics and sound, and a distinctive atmosphere".
Hassan 'Abd Allah al-Turabi (c.1932 – 5 March 2016) was a Sudanese religious and Islamist political leader in Sudan. He has been called "one of the most important figures in modern Sudanese politics". He was born in Kassala, Sudan. Al-Turabi was leader of what was called the National Islamic Front (NIF). He served as Speaker of the National Assembly serving from 1996 through 1999. He later served as Secretary General of the Popular Congress Party from 1999 until his death in 2016. Al-Turabi died in Khartoum, Sudan on 5 March 2016. He was aged 84.
Berta Isabel Cáceres Flores (4 March 1971 – 2 March 2016) was a Honduran environmental activist and indigenous leader of the Lenca people.  She was co-founder and coordinator of the Council of Popular and Indigenous Organizations of Honduras (COPINH). She won the Goldman Environmental Prize in 2015. Death. On March 2, 2016, two armed intruders shot Cáceres to death in her home in La Esperanza, Honduras, after years of threats against her life. She was 44 years old.
Alcohol by volume (often shortened to ABV) tells how much ethanol there is in an alcoholic drink. The quantity is measured at a temperature of . Common levels of alcohol are 3-5 percent for cider, 4-7 percent for beer, and 12-14 percent for wine. Distilled alcoholic drinks ( called spirits) contain more than twenty percent ethanol. A directive of the European Union of 1976 says that the alcohol content of alcoholic drinks must be measured using the ABV measurement described above. Other ways of measuring alcohol content. Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac (1777-1850) and Johann Georg Tralles (1763-1822) developed other means of measuring alcohol content. These units are usually measured in degrees, noted °GL, or °GT. The scale Gay-Lussac developed is almost equal to the ABV scale described above. There may be slight different, because Gay-Lussac measured the alcohol content at 15° centigrade, and not 20°.
Hanalei is a census-designated place in Kauai County, Hawaii, United States. The population was 444 at the 2020 census. Hanalei means "lei making" in Hawaiian. "Hanalei" also means "crescent bay," coming from the shape of Hanalei Bay. Geography. Hanalei is located next to Hanalei River on the north shore of the island of Kauai. According to the United States Census Bureau, Hanalei has a total area of 0.72 square miles (1.86 km), of which 0.68 square miles (1.75 km) is land and 0.04 square miles (0.10 km) is water. The total area is 5.4% water. History. Imperial Russia. People from the Russian Empire lived here in the 19th century. In 1815 the German physician Georg Anton Schäffer, who worked with the Russian-American Company, came to Hanalei to get goods taken by Kaumualii. Schäffer got involved in Hawaiian politics and heard of Kaumualiʻi's plan to take back his kingdom of Kauai from Kamehameha I with the help of the Russian Empire. Kaumualiʻi later signed a "treaty" granting Tsar Alexander I protectorate over Kauai. An area near Hanalei used to be part of Russian America. Demographics. At the 2020 census, there were 444 people, 165 households and 113 families residing in Hanalei. The population density was 656 per square mile (253/km²). The racial makeup of the CDP was 64% White, 12% Asian, 8% Pacific Islander, &lt;2% from other races, and 14% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 6% of the population. There were 165 households of which 27% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 52% were married couples living together, 18% had a female householder with no husband present, 22
In probability and statistics, a probability density function is a function that characterizes any continuous probability distribution. For a random variable "X", the probability density function of X is sometimes written as formula_1. The integral of the probability density function in the interval formula_2 yields the probability that a given random variable with the given density is contained in the interval provided. By definition, the probability density function is non-negative throughout its domain, on which the integral sums up to 1.  Probability density versus probability mass function. The probability mass function is to a discrete probability distribution what the probability density function is to a continuous probability distribution. The probability density function is necessary to be able to work with continuous distributions.  A random variable with a continuous probability distribution can take on any value within that distribution. Casting a dice will give the numbers 1 to 6, with a probability of formula_3, but this is not a continuous function, as only the numbers 1 to 6 are possible.  In contrast, two people will not have the same height or the same weight. Using a probability density function, it is possible to determine the probability for people between and , or between and , even though there are infinitely many values between these two bounds.
A model airplane is a small sized Unmanned Aerial Vehicle. It may be a replica of an existing airplane or an imaginary aircraft. Model aircraft are generally divided into two basic types, flying and non-flying. Non-flying models are also called static, display, or shelf models. Flying models range from simple toy gliders to powered scale models. Some can be very large, especially when used to simulate the conditions of a real flight. Static models range from mass-produced toys to highly accurate models used for museum display. Aircraft manufacturers and researchers use wind tunnel models. They are used for testing new designs and development of new ones. Sometimes only part of the aircraft is modeled.