ejaasaari/simplewiki-2025-04-01 huggingface dataset:
A cathode is a type of electrode through which electrons move. Electrodes are an electrical conductor (usually a metal) that is connected to something that is not a metal. Electric current is a flow of charges through a conductor. There are two theories; one theory is conventional current flow and the other is actual current flow. The anode delivers conventional (or customary) current (which travels in the opposite direction as electrons) and the cathode receives that current. This means that electrons come out of the anode and electrons go into the cathode.  This lets an electric current go into an electrical device such as a battery or other electrical cell. It can also end in a vacuum, like in a cathode ray tube. In this case, the electrons may go into open space. In other words, a cathode is a positive electrode on a battery and a negative electrode on an electrolytic cell. Electric current is perceived as flowing in the opposite direction that the electrons are flowing. So electrons go into the + (positive) terminal of a battery, but electric current goes out. Electrons go into the + (positive) terminal of an electrolytic cell, but electric current goes out. An electrode through which electrons flows out of the device is termed a cathode because it is negatively charged. A cathode is a negative electrode on a battery and a negative electrode on an electrolytic cell.
The United States Army Reserve is the reserve force of the United States Army. People in the reserve forces are not full-time soldiers, they also have a civilian career. The reserve forces of the US Army are made of the US Army reserve and the Army National Guard. The Army Reserve was formed in 1908 to provide a reserve of medical officers to the Army. After the First World War Congress reorganized the U.S. land forces. The National Defence Act of 4 June 1920 authorized a Regular Army, a National Guard, and an Organized Reserve (Officers Reserve Corps and Enlisted Reserve Corps) of unrestricted size. The Organized Reserve later became the Army Reserve.
The electrical telegraph is a telegraph that uses electric signals. This is a signalling system where an operator makes and breaks an electrical contact with a telegraph key which results in an audible signal at the other end produced by a telegraph sounder which is interpreted and transcribed by a human operator. Types of electrical telegraphs. Gauss-Weber telegraph and Carl Steinheil. Carl Friedrich Gauss and Wilhelm Weber installed a 1,200m long wire above the town of Göttingen's roofs. They were allowed to do this on 6 May 1833. Carl August Steinheil was able to build a telegraph network in 1835–1836. He installed a telegraph line along the first German railroad in 1835. Schilling telegraph. The telegraph had a transmitting device which had a keyboard with 16 black-and-white keys. These served for switching the electric current. Alter and the Elderton Telegraph. Dr. David Alter created it one year before the much more popular Morse telegraph was invented. Alter demonstrated it publicly. Morse telegraphs. In the United States, the telegraph was developed by Samuel Morse and Alfred Vail. Morse created an electrical telegraph in 1837. His version was a design that could transmit over long distances using poor quality wire. Vail, his assistant, developed the Morse code signalling alphabet with Morse.
Knol was a Google project which aims to include user-written articles on a range of topics. The project was announced on December 13, 2007 and opened in beta to the public on July 23, 2008. When it was opened, there were a few hundred articles mostly about health and medicine. Knol pages were "meant to be the first thing someone who searches for this topic for the first time will want to read", according to Manber. The term "knol", which Google defined as a "unit of knowledge", refers to both the project and an article in the project. Some experts saw Knol as Google's attempt to compete with Wikipedia, while others point out the differences between the projects. The project was closed on April 30, 2012, and all content was deleted after October 1, 2012. Content. Anyone could create and own new knols. There can also be several articles on the same topic, each written by a different author. Because multiple articles can have the same title, readers find a topic by searching, rather than just by title. The authors can say who can edit their articles: the public, other authors, or only themselves. They could choose to include ads from Google's AdSense to their knols. Knol has a policy that specifies topics that are unacceptable for the project. Relevant nudity is allowed (in most countries), but pornography, commercial or otherwise, is forbidden. Also forbidden is discriminatory or violent content. Content designed to promote businesses, products or services is allowed, but articles without real content, created solely to generate ad revenue are not. In its early stages of development Knol was criticised. Commentators called it a "wasteland" of articles copied from other sources, entries that were outdated or abandoned, as well as spam or self-promotion. It was criticized for having incomplete and inaccurate articles. Google said that "Since knol authors receive attribution, knols are a great forum for expressing your opinions." In October 2008, Google unveiled using Knols as a forum for debate, and enabled French, Italian and German versions, in the face of stagnating traffic. Process. Anyone who wanted to contribute
Wikipedia is a large, popular free encyclopedia written by volunteers. There is some criticism of Wikipedia. Critics of Wikipedia. Wikipedia editors know that the site should not be used as a primary source for research. A librarian, whose name is Philip Bradley, said Wikipedia does not have authority. For a printed encyclopedia, the people writing it have to make sure the information is correct, or they could lose their job. Some people say calling Wikipedia an "encyclopedia" means that people trust it even when they should not trust it. Some librarians, academics, and writers of other encyclopedias do not like Wikipedia as a source of information. Many schools and universities do not accept Wikipedia as a source, except most of them do not want "any" encyclopedias used - they want primary sources instead. Criticism of the Wikipedia community. Kat Walsh, a person in the Wikimedia Foundation (which runs Wikipedia), said Wikipedia was easier when it was made. Today, there are many rules and it is more difficult for new people to change articles. Many people who change Wikipedia have stopped, and the number of article changers have gone down since 2006. In 2006, Jimmy Wales said most of changes on Wikipedia are made by about 500 people who "all know each other". But most of the changes are made by people who sometimes change articles, or who do not have Wikipedia accounts at all. On some articles, many people bother each other. Sometimes good arguments are ignored because they are not popular with the article changers. To stop vandalism, some people have administration powers. People with administration powers can delete articles, stop a change on an article, and stop users. There are special rules to stop people with administrative powers from taking too much control, but the ideas of people with administration powers can be over the ideas of other people.
Tonbridge Grammar School (or just TGS) is a well known grammar school in Tonbridge, Kent. It has about 1050 students who are 11-18 years old. The school was called "Tonbridge Grammar School For Girls" until 2002, when boys were allowed into the 6th form. History. Tonbridge Grammar School started in 1905 on the top floor of the Tonbridge Library with only 13 pupils. The teacher and headmistress was called Mrs Taylor. In 1913 the school moved to the site in Deakin Leas as the school was growing quickly and the library was not big enough. Buildings. These are the buildings found at TGS today:
A rechargeable battery, also called a storage battery or a secondary cell, is a battery that can be recharged over and over again with electricity. A battery that is not rechargeable is called a primary cell or disposable battery. It is thrown away after it no longer works. The voltage of rechargeable batteries can be restored by passing an electric current through the battery. Car batteries, for example, work this way..  Rechargeable batteries are not always chosen. Each battery costs more to make, and has more dangerous chemicals than disposable batteries. Rechargeable batteries can be used for many smaller electronics such as MP3 players and flashlights. Almost all mobile phones and laptop computers use them. They are also used for car batteries.
The 2005 Pacific hurricane season was a slightly inactive season that produced 17 tropical cyclones. It officially started on May 15 and ended on November 30, dates which conventionally delimit the period during which most tropical cyclones form in the northeast Pacific Ocean. The first tropical cyclone, Hurricane Adrian, developed on May 17, while the last storm Tropical Depression Sixteen-E, dissipated on October 20. During the year, a total of 17 tropical cyclones, 15 tropical storms, 7 hurricanes and 2 major hurricanes formed. The most intense hurricane, Hurricane Kenneth remained out over open waters for the duration of its existence. However, the remnants of the storm caused minor flooding on the Island of Hawaii. September was the most active month of the year, as 6 of the 17 tropical cyclones formed during this time.  The pre-season forecast from the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration called for 11-15 named storms and 6-8 hurricanes, of which 2-4 were expected to attain major hurricane status. Very few storms impacted land throughout the season. Hurricane Adrian was the only landfalling system. It struck El Salvador as a dissipating tropical depression after rapidly weakening from hurricane status. Flooding in Nicaragua caused the only fatality during the season. Tropical Storm Dora and Hurricane Hilary brought tropical storm force winds to coastal Mexico, although no damage was reported. The remnants Tropical Depression One-C caused heavy rainfall on the Island of Hawaii, peaking at 8.8 in (223.52 mm). Hawaii was also affected by the remnants of Hurricane Kenneth which also caused heavy rains on the Island of Hawaii. The combined storms caused very little damage and only one fatality.
The 2007 Pacific hurricane season was a below average Pacific hurricane season with only one major hurricane. It officially started on May 15, 2007 in the eastern Pacific, designated as the area east of 140°W, and on June 1 2007 in the central Pacific, which is between the International Date Line and 140°W, and lasted until November 30, 2007. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the Pacific basin. The season began slowly; through the end of July, the seasonal ACE was the third lowest since the geostationary satellite era began in 1966. The inactivity continued through the next month, which was the third quietest August in terms of ACE since reliable records began in the basin in 1971. Tropical Storm Barbara in June caused $55 million (2007 USD) in crop damage in southeastern Mexico from heavy precipitation. In August, Hurricane Flossie formed in the Eastern Pacific and crossed into the Central Pacific, threatening Hawaii but causing little damage. In early September, Hurricane Henriette dropped heavy rainfall in southwest Mexico, which caused nine fatalities and $25 million (2007 USD) in damage. Storm names. Retirement. No names were retired in 2007.
The Klingon language ("codice_1", ) is a language that was made for the Klingons in the "Star Trek" universe. It is a constructed language, not one that developed naturally. Only a few people can speak the Klingon language well enough to talk in it. The Klingon Language Institute helps people learn Klingon. History. The first Klingon words were made by the actor James Doohan in 1979 for the . When they made the third movie in 1984, Gene Roddenberry wanted to have a real language for the Klingons. Marc Okrand, a linguist (a language scientist) made the Klingon language. He has written some books about the Klingon language. Grammar. Marc Okrand wanted the language to be as complicated as possible. He did this to make it sound very alien. The word order in a sentence is always object-verb-subject. This is the opposite of English's word order, which is subject-verb-object. The English sentence "I see the cat" is said as "the cat see I" in Klingon. This language uses affixation to denote the subject and negation: Writing. When writing in Klingon, some letters are always in uppercase and some are lowercase. This never changes because the letters are spoken differently when they are written differently.
The Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa is based in the city of Peshawar, the provincial capital of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province, Pakistan. The chief minister of kpk is ( Mahmood khan). Chief secretary is M.Salim. Governor of kpk is ( Shah Farman). I.G kpk is ( M.Naaem Khan). Chief Minister of Education is Shafqat Mehmood. Judge of High court is Waqar Ahmed Saith.
Lentil soup ( "shorbit adas" or "shurba al-'adas", , "nezid adashim") is a soup. It is served hot and made with lentils. It is popular all over the Middle East. Usually it is a vegetarian soup, but can also be made with meat stock. Red or green lentils may be used and in some recipes the lentils are boiled with vegetables such as carrots, potatoes, parsley and onion, and then pureed. Things commonly added include garlic, cumin, and lemon juice. Sometimes croutons are added to make it look good. Lentil soup is mentioned in the Bible: In Genesis 25:34, Esau is prepared to give up his birthright for a pot of fragrant red lentil soup being cooked by his brother, Jacob.  The ancient Greek dramatist, Aristophanes, mentions lentil soup in his plays: He describes it as the "sweetest of delicacies." Lentil soup was once a food for the poor. Today, it is recognized as highly nutritious and provides a good source of protein, fiber, iron and potassium.
Blizzard of Ozz is the debut studio album by Ozzy Osbourne, recorded in Surrey, UK and released on September 20, 1980 in the UK and on January 15, 1981 in the U.S.. This is Ozzy's first solo album. The tracks "Crazy Train" and "Mr. Crowley" were released as singles. "Crazy Train" peaked at #9 on the Mainstream Rock Charts. "Blizzard of Ozz" remains Osbourne's highest-selling album to date, selling over 4.1 million copies in the U.S. alone. The album reached #21 on Billboard's Pop Albums chart, and is on the list of the top 100 best-selling albums of the 1980s. Track listing. All songs written by Ozzy Osbourne, Randy Rhoads, and Bob Daisley except where noted.
A nightgown or nightdress is a gown worn for sleeping. It is usually loose-fitting. There are different lengths, hip-length (called "baby-doll"), floor-length (called "négligée") or knee-length. Men wore them until about the 1940s when they changed to pajamas. Today, they are mostly worn by women.
William Ellery (December 22, 1727–February 15, 1820), was a signer of the United States Declaration of Independence as one of two representatives from Rhode Island his signature is located 4 names below John Adams.  Some of his descendants were William Ellery Channing, Richard Henry Dana, Edie Sedgwick and actress Kyra Sedgwick and Jadriene M. Ellery. Ellery Avenue in Middletown, Rhode Island is named in his honor.
William Floyd (December 17, 1734–August 4, 1821), was a signer of the United States Declaration of Independence as a representative of New York. In honor. There are several places and institutions named after William Floyd, they include: Among his descendants are cinematographer Floyd Crosby and rock singer David Crosby. A second cousin twice removed was Abraham Lincoln.
George Clymer (March 16, 1739 – January 23, 1813) was an American politician, Founding Father, war veteran and slave owner. Independence. He was one of the first Patriots to advocate complete independence from Britain in the United States of America. Pennsylvania Representative. As a Pennsylvania representative, Clymer was, along with only five others, a signer of both the Declaration of Independence and the U.S. Constitution. Continental Congress. George Clymer attended the Continental Congress and served in political office until the end of his life. Battle of Brexit. The battle started around 9:17 PM on the 23rd of January, 1813, with the British having around 500.000 Red Coats defending Castle Brexit, with 400.000 British reinforcements a few kilometers away. The French and the T-Rexes rushed the castle, but both the French and T-Rex armies had to split, with the T-Rexes to fight the French and the other flank to rush the British, while the French split to rush the British and the largest army to fight Chuck Norris. Chuck Norris defeated the French, while the T-Rexes and the other French flank breached the walls of Castle Brexit around 21:26. The Impostor Vyščín was reported dead around 21:29, and at 21:31 two nukes were dropped which cut down a large number of French forces and British defences. Following 21:32, the French besieged the Castle Gates, cutting down anyone that came out. By now the T-Rexes all died out. Around 21:34 Chuck Norris spawned a Tsunami which launched him in the air and flooded the British walls, which wiped out a large number of the French army. With the French unit besieging one of the breaches defeated, some British forces left to fight outside the gates. But during 21:35 - 21:36 a tsunami spawned in the middle of the castle which flooded all of the castle's walls killing a lot of British soldiers and destroying aa lot of catapults, with only one of the places with a breach in the wall being safe. Around 21:37 four
Charles Carroll of Carrollton (September 19, 1737 – November 14 1832) was a delegate to the Continental Congress and later United States Senator for Maryland. He was the only Catholic signer of the Declaration of Independence. He was the longest lived signer of the Declaration of Independence and the Continental Congress, dying at the age of 95. He was a rich planter. Although he opposed slavery he had slaves.
Francis Hopkinson (September 21, 1737 – May 9, 1791) designed the first flag of the United States. He was also an American author, poet, and signer of the Declaration of Independence as a delegate from New Jersey. Great Seal of the United States. Francis Hopkinson gave his help to the second committee that designed the Great Seal of the United States. This is the same seal that is now impressed upon the reverse of the United States one-dollar bill.
John Hart (c. 1713 – May 11, 1779) was a Delegate from New Jersey to the Continental Congress and a signer of the United States Declaration of Independence. In 1741, Hart married Deborah Scudder (1721–1776). The couple had thirteen children.
The government of France is a semi-presidential system determined by the French Constitution of the French fifth Republic. The nation declares itself to be "an indivisible, secular, democratic, and social Republic" in it. The constitution provides for a separation of powers. It proclaims France's "attachment to the Rights of Man and the principles of national sovereignty defined by the Declaration of 1789." France has 3 branches of government.
The Advanced Placement Program, or AP, is a program that offers higher level school classes for high school students in Canada and the United States. "Good Schools Guide International" says it is "much more difficult than most classes", although it is not as difficult as the IB program. History. After World War II, the Ford Foundation gave money to committees studying education. The program was started at Kenyon College in Gambier, Ohio, by the then college president Gordon Chalmers which was then called the "Kenyon Plan". The first study was conducted by three preparatory schools—the Lawrenceville School, Phillips Academy, and Phillips Exeter Academy—and three universities—Harvard University, Princeton University, and Yale University. In 1952 they gave the report "General Education in School and College: A Committee Report" which said to allow high school seniors to study college level material and to take achievement examinations that allowed them to get college credit for this work. The second committee, the Committee on Admission with Advanced Standing, developed and put the plan to choose a curriculum. A pilot program was run in 1952 which covered eleven disciplines. The College Board, a non-profit organization based in New York City, has run the AP program since 1955. From 1965 to 1989, Harlan Hanson was the director of the Advanced Placement Program. It makes and keeps guidelines for the teaching of higher level courses in various subject areas. In addition, it supports teachers of AP courses and universities. These activities are funded through fees charged to students taking AP Exams. In 2006, over one million students took over two million Advanced Placement examinations. Many high schools in the United States offer AP courses, though the College Board allows any student to take any examination, regardless of participation in the course. Therefore, home-schooled students and students from schools that do not offer AP courses have an equal opportunity to take the examination. As of the 2011 testing season, exams cost $87 each, though the cost may reduced for poor students who cannot pay for it. The exam reduction is $22 per exam from College Board plus an additional $8 rebate per fee-reduced exam from the school. There may be further
The paramilitary forces of Pakistan consist of various organizations constitutionally charged to safeguard Pakistan's national interests. They protect from threats that could come from within the country to important areas or safeguard the entry points into the country such as the borders. They also protect citizens from threats that could come from inside the country. These threats started in 1971. They are currently made up from more than 300,000 soldiers. Some divisions of the force are now incorporated under other organizations. For example, the Northern Light Infantry was a paramilitary force until 1999, when it became part of the Pakistan Army.
A minority or subordinate group is a group that does not make up most of the population of a society. For example: minor group of religion, race, language, LGBT, and persons with disabilities.  A minority is not always a minority of numbers — it may be any group that is not normal with respect to a leading group in terms of social status, education, employment, wealth, and political power, and can be an object of discrimination. For example, women may be considered a minority even if there are as many women as men because they have less power than men. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights by United Nations protects the right of minority group in Article 27 and Council of Europe also affirms protection for them.
Thornhill is a village in the Scottish council area of Stirling. It lies 14 miles from Stirling itself, south of Callander, east of Aberfoyle and west of Doune. The 2001 census population for the area covered by the Thornhill and Blairdrummond Community Council is 1,109.
East Kilbride is a large suburban town in the South Lanarkshire council area of Scotland. It is Scotland's first new town, and lies on high ground on the south side of the Cathkin Braes, about southeast of Glasgow city centre. The Rotten Calder river flows along the east side of the settlement, northwards toward the River Clyde. The town is also known as the Polo Mint city due to its many roundabouts. Landmarks. Dollan Baths. One of the most significant buildings of an earlier phase of development was Dollan Baths leisure complex (opened 1968) which has Grade A listed status.
Fairhill is an area in the town of Hamilton, South Lanarkshire, Scotland. They have schools, churches, a civic centre, a library and shopping places.