ejaasaari/simplewiki-2025-04-01 huggingface dataset:
A terrestrial planet, or rocky planet, is a planet that is mostly composed of silicate, rocks and metals. Earth is the "original" terrestrial planet. When astronomers started understanding the kinds of planet they extended the term to include our nearest rocky neighbours: Mercury, Venus and Mars.  It is often said that they are similar to Earth. This is true of most of the structure and composition, but not the surface or the atmosphere. A terrestrial planet may be much hotter or colder than Earth, and may have a very different atmosphere.  With the discovery of planets orbiting other stars (exoplanets), the term terrestrial planet has been extended again to any rocky (silicate) planet orbiting any star. Structure. All terrestrial planets have a core, a mantle, and a crust. They are a bit like a boiled egg: the central yolk is the core; the white albumin is the mantle; and the shell is the crust. The crust of a terrestrial planet is thin, with the core and the mantle taking up the vast bulk, sometimes with a very large core, sometimes much smaller. Terrestrial planets have metallic cores of mostly iron, with rocky mantles and crusts.  All terrestrial planets have the same type of structure: a central metallic core, mostly iron, with a surrounding silicate mantle.  The Moon is similar, but has a much smaller iron core. Io and Europa are also satellites that have internal structures similar to that of terrestrial planets. Terrestrial planets can have canyons, craters, mountains, volcanoes, and other surface structures, depending on the presence of water and tectonic activity. Terrestrial planets have "secondary atmospheres", got from volcanism, meteorites, and photosynthesis. In the giant planets, their atmospheres are "primary", captured directly from the original solar nebula.
David "Dave" Thomas (July 2, 1932 – January 8, 2002) was the founder of Wendy's Old Fashioned Hamburgers, and was its chief executive officer (CEO). He never graduated from high school, but did earn his GED in 1993. Thomas is also famous as a commercial spokesman for his company. He first appeared in a Wendy's TV commercial in 1989, and by the time he died, he had appeared in over 800, including every Wendy's commercial that aired in the 1990s.
Cheating happens when someone breaks rules or lies. Exams. Cheating can be done in many ways. Some students cheat on a test by copying someone else's answers and writing secret notes. This can get them kicked out of school. Sports. People who break the rules of a game are cheating. For example, if someone holds the ball when playing soccer, they are cheating. Another form of cheating in sport is using performance-enhancing drugs; Ben Johnson and Lance Armstrong are examples of sportspeople who used drugs to cheat. Relationships. When someone is in a relationship with another person and they kiss, date or have sex with someone else, they are cheating on the person they are in a relationship with - unless they are in an open relationship. This is called infidelity. If the two people are married, and one has sex with somebody else, it is called adultery. Laws. Local and national governments have laws. If someone breaks the law, they can be punished. If someone cheats in a way that is not illegal, they cannot be punished by law. Some common punishments include jail and fines. Regulations. Organizations, such as schools, can have rules. Rules are not laws, but people can still be punished for breaking a rule. In games. The first cheat in video games was thought to be the "Konami Code", a code Konami used to test a game that was too hard for them to do alone. See cheat code for more on cheating in video games.  Sometimes, even if the game creators do not provide cheat codes, it is possible to cheating with some 3rd party software. Game cheats create unfairness in online games and often cheating players' accounts are banned.
Caroline Bouvier Kennedy (born November 27, 1957) is an American diplomat author, writer and lawyer. She was the 27th United States ambassador to Australia from 2022 to 2024 under President Joe Biden. She was the 29th United States ambassador to Japan from 2013 to 2017 under Barack Obama. She is a member of the Kennedy family and the only living and surviving child President John F. Kennedy and First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy. Biography. Early life. Caroline Bouvier Kennedy was born on November 27, 1957, She was born at Weill Cornell Medical Center in Manhattan, New York City to parents were then U.S. Senator John F. Kennedy and socialite Jacqueline Kennedy. Kennedy was born a year after her mother had a miscarriage in August 1956, of her older sister named Arabella Kennedy.  She spent the first few years of her life in Georgetown, Washington, D.C. At this time, her father was in the United States Senate. In November 1960, her father became the 35th president of the United States. Two weeks later, on November 25, her mother gave birth to a son, John F. Kennedy Jr. On January 20, 1961, Kennedy's father was inaugurated and became the 35th president of the United States. She was three years old at the time. Her family became the new first family and moved into the White House. During her childhood in the White House, Kennedy was often seen playing with her father in the Oval Office while her brother was underneath the presidential desk. When Kennedy was five years old, her father was assassinated on November 22, 1963. This was just days before her sixth birthday. On November 25, the state funeral for her father was held in Washington, D.C. She went to the funeral with her family. On December 6, 1963, the Kennedy's officially moved out of the White House. They moved back to Georgetown and later left public life. Education. Kennedy and her family later moved to Manhattan in New York. She graduated from Concord Academy in 1975. She then graduated from Harvard
The Supercopa de España or the "Spanish Super Cup" is a two-legged Spanish football championship contested by the winners of La Liga and the Copa del Rey. Lionel Messi has scored the most goals in the history of the Spanish Super Cup, with 12 goals. The competition was formed in 1982.
Stephen Staunton (born 19 January 1969) is an Irish former professional footballer. He enjoyed a distinguished career with Liverpool and Aston Villa, and became the Republic of Ireland's most capped player. He is also the former manager of Republic of Ireland. Honours. Liverpool Aston Villa Individual
The 2004 UEFA European Football Championship (or just Euro 2004) was the twelfth tournament of the UEFA European Football Championship, a football tournament held all four years for European nations. It was held in Portugal between 12 June and 4 July 2004. The UEFA Euro was given to Portugal in 1999. Winner was Greece after a 1:0 versus Portugal.The qualification was held in 10 groups of five in the years 2002 and 2003. Countries that directly qualified for UEFA Euro 2004. The qualification was held in 10 groups of five in the years 2002 and 2003.  Play offs. The teams on the second place of the groups held a Play off round. Referees. Twelve referees were selected for the tournament: Results. "All times are Western European Summer Time (UTC+1)." First round. Tie-breaking criteria. For teams that finish equal in points, the following rules are used:
Mania is a type of mood. Mania is usually a symptom of a medical problem or a mental illness. A person with mania is described as manic. When people are manic, they usually have much more energy than usual. They often have very strong emotions, and their moods may change very quickly. The word "mania" comes from the Greek language ("μwordsανία" means "mania"). That word comes from "μαίνομαι" ("mainomai)", which means "to rage" or "to be furious" (very angry). Mania is a symptom, not an illness by itself. Many different things can cause mania. These things include illegal drugs and brain tumors. However, most of the time, mania happens in people with bipolar disorder. Bipolar disorder causes periods of mania that switch off with periods of depression. Like with other symptoms, mania can be mild (not very bad), severe (very bad), or anywhere in between. Mild mania is usually called "hypomania." Very bad mania can cause psychosis, with hallucinations and delusions. Sometimes people with mania may need to be hospitalized so they do not hurt themselves or other people. Many people with mania and hypomania have special creativity and artistic talents. Symptoms. The most common symptoms of mania are: Other symptoms of mania can include: Official diagnosis (DSM-5). In the United States, a book called "The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders" (DSM), published by the American Psychiatric Association, is used to diagnose mental illnesses. According to the latest version of the DSM, the DSM-5, a person is having a "manic episode" if all of these things are true: In addition, the person must also have three or more of these symptoms: Official diagnosis (ICD-10). The ICD-10 is the World Health Organization's system for classifying health problems. It describes a manic episode this way: Causes. Mental illness Mania is usually a symptom of mental illness, most often bipolar disorder. A diagnosis of type I bipolar disorder (bipolar I disorder) can be made
The Chicago Symphony Orchestra (CSO) is an American orchestra based in Chicago, Illinois. It is one of the great orchestras of the world. They play in the Orchestra Hall, part of the Symphony Center, in Chicago. In the summer they play at the Ravinia Festival. From 2010 the conductor will be Riccardo Muti.  History. The Chicago Symphony Orchestra was started in 1891. It was called the "Chicago Orchestra". In 1905 the orchestra was renamed "Theodore Thomas Orchestra" and Frederick Stock became the conductor. He stayed with the orchestra until 1942. The orchestra was renamed "Chicago Symphony Orchestra" in 1913. Other conductors have included Désiré Defauw, Artur Rodziński, Rafael Kubelík, Fritz Reiner, Jean Martinon, Georg Solti and Daniel Barenboim. When Barenboim left in 2006, the orchestra named Bernard Haitink principal conductor and Pierre Boulez became conductor emeritus. In 2010 Riccardo Muti will become the orchestra’s conductor. The orchestra has also had many famous guest conductors, including Richard Strauss, John Williams, Arnold Schoenberg, Sergei Prokofiev, Sergei Rachmaninov, Maurice Ravel, Edward Elgar, Aaron Copland, Leonard Slatkin, André Previn, Michael Tilson Thomas, Leonard Bernstein, Leopold Stokowski, Erich Leinsdorf, Eugene Ormandy, George Szell and Charles Münch. Many of these guest conductors have also recorded with the orchestra.  The three principal guest conductors of the orchestra have been Carlo Maria Giulini, Claudio Abbado, and Pierre Boulez. Every summer the Chicago Symphony Orchestra plays in Ravinia in Highland Park, Illinois The orchestra helped in the first Ravinia Festival in August 1936 and has been to the Festival every summer since.  Mark Anthony Turnage is the composer-in-residence. During its history the orchestra have made more than 900 recordings. They have received many rewards. The orchestra was composed by John Williams for Steven Spielberg's 2012 movie "Lincoln".
The Pittsburgh Symphony Orchestra (PSO) is an American orchestra based in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The orchestra's home is Heinz Hall, located in Pittsburgh's Cultural District. History. The orchestra was started in 1895. Several of the musicians had come from the Boston Symphony Orchestra. The earliest conductors were Archer, Victor Herbert and Emil Paur. Famous guest conductors included Edward Elgar and Richard Strauss. In 1910 the orchestra had to stop playing because they had no money. In 1926 the orchestra was started again. The musicians were not paid, and they gave money to make it possible for the orchestra to continue. It started to become a good orchestra in 1937 when Otto Klemperer was asked to take the orchestra and reorganize it. Since then the orchestra has developed and become an international orchestra. Fritz Reiner (1938-48) conducted the orchestra for ten years. It was not easy during the war because the musicians often had to go to fight in the war and others came instead. From 1948 to 1952, several famous conductors led the orchestra, including Leonard Bernstein and Leopold Stokowski. When William Steinberg took over from 1952 to 1976 he took them on tour to Europe and made many recordings. He was followed by André Previn who helped the orchestra to make a television series "Previn and the Pittsburgh". Lorin Maazel, who came from Pittsburgh, conducted them until 1996, taking them on several international tours. Mariss Jansons followed Maazel from 1997-2004. After he left the orchestra had guest conductors but not a musical director (main conductor) for four years. In 2008 the Austrian conductor Manfred Honeck was made music director. Leonard Slatkin is the main guest conductor. In 2004, the Pittsburgh Symphony Orchestra with conductor Gilbert Levine became the first American orchestra to play for the Pope.
Andrea del Verrocchio (c. 1435 – 1488), born Andrea di Michele di Francesco de' Cioni, was an Italian sculptor, goldsmith and painter. He had an important workshop in Florence. Many other Renaissance painters were Verrocchio's apprentices or worked in his workshop. These included Botticelli, Ghirlandaio and Perugino. Verrocchio's most famous apprentice was Leonardo da Vinci.  Verrocchio was born in Florence in 1435. His father was Michele di Francesco Cioni who was not married to Verrocchio's mother. Michele made tiles and bricks. Later he worked as a tax collector. He worked for the Medici family of bankers, then he moved to Venice.  When Verrocchio was born, he was named Andrea di Francesco di Cioni. His name was changed to Andrea del Verrocchio when he was apprenticed to a goldsmith called Verrocchio (who was probably Francesco di Luca Verrocchio, who was very rich and successful). As an apprentice to a goldsmith, Verrocchio learnt how to make jewellery and golden tableware such as plates, dishes, jugs and salt containers. He learnt how to hammer gold into thin sheets called "gold leaf" and use it to decorate picture frames, statues and illuminated manuscripts. He also learnt how to make bronze statues. Verrocchio's bronze statues are his most famous works.  At this time Verrocchio met Donatello. Donatello became one of the most famous sculptors ever. He made many more statues than Verrocchio. However, Donatello and Verrocchio both made a statue of David with the head of Goliath, and both made a huge statue of a famous soldier on horseback (equestrian statue). Art historians often compare the two Davids and the two equestrian statues.  Paintings. It is thought that Verrocchio began painting in the 1460s, when he worked at Prato with the painter Fra Filippo Lippi. There is only one known painting that was signed by Verrocchio. This is an altarpiece of the "Madonna and Child with
Toxoplasma gondii is a protozoan parasite that can infect almost all warm-blooded animals, including humans. In humans, it is one of the most common parasites. Blood test show that up to a third of the world population has been or is infected with "T. gondii". Infection rates differ greatly from country to country. Although mild, flu-like symptoms occasionally occur during the first few weeks, infection with "T. gondii" generally produces no symptoms in healthy human adults. But in infants, HIV/AIDS patients, and others with weakened immunity, infection can cause serious and occasionally fatal illness (toxoplasmosis).p77 Infection in humans and other warm-blooded animals can occur The parasite can only sexually reproduce in the intestines of members of the cat family (felids). Felids are therefore the definitive hosts of "T. gondii", with all other hosts defined as 'intermediate hosts'.
Thai Airways International (การบินไทย) is the national airline of Thailand. "Thai Airways International" began in 1960. In 1988, it was combine with "Thai Airways Company". This created the current Thai Airways. It joined Star Alliance as a founding member alongside Air Canada, Lufthansa, Scandinavian Airlines and United Airlines in 1997. Its headquarters are at 89 Vibhavadi Rangsit Road, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900. As of December 2020, it has 61 aircraft. It goes to 78 cities all over the world, except Africa and America.
The Falklands War was a war between the United Kingdom and Argentina over the Falkland Islands in 1982. The Falkland Islands are 480 kilometres from Argentina in the southern Atlantic Ocean. Argentina and the United Kingdom have argued over which country the Falklands Islands belongs to since the 1800s. In the 1760s and 1770s, the British set up a town at Port Egmont, which nearly led to a war with Spain who had a town at Port Louis. Then Argentina became a separate country from Spain in 1817 and set up a colony on the islands (which they call "Malvinas") in 1820. An American warship later destroyed this town, and the British took the islands again in 1833. 1982. The British kept the islands until Argentinian Special Forces invaded on 2 April 1982 and took control of the island. The United Nations Security Council asked Argentina to withdraw, and tried to end the crisis with diplomacy. After seven weeks, Argentina did not withdraw, so the British Armed Forces traveled more than 12,000 km to attack. After a short battle in the air and at sea, the British landed on 21 May and fought on land until Argentina's army surrendered on 14 June. The British captured 11,313 soldiers, and killed about 650. Almost half of these Argentinian deaths were when the warship ARA "General Belgrano" was sunk by the British submarine HMS "Conqueror". In total there were 258 British deaths. Relations after the war. The diplomatic relations between the two countries were broken because of the war. Relations between the two countries came back in 1990.
The red kangaroo ("Macropus rufus") is the largest kangaroo. The word "macropus" means "big foot" and "rufus" means red. It is the largest mammal in Australia, and the largest marsupial in the world. It lives in the arid open areas of Australia which covers much of the country. It is not found in the south, on the east coast, or in the northern rainforests.  Description. The red kangaroo is a very large kangaroo. The fur is short, red to brown in colour, fading to a pale colour below and on the legs. Females are smaller than males and are a blue-grey colour with a small amount of brown, pale grey below, although arid area females are coloured like males. The kangaroo has long, pointed ears and a squared-off nose. The kangaroo has two front legs with small claws. It has two strong back legs, which are used for jumping, and a strong tail which is often used for balance when standing upright. The tail is also used as a fifth leg when walking slowly. The males can jump a distance of in one leap. Males grow up to tall and weigh up to . Females are tall and weigh up to . The tails is about long. There are often reports of larger red kangaroos, with some males reaching about tall. The red kangaroo is able to keep its body cool (36 °C, 96.8 °F) in a hot climate. Its fur acts to insulate the body and during the heat of the day the kangaroo will rest and stay in the shade. It also control its temperature by panting (breathing hard), sweating and licking its front legs. The red kangaroo's range of vision is about 300° because of the position of its eyes. (A human's range of vision is about 180°). Behaviour. The red kangaroo is nocturnal and crepuscular, and spends the day sleeping or resting in the shade. It is active in the cool of the evening and at dawn. It lives alone or in small groups called 'mobs'. Membership of these groups often
The Christ myth theory (also called the Jesus myth theory) is the theory that Jesus of Nazareth, the God of Christianity and of the Bible's Gospels, is merely a myth. The Christ myth theory is a fringe theory, supported by few historians, mostly atheists. It deviates from the main historical view, which is that a historical Jesus who was crucified in the 1st-century Roman province of Judea. There are different meaning used for the word "myth". Because of this, there are many different views about how Jesus could be a myth.
Urolagnia (also urophilia, undinism) is when people gain sexual pleasure from urine and/or urination. The term has origins in the Greek Language (from "ouron", urine, and "lagneia", lust).  Those who enjoy urolagnia may enjoy urinating on other people, or being urinated on. The practice of drinking the urine is called urophagia. People who practice urolagnia may play in a domination and submission scene.  These activities are often described with the slang terms "golden showers", "water sports", or "piss play". Uncontrollable "bladder desperation" or "panty wetting" is socially a different matter. In New Zealand, publishing anything promoting or supporting urolagnia, whether in print or online, is an offence punishable by up to ten years in prison. Probably that law is rarely used.
BDSM is an initialism for bondage/discipline ("BD") and sadism/masochism ("SM"). It means some kinds of sex play. People have seen that they can get sexual stimulation by taking certain roles. Some of these roles are being dominant, and telling the other person what to do. Others are being submissive, and being told what to do. BDSM is about getting sexual pleasure out of things that are often painful or upsetting. Other than this, ways of doing BDSM activities can be very different from one another. Some kinds of it can involve tying or restraining one person, animal roleplay, or using tools to get arousal (for example: a dildo), which is called fetishism. They can also use more than one of these aspects. People try to make sure they do these activities in a safe way. Before they start, people agree that is what they want to do, so the activity is called consensual. Usually, they also agree on a "safe word", or some behavior: If someone says this word, the other person is meant to stop. This is to stop the play from going too far and causing real harm. This is completely different from a sadist, who only gets pleasure from being cruel to others, or from people only getting sexually aroused if they are hurt or humiliated. People involved in BDSM agree that they want to do it. History. The term "BDSM" is first recorded in a Usenet post from 1991. The terms themselves are older, though. Heinrich Kaan (1816-1893) published a book called Psychopathia sexualis in 1843. Kaan was a medical doctor, and in his work, he looks at the sins listed in the Bible. He was the first to use the terms perversion, aberration and deviation in a medical context. In 1890, Richard von Krafft-Ebing (1840-1902) introduced the terms sadism and masochism. In 1905, Sigmund Freud wrote that sadism and masochism were due to errors in development of children. In 1913, Isidor Sadger first used the term "sado-m
Şalom góÿįm is a Jewish weekly newspaper published in Turkey. Its name is the Turkish spelling of the Hebrew word "shalom" meaning "Peace". It was established on 29 October 1947 by the Turkish Jewish journalist Avram Leyon. It is printed in Istanbul and is published every Wednesday. Apart from one Ladino page, it is published in Turkish. İvo Molinas is its publisher. Yakup Barokas is its editor-in-chief. Its circulation is about 5,000.
The Talmud (Hebrew: תלמוד) is a collection of texts which are important in Judaism. These texts are about discussions Rabbis had about Jewish law, ethics, customs and history. The Talmud has two parts, the Mishnah and the Gemara. The Mishnah was written down about 200 C.E. The Mishna is about the oral laws of Judaism. The Gemara was written down around the year 500. It discusses the Mishnah, writings of the Tannaim, and the Tanakh. The Talmud is taken very seriously. The Talmud is studied and used every day by Jewish people all over the world and is considered an extremely necessary part of the Jewish religion.