ejaasaari/simplewiki-2025-04-01 huggingface dataset:
Althea Gibson (August 25, 1927 – September 28, 2003) was a World No. 1 American sportswoman who became the first African-American woman to be a competitor on the world tennis tour and the first to win a Grand Slam title in 1956. Gibson was a member of Alpha Kappa Alpha sorority. Biography. Althea Gibson was born at 9:00 am EDT on August 25, 1927 in Silver, Clarendon County, South Carolina to Daniel and Annie Bell Gibson. Althea had two siblings, a brother, Daniel Jr. (known as "Bubba") and a sister, Mildred. Gibson played tennis while going to school for an education. In 1946, she moved to Wilmington, North Carolina, to work on her tennis game with Dr. Hubert A. Eaton and enrolled at Williston High School. In 1958, Gibson retired from amateur tennis. Before the open era of tennis began, there was no prize money, other than an expense allowance, and no endorsement contracts. To begin earning prize money, tennis players had to give up their amateur status. As there was no professional tour for women, Gibson was limited to playing in a series of exhibition tours. According to Lance Tingay of "The Daily Telegraph" and the "Daily Mail", Gibson was ranked in the world top ten from 1956 through 1958, reaching a career high of No. 1 in those rankings in 1957 and 1958. Gibson was included in the year-end top ten rankings issued by the United States Tennis Association in 1952 and 1953 and from 1955 through 1958. She was the top-ranked U.S. player in 1957 and 1958. In 1957 Althea became the first African American woman to win Wimbledon. She won again in 1958. In 1958, she appeared as the celebrity challenger on the TV panel show "What's My Line?". In retirement, Gibson wrote her autobiography and in 1959 recorded an album, "Althea Gibson Sings", as well as appearing
In evolutionary biology, a group of organisms have common descent if they have a common ancestor. There is strong support for the theory that all living organisms on Earth are descended from a common ancestor. Charles Darwin proposed the theory of universal common descent through an evolutionary process in "On the Origin of Species", saying, "There is a grandeur in this view of life, with its several powers, having been originally breathed into a few forms or into one".p490 The last universal ancestor (LUA) (or last universal common ancestor, LUCA), is the most recent common ancestor of all currently living organisms. It is believed to have appeared about 3.9 billion years ago. History. In the 1740s, Pierre-Louis Maupertuis made the first known suggestion that all organisms may have had a common ancestor, and that they had diverged through random variation and struggle for existence. In "Essai de Cosmologie", Maupertuis noted: Could one not say that, in the fortuitous combinations of the productions of nature, as there must be some characterized by a certain relation of fitness which are able to subsist, it is not to be wondered at that this fitness is present in all the species that are currently in existence? Chance, one would say, produced an innumerable multitude of individuals; a small number found themselves constructed in such a manner that the parts of the animal were able to satisfy its needs; in another infinitely greater number, there was neither fitness nor order: all of these latter have perished... The species we see today are but the smallest part of what blind destiny has produced... Evidence of universal common descent. Common biochemistry and genetic code. All known forms of life are based on the same fundamental biochemical organisation. Genetic information is encoded in DNA, and transcribed into RNA, then translated into proteins by (highly similar) ribosomes, with ATP, NADH and others as energy sources, etc. The similarities include the energy carrier adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and the fact that all amino acids found in proteins are left-handed (chirality). Furthermore, the genetic code (the "translation table" according to which DNA information is
The accuracy and precision of measurements have special meanings in the fields of science, engineering, industry and statistics.  A measurement system can be accurate but not precise, precise but not accurate, neither, or both. For example, if an experiment contains a error in the way it is done, then increasing the sample size generally increases precision but does not improve accuracy. The end result would be a consistent, yet inaccurate, set of results from the flawed experiment. Eliminating the systematic error improves accuracy but does not change precision. A measurement system is valid if it is both "accurate" and "precise". Related terms include "bias" (non-random or directed effects caused by a factor or factors unrelated to the independent variable) and "error" (random variability). Related topics. The terminology is also applied to indirect measurements—that is, values obtained by a computational procedure from observed data. In addition to accuracy and precision, measurements may also have a measurement resolution, which is the smallest change in the underlying physical quantity that produces a response in the measurement. Different meanings of 'precision'. The word "precision" also refers to how fine the measurement is made, as the "resolution" of the measurement, such as to the nearest meter, centimeter, or yard, foot, inch, or nanometer.  In the case of full reproducibility, such as when rounding a number to a representable floating point number, the word "precision" has a meaning not related to reproducibility. For example, in the IEEE 754-2008 standard, it means the number of bits in the significand (number of digits in the amount), so it is used as a measure for the relative accuracy with which a number can be shown.
The humidex ("Hyu-mah-deks") is a temperature index used by Canadian meteorologists to describe how hot the weather feels to a person, by adding the effect of heat and humidity. For example, if the temperature is and the calculated humidex is 40, then that means the humid heat feels like a dry temperature of . The index is widely used in Canadian weather reports during summer to give the discomfort level. According to the Meteorological Service of Canada, a humidex of at least 30 causes "some discomfort", at least 40 causes "great discomfort" and above 45 is "dangerous". When the humidex hits 54, then heat stroke is very near. The current formula for getting the humidex (see below: Humidex formula) was developed by J.M. Masterton and F.A. Richardson of Canada's Atmospheric Environment Service in 1979. The humidex differs from the heat index used in the United States, in being derived from the dew point rather than the relative humidity. The record highest humidex in Canada occurred on July 25, 2007, when Carman, Manitoba hit 53.0. That number broke the previous record of 52.1 set during 1953 in Windsor, Ontario (The residents of Windsor would not have known it at the time, since the humidex had yet to be invented). Humidex formula. When the temperature is 30 °C (86 °F) and the dew point is 15 °C (59 °F), the humidex is 34. Note how humidex is a dimensionless number, but it indicates an approximate temperature in °C. If the temperature remains and the dew point rises to , the humidex rises to 42. The humidex tends to be higher than the U.S. heat index at equal temperature and relative humidity. The humidex formula is as follows: humidex = (air temperature in Celsius) + "h"  "h" = (0.5555)*("e" - 10.0) "e" = 6.11 * exp [5417.7530 * ((1/273.16) - (1/dewpoint in kelvins))] Complete: formula_1
The "heat index" (HI, also "humiture") is a measurement which combines air temperature and relative humidity as being the human-perceived equivalent temperature — how hot it feels. The result is also known as the "felt air temperature" or "apparent temperature". For example, when the temperature is with very high humidity, the heat index can be about . The human body normally cools itself by perspiration, or sweating, which evaporates and carries heat away from the body. However, when the relative humidity is high, then the evaporation rate is reduced, so heat is removed from the body at a lower rate, causing it to retain more heat than it would in dry air. Measurements have been taken based on subjective descriptions of how hot subjects feel for a given temperature and humidity, allowing an index to be made which relates one temperature and humidity combination, to another, at a higher temperature in drier air. The heat index was developed in 1978 by George Winterling as the "humiture" and was adopted by the National Weather Service a year later. It is derived from work carried out by Robert G. Steadman. Like the wind chill index, the heat index contains assumptions about the human body mass and height, clothing, amount of physical activity, thickness of blood, sunlight and ultraviolet radiation exposure, and the wind speed. Large deviations from the typical values will result in heat-index values which do not accurately reflect the perceived temperature. In Canada, the similar humidex is used in place of the heat index. The humidex differs from the heat index in using the dew point rather than the relative humidity. The heat index is defined so as to equal the actual air temperature when the partial pressure of water vapor is equal to a baseline value of 1.6 kPa. At standard atmospheric pressure (101.325 kPa), this baseline corresponds to a dew point of 14 °C (57 °F) and a mixing ratio of 0.01 (10 g of water vapor per kilogram of dry air). This corresponds to an air temperature of 25°C and relative humidity of 50% in the sea-level psychrometric chart. At high temperatures, the level
The Charlotte Hounds were a men's professional field lacrosse team that was based in Charlotte, North Carolina. The Hounds joined Major League Lacrosse (MLL) in 2012. They played their home games at American Legion Memorial Stadium.
Manhunter is an American crime thriller movie. It is the first film with the character Hannibal Lecter, a psychotic killer. It is based on a book by Thomas Harris, called "Red Dragon". The movie was written and directed by Michael Mann. It stars William Petersen, Brian Cox, Dennis Farina and Tom Noonan. It tells the story of a serial killer and the detectives who are trying to find him. "Manhunter" shows the science that police use to find criminals. This movie was not the only movie made from a book by Thomas Harris. Earlier, "Black Sunday" had been made, but not with the character of Lector. Later, "The Silence of the Lambs", "Hannibal", "Red Dragon" and "Hannibal Rising" were also made from his books. "Manhunter" did not get very good reviews when it came out. It did not make a lot of money in cinemas. It took $15 million to make "Manhunter" but the movie only made $8.6 million in the United States. Today the movie gets better reviews and is seen by more people. It is thought of as a 'cult movie'. Story. Will Graham (William Petersen) is an agent who worked for the Federal Bureau of Investigation. He retired after he caught a killer named Hannibal Lecter (Brian Cox). Graham is asked by Jack Crawford (Dennis Farina) to help with a new police case. Crawford is trying to find a killer named "The Tooth Fairy". Graham goes to the house of the killer's victims. He finds The Tooth Fairy's fingerprints there. Graham goes to a prison to meet Hannibal Lector again. Lector is very good at understanding how other people think. Graham asks him for help. It is clear that Graham is afraid of Lecter. Later on, a prison guard finds a letter that belongs to Lecter. The letter is from The Tooth Fairy. Graham and Crawford find out that The Tooth Fairy is talking to Lecter through advertisements in a newspaper. Graham asks a journalist from the newspaper to write an article despising the Tooth Fairy. They feel sure this will result in another advertisement, and this time they
Mononucleosis is the presence of lymphocytes (white blood cells) in the bloodstream of a human body. There are two forms: The word typically refers to glandular fever.
The Great White Spot, also known as Great White Oval, on Saturn, is a name given to storms that are large enough to be seen by telescope from Earth. The spots appear to be white, and the name was based on Jupiter's Great Red Spot. The spots can be several thousands of kilometers wide. Currently, a large band of white clouds called the Northern Electrostatic Disturbance (because of an increase in radio and plasma interference) has covered Saturn since 2010, and the Cassini orbiter is tracking the storm. Cassini information shows a loss of acetylene in the white clouds, an increase of phosphine, and an unusual temperature drop in the center of the storm. In April 2011, the storm had a second eruption. Scientists believe the white spots are made from ammonia ice pushed up by warmer gas through the tops of the planet's clouds. Occurrence. The spots happen every 28.5 Earth years. This is the solstice when Saturn's northern hemisphere tilts most toward the Sun. The following is a list of recorded sightings; years with spots that are part of the cycle are 1876, 1903, 1933, 1960, and 1990. Why there were no spots recorded before 1876 is a mystery. It is like the break in sightings of the Great Red Spot in the 18th and early 19th centuries. The 1876 Great White Spot was very large, and could be seen even with small telescopes. Was the earlier record simply poor, or was the 1876 GWS truly a first for the telescopic era? Some believe that neither scenario is likely. Mark Kidger has described three important Great White Spot patterns: Kidger predicts that the next Great White Spot will happen in the NTZ in 2016, and will probably be less spectacular than the 1990 Great White Spot. Characteristics. A "classic" Great White Spot is a spectacular event. Very bright white storms light up Saturn's usually dull atmosphere. All the major ones have happened in the planet's northern hemisphere. They usually begin as separate "spots", but then rapidly get bigger in longitude, as the 1933 and 1990 Great White Spots did. In 1990 the Great White Spot grew to circle the whole planet.
Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease (HFMD) is a human disease which is caused by a strain of Coxsackie A virus. Signs and symptoms include: HFMD is very common, especially in babies and young children. It is easily spread from person to person, so it often happens in a nursery or kindergarten. Outbreaks occur every few years in different parts of the world including Asian countries. Only a small number of people get sick enough to go to a hospital. There is also no specific treatment for HFMD. It goes away on its own in about 7 to 10 days. Asia. Over the last decade, many outbreaks of HFMD have been reported in countries of the Western Pacific Region. Recently, countries with large increases in the number of reported cases in Asia have included China, Japan, Hong Kong (China), Republic of Korea, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand and Viet Nam. In Viet Nam, HFMD circulates year-round in most provinces with two associated peaks, from March to May and from September to December.
The Ontario Hockey League (OHL), is a professional ice hockey league based in Canada and features 17 teams from Canada and 3 teams from the United States. For a player to play in the Ontario Hockey League they have to be between the ages of 15 to 20. The main championship for the OHL is the J. Ross Robertson Cup which is awarded to the winner of the Ontario Hockey League playoff championship. The current holders of the Cup is the London Knights. The Ontario Hockey League is one of the three Major Junior ice hockey leagues which is part of the Canadian Hockey League (CHL).
Kansas is a state in the Midwestern United States. The 2020 United States Census says that Kansas is the 36th biggest state by number of people. It has people living there. It is the 13th biggest by land area spanning of land. Kansas is divided into 105 counties and has 625 incorporated municipalities - which are cities. City Requirements. All incorporated places in Kansas are called cities. Some states call places towns or villages. (11 of 50 states only have cities). Once a city is incorporated in Kansas, it will continue to be a city no matter what.  There are three categories for cities: Cities by number of people. Population data based on 2010 census and 2020 census with over 5,000 people. The city of Topeka, in addition to being the county seat for Shawnee County, is the state capital.   Military bases. As a supplement to the list of cities, the following military bases are given because of their size in active members or service members living on the post. The table values for "Population in Quarters" includes reported totals of active duty, family, civilians, reservists, and retired personnel living on the base. In 2016, over 85,000 people live on military bases in Kansas. This includes over 25,000 active duty personnel. Although not "cities", these military bases certainly should be considered as population centers of note. "none" *Kansas Department of Transportation (KDOT): Intrastate mileage between cities  *Historical Directory of Kansas Towns *City maps from KDOT
Open Season 3 (also known as Open Season 3: Big Circus Adventure) is a 2010 animated-comedy movie and is the third movie in the "Open Season" movie series, directed by Cody Cameron and produced by Kirk Bodyfelt. The movie was released on October 21, 2010. Despite receiving negative reviews from film critics, the film was well-welcomed from audience. A sequel, "" was released on November 21, 2015. In the movie, Boog (Matthew J. Munn) is about to go on a special guys' trip with the boys, but everyone is extremely busy living with their families. This disappoints Boog and it makes him go on a trip himself and encounters the Maslova Family Circus that came from Russia and meets a doppelganger named Doug (Matthew J. Munn), his annoying friend Alistair (Dana Snyder), and a circus performer named Ursa (Melissa Sturm), whom he falls in love with. When the animals at the forest find out the circus is going back to Russia, they make a whole new plan to rescue Boog and bring him back home. Plot. Boog (Matthew J. Munn) plans an annual guys' trip to spend time with his male friends. But Elliot (Maddie Taylor) has distanced himself from him since he had started a family with his wife Giselle (Melissa Sturm) and his three children: Gisela (Karley Scott Collins), Giselita (Ciara Bravo), and Elvis (Harrison Fahn). Boog is disappointed since everyone else wanted to spend time with their families, which makes the grizzly go on a trip of his own, which leads him to a Russian traveling circus called the Maslova Family Circus. While in the circus, Boog meets Doug (Matthew J. Munn), a lazy, scruffy grizzly bear who is tired of performing in the circus on the sidelines (as well, Boog also meets Doug's friend, an Argentina llama named Alistair {Dana Snyder}). Doug craves recognition as a full-fledged king of the forest, the ruler of wildlife.
Rahm Israel Emanuel (; born November 29, 1959) is an American politician. He was the United States Ambassador to Japan from 2022 to 2025. He was the 55th Mayor of Chicago from 2011 to 2019. Emanuel was the White House Chief of Staff during the Barack Obama administration from 2009 until 2010. Between 2003 and 2009, he was a member of the United States House of Representatives for Illinois's 5th congressional district. He also was an advisor to President Bill Clinton between 1993 until 1998. Early life. Emanuel was born on November 29, 1959 in Chicago, Illinois to a Jewish family. He studied at Sarah Lawrence College and at Northwestern University. Political career. U.S. representative (2003-2009). He was a Democratic member of the United States House of Representatives, representing , from 2003 until his resignation in 2009 to become a member of the Obama Administration. He is the first Jewish mayor of Chicago. Emanuel was chair of the Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee during the 2006 mid-term elections and remained a top strategist for House Democrats during the 2008 cycle. After Democrats regained control of the House in 2006, Emanuel was elected chairman of the Democratic Caucus. This made him the fourth-ranking House Democrat, behind Speaker Nancy Pelosi, Majority Leader Steny Hoyer and Majority Whip Jim Clyburn. White House Chief of Staff (2009-2010). Two days after Obama's election victory, Emanuel was announced as Obama's designee for White House Chief of Staff. He resigned from the House on January 2, 2009, and began his duties as Chief of Staff on January 20, 2009, the day of Obama's inauguration. Mayor of Chicago (2011-2019). Emanuel resigned as Chief of Staff effective October 1, 2010, in order to run for Mayor of Chicago pending the announced retirement of six term incumbent Richard M. Daley. On January 27, 2011, the Illinois Supreme Court reversed a lower court's ruling that had cast doubt on Emanuel's candidacy; the court unanimously decided
The mayoral term in Chicago was one year from 1837 through 1863, when it was increased to two years. In 1907 it was again lengthened to four years, the present duration.  Until 1861, municipal elections were held in March. In that year, legislation changed them to April. In 1869, however, election time was changed to November, and terms expiring in April of that year were lengthened.  In 1875, the election day was moved back to April by the city's vote to operate under the Cities and Villages Act of 1872. Lester L. Bond was the acting mayor when Joseph Medill left to a tour around Europe. Thomas Hoyne won election as mayor, but could not become the mayor so the election became a void. As of 1995, no mayor can run for a political party, they are considered as nonpartisans. Vice Mayor. The city council elects a vice mayor who is interim mayor in the event of a vacancy in the office of the mayor or the inability of the mayor to serve due to illness or injury. As of May 2023, the current vice mayor is Walter Burnett Jr.. Past holders of this office have included Tom Tunney (2019–2023), Brendan Reilly (2015–2019) Ray Suarez (2011–2015), and David Orr. Notes. 1 Rahm Emanuel is a Democrat, but he and all other candidates in the 2011 election officially ran as nonpartisans. Under a 1995 Illinois law, "candidates for mayor . . . no longer would run under party labels in Chicago."
Basic Instinct is a 1992 American erotic thriller. The movie was directed by Paul Verhoeven and stars Michael Douglas and Sharon Stone. Douglas plays a San Francisco police detective who investigates the murder of a rich rock star. During this investigation he gets personally involved with the prime suspect, Catherine Tramell (played by Stone), having an affair with her. The movie generated a lot of controversy due to its strong and graphic violence and violent sex scenes. It was strongly opposed by gay rights activists for its portrayal of a bisexual woman as a narcissistic psychopath. The movie was given mixed reviews, but it took in millions at the box office. It was originally under a rating of NC-17. It was later edited down for an R rating before release. It was followed by a sequel, "Basic Instinct 2".
The Presidential Medal of Freedom is an award given by the President of the United States. It recognizes those individuals who have made "an especially meritorious contribution to the security or national interests of the United States, world peace, cultural or other significant public or private endeavors". The award is not limited to U.S. citizens and, while it is a civilian award, it can also be awarded to military personnel and worn on the uniform. It was established in 1963 and replaced the earlier Medal of Freedom that was established by President Harry S. Truman in 1945.
Abé is a language spoken in Côte d'Ivoire. Its name is also spelled Abbé, Abbey, and Abi. About 170,000 people spoke the language in 1995. These people mostly lived in the Department of Agboville. The Abé language is part of the Niger-Congo language family. It has four dialects: Tioffo, Morie, Abbey-Ve, and Kos.