ejaasaari/simplewiki-2025-04-01 huggingface dataset:
The Giant octopus is Enteroctopus, and one of its species is the largest octopus. There are four species: the North Pacific Giant Octopus ("E. dofleini"), the Southern Giant Octopus ("Enteroctopus magnificus"), "E. megalocyathus", and "E. zealandicus". Overview. The only member of this genus that deserves the common name "Giant octopus" is "Enteroctopus dofleini". This holds the record of being the world's largest octopus: direct measurements were made of a live 71 kg (156.5 lb) individual. This octopus had a total length near to 4 m (13 ft).  The remaining members of the genus are much smaller. "E. megalocyathus" has an average weight of 4 kg and a total length of 1 m. "E. magnificus" has a total length of around 1.5 m.
Antacids (or indigestion tablets) are used to help stop indigestion. People may get indigestion if they eat too much or if they eat too fast. With indigestion, the liquid in the stomach will become more acidic. Antacids will neutralise the acids. The reaction that is happening is called "neutralisation". This is because the tablets are alkaline and the liquids in the stomach are acidic. This reaction between the stomach acids and the antacid will make the acid change into harmless substances such as water or salt. An example of an antacid is milk of magnesia. Side effects from taking antacids are rare, but can include both constipation and diarrhea. They are also high in sodium so people with a heart condition on a low salt diet should ask their doctor before taking them.
Down and Out in Paris and London is a written exposé. It was written by George Orwell.  Its target audience was the middle and upper class members of society. It exposes the poverty existing in two prosperous cities: Paris and London.  The author talks about his time working as a pleunger (lowest possible position) in a Paris hotel and describes the hard life that is lived by thousands of Parisians. In London he is promised work, but the work is not there so he has to travel from homeless shelter to homeless shelter everyday with a group of homeless people.
West Nile Virus (WNV) is a virus that belongs to the genus "Flavivirus". It causes an infectious disease called "West Nile virus disease" or just "West Nile virus." WNV mainly infects birds, but it can also infect humans, horses, dogs, bats, cats, reptiles, and amphibians. West Nile virus is spread by mosquitoes, who get the virus from birds. If a mosquito bites a bird that has WNV, and then bites a human, that person can get West Nile Virus. West Nile virus was first discovered in 1937, in the West Nile area of Uganda, in East Africa. (This is how the virus got its name.) However, before the 1990s, there were very few cases of WNV. Then there was an outbreak in Algeria in 1994 and another in Romania in 1996. By 2004, the virus had spread to North America, the Caribbean islands, and Latin America. It continues to spread through Africa, Asia, Australia, Europe, the Middle East, Canada, and the United States. In 2012, one of the worst West Nile virus epidemics yet happened in the United States; 286 people died. Signs and symptoms. About 80% of people who get West Nile virus have no symptoms. When a person does get symptoms, they usually do not appear until 2 to 15 days after the person got the virus. (This is called the virus's incubation period.) West Nile virus can cause many different types of illness. The rarest, but most serious types affect the neurological system - the brain and the nerves. The most common type of illness caused by WNV is West Nile fever, which does not affect the neurological system. West Nile fever. West Nile fever happens in about 20% of people with WNV. It causes a high fever and flu-like symptoms. Usually, the symptoms are not too bad, and get better after 3 to 6 days. Symptoms may include: West Nile neuroinvasive disease. Neuroinvasive disease is when the West Nile virus infects the central nervous system (the brain and spinal cord). This happens in less than
In the Gregorian calendar, a century leap year is a year that is exactly divisible by 400. Like all other leap years, these years have February 29. If a year is divisible by 100 but not 400, it is a common year (not a leap year). For example, the years 1600 and 2000 were century leap years; the century years 1700, 1800, 1900 were common years, so will 2100, 2200, and 2300, despite being divisible by 4. The next century leap year will occur in the year 2400. Century leap years always begin on Saturday and end on Sunday. Therefore, February 29 in those years always falls on a Tuesday. The start days of exceptional common years (century years not evenly divisible by 400) also varies; the century year begins on a Friday if the remainder obtained by dividing it by 400 is 100, Wednesday if the remainder is 200, and Monday if the remainder is 300. The Gregorian calendar more accurately tracks Earth's revolution around the Sun, more so than the older Julian calendar, in which every fourth year (including end–of–century years) is a leap year. Because of this, the Julian calendar began to gradually drift with respect to the four seasons. Each season has been occurring earlier and earlier over time. Therefore when the Gregorian calendar was created in 1582, it eliminated this problem by specifying that end–of–century years are only leap years if divisible by 400. Therefore, 1700 was the first end–of–century year that was not a leap year.
Plywood is a manufactured wood which is made by gluing several thin sheets of wood together with the grain alternately running along the sheet then across it.  The veneer is usually about 3 millimetres thick for each layer. Interior layers of these boards are usually made from an inexpensive wood while the outer veneer layers are made from more expensive timber to give the board a nice wood grain appearance. The glued layers are heated together to make the seal become better bonded.  A common reason for using plywood instead of plain wood is its resistance to cracking, shrinking and changing shape. It is cheaper than most plain woods as it reuses scrap wood, and it is stronger. It is used to make a range of things from sheds, to cladding to cabinets. It is graded on the quality, from class A to class D, A being the best quality and D being the worst quality. Different kinds of plywood are made for different purposes. Marine plywood, for example, is especially resistant to water. There is a world-wide industry making plywood for structural purposes. IKEA is well-known for using mostly plywood and chipboard in their indoor and outdoor furniture products.
A plastid is a self-reproducing organelle of plants and algae. A plastome is the DNA genome of a plastid.p341 They are like tiny machines inside cells: each makes or stores important chemicals used by the plant.  Examples of plastids are:  Plastids in algae. Plastids in algae and hornworts may differ from plant plastids. In algae, the term "leucoplast" is used for all unpigmented plastids and their function differs from the leucoplasts of plants.  Glaucocystophytic algae contain muroplasts, which are similar to chloroplasts except that they have a cell wall, similar to that of prokaryotes. Rhodophytic algae contain rhodoplasts, which are red chloroplasts which allow the algae to photosynthesise to a depth of up to 268 metres. Genetics and evolution. Plastids are one of the many different types of organelles in the cell. In endosymbiont theory, plastids originated as cyanobacteria. This was first suggested by Mereschkowsky in 1905. Schimper in 1883 had said chloroplasts closely resembled cyanobacteria.  Almost all chloroplasts are thought to derive directly or indirectly from a single endosymbiotic event. Mitochondria also derive from symbiosis, but chloroplasts are found only in plants and protista. The chloroplast is surrounded by a double-layered composite membrane with an intermembrane space; further, it has reticulations, or many infoldings, filling the inner spaces. The chloroplast has its own DNA, which codes for redox proteins involved in electron transport in photosynthesis.
The Medical Renaissance is a period of progress in European medical knowledge. It lasted from about 1400 to 1700 AD. During this period, there was a new interest in the ideas of the ancient Greeks and Romans. Discoveries from the Medical Renaissance paved the way for modern medicine. At the beginning of this period, around 1400, doctors did not understand anatomy and physiology. They had a lot of ideas that sound strange to modern people. Several things helped scientists make progress. Starting in the 1450s, the printing press made it possible for medical books to be mass-produced. This made it easy for medical knowledge to spread. Scientists published books sharing knowledge about anatomy and physiology. In 1543, Andreas Vesalius published "De humani corporis fabrica" (“On the fabric of the human body”), a detailed anatomy book. This was the first time in history that realistic diagrams of dissections were published. By studying anatomy, physicians learnt the positions of bones, muscles, and organs. Much later, in 1628, the Englishman William Harvey discovered that the heart pumps blood, which travels through the body in blood vessels, and returns to the heart in the circulatory system. Thus physicians began to understand the basic facts of anatomy and physiology. Beliefs. During the Renaissance, the theory of the four humours (or four temperaments) was very important. The ancient Greeks created this theory, and it influenced medical development until the 19th century. According to this theory, the body is filled with four different "humours" (liquids): black bile, yellow bile, phlegm and blood. When a person is healthy, these substances are in balance. When there is an imbalance between the humours, the person will be sick. The sickness can be cured by bringing the four humours back to balance. The ancient Roman physician Galen had supported this theory, though he refined it in many ways. He said that body temperature is based on the balance between the humors. During the Medical Renaissance, several important physicians helped to prove this theory wrong. The first was a Persian physician called Abū Bakr Muḥammad ibn Zakariyyā�
The gray-tailed mountain-gem ("Lampornis cinereicauda") is a species of hummingbird. It lives in the mountains of southern Costa Rica from the Cordillera de Talamanca southward to the border with Panama.  Male gray-tailed mountain-gems have iridescent emerald green with a thouch of a bronzy brown mixed in. It has a gray tail, a bright blue-green forehead and top of the head, and a bright white throat next to iridescent blue-green on the upper belly. Both male and female have a straight, thin, black bill, a white stripe behind the eye, and blackish wings.  The female gray-tailed mountain-gem are colored quite different then the male. They have an iridescent bronzy emerald green from the forehead, all the way to the tail, covering the whole backside. Their whole front side is a tan-orange color, all the way from the chin, to the lower belly; and a white-tipped, green tail, completes the coloring of the female.
"Saturdays of Thunder" is the ninth episode of The Simpsons third season. It first started on the Fox Network in the United States on November 14, 1991. Story. In this episode, Homer takes a fatherhood quiz and realizes that he knows nothing about Bart. He tries to be a better father and learns that Bart is entering in a "Soap Box Derby." Homer and Bart make a racer together, however it is not very good, and Bart decides to drive Martin's much nicer racer instead. Homer is at first sad, but decides that he must be a good father and support Bart.
When humans first learned how to control fire, it was an important step in their culture. It allowed them to cook food and get warmth and protection. Making fire also allowed activity into the dark, and gave some protection from predators and insects. The cooking of food was probably the most useful effect of fire. There are foods like nuts and fruits which do not need cooking, but others, such as root vegetables, mostly need cooking. It is not known for sure when fire was first controlled by humans. Evidence for the use of fire by "Homo erectus" by about 400,000 years ago has wide scholarly support. Claims for the earliest definitive evidence of control of fire by a member of "Homo" range from 0.2 to 1.7 million years ago (mya). Evidence. East Africa. The earliest evidence of humans using fire comes from many archaeological sites in East Africa, like Chesowanja near Lake Baringo, Koobi Fora, and Olorgesailie in Kenya. The evidence at Chesowanja is the discovery of red clay shards that scientists estimate are 1.42 million years old. Scientists reheated some of the shards at the site, and found that the clay must have been heated to 400 °C to harden. At Koobi Fora, there are archaeological sites with evidence of control of fire by "Homo erectus" 1.5 million years ago, with the reddening of sediment that can only come from heating at 200—400 °C. There is a hearth-like depression at a site in Olorgesailie, Kenya. Some very tiny charcoal was found, but it could have come from a natural brush fire. In Gadeb, Ethiopia, fragments of welded tuff that seemed to have been burned were found in Locality 8E, but re-firing of the rocks may have happened because of volcanoes erupting nearby. These have been found among Herculean artifacts made by "H. erectus". In the Middle Awash River Valley, cone-shaped depressions of reddish clay were found that could be made by temperatures of 200 °C. These features are thought to be burned tree st
South Shields is a borough constituency that is represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It elects one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first past the post system of election. Boundaries. Currently, this constituency contains the areas of South Shields in South Tyneside in Tyne and wear. Changes to the boundary that are to be in place for the next election will bring Whitburn into the constituency from neighbouring Jarrow.
In mathematics, an interval is a group of numbers that includes all numbers between the beginning and the end. Numbers that are larger than the beginning number and smaller than the end number are inside the interval, and numbers that are smaller than the beginning number or larger than the end number are not in the interval. The beginning number and end number may or may not be inside the interval. An example of an interval might be from 3.3 to 15. Here, numbers such as 4, 8, 9.5, 14, and even 14.999 are inside this interval. Numbers such as -4, 2, 3.2, 20, and 15.000001 are not inside this interval. To write an interval, write either a square bracket ( [ ) or a parenthesis ( ( ), the beginning number, a comma ( , ), the end number, and either a closing square bracket ( ] ) or a closing parenthesis ( ) ). Examples of intervals are (4, 9.6), [-100, 100], [-30, -4). Different kinds of intervals. Intervals can be separated by how they act at their ends. Intervals can be closed, open, or mixed. Closed Intervals. An interval that is closed also includes the beginning and the end, and generally takes the form of formula_1. A closed interval that has 3 as the beginning and 5.4 as the end would include 3, 5.4, and every number between 3 and 5.4. To write a closed interval, use square brackets ( [ and ] ). An example of an closed interval is [136, 450]. Open Intervals. An interval that is open does not include the beginning or the end, and generally takes the form of formula_2. An open interval that has 3 as the beginning and 5 as the end would include every number between 3 and 5, but it would not include 3 or 5. To write an open interval, use parentheses ( ( and ) ). An example of an open interval is (2, 5). Mixed Intervals. A mixed interval is open at
The Actinobacteria, or Actinomycetota are a group of Gram-positive bacteria. They grow on land or in water. They include some of the most common life forms in soil, playing important roles in the decomposition of organic matter and humus formation. Fungi also play the same role, so some Actinobacteria like Streptomyces were originally classified as fungi. Actinobacteria colonies form branching threads called mycelia. This feature was another reason for the wrongful classification of the actinomycetes, for example, as fungi.  Some species live in a mutual resource exchange with the roots of plants, such as Frankia, while other species can cause disease, such as the genus Mycobacterium and the bacteria "Mycobacterium tuberculosis." Actinobacteria contains one of the largest bacterial genera, Streptomyces, which contributes to maintaining the acidity and basicity levels of the soil. They are also important sources of antibiotics, as well as antifungals, antivirals, and numerous other medicines. They are also very useful in agriculture, as they can be used in insecticides and herbicides, among various other substances. Other Actinobacteria species, such as the genus Bifidobacterium, are commonly found in the intestines of infants and are less common in adults. Some Actinobacteria found in Siberia or Antarctica are considered the oldest on Earth, frozen around half a million years ago.
The Linnean Society of London is the world's biggest society for the study and discussion of taxonomy and natural history. It publishes a Zoological Journal, as well as Botanical and Biological Journals. It also prints "The Linnean", a review of the history of the society and of taxonomy. The Linnean Society was started in 1788. It was named after the Swedish naturalist Carolus Linnaeus. The Society is based at Burlington House in Piccadilly, London. Members can be a "Student member", an "Associate member" or a "full Fellow". To become a member, a person needs to be nominated by two or more Fellows, and succeed in an election. Fellows of the society can use the letters "FLS" after their names to show their membership of the Society (for example, "John Smith FLS"). Medals and prizes. The Linnean Society of London wants to promote the study of all areas of the biological sciences. They especially want to promote the study of evolution, taxonomy, biodiversity and sustainability. The Society awards medals and grants to help with this. The following medals and prizes are awarded by the Linnean Society: Collections. Linnaeus' botanical and zoological collections were bought in 1783 by Sir James Edward Smith, the first President of the society. They are held in London by the Society. The collections include 14,000 plants, 158 fish, 1,564 shells, 3,198 insects, 1,600 books and 3,000 letters and documents. If you want to see them, you need to make an appointment. James Smith's own plant collection is also kept by the Society. It has been put into a database by the Smith Herbarium Project at the National Museums Liverpool. 6,000 plants have been cleaned and repaired. Linnean Societies worldwide. Australia Canada France Sweden United Kingdom United States
Captain John Guy Dollman BA, FLS (1886-1942) (who was known as Guy Dollman) was a British zoologist and taxonomist. Dollman's Tree Mouse and Dollman's Vlei Rat are named after him. Life and work. Guy Dollman was the eldest son of the artist John Charles Dollman. He was born on 4 September 1886 and went to St Paul's School. He later went to St John's College Cambridge. In February 1907, when he was still a student, he was employed by the Department of Zoology at the British Museum (Natural History). He spent most of his working life there as Assistant Keeper of Mammals. In 1912, on an expedition to Vietnam, he discovered and named the Tonkin Snub-nosed Langur. He joined the British Army in 1915, and obtained a commission in the 19th London Regiment. He was injured in a bomb accident so he did not fight in the First World War. In 1919, he returned to the museum. He was an adviser to the British group at the 1933 International Conference for the Preservation of the Flora and Fauna of Africa. This was the most important meeting about protecting nature before the Second World War. Dollman helped to decide which animal species needed protecting. He travelled and wrote a lot with Walter Rothschild. Some of their writing included "New mammals from Dutch New Guinea" (which was published in 1932) and a book about tree kangaroos which was called "The Genus Dendrolagus" (which was published in 1936). He was also a very good artist, showing pictures at the Royal Academy. He also drew pictures for his own scientific writings. Dollman died on 21 March 1942 when he was 65 years old. Binomial authority. Dollman is the binomial authority (the first person to name a species) for the following animals:
Kellen's dormouse ("Graphiurus kelleni") is a species of rodent in the Gliridae family. It is native to Angola, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Gambia, Kenya, Mali, Nigeria, Niger, Senegal, Tanzania, and Uganda. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests and moist and dry savanna.
The woodland dormouse ("Graphiurus murinus") is a species of rodent in the Gliridae family. It is endemic to (lives only in) South Africa. It is also known as the "African dwarf dormouse", the "African pygmy dormouse" or the "Micro squirrel". They are sometimes kept as pets, but they are harder to look after than other pet rodents. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montanes and rivers.
Anselme Gaëtan Desmarest (1784 – 4 June 1838) was a French zoologist and author. He was the son of Nicolas Desmarest. Desmarest published "Histoire Naturelle des Tangaras, des Manakins et des Todiers" (1805), "Considérations générales sur la classe des crustacés" (1825), "Mammalogie ou description des espèces des Mammifères." Paris: Veuve Agasse(1820), and "Dictionnaire des Sciences Naturelles" (1816–30, with André Marie Constant Duméril). His son Eugène Anselme Sébastien Léon Desmarest (1816–1889) was also a zoologist.
Nicolas Desmarest (16 September 1725 – 20 September 1815) was a French geologist. Desmarest was born at Soulaines in the department of Aube in France. He was educated at the college of the Oratorians of Troyes and Paris. While doing this, he earned money by teaching, to pay for his education.  Buffon's "Theory of the Earth" interested him, and in 1753 he won a prize by writing an essay on the ancient connection between England and France. A lot of people were interested in this. He was given job studying and reporting on manufacturing in different countries. In 1788 he became inspector-general of the industries of France. Demarest travelled around on foot to learn more about the Earth's structure. In 1763 he noticed that the basalt rocks in Auvergne were old lava streams. He noticed that they were similar to the columns of the Giant's Causeway in Ireland. He knew that they were evidence of the operations of old volcanoes which were no longer active.  In 1774 he published an essay on the subject (with a geological map) after visiting the area a few times. He then discussed the changes that the rocks had gone through because of weathering and erosion. This was the first time that anyone had talked about valleys being made because streams which flowed through them eroding the rocks. He died in Paris in 1815. In 1823 his son Anselme Gaëtan Desmarest published a new and better edition of his map.
Eugène Anselme Sébastien Léon Desmarest (1816–1889) was a French zoologist and entomologist. He was the son of Anselme Gaëtan Desmarest (1734–1838). Works. Partial list:
A clergyman is an ordained minister of the Anglican Church, or of some other Protestant churches. 'Vicar' and 'pastor' are other possibilities. 'Rector' is used in some Scottish Presbyterian churches. 'The clergy' is often used as a group term. The word 'cleric', meaning a clerk, is the root term. It comes from the fact that all clerics could read and write, at a time when this was a rare skill. By general use and convention, Anglican ministers are not called priests. This is because the unqualified term 'priest' or 'father' is widely used as referring to the Catholic Church. Of course, in modern times an Anglican minister may be female, in which case the term 'reverend' or 'minister' may be used.