ejaasaari/simplewiki-2025-04-01 huggingface dataset:
Tonga is a country in Pacific Ocean. It has 169 islands. Only 36 islands have inhabitants. The most important island is Tongatapu. Tupou IV is the king of Tonga and the Prime Minister is Siaosi Sovaleni. The capital of Tonga is Nuku'alofa, which is on Tongatapu. The official languages of Tonga are Tongan and English. Tonga had 102,321 inhabitants in 2000. It is a very hot country. Tonga became independent in 1970. History. About 3000 years before, the Polynesians had settled in Tongatapu. In 1845, Tāufaʻāhau united Tonga into a kingdom. He declared Tonga a constitutional monarchy. Between 1845 and 1893, slavery was stopped. Also, constitution was made up. In 1900, Tonga became a protected state of the United Kingdom. Tonga maintained its sovereignty. It remained the only Pacific nation never to have given up its monarchical government. Foreign affairs was managed by the UK. Tonga was no longer a protected state and became independent in 1970. Tonga joined the Commonwealth of Nations in 1970. It became a member of the United Nations in September 1999. Tonga has never lost indigenous governance. Geography. Tonga is in Oceania. It is an archipelago in the South Pacific Ocean. It has 177 islands. Thirty-six of them are inhabited. The islands are divided into three main groups – Vava'u, Ha'apai, and Tongatapu. The largest island is Tongatapuon. The capital city of Nukuʻalofa is on Tongatapuon. Politics. Tonga is a constitutional monarchy. Tonga provides for its citizens: Tongans have universal access to a national health care system. The Tongan constitution protects land ownership. Land cannot be sold to foreigners. While there is a land shortage on the urbanised main island of Tongatapu, there is farmland available in the outlying islands. The majority of the population engages in some
Filippo Azzaiolo (1530 - 1569) was an Italian composer. He lived in 16th century. Azzaiolo worked in Bologna. All his known songs were composed between 1557 and 1569. Azzaiolo's most famous song is "Chi passa".
1914 (MCMXIV) was a common year starting on Thursday in the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Wednesday in the Julian calendar. It was the year that saw the start of what became known as World War I.
February 29 is the 60th day of a leap year in the Gregorian calendar. It is sometimes called "leap day" or "bissextile day". Only leap years have February 29. This day only occurs every four years, in years that are divisible by four, except century years that are divisible by 100 but not by 400. Births. A person who was born on February 29 may be called a "leapling". In non–leap years they usually celebrate their birthday on February 28 or March 1. Different countries have different laws about people who are born on February 29. In Taiwan, the law says that the birthday of a leapling is February 28 in years that are not leap years. The well–known superhero Superman is often said to have his birthday on February 29.
Torah () is a Hebrew word that means "instructions". When most people say the word Torah they either mean the whole Jewish Bible (the Tanakh), the first five books of the Bible, or all of the Jewish teaching in general. These five books are the beginning of both the Jewish and Christian bibles. They are Other names for this set of books are the "Five Books of Moses," or "Pentateuch". Each of the books in the Torah is separated into parts called "Parshiyot." "Parsha" is a Hebrew word meaning "portion." Every Shabbat one "parsha" is read in the synagogue, but sometimes two are read. This is so that all the "parshiyot" are finished every year, on the Jewish holiday of Simchat Torah. It is also known as the Five Book of Moses because Moses received these five books from God. The "Tawrat" () is the Arabic name for the Torah within its context as an Islamic holy book believed by Muslims to be given by God (Allah) to prophets and messengers amongst the Children of Israel, and often refers to the entire Hebrew Bible. It is mentioned many times in the Qur'an. Pentateuch. Pentateuch means the first five books of the Bible. These books are Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy. The word "Pentateuch" comes from two Greek words that mean "five books" or "five scroll" According to tradition, the books were written by the Israelite leader, Moses. The Pentateuch is often called the Five Books of Moses or the Torah. The Pentateuch tells the story from the Creation of the world to the death of Moses and the preparation of the Israelite's to enter the land of Canaan. The story is told in three parts. The first part (Genesis 1-11) is about the Creation and the beginning of human beings on earth. The second part (Genesis 12-50) are the stories of the ancestors of the Israelites, mainly Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, and Joseph. The third part, beginning with the book of Exodus, describes how the Israel
The 2010s (pronounced "twenty-tens", "two thousand (and) tens", or simply "the Tens" or "Teens"), was the decade that began on January 1, 2010 and ended on December 31, 2019. It is distinct from the decade known as the 202nd decade which began on January 1, 2011 and ended on December 31, 2020.
A rainforest is a forest that gets heavy rainfall. The most notable rainforests are in the tropics or subtropics. The largest rainforest is the Amazon rainforest, which is mainly in Brazil.  Forests like this have extraordinary biodiversity. Over half of all plant and animal species live in the rainforest. Also more than 1/4 of all medicines come from here. They are an important source of oxygen, but not as much as the seas. The rainforest gets an average of 50 to 250 inches (1.2-6.3m) of rain throughout the year. It is warm all year round rarely getting above 34°C (94 °F) or getting below 20 °C (68 °F). It has an average humidity of 77% to 88%. Tropical rainforests occur in three major geographical areas around the world. A less-used term is temperate rainforest. For temperate rain forests of North America, annual precipitation is over , and the mean annual temperature is between 4 and 12 °C (39 and 54 °F). However, definitions in other countries differ. For example, Australian definitions are ecological-structural rather than climatic: This definition would not suit the forests of western North America, and so the term "temperate rainforest" is not so widely agreed. The weather in a rainforest would be humid, which is wet but warm like a greenhouse.  The bottom-most layer (called the forest ground) gets only 2% of the sunlight. Only plants adapted to low light can grow in this region. The understory layer lies between the canopy and forest floor. It is a home to a number of birds, snakes and lizards as well as predators such as jaguars or leopards on the forest floor. The leaves are much bigger at this level and insect life is abundant. Characteristics. The characteristics of present-day tropical rainforests are: The five layers. Tropical rainforests are dominated by different plants and animals at different levels. The top layer is the "emergent" layer. Then there is the "canopy" layer. Under the tall canopy is the "
The Welsh language is a Celtic language and the national language of Wales, a country that is part of the United Kingdom. In Welsh, it is known as "Cymraeg", or "yr iaith Gymraeg", which means "the Welsh language". Welsh is spoken throughout the country: of of the 2021 census about 17.8% of people living in Wales over the age of 3 can speak Welsh, which about 538,000 people. Many people in Wales say they can understand some form of Welsh and can speak, write or read Welsh even if they do not speak it all the time. Even though almost all Welsh people can understand and use English, Welsh is still an important part of Welsh culture and so children in all schools in Wales have to study it. There are some schools that have almost all of their classes in Welsh, but most schools teach mainly in English. Welsh is taught as a second language in these schools. Language mutations. Welsh has mutations in which a sound (in speech) or a letter (in writing) changes at the start of a word. Example are the Welsh words "gwneud", which in English means "to do"; "dod", which means "to come"; and "dewch i mewn", which means "come in". The word sometimes changes from "gwneud" to "wneud" and from "dod" to "ddod". The sounds (in speech) or letters (in writing) changes also occur within and at the end of words, but that iks not mentioned in the simplified classification that is found in ordinary books. Formal and informal Welsh. Welsh has formal and informal Welsh. Formal Welsh is used for writing in formal documents and tor speaking to a group (because it also includes the plural), to someone older than oneself, to someone who has just been met, or to someone to which one shows respect. Formal words and phrases use variations of "chi", meaning "you." Sometimes, people will ask to call them "chi". Informal Welsh is used in sending e-mails or sending text messages to friends or family and in talking with people who have been known for a long time. Inform
Hesse () is a state of Germany. It was formed in 1945 as Greater Hesse, and became Hesse in 1946 The capital is Wiesbaden. The main rivers in the northern part of Hesse are Werra, Fulda and Lahn. It is a hilly countryside, the main mountainchains being the Rhön, the Westerwald, the Odenwald, the Taunus and the Spessart. Most inhabitants live in the southernmost part of Hesse between the rivers Main and Rhine. Hesse is divided into 21 districts. There are also five cities, which belong to no district. Districts. The cities and counties of Hesse are grouped into three "Regierungsbezirk." automobile registration is handled by the districts. The two or three letters of the automobile registration plate are in "italics"
Schleswig-Holstein (Danish: "Slesvig-Holsten", Low Saxon: "Sleeswiek-Holstain", Frisian: "Sleeswyk-Holstein", North Frisian: "Schleswig-Holstian") is the northernmost of the 16 states (German: Bundesländer) in Germany. Schleswig-Holstein borders on Denmark in the North, the North Sea in the West, the Baltic Sea and Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania in the East, and Lower Saxony and Hamburg in the South. Kiel is the capital of this state. There are 4 independent towns: Countryside. The countryside is lowlands and hills with no mountains. The highest elevation in the state is the Bungsberg at only . There are many lakes, especially in the eastern part of Holstein called the Holsteinische Schweiz ("Holstein Switzerland") or Schweiziann-Schwezalia. It has this name because there are many small hills which came to existence in the last ice age.
Lower Saxony ( ; ; Saterland Frisian: "Läichsaksen") is a German Bundesland (state). Places. The capital is Hannover (Hanover). There are 38 districts: There are 8 urban districts Other important towns are Göttingen, Hildesheim and Goslar.
Mecklenburg-Vorpommern or known by its anglicized name: Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania or Mecklenburg-West Pomerania (Low German: "Mäkelborg-Vörpommern") is one of the 16 States of Germany. The capital is Schwerin. As of 2016, Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania had about 1,612,000 people. It made part of former East Germany. It is the most northeastern state of Germany. It borders the Baltic Sea in the north, Poland in the east, Brandenburg in the south, Lower Saxony in the southwest and Schleswig-Holstein in the west. Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania is low-lying and has many rivers, canals and lakes. The Stettin Lagoon lies partly in this state and partly in Poland. The state hosts the biggest German island called Rügen, and the second biggest German lake called Müritz. Politics. Seats in the state parliament ("Landtag") since 2016: Total: 71 seats Cities. The largest cities/towns in the state are: Besides Rostock all have a population of less than 200,000. Schwerin, the state capital, is the smallest state capital in Germany. Usually Schwerin would not be called a city. In Germany a city has over 100,000 people. Districts. Former districts. Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania was going to change the borders of all of its urban districts (towns) and rural districts (kreise or "counties"). The state supreme court stopped the changes. Mecklenburg-Vorpommern was divided into twelve rural districts ("Landkreise"): Also there were six independent urban districts: Current districts. Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania has been divided into six rural districts ("Landkreise") and two independent urban districts ("kreisfreie Städte") since 4 September 2011: Rural districts: Urban districts:
Thailand ( or ; , ), officially the Kingdom of Thailand (, ; ), is a country in Southeast Asia. Its neighbours are Laos, Cambodia, Malaysia, and Myanmar. Its name was Siam until June 1939 and between 1945 and May 11 1949. The word Thai (ไทย) comes from the ethnic group in the center of Thailand.  Thailand is a constitutional monarchy. It has a King as a head of state, who is Vajiralongkorn at the moment. Most people here (95 percent) follow the philosophy called Buddhism. Smaller number of people (4.4%), mostly to the south, follow Islam. Other religions in Thailand are Christianity, Hinduism, and Sikhism.  Population: the total fertility rate was 1.3 (in 2019). Geography: The highest mountain is at 2,565 m (8,415 ft), (picture.) The prime minister is Paetongtarn Shinawatra (since August 2024). History. A Buddhist kingdom named Sukhothai was founded here in 1238.  A century later, a bigger kingdom named Ayuthaya appeared south of Sukhothai. Later Sukhothai became a part of Ayuthaya. Ayuthaya existed for more than 400 years before its fall by the attack of a Burmese kingdom. A soldier of Chinese origin then founded a new capital city at Thonburi, and became King Tāksin.  The founding of Bangkok as the capital city, was the start of the Rattanakosin Kingdom (1782–1932). It was founded by King Rama I of the Chakri Dynasty. Before 1932, Thailand was an absolute monarchy. On June 24, 1932, a group of people did a coup and changed Thailand to a constitutional monarchy. It was not until 1973 that Thai people voted for a Prime Minister in an election. There were coups both before and after this year. In 1951, there was a failed coup - the Manhattan Rebellion. On September 19, 2006, the army did a coup d'ét
The Hoboken election of 2005 was an election when people living in Hoboken, New Jersey voted for a mayor. They also voted for a person for council of the city. The main people hoping to be mayor were: The people hoping to join the council were: The election was on May 10, 2005. Roberts and Marsh got the most votes. Neither of them got 50% of the vote. Because this happened, a second election will happen (June 14, 2005).
1564 (MDLXIV) was a leap year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar and a leap year starting on Wednesday in the proleptic Gregorian calendar.
Hoboken is an American city in the state of New Jersey. It is by the Hudson River in Hudson County, across from Manhattan. In 2020, 60,419 people lived there. Geography. Hoboken is at 40°44'41" North, 74°1'59" West (40.744851, -74.032941). The United States Census Bureau said the city has a total area of 5.1 km² (2.0 mi²). 3.3 km² (1.3 mi²) of it is land and 1.8 km² (0.7 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 35.35% water. History. Early history. Hoboken was originally an island. The Hudson River was to the east. To the west was a swamp near the Palisades Sill. The island was a campsite used by the Lenni Lenape. The name Hoboken comes from the original Lenape name for "Hobocan Hackingh" or "land of the tobacco pipe." Europeans came in the 17th century. The first European to find Hoboken was Henry Hudson. He stopped his ship near Weehawken Cove on October 2, 1609. Three Native Americans sold Hoboken to Michael Paauw, Director of the Dutch West India Company on July 12, 1630. The first European settlers of Hoboken were Dutch farmers. Hendrick Van Vorst of Jersey City leased the land to Aert Van Putten, who was Hoboken's first person. In 1643 Van Putten built a farm house and brew house north of Castle Point. The brew house was America's first. The land was taken by William Bayard. Bayard liked the revolutionary cause but changed to a Loyalist Tory in 1776 when the Rebels lost the New York and New Jersey Campaign. At the end of the Revolutionary War, Bayard's land was taken by the Revolutionary Government of New Jersey. The nineteenth century. After the American war for independence, Hoboken was bought by Colonel John Stevens in 1784 for about
1919 (MCMXIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday in the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Tuesday in the Julian calendar. The Gregorian calendar was 13 days ahead of the Julian calendar.
Caffeine is a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant. It is found in parts of plants, for example tea leaves and coffee beans. Its artificial form is also used in some soft drinks and energy drinks. It is the world's most popular psychoactive drug, and is legal in all of the world.  Sources. Caffeine is naturally found in the fruits, leaves and beans of coffee, cacao, guarana and tea plants.  The plants use caffeine as a "pesticide". This is a chemical that kills insects if they eat the plant. It is the way the plant protects itself. Caffeine was first extracted from cocoa beans into its purest form which is a white powder and the word originated from the German word “Kaffee” and the French word “café” which both mean caffeine. When it comes from the guarana plant it is called guaranine, when it comes from a tea plant, it is called theine, and in the mate drink it is called mateine (this drink is an infusion made with Yerba mate). What caffeine is. Caffeine is a "stimulant" drug. A stimulant is a drug that increases body actions like heart rate, blood pressure, and metabolism. It makes a person more awake and alert. Caffeine also is a diuretic. This means it makes a person make more urine (the waste liquid a person makes). The caffeine chemical is called a "xanthine alkaloid". This is a group of chemicals that are stimulants. Some xanthine alkaloids (like theophylline) are used to help asthma. What caffeine is used for. The biggest use of caffeine is as a stimulant. People drink coffee and other drinks with caffeine to stay awake. In the beginning caffeine was found to relieve hunger, so it was used for weight loss. That did not last because people were using too much. Caffeine can be dangerous when not used in the right way. Doctors sometimes use caffeine as a medicine. It is added to analgesics (drugs used for pain). This can improve their effect on headaches and other pain. It is sometimes used to help
Chicago is a city in the U.S. state of Illinois. It is the third largest city in the United States. As of 2020, the population is 2,746,388. It is the city with the largest population in the Midwestern United States. Chicago is the main city of the Chicago metropolitan area, or Chicagoland. The Chicago metropolitan area has 10 million people, the third largest population in the United States. Chicago is by Lake Michigan. Chicago became a city in 1837 and is in between the Great Lakes and the Mississippi River watershed. It grew quickly in the mid-19th century. The Great Chicago Fire of 1871 destroyed many square miles and made more than 100,000 people homeless. Major efforts were made to rebuild it. Chicago's population grew when more construction jobs came. By 1900, Chicago was the fifth-largest city in the world. Chicago is known for its urban planning and zoning standards, for example, new construction styles from the Chicago School of architecture, the development of the City Beautiful Movement, and the steel-framed skyscraper. Chicago built the first skyscraper in the world in 1885, the Home Insurance Building. Chicago is a center for finance, culture, trade, industry, education, technology, telecommunications, and transportation. It is one of the largest markets of the world. The O'Hare International Airport is the fifth or sixth busiest airport in the world and first or second in the United States. The region has the largest number of federal highways. It has many railroads too. Globalization and World Cities Research Network lists Chicago as an alpha global city. The Global Cities Index ranked Chicago seventh in the world in 2017. The Chicago area generated $689 billion in 2018. It has a very diverse and balanced economy. Chicago is home to several Fortune 500 companies, including Allstate, Boeing, Exelon, Kraft Heinz, McDonald's, Mondelez International, Sears, United Airlines Holdings, and Walgreens. 58 million people visited Chicago in 2018. It was the second most visited city in the United States. New York City had 65 million visitors in 2018. Chicago had
Thomas Woodrow Wilson (December 28, 1856 – February 3, 1924) was the 28th president of the United States between 1913 and 1921. He was born in Virginia and grew up in Georgia. In 1917, after the U.S. had been neutral, it got involved with the First World War. Because of Wilson, the League of Nations was founded. Therefore, he received the Nobel Prize for Peace in 1919. Between 1890 and 1902, Wilson worked as professor for law at Princeton University. He was one of the initiators of the League of Nations, the creation of which he strongly supported. He died of a stroke in Washington DC at the age of 67. Life. Woodrow Wilson, son of Joseph Ruggles Wilson and Janet "Jessie" Woodrow Wilson, was born in Staunton, Virginia, United States. Wilson's father was a Presbyterian minister. Wilson had one brother and two sisters. He studied from 1875 to 1879 at the University of Princeton in New Jersey. Between 1879 and 1883, Wilson studied law at the University of Virginia. In 1885, he did a doctorate at the Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore. His dissertation was about the "Congressional Government". In the same year, Wilson was married to Ellen Louise Axson. Wilson started to teach political science at Princeton University in 1886. He became the director of Princeton University in 1902. Wilson kept in this position until 1910. Wilson's goal was to change the pedagogical system, the social system and the style of the campus. Political career. He was elected to be the Governor of New Jersey for the Democratic Party in 1911. On November 4, 1912, Wilson was elected the 28th President of the United States. He won with 42% against the incumbent president William Howard Taft. His time being president started in March 1913. Wilson mostly handled domestic matters during his first term. He passed laws to prevent monopolies from forming, started a few business regulations, passed laws to help farmers and workers, and created
Brown is a color. There are many ways to make the color brown – it can be a mixture of black and orange, of red, blue and yellow, of red and green, of blue and orange, of yellow and purple or of red, yellow and black paint. Brown is the color of:
Yoda is a fictional character from the "Star Wars" universe. He is a Grand Jedi Master who plays an important part in the films. Frank Oz voices Yoda. Originally he was a puppet, played by Oz. But in the last two movies, Episodes II and III, Yoda is made with CGI. History. Yoda has lived for over 900 years and not much of his history before "" is known. He is an alien, but his race and where he is from are never said. He speaks the same language as everyone else but says his sentences sort of backwards. For example, "Teach you, I will" instead of "I will teach you". Yoda is the oldest and wisest member of the Jedi Council. Even though he is very small, he is very good with a lightsaber and uses the 4th jedi style known as Ataru.