ejaasaari/simplewiki-2025-04-01 huggingface dataset:
Wrangel Island () is a small island in the Arctic Ocean belonging to Russia. It lies between the Chukchi Sea and East Siberian Sea. Wrangel Island lies across the 180° meridian. The International Date Line is displaced eastwards at this latitude to avoid the island and the Chukchi Peninsula on the Russian mainland. It is roughly in area. The closest land to Wrangel Island is tiny and rocky Herald Island located to the east. The distance to the closest point on the Siberian mainland is . Wrangel Island may have been the last place on earth where Woolly Mammoth survived. It is home to many arctic animals including polar bears. Since 1976 it has been a nature reserve. History. Baron Ferdinand von Wrangel (1796–1870) was a German explorer and seaman in the service of the Russian Empire. He noticed birds flying north near the Kolyma river. From this he correctly deduced there was an island in the Arctic ocean. He searched for the island in the 1820s but never found it.  In 1881 an American steamship, the "Thomas L. Corwin", searching for a lost expedition found themselves off Wrangel island. They searched the island for survivors but found none. They raised an American flag on the and claimed it for the United States. They named it "New Columbia", but the name never stuck. Nothing was done about the discovery for the next 30 years. In 1913, Vilhjalmur Stefansson led a large expedition to discover a lost continent he believed was under the Arctic ice cap. They sailed from Victoria, British Columbia on June 17, 1913. Six weeks later their ship was caught in the ice. Stefansson and several companions left the expedition and returned to safety. When the ship was crushed, the crew set up camp on the ice. In March of 1914, Captain Bartlett led what was left of his crew 80 miles across the ice to Wrangel Island. Twelve survivors were picked up by a small whaling schooner in September of 1914.  In 1921, Stefansson claimed Wrangel island for Canada. An expedition
DNA methylation is the main way gene activity is adjusted during life, especially during early development. It is how methyl groups are added to DNA. This suppresses gene transcription. Two of DNA's four nucleotides, cytosine and adenine, can be methylated. Since adenine methylation is restricted to prokaryotes, all eukaryote transcription is regulated by suppressing cytosine. Suppressing genes is the basis of epigenetics, the study of changes in gene activity which are "not" caused by changes in the DNA sequence. It is the study of gene expression, the way genes bring about their phenotypic effects. The changes in gene activity by methylation may last for the rest of the cell's life, and for many generations of cells through cell divisions. However, there is no change in the underlying DNA sequence of the organism. Instead, non-hereditary factors cause the organism's genes to behave (express themselves) differently.
A honey bee (or honeybee) is any bee that is a member of the genus Apis. They are all eusocial flying insects which live in colonies of various sizes.  They are only a small fraction of the 20,000 known species of bee. They produce and store honey and make perennial, colonial nests from wax. There are both stinging and stingless honey bees.  Honey bees are the only living members of the tribe Apini, all in the genus "Apis". There are only seven species of honey bee, with a total of 44 subspecies. Historically, from six to eleven species have been recognized.  Some other types of bees produce and store honey, but only members of the genus "Apis" are true honey bees. The study of honey bees is known as "melittology". The first "Apis" bees appear in the European fossil record at the Eocene–Oligocene boundary (34 million years ago). This shows that the bees were present in Europe by that time. Few fossil deposits are known from South Asia, the suspected region of honey bee origin. No "Apis" species existed in the New World during human times before the introduction of "A. mellifera" by Europeans. Only one fossil species is known, a single 14-million-year-old specimen from Nevada. The close relatives of modern honey bees – bumblebees and stingless bees – are also social, but with smaller numbers in their families. All honey bees (and perhaps all bees) use scent as a way to co-ordinate their activities. Nasonov's gland produces a pheromone used to get worker bees together. The pheromone can attract workers to a settled swarm and draw bees who have lost their way back to the hive.
The Negev tortoise ("Testudo werneri") is a tortoise found mainly in the Negev desert in southern Israel. It was once present in the Sinai Peninsula. In Israel it is protected by law and there are conservation programs. It is currently considered a critically endangered species.  The Negev is one of the world's smallest tortoises. Unlike other tortoises it does not hibernate in winter. Instead, winter is the breeding season. In 2010 the IUCN recommended that Israel take additional steps to protect the Negev tortoise including creating a wildlife preserve. There is some disagreement over whether the Negev tortoise is the same species as the Kleinmann's tortoise.
Diana Ross (also re-released as Ain't No Mountain High Enough) is the self-titled debut solo album by American recording artist Diana Ross. It was released on June 19, 1970 by Motown Records. The album was released after Ross left R&amp;B girl group The Supremes, a group Ross had been in since 1959. Reviews. The album was quite successful and critics felt that the album is one of Ross’ best albums she had released in her career. Track listing. "All tracks written and produced by Nickolas Ashford &amp; Valerie Simpson, except for "These Things Will Keep Me Loving You", written by Johnny Bristol/Harvey Fuqua/Sylvia Moy and produced by Bristol."
Alanine (abbreviated as Ala or A) is an α-amino acid. It has the chemical formula CH3CH(NH2)COOH.  The -isomer is one of the 20 amino acids encoded by the genetic code. Its codons are GCU, GCC, GCA, and GCG. It is classified as a non-polar amino acid.  -Alanine accounts for 7.8% of the primary structure in a sample of 1,150 proteins. Leucine is the only amino acid which is more common.  -Alanine occurs in bacterial cell walls and in some peptide antibiotics.
A nature reserve (preserve or (national/nature) conserve) is a protected area. It protects wildlife, flora (plants) and fauna (animals). Reserves may also protect geological features or other special interests. A nature reserve is land that is kept for conservation and to provide special opportunities for study or research. Nature reserves can be created by government institutions. They can also be created by private landowners, such as charities and research institutions, regardless of nationality. The International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) is an organization that helps countries and others with conservation programs and management.
Wrangell Island is an island in the Alaska Panhandle of southeastern Alaska. It is long and 8–23 km (3–14 miles) wide. It has a land area of , making it the 29th largest island in the United States. Wrangell is separated from the mainland by the narrow Blake Channel.  Wrangell has been ruled by Russia, Great Britain and the United States. It was visited in 1799 by "The Dragon", a ship out of Boston, Massachusetts. They traded with the Stikine Tlingit peoples. It was occupied in 1834 by the Russians. It is named after Ferdinand Wrangel, a German explorer in Russian service. From 1867 to 1877 it was a U.S. military post. Later it was a stopping point for hunters, explorers and miners using the Stikine river route to the Yukon. The island contains the city of Wrangell, Alaska. Wrangell Island is heavily forested and contains an abundance of wildlife. The only other community is Thoms Place. Wrangell Island's total population was 2,009 at the 2020 census. Fishing and mining are the main jobs. A sawmill closed in the 1990s. The island and surrounding areas contain many recreational areas. It is at the mouth of the Stikine River.
Franco Interlenghi (29 October 1931 – 10 September 2015) was an Italian actor. He has worked with great directors such as Federico Fellini in "I Vitelloni", Michelangelo Antonioni in "I Vinti" and Luchino Visconti in his stage adaptation of "Death of a Salesman". Interlenghi died on 10 September 2015 in Rome, aged 83.
Antonella Lualdi (6 July 1931 – 10 August 2023) was an Italian actress and singer. She appeared in many Italian and French movies in the 1950s and 1960s, notably in Claude Autant-Lara's movie "Le rouge et le noir" in 1954, opposite Gérard Philipe. Lualdi died on 10 August 2023 in Rome, Italy at the age of 92.
Luchino Visconti di Modrone, Count of Lonate Pozzolo (2 November 1906 – 17 March 1976), was an Italian theatre, opera and movie director, and screenwriter. He was best known for his movies "The Leopard" (1963) and "Death in Venice" (1971). On 17 March 1976, Visconti died from a stroke in Rome, Italy. He was age 69.
Carlo Lizzani (3 April 1922 – 5 October 2013) was an Italian movie director, screenwriter and critic. He was born in Rome. He was known for his movies "The Violent Four" (1968) and "Crazy Joe" (1974) or crime-comedy "Roma Bene" (1971). Lizzani committed suicide by jumping off the balcony of his house in Rome, aged 91.
James Edward Proctor, Jr. (June 14, 1936 – September 10, 2015) was an American politician. He represented district 27A in the Maryland House of Delegates from May 1990 until his death. Proctor was born in Washington, D.C. to an African American family. He lived in Accokeek, Maryland with his wife Elizabeth G. Proctor. Proctor died from heart disease on September 10, 2015 in Washington, D.C., aged 79.
George R. Klare (Minneapolis, 1922 – The Plains, Ohio, 2006) was a World War II veteran and a distinguished professor of psychology and dean at Ohio University. World War II. Klare served as a navigator on a B-17 Flying Fortresss in the Eighth Air Force in England. On December 31, 1944, he was shot down over Germany. He spent the rest of World War II in German POW camps. He was liberated by advancing Soviet troops from Stalag Luft One on May 1, 1945. He was honorably discharged as a First Lieutenant in December, 1945, receiving the Air Medal, the Purple Heart, European area ribbons and the Prisoner of War medal. Klare later recounted his experiences as a prisoner of war in a chapter entitled "Questions" in "Interrogations, Confessions, and Entrapment," published by Springer in 2004. In 1978, he was named Distinguished Professor of Psychology. While at Ohio University, he served as chair of the Psychology Department from 1959 to 1963, as acting dean of the College of Arts and Sciences in 1965–66 and in 1984–85, and as Dean of the College of Arts and Sciences from 1966 to 1971. He was also acting associate provost for graduate and research programs from 1986 until his retirement in 1987. in 1981, Klare was elected to the Reading Hall of Fame of the International Reading Association in 1997. He is listed in "Who's Who in America". Main works. His major contribution was in the field of readability. From the beginning of the 20th century, the assessment of the grade level of texts for different grades of readers was a central concern of reading research. It was well known that without correctly graded texts, readers would not improve their reading skill. There were over 1,000 published studies on this topic. Klare's contribution to that effort came both in his critical reviews of the studies and his participation in original research.
Turritopsis dohrnii, also known as the immortal jellyfish, is a species of small jellyfish found in the Mediterranean Sea and in the waters off Japan.  It is the only known case of an animal which can revert completely to a sexually immature, colonial stage after it has reached sexual maturity as an individual. Like most other hydrozoans, "T. dohrnii" begin life as free-swimming tiny larvae known as a planula. As a planula settles down, it gives rise to a colony of polyps that are attached to the sea-floor. The Turritopsis dohrnii can revert back to its juvenile form after reaching adulthood. While an immortal jellyfish can age in reverse, it can also be killed by predators including various fish, sharks, turtles and even other jellyfish.  Jellyfish, also known as medusae, bud off these polyps and continue their life in a free-swimming form. Eventually they become sexually mature. All the polyps and jellyfish coming from a single planula are genetically identical clones. "Turritopsis dohrnil" is a species of jellyfish that apparently does not die of natural causes, because it can revert to the juvenile stage from the adult stage. However, it is not actually immortal. Most "Turritopsis" are likely to be eaten by predators or die from disease in the adult stage. Shin Kubota from Kyoto University, has managed to keep these jellyfish for a long time.  Kubota reported that during a two-year period, his colony rebirthed itself 11 times.
The St. Croix River () is a tributary of the Mississippi River. It is about long. The St. Croix flows in the U.S. states of Wisconsin and Minnesota. The lower of the river forms the border between Wisconsin and Minnesota. The river is a National Scenic Riverway under the protection of the National Park Service. A hydroelectric plant at St. Croix Falls supplies electricity to the Minneapolis–St. Paul metropolitan area. Naming. Father Louis Hennepin wrote in 1683, from information probably provided by Daniel Greysolon, Sieur du Lhut: "There is another River which falls ... into the Meschasipi ... We named it "The River of the Grave", or "Mausoleum", because the Savages buried there one of their Men ... who was bitten by a Rattlesnake." Father Hennepin called it in French "Rivière du Tombeaux". There are several possible explanations for the origin of the present name. An early map dated to 1688 recorded a "Fort St. Croix" on the upper part of the river. Near the mouth of the river was a French Voyageur's grave marked with a cross. The most likely explanation was that it was named for a French trader named Sainte-Croix. The name "Rivière de Sainte-Croix" was applied to the river sometime in 1688 or 1689. On "Map of the Territories of Michigan and Ouisconsin" (1830) by John Farmer, the St. Croix River is shown as the "Chippewa River". However, by 1843, Joseph Nicollet's "Hydrographical Basin of the Upper Mississippi River" reinforced the name provided by Franquelin's 1688 map. History. The river valley and the surrounding area was originally occupied by the Ojibwe, Dakota and nine other American Indian tribes. The Indians mainly lived on wild rice, fish, and game. By the eighteenth century, the Ojibwe and Dakota were the two main tribes that inhabited the area. This lasted until around 1745, when the Dakota were driven
Barbara Palvin (, born 8 October 1993) is a Hungarian Supermodel and actress.  She started her career in 2010 by walking the runway for a Prada fashion show. Miuccia Prada chose her to walk exclusively for her brand. In 2012, she became a spokesmodel for L'Oréal and walked the Victoria's Secret fashion show.  In 2014, she portrayed Antimache in "Hercules". She is married to American actor Dylan Sprouse since 2023.
Stillwater is a city in Washington County, Minnesota. It is on the St. Croix River directly across from the state of Wisconsin. The population was 19,394 at the 2020 census. It is the county seat. Stillwater is part of the Twin Cities Metro Area. History. Treaties. On July 29 and September 29, 1837, treaties were signed between the US government and the local Ojibwa and Dakota nations. They allowed settlement in the St. Croix River Valley. The town was founded by settlers drawn by the area's then-abundant lumber and river traffic. It is one of Minnesota's oldest towns, preceding Minneapolis by several years. Stillwater was officially incorporated as a city on March 4, 1854 (the same day as St. Paul). The city was named for the calm waters of the St. Croix River.   Territorial convention. Stillwater is often called the birthplace of Minnesota. In 1848, a territorial convention that began the process of establishing Minnesota as a state was held in Stillwater. The convention selected three leading Minnesota cities as locations for three important public institutions. Minneapolis got the University of Minnesota, Saint Paul became the capital, and Stillwater was chosen as the site of the territory's first prison. The Minnesota Territorial Prison was opened in 1853. Lumbering era. Lumbering was the main industry in the St. Croix River Valley in the second half of the nineteenth century. For many years logs were sent down the St. Croix river, collected at the St. Croix Boom Site two miles upstream of Stillwater, and processed in Stillwater's many sawmills. Steamboats were used most widely from 1860 to 1890, and a few are still used for entertainment today.  Civil war. Stillwater sent men of the 1st Minnesota Volunteer Infantry Company B and the 8th Minnesota Volunteer Infantry Regiment Company C to fight during the American Civil War.
Alan David Purwin (c. 1962 – September 11, 2015) was an American helicopter pilot, entrepreneur and philanthropist. He was known for being the aerial movie operator "Transformers", "Star Trek", and "Jurassic World". Purwin was born in Los Angeles, California. On September 11, 2015, Purwin died as a passenger in a plane crash near Santa Fe de Antioquia, Colombia, during the shooting of the movie "Mena". He was 53 years old.
National Botanic Garden of Israel (official name: The Botanical Garden for the Native Plants of Israel in memory of Montague Lamport, in ) is a botanic garden located in Mount Scopus in Jerusalem. The garden is dedicated to the plants of Israel. The botanic garden was opened in 1931 by Otto Warburg and Alexander Eig. They were the founders of the botanic department of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. After Mount Scopus was isolated from Israel in 1948, they decided to create a new botanical garden in West Jerusalem, in Givat Ram. The new garden, Jerusalem Botanical Gardens, was opened in 1954. The National Botanic Garden of Israel is also an archaeological park. It has many Jewish burial caves from the Second Temple period. In the southern part of the garden there is a famous cave called the Tomb of Nicanor. The cave is also burial place of two Zionist activists: Leon Pinsker and Menachem Ussishkin.
Antoine Lahad (1927 – 10 September 2015) was a Lebanese general and leader of the South Lebanon Army (SLA) from 1984 until 2000. Lahad died in Paris on 10 September 2015 from a heart attack, aged 88.
Adrian Frutiger (May 24, 1928 – September 12, 2015) was a Swiss typeface designer. He was known for typing name of cities and towns on road signs. His most famous signs designs include Univers, Frutiger and Avenir. He was born in Unterseen, Switzerland. Frutiger died in Bremgarten bei Bern, Switzerland, aged 87.
Hudson is a city in and the county seat of St. Croix County, Wisconsin, United States. As of the 2020 United States census, its population was 14,755. It is part of the Minneapolis–St. Paul Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA). Hudson is bordered on the north by the village of North Hudson and the Willow River. On the North and East is the township of Hudson. To the south is the township of Troy. It is bounded on the west by the St. Croix River. History. Hudson was settled in the summer of 1840 by Louis Massey and his brother in-law, Peter Bouchea. William Steets arrived at about the same time. Later that same year, Joseph Sauperson (commonly known as Joe LaGrue) moved there. These four are considered Hudson's original inhabitants. Massey and Bouchea settled at the mouth of the Willow River, near the present-day First and St. Croix Streets. They had been part of the group who lived for some time along the river below Fort Snelling. This appears on some old maps as "Massey's Landing". The 1840s saw a few settlers arriving here — Captain John Page, the Nobles brothers, Dr. Philip Aldrich, Ammah Andrews, Moses Perrin, Colonel James Hughes, Daniel Anderson, and others. Hudson was originally called "Willow River". It was later named "Buena Vista" by Judge Joel Foster, founder of River Falls. This was after he returned from the Mexican–American War where he fought in the Battle of Buena Vista. In 1852, Alfred D. Gray, Hudson's first mayor, petitioned to change the name of the city to "Hudson", because the bluffs along the St. Croix River reminded him of the Hudson River in his native New York. A large number of settlers arrived in the 1850s and 1860s. Many of were the ancestors of today's residents. The lumber industry was the prime attraction of the area. Over time sawmills were started throughout the St. Croix Valley. On August 30, 1917 a violent mob
River Falls is a city in Pierce and St. Croix counties in the U.S. state of Wisconsin. It is located mostly within the Town of River Falls in Pierce County. A small part lies within the Town of Kinnickinnic in St. Croix County. River Falls is the most populous city in Pierce county. The population was 16,182 at the 2020 census. It is divided by 12,546 living in Pierce County, and 3,636 in St. Croix County. It is part of the Minneapolis-St. Paul metropolitan area. River Falls is the home of the University of Wisconsin–River Falls.
Douglas Wayne Sahm (November 6, 1941 – November 18, 1999), was an American musician. He was born in San Antonio, Texas. He was a child prodigy in country music. He later became best known in roots rock, tejano music, Americana and other genres.  He was the lead singer of a popular 1960s rock and roll band, the Sir Douglas Quintet. He later formed a Tex Mex band with Augie Meyers, Freddy Fender and Flaco Jimenez.  Early life. Sahm started his musical career singing and playing steel guitar, mandolin and violin. He first sang on the radio at age five. He recorded his first song, "A Real American Joe", at age eleven. On December 19, 1952, when he was eleven, he played on stage with Hank Williams Sr. at the Skyline Club in Austin, Texas. It was Hank Williams's last time playing. He died on New Year's Day of 1953. He died of heart failure while on the road to his next show in Canton, Ohio.  When he was thirteen, Sahm was invited to join the Grand Ole Opry, but his mother wanted him to finish junior high school. When he was a teenager, he started sneaking into San Antonio rhythm and blues bars to play music. Sir Douglas Quintet. In 1965, Sahm formed the band, Sir Douglas Quintet, with a childhood friend, Augie Meyers. A record producer picked the band's name so they would seem British. At the time, music from Britain was so popular in the United States, it had a name: "British invasion". The British name only helped a little. Sahm had a Texas accent and two band members were Hispanic. Some early photographs of the band tried to hide this from music fans. The band had a Top Twenty US hit with "She's About a Mover". It also made the Top Twenty in the UK Singles Chart.  Bob Dylan liked the group's sound and said: "Look, for me right now there are three groups: Butterfield Blues Band, The Byrds and the Sir
Yamaha DX7 is a digital programmable musical synthesizer. It was first made and released in 1983. The Yamaha DX7 ROM-4A patch "Synthbrass" was heard in the Corey Hart song "Sunglasses at Night". Versions. Yamaha TX7 is a keyboardless sound module and rack version of Yamaha DX7 and was made in 1985 and released in 1985-present. Editing cannot be done on the front side but must be done through MIDI using the DX7 Keyboard or a computer. Software such as Unisyn can be used to edit. It has been used by producers like Genesis, Human League and Spice Girls.