ejaasaari/simplewiki-2025-04-01 huggingface dataset:
The presidency armies were the armies of the three presidencies of British India. The presidency armies, like the presidencies themselves, belonged to the East India Company until the Indian Rebellion of 1857, when the British government took over all three presidencies. All three presidency armies were eventually merged to form the Indian Army. The presidency armies were named after the presidencies: Before the rebellion. From the mid-18th century, the East India Company began to keep armies at each of its three main stations, or ‘residencies’, in India: Calcutta (Bengal), Madras and Bombay. The Bengal Army, Madras Army and Bombay Army were quite different from one another since they all had their own lists of regiments and of European officers. All three armies had European regiments in which both the officers and the ordinary soldiers were Europeans, as well as a larger number of ‘Native’ regiments in which the officers were Europeans and the ordinary soldiers were Indians. Also from the mid-18th century, the British government began to send regiments of the regular British Army to India to reinforce the company's armies. The troops are often referred to as ‘H.M.’s Regiments’ or ‘Royal Regiments’. After the rebellion. After the Indian rebellion of 1857 and the end of the East India Company, the compamy's European regiments were joined in 1860 with the British Army, but its ‘Native’ regiments were not. The three separate Presidency Armies continued to exist, and their European officers continued to be listed as members of the Bengal, Madras or Bombay Army, rather than of the British Army. However, the presidency armies began to be described as the Indian Army. Also artillery was to be used by only the British Army, not Indian troops. In the 1890s, the three presidency armies were merged to form the Indian Army.
The Bombay Presidency was a former province of British India. It began in the 17th century as trading posts of the British East India Company, but later grew to include much of western and central India, as well as parts of Pakistan and the Arabian Peninsula. At its greatest extent, the Bombay Presidency was made up of the present-day state of Gujarat, the western two-thirds of Maharashtra state, including the regions of Konkan, Desh, and Kandesh, and northwestern Karnataka state of India; It also included Pakistan's Sindh province and the British territory of Aden in Yemen. It consisted partly of districts, which were directly under British rule, and partly of native or princely states, which were ruled by local rulers under the administration of a governor. Early history. The first British settlement in the Bombay Presidency was in 1618, when the East India Company established a factory at Surat. The British were protected by a charter from the Mughal Emperor Jahangir. Bombay at the time was under the control of Portugal. In 1661 Bombay was given to the British government, as part of the dowry of Catherine of Braganza when she married Charles II of England. In 1668 Bombay was given to the East India Company for a yearly payment of £10. In 1687 Bombay became the capital of the Company's territories in India. However, in 1753 Calcutta was in charge of the Government of Bombay. Expansion. During the 18th century, the Maratha Empire grew quickly, conquering Konkan and much of eastern Gujarat from the Mughal Empire. In western Gujarat, including Kathiawar and Kutch, the weakening Mughal control allowed lots of local rulers to become independent. The first battle between the British and the Marathas was the First Anglo-Maratha War which began in 1774 and resulted in the 1782 treaty of Salbai. The treaty meant that the island of Salsette, next to Bombay island, was given to the British. The British took over Surat in 1800. British territory became bigger in the Second Anglo-Maratha War which ended in 1803. In 180
The word Mahārāja is Sanskrit for "great king" or "high king". Many languages have borrowed the word 'Maharaja', these languages include Punjabi, Bengali, Hindi and Gujarati. Its use is mainly for important rulers. A female ruler is known as Maharani (or Mahārāni) which means great queen. She can be the wife of a Maharaja or a ruler herself. British India contained more than 600 princely states each with its own ruler. Some states called the ruler Thakur (if the ruler were Hindu) or Nawab (if he was Muslim); there were many other titles as well. Many Muslim rulers also had the title of Raja, one of the most famous being the "Raja of Rajouri" who was a Muslim raja. Originally only rulers of large empires such as the ancient Maurya Empire and Gupta Empire were Maharajas but in later centuries even rulers of small kingdoms used the title. In 1971, the government of Indira Gandhi abolished the titles and money for all Indian rulers. However some people still claim such titles.
Jallianwala Bagh is a public garden in Amritsar city in Punjab province of India. It has a memorial to remember those people who were killed in the Massacre of 13 April, 1919. This date was also the Punjabi New Year 2,000 peaceful demonstrators had gathered in the garden. The memorial is managed by "Jallianwala Bagh National Memorial Trust", which was established as per "Jallianwala Bagh National Memorial Act" passed by Government of India in year 1951.
The Observer is a British newspaper published on Sundays. It is a sister paper to "The Guardian." First published in 1791, it is the world's oldest newspaper that is published on Sundays. History. The first issue was published on 4 December 1791 by W.S. Bourne. It became part of the Guardian Media Group in June 1993, after a rival bid by "The Independent" was rejected.
Almaty (; formerly known as "Alma-Ata" (Алма-Ата), also "Verniy", (Верный)) is the largest city in Kazakhstan. It has a population of over 1,700,000 people (as of 2015). Eight percent of the population of the country live in Almaty. It was the capital of Kazakhstan from 1927 to 1998. Almaty is the major commercial center of Kazakhstan. The city is close to China, and was once on the northern silk route between China and the Middle East. Its name derives from the Turkic languages. The city is in an earthquake zone. There have been three quite serious earthquakes in the last 150 years. History. On 4 February 1854 the Russian Empire decided to build a fort Verniy on the west bank of the Malaya Almatinka river. Later Russian settlers arrived. In 1922 the Soviet Union renamed the city to Alma-Ata. In 1927 Alma-Ata became the capital of the Kazakh SSR. Climate. Almaty has a hot-summer humid continental climate (Dfa in the Koeppen climate classification). Architecture. TV tower. Almaty TV tower is the highest TV tower above sea level (1130 m.). The tower is the highest building in the city (372 m.). This building able to withstand 10.0 magnitude. Name. The name "Almaty" comes from the Kazakh word for "apple" (алма). The name is often translated as a city "rich with apples". The older Soviet-era Russian name for the city, Alma-Ata, comes from a mistake (the name literally means "Grandfather of apples"). In the area around Almaty, there are many different species of the wild apples. The region is thought to be the ancestral home of the apple. A local species of apple, the wild "Malus sieversii", may be the ancestor of the modern domestic apple.
Project Gotham Racing often known as PGR is a series of driving video games published by Microsoft for the Xbox and Xbox 360 consoles.  There are four games in the series
Outwood Academy Bydales (previously named Bydales School) is a secondary school in Marske-by-the-Sea, England which has about 750 students. A new school building was opened on 2 November 2006. It is rated as 'outstanding' by Ofsted. It is a technology college. The school has a small wind turbine, solar panels and a hydrogen fuel cell. In 2015, the school changed to academy status and was named Outwood Academy Bydales.
Vinje is a municipality in Norway. It is in the county of Telemark. The administration of this place is done from Åmot. Notable people from Vinje. Places of interest. Vinje is the home of folk musician Myllarguten. His home there is now a small museum. A monument of Myllarguten is located near Kosi. Myllarguten was a 19th-century musician. He who played for kings and inspired Edvard Grieg. History. Vinje was established in 1838 as a municipality. It is on the Hardangervidda and on the Setesdalsheiane Mountains plateaus. Arabygdi lies in the western part of Rauland. It is on Lake Totak. The largest stone scree in Northern Europe, is Urdbøuri. The scree has huge boulders lying on the floor of the valley. The name. The municipality Vinje (originally the parish) is named after the old farm Vinje (Norse "Vinjar"), since the first church was built here. The name is the plural form of "vin" f 'meadow, pasture'.
The 1979–80 NHL season was the 63rd season of the National Hockey League. Twenty-one teams each played 80 games. This season saw the addition of four teams from the collapse of the World Hockey Association (WHA) the previous season as expansion teams. The Edmonton Oilers, Winnipeg Jets, New England Whalers (later renamed "Hartford Whalers" at the insistence of the Boston Bruins), and Quebec Nordiques joined the NHL bringing a new total of 21 teams. The other two WHA teams (Birmingham Bulls and Cincinnati Stingers) were paid to disband. Regular season. Final standings. "Note: GP = Games played, W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, Pts = Points, GF = Goals for, GA = Goals against, PIM = Penalties in minutes" &lt;br&gt; "Note: Teams that qualified for the playoffs are highlighted in bold" Scoring leaders. "Note: GP = Games played; G = Goals; A = Assists; Pts = Points"
The viola d'amore is a string instrument which was popular in the 17th and 18th century. It is a kind of viola. The name is Italian and means “viola of love”. It can have 6 or 7 strings. It is held under the chin and bowed like a violin. Sometimes it is used today to play music from the 17th and 18th centuries. Occasionally some modern composers have also written music for it. Structure and sound. The viola d'amore is about the same size as a modern viola. However, the shape is more like the shape of a viol. Like viols, it has a flat back, a wide rib (the sides), sloping shoulders and a carved head at the top of the peg box. It does not have any frets (markings on the fingerboard) like a viol or a guitar. The sound-holes are often in the shape of a flaming sword. The viola d'amore usually has six or seven playing strings which are played with the bow, just as with a violin. In addition, it has the same number of sympathetic strings. These are strings which vibrate when the other strings are played, making the sound richer and sweeter. The notes it can play. The viola d'amore was often tuned to whatever notes were best for the piece it was to going to play. This is a kind of scordatura (changing the way the strings are tuned). Towards the end of the 18th century the usual tuning became: "A, d, a, d', f#', a', d"" (see music example. Notice the example uses the "viola clef") Use. The viola d’amore became very popular during the 17th century. However, after a time it became less popular because the instruments of the viol family were not used much while the instruments of the violin family took over. The viola d’amore was too quiet and sweet to play with the modern violin family. However, in the 20th century some composers have written for the instrument again, e.g. Paul Hindemith. The viola d'amore can regularly be heard today in groups who play Baroque music on period instruments. It can be heard, for example in Bach’s St John Passion.
Sœur Emmanuelle (born Madeleine Cinquin, November 16, 1908 – October 20, 2008) was a Belgian-born French nun. She was born in Brussels, Belgium, the daughter of a family that made lingerie. At the age of six she saw her father drown. She learned at the Sorbonne, earning a degree in philosophy. In 1929 she made a religious promise and became a nun. She worked in Notre-Dame de Sion high school in İstanbul in 1930s. In 1971 she saw how poorly trash collectors in Cairo, Egypt were doing, and decided to live with them. She stayed until 1993, when she went back to France. After she went back, she became very famous in France and was liked by audiences and talk-show hosts. Besides her work with the poor, she is also known for having had views that are not like how religion normally is, such as being for the use of birth control and being for the idea of priests to marry. She has been voted one of the most popular people in France, and has been compared to Mother Teresa. (Although she does not agree with this comparison). In 2003, French television broadcast "Soeur Emmanuelle: An exceptional woman". She died on 20 October 2008. "Les Amis de Soeur Emmanuelle" (The Friends of Sister Emmanuelle) is a charitable organization based in Brussels.
The 1978–79 NHL season was the 62nd season of the National Hockey League. The 17 teams of the league played an 80-game season. The Montreal Canadiens beat the New York Rangers in the Stanley Cup finals four games to one for their fourth Cup in a row. Regular season. Final standings. "GP = Games Played, W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, Pts = Points, GF = Goals For, GA = Goals Against, PIM = Penalties In Minutes" &lt;br&gt; "Teams that qualified for the playoffs are highlighted in bold" Scoring leaders. "GP = Games Played, G = Goals, A = Assists, Pts = Points, PIM = Penalties In Minutes" Stanley Cup playoffs. "All dates in 1979" Preliminary round. Vancouver Canucks vs. Philadelphia Flyers "Philadelphia wins best-of-three series 2 games to 1" Los Angeles Kings vs. New York Rangers "NY Rangers win best-of-three series 2 games to 0" Toronto Maple Leafs vs. Atlanta Flames "Toronto wins best-of-three series 2 games to 0" Pittsburgh Penguins vs. Buffalo Sabres "Pittsburgh wins best-of-three series 2 games to 1" Quarterfinals. Chicago Black Hawks vs. New York Islanders "NY Islanders win best-of-seven series 4 games to 0" Toronto Maple Leafs vs. Montreal Canadiens "Montreal wins best-of-seven series 4 games to 0" Pittsburgh Penguins vs. Boston Bruins "Boston wins best-of-seven series 4 games to 0" New York Rangers vs. Philadelphia Flyers "NY Rangers win best-of-seven series 4 games to 1" Semi-finals. New York Rangers vs. New York Islanders "NY Rangers win best-of-seven series 4 games to 2" Boston Bruins vs. Montreal Canadiens "Montreal wins best-of-seven series 4 games to 3" Finals. New York Rangers vs. Montreal Canadiens As of 2008, it is the last time two Pre-war clubs met in the Finals. "Montreal wins best-of-seven series 4 games to 1"
The 1934–35 NHL season was the 18th season of the National Hockey League. Nine teams each played 48 games. The Montreal Maroons were the Stanley Cup winners as they swept the Toronto Maple Leafs in three games in the final series. Regular season. Final standings. "Note: GP = Games played, W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, Pts = Points, GF = Goals for, GA = Goals against, PIM = Penalties in minutes" &lt;br&gt; "Note: Teams that qualified for the playoffs are highlighted in bold" Scoring leaders. "Note: GP = Games played, G = Goals, A = Assists, PTS = Points, PIM = Penalties in minutes"
The 1972–73 NHL season was the 56th season of the National Hockey League. Sixteen teams each played 78 games. For the first time since the collapse of the Western Hockey League in 1926, the National Hockey League had serious competition. A new professional hockey league, the World Hockey Association, made its season debut with 12 new teams, many of which were based in the same cities as NHL teams. Unlike the Western Hockey League, though, the new World Hockey Association would not challenge for the Stanley Cup. In response to the new league, the NHL hastily added two new teams in an unplanned expansion, the New York Islanders and Atlanta Flames, in an attempt to exclude the WHA from newly constructed arenas in those markets. The first thing the WHA did was sign Bobby Hull, and the Chicago Black Hawks sued, claiming a violation of the reserve clause in NHL contracts. Others soon followed Hull to the WHA, including Bernie Parent, J.C. Tremblay, Ted Green, Gerry Cheevers and Johnny McKenzie. In the expansion draft, the New York Islanders and Atlanta Flames made their picks and eleven Islander players skipped off to the WHA. The California Golden Seals, chafing under the unorthodox ownership of the unpopular Charlie Finley, were also a victim of the WHA, losing eight key players. Regular season. Final standings. "Note: GP = Games played, W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, Pts = Points, GF = Goals for, GA = Goals against, PIM = Penalties in minutes" &lt;br&gt; "Note: Teams that qualified for the playoffs are highlighted in bold"
Rock Your Body is the 3rd single off the debut album by pop singer Justin Timberlake called Justified. It was written by Timberlake and The Neptunes. He performed the single at the Super Bowl XXXVIII with Janet Jackson. It has background vocals by Vanessa Marquez.
The 1947–48 NHL season was the 31st season of the National Hockey League. Six teams each played 60 games. The Toronto Maple Leafs were the Stanley Cup winners. They defeated the Detroit Red Wings four games to none. This season saw the introduction of a new trophy – Art Ross Trophy – that would be handed out to the player who scored the most points during the regular season. Regular season. Final standings. "GP = Games Played, W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, Pts = Points, GF = Goals For, GA = Goals Against, PIM = Penalties In Minutes" &lt;br&gt; "Teams that qualified for the playoffs are highlighted in bold" Scoring leaders. "GP = Games Played, G = Goals, A = Assists, Pts = Points, PIM = Penalties In Minutes" Leading goaltenders. "GP = Games Played, TOI = Time On Ice (minutes), GA = Goals Against, SO = Shutouts, GAA = Goals Against Average" Stanley Cup playoffs. "All dates in 1948" Semifinals. Toronto vs. Boston. Boston Bruins vs. Toronto Maple Leafs "Toronto wins best-of-seven series 4 games to 1" NY Rangers vs. Detroit. New York Rangers vs. Detroit Red Wings "Detroit wins best-of-seven series 4 games to 2" Finals. Detroit Red Wings vs. Toronto Maple Leafs "Toronto wins best-of-seven series 4 games to 0" Playoff scoring leaders. "GP = Games Played, G = Goals, A = Assists, Pts = Points"
The Chicago Spire was a skyscraper project that was being built in Chicago, Illinois, however, because of financial problems, the project was never finished.  It would have stood high with 150 floors and been the tallest building in the Western Hemisphere. When originally proposed as the Fordham Spire in July 2005, the design had 116 stories, included a hotel and condominiums, and was topped with a broadcast antenna mast. However, interest in the Chicago Spire site has risen, drawing in at least a half-dozen offers for the property. The developer was considering a bid to take back control of the property, reigniting hope that the 2,000 ft. skyscraper may actually be built. In 2014, a Chicago court ruled in favor of not building the skyscraper thus abandoning plans of it being constructed.  On 4 November 2016, ownership of the property the tower was being built on was given to Related Midwest. In 2018, it was revealed that Related Midwest will build two skyscrapers at the site of the Spire. The Gateway Tower, a proposed tall condo, is proposed to be built on the site of where the Spire would have been built.
Rickrolling is an internet meme that involves playing a trick on someone by tricking them into listening to Rick Astley singing his 1987 song, "Never Gonna Give You Up". It was first seen on 4chan and is called a "bait and switch". A "bait and switch" happens when the prankster gives a website to someone saying that the website address (which is somehow hidden) is about something else. When the victim clicks the link, they see the music video and have been "rickrolled" or "rickroll'd". As rickrolling has grown in popularity, two of the many videos online have been watched over 13 million times each. On October 27, 2008, at the Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade, Astley himself performed a live rickroll. He came out during the singing of "Best Friends" by the cast of "Foster's Home for Imaginary Friends" and sang "Never Gonna Give You Up". At the end of the song, one of the characters said "I love rickrolling!" On February 23, 2010, the most viewed Rickroll video was deleted. On July 29, 2021, the "Never Gonna Give You Up" YouTube video reached a billion views. History. Song. Astley recorded "Never Gonna Give You Up" in 1987 on his album "Whenever You Need Somebody". This song was his debut single and was a Number One hit for him on many international charts like the Billboard Hot 100, Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks and UK Top 40 charts. It was also Astley's first music video which features him performing the song while dancing. Origin of the term. Rickrolling is said to have begun as a spin-off of an earlier prank called "duckrolling", which was when a link was supposed to lead to a picture or news story but would really link to an edited picture of a duck on wheels. The victim was then said to have been duckrolled. The first instance of rickrolling happened in May 2007 on the 4chan video game board, where a link to the video was said to be a copy of the first trailer
A stable is a building for livestock animals such as horses or cows to live in. A stable often has a loft where food such as hay can be kept to feed the animals in the winter. The stable may be divided into enclosures or stalls to keep the animals separate. A stable is most likely to be built near a farmhouse. According to the Christian Bible, the baby Jesus was born in a stable. He was wrapped up and put to sleep on the straw in a manger.
Dagne Groven Myhren (born 19 September 1940) is a Norwegian writer, folk musician and a professor of Scandinavian studies at the University of Oslo. She has written about Norwegian literature, science and folk music. She is outspoken in protecting Norwegian culture, places and music. She has helped J.P.Ekgren with writing a book in English about the poetry style called Stev. The book is "Aslak Brekke og visune hans".
Aslak Brekke (October 6, 1901 – February 13, 1978) was a Norwegian vocalist of stev (a type of Scandinavian poetry which is sung). He was also a singer of folksongs. Brekke was born in Vinje, Telemark. He was the first folksinger to sing on a radio broadcast to all of Norway.  In 1945, Brekke sang at an important concert in the ceremonial hall (the "Aula" ) at the University of Oslo. He also made a recording of the song "Ståle Storli", together with Eivind Groven ( harmonium ).
Mutiny is a when a group of people get together to openly oppose, change, or remove the people or person in authority. It usually means a group of soldiers trying to remove their officers, or a group of sailors on a ship trying to remove the captain. The group of people that mutiny are called mutineers. During the Age of Discovery, mutiny meant open rebellion against a ship’s captain. This happened during Magellan’s journey and one mutineer was killed. Another mutineer was executed and 2 others were put on land and left there. After a mutiny on Henry Hudson’s "Discovery", Hudson and several others were left in the ocean in a small boat. Penalty. Mutiny is still treated as a very bad crime. Mutineers are punished and may even get the death penalty.
Printmaking is making art by printing pictures, normally on paper. The advantage of printmaking is that lots of the same picture can be printed. This is called a print. Each print is not a copy, but an original, since it came from the same source (not like painting or drawing).You can also use different types of techniques to start the print. Materials. Pictures for prints can be cut into plates of metal, usually copper or zinc for engraving or etching; stone, used for lithography; blocks of wood for woodcuts, linoleum for linocuts and fabric plates for screen-printing. Prints may also be published in books by the artist.