ejaasaari/simplewiki-2025-04-01 huggingface dataset:
South Africa was first at the Olympic Games in 1904, and sent athletes toevery Summer Olympic Games until 1960. After the passage of United Nations General Assembly Resolution 1761 in 1962 in response to South Africa's policy of apartheid, the nation was barred from the Games. After the negotiations to end apartheid in 1990, the nation re-joined the Olympic movement. The "South African Sports Confederation and Olympic Committee" was formed in 1991, and South Africa returned to the Games at the 1992 Summer Olympics (and the 1992 Summer Paralympics). South Africa was also in the Winter Olympic Games in 1960, and since 1994.
The Portland Timbers are an American professional soccer club based in Portland, Oregon. In 1975, the team took the name "Timbers" because Oregon is known for logging and forestry. The team colors are green and gold (yellow). At every Timbers game in Portland, the Timbers Army are a large group of the loudest and proudest Timbers fans. Today, the team plays in Major League Soccer. The team played in the USL First Division before they joined Major League Soccer in 2011. The team's name may also be inspired by a club of the same name based in the same city that competed in the original NASL in the 70's and early 80's. References. Notes
Diet soft drink, or diet soda is the name for a soft drink that uses an artificial sweetener, instead of sugar. Usually, these drinks contain carbon dioxide. They do not contain alcohol. Sometimes, they use the word 'light' or 'lite' in the name. Because sugar has been replaced with another sweetener, they are targeted at health-conscious people, athletes, or people want to lose weight. Diabetics also use them. The sweetener tastes like sugar, but has fewer calories. The artificial sweeteners most used are aspartame, saccharin, cyclamates, sucralose, and stevia. Each of them has benefits and drawbacks. The taste is often noticeably different than sucrose (regular sugar). Even after decades of research, no artificial sweetener really "tastes like" sugar. Most sweeteners have a marked aftertaste, often described as "bitter" or "metallic". The perception of this aftertaste has been studied intensively. It appears to be based on genetic factors that vary from person to person.  In recent years, consumers want more "natural" products. They are afraid of possible health effects of artificial sweeteners. These reasons have increased the demand for stevia-based sweeteners. Manufacturers were also driven to develop new phytochemicals. History. The first diet soda was in 1952, when Kirsch Bottling in Brooklyn, New York launched a sugar free ginger ale called No-Cal. It was designed for diabetics, not dieters, and distribution remained local. Royal Crown Cola placed an announcement in an Atlanta newspaper in 1958 announcing a diet soda product, Diet Rite. In 1962, Dr Pepper released a diet(etic) version of its soda. It sold slowly because people thought it was meant for diabetics. In 1963, the Coca-Cola Company joined the diet soda market with Tab, which was a huge success. It was originally sweetened with cyclamates and saccharin. Tab, Diet Rite, and Fresca (a grapefruit-flavored soda introduced by Coca-Cola) were the only brand-name diet sodas on the market until Pepsi released Diet
Zulu or isiZulu ( "isiZulu") is the language of the Zulu people. 10 million people speak Zulu, and most of them (95%) live in South Africa. It is the most common home language in South Africa, where 24% of people speak it at home. Over 50% of the population also speak and understand the language. In 1994, it became one of South Africa's 11 official languages. Like other Bantu languages, Zulu is written using the Latin alphabet. Where it is spoken. Zulu belongs to the Nguni group of Bantu languages. Zulu migrants (people who move from place to place) have taken the language to other regions. There are now Zulu speakers in Zimbabwe, Lesotho, Mozambique, Malawi, and Swaziland.  Zulu speakers in Zimbabwe speak a dialect called "Northern Ndebele language." People who speak Xhosa can understand most Zulu. The opposite is also true: Zulu speakers can understand Xhosa. Xhosa language is the most common language spoken in the Eastern Cape of South Africa. History. The Zulu, Xhosa, and other Nguni people have lived in South Africa for a long time. The Zulu language has a lot of click sounds common in Southern African languages. These click sounds are not found in the rest of Africa. The Nguni people have lived together with other Southern tribes like the San and Khoi.  Zulu and all other native Southern African languages was at first an oral language. It was not written down until missionaries came from Europe. These missionaries used the Latin alphabet to write the Zulu language. The first Zulu grammar book was published in Norway in 1850 by Hans Paludan Smith Schreuder. The oldest document written in Zulu is a Bible from 1883. John Dube, a Zulu from Natal, wrote the first Zulu novel, "Insila kaShaka", in 1933. Another important Zulu author was Reginald Dhlomo. Dhlomo wrote "U-Dingane" (1936), "U-Sh
The Zulu are the largest ethnic group in South Africa. There are 10-12 million Zulu living in South Africa, mostly in KwaZulu-Natal province. However, a small number of Zulu also live in Zimbabwe, Zambia, and Mozambique. The Zulu language, called , is a Bantu language of the Nguni subgroup. The Zulu Kingdom was very important in South African history during the 1800s and 1900s. During Apartheid, the Zulu people were third-class citizens and suffered from official discrimination. Today the Zulu people are the largest ethnic group in South Africa and have equal rights. Beginning. The Zulu were originally a major clan in the area that is today Northern KwaZulu-Natal. The Zulu clan was started around the year 1709 by Zulu kaNtombhela. In the Nguni languages, the words "iZulu", "iliZulu", and "liTulu" mean "heaven", or "sky." In the early 1700s, many large Nguni communities and clans lived in the area. These groups were called "isizwe" (nations) and "isibongo" (clans). These Nguni communities had migrated down the East coast of Africa over thousands of years. These movements of people were called the Bantu migrations. They probably arrived in what is today South Africa in the 800s.
The National Trust, more fully the National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty, is a conservation organisation in England, Wales and Northern Ireland. The Trust does not work in Scotland, as they have a different National Trust. The trust owns many historic houses and gardens, as land such as beauty spots. To visit the place the National Trust owns, there is often a entry charge, but most beauty spots are free. The National Trust is one of the largest charities in the United Kingdom, and also one of the largest UK land owners.
Linkinhorne is a parish and village in southeast Cornwall, United Kingdom. The village itself is at and is approximately four miles (6.5 km) northwest of Callington and seven miles (11 km) south of Launceston. As well as Linkinhorne itself, other settlements in the parish include Bray Shop, Caradon Town, Downgate, Henwood, Ley Mill, Minions, and Upton Cross. The area is bordered by the River Inny in the north-east and Bodmin Moor to the west. The valley of the River Lynher runs through the parish. The parish is largely rural but west of the B3254 road from Launceston to Liskeard it includes part of Caradon Hill, once an industrialised mining area. The parish church of St Melor is built of granite and dates from the 15th century.
The Gordon Bennett Cup for auto racing was set up by James Gordon Bennett, Jr.. He was the millionaire owner of the "New York Herald". The award was first given in 1900 in France. It was a car-racing event between teams from different countries. History. In 1900, the Automobile Club de France (ACF) was given the trophy ("prize"). The trophy could be won in a race between automobile clubs from different countries. The trophy was given out every year until 1905. After that, the ACF held the first Grand Prix motor racing event at the Circuit de la Sarthe, in Le Mans. The British Racing Green was first used in the 1903 Gordon Bennet Cup in Ireland. The Gordon Bennett Cup auto races included racing drivers from across Europe. There were also drivers from the United States like Alexander Winton, who drove his Winton automobile.  The rules were that the races were held in the country of the winner of the year before. The races were between national teams. Because of this, the national racing colours had to be set for each country. Great Britain had to choose a different colour to red, white or blue (the colours of the flag) because they had been taken by Italy, Germany and France. They choose shamrock green because the race that year was run in Ireland. This became known as British racing green.
The Great Ireland Run is an 10-kilometre road running competition which is held in Phoenix Park, Dublin, Ireland in mid-April. It is held every year since 2003. It is part of the Great Run series of athletics competitions. It has IAAF Bronze Label Road Race status. It is sponsored by SPAR and features both an elite race ("for sportspeople") and a popular race ("for the general public"). There is also a 2.5 km fun run for 8–15-year-old runners. The 10 km race course begins at Chesterfield Avenue. It goes around in a clock-wise route to finish on Furze Road. Over 10,000 people took part in the day's events in 2011. People who have run the race include former marathon world record holder Paul Tergat, and World Championship medallist Meselech Melkamu, as well as some of Ireland's foremost athletes such as 1995 World Champion Sonia O'Sullivan and cross country specialist Catherina McKiernan. Past winners. Key:
The Office of Public Works (OPW) () is a public service of the Republic of Ireland. It is part of the government's Department of Finance. The job of the office is mainly to look after historical buildings in Ireland. The buildings they look after are owned by the government. Role. They also assist in during elections, help with buying supplies and offer printing services for the government. The office is in charge of the "Government Supplies Agency". They print the Irish Statute Book and the "Iris Oifigiúil" magazine.  History. The office was created on 15 October 1831. It was then known as the "Board of Works". It put together the Office of the Surveyor-General for Ireland, the Barracks Board, and Navigation Board. Before 1996, the OPW was also responsible for a lot of heritage sites in Ireland. In 1996, the management of the sites were taken over by a separate agency, Dúchas - The Heritage Service.  Organisation. The Minister for Finance has overall responsibility for the organisation. The people working for the office are civil servants.
The Irish Independent is an Irish daily newspaper. It is published in both compact and broadsheet sizes. It is the main publication of Independent News and Media. It is also called "The Independent" or "Indo" for short. History. The "Irish Independent" was formed in 1905. Before then, there was a paper called Daily Irish Independent. This was an 1890s pro-Parnellite newspaper. The Irish Independent was launched by William Martin Murphy. He was a controversial Irish nationalist businessman. He was against Charles Stewart Parnell. During the 1913 Lockout of workers, Murphy was the leader among the employers. His paper, "Irish Independent", published news reports and opinion pieces that were against the workers who were on strike. It wrote that the union's would lose that fight. The "Irish Independent" said about the 1916 Easter Rising that it was "insane and criminal". It famously called for the shooting of its leaders. In December 1919, during the Irish War of Independence, a group of twenty IRA men destroyed the printing works of the paper. They did this because the paper was not writing good things about the Irish Republican Army. They said the paper was pro-British and had a Unionist stance. In 1924, the traditional nationalist newspaper, the "Freeman's Journal", merged with the "Irish Independent". In the 1970s, it was taken over by former Heinz chairman Tony O'Reilly.
Santa Clara is a city in California. It is very close to San Jose International Airport. It also has a light rail station, called the Lick Mill. It is also the home of Levi's Stadium, where the San Francisco 49ers play their home games. Santa Clara is part of Santa Clara County and Silicon Valley. Several large technology companies are based in Santa Clara, such as Intel, Nvidia, and Advanced Micro Devices. The city is also home to Santa Clara University, which is the oldest university in California, founded by Jesuits.
The PlayStation Network is where you can sign up for free to play games. At one time hackers shut down the network, but later PlayStation Network returned online. PlayStation Network has a Paid service known as Playstation Plus, with three tiers. Essential, which allows online plays, Extra, which is similar to Xbox Game Pass Core, allowing for extra games, and Premium, which gives the ability to stream and download PlayStation, PlayStation 2, PlayStation Portable games, and stream PlayStation 3 games, plus the Playstation Plus Extra Library. The Playstation Network also allows access to the PlayStation Store, where users can purchase and download video games for the Playstation family of systems.
Dietmar "Didi" Constantini (30 May, 1955 – 18 December, 2024) was an Austrian football player and coach. Career. Constantini started playing with FC Wacker Innsbruck. With the team he won the Austrian Championship two times. After one year with LASK Linz, he went to Greece. This was the only time he spent with a squad from abroad. In 1982, he came back to Austria and played with different clubs from the first and second league. After his time with the Wiener Sportclub, he ended his career as player. He played 198 league matches, scoring five goals, winning two Austrian championships, and one Austrian Cup. He played matches for the Austrian Under 18 team and the amateur national team. Coaching career. His first experiences as coach was in Saudi-Arabia and for SK Rapid Wien as assistant coach. Then he went to the ÖFB where he became coach of the Under 21 national team and at the same time assistant coach with the national team. After the demotion of head coach Alfred Riedl he did not become coach of the team, so he went on to different clubs in Austria and Germany. (FSV Mainz 05, LASK, Admira Wackerand FC Tirol Innsbruck.) In 1998, he started football camps for children so he could not became coach of a team. He was only caretaker for FK Austria Wien, FC Kärnten and manager of SV Austria Salzburg. He worked in the meantime as expert for the football broadcast of ATV and organized his camps. In 2006/07, he was coach of FC Superfund Pasching. Team coach. On 4 March 2009, Constantini became coach of the Austrian national football team. In the six last qualification matches the team scored 10 points but could not qualify for the 2010 World Cup. In September his contract was prolonged until 2012. Constantini had troubles with some players but he also gave young players a chance to play in the team (Aleksandar Dragović, Yasin Pehlivan, Julian Baumgartlinger or Jakob Jantscher). Austria did not qualify for Euro 2012 and Constantini's contract was not renewed. Death. Constantini died on 18 December 2024, at the age of 69, from problems caused by dementia.
Charles Felix (Carlo Felice Giuseppe Maria; 6 April 1765 – 27 April 1831) was born a Prince of Savoy and was later the last mainline Savoyard monarch of Sardinia. He was a nephew of Charles III of Spain and cousin of Maria I of Portugal as well as son in law of Maria Carolina of Austria. He was King of Sardinia from 1821 to 1831. Biography. Early life. "Carlo Felice" was born in Turin as the eleventh child and fifth son born to Victor Amadeus III and Maria Antonia of Spain. From birth he was titled as the Duke of Genoa and the Marquis of Susa from 1796. He was a younger brother of Charles Emmanuel IV and Victor Emmanuel I. He spent his childhood with his sister Maria Carolina, the Count of Moriana, living at the Castle of Moncalieri. He had a very closed character.  Marriage. He was married by proxy to Princess Maria Cristina of Naples and Sicily on 7 March 1807. She was a daughter of Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies and Maria Carolina of Austria, sister of "Marie Antoinette".  Succession. He was not expected to ever succeed to the throne. However Charles Emmanuel never had any children and abdicated the throne on June 4, 1802. Victor Emmanuel I had four living daughters when he abdicated the throne in 1821. As the succession was regulated by the Salic Law, Charles Felix succeeded his brother on the throne. He and his wife died without issue after a reign of ten years. He was succeeded by the senior male of his House as Charles Albert of Savoy after he died in Turin at the Palazzo Chablais which had been given to him by his sister Princess Maria Anna. Legacy. The Teatro Carlo Felice in Genoa was named after him as well as the main road of the island of Sardinia, the Strada statale 131 Charles Felix, that connects the towns of Cagliari and Sassari-Porto Torres, realised in 19th century, is entitled to him.
Madison Avenue is a north-south street in the borough of Manhattan in New York City (U.S.) which carries northbound one-way traffic. It runs from Madison Square (at 23rd Street) to the Madison Avenue Bridge across the Harlem River (at 138th Street). In doing so, it passes through Midtown Manhattan, the Upper East Side (including Carnegie Hill), Spanish Harlem, and Harlem. It is named after Madison Square, which is itself named after James Madison, the fourth President of the United States. Since the 1920s, the street's name has been synonymous with the American advertising industry. Madison Avenue was not part of the original New York City street grid established in the Commissioners' Plan of 1811, and was carved between Park Avenue (formerly Fourth) and Fifth Avenue in 1836, due to the effort of lawyer and real estate developer Samuel B. Ruggles. Ruggles was a graduate of Yale University who had previously purchased and developed New York's Gramercy Park in 1831, who was in part responsible for the development of Union Square and who also named Lexington Avenue. Traffic. Madison Avenue carries one-way traffic uptown (northbound) from 23rd Street to 135th Street, with the change from two-way traffic having taken place on January 14, 1966, at which time Fifth Avenue was changed to one way downtown (southbound). One lane of Madison Avenue in Midtown is limited to turns made by city buses or taxicabs, at some hours of the day. Based on Section 4-12(m) of the New York City Traffic Rules, driving a vehicle, other than a bus, is prohibited in the bus lane on Madison Avenue to turn right during the restricted hours specified by sign between 42nd Street and 59th Street. All vehicles are allowed at 60th Street, but a taxicab carrying a passenger may use the bus lane to turn right at 46th Street. Advertising industry. The term "Madison Avenue" is often used to mean "advertising". Madison Avenue became identified with the advertising industry after the quick growth along the avenue during the 1920s. According
Maria Luisa of Parma (9 December 1751 - 2 January 1819) was Queen consort of Spain from 1788 to 1808 as the wife of King Charles IV of Spain. She was the youngest daughter of Duke Philip of Parma and his wife, Louise Élisabeth of France, the eldest daughter of King Louis XV. Biography. Christened Luisa Maria Teresa Anna, but known as María Luisa was born at the Ducal Palace of Colorno in the Duchy of Parma. She was the favourite child of her mother, who tried to engage her to the heir to the French throne, however the prince died in 1761. In 1762 Maria Luisa became engaged to the Prince of Asturias (heir to the throne), Charles, later King Charles IV of Spain. She married the future Charles IV on 4 September 1765. From her marriage she was the most senior female at the Spanish court, Queen Maria Amalia having died in 1761.  Maria Luisa was regularly painted by the famous Spanish artist Goya. She was often described by contemporaries as an ugly, vicious, and coarse woman who greatly dominated the king. Maria Luisa dominated her husband and was believed to have had many love affairs, but there is no evidence that Maria Luisa had any lovers. Gossip pointed out Manuel de Godoy, her husband's Prime Minister, was her long-time lover. She was unpopular during her reign and has also long had a bad reputation in history, mainly because of her alleged love affairs and her support of pro-French policies that eventually were not good for Spain. In 1792, the "Order of Queen Maria Luisa" was founded on her suggestion, an order which was given only to women. Her husband abdicated the throne of Spain in 1808, and together with Maria Luisa and Godoy spent the rest of his life in exile. When Napoleon's army invaded the country, several pamphlets blamed her for that. Maria Luisa spent some years in France and then in Rome, Italy. Both Maria Luisa and her husband died in Italy in early 1819.
Icknield Street or Ryknild Street is a Roman road in Britain that runs from the Fosse Way at Bourton on the Water in Gloucestershire to Templeborough in South Yorkshire. It passes through Alcester, Birmingham, Lichfield and Derby. Four Roman roads are named in the Laws of Edward the Confessor; Watling Street, Ermine Street, the Fosse Way and Hikenild (or Icknield) Street. Hikenild Street, is generally supposed to be connected with the Iceni. Various forms of the name, the earliest, in Anglo-Saxon, are Icenhilde Weg or Icenilde We. These roads are from the borders of Norfolk through Cambridgeshire, Bucks, Berks, Hants, and Wilts into Dorset. These locations however would identify the path as Icknield Way, an Iron Age trackway running from Norfolk to Dorset.  This road got the name Ryknild Street during the 12th century when it was named by Ranulf Higdon, a monk writing in 1344 in his "Polychronicon". Higdon, gives the name of the fourth road as Rikenild Strete, which, he says, tends from the south-west to the north, and begins at St. David's and continues to the mouth of the Tyne, passing Worcester, Droitwich, Birmingham, Lichfield, Derby, and Chesterfield. It has borne that name, or Rigning, Reenald, or Rignall, from early times. In three of the four MSS. of Higdon, the name is given Rikenilde, Rikenyldes, and in the fourth, which is said to be one of the earliest, Hikenil Street. Trevisa's English translation (1387) calls it Rykeneldes Street. Harverfield writing in the Victoria County History of Warwickshire doubted if the road had any real and original right to either name, preferring Ryknild as no less correct, (or no more wrong) and being able to separate it from Icknield Street in Oxfordshire and Berkshire. It is now called Icknield or Ryknild Street to separate it from the older Icknield Way. A kept part of the Roman road can be seen at Sutton Park in Birmingham.