ejaasaari/simplewiki-2025-04-01 huggingface dataset:
The Gould Belt is a partial ring of stars local to us in the Milky Way. It is about 3000 light years across, tilted from the galactic plane by 16 to 20 degrees. It has many large and bright O- and B-type stars. The belt may be the local spiral arm to which the Sun belongs. At present the Sun is about 325 light years from the arm's centre. The belt is thought to be from 30 to 50 million years old, and of unknown origin. Benjamin Gould identified it in 1879. The belt contains bright stars in many constellations including (in order going more or less eastward) Cepheus, Lacerta, Perseus, Orion, Canis Major, Puppis, Vela, Carina, Crux (the Southern Cross), Centaurus, Lupus, and Scorpius (including the Scorpius-Centaurus Association).  Overview. Star-forming regions with bright O and B stars make up the Gould Belt. These regions include the Orion Nebula and the Orion molecular clouds, the Scorpius-Centaurus OB Association, Cepheus OB2, Perseus OB2, and the Taurus-Auriga Molecular Clouds.  A theory proposed around 2009 suggests that the Gould Belt formed about 30 million years ago when a blob of dark matter collided with the molecular cloud in our region. There is also evidence for similar Gould belts in other galaxies.
Drosophila subobscura is a species of fruit fly in the family Drosophilidae.  It was originally found around the Mediterranean, but it has spread to most of Europe and the Near East. It has been introduced into the west coasts of Canada, the United States, and Chile.  This species is in the "Sophophora" subgenus.  Study organism for evolutionary biology. In 1933, A.H. Sturtevant captured a species of Drosophila in England. It was a member of "Drosophila subobscura". "D. subobscura", with others in its species group, is a model organism for evolutionary-biological studies. Its genetics and ecology have been studied for over fifty years. They have served as favourable models ever since Dobzhansky and his colleagues published their influential works in the 1930s and 40s.  Their use as a regular laboratory fly was promoted by J.B.S. Haldane and John Maynard Smith at University College London over a period of about 30 years. There it was used for research into population genetics, and for teaching genetics. For many years this species was the European "rival" to the "D. pseudoobscura" favoured by the group in California led by Dobzhansky.
Elijah Eugene Cummings (January 18, 1951 – October 17, 2019) was an American politician and civil rights activist. He was a member of the U.S. House of Representatives for from 1996 until his death in 2019. Before, he was in the Maryland House of Delegates. He was a member of the Democratic Party and chair of the Committee on Oversight and Reform. Cummings had surgery to fix his aortic valve in May 2017 and two months later he developed a surgery-related infection. Cummings was later hospitalized for a knee infection.  On October 17, 2019, Cummings died at Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore, Maryland at the age of 68.
Morton Leon Mandel (September 19, 1921 – October 16, 2019) was an American business magnate, entrepreneur, and philanthropist. He founded the Premier Automotive Supply Company in 1940. It later became one of the world's leading industrial parts and electronic distributors. He was born in Cleveland, Ohio. Mandel died on October 16, 2019 in Florida at the age of 98.
The President of East Timor, officially the President of the Democratic Republic of Timor Leste (, ), is the head of state in East Timor. The president is elected by popular vote for a five-year term. Their powers are somewhat limited, though they are able to veto legislation. Following elections, the president usually appoints as the prime minister, the leader of the majority party or majority coalition.
Vicente da Silva Guterres (born 22 January 1956) is an East Timorese politician. He is a member of the National Parliament of East Timor and its Vice-President since 2007. He was elected President of the National Parliament without opposition in July 2012.
Francisco Xavier do Amaral (3 December 1937 – 6 March 2012) was an East Timorese politician. Amaral was sworn in as the first President of East Timor when the country, then a Portuguese colony, made a unilateral declaration of independence on 28 November 1975.  He was a member of the National Parliament for the Timorese Social Democratic Association from 2001 until his death.
Nicolau dos Reis Lobato (24 May 1946 – 31 December 1978) was an East-Timorese politician and national hero. Lobato was the 1st Prime Minister of East Timor from 28 November to 7 December 1975. On 31 December 1978, Lobato was ambushed by Indonesian special forces and was killed after being shot in the stomach.
Rui Maria de Araújo (born 21 May 1964) is an East Timorese politician. He was the Prime Minister of East Timor from 2015 to 2017. He is a member of Fretilin. He was Minister of Health from 2001 to 2006 and Deputy Prime Minister from 2006 to 2007.
Estanislau da Conceição Aleixo Maria da Silva (born 4 August 1952) is an East Timorese politician. He was a key member of the Fretilin. He was the 4th Prime Minister from May 2007 to August 2007. He was re-elected to a seat in parliament in the June 2007 parliamentary election as the ninth name on Fretilin's candidate list.
Saroja Ramamrutham (Tamil: சரோஜா ராமாமிருதம், 28 January 1931 – 14 October 2019), better known by her screen name Baby Saroja, was an Indian actress. She was known for her roles as a child actor in Tamil movies of the late 1930s. She was known as the "Shirley Temple of India" due to her popularity. Her best known roles were "Balayogini" (1937), "Thyagabhoomi" (1939) and "Kamadhenu" (1941). Saroja died on 14 October 2019 at her Chennai home at the age of 88.
Anke Fuchs (5 July 1937 – 14 October 2019) was a German lawyer and politician. She was a member of the Social Democratic Party of Germany. She was Federal Minister for Youth, Family and Health in 1982 and as Vice President of the Bundestag from 1998 through 2002. From 2003 until 2010, she was the President of the Friedrich Ebert Foundation. Fuchs was born in Hamburg. Fuchs died on 14 October 2019 Wilhelmshaven, Germany at the age of 82.
Khenpo Karma Tharchin Rinpoche (3 April 1924 – 6 October 2019), widely known Khenpo Karthar Rinpoche, was a senior lama of the Karma Kagyu school of Tibetan Buddhism. He was abbot of Karma Triyana Dharmachakra (KTD) Monastery in Woodstock, New York from 1976 until his death in 2019. He was born in Kham, Tibet. Rinpoche died at his home in Woodstock on 6 October 2019 at the age of 95.
Louis Frey Jr. (January 11, 1934 – October 14, 2019) was an American politician and radio personality. He was a Republican member of the United States House of Representatives from 1969 until 1979. He represented Florida's 5th district from 1969 to 1973 and the 9th district from 1973 to 1979. He ran unsuccessfully in 1978 for the Republican nomination for governor. Frey died under hospice care in Winter Park, Florida from dementia-related problems on October 14, 2019 at the age of 85.
William Dawson "Bill" Gunter Jr. (July 16, 1934 – April 8, 2024) was an American politician. He was born in Jacksonville, Florida. Gunter was a member of the Democratic Party. Gunter represented Florida in the United States House of Representatives from the 5th district from 1973 through 1975. From 1976 through 1989, Gunter was Treasurer, Insurance Commissioner, and Fire Marshal of Florida. He unsuccessfully ran for the Democratic rally for the United States Senate three times, all were failed candidacies. Gunter died on April 8, 2024, at his home in Tallahassee, Florida at the age of 89.
Bohdan Butenko (8 February 1931 – 14 October 2019) was a Polish cartoonist, illustrator, comic book writer and artist, as well as puppet designer. He was born in Bydgoszcz, Poland.  His known works include the comic series "Kwapiszon", "Gapiszon" cartoons, as well as "Gucio i Cezar" comics (written by Krystyna Boglar). He published his cartoons in numerous children's magazines, such as "Płomyk", "Płomyczek", "Miś", "Świerszczyk", as well as the magazines "Szpilki" and "Przekrój", and illustrated many children's books. Butenko died in Warsaw on 14 October 2019 at the age of 88.
Richard William Huckle (14 May 1986 – 13 October 2019) was a convicted British serial sex offender. He was arrested by Britain's National Crime Agency and convicted of 71 counts of serious sexual assaults against children while posing as a teacher, photographer and devout Christian in Malaysia. He was born in Ashford, Kent. Huckle was seen as one of Britain's worst ever paedophiles, despite being only 28 years old at the time of his arrest. On 6 June 2016, he was given 22 life sentences with a minimum prison term of 25 years before being eligible to apply for parole. On 13 October 2019, Huckle was stabbed to death in his cell at HMP Full Sutton in East Riding of Yorkshire at the age of 33.
Charles Alexander Jencks (21 June 1939 – 13 October 2019) was an American cultural theorist, landscape designer and architectural historian. He was the co-founder of the Maggie’s Cancer Care Centres. He published over thirty books and became famous in the 1980s as theorist of Postmodernism. His works include "Garden of Cosmic Speculation" and earthworks at Jupiter Artland outside Edinburgh. His continuing project "Crawick Multiverse", commissioned by the Duke of Buccleuch, opened in 2015 near Sanquhar. Jencks was born in Baltimore, Maryland. He died at the age of 80 on 13 October 2019 in London of cancer.
Adolfo Mexiac (August 7, 1927 – October 13, 2019) was a Mexican graphic artist. He was known for his politically and socially themed work, especially with the Taller de Gráfica Popular. He also painted several murals, the most important of which deals with the history of human law at the University of Colima. In 2011, a “national homage” was held for the artist at the Museo de la Estampa in Mexico City. He was born in Cuto de la Esperanza, Michoacán. Mexiac died on October 13, 2019 in Mexico City at the age of 92.
Bergamot essential oil is an essential oil produced by cells inside the rind (peel) of a bergamot orange fruit.  The oil is a common scent in perfumes. It is used in Earl Grey tea blends as flavoring. The scent of bergamot essential oil is similar to a sweet light orange peel oil with a floral note.
Serbo-Croatian is the name of a South Slavic language, which is spoken in modern-day Croatia, Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Montenegro. After the breakup of Yugoslavia, it has been divided into four variants. The variants of this language are all based on a single dialect, Shtokavian. Speakers of these variants can understand each other. History. Between 1954 and 1992, it was one of the official languages of Yugoslavia (the others were Slovenian and Macedonian). The term Serbo-Croatian was first used in the 1830s. Today, people often speak about Croatian, Serbian, Bosnian and Montenegrin languages. Research has also shown that what is called Serbo-Croatian language, is in fact a number of slightly different sub-dialects. People speaking one of the dialects easily understand other people speaking a different dialect. People in Croatia use the Latin alphabet to write the language, while people in other parts use both the Latin and Cyrillic alphabet Writing and pronunciation. Writing. Unlike English, Serbo-Croatian words are written the same way they're said, with every letter representing one sound. Vowels. Serbo-Croatian has 5 vowels. Consonants. Serbo-Croatian has 25 consonants.
The Iranian toman (; from Mongolian "tomen" 'unit of ten thousand'), is the superunit of the official currency used in Iran, the rial. One toman is equal to ten rials. Even though the rial is the official currency, Iranians use the toman daily. In the beginning, the toman consisted of 10,000 dinars. Between 1798 and 1825, the toman was split into eight rials, each of 1,250 dinars. In 1825, the qiran was introduced. The qiran was worth 1,000 dinars or one-tenth of a toman.
Information economics is a branch of economics that studies how information and information systems affect an economy.  Information is not like normal physical products. It influences many decisions but it is hard to trust. It is easy to create and to spread but hard to control.
Ángel Pérez García (16 October 1957 – 17 October 2019) was a Spanish footballer. He was born in Madrid. He played as a defender, and was a manager. García played for Real Madrid from 1980 through 1982. From 1985 through 1991, he played for Real Murcia. García died on 17 October 2019 in Madrid of cancer, a day after his 62nd birthday.
Robert Gibson "Bob" Kingsley (March 19, 1939 – October 17, 2019) was an American country music radio personality. He was host of the nationally syndicated programs "American Country Countdown" (ACC) from 1978 to 2005 and "Bob Kingsley's Country Top 40" from 2006 until his death. In 2010, Kingsley was nominated and added for the National Radio Hall of Fame. On October 9, 2019, Kingsley was diagnosed with bladder cancer. He died from the disease at his home in Weatherford, Texas a week later on October 17 at the age of 80.
Baldwin Street, in Dunedin, New Zealand was the steepest street in the world. In 1987, "Guinness World Records" said it was the steepest. It is in the suburb of North East Valley. It is northeast of Dunedin's central business district. On 16 July 2019, Ffordd Pen Llech in Wales, became the world's steepest street. Baldwin Street's gradient is 35%, and Ffordd Pen Llech's gradient is 37.45%.
David Charles Hahn (October 30, 1976 – September 27, 2016) was an American who attempted to build a homemade neutron source at the age of 17. He is sometimes called the "Radioactive Boy Scout" or the "Nuclear Boy Scout". He was a scout in the Boy Scouts of America. Hahn did his experiments without anyone knowing. He did them in a backyard shed at his mother's house in Commerce Township, Michigan. While he never actually was able to build a reactor (what he built was a neutron source), Hahn got the attention of local police when he was stopped for a different reason. The police found things in his vehicle that troubled them. He warned that it was radioactive. His mother's property was cleaned up by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) ten months later as a Superfund cleanup site. Hahn attained Eagle Scout rank shortly after his lab was dismantled. Background. Hahn was born in Royal Oak, Michigan. Creation of the neutron source. Hahn was a Boy Scout. He was interested in chemistry. He spent years doing amateur chemistry experiments. Those experiments sometimes made small explosions. He was inspired by reading "The Golden Book of Chemistry Experiments", and he tried to get samples of every element in the periodic table. This included the radioactive ones. He later received a merit badge in Atomic Energy. He became interested with the idea of building a breeder reactor in his home. Hahn got a lot of radioactive material by collecting small amounts from household products. It included things such as americium from smoke detectors, thorium from camping lantern mantles, radium from clocks, and tritium from gunsights. His "reactor" was a bored-out block of lead, and he used lithium from $1,000 worth of bought batteries to purify the thorium ash using a Bunsen burner. FBI Investigation. On April 23, 2007, the FBI heard that Hahn may have a second breeder reactor in his freezer. The FBI contacted him via telephone. Hahn said that he did not have any radioactive material. The FBI decided he was not a terrorist threat. However, they decided to do
George Meredith (12 February 1828 18 May 1909) was a Victorian poet and novelist who wrote about Women’s rights and was known for his theories about comedy.
ita bags or "It bags" began mostly after the Second World War. They became popular and more common in the 1990s. The idea was led by the famous fashion houses, such as Hermès, Chanel, and Louis Vuitton. Their popularity was fuelled by more women having surplus money, and being competitive. Like expensive perfumes, designer bags provide a way for fashion houses to increase income by expanding their range of products. They have become an influential part of the fashion culture. By 2008 the popularity of the "It bag" was reported to be in decline. In May 2011, although there would always be customers for expensive status bags, Celia Walden reported that the concept of the must-have "It bag" was no longer in fashion.
Graham Douglas Caie is an emeritus Scottish scholar, who is vice president of ALLEA, the European Federation of Academies of Sciences and Humanities. In 2015, Graham Caie was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) for his services to Education and Research in Britain and Europe. Education and career. Graham Caie was born and raised in Aberdeen, Scotland and attended the Aberdeen Grammar School. He completed his MA (hons) in English at the Aberdeen University in 1968, then obtained the degrees of MA (research) and PhD at McMaster University, Canada.  In 1972, Graham was appointed lecturer at the University of Copenhagen, where he co-founded the Centre for Medieval Studies at Copenhagen, University of Copenhagen. In 1990, he was appointed to the Chair of English Language at Glasgow University. In 2004, he was elected as a Vice President of the Royal Society of Edinburgh.He was Clerk of Senate and Vice Principal at the University of Glasgow from 2008-12 and retired from the University of Glasgow in 2012. In 2014, he became a member of the British Council’s Advisory Committee for Scotland. He has been a member of Court of Queen Margaret University and is at present an Independent Governor of the Glasgow School of Art.
The Trump–Ukraine scandal was a political scandal in the United States.  In October 2019, a whistleblower anonymously complained that U.S. President Donald Trump, his lawyer Rudy Giuliani, and other high-ranking Trump administration members had made phone calls with Ukrainian president Volodymyr Zelensky, asking him to have the Ukrainian government investigate Joe Biden, who was a candidate in the 2020 Democratic primaries at the time; as well as his son Hunter Biden in exchange for keeping U.S. military aid to Ukraine going. The complaint raised concerns that Trump was asking for other countries to interfere in the 2020 presidential election. The controversy led to an impeachment inquiry against Trump. Because of the scandal, Trump was formally impeached by the U.S. House of Representatives on December 18, 2019. However, the Senate voted to clear Trump of charges.
Edward Paul Beck (June 28, 1936 – October 16, 2019) was an American college basketball player. He was best known as the starting center and team captain of the "Fiddlin' Five," the University of Kentucky's 1958 NCAA championship team. Beck finished his college career with 459 points scored (5.6 per game) and 783 rebounds (10.0 per game) in 78 total games. Beck died on October 16, 2019 in Phoenix, Arizona at the age of 83.
Ding Shisun (; September 5, 1927 – October 12, 2019) was a Chinese mathematician, academic administrator, and politician. He was President of Peking University during the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests. He was forced to resign afterwards. He later was Chairman of the China Democratic League from 1996 to 2005 and Vice Chairperson of the National People's Congress. He was born in Shanghai. He attended Utopia University in Shanghai from 1944 to 1947. Ding died on October 12, 2019 in Beijing, aged 92.
Emilio Nicolas Sr. (27 October 1930 – 12 October 2019) was a Mexican-American businessman. He worked with helping to create one of the earliest Spanish-language television stations in the United States. Nicolas created KWEX-TV in San Antonio, which became the cornerstone of the network that would later become Univision. Nicolas Sr. died at his San Antonio, Texas home on 12 October 2019 from problems caused by progressive supranuclear palsy, aged 88.
Hevrin Khalaf (; 15 November 1984 – 12 October 2019) was a Kurdish-Syrian politician and civil engineer. She was Secretary General of the Future Syria Party. She was known for her diplomatic skills. Khalaf worked towards increasing tolerance and unity among Christians, Arabs, and Kurds. Assassination. Khalaf was assassinated by the Turkish-backed Ahrar al-Sharqiya fighters near the M4 Motorway in Northern Syria during the Turkish military operation against SDF forces in Rojava on 12 October 2019. According to "The Washington Post", the killing "almost certainly constitute(d) a war crime, under international law".
Anne Veronica Maria Quayle (6 October 1932 – 16 August 2019), known professionally as Anna Quayle, was an English actress. In 1963, she won a Tony Award for Best Featured Actress in a Musical for her role in the original production of "Stop the World – I Want to Get Off". Her movie roles include "A Hard Day's Night" (1964), "Smashing Time" (1967), "Casino Royale" (1967), and "Chitty Chitty Bang Bang" (1968). Quayle was diagnosed in 2012, with Lewy body dementia. She died on 16 August 2019, at the age of 86.
Crawford Stanley (Buzz) Holling, (December 6, 1930 – August 16, 2019) was an American-born Canadian ecologist, born in Theresa, New York.  Holling was one of the co-founders of ecological economics.  In 2008, he won the Volvo Environment Prize. He was an Emeritus Eminent Scholar and Professor in Ecological Sciences at the University of Florida.  Holling died on August 16, 2019 in Nanaimo, British Columbia at the age of 88.
Ecological economics (also called eco-economics, ecolonomy or bioeconomics of Georgescu-Roegen) is both a transdisciplinary and an interdisciplinary field of academic research about the coevolution of human economies and natural ecosystems.  By treating the economy as a system of Earth's larger ecosystem, and by the preservation of natural capital, the field of ecological economics is different from environmental economics.
Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen (born Nicolae Georgescu, 4 February 1906 – 30 October 1994) was a Romanian American mathematician, statistician and economist. He was best known today for his 1971 magnum opus "The Entropy Law and the Economic Process". He was a key figure in the creation of ecological economics. Several economists have hailed Georgescu-Roegen as a man who lived well ahead of his time, and some historians of economic thought have proclaimed the ingenuity of his work.
Meir Shamgar () (August 13, 1925 – October 18, 2019) was an Israeli general and judge. He was a member of the Irgun. He was the chief justice of the Israeli Supreme Court from 1983 to 1995. Shamgar was born in Danzig. Shamgar died on October 18, 2019 at the age of 94.
Christopher Messina (born August 11, 1974) is an American actor and movie director. He is known for his roles in "Vicky Cristina Barcelona", "Argo", "Julie &amp; Julia", "Ruby Sparks", "Celeste and Jesse Forever", "You've Got Mail" and "Birds of Prey". He starred in the movie "The Giant Mechanical Man".  On television, he appeared in roles as Chris Sanchez in "Damages", Reese Lansing in "The Newsroom" and as Danny Castellano in "The Mindy Project".
Tobermory (Scottish Gaelic: "Tobar Mhoire)" is a town on the Isle of Mull in Scotland. It has roughly around 1,000 people. Historically the town was a fishing port. Tobermory is well known for hosting the children's television show "Balamory".
Jambuda (Gujarati: જાંબુડા, Hindi: जांबुडा) is a small village in the Jamnagar district of the Indian state of Gujarat. The village has communities of Gadhavi, Rajgor Brahmin, Patels, shepherd, Charaniya and Kori. Jambuda is about away from Jamnagar city, and on the way to Sainik School Balachadi. Historical book Yaduvanshprakash says that Jambuda village is older than 400 years. It is considered that the village was named as "Jambuda" due to the large number of Java plum tree, and the heavy production of Java plum fruits. karsan pala paliya was notable personality in village.