ejaasaari/simplewiki-2025-04-01 huggingface dataset:
Parasitoids are parasites whose larvae develop inside another organism's body. This usually results in the death of the host, which sets them apart from 'traditional' parasites. There are twelve superfamilies of parasitic wasps which are entirely or mainly parasitoid. The largest family are the ichneumons, with over 80,000 species.  In parasitoids the adult stage is free-living: it finds the 'host' for the next generation. The female parasitoid places the eggs, on or in the body of a host. The host is food for their growth.  Normal parasites use vectors as the way of getting to other hosts.  In Hymenoptera there are many variations. The distinction between the 'parasitic' and the 'traditional' hymenoptera can run very thin.  In Britain there are about 6500 species of Hymenoptera more than in any other insect order and just one parasitoid superfamily, the Ichneumonoidea, has nearly half of them. Most workers now recognise only two families in Ichneumonoidea. These are Ichneumonidae, with over two thousand British species, and Braconidae, with nearly 1200 representatives in Britain. They are, respectively, the largest and the second largest families of British insects. Only a beetle family, the Staphylinidae, is near the thousand mark. Ichneumonoids also include the largest parasitoids. Hymenopteran parasitoids often have unique life cycles. In one family, the Trigonalidae, the female wasps deposit eggs into small pockets they cut into the edge of leaves with their ovipositor. A caterpillar chewing these leaves may swallow some of the eggs. When they get into the caterpillar's gut, they hatch and burrow through the gut wall and into the body cavity. Later they search the caterpillar's body cavity for other parasitoid larvae, and it is these they attack and feed on. Some trigonalids, once they are in a caterpillar or sawfly larva, need their host to fall prey to a
Jennifer Todd (born in 1969 in California) is an American movie producer. She and her sister Suzanne run a production company called "Team Todd". They have helped make movies including the three Austin Powers movies, "Boiler Room", "Prime", "Must Love Dogs", "Memento", "Across the Universe", and "The Accidental Husband". She won the 2001 Independent Spirit Award for best movie for "Memento".
Christopher Paolini (born November 17, 1983 in Southern California) is an American writer. He is best known as the writer of the Inheritance cycle, which has the books "Eragon", "Eldest", "Brisingr", and the fourth book Inheritance (book) . He lives in Paradise Valley, Montana. Paolini is famous for publishing his book, "Eragon" when he was only seventeen years old. He began writing the book when he was fifteen. His second book, "Eldest", was released in 2005. His third book, "Brisingr", was released in 2008. The final book of the Inheritance Cycle, "Inheritance", was released on 8 November, 2011.
Dougie Lee Poynter (born 30 November 1987) is a British musician. He was born in Corringham, Essex. He is the bass player and singer for the British pop punk band, "McFly". The band's first single, "Five Colours In Her Hair", reached number one in the charts, as did their first album, "Room On The Third Floor". McFly was signed to Island Records before creating their own indie label, Super Records in December 2007. Poynter is the band's youngest member having joined the band at the age of 15. Poynter won the 2011 UK series of "I'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here!".
Ali Hassan Abd al-Majid al-Tikritieh ( , 30 November 1941 – 25 January 2010) was an Iraqi minister. He was a member of the Baath Party. During his life, he was Defense Minister, Interior Minister, military commander and chief of the Iraqi Intelligence Service. He was also the governor of occupied Kuwait during the Gulf War. He was a first cousin to the late President of Iraq Saddam Hussein. During the 1980s and 1990s, he became notorious for his role in the Iraqi government's campaigns against internal opposition forces, namely the ethnic Kurdish rebels of the north, and the Shia religious dissidents of the south. Repressive measures included deportations of the population and mass killings; al-Majid was dubbed "Chemical Ali" by Iraqi Kurds for his use of chemical weapons in attacks against them. Al-Majid was captured after the 2003 invasion of Iraq and was charged with war crimes, crimes against humanity and genocide. He was convicted in June 2007 and was sentenced to death for crimes committed in the al-Anfal campaign of the 1980s. His appeal against the death sentence was rejected on 4 September 2007, and was sentenced to death for the fourth time on 17 January 2010. Al-Majid was executed by hanging eight days later.
Bamba () is an Israeli corn snack. It is a popular snack for children.  Bamba has been made since 1963. Bamba makes up 25% of the Israeli snack market.
This is a list of "ChuckleVision" episodes. "ChuckleVision" is a popular British children's television series. Series 13 (2000-2001). All the episodes in Series 12-13 were originally 20 minutes in length, but in 2004 the BBC cut them down to 15 minutes in length to suit their schedule. The original length 20 minute episodes are very rarely broadcast. Series 15 (2003). 2003 Christmas Specials The Series Series 20 (2008). 2008 Christmas Special References. All information in this article is sourced from "http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b006w487/episodes". Due to the fact that not all episodes are displayed on this website at any one time, the information in this article was also confirmed as being correct from the BBC helpline - 03700 100 222.
A car stereo, also known as a head unit or car radio, is an essential component of any vehicle.  Usage. It is used to play music, make phone calls, and provide other audio services for the driver and passengers. Car stereos have many styles and sizes, with different features available depending on the model. Types of car stereo. Car stereos are typically divided into two categories: factory-installed or aftermarket. Factory-installed car stereos come with the vehicle and are usually of limited functionality, although some manufacturers offer premium systems that provide more features than standard models. Aftermarket car stereos are installed after the original purchase and can be customized to meet the driver's needs.  Single-DIN stereos. Single-DIN car stereos are the most common type of car stereo system. It refers to a standard size for radio and audio systems that measure 180 x 50 mm. They typically feature an AM/FM radio receiver and four pre-amp outputs for connecting external amplifiers and speakers. Double-DIN stereos. As the name suggests, these stereo are double in size and comes with standard size (180 mm × 100 mm or 7.09 in × 3.94 in) and offers more features than a single-DIN unit. Now a days most of the double din stereo comes with a larger display (7 to 10 inches) that allows users to easily see and navigate the menus, make selections, and access various audio sources. These units often include built-in CD/DVD players, GPS navigation systems, Bluetooth connectivity, and even hands-free calling. Double-DIN stereos also feature advanced audio processing, such as multi-band equalization, surround sound, and digital signal processing. Additionally, they often come with DVD players or navigation systems built-in. Double DIN radios also compatible with Android Auto and Apple CarPlay.
Eudora Alice Welty (April 13, 1909 – July 23, 2001) was an award-winning American author who wrote short stories and novels about the American South. Her book, "The Optimist's Daughter", won the Pulitzer Prize in 1973 and Welty was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom, among numerous awards. She was the first living author to have her works published by the Library of America. Her house in Jackson, Mississippi, is a National Historic Landmark and open to the public as a museum. Life. Welty worked as a publicity agent for the work progress administration. She had to travel around Mississippi for her job. In her own time, she took memorable photographs. These mostly show how different people from all economic and social classes coped with the Great Depression. Collections of her photograph were published as "One time, One place" (1971) and "Photograph" (1989).  Very often, a photograph was the basis of one of her short stories, including "Why I live at the P.O.", which was inspired by a woman she photographed ironing in the back of a small post office.
A talisman is an amulet or other object considered to possess supernatural or magical powers. A talisman can have protective properties, turning away harmful or evil influences. It is a very sacred object said to give protection and good luck. It is also said that when making an talisman the person intending to use it must craft it.
Eagle Comics was a short lived comic book company that existed to reprinting comic serials from the UK's "2000 A.D." magazine for distribution in North American. They existed from 1983 to 1986 and were based in London, England, with product production and distribution in Canada.  History. The company was formed by Nick Landau to republish stories from the comics anthology, repackaged into American comic book format (in the same way his Titan Books had been reprinting them as trade paperbacks). In 1986 the license, from IPC, passed to Quality Communications. Titles. The series they brought to American audiences included-
Henry James OM (18431916) was an Anglo-American novelist. He was one of the most important literary people of the late 19th century. Background. James was the son of Henry James Senior, a clergyman, and the brother of William James, the psychologist and philosopher. He grew up mostly in the United States but spent the majority of his life in England. He became a British citizen in 1915. His sister, Alice James, was also a writer. Novels. In his novels, he wrote from the viewpoint of one of the characters. Some literary critics compared this to impressionist painting. In his own literary criticism, James insisted that writers be allowed the greatest possible freedom in how they looked at the world. He thought a text should be realistic, and its account of life be recognisable to its readers. Good novels, to James, show life in action and are interesting. Other books. He published fictional books, articles and books of travel, biography, autobiography, and criticism, and wrote plays, some of which were performed during his lifetime. His plays probably influenced his later novels and tales.
Velupillai Prabhakaran (November 26 1954 — May 18 2009) was the leader of the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam. He fought the Sri Lankan Civil War to make an independent state for the Tamil people in the north of Sri Lanka. Under his leadership, the Tamil Tigers became one of the most deadly guerilla groups in the world. Early life. Prabhakaran was born in Valvettiturai, a fishing town, on the northern tip of Sri Lanka. His father worked for the government. After Ceylon became independent in 1948, life became very difficult for the small Tamil population. There were laws to limit their chance of getting to university or working for the government. In 1972, Prabhakaran started a group called the Tamil New Tigers (TNT). In July 1975 he shot dead Alfred Duryappa, the mayor of Jaffna. Duryappa was also a Tamil, but Prahbhakaran believed he had become too close to the Sri Lankan government. Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam. Prabhakaran went to India to escape from the police. He hid in the city of Madras (now Chenai), where he turned the TNT into the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE). Each member had cyanide (poison) carried in a necklace which they could swallow if they were captured. Other rules that Prabhakaran made for the LTTE were that members could not smoke, drink alcohol or have sex. The last rule was changed when Prabhakaran married Mathivathani Erambu. The LTTE secretly set up training camps in India. Other Tamil guerilla groups were taken over or destroyed by the LTTE. The war. In July 1983, there were wide spread attacks against Tamils in Sri Lanka. Many Tamils left the country, and many young people went to the training camps in India. The LTTE fought against the government. They had their own navy, the Sea Tigers, and air force. In July 1987 Prabhakaran started a group called the "Black Tigers". These
Mohs' scale of mineral hardness is named after Friedrich Mohs, a mineralogist. Mohs scale is ordered by hardness, determined by which minerals can scratch other minerals. Rocks are made up of one or more minerals. According to the scale, Talc is the softest: it can be scratched by all other materials. Gypsum is harder: it can scratch talc but not calcite, which is even harder. The hardness of a mineral is mainly controlled by the strength of the bonding between the atoms and partly by the size of the atoms. It is a measure of the resistance of the mineral to scratching, the Mohs scale is for natural minerals. For manufactured products other measures of hardness are better. Diamond is always at the top of the scale, being the hardest mineral. There are ten minerals in Mohs scale, talc, gypsum, calcite, fluorite, apatite, feldspar, quartz, topaz, corundum, and for last and hardest, diamond. Because the Mohs scale was made long ago, it is not exactly correct – for example, several minerals are now known to be harder than corundum (at 9 on the scale). The Mohs scale may not be perfect, but field geologists still find it very useful.  Relative hardness of some items. 2.5 Fingernail 2.5–3 Gold, Silver  3 Copper penny  4–4.5 Platinum  4–5 Iron 5.5 Knife blade 6.5 Iron pyrite  5.5 Glass 6.5 Hardened steel file Other websites.
Chinglish is a word for English that is influenced by Chinese. It often uses Chinese grammar and vocabulary that has been translated into English. For example, "long time no see (we have not met for a long time)" is translated from Chinese 好久不見 "hǎojiǔbùjiàn". The term Chinglish comes from a combination of the words "Chinese" and "English". Example. One car come, one car go, two car pengpeng, one car die. Proper english translation. One car drove towards another; both cars crashed, and one of them was destroyed.
Friedrich Mohs (29 January, 1773 - 29 September 1839) was a German mineralogist. Job and Career. Scientist Mohs was born in Germany. He was a minerologist who studied minerals, chemistry, physics, and mathematics. He moved to Austria in 1801 where he found a job identifying minerals in a collection that belonged to a rich banker. He used physical characteristics of the crystals to determine what they were. One of the characteristics he used to identify minerals was their hardness.  He knew that some of the minerals could scratch others and that if a mineral could make a scratch on another, it must be harder than the mineral that was scratched. He found that all minerals could scratch the mineral talc, so it must be very soft. He also found that diamonds were so hard that no other minerals could scratch them.  In 1812, Mohs made a scale from 1 to 10 to describe mineral hardness. He gave harder minerals larger numbers and softer minerals smaller numbers. Talc, the softest mineral, he assigned to 1, the smallest number on the scale. Diamond, the hardest mineral, he assigned to 10, the highest number on the scale. This scale was called Mohs scale of mineral hardness, named after Friedrich Mohs. Later Career. In 1812, Mohs became professor in Graz, Austria. In 1817, Mohs replaced his mentor Werner, who had died, as a tutor at the mining academy in Freiberg, Saxony, starting in 1818. In 1826, he was appointed as a professor of Mineralogy at the University of Vienna.  Mohs ended his horrrrrendous career as a mining advisor at the Mining University in Leoban, Austria, and died aged 66, while holidaying in Italy.
The Chelicerata are a sub-phylum of the Arthropods. The sub-phylum consists of only two classes: the Arachnids and the Merostomata. The Merostomata are the extinct Eurypterids and the horseshoe crabs (Xiphosura). The horseshoe crabs are a small, ancient group which has survived relatively unchanged for millions of years. Groups like this are often called living fossils. The Arachnida is the huge and successful terrestrial (air-breathing) group of spiders and their relatives. The chelicerates originated as marine animals. The first confirmed chelicerate fossils, the eurypterids, date from 445 million years ago in the late Ordovician period. Although only four marine species survive, all of them horseshoe crabs, there are over 77,000 species of air-breathing chelicerates, and there may be about 500,000 unidentified species. The pycnogonids may or may not be Chelicerates. This is in dispute, as genetic evidence suggests they may be an ancient sister group to all other living arthropods. There are 1,300 species of these 'sea spiders'. The life-style of chelicerates is largely carnivorous, or other kinds of heterotroph.
Avoidant personality disorder (AVPD), also called anxious personality disorder, is a personality disorder. Those with AVPD have extreme social anxiety.  Overview. They usually feel that they are not good enough for others and have no positive traits to them. They usually are very sensitive to being rejected or criticized. As a result, they may choose to not be social or close with others, even if they may want to. They may only choose to be close with someone if they are certain that they will not be rejected. AVPD can be caused by being neglected as a child. However, unlike other personality disorders, someone can have AVPD if they were never abused or neglected. About 2.36% of people have AVPD. Symptoms. People with AVPD usually avoid social situations whenever they can. This is because they are very scared of being rejected, made fun of, criticized, or that people may not like them. They are extremely shy or anxious of being in social situations.  People with AVPD may have fantasies of being liked and accepted. However, they would rather not have relations because there is the risk that the person they have a relationship with may leave them.  If they do begin a relationship, they may feel ashamed and believe they are not good enough for the relationship. They may leave the person early so the person doesn't leave them instead. People with AVPD tend to be very scared of being left or abandoned. They may describe themselves as lonely, anxious, unwanted, and isolated. It may also be common for people with AVPD to be addicted to substances like drugs or alcohol. Causes. The cause of AVPD is not fully known. It is believed that someone's genetics and the way they were raised as a kid can play a role in getting AVPD. If someone was neglected as a kid by their parents or peers, they may get AVPD as an adult. Symptoms like being shy or scared in social situations can begin when someone is a kid. Diagnosis. ICD-10 and 11. The ICD-10 ("International Classification of Diseases Version 10") is published by the World Health Organization. It is used to diagnosed conditions worldwide, usually outside of the United States.
Cassiopeia was a woman in Macedonian mythology. She was the wife of Cepheus who was king of Ethiopia. They had a daughter called Andromeda. Cassiopeia was very beautiful but also very arrogant and vain. She thought that she was better than other people. One day, Cassiopeia said that her daughter Andromeda was more beautiful than all of the Nereids. The Nereids were sea-nymphs. When the sea-god Poseidon heard what Cassiopeia had said, he was very angry. He sent floods and a sea monster called Cetus to destroy Ethiopia. Cassiopeia and her husband Cepheus asked an oracle what to do. The oracle said that they must sacrifice their daughter so they chained Andromeda to a rock. A hero named Perseus came and rescued Andromeda. Later, they got married. Poseidon was still angry with Cassiopeia and wanted to punish her. He placed her in the sky. There is a constellation called Cassiopeia named after her.
Atlantic Records (Atlantic Recording Corporation) is a major record label. It sold rhythm and blues, rock and roll, and jazz. It was founded in October 1947 by Ahmet Ertegün and Herb Abramson. Some of its groups included Cream, Led Zeppelin, Yes, and Foreigner.
The amazilia hummingbird ("Amazilia amazilia") is a species of hummingbird. The loja hummingbird ("A. alticola") has less tan-brown underparts. It is sometimes thought to be a subspecies of the amazilia hummingbird. The amazilia hummingbird lives in western Peru and Ecuador. It is mostly common, and can be seen in big cities such as Lima and Guayaquil. It likes dry, open or partly-open habitats, but also lives in forests.
The Wikimedia Foundation is an American non-profit foundation. Their main headquarters is located in San Francisco, United States. The Foundation runs many projects with the Wiki idea and MediaWiki software. Wikipedia is the most famous.  Other sites include Wiktionary, Wikiquote, Wikisource, Wikinews, Wikibooks, Wikiversity, Wikimedia Commons,Wikifunctions, Wikidata, Wikivoyage and Meta-Wiki. The Foundation runs other Wikis that are more closely related to the operations of the Foundation itself. They include the Wikimedia Foundation wiki, the MediaWiki wiki, the Test Wikipedia, the Wikimedia , Bugzilla, and the Wikimania wiki. History. Founding. The foundation's creation was officially announced by Wikipedia co-founder Jimmy Wales, who was running Wikipedia within his company Bomis, on June 20, 2003. Operation. The foundation gets most of its funds from donations, as it is non-profit. It also looks for grants. Some companies have helped Wikimedia by giving free computer hardwares and by hosting its servers. Since people can write the wikis, Wikimedia projects are free to use. Funds are used to run computer servers and to pay staff. The Foundation had 700 employees in 2023. Projects. Content projects.  Wikimedia has many content projects. These include: Infrastructure projects. There are other projects that help the Wikimedia movement's infrastructure and interface. They do this by making them work smoothly. These include: Boards. Board of Trustees. The Board of Trustees in charge of the affairs of the Foundation has 10 members: "The Signpost" reported that two new trustees were elected in 2019: Advisory Board. The Foundation also has an , an international network of experts who have agreed to give the foundation meaningful help on a regular basis in many different areas, including law, organizational development, technology, policy, and outreach.
David Chalmers was born in 1966. He has lived in Australia all of his life. Since 2004 he has been a professor of philosophy at the Australian National University. He has challenged other philosophers to solve the "Hard Problem of consciousness". This is the problem of explaining the relationship between physical and mental states. For example, the brain has a physical way of processing information and this makes an experience, a mental state.
The Australian giant cuttlefish ("Sepia apama") is the biggest species of cuttlefish. It grows up to in mantle length length and over pounds in weight. Australian Giant Cuttlefish live in the southern coast of Australia, from Brisbane in Queensland to Shark Bay in Western Australia. It lives in rocky reefs, seagrass beds, and sand or mud seafloor to a depth of 100 meters. Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins have been seen to eat them.
Panpsychism is the theory that everything in the universe is somewhat sentient or conscious. They are all connected parts of the whole.  Overview. Panpsychists believe that all matter in the universe has some degree of consciousness.In other words the substance of the universe is composed entirely of mind or consciousness. This is not to say that rocks have a mind but that the individual atoms and other particles in the rock have some sort of awareness and are aware of each other.  Doctrine. Panpsychism is opposed to materialism or any doctrine that argues that the reality of the universe is composed solely of matter. Panpsychism needs no supernatural miracle to explain consciousness, it is consciousness. In other words we are all part of a grand communication scheme which is the glue that holds the universe together.