ejaasaari/simplewiki-2025-04-01 huggingface dataset:
A pen (Latin: "pinna", feather) is a tool used for writing or drawing. The ink of the pen is pressed onto paper and dries very fast. "Reed pens" are the oldest known type of pen. They were made from reeds growing in the delta of the Nile. The ancient Egyptians invented them, and also invented black ink, using soot and gum arabic. Their pens had split nibs to regulated the flow of ink to the writing tip. This simple design is still used in calligraphy today. "Quill pens" are one of the oldest type of pens. A quill pen is the feather of a bird, usually a goose. The end of the feather (the quill) was kept very sharp and had to be dipped into ink after every few words. Reed and quill pens are "dip pens" because they have to be dipped in ink many times during writing or drawing. Modern dip pens have nibs made of metal. "Fountain pens" are like dip pens, but can hold enough ink inside to write several pages before being refilled. Inside, the ink is held in a sac or cartridge.  A "ballpoint pen" is generally cylindrical plastic shaft that holds ink and is smaller than a fountain pen. It has a small hard ball on the writing end that rolls the ink onto the paper. A "stylus" is a pen that cannot write on paper, but can write on clay or wax. Styli of wood or metal have been used for thousands of years, for example in cuneiform writing. A modern computer stylus is usually made of plastic and may have electronics inside. It is used with a touchscreen. The coming of the personal computer much reduced the need to write on paper. All the same, a personally written letter suggests "I think so much of you that I took the effort to write a "real" letter."
Leet (sometimes written as "1337" or "l33t"), also known as eleet or leet-speak, is another alphabet for the English language that is used mostly on the internet. It uses various combinations of ASCII characters to replace Latinate letters. For example, leet spellings of the word "leet" include "1337" and "l33t"; "eleet" may be spelled "31337" or "3l33t". It is used on the internet in forums, chat rooms and online games. Leet is mostly used for English, but can also be used with other languages including French, Spanish and German. Leet-speak. Leet-speak is a mixture of words (mostly computer-related jargon) spelled incorrectly intentionally*, usually coming from typographical errors (e.g. "the" becomes "t3h"). The words of Leet-speak are usually put together to create a dialect (small language). This dialect is used in some places for funniness. l33tspeak uses numbers, ASCII symbols, and diacritics together to make symbols that look like Latin letters. For example, the name "David" would translate in 1337 as |)/-\\/1|) or more commonly as D4v1d. Examples. Most of the time it is only the vowels that are changed and then usually only they are replaced by numbers. Therefore, it is unusual to see someone use the leet alphabet to spell out a whole word (although there are common exceptions, namely "1337"). These are only examples; these are not mandatory for Leet-speak, which is not officially defined anywhere, like most slangs. Letters for numbers. ٢٤٨١ for: real ٩٥٨٦ for: goat ١٤٥ for: leo ٤٩٥ for: ego ٤٧٨ for: eva ٤٧٤ for: eve ٤٢٤ for: eye ٨٩٤ for: age ٩٤١ for: gel
A waterfall is a place where water rushes down a steep ledge. The water flows from higher land, then it falls down a big step of rock to lower land of softer rock where it will continue on its journey. Usually the lower land is in a gorge. Waterfalls are usually made when a river is young, in places where softer rock is underneath harder rock in the waterfalls. Many people like to visit waterfalls. The roar from a big waterfall is very loud. Some people think it is beautiful music and that a waterfall is one of the most beautiful things in nature. The highest waterfall in the world is Angel Falls in Venezuela where the water falls .
A garden is usually a piece of land that is used for growing flowers, trees, shrubs, and other plants. The act of caring for a garden by watering the flowers and plants and removing the weeds is called gardening. Types of gardens. There are many types of gardens. People have small private gardens in the backyard outside their house. Some gardens are built indoors in malls, public buildings, or greenhouses. Greenhouses are special buildings where plants are grown. A greenhouse has a transparent glass or plastic roof and walls that let sunlight in. Water gardens are plants that are grown in ornamental (decorative) pools and ponds. People doing water gardening plant water lilies and other aquatic (water) plants. Gardening can be done outside of the home, and if you want to maintain your privacy, adding a metal garden screen can enhance the beauty of your garden as well. There are in city gardens, botanical gardens (places where plants are grown), zoos which have gardens, and theme parks which have gardens. These types of gardens are cared for by people called gardeners or groundskeepers. Gardens compared with farms. Gardens are related to farms (agriculture); both gardens and farms are used for growing plants. But farms are much larger than gardens. A farm may have hundreds of square kilometers of plants and crops. A garden in a person's backyard is usually only measures a few square meters.  Farms are businesses which sell the crops, fruit, and vegetables that are produced. Some gardens are businesses, which charge a fee to enter the garden. However, private gardens in people's backyards are usually used as a hobby or as a recreation, not as a business. Features of gardens. In addition to plants, many gardens also have landscaping features such as pathways, seats, rock gardens, ponds, fountains, a small stream with or without a waterfall. Some incorporate gazebos and structural designs to accommodate for places to sit or to place a hammock for a siesta. Roman gardens will have its own columns, fountains and statures placed at strategic places depending on its sizes and uses. Japanese gardens have their own unique designs and features. Role of gardens. Some gardens are created in people's back
Great Zimbabwe is a ruined city in the south-eastern hills of Zimbabwe. The site is not far from the country's border with Mozambique, which is in the southeast of the African continent. Greater Zimbabwe was the capital of the Kingdom of Zimbabwe during the country’s later Iron Age. The monument first began to be built in the 11th century, and work continued until the 14th century. It covered an area of 722 hectares (1,780 acres) which might have housed up to 18,000 people. It was a royal city for the Zimbabwean monarch. One of its most prominent features were its walls, some of which were over five metres high and which were constructed without mortar. Eventually the city was abandoned and fell into ruin. The Kingdom of Zimbabwe included the River Zambezi in the north, the Transvaal in the south and Botswana in the east. The people who lived at Great Zimbabwe controlled trade between the coast and inland Africa. The modern country of Zimbabwe is named after it. Archaeologists have found goods from as far as China that were used by the people. This shows they bought and sold things over great distances. The city had stopped growing when traders from Portugal came to southern Africa 500 years ago, but nobody is sure why this happened. Europeans at first thought that Great Zimbabwe had been built by foreigners. Now we know it was built by the local people. People who have studied the site have learned much about old Africa. The earliest known written mention of the ruins was in 1531 by Vicente Pegado, Captain of the Portuguese garrison of Sofala, who recorded it as "Symbaoe". The first visits by Europeans were in the late 19th century, with investigations of the site starting in 1871.
Machu Picchu is a pre-Columbian 15th-century Inca site in Peru, in South America. The Incas built the city on an Andes mountain ridge, 2430m above sea level. They lived there between 1200 and 1450 AD. Other people lived there before about 650 AD.  The Incas built houses, fields and temples by cutting the rock on the mountain so it was flat. They built some observatories to look at the stars. When the Spanish invaded Peru, the Incas left Machu Picchu. Nobody knows for sure why they did that, but some think it was because of diseases from Europe (such as smallpox). The city was left unfinished, most likely due to the Spanish invasion and/or a civil war between the ruling rival Inca brothers named Huascar and Atahualpa. The Spanish never found Machu Picchu or the lost city during their occupation. Machu Picchu is very difficult to get to because it is so high in the mountains. It has only one way in and a stone wall to protect it. Most people on Earth did not know it was there until a Yale graduate named Hiram Bingham rediscovered it in 1911. He heard rumors of a hidden city which was already known to the native Peruvians, who guided him there. He led a restoration project that was partly funded by the National Geographic Society. Bingham made a deal with the government to take artifacts to the Peabody Museum for study. Peru is still trying to have those artifacts returned to them. Machu Picchu was declared a Peruvian Historical Sanctuary in 1981 and a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1983. In 2007, Machu Picchu was voted one of the New Seven Wonders of the World in a worldwide Internet poll. Today, there is a new road so that tourists can visit. People can also walk along the Inca Trail, or take a train from Cusco. Other websites. Images
Apple Inc. is an American multinational company which manufactures and builts personal computers laptops, (the Macintoshes), mobile devices (iPod, iPhone and iPad), software, and streaming television services. (macOS, iOS, iPadOS, watchOS and tvOS). Apple calls its computers "Macintoshes" or "Macs", and it calls its laptops "MacBooks". Their line of mobile music players is called "iPod", their smartphone line is called "iPhone" and their tablet line is called "iPad". Apple Inc. used to be called Apple Computer, Inc., but Apple changed their name after introducing the original iPhone. Apple is the largest technology company by revenue, with US$391.04 billion in FY 2024. Apple Inc. is a public company and trades on the NASDAQ under the stock ticker AAPL. On March 19, 2015, it became one of the 30 components of the Dow Jones Industrial Average. General history. Apple was started in 1976 by Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak. Before they made the company, they sold "blue boxes", which had telephone buttons on them. People could use them to make telephone calls from payphones without paying any money. It did this by pretending to be a telephone operator. The company's first product is now called the Apple I computer. They were almost ready to sell it, but a problem happened. Steve Wozniak was working for the computer company Hewlett-Packard, and the papers that said he could work there said he had to give everything he invented to the company before he could do what he wanted to do with it. He showed the first Apple I to the boss at Hewlett-Packard, but they did not want his computer. Wozniak was then free to do what he wanted to do with the Apple I. It began selling in 1976. In 1977, they made their second computer, called the Apple II, a home computer which later became very successful compared to Apple I. iPod. Before the iPhone, the most popular product made by Apple was the iPod. It was first sold in 2001, and Apple sold over 100
Soil is loose stuff which lies on top of the land. It has many things in it, like tiny bits of rock, minerals, water and air. Soil also has living things and dead things, called organic matter.  Soil is important for life on Earth because soil holds water and nutrients. It is a very good place for plants to grow. Soil holds the roots, and lets plants stand above the ground to collect the light they need to live. Almost as important are the fungi. There are fungi which grow into plant roots, a symbiosis known as mycorrhiza. This helps trees grow. There are many other fungi that live by breaking down dead organic material: the remains of other living things. The broken down material is a main source of plant nutrients. The soil also has many microorganisms living in it. Many of them eat the organic material in the soil. They use oxygen and release carbon dioxide. They also release mineral nutrients into the soil. Many animals dig into the soil and make the soil their home. The large animals use soil to make dens for sleeping and giving birth. The small animals live most of their life in the soil. Earthworms are famous for improving soil. This is because the holes they make let air go into the soil. The holes also let water go through. Soil is different in different places on Earth. This is because the climate and rocks in the Earth are different in different places on Earth. Soils are usually thicker in places where ice sheets covered the land during the Pleistocene ice ages. This is because the ice sheets ground the rock into powder as they slowly moved over the surface. What is soil. Soil is made of four things. Soil has rock pieces made small by wind and rain and sun and snow. The rocks are made of minerals and some of the minerals dissolve in water. Some of the minerals dissolved in water can be used as food by plants. Soil also has dead and living things (organic matter) in it. When a plant dies, it is eaten by animals including bacteria in the soil. When the bacteria are done eating, what is left behind is called humus. When the bacteria die the plant food (minerals) goes back into
3D (or 3-D) means three-dimensional, or having three dimensions. For example, a box is three-dimensional; it is solid, and not thin like a piece of paper. It has volume, a top and bottom, left and right (sides), as well as a front and back. You can turn the box around to view it from another side (called a face, surface or simply side). A dimension can be measured in inches, microns, miles, kilometers, or any other unit of length. The three dimensions are often called length (or depth), width (or breadth), and height. Some purposes use other words.  3D graphics are used to make video games or animated movies. Many calculations are needed to make pictures seem three-dimensional on a screen. Modern computers usually have a GPU (Graphics Processing Unit) to handle these calculations. Binocular vision helps people to see the third dimension easily. In mathematics. In the Cartesian coordinate system, length, width, and height are given in letters (variables) to make them easier to write, or if a value is not known. Often X is width, Y is height, and Z is length. Other 3D coordinate systems such as spherical coordinates use both linear and angular measurements. The mathematical study of 3D shapes and dimensions is called solid geometry. Space-time theory. Some people think of time as if it were a fourth dimension. This is called space-time theory. In this idea, there are three dimensions of space, along with the dimension of time. However, this time dimension acts differently: rotations with it require lorentz transforms, which looks like stretching and squishing diagonally. This is to keep the speed of light the same.
Humidity means water vapor in the air, but excludes liquid droplets in fog, clouds, or rain. Deserts usually have low humidity, and tropical regions have high humidity. The word "humid" often means that the humidity is high, which gives the feeling of being very damp (wet air), stuffy, or even sweltering when the temperature is also high. When the humidity is low, the air can be said to be "not humid" or "dry." Higher humidity reduces the effectiveness of sweating in cooling the body by reducing the rate of evaporation of moisture from the skin. The term "relative humidity" is used to note the amount of humidity as a percent, from 0-100%. Meteorologists use hygrometers to measure the humidity in the air. Humidity affects the rate of evaporation. With a higher humidity, a substance's rate of evaporation is less.
It is said that there are 10 dimensions in String Theory, out of which 4 are our ordinary Length, Width, Height and Time. The other 6 dimensions are said to be closely packed together in a manifold called the Calabi-Yau manifold. A Calabi–Yau manifold, or 'Calabi–Yau space', is a special type of manifold. It is described in certain branches of mathematics such as algebraic geometry.  The Calabi–Yau manifold's properties, such as Ricci flatness(condition when the average curvature of every point on a space cancels out to be zero), have applications in theoretical physics. Particularly in superstring theory, the extra dimensions of spacetime might take the form of a 6-dimensional Calabi–Yau manifold. This led to the idea of string theory mirror symmetry. The Calabi-Yau manifolds are complex manifolds are extensions or broader forms of in any number of complex dimensions (1 complex dimension = 2 real dimensions). K3 surfaces is a 4-dimensional (4D) complex surface which is smooth, compact, and Ricci Flat (look at the former paragraph). There are different types of such manifolds, depending on the number of complex dimensions they have. For example, Calabi-Yau 2-fold has 2 complex dimensions, Calabi-Yau 3-fold has 3, and so on. Use in String Theory. The various properties of the Calabi-Yau manifold, like ricci-flatness, supersymmetry make it very useful in string theory.
Quantum mechanics explains how the universe works with things that are even smaller than atoms. It is also called quantum physics or quantum theory. Mechanics is the part of physics that explains how things move and "quantum" is the Latin word for 'how much'. A quantum of energy is the least amount possible (or the least extra amount), and quantum mechanics describes how that energy moves.  Atoms were once believed to be the smallest pieces of matter, but modern science has shown that there are even smaller particles called subatomic particles, like protons, neutrons and electrons. Quantum mechanics describes how the particles that make up atoms work. Quantum physics also tells us how electromagnetic waves (like light) work. Wave–particle duality means that particles behave like waves and waves behave like particles. (They are not two kinds of things, they are something like both: this is called "duality".) Much of modern physics and chemistry can be described and understood using the mathematical rules of quantum mechanics. The math used to study subatomic particles and electromagnetic waves is very complex because they act in very strange ways. Waves and photons. Photons are particles that are point-sized, tinier than atoms. Photons are like "packets" or packages of energy. Light sources such as candles or lasers produce light in bits called photons.  The more photons a lamp produces, the brighter the light. Light is a form of energy that behaves like the waves in water or radio waves. The distance between the top of one wave and the top of the next wave is called a 'wavelength'. Each photon carries a certain amount, or 'quantum', of energy depending on its wavelength. A light's color depends on its wavelength. The color violet (the bottom or innermost color of the rainbow) has a wavelength of about 400 nm ("nanometers") which is 0.00004 centimeters or 0.000016 inches. Photons with wavelengths of 10-400 nm are called ultraviolet (or UV) light. Such light cannot be seen by the human eye. On the other end of the visual spectrum, red light is about 700 nm. Infrared light is about 700
Kuopio is a city in Northern Savonia, Finland. It is the biggest city and cultural center of Eastern Finland. In November 2015 the population was about 112.000. It is the 8th biggest city in Finland.  The city is surrounded by lake Kallavesi. Many parts of the city are built on islands. Kuopio has always been a city of education. Two important schools are the University of Eastern Finland and the Savonia University of Applied Sciences. Culture: The art museum is in the city. History. In 2011 the town of Karttula merged with Kuopio. In 2013 Nilsiä merged as well. In 2015, Maaninka merged with the city. In 2017 Juankoski merged with the city. Twin towns — Sister cities. Kuopio is twinned with:
A hammer is a tool for putting nails into objects such as wood. It has a long handle, and a tip with a flat end for hitting nails. The most common type of hammer (sometimes called a "claw hammer") has a curved end (on the other side of the hitting end) for pulling nails out. A sledgehammer is a hammer that has a longer shaft, and a more massive head. The user can swing it with two hands and apply more force. History. Hammers were used around 3.3 million years ago. The first hammers were made without handles. Stones attached to sticks with strips of leather or animal sinew were being used. Hammers with handles were made in 30,000 BCE during the middle of the Paleolithic Stone Age. The hammer was used for building, food and protection. Classification of hammers. Hammers can be classified into two. They are: Hand-powered hammers. Hand-powered hammers are hammers that are used with the hand. Examples include: Mechanically-powered hammer. Mechanically powered hammers are hammers that are used with a machine. Examples include: Hammers as weapons. Big hammers were sometimes used as weapons. A tiny hammer is also used inside most small arms.
Feces (or faeces), also called poo, poop, or stool is the body's solid waste left over from eating food. Human feces leave the intestinal tract and are removed from the body through the anus. Feces are known for their unpleasant odor. The color, which can range from dark green through brown (the most common color) to bright yellow, depends on a lot of different things; for example, different foods can change the color of feces, so can some illnesses, like diarrhea. The consistency of feces changes too. In humans it is measured using the Bristol stool scale, a system for separating feces into seven different types. It is used for medical diagnosis. Although feces are generally thought to be waste, they actually have many uses. Feces are used by some scientists to follow animal populations. Feces from animals and humans can be used to create fertilizers for plant crops. Some feces are also used as a fuel for fires. Animals can also poop. In informal language, there are many words for feces. These are often offensive or even vulgar. In popular culture, there are a few books about feces. Most of these books are for children. One is called "Everyone Poops". It was written by Tarō Gomi, who is from Japan.