ejaasaari/simplewiki-2025-04-01 huggingface dataset:
Tropical Storm Cristobal was the third tropical storm of the 2008 Atlantic hurricane season. It began on July 19 as a weather system away from the Southeast U.S. Coast. It became a tropical storm later that day. Cristobal stayed away from land, and reached its highest strength as a strong tropical storm on July 21. It moved to the northeast next to the U.S. East Coast and died out on July 23 near Nova Scotia. Because it was a weak storm and never moved onto land, Cristobal's damages were mostly moderate rainfall. The storm dropped 3.43 in (87 mm) of rain in Wilmington, North Carolina, where minor flooding happened. Also, the remnants helped produce rainfall on Nova Scotia, which caused some flooding on roads and in basements. Storm history. On July 14, 2008 a weakening weather system stretched across northern Florida, causing thunderstorms. A weak low pressure area formed on July 15 near Tallahassee, which moved towards the southeast into the Gulf of Mexico. Late on July 16, it moved onto land near Tampa, and strengthening was not expected. However, late on July 17, thunderstorms became stronger around the low pressure area, and the system started to get better organized. Late on July 18, the National Hurricane Center (NHC) said that a tropical depression was forming. At 11 p.m. EST on July 18 (0300 UTC July 19), it was classified as Tropical Depression Three, about 65 miles (105 km) to the southeast of Charleston, South Carolina. It was located between an area of high pressure to its southeast and another one to the northwest, the depression moved slowly towards the northeast. It became a weak tropical storm during the early afternoon of July 19. In the beginning, the storm was not strong, with few strong thunderstorms. Dry air in the middle- to-upper-levels of the atmosphere caused the storm to not strengthen. However, late on July 20 thunderstorms became more active. Cristobal stayed as a weak tropical storm during the time that it moved close to the South Carolina and North Carolina coast, and
The Rijndael key schedule (Advanced Encryption Standard) uses a key schedule to expand a short key into a number of separate round keys. The three AES variants have different numbers of rounds. Each round has 16 bits in it. Each variant requires a separate 128-bit round key for each round plus one more. The key schedule produces the needed round keys from the initial key. This initial key has only one 8-bit-(1-byte) long array (string of data arranged in a certain order).  One step rotates (shifts) the 32 bits (4 bytes) of a certain word by a fixed amount. For example, rotating by 8 bits (1 byte) shifts each byte one place to the left, and the starting byte goes at the end. Another step arranges each byte in a 16-byte rectangular array and shifts it according to its size. For example, the first byte is unchanged, the second shifted 1 byte to the left, the third 2 bytes to the left and the fourth 3 bytes to the left. It continues until the end of the array.
Gorillaz are an animated British rock band. The band was invented by Damon Albarn, a member of the band Blur, and Jamie Hewlett, who has worked on the comic book series "Tank Girl". Even though the band members are fictional, they have released a large number of albums and music videos. The band's animated members are 2-D, Noodle, Russell Hobbs, and Murdoc Niccals. The band's genre is mostly a combination of alternative rock, alternative hip hop, and electronica. It also has elements of experimental, trip hop, dub, and psychedelic rock. Live performances. Since they are an animated group, they cannot perform live, like other bands can. At Gorillaz concerts, the real members of the band stand behind screens which show computer-generated images of the animated group performing. Despite the animated performances, the actual band members did go on tour as the Gorillaz (which the animated band referred to as "that Gorillaz tribute band"), playing at various venues across the states, headlining at Coachella. The live Gorillaz band played at the 2010 Glastonbury Festival, performing in place of u2 due to Bono's emergency back surgery. Nevertheless, they were a hit with the crowd.
The Pantanal is the world's largest wetland or swamp. It covers a region of 140,000 km2, larger than the area covered by the country Greece. The Pantanal is in South America and shared by Brazil, Bolivia and Paraguay. There are many threats to the Pantanal such as pollution, mercury from gold mining and ranching. Although the Pantanal can wash some of the chemicals away, the increased amount is becoming a concern. In winter nearly 80% of the area is flooded.
Balliol College is one of the colleges of the University of Oxford in England. It was founded in 1263 by John Balliol, father of King John Balliol of Scotland.  Usually, the undergraduate students are among the most politically active students in the university. The college's alumni include Boris Johnson, the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, and several former prime ministers. Adam Smith, a graduate student of the college, is one of its best known students. In 2006, 45.1% of finalists got First Class Honours degrees. This is a higher percentage than any other Oxford college has ever had. The college was placed second in the Norrington Table.
Erich Mende (28 October 1916 - 6 May 1998 in Bonn) was a German jurist and politician for the Christian-Democratic Union of Germany and the Free Democratic Party of Germany. Mende was born in Groß Strehlitz, near Oppolne. 1936 he made his abitur. Afterwards he had to do his working service for the state and then his military service. Up from 1938 he was an officer. At the end of World War II he was major. After he was set free as prisoner of war, his hometown was made Polish. He found a new home in the Ruhr area. Then he studied laws in Cologne and Bonn. In 1949 he finished his doctorade thesis. In 1946 he joined the FDP. He was Secretary for Intra-German Relations (Bundesminister für gesamtdeutsche Fragen) from 1963 to 1966. In the same time he was Vice Chancellor of West Germany.
Petra Karin Kelly (November 23, 1947 – October 1, 1992) was a German politician, peace activist and one of the founders of the Green Party of Germany. Kelly was born in Günzburg. Her stepfather was a US officer. Her original father and her mother were German. Her family moved to the US in 1959. She went to school in both countries. From 1966 to 1970 he studied political sciences in Washington, D.C.. Kelly campaigned for Robert F. Kennedy in the 1968 U.S. elections. She admired Martin Luther King and was an anti-Vietnam War protester. She graduated in 1970 in Washington and got another exam in 1971 in Amsterdam. Then she returned to West Germany. She worked for the European Commission in Brussels from 1971 to 1983. She was one of the founders of the Green Party in Germany in 1979 – the first Green Party worldwide.  From 1983 to 1990 she was a member of the Bundestag for the Greens. Kelly received the Right Livelihood Award in 1982. Petra Kelly, who was seriously ill, died in Bonn in 1992, aged 44. She had been shot by her partner, politician and former general Bert Bastian, who committed suicide afterwards.
Kaiserswerth is a settlement with a more than 1,000-year history. It is one of the oldest parts of Düsseldorf. Geography. It is in the north of Düsseldorf, next to the river Rhine. Kaiserswerth has 7,712 inhabitants and an area of 4.71 km². History. About the year 700 the monk St. Suitbert founded a Benedictine-abbey there. It was destroyed 88 years later. The Kaiserpfalz (temporary seat of the Holy Roman Emperor) was built in 1045. In 1062 the young German King Heinrich IV (still a child) was kidnapped by the archbishop of Cologne. In 1174 Friederick I Barbarossa moved the Rhine customs collection to Kaiserswerth. So the bishop took over control over the whole empire. Following emperors used Kaiserswerth as temporary seat like as prison for high-range prisoners. Between 1212 and 1215 the Count of Berg tried to get out prisoners and made the ground around the Castle dry. In 1273 the Emperor pledged Kaiserswerth to the archbishop of Cologne. In 1689 Kaiserswerth was particularly destroyed by France during the War of the Palatine Succession. During the Spanish war of succession the Bishop of Cologne stayed with France. Kaiserswerth got a French garrison. In 1702 the city was therefore besieged by the Grand Alliance. After that war the castle was mostly destroyed. In the 19th century Kaiserswerth was famous by its deaconess clinic. Florence Nightingale visited in 1850 and learned from Pastor Theodor Fliedner and the deaconesses working there for the sick and the deprived. Nightingale published "The Institution of Kaiserswerth on the Rhine, for the Practical Training of Deaconesses, etc." in 1851 - her first publication. Kaiserswerth became a part of Düsseldorf in 1929.
Vichy () is a "commune" in central France, in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region, along the Allier river. It is the "commune" in the department with second largest population after Montluçon. It is in the historic province of "Bourbonnais". History. Vichy has lots of Spas and resorts. This site was inhabited before the Roman conquest of Gaul. In 1861, Napoleon III visited Vichy several times. During World War II, it was the capital city of Vichy France. Geography. The "commune" of Vichy is on the southern part of the Allier department. The city is on the right side of the Allier river. The "commune" has an area of , and its average altitude is ; at the city hall, the altitude is . The distances from Vichy to other cities are: Vichy is surrounded by the "communes" Creuzier-le-Vieux, Cusset, Le Vernet, Abrest, Bellerive-sur-Allier and Charmeil. Climate. The Köppen climate classification type for the climate at Vichy is an "Oceanic climate" (also known as Maritime Temperate climate) and of the subtype "Cfb". Population. The inhabitants of Vichy are known, in French, as "Vichyssois" (women: "Vichyssoises"). With a population of 25,279, Vichy is the second largest city of the Allier department. It has a population density of inhabitants/km2. Evolution of the population in Vichy Administration. Vichy is a subprefecture of the Allier department since 1941; before that year, the subprefecture was in Lapalisse. It is also the capital of the "arrondissement" of Vichy and the administrative centre () of two cantons: It is part of the intercommunality "Vichy Communauté". Sister cities. Vichy is twinned with:
Indochina or the Indochinese Peninsula or the Mainland Southeast Asia is a region in Southeast Asia.  The region lies roughly east of India, south of China.  Indochina comprises the territory of the following countries: Those countries have been known as Indochina since they were French Indochina. Often also included in the scope of the term are:
Wadi Halfa is a small city in the northern part of Sudan by Lake Nubia (the Sudanese section of Lake Nasser). It has 6 neighborhoods with inhabitants of 18,000 people. There is a highway under construction which will connect it with Aswan in Egypt and via Dongola with Khartoum.  Wadi Halfa is now one of fastest growing cities in Sudan. in 1964 when the Aswan Dam was built, the old city of Wadi Halfa was flooded and Nubians were forced to relocate in New Halfa. Now there is a huge number of Nubians are immigrating back to their mother land. Wadi Halfa is a home of Geology and earth science college with student body of more than 500 students.
In physics, mechanical energy describes the potential energy and kinetic energy present in the components of a mechanical system. When a given amount of mechanical energy is transferred (such as when throwing a ball, lifting a box, crushing a soda can, or stirring a beverage) it is said that this amount of mechanical work has been done. Both mechanical energy and mechanical work are measured in the same units as energy in general. It is usually said that a component of a system has a certain amount of "mechanical energy" (i.e. it is a state function), whereas "mechanical work" describes the amount of mechanical energy a component has gained or lost. The conservation of mechanical energy is a principle that states that under certain conditions, the total mechanical energy of a system is constant. This rule does not hold when mechanical energy is converted to other forms, such as chemical, nuclear, or electromagnetic. However, the principle of general conservation of energy is so far an unbroken rule of physics - as far as we know, energy cannot be created or destroyed, only changed in form.
Vitiligo is a long term condition which causes white patches to develop on the skin. It can affect any area of skin, but it commonly happens on the face, neck and hands, and in skin creases. Viltigo occurs when the melanocytes cells that give skin their color, die or do not work. This means not enough melanin is produced. It is a problem because these cells protect against the light from the sun, so it's important to take extra care when in the sun and use a sunscreen with a high sun protection factor (SPF). This means the affected skin can become itchy in the sun. Cause. Vitiligo is caused by the lack of a pigment called melanin in the skin. Melanin is produced by skin cells called melanocytes, and it gives skin its colour. In vitiligo, there are not enough working melanocytes to produce enough melanin in your skin. This causes white patches to develop on the skin or hair. The exact cause of vitiligo is complex and not fully understood. It may be caused by the immune system, genetic, and environmental factors, as well as problems during fetal development. Non-segmental vitiligo (the most common type) is thought to be caused the immune system not working propely (an autoimmune condition), leading the body to attack healthy cells and tissie in the body. Vitiligo is also associated with other autoimmune conditions, such as hyperthyroidism (an overactive thyroid gland), but not everyone with vitiligo will develop these conditions. People over 20 years old rarely develop this disease. These patches often occur to both sides symmetrically and may change shape. Symptoms. The areas of skin most commonly affected by vitiligo include: Vitiligo often starts as a pale patch of skin that gradually turns completely white. The centre of a patch may be white, with paler skin around it. If there are blood vessels under the skin, the patch may be slightly pink, rather than white. The edges of the patch may be smooth or irregular. They're sometimes red and inflamed, or there's brownish discolouration (hyperpigmentation). The condition varies from
Virtue (Latin "virtus"; Greek ἀρετή) is a kind of behaviour which is thought to be good. The adjective is "virtuous". Someone who lives a virtuous life is someone who leads a good moral life, doing things that society thinks are good. The opposite of virtue is vice.  Philosophers throughout the ages have written their ideas about what they think virtue is. The Ancient Greek philosophers from Plato onwards said that virtue consisted of four things: Justice, Courage, Wisdom, and Moderation. In the Christian religion the three virtues were Faith, Hope and Charity. These are mentioned in the Bible in the First Epistle to the Corinthians chapter 13 verse 13. These virtues are also very important in the Judaic and Muslim traditions.
In cryptography, Twofish is a symmetric key block cipher with a block size of 128 bits and key lengths up to 256 bits.  In 1997, the NIST announced for competition to choose a successor to DES to be known as AES, Twofish was one of the "five finalists" of the Advanced Encryption Standard competition, but was not selected as a standard.  Twofish is related to the earlier block cipher Blowfish. Twofish's main features are the use of pre-computed key-dependent S-boxes, and a relatively complex key schedule. One half of an n-bit key is used as the actual encryption key and the other half of the n-bit key is used to modify the encryption algorithm (key-dependent S-boxes). Twofish uses some elements from other designs; for example, the pseudo-Hadamard transform (PHT) from the SAFER family of ciphers. Twofish uses the same Feistel structure as the DES. On most software platforms Twofish is slightly slower than Rijndael (the chosen algorithm for Advanced Encryption Standard) for 128-bit keys, but somewhat faster for 256-bit keys. Creators. Twofish was designed by Bruce Schneier, John Kelsey, Doug Whiting, David Wagner, Chris Hall, and Niels Ferguson; the "extended Twofish team" who met to made further cryptanalysis of Twofish and other AES competitors included Stefan Lucks, Tadayoshi Kohno, and Mike Stay. Twofish algorithm is free for anyone to use without any restrictions whatsoever. The Twofish cipher has not been patented and the software example of its specification has been placed in the public domain. However, Twofish is not widely used like the Blowfish, which has been available for a longer period of time. Cryptanalysis. As of 2008, the best published cryptanalysis on the Twofish block cipher is a truncated differential cryptanalysis of the full 16-round version. The paper claims that the probability of truncated differentials attacks is 2-57.3 per block and that it will take about 251 chosen plaintexts (32 PiB worth of
The Fatimid Caliphate was ruled by the al-Fātimiyyūn () dynasty from 5 January 909 to 1171. It was an Arab Shi'a dynasty It ruled the fourth and final Arab caliphate. In different times different areas of the Maghreb, Egypt, and the Levant belonged to the caliphate. The Egyptian city of Cairo was made the capital. The term "Fatimite" is sometimes used to refer to the citizens of this caliphate as well. The ruling elite belonged to the Ismaili branch of Shi'ism. The leaders were also Shia Ismaili Imams. They had a religious significance to Ismaili Muslims. They are also part of the chain of holders of the office of Caliph, as recognized by most Muslims, the only period in which the Shia Imamate and the Caliphate were united to any degree. There was only one other exception: the Caliphate of Ali himself. The Fatimids were famous for religious tolerance towards non-Ismaili sects of Islam as well as towards Jews, Maltese Christians and Coptic Christians, but there were some exceptions nevertheless. Rise of the Fatimids. The Fatimids came from Ifriqiya, modern-day Tunisia and eastern Algeria. The dynasty was founded in 909 by , who legitimised his claim through descent from Muhammad by way of his daughter Fātima as-Zahra and her husband , the first Imām, hence the name "al-Fātimiyyūn" "Fatimid". Abdullāh al-Mahdi's control soon extended over all of central Maghreb, an area consisting of the modern countries of Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia and Libya, which he ruled from Mahdia, his newly-built capital in Tunisia. Decay and fall. In the 1040s, the Zirids (governors of North Africa under the Fatimids) declared their independence from the Fatimids and their conversion to Sunni Islam, which led to the devastating Banū Hilal invasions. After about 1070, the Fatimid hold on the Levant coast and parts of Syria
In cryptography, plaintext is the information which the sender wants to transmit to the receiver(s).  Before computers, plaintext meant text in the language of the communicating parties. Since computers, the definition has been expanded. It now includes not only the electronic representation of text, such as emails and word processor documents, but also the computer representation of speech, music, pictures, videos, ATM and credit card transactions, sensor data, and so forth. That is basically any information which the communicating parties might wish to hide from others. The plaintext is the normal representation of the data before any action has been taken to hide it. The plaintext is used as input to an encryption algorithm; the output is termed ciphertext. Some systems, however, use a cascade of layers of encryption (called 'rounds') in which case the ciphertext output of one encryption algorithm becomes the plaintext input to the next. Triple DES is an example.
In cryptography, ciphertext (or cyphertext) refers to the output of the encryption process. Plaintext is turned into ciphertext using an algorithm (cipher). This makes it unreadable to anyone except those who own unique information about it, usually referred to as a key.  Decryption is the reverse process of encryption. It takes the unreadable ciphertext as an input and makes it readable again in the form of plaintext.
Azad Kashmir Day celebrates the 75th day of the Azad Jammu Kashmir government, created on the 24th of October in 1947. However, most people celebrate it on 26 October as they class it as a lucky day once all the papers were signed and settled. However the whole Jammu &amp; Kashmir as well as Ladakh &amp; Aksai Chin was, is &amp; will always be the integral part of India. Jai Hind !!
Nyon is a municipality in the district of Nyon in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. It is found 25 kilometers north of Geneva, and is part of the Geneva metropolitan area. The town has (as of 2006) 17,267 people. History. Nyon was built by the Romans between 50 BCE and 44 BCE, and was called "Colonia Iulia Equestris" or "Colonia Equestris Noiodunum". It grew to be one of the most important Roman colonies in modern-day Switzerland, with a forum, a basilica and an amphitheater that was discovered in 1996. Modern Day Nyon. Today, Nyon has a high school (Gymnase de Nyon), a hospital, a movie theatre, hotels, restaurants, cafes and a popular tourist attraction - the castle.  In the last week of July each year, Nyon hosts the Paléo Festival - a huge music festival.
Letterkenny () is a town in County Donegal of the Ireland. It is on the River Swilly and has a population of 17,586. In 1824, when the first description of Letterkenny as a modern town was written, it was stated that: "Within half a mile is the Port of Ballyraine, whither vessels of 100 tons bring iron, salt and colonial produce and whence they export hides and butter". Nothing is left of the port now except the warehouses. Letterkenny achieved town status in the early 1920s following the partition of Ireland.
Thalwil is a municipality in the district of Horgen in the canton of Zürich in Switzerland. History. Early Middle Ages Thalwil was Alemannic farmland. Thalwil was originally four "Wachten", or hamlets: In the Middle Ages, most income was made in farming, vineyards and a small amount of fishing on the lake.  Thalwil also has the oldest wood corporation in the Canton of Zurich, the "Bannegg-Waldung". It was first mentioned in 1483. Modern day Thalwil. Today, the economy of Thalwil is mostly some small and medium-sized businesses, and a wide range of shops. Most of the shops are located around Gotthardstrasse- the town centre. The main source of Thalwil's wealth lies with its 7,000 commuters. These people live in Thalwil, but work in Zurich city. Today, Thalwil has left most of its farming past behind in exchange for a town of commuters, with its public transportation links, low tax and good quality of life.
A hearth is a brick or stone lined fireplace or oven that is used for cooking and heating. Historically, the hearth was the center of the home, as it provided heat for the house. In more modern times, the hearth may be a section of the fireplace that can be seen. This often includes tiles around the base of the fireplace and the floor.