ejaasaari/simplewiki-2025-04-01 huggingface dataset:
Joshua David Bell (born 9 December 1967) is an American violinist. He is considered one of the greatest violinists of today. Childhood. Bell was born in Bloomington, Indiana, United States. His father was a psychologist and therapist. He began violin lessons at the age of four after his mother found that Bell had taken rubber bands from around the house and stretched them across the handles of his dresser drawer to pluck out music he had heard her play on the piano. His parents got him a very small violin and started giving him lessons. He learned the violin very quickly, but also had time to enjoy things such as video games and sports.  Bell's first violin teacher suggested that he should learn with Josef Gingold. Bell says that Gingold was a great teacher. At the age of fourteen, Bell appeared as a soloist with the Philadelphia Orchestra conducted by Riccardo Muti. He studied the violin at the Indiana University's Jacobs School of Music, while managing to graduate from Bloomington High School North in 1984. Career. Joshua Bell first played in the Carnegie Hall, New York in 1985 with the Saint Louis Symphony Orchestra. He has since performed with almost all of the world's major orchestras and conductors. He has played all the well known concertos as well as new works. In 1993, he gave the first performance of Nicholas Maw's violin concerto which was dedicated to him. The recording of this work won Bell a Grammy award. He performed the solo part on John Corigliano's Oscar-winning soundtrack for the movie "The Red Violin" and was also featured in "Ladies in Lavender". Bell also made an appearance in the movie "Music of the Heart", a story about the power of music, with other famous violinists.  Bell's violin is a 300-year-old Stradivarius violin called the Gibson ex Huberman, which was made in 1713, a time when Stradivarius was making his best instruments. This violin had been stolen twice from the previous owner, Bronislaw Huberman; the last time the thief confessed as he was dying to having stolen it. Bell had held and
An elastic modulus, or modulus of elasticity, is the mathematical description of an object or substance's tendency to be deformed elastically (i.e. non-permanently) when a force is applied to it.  The elastic modulus of an object is defined as the slope of its stress-strain curve in the elastic deformation region: formula_1 where λ is the elastic modulus; stress is the force that causes the deformation divided by the area to which the force is applied; and strain is the ratio of the change caused by the stress to the original state of the object.  If one specifies how stress and strain are to be measured, that allows for many types of elastic moduli to be defined.
&lt;onlyinclude&gt;  ISO 3166-1, is part of the ISO 3166 standard. It gives a code for the names of countries and dependent territories, and is published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). The official name of the standard is "Codes for the representation of names of countries and their subdivisions – Part 1: Country codes" ISO 3166-1 is not the only standard for country codes. Many international organizations use their own country codes, where some of them closely correspond to the ISO 3166-1 codes. Rules for inclusion. Currently, 244 countries and territories have official ISO 3166-1 codes. The only way to enter a new country name into ISO 3166-1 is to have it registered in one of the following two sources: To be listed in the bulletin "Country Names", a country or territory must be any of the following: Once a country name or territory name appears in either of these two sources, it will be added to ISO 3166-1 by default. Officially assigned code elements. The following is a complete ISO 3166-1 encoding code list in alphabetical order by the English short country names officially used by the ISO 3166 Maintenance Agency (ISO 3166/MA), which uses country names from United Nations sources. The table includes officially assigned codes only. Reserved and user-assigned code elements. Besides the officially assigned codes, code elements may be expanded by using either reserved codes or user-assigned codes. Reserved code elements are codes which, while not ISO 3166-1 codes, are in use for some applications in conjunction with the ISO 3166 codes. They are reserved to add flexibility to the coding system. Usually, obsolete codes may be kept as reserved, while some overseas territories, international organizations, and special nationality status have reserved codes of their own. See the corresponding sections in "ISO 3166-1 alpha-2" and "ISO 3166-1 alpha-3" for their respective reserved codes (ISO 3166-1 numeric does not have reserved codes). User-assigned code elements are codes at the disposal of users who need to add further
Atlas, most commonly means a collection of maps, traditionally bound into book form. Atlas can mean: Science. In astronomy: In biology: In physics: In mathematics:
The lira da braccio was a European string instrument that was played with a bow. It was used during the Renaissance. Italian poet-musicians in court in the 15th and 16th centuries often played it to accompany the poems they were reading. The lira da braccio was very similar to the medieval fiddle. Changes continued to be made to the way the lira da braccio was made until the end of the 16th century. In paintings it is often seen being played by the gods Orpheus and Apollo. Sometimes it was used in groups of instruments. The instrument was a similar shape to a violin, but with a wider fingerboard and flatter bridge. It usually had seven strings, five of them tuned like a violin with a low D added to the bottom, and two other strings for drones. It is likely that the player often played the tune on the top strings and chords on the lower strings. The lira da braccio was very popular at court. Later, in the 16th century, the madrigal became very popular and also the violin, so the lira da braccio was used less. It continued to be used in plays, especially when it was associated with Apollo. By the middle of the 17th century people no longer played it.
Atlas was a missile built by the "Convair" Division of "General Dynamics". It was originally designed as an ICBM in the late 1950s. It launched the Mercury project space capsules and became the foundation for a family of successful space launch vehicles now built by "United Launch Alliance". The Atlas rocket family is today used as a launch platform for commercial and military satellites, and other spacecraft. History. The Atlas, first tested in 1957, was the United States' first successful ICBM (Intercontinental Ballistic Missile). Atlas, named for the Atlas of Greek mythology, got its start in 1946 with the award of a United States Army Air Force research contract to Convair for the study of a 1,500 to 5,000 mi. (2,400 to 8,000 km) range nuclear armed missile. The missile was originally given the military designation "XB-65", thus making it a bomber; from 1955 it was redesignated "SM-65" and, from 1962, it became "CGM-16". This letter "C" stood for "coffin" or "Container", because the rocket was stored in a semi-hardened container; it was prepared for launch by being raised and fueled in the open. The Atlas-F (HGM-16) was stored vertically underground, but launched after being lifted to the surface.
The Dominican Constitution says that the flag of the Dominican Republic has a white cross in the centre; the arms of the cross get to the sides of the flag and divides the flag into four rectangles —the left rectangles are blue (top) and red (bottom), and the right ones are red (top) and blue (bottom). The width of the white cross is half the height of one of the rectangles. The National Flag, like the state and war flags of other Latin American countries, has a small coat of arms in the centre of the white cross but there is not a coat of arms in the ensign (the flag used by commercial ships). The Dominican flag was created the first day of Independence (27 February 1844); it was created from the Haitian flag but with a white cross; that is, two blue rectangles on the top and two red rectangles on the bottom. The colors are from the French flag. That was the "First National Flag". The first Dominican Constitution of 6 November 1844 did not say anything about the distribution of the rectangles but from the start the flag was represented with alternation of the colors (that is, blue and red on top and red and blue on bottom); this is the "Second National Flag". Only the Constitution of 1908 is specific about the color distribution.
Southampton is a city in the United Kingdom. The city is in Hampshire. It is about in the middle of the south coast of England. Southampton is the largest city on the south coast. It is an important port. It is the nearest city to the New Forest. In 1912, the RMS Titanic sailed from there as was common with most ocean liners at the time. It contains several memorials and museum exhibitions related with the doomed ship. Places in Southampton. Bargate. Southampton has lots of landmarks, of which one is the Bargate. This is the old main gate of the city wall of Southampton, and nowadays is used as the beginning of the guided tour of Southampton, "Walk the Walls". In medieval Southampton, a bell was rung at dusk every day to tell people that the gates would shortly be locked. Today, the Bargate Shopping Centre is nearby. The Mayflower. Named after "The Mayflower", which set sail from Southampton to the "New World" (via Plymouth), the Mayflower is the theatre in Southampton. It was built in 1928. Docks. Southampton is home to many cruise ships and ocean liners, including the "Queen Victoria" and the "Queen Mary 2". There is also a regular ferry service to Hythe (a small village on the other side of Southampton Water), which leaves every half hour. Sport. Southampton has a football team Southampton F.C., which is nicknamed "The Saints". In 2001, the team moved stadiums, from "The Dell", to St. Mary's Football Stadium. The club was founded in 1885, and has been playing ever since. Twinned Cities. Southampton is twinned with: Southampton is also sister cities with
The Lhasa Apso is a small breed of dog. It originated in Lhasa, Tibet, which it is named after. Male Lhasas generally weigh about 14 to 18 pounds, and female Lhasas weigh 12 to 14 pounds. Lhasas have developed a thick coat of fur because they were bred in Tibet, which can get very cold. Their coat comes in many different colors, and they usually have dark brown eyes and a black nose. Lhasas generally live long lives, some surviving into their twenties. Lhasa Apsos do tend to develop arthritis in their legs, which is due to the fact they are excitable, energetic dogs. Behavior problems are minimal, but the Lhasa Apso can be a little headstrong and stubborn, which may make it slightly difficult to train. The coat can also require a lot of effort to maintain.
States and territories of Australia. Territories. Mainland. From 1926 to 1931, Central Australia existed as a separate territory between the 20th and 26th parallels of latitude, before again being conquered and becoming a part of the Northern Territory again. Background and overview. The states started as separate British colonies before Federation (in 1901). Their powers are protected by the Australian constitution. The territories are under the control of the Commonwealth government. The Australian Parliament has powers to create laws in the territories that it does not have in the states. Most of the territories are directly administered by the Commonwealth government. Three of the territories (the Northern Territory, the Australian Capital Territory and Norfolk Island) administer themselves. In the territories that govern themselves, the Australian Parliament has the power to govern, and can override laws made by the territorial governments. It has done this at times, but it is rare that it happens. The Northern Territory and the Australian Capital Territory are usually treated as states. Each state has a governor. This governor is chosen by the Queen, but she chooses the person on the advice of the state Premier. The Administrators of the Northern Territory and of Norfolk Island are chosen by the Governor-General. The Australian Capital Territory is governed by the Governor-General. The head of government of each state is called the Premier. This person is chosen by the state's Governor. Normally the Governor will select as Premier whoever leads the lower house of the state Parliament. However, the Governor can chose someone else as Premier. The head of government of the self-governing mainland territories is called the Chief Minister. The Chief Minister of the Northern Territory, who normally whoever controls the Legislative Assembly, is appointed by the Administrator.
The body mass index (or BMI) is a measure which shows whether people have the right weight for their height. The World Health Organisation (WHO), governments and health workers use it. It is also sometimes called the Quetelet index. History. The BMI was invented by Adolphe Quetelet between 1830 and 1850.  A scientist named Ancel Keys first used the term "body mass index" in 1972. He wrote that governments should measure the BMI of adults to find out whether they are too fat or too thin. Calculation. To find somebody's BMI: This is the formula: For example, a man whose weight is and height is has a BMI of: formula_1 A man whose weight is and height is has a BMI of: formula_2 Overweight or not. Health organisations, including the World Health Organisation (WHO), use the BMI to help decide whether people are too fat or too thin. The WHO uses these numbers for adults: Some people disagree with these numbers. Some experts think the "Overweight" range for people with Asian body types should be 23–27.49, not 25–29.99. Some experts think the lowest "Normal" BMI should be 20 for men, and 18 for women. The old BMI definition of overweight was 27. This changed in 1998. Uses. BMI is useful for governments who want to know about the health of their people. For example, in the United States in 2007, 74% of adults had a BMI above 25 ("Overweight" or "Obese") and 27% of adults had a BMI above 30 ("Obese"). Many of these people will become ill because they are too fat. This information helps the United States government decide what to do about the health of its people. BMI is less useful for finding out whether one person is too fat or too thin. BMI does not say how much weight is fat, how much is muscle and how much is bone. For example, many athletes have a high BMI. They are not fat. Their BMI is high because they have lots of heavy muscle. Other people have lots of fat and not much
"For the time in history, see Middle Ages." Middle age is the period of life between youth and before old age. There is no fixed age, but most people think it begins when someone is about 30 years old, until the person is about 64 years old. In most countries, people that think that by middle age, people should be mature, perhaps with a good, steady job and a family. Due to promotion, middle age is sometimes a time when adults have greater wealth and influence than earlier in their careers, although they may have less disposable income due to having children. However, it is also common for some adults to suffer from mid-life crisis, helped moslty by widespread and socially accepted ageism, when they are unsure about their life and sometimes become depressed because of it. Women and men often have different experiences of middle age partly depending on whether they choose to work or care for their family full-time. Health. Middle-aged people begin to look older, with more wrinkles in their skin, and start to have grey hair. They become less fit and usually gain more weight.  Middle-aged females find it harder to become pregnant. If they do have a baby, there is a higher chance that it will have a genetic disease (Down syndrome, for example). Females usually have their menopause in middle age, when they stop bleeding every month. When that happens, they cannot have children anymore.
A tribute (from Latin "tribulum", contribution) is when one party gives something to another as a sign of respect or, as was often case in historical situations, of submission or loyalty. This is trade between the parties under a contractual relationship formed upon pressure, and based upon the possibility of threats if improved relationships did not happen. Imperial China. In Imperial China, the term "tribute" is used to describe a kind of regulated trade in goods and services between China (the only great power in East Asia) and other trading partners. Despite the term "tribute" state, China did not get involved in the domestic affairs and diplomacy of its trading partners, such as Joseon, Japan, Siam, Cochinchina and the Ryūkyū Kingdom. Musical tribute. In music, a tribute is when a singer, musician or band plays the music of another musical group. These artists may make an entire album called a "tribute album" that is nothing but songs that were first played by other musicians. A "tribute band" is a band that only plays songs that were made famous by one other band. They will often dress like that band and try to look like them as they perform. For example, a Kiss tribute band will only play songs by the band Kiss. They will also dress like the band and use the same makeup designs as members of the bands.
Brandy Rayana Norwood (born February 11, 1979), professionally known as Brandy, is an American singer, songwriter, record producer, dancer, and actress.  Brandy became famous as a teenager in the early 90s with the debut "Brandy" which received a platinum certification in the US. In 1997 she became the first African American in history to play the role of Cinderella in the movie with the same title. Her second album "Never Say Never" followed which sold over 16 million copies worldwide. A couple of highly successful singles were released from the record, including "The Boy Is Mine", a duet with Monica, which spent 13 weeks at number one on the US singles chart. In 1999 Brandy starred in the horror movie "I Still Know What You Did Last Summer". Brandy earned the title "Princess of R&amp;B" due to her success in the 1990s. She starred in the sitcom "Moesha" as the title character. Her third album "Full Moon" was released in 2002. The album went platinum a month after its release. The follow-up titled "Afrodisiac" was released in 2004. Thereafter Brandy's career suffered from several setbacks, most notably the 2006 car accident where another driver was killed. The singer's sixth album was expected for release in 2012.  To date, Brandy has sold over 30 million records worldwide which makes her one of the best-selling female artists in she is top teen music history. In 2010 she was ranked amongst the 50 most successful teenagers in American history. Brandy was a contestant in the late 2010 season of "Dancing with the Stars".
Kew Gardens or the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew is a UNESCO World Heritage Site in the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames in the United Kingdom. Kew’s historic landscapes and buildings are a collection of gardens and parks and glasshouses. Kew has the world's largest collection of plant specimens, and is one of the most important centres of research in botany. Kew Gardens are open to visitors who pay to enter. History. Early work on the gardens started in the 17th century when King Henry VII built Richmond Lodge in the area. The land was a private royal garden until the Victorian era. In 1840, the Royal Botanic Garden was established. The great expansion of the British Empire in the 19th century brought an expanded interest in exotic plants, so the gardens expanded. In the 20th century, the gardens continued to grow larger and even more important in plant science. The gardens were named a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2003. The Temperate glass house was fixed over 5 years. It opened again in 2018.
Yo Gabba Gabba! is a live-action/puppet children's TV show on Nickelodeon. The show follows a musician named DJ Lance Rock, and his 5 toy pals: Muno, Foofa, Brobee, Toodee, and Plex, who dance, sing, play, teach, and live in Gabbaland. Most of the bands are famous indie rock acts like Arcade Fire and Enon.
Post is the second studio album by Icelandic rock singer Björk. She sent it out on June 7, 1995. It includes a mix of electronic and dance styles such as techno, trip hop and house but also ambient, jazz, industrial, and experimental music. Post was one of the most popular albums of Björk. It was ranked #26 in "Spin" magazine's "100 Greatest Albums, 1985–2005".
A landscape means an area of land as one can see it. This includes landforms, flora, fauna and human elements, for instance human activity or the built environment. According to its meaning, lighting and weather conditions are part of landscape as well. Objects inside the building can sometimes be considered part of landscape as well. Geology. The landscape is determined mainly by the underlying geology. This can be seen clearly in the East African Great Rift Valley. There almost everything in the landscape is caused by or connected with the pulling apart of Africa which is happening there. Even in Great Britain, a geologically quiet place, the whole landscape can be understood by understanding its geological past.One geological place is the rain forest Etymology. The word was borrowed as a painters' term from Dutch during the 16th century, when Dutch artists began to become masters of the landscape genre. The Dutch word "landschap" had earlier meant simply “region, tract of land” but now meant “a picture depicting scenery on land”.
Dell Inc. is a private company that makes laptop and desktop computers and computer accessories. It was formed in 1984. It is named after Michael Dell, the CEO and creator of the company. Dell makes computers for businesses and home users, and they also make computer monitors and Printers. They used to make portable music players, called the Dell DJ, and PDAs too. Their company is in Round Rock, Texas. In 2006, they employed over 78,000 people. Some of their computers have a Linux operating system. Most computers for consumer usage will come with Microsoft Windows. History. Michael Delle — Founder of the Company. Founded by Michael Delle, in 1984 in the city of Austin (Texas) as PC Limited, since 1988 — Dell Computer, after 2003 — Dell, Inc. In 1987, Dell entered the European market, in 1994 they went to the market of the Asia-Pacific region. In 2005, Fortune called Dell "the company causing the greatest admiration in the United States" (in the world ranking Dell was third place). The growth rates of profit and sales volumes of the late 1990's to the early 2000's significantly exceeded industry indicators. In 2013, Michael Dell at the expense of its own funds and funds provided by the investment company Silver Lake Partners, for $25 billion bought a controlling stake in the company from the exchange, 75% of the company passed under the control of Dell. Mergers and acquisitions. Dell acquired Perot Systems, Ross Perot's IT infrastructure services company, for approximately $3.9 billion. On October 12, 2015, the American corporation Dell signed an agreement to acquire EMC for $67 billion, which is the largest deal in the history of the IT industry. On September 7, 2016, the acquisition of EMC was completed, the acquired EMC became part of the updated Dell Technologies Corporation as a subsidiary with the name "Dell EMC", moreover, it is planned to transfer Dell units involved in the sale of corporate servers to this business unit, data storage systems and some others related to the corporate market.
Marcel Mangel (22 March 1923 – 22 September 2007) better known by his stage name Marcel Marceau, was a French mime. He was one of the most popular mimes in the world. He was said to be "single-handedly responsible for reviving the art of mime after World War II." Marceau created many personalities. The most famous of these is probably "Bip the clown". He received several awards for his works.