ejaasaari/simplewiki-2025-04-01 huggingface dataset:
The Viking Age was a period of time in Northern European and Scandinavian history from the eighth to eleventh centuries. Scandinavian Vikings, also called Norsemen, explored the oceans and rivers of Europe through trade and warfare. The Vikings also reached Iceland, Greenland, Newfoundland, and Anatolia. Some Vikings are believed to have settled at L'Anse aux Meadows, an archaeological site on the northernmost tip of the island of Newfoundland, Canada, at a place they called Vinland. Start. In England the Viking Age began dramatically on June 8, 793, when Norsemen destroyed the abbey on Lindisfarne. Monks were killed in the abbey, thrown into the sea to drown, or carried away as slaves along with the church's wealth. The Viking devastation of Northumbria's Holy Island shocked and alerted the royal courts of Europe. "Never before has such an atrocity been seen," declared the Northumbrian scholar Alcuin of York. More than any other single event, the attack on Lindisfarne cast a shadow on the perception of the Vikings for the next 1100 years. In the 1890s scholars outside Scandinavia began to rethink the achievements, artistry, technological skills and seamanship of the Vikings. Until Victoria's reign in Britain, Vikings were portrayed as violent and bloodthirsty. The stories from medieval England had always portrayed them as 'wolves among sheep'. During the nineteenth century, public opinions changed. The first challenges to the many anti-Viking images in Britain emerged in the 17th century. Some scholarly works on the Viking Age became available to readers in Britain. Archaeologists began to dig up Britain's Viking past. Linguists started to work on identifying Viking-Age origins for rural idioms and proverbs. The new dictionaries of the Old Norse language enabled the Victorians to study some of the Icelandic Sagas. During the second half of the 18th century the Icelandic Sagas were still used as important historical sources, but the Viking Age was regarded as a barbaric and uncivilized period in the history of the Nordic countries. Until recently, what was known about the history of the Viking Age was based on the Icelandic Sagas
A collusion is a secret agreement between two or more people or groups, usually to create unlawful advantages over others. Collusions often organize secret agreements to gain an advantage by modifying the market unfairly. In businesses, this is often done by intentionally by secretly changing the supply and demand of goods and services. Sometimes major companies will use collusions to make significant advantages over other companies by the use of cartels (the creation of unfair trade deals).
Clairet is a type of French red wine. It is also known as Bordeaux after its region of "appellation d'origine contrôlée". This is the French system which certifies where food and drink comes from. History. The wine from Bordeaux was a dark rosé spiced drink in the Middle Ages. That's why it was called "claret", from the French "clairet". It changed to the present dry dark red in the 18th century. Crisis. The wine industry in Bordeaux has economic problems. It faces fierce competition from New World wines. Also, the French drink less wine nowadays. In 2004, exports to the U.S. dropped 59% in value over the previous year. Sales in Britain dropped 33% in value during the same period. The UK, a major market, now imports more wine from Australia than from France. Chilean red wine is also extremely popular now. Probably there is no single reason for these changes. Bordeaux wines are almost always blends from two or more types of vine. Many New World wines are single vine strains such as Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Pinot noir, Syrah (Shiraz), and the white wine grapes Chardonnay and Sauvignon blanc. Bottles labelled by type of grape (and so by taste) has caught on with the public. Also, the cheaper French wines are much more expensive when exported. All wines and spirits into countries like the UK are heavily taxed. A cheap French (or Spanish or Italian) wine which might sell in at home fore under £1, will sell for £4 or more in the UK. Customers have evidently decided that wine from elsewhere is a better deal. The situation is quite different for sophisticated Bordeaux wines. The Waitrose wine list for 2015/16 lists 11 red Bordeaux wines which sell for over £100 a bottle, and the top prices are:
The infinite monkey theorem says that a monkey randomly hitting keys on a typewriter will eventually type out one of William Shakespeare's works. When people talk about the infinite monkey theorem, the "monkey" is not always a real monkey. Instead, it is an example of a device that produces random letters. However, the chances of a monkey actually typing a text, like Shakespeare's "Hamlet", are very small. The "Monkey" does not need to type Shakespeare's work. It states that a monkey can type anything in an infinite amount of time. Simplified Proof. For example, let it be that Shakespeare wrote "Wikipedia is the best website in the world". If the monkey does not have extra characters like numbers (example: 4, 2) and symbols (example: #, ~) then the monkey will only have 53 things on his keyboard to press. Those are: a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m, n, o, p, q, r, s, t, u, v, w, x, y, z, A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, T, U, V, W, X, Y, Z, and the spacebar. Since there are only 53 buttons the monkey is allowed to press, eventually, he will hit the "W" button. This is because the monkey has infinite time to press the buttons and has a 1 in 53 chance of pressing the W button. Then, he will probably hit another button and not type the sentence "Wikipedia is the best website in the world". But, the monkey has infinite time. That means, in total, he will press the "W" button infinite times. After every time the monkey presses the "W" button, he has a 1 in 53 chance of pressing the "i" button. But, since the "W" button will be pressed infinite times, the word "Wi" will appear infinite times too. This is because
Ascomycota is a phylum of fungi (kingdom Fungi) which can live in practically every environment, from freshwater habitats to deserts and forests. It is currently has over 64000 species which makes it the largest phylum of fungi. Members are commonly known as the sac fungi, due to the phylum having an ascus which is a sac like structure. Within this structure there are eight ascospores which are the sexual organ for ascomycetes. The ascospores get released by the ascus under humid conditions into the air where they can land on objects and spread the fungi. The ascus defines the group and distinguishes it from other fungi. It was used in genetics because it contains the results of crossing-over between chromosomes. There are currently three accepted classes in Ascomycota which are Saccharomycotina, Taphrinomycotina, and Pezizomycotina. Saccharomycotina mostly contains species which are single-celled (unicellular) like baker’s yeast (the yeasts that are commonly used in baking and result in the product rising) and Candida (the yeasts which cause the most fungal infections in the world). The species in Saccharomycotina reproduce by budding which is when an organism reproduces by forming a ‘bud’, this bud develops into a full organism. Taphrinomycotina are plant parasites that can has both a unicellular state and a filamentous (long, thread like structure) state when infecting plants. In their structure they do have an ascus but not ascomata. The largest subphylum in Ascomycetes is Pezizomycotina which contains all the species with fruiting bodies (except for Neolecta). Some examples members of the subphylum are cup fungi and truffles. These fungi reproduce by binary fission which is when the bacterium divides into two (or more) and each part regenerates to become a new cell which resembles the original cell. Ascomycetes are extremely useful to humans as the have multiple uses in different fields such as fermentation with bread, alcohol and cheese and producing compounds which can be
A random variable is used in mathematics to study probability theory. It was developed to model the chance of events happening in all kinds of real-life scenarios. Definition. Take two measurable spaces, and name them formula_1 and formula_2. A measurable space is any pair of sets, called formula_3 and formula_4, that follow these rules: A random variable, named formula_11, is a measurable function from formula_12 to formula_13. This is written formula_14. A random variable is typically represented by capital roman letters such as formula_15, formula_16, formula_17 and formula_18, and can be either discrete (taking on a countable set of values) or continuous (taking on an interval of values). The set formula_12 is called the sample space. The set formula_20 is called the event space. Use in Probability. Take a probability measure formula_21 on formula_1. Take a set formula_23 in formula_24. Then formula_25 is defined to mean formula_26. Examples with Dice. When you roll a dice, 6 events can happen. These events are the different numbers that can show on the dice: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6.  Dicing Fruit. Here is an example of a random variable. You roll a fair dice once. If the number on the dice is odd, you eat an apple, and if the number is even, you eat an orange. The random variable is the type of fruit that you will eat. Before you roll the dice, you don't know if you will eat an apple or an orange. We can also write this with mathematics: Take formula_27. Take formula_20 to be the power set of formula_12. Take formula_30. Take formula_24 to be the power set of formula_13. Our random variable follows the even/odd rule from above: formula_33 Here formula_34 represents the number on the dice after you roll it. We said the dice is fair. In mathematics, this means formula_35 for formula_36 and formula_37. The event that you eat an
María Trinidad Sánchez is a province of the Dominican Republic. It is in the northeastern part of the country, along the Atlantic coast. Its capital city is Nagua. It was created on 1958. It was a municipality of the Samaná province before being elevated to the category of province. Name. "María Trinidad Sánchez" was an aunt of Francisco del Rosario Sánchez, one of the founders of the country. She helped the Dominican soldiers during the first days of the independence from Haiti. She was killed on 27 February 1845 by orders of the first Dominican president, Pedro Santana. History. The territory of the province was part of the Duarte province and then it was made a municipality of the Samaná province. In 1958, it was made a province with the name "Julia Molina", after the mother of the dictator Rafael Trujillo, with the municipalities of Julia Molina and Cabrera and the municipal district, later a municipality, of Río San Juan. In 1961, after Trujillo's death, the province was given the present name and the capital was named Nagua. The municipality of El Factor was created in 1988. San José de Matanzas was made a municipal district in 1996, Arroyo Salado in 2000, La Entrada and El Pozo in 2001, Las Gordas in 2003 and Arroyo al Medio in 2006. Location. María Trinidad Sánchez is in the northeast of the country. The province has the Samaná province to the southeast, the Duarte province to the south and west and the Espaillat province to the northwest. The Atlantic Ocean is to the north and east of the province. Population. In (last national census), there were people living in the María Trinidad Sánchez province, and 74,019 () living in towns and cities. The population density was persons/km². Its population represents of the total population of the country and the province is ranked as the 20th (out of 31 plus the National District) more populated province. , the total estimated propulation of the province
Monseñor Nouel is a province of the Dominican Republic. It is in the central part of the country. Its capital city is Bonao. The province was created in 1982. It was a municipality of the La Vega province before being elevated to the category of province. Name. The province was named after Archbishop Adolfo Alejandro Nouel, who was President of the Dominican Republic in 1912-1913. History. The valley where is the province was named by the Spanish conquistadors as "Sabana de Bonao" ("Bonao Savanna"; Bonao was the Taíno name of the region. Bartholomew Columbus, younger brother of Christopher Columbus, founded here a fort in 1495-1497 and Bonao became one of the most important city of the Hispaniola island during the first years of the Spanish colony. Later, the city was abandoned and was founded again during the Haitian occupation with the name of "Paraje del Yuna". In 1859, it became a military post in the municipality of La Vega. In 1936, it became a municipality of La Vega province under the name of Monseñor Nouel. The province was created in 1982 with the municipality of Monseñor Nouel and the municipal districts of Piedra Blanca and Maimón. In 2005, the name of the municipality of Monseñor Nouel was changed to Bonao even if the name had been changed since 1960. In 1982, Maimón became a municipality and in 1991 Piedra Blanca became the third municipality of the province. Villa Sonador became a municipal district in 1999, Sabana del Puerto in 2000, Juan Adrián in 2001, Juma Bejucal in 2004, and Arroyo Toro-Masipedro and Jayaco in 2006. Location. The Monseñor Nouel province is bordered to the north and the west by the La Vega province, to the east by the Juan Sánchez Ramírez and Monte Plata provinces and to the south by the San Cristóbal and San José
Monte Cristi is a province in the north-west of the Dominican Republic. The capital city is San Fernando de Monte Cristi (usually simply Monte Cristi). The spelling Montecristi is also seen. Name. When Christopher Columbus visited for the first time the northern coast of the Hispaniola island, he saw on 4 January 1493 a mountain with the shape of a dromedary and named it as "Monte Cristo" or "Monte Christi" ("Mountain of Christ") to this mountain now known as "El Morro", close to the city of San Fernando de Monte Cristi. History. Nicolás de Ovando founded a small fishing hamlet in the place where is now Monte Cristi. In 1533, Juan de Bolaños brought a group of 60 families from the Canary Islands to live in the place. In 1545, other 30 families to live here. The town was destroyed in 1606 by order of the Spanish Crown and the inhabitants were moved, together with the inhabitants of Puerto Plata inhabitants, away from the northern coast to form the new town of Monte Plata. In 1751, Monte Cristi was founded again by order of Ferdinand VI, king of Spain. Monte Cristi was made as a Maritime District (a special administrative category similar to a province and that has been abandoned) in 1879. The 1907 Dominican Constitution changed its status to province. It was part of the Santiago province before being elevated to the category of province. Guayubín is a municipality since 1855, Villa Vásquez since 1938, Pepillo Salcedo since 1949, Castañuelas since 1974 and Las Matas de Santa Cruz since 1985. Villa Elisa and Hatillo Palma became municipal districts in 1997, Cana Chapetón in 1999 and Palo Verde in 2002. Location. The Monte Cristi province is bordered to the north and est by the Atlantic Ocean, to the east by the Puerto Plata and Valverde provinces and to the south by the Dajabón and Santiago Rodríguez provinces. Population
Monte Plata is a province of the Dominican Republic; its capital city has the same name, Monte Plata. It was split from San Cristóbal in 1982. Name. The province was given the name of the capital city, Monte Plata. In colonial times, people from Monte Cristi and Puerto Plata came to live to this region by orders of the Spanish king and gave to the town a new name that comes from the two original towns, "Monte Plata". History. After the Dominican independence from Haiti in 1844, this region was part of the old Santo Domingo Province. During the Restoration War against Spain (1861 - 1865), there were several important battles in the region. In 1932, the region was made part of the new San Cristóbal province and then it was made a province with the name of "Monte Plata" but soon the name was changed to "Monseñor Meriño" after the Archbishop Fernando Arturo de Meriño, who was President of the Dominican Republic in 1880-1882. Then, in 1944, the province was made part of the San Cristóbal province again until 1982 when the new Monte Plata province was created with the municipalities of Monte Plata, Sabana Grande de Boyá, Yamasá and Bayaguana. In 2004, Peralvillo became a municipality. Don Juan became a municipal district in 1987, Gonzalo in 1997, Los Botados in 1998, Majagual in 2001, Chirino in 2002, Boyá in 2004 and Mamá Tingó in 2010. Location. The Monte Plata province is in the centre of the country. To the north, it has the Sánchez Ramírez, Duarte and Samaná provinces; to the east, the Hato Mayor and San Pedro de Macorís; to the south, the Santo Domingo province; and to the west, the San Cristóbal and Monseñor Nouel provinces. Population. In (last national census), there were people living in the
Luís Pereira (born 21 June, 1949) is a former Brazilian football player. He has played for Brazil national team. Statistics. Club career statistics. 185||10 143||14 328||24 International career statistics. !Total||32||0 Honours. Palmeiras Atlético de Madrid Individual
Marinho Peres (19 March 1947 – 18 September 2023) was a Brazilian football player. He played for Brazil national team. Club career statistics. 72||2 20||3 92||5 International career statistics. !Total||11||1
José Maria Rodrigues Alves (born 18 May 1949) is a former Brazilian football player. He has played for Brazil national team. International career statistics. !Total||47||1
Wilson da Silva Piazza (born 25 February 1943) is a former Brazilian football player. He has played for Brazil national team. He played as defensive midfielder or centre-back, in particular with Cruzeiro E.C.. He was a member of the Brazilian team that won the 1970 World Cup. He was a member of the Cruzeiro team which won the 1976 Copa Libertadores. Considered as one of the greatest Brazilian centre-backs in world football. He was known as a great man-marker, and had the ability to anticipate the ball very well, he was also renowned for his speed and defensive attributes on the pitch, he was known for his perfomances at the 1970 FIFA World Cup in Mexico, his class of defensive man-marking task helped him to be named in the All-Star Team. Early life. Wilson Piazza was born on February 25, 1943 in Ribeirão das Nevis, Minas Gerais, the son of José Piazza and Regina Da Silva Piazza. The family was not rich, and therefore, at the age of 15, Piazza left school to go to work. He got a job in the office of the company Avinida Antonio Carlos, which was engaged in the production of tires. The company had its own team, in which Piazza quickly became a leader. After several years of work in Avinida, he went to work at the Mercantil de Minas Gerais bank, having already begun to think about quitting football in favor of a career as a bank employee, but still the love of football did not let go of Piazza: for some time he had to play football to noon, and from 12 to 9 pm to work in a bank, where he was responsible for balancing the daily bank balance. Sometimes there was so much work that Piazza stayed at the bank until midnight and even slept in the bank, unable to go home with him saying: “I wanted to be a professional. Even if I had to play for the worst team in the world, I would make this dream come true." Club career. At the age of 18, Piazza began playing
Marinho Chagas (8 February, 1952 - 1 June, 2014) was a former Brazilian football player. He has played for Brazil national team. Club career statistics. 133||20 43||11 176||31 International career statistics. !Total||27||4
Jairzinho (born 25 December 1944) is a former Brazilian football player. He has played for Brazil national team. A quick, skillful, and powerful right winger known for his finishing ability and eye for goal, he was a key member and top scorer of the legendary Brazil national team that won the 1970 FIFA World Cup. He is nicknamed The Hurricane () in reference to the way his jersey would shake as he ran down the wing during his playing days. A versatile forward, he was also capable of playing in a variety of other attacking positions, as a main striker, second striker, or even as an attacking midfielder. Jairzinho was known for his large afro towards the later stages of his career, as well as his burst of pace, dribbling, ball skills, finishing ability, shot power and devastating strength due to his large muscular build. Regarded as one of the greatest Brazilian football players of all time.  Club career. He was a member of one of the best Brazilian forwards of all time. He succeeded Garrincha at both Botafogo and the Brazil national football team. During his sports career, he played for Botafogo (with which he won three championships in the youth category and seven titles in the Rio de Janeiro Championship), he also won two Roberto Gomes Pedrosa tournaments (the Brazilian league at the time) and was part of the great team from Botafogo that achieved 3 consecutive editions of the Little World Cup in 1967, 1968 and 1970, where they beat teams like Barcelona, Benfica and Spartak Trnav. In addition, he played for Olympique de Marseille, Cruzeiro (club with which he was proclaimed champion of the Minas Gerais League and won the 1976 Copa Libertadores), Portuguesa Fútbol Club de Acarigua (he joined in his last active years and in which he won two Venezuelan Leagues) and Jorge Wilstermann (where he
Leivinha (born 11 September 1949) is a former Brazilian football player. He has played for Brazil national team. Club career statistics. 88||40 83||40 171||80 International career statistics. !Total||21||7
César Augusto da Silva Lemos (born 17 May, 1945) is a former Brazilian football player. He has played for Brazil national team. Club career statistics. 70||24 70||24 International career statistics. !Total||||
Paulo César Lima (born 16 June 1949) is a former Brazilian football player. He has played for Brazil national team. He was a striker who could kick the ball with trajectories that few goalkeepers could predict. On the pitch he loved spectacularity: he often did not score easy goals for the sake of trying an amazing shot. Widely considered as one of the best Brazilian football players of all time. Career. He was revealed by Botafogo and played for the club from the late 1960s to the early 1970s. In 1967, at the age of 18, Paulo Cézar made his dream come true once and for all, when he became a player of Botafogo's first team and participated in his first season at Glorioso. His skillful and provocative football was catching the attention of the football public. In a short time, he became known in his home state. Still in 1967, Paulo Cézar was called up for the first time for the Brazilian National Team. He was champion of the Guanabara Cup in 1967, when he scored three goals in the decisive game, against America. That same year, he was also champion of Rio de Janeiro, whose titles he repeated in 1968, in addition to the 1968 Taça Brasil. The nickname caju, which became almost a surname, came about when he returned from the United States in 1968 with his hair dyed red. The red painting of his hair was done as a way to demonstrate his support for the Black Panther movement, with which the player identified himself politically.  At the age of 21, he played, as a reserve for the Brazilian national team, in the 1970 World Cup, in Mexico. Coach Zagallo, at first, tried to fit him into the team, but later realized that, with the scheme he intended to use, he and Pelé could not play together. [6] On his return from Mexico, he told a television station, "We don't want to know about Botafogo," which caused unease at the club, but was circumvented after the player said
Renato Cunha Valle (born 5 December 1944) is a former Brazilian football player. He has played for Brazil national team. Club career statistics. 127||0 127||0 International career statistics. !Total||2||0