ejaasaari/simplewiki-2025-04-01 huggingface dataset:
Rosalind Franklin (Notting Hill, London, 25 July 1920 – London, 16 April 1958) was a British biophysicist. She was known for helping to discover the structure of DNA. Rosalind Franklin was about 15 years old when she knew that she wanted to become a scientist. She attended St. Paul's Girls' School and then continued school at Newham College in Cambridge. At Newham College she got a Ph.D in physical chemistry. She worked on coal, studies of RNA, and viruses. She was one of the first people to do X-ray crystallography on DNA. She also spent several years working in Paris studying crystals. [3] She discovered the size, shape, and arrangement of molecules. She dedicated her life to discovering more about molecules.  In 1951, she moved to London. She joined a group of scientific researchers at King's College. Her assignment was to take pictures of DNA. She looked at the structure and function of DNA in the pictures. This job was very difficult because technology was simple at that time. During this job, Franklin worked with a man named Raymond Gosling. He was also trying to photograph the DNA. Franklin also had to work with Maurice Wilkins. The scientists had many arguments, but Franklin kept working. Instead of working with Wilkins, Franklin liked to work with Gosling. She created X-ray pictures that showed that DNA is shaped like a double helix. In 1951, Franklin presented her idea about the shape of DNA at a conference. A biologist named James D. Watson went to her conference. Watson and Francis Crick were biologists. They were also studying the shape of DNA. They were building 3D examples of the helix shape.   Watson and Crick used Franklin's work in their work to discover the structure of DNA. Their final model was presented in 1953. They did not say that Franklin's thoughts helped them complete their work. She also discovered the structure of the tobacco mosaic virus a couple of years before she died. Franklin died from ovarian cancer in 1958. Nobel Prizes are not awarded after a person's death, so she was not considered for the 1962 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. It was awarded to Francis Crick, James D. Watson and Maurice Wilkins.
Echo and Narcissus is a story from Ovid's book of poetry, "Metamorphoses", about a young man named Narcissus and Echo, the mountain nymph, or Oread, who fell in love with him. Zeus had given Echo the task of entertaining his wife Hera with stories, in order that he might have time to slip away with nymphs. Hera was known for her jealous and vengeful nature. Always suspicious of Zeus, she thought Echo was the object of his affections. She cast a spell on the unfortunate nymph - from this day forward Echo would only be able to repeat the last words addressed to her and never speak her own words again.  Narcissus, a hunter from Boeotia, got separated from his hunting companions one day in the woods. Echo feeling pitiful because of her curse, had been wandering those same woods. The moment she saw Narcissus walking through the forest, she fell in love with him and his breathtaking beauty. But because of Hera's curse, she was unable to tell him, so she followed the boy and waited for him to speak. Eventually, Narcissus began to call for his companions. Echo eagerly stepped out of the trees and repeated the words. A confusing and repetitive exchange ensued, ending with Narcissus shouting to his companions that they should come together. Mistaking this for an invitation, Echo repeated his words and leapt towards Narcissus. However, at that moment, Narcissus decided he'd rather die before letting a wood nymph have him, and pushed her away. Echo, heartbroken, ran away and hid in a cave, not eating or sleeping, just pining for Narcissus.  After some time, Echo began to grow thin from starvation until her body withered away entirely into dust, leaving nothing but her voice. To this day Echo's voice still calls back from caves and labyrinths, repeating the last spoken words forever. Nemesis, the goddess of revenge, punished Narcissus for not accepting the unrequited love of Echo. Nemesis caused him to fall in love with his own reflection he saw in a pool near the cave where Echo had died. Narcissus
Gene Eliza Tierney (November 19, 1920 – November 6, 1991) was an American actress. She was born in Brooklyn, New York City. She starred in several movies including “The Shanghai Gesture” (1941) "Heaven Can Wait", "Laura", "Leave Her to Heaven", "The Razor's Edge", "The Ghost and Mrs. Muir", "Whirlpool", "The Mating Season" and "The Left Hand of God". Early life. Tierney was born on 19 November 1920. She was born into a wealthy Brooklyn family. On a family vacation she toured the Warner Brothers studio and was spotted by director Anatole Litvak. After a screen test she was offered a contract. But her father disapproved of her becoming a Hollywood actress. He finally approved of her acting on the Broadway stage if she would first make her society debut. She played several bit parts before again being noticed by Hollywood. She had a brief contract with Columbia Pictures but returned to Broadway. Her first break was in the play "The Male Animal" as a college cheerleader. This time 20th Century Fox wanted to sign her to a contract. They allowed her creative control over her parts and she could return to act on Broadway every year. Hollywood. She played a newspaperwoman in love with an outlaw (played by Henry Fonda) in the Western "The Return of Frank James". She was then cast in a variety of roles before getting top billing on her own. Her first lead role came in the movie "Heaven can Wait" also starring Don Ameche. She then starred in the Film noir "Laura". This was followed by a second film noir, "Leave her to Heaven". Starring with Tyrone Power, she played the female lead in "The Razor's Edge". Also appearing with Victor Mature and Ona Munson   in the 1941 film noir “The Shanghai Gesture”. Probably her best known film was "The Ghost and Mrs. Muir" with Rex Harrison. When it was released in 1947 it did fairly well. But it did not become a classic until later. She went on to star in several films.
The thalamus (plural: thalami; from , trans. "inner chamber") is a midline symmetrical structure in the brains of vertebrates. The thalamus is situated between the midbrain and cerebral cortex. Overview. The thalamus relays sensory and motor signals to the cerebral cortex, and regulates consciousness, sleep and alertness. The thalamus sits above the hypothalamus but below the cerebral cortex. It is a collection of nuclei with various functions. It acts as a relay station, gathering sensory information – except olfactory – and passes it on to the cerebral cortex.  There are action systems for various types of behaviour, including but not limited to eating, drinking, defecation and copulation. These behaviours satisfy short-term needs, and are called 'consummatory' behaviours. Functions. The thalamus has many functions. First of all, it acts as a relay station, or hub. It relays information between subcortical areas and the cerebral cortex. In particular, every sensory system except smelling has a thalamic nucleus that receives sensory signals and sends them to the related areas in the cortex.  Examples. For sight, inputs from the retina are sent to the thalamus, which in turn sends them to the visual cortex in the occipital lobe. Sensory processing. The thalamus is believed to process sensory information as well as to relay it: each of the main sensory relay areas gets strong feedback from the cerebral cortex.  Sleep regulation. The thalamus also plays an important role in regulating states of sleep and wakefulness. Thalamic nuclei have strong connections with the cerebral cortex. These circuits are believed to be involved with consciousness. The thalamus plays a major role in regulating arousal, the level of awareness, and activity. Damage to the thalamus can lead to permanent coma. Basal ganglia. The thalamus has a role in the basal ganglia system, but the mechanism is poorly understood. The thalamus has been thought of as a "relay" that just forwards signals to the cerebral cortex. But research suggests that thalamus is more selective.  Sensory systems. Many functions
Saint Vitus is an American doom metal band. Many consider Saint Vitus to be an influential doom metal band which helped start the genre in the late 1970s and early 1980s, along with their contemporaries Pentagram, Witchfinder General, Trouble and Candlemass. History. Saint Vitus formed in Los Angeles, California in 1978. Their original lineup was Scott Reagers (vocals), Dave Chandler (guitarist), Mark Adams (drums) and Armando Acosta (drums). Saint Vitus was known as Tyrant until 1980, when they changed their name to their current name Saint Vitus, which was inspired by the song "St. Vitus' Dance" by Black Sabbath, a band they have cited as one of their major influences. Around 1983, Greg Ginn of Black Flag signed Saint Vitus to his label SST Records and the band managed to record their first album, which is self-titled. It came out in 1984, and later that year, the embarked on their first-ever tour with Black Flag, another band that Saint Vitus is influenced by and would latercover their song "Thirsty and Miserable" for their 1987 EP with the same title. Their second album "Hallow's Victim" and the "The Walking Dead" EP were both released in 1985. Saint Vitus experienced their first lineup change when Scott "Wino" Weinrich replaced Reagers on vocals in 1986. They would achieve moderate success with the next three albums, including "Born Too Late", which has been cited as their best-selling release, but they were never able to become a popular band. Weinrich eventually left the band in 1991 to focus on the reunion of The Obsessed, which was his band before he joined Saint Vitus. He was replaced by Chritus Linderson, who sang on "C.O.D." (1992), the sixth Saint Vitus studio album, before he left the band. In 1994, Saint Vitus reunited with their original singer Scott Reagers. With him, the band recorded their seventh studio album "Die Healing" (199
Fates Warning is an American progressive metal band. They formed in 1982 and are from Hartford, Connecticut. Many people say they are pioneers. Fates Warning gained fame in the 1980s and was ranked as one of the early "flagship bands of progressive metal" along with Queensrÿche and Dream Theater, who are both credited for creating, developing and making that genre popular. Fates Warning is not only known for their music, but they are known to have made many changes to their lineup (members). Their original lineup consisted of vocalist John Arch, guitarists Jim Matheos and Victor Arduini, bassist Joe DiBiase, and drummer Steve Zimmerman. From 1982 to 1996 — and temporarily in 2010 — Matheos and DiBiase remained as the only original members of the band, with Matheos being the only constant member. Fates Warning now consists of Matheos on guitar, Ray Alder on vocals and Joey Vera on bass. Bobby Jarzombek has been their drummer since 2007, but only plays live with them. Fates Warning has released a total of ten studio albums. Other than the studio albums, they have released two live albums, one compilation album, one VHS, three DVDs (each of them features live concerts) and four demo tapes. Their two first albums were not very successful. Their next album, "Awaken the Guardian", became a mainstream success and peaked at number #191 on the "Billboard" 200. It became the first album released on their label Metal Blade to enter that chart. Despite the departure of original singer John Arch, Fates Warning's popularity continued to grow with their next three albums, "No Exit" (1988), "Perfect Symmetry" (1989) and "Parallels" (1991); the first two peaked at #111 and #141 on the "Billboard" 200 respectively. Fates Warning has not released an album since 2004's "FWX". They have been working on a new one, which they plan to release in 2012. Discography. Their full-length studio albums include:
The term psychological warfare is used to describe methods that military use in war-time. We may understand it as an attempt to influence the behavior/beliefs of enemy armed forces and/or foreign civilian populations. Psychological warfare has many similarities with propaganda messages. Term. The term "pychological warfare" has always been considered problematic and offensive. The use of military power is increasingly not any more on the level of an local armored conflict, but on the global basis using mass media. The NATO uses the term "psychological operation" (PSYOP). People are trying not to use the term "psychological warfare". They would rather use terms like "stabilisation" or "satisfaction". History. Psychological warfare has mostly been introduced in the second world war. Both Axis Powers and Allied used it.
The Ranidae or true frogs can be found in most countries except Antarctica. The true frogs can be found in North America, northern South America, Europe, Asia, Madagascar, Africa, East Indies, New Guinea, and Australia. The bullfrog is the largest true frog in North America. Usually, true frogs are smooth, moist-skinned frogs, with large, powerful legs and have webbed feet. The smallest true frogs are the Wood frog ("Rana sylvatica"). The largest is the Goliath frog ("Conraua goliath"). True frogs are semi-aquatic frogs. They live near water. Subfamilies. Subfamilies included under Ranidae are the following. Some are sometimes treated as separate families:
Black Butler is a manga series by Yana Toboso. The manga started in 2006.  Plot. In Victorian era London, the butler Sebastian Michaelis takes care of his 12 year old master, Ciel Phantomhive. Ciel is the earl of the aristocratic Phantomhive family, which is well-known in England for be the Queen's Guarddogs. Ciel's parents were killed in arson when he was 10 years old. He made a deal with a demon (which is in fact his butler Sebastian) to help him get revenge on his enemies. The demon butler can have his soul in return. Media. A radio drama was released on CDs on August 10, 2007 and November 26, 2008. The anime was first shown in October 2008. The English version is produced by Funimation. Two musicals are based on the manga called "That Butler, Friendship" and " Musical Black Butler, The Most Beautiful Death in The World, A Thousand Souls and The Fallen Grim Reaper". A video game called "Black Butler: Phantom &amp; Ghost" was released in 2009.  Reception. The manga has printed over 10 million copies in Japan. A music distributor in Japan took a poll of anime characters that people would like to marry. The demon butler Sebastian was included in the final results.
The Australian green tree frog (green tree frog in Australia, White's tree frog, or dumpy tree frog), "Litoria caerulea", is a species of tree frogs. They live in Australia and New Guinea.  The green tree frog was imported onto ships to the United States and New Zealand. The species belongs to the genus "Litoria". The species magnificent tree frog ("Litoria splendida") and the giant tree frog ("Litoria infrafrenata") are similar to the green tree frog. The green tree frog is the largest frog in Australia. It can reach to 10 centimeters (4 inches) in length.  The average lifespan is about sixteen years, if kept captive. Green tree frogs are easy to take care of. They are okay with living near human buildings. They are often found on windows or inside houses. The green tree frog screams when it is in danger. It does this to scare off animals that have threatened them. The green tree frog squeaks when it is touched. The green tree frog is known as the most recognizable frog in Australia. This is because of how the frog looks like and because of its behavior in its habitat. It is also a popular exotic pet throughout the world. The frog's skin has antibacterial and antiviral protections. Their skin may be useful for medication in treating patients in the future. Taxonomy. The green tree frog is one of many tree frog species of the genus "Litoria". They are native in Australasia. The common name of the species is "White's tree frog". The species were named after John White. He first described the species in 1790. The green tree frog was the first frog to be classified in Australia. The specimen of the green tree frog was collected by Sir Joseph Banks. It was destroyed during the German bombing of the Hunterian Museum during World War II. The museum was located at the Royal College of Surgeons in London. The green tree frog was first called the "blue frog" ("Rana caerulea"). The original specimens White sent to England were damaged by the preservative and looked blue. The color of the frog is caused by blue and green pig
The Viperinae, or Viperines, are a subfamily of venomous Vipers in Europe, Asia and Africa.There are 12 genera and 66 species in this subfamily. Most are tropical and subtropical, although one species, the Vipera berus, even lives within the Arctic Circle. Description. Members of this subfamily range in size from the Namaqua Dwarf Adder, that grows to a maximum of 28 cm, to the Gaboon Viper that reaches a maximum length of over 2 m. Most species live on land, but a few, such as Atheris, live in trees. Where they live. The Viperinae are found in Europe, Asia and Africa, but they are not found in Madagascar. Reproduction. Most of the members of this subfamily are viviparous (ovoviviparous), meaning they give live birth, although a few, such as the Persian Horned viper, lay eggs.
The National Hot Rod Association (NHRA) is a drag racing governing body, which sets rules in drag racing and holds events all over the United States and Canada. With over 80,000 drivers, the NHRA is considered one of the largest motorsports organizations in the world. History. The association was started by Wally Parks in 1951 in the State of California to provide a governing body to organize and further the sport of drag racing. The first national NHRA event was held in 1955, in Great Bend, Kansas. (The races were run on a training air field built during World War II.) The "Nationals", which now number 22 events every year, are the major events in drag racing that bring together the best cars and drivers from across North America. The Mac Tools U.S. Nationals are now held at Indianapolis Raceway Park in Clermont, Indiana.  Safety. The NHRA forces racers to use various things in the cars run in its racing events to keep drivers safe. First is the five point safety harness (belt) that all cars must have. This holds the driver secure in the seat and has with a quick-release lock, which can be opened in less than a second if the driver needs to leave the car due to fire or explosion. Second are the fire suits that all drivers must wear. These suits are full body cover-alls and made with seven layers of Nomex fire-resistant fabric.  Third is the use of the Head and Neck Support (HANS) device. This device limits the moving of the head and neck in the event of a collision and has been required within the NHRA since 2004. Fourth is the high-strength metal shield that must be placed behind the head of all Top Fuel drivers. This is to prevent any material from entering the cockpit and striking the driver. This is needed because the engine is behind the driver in Top Fuel cars. Fifth is the on board fire control system that all cars must have. These systems are directed onto the engine itself and start when the engine catches fire, reducing the chance for the car to completely catch fire. This has been in place on all cars beginning in 1983, when an engine
The 2010 Stanley Cup Final was the best-of-seven NHL championship series of the 2010 Stanley Cup playoffs. It was between the Western Conference champion Chicago Blackhawks and the Eastern Conference champion Philadelphia Flyers. It was Chicago's eleventh time in the Final. The last time was in 1992 with a loss to the Pittsburgh Penguins. It was Philadelphia's eighth time in the Final. The last time was in 1997 with a loss to the Detroit Red Wings. Chicago beat Philadelphia four games to two to win their fourth Stanley Cup. Blackhawks captain Jonathan Toews won the Most Valuable Player. He was the first Blackhawks player to win this honor.
The Great Britain Olympic football team (also known as Team GB) represents the United Kingdom in international football competitions at the Olympic Games. The selection is currently limited to players under the age of 23. In 1974 the difference between amateur and professional players was found therefore the Team GB Football team was disbanded. The Olympic football team has been reformed, again run by the FA, for the 2012 Olympic Games, which are to be hosted in London. The team's coach is Stuart Pearce who will be allowed to select players from across the UK.The SFA are worried that if Team GB field a team in the Olympics Great Britain will field a team in other international competitions. GB have won the Olympic Football competition s times in 1900 1908 and 1912
The Olympic rings are the official symbol of the Olympic Games. The design was created by Baron Pierre de Coubertin in 1913. The rings were first used at the Olympic Games Belgium in 1920. The 5 colors of the rings are blue, black, red, yellow and green. It's a common misconception that the colors represent specific continents. In fact, the five colors were chosen so that in combination with the white background, they could produce the colors of all national flags worldwide.
Litoria is a genus of Hylidae tree frogs. They are native to Australia, the Bismarck Archipelago, the Solomon Islands, New Guinea, the Lesser Sunda Islands, the Moluccan Islands, and Timor. Species. The following species are or were once recognised within the genus "Litoria" (many others have been moved to "Nyctimystes" and "Ranoidea"):
"For another species called giant tree frog, see rusty tree frog or barking tree frog." "For another species called white-lipped tree frog, see Ayarzaguena's tree frog." "For another species called white-lipped tree frog, see Zhangixalus pachyproctus." The white-lipped tree frog ("Litoria infrafrenata") or the giant tree frog is a species of tree frogs. They are the largest tree frog in the world. They are native to Northern Queensland, New Guinea, the Bismarck Islands and the Admiralty Islands. They are related to the White's Tree Frog. The Giant Tree Frogs eats insects and other arthropods. They can live up to 10 years in the wild. In Australia, they can be kept as pets. Australians must have a license to have them.
21 is the second studio album by English singer Adele. It was released on January 19, 2011. It sold 208,000 copies in the first week it was released. It went straight to number one in the UK Albums Chart. In the fourth week that "21" had been number one Adele sang "Someone Like You" at the 2011 BRIT Awards. Amazon.co.uk reported that the album increased in sales by 890% an hour after Adele's performance. It has sold over 20,000,000 copies worldwide as of May 2012. The singles "Rolling in the Deep", "Someone Like You", and "Set Fire to the Rain" have all reached #1 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 charts. "21" has won many Grammy Awards including Album of the Year. "21" has sold over 11.648 million copies in the United States alone and is the best-performing album in "Billboard" history. Track listing. Tracks taken from US iTunes Store.