ejaasaari/simplewiki-2025-04-01 huggingface dataset:
"For the drug sometimes referred to E, see Ecstasy (drug)." E is the fifth (number 5) letter in the English alphabet.  In English, E has two main sounds when it is spoken as a vowel. Usually it is a short E (ĕ), but sometimes it is a long E (ē). E is also a silent E (e̸) when it is used as a consonant (silent letter).  Also, it is the most commonly used letter in the English dictionary.  One more thing in English is the so-called magic E, also known as the bossy E. That is when E almost makes a vowel long or C, G or Q(u) soft in any part of a word. Two examples are name, which is pronounced as nām, and gem, which is pronounced jem. Typographic types of E. The types of E include (but may not be limited to) capital E lower-case e é È è Ê ê Ë É ë Ě ě Ē ē Ĕ ĕ Ė ė Ę ę "None" of these different types are used in English, except occasionally É/é for some French words such fiancé, café, and crème brûlée. Meanings for E. These meanings are for E/e as a separate letter.
G is the 7th (number 7) letter in the English alphabet (or Latin alphabet). History. The letter G was created in the third century BC by Spurius Carvilius Ruga. At the time, the letter C sounded like the "c" in "cat" and the "g" in "girl". To make the difference more clear, Ruga created the letter G.
H is the eighth (number 8) letter in the English alphabet. The uppercase letter for H name is "haitch" (), also known as simply "'aitch" (
I is the ninth (number 9) letter in the English alphabet. In English, I is a pronoun which means "me". In Azerbaijani, Crimean Tatar, Gagauz and Turkish, the letter I has two kinds, one with a tittle (İ, i) and one without one (I, ı). Accented forms. In Spanish, Í is used for a stressed I.
"For technical reasons, :P redirects here. For the emoticon, see emoticons." P is the sixteenth (number 16) letter in the English alphabet.
Q is the seventeenth (number 17) letter in the English alphabet. It is nearly always followed by a silent letter U. Q makes a "kw" sound as in quick or a "k" sound as in unique. Some people say that the letter Q is not needed, because the sound it makes can be made with C or K and W instead. The same thing is said about the letter X. Below are some ancient ways of writing Q.
U (u) is the twenty-first (number 21) letter in the English alphabet. Its name is pronounced "single-u" or simply "u".
V is the twenty-second (number 22) letter in the English alphabet. Its name is pronounced "single-ve" or simply "ve".
W is the twenty-third (number 23) letter in the Latin alphabet. Its name is pronounced "double-u" or "double-ve" or simply "double" or "doub". It is a letter with three syllables. In words like "away", "what", "write" and "women", the letter W is a consonant (semivowel). In words like "draw", "few" and "low", the letter W is a vowel.
X is the twenty-fourth (number 24) letter in the English alphabet. It makes the "kss" sound (for example: "xylophone", "exit", "next", "fox") or, sometimes, the "gzz" sound or sometimes, if it is at the beginning of a word, the "zzz" sound. The language of origin is from the Greek and Latin language
Y, or Ÿ, is the twenty-fifth (number 25) letter in the English alphabet. Its name in English is "wye" (pronounced ). In words like "year", "yell", and "yes", the Y is a consonant (semivowel). In words like "cry", "fly", and "sky", the Y is considered a vowel. Where it came from. Semitic, Phoenician, Greek and Latin. "Y" has appeared as the Semitic letter "waw". This was the first time it appeared in an alphabet. F, U, V, and W also come from the Semitic alphabet. The Greek and Latin alphabets used the Phoenician form of this early alphabet. There are similarities to the old English letter yogh (Ȝȝ). The table shows where the letter "y" came from.
Z is the twenty-sixth (number 26) and last letter in the English alphabet. The small letter, z or ᴣ, is used as a lowercase consonant. Z is not used much. It is the most rarely used letter in the English language. The same letter of the Greek alphabet is named zeta. Pronunciation. In British English, the letter is pronounced zed . This comes from the Greek "zeta". In American English, Z is pronounced "zee" , because it comes from a late 17th century English speech. Where it came from. Semitic. The name of the Semitic symbol was "zayin" and was the seventh letter. It might have meant "weapon". It could have helped form English and French's "z". Greek. The Greek form of Z was a close copy of the Phoenician symbol I. It stayed like this for a long time. The Greeks called it zeta, a new name made from the Greek letters "eta" (η) and "theta" (θ). Etruscan. In Etruscan, "Z" may have been . Latin. In Old Latin, (written "s") became and the symbol for became useless. It was taken away from the alphabet by Appius Claudius Caecus, and a new letter, "G", was put in. In the 1st century BC, "Z" was put in the alphabet again at the end of the Latin alphabet. This was done to accurately represent the sound of the Greek zeta. The letter "Z" appeared only in Greek words, and is the only letter besides "Y" that the Romans took from Greek.
Fuck is a common English language swear word. It can be used to either mean the act of sex or as an expression. However, the word "fucking" is used as an intensifier before a word (e.g. I "fucking hate this game"). It is commonly used to express anger and frustration (e.g. when something is not going in favour of someone). However it is a word that is offensive.
A virus is a tiny parasite. Virology is the study of viruses. Viruses can only be seen under an electron microscope. Viruses are not free-living: they can only be parasites. They always reproduce inside other living things. All viruses infect living organisms, and may cause disease. The virus make copies of itself inside another organism's cells. Viruses are a strand of nucleic acid with a protein coat. Usually the nucleic acid is RNA; sometimes it is DNA. Viruses cause many types of diseases, such as polio, ebola and hepatitis.  Viruses reproduce by getting their nucleic acid strand into a prokaryote or eukaryote cell. The RNA or DNA strand then takes over the cell machinery to reproduce copies of itself and the protein coat. The cell then bursts open, spreading the newly created viruses. All viruses reproduce this way, and there are no free-living viruses. Viruses are everywhere in the environment, and all organisms can be infected by them. Most viruses are much smaller than bacteria. They were not visible until the invention of the electron microscope. A virus has a simple structure. It has just a protein coat which covers a string of nucleic acid. Viruses live and reproduce inside the cells of other living organisms. With eukaryotic cells, the virus protein coat is able to enter the target cells by certain cell membrane receptors. With prokaryote bacteria cells, the bacteriophage physically injects the nucleic acid strand into the host cell. Viruses have the following characteristics: When the host cell has finished making more viruses, it undergoes lysis, or breaks apart. The viruses are released and are then able to infect other cells. Viruses can remain "silent" (inactive) for a long time, and will infect cells when the time and conditions are right. Some special viruses are worth noting. Bacteriophages have evolved to enter bacterial cells, which have a different type of cell wall from eukaryote cell membranes. "Envelope viruses", when they reproduce, cover themselves with a modified form of the host cell membrane, thus gaining an outer lipid layer that helps entry. Some of our most difficult-to
Heat, or thermal energy, is the sum of the kinetic energy of atoms or molecules. In thermodynamics, heat means energy which is moved between two things when one of them has a higher temperature than the other. Adding heat to something increases its temperature. Heat is not the same as temperature. The temperature of an object is the measure of the average speed of the moving particles in it. The energy of the particles is called the internal energy. When an object is heated, its internal energy can increase to make the object hotter. The first law of thermodynamics says that the increase in internal energy is equal to the heat added minus the work done on the surroundings. Heat can also be defined as the amount of thermal energy in a system. Thermal energy is the type of energy that a thing has because of its temperature. In thermodynamics, thermal energy is the internal energy present in a system in a state of thermodynamic equilibrium because of its temperature. Heat is defined as a spontaneous "flow of energy" (energy in transit) from one object to another, caused by a difference in temperature between two objects. Objects do not possess heat. Properties of Heat. Heat is a form of energy and not a physical substance. Heat has no mass. Heat can move from one place to another in different ways: The measure of how much heat is needed to cause a change in temperature for a material is the specific heat capacity of the material. If the particles in the material are hard to move, then more energy is needed to make them move quickly, so a lot of heat will cause a small change in temperature. A particle that is easier to move will need less heat for the same change in temperature. Unless some work is done, heat moves only from hot things to cold things. Measuring heat. Heat can be measured. That is, the amount of heat given out or taken in can be given a value. The calorie is one of the units of measurement for heat but the joule is also used for all kinds of energy including heat. Heat is usually measured with a calorimeter. The energy in a material is allowed to flow into nearby water, which has a known specific heat capacity. The temperature of the water is then measured before and after, and heat can be found using a formula.
is a military title in pre-Meiji period Japan. Shogun means "general" in the Japanese language. The full name was "Seii Taishogun" (Great General who fights against the Eastern savages and will win). In the earlier times, Shogun were simply generals for emperors. The emperor had power over the shogun, choosing each shogun. Later however, the Shogun held much of the actual power. In 1192 a samurai, military leader Minamoto no Yoritomo got the title of Shogun from the last Emperor Go-Shirakawa. Excluding the later middle of the 16th century, Shogun was the real ruler of Japan. The office of the Shogun is called the shogunate ("bakufu", meaning "office in a tent").- This is because Shogun had originally been military leaders and he had his office in a tent on a battle field. There were three shogunates in Japan. In 1868 the 15th Shogun of Tokugawa Shogunate, Tokugawa Yosinobu gave up his office. Then the time of Shogun rule ended. It was the end of the feudal time of Japan.
Bratislava is the capital city of Slovakia. About 450,000 people live there. It used to be called Pressburg (German) or Pozsony (Hungarian) and by some other names. Bratislava is the seat of the national government, the presidency, and the parliament. It has several museums, galleries, and other educational, cultural, and economic institutions. There is a small Old Town and a castle called Bratislavský Hrad. The Danube river goes through Bratislava.  Etymology. Bratislava had many names through its history. Here are some of them: and many others. Geography. Bratislava is in the extreme southwest of Slovakia, on the borders with Austria and Hungary, and not far from the Czech Republic border. It is on the Morava and Danube rivers. History. People have lived here since the Neolithic age. The Celts inhabited this area from 400 BC-50 BC. The Roman Empire set up border military camps near Bratislava from the 1st century until the 5th century, for example,""Gerulata"." The Slavs started moving here in the 6th century. Bratislava was part of the Slavic empire called Great Moravia in the 9th century. From the second half of the 10th century until 1918, it was part of the Kingdom of Hungary, with some exceptions. It was even the capital of the Kingdom between 1524 and 1830/1848. After the World War I ended in 1918, it was part of newly founded Czechoslovakia until 1939, when it became the capital of World War II the Slovak Republic until 1945. After 1945, it was part of Czechoslovakia again, becoming the capital of Slovak Socialist Republic (which was still part of Czechoslovakia) in 1968. After the event called Velvet Divorce, when Czechoslovakia broke up, Bratislava became the capital of Slovakia. Sightseeing. List of notable structures: Economy. The economy of Bratislava is prosperous and based on
Wellington is the capital of New Zealand. It has been the capital since 1865. Before then Auckland was the capital. Wellington is the second largest city in New Zealand. In 2018, 202,737 people lived in the city and about twice that in its metropolitan area. Wellington is in the middle of New Zealand, at the south end of the North Island. South of Wellington is Cook Strait, the sea between the North Island and the South Island. The city has a lot of hills and a deep harbour. The middle of the city is busier than most small cities and is easy for people to walk around.  It was named for Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington. Wellington became famous when "The Lord of the Rings" movie trilogy was made there. In Māori, the indigenous language, its name is "Te Whanganui-a-Tara." Climate. The city averages 2,068 hours of sunshine per year. The climate is a temperate marine one, (Köppen: "Cfb ") is generally moderate all year round, and rarely sees temperatures above or below . The hottest recorded temperature is , while is the coldest. The city is notorious for its southerly blasts in winter, which may make the temperature feel much colder. Having an average windspeed of 29 km/h (18.1 mph), Wellington is generally windy all year round with high rainfall; average annual rainfall is , June and July being the wettest months.  Frosts are quite common in the hill suburbs and the Hutt Valley between May and September. Snow is very rare at low altitudes, although snow fell on the city and many other parts of the Wellington region during separate events in July and August 2011.
Biochemistry is the study of chemical reactions in living beings, and of biological molecules in general. It is important to cell biology and physiology. The study of biochemistry involves enzymes, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, sugars, proteins, and lipids. In the body, most of the molecules are polymers built of long chains of smaller molecules. Biochemistry studies the chemical transformations which produce these small building-block molecules, and which produce energy from food. A person who studies biochemistry is called a biochemist. Macromolecules. The biologic polymers can have between tens of thousands to tens of millions of atoms or more. These polymers are composed of many small molecules, each of which has no more than fifty atoms. These small molecules are made almost exclusively from carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. They also contain sulfur, phosphorus, and a few other atoms, which are critical to the biological functioning of these polymers. There are four types of macromolecules. Nucleic Acids. Nucleic acids are long chain molecules which are of two kinds: DNA and RNA. Their building blocks are called nucleotides. DNA is found in every cell. It contains the information needed to make all of the nucleic acids and all of the proteins. It is found joined up in a "double helix". It is the substance of heredity￼ and holds the information which life passes from generation to generation. RNA acts to make the information from DNA work inside the cells of the body. To make a particular protein the information in the DNA is transferred to an RNA molecule. Another RNA molecule uses this as a set of instructions for making the protein. The RNA which makes protein is called a ribosome and it acts as a ribozyme vastly increasing the speed with which the individual amino acids connect together to form the protein. Proteins. Proteins are polymers of amino acids. There are twenty different common types of amino acid. Broadly speaking, proteins have two kinds of functions. The first is structural: they make up many of the key structures in cells and tissues. Muscle, hair, and skin are all mainly made of protein. The second is functional: as enzymes they greatly speed
Sadness is an emotion. It is the opposite of happiness. People feel sad when something bad has happened, for example, if their mother has died.  In capital letters, SAD, or S.A.D. is short for "Seasonal affective disorder". SAD is a sickness that some people have in the winter. They feel depressed as the nights become longer and there is less daylight. When people are very sad, and for a long time, the person could have a serious mental illness called depression or Bipolar disorder. Notes. It is normally thought of as the opposite of happiness, but you can feel both happy and sad at the same time.
Microeconomics is the science of how people make decisions at the small scale. It is different from macroeconomics which looks at how the economy works as a whole ("on aggregate"). In microeconomics, we might look at how a person chooses what to buy at the store, or how many things a company will make. Some parts of microeconomics include "Consumer Theory" and "Theory of the Firm", which study how people and businesses make decisions. Game theory looks at how people make decisions when the outcome (how something ends) depends on what decision another person makes; when agents are said to act "strategically". Related pages. __NOEDITSECTION__
A port is a place at the edge of an ocean, river, or lake for ships to load and unload their cargo. It can also refer to:
Cryptography, or cryptology, is the practice and study of hiding information. It is sometimes called code, but this is not really a correct name. It is the science used to try to keep information secret and safe.  Modern cryptography is a mix of mathematics, computer science, and electrical engineering. Cryptography is used in ATM (bank) cards, computer passwords, and shopping on the internet. When a message is sent using cryptography, it is changed (or "encrypted") before it is sent. The method of changing text is called a "code" or, more precisely, a "cipher". The changed text is called "ciphertext". The change makes the message hard to read. Someone who wants to read it must change it back (or "decrypt" it). How to change it back is a secret. Both the person that sends the message and the one that gets it should know the secret way to change it, but other people should not be able to. Studying the cyphertext to discover the secret is called "cryptanalysis" or "cracking" or sometimes "code breaking". Different types of cryptography can be easier or harder to use and can hide the secret message better or worse. Ciphers use a "key" which is a secret that hides the secret messages. The cryptographic method needn't be secret. Various people can use the same method but different keys, so they cannot read each other's messages. Since the Caesar cipher has only as many keys as the number of letters in the alphabet, it is easily cracked by trying all the keys. Ciphers that allow billions of keys are cracked by more complex methods. Since the time of Caesar, many improved cyphers have been made. Some involved clever mathematics to resist clever cryptanalysis. During the 20th century computers became the principle tool of cryptography. Symmetric. In a symmetric-key algorithm, both the sender and receiver share the key. The sender uses the key to hide the message. Then, the receiver will use the same key in the opposite way to reveal the message. For centuries, most cryptography has been symmetric. Advanced Encryption Standard is a widely used one. However this is not to be confused with symmetry. Asymmetric
Tuesday is the day of the week between Monday and Wednesday. In some countries, for example the United States of America, Tuesday is the third day of the week. In other parts of the world, Tuesday is the second day of the week. History of the name. The name "Tuesday" comes from a Middle English word, "Tiwesday". This word came from the Old English word "Tiwes dæg". This was named after the Nordic god Tyr. Tyr was the God of War, like the Roman war god Mars, and Greek god Ares. In Latin, "Tuesday" is called "Martis dies" which means "Mars's Day". In French, Spanish, Italian and Romanian, the (Romance languages), the word for "Tuesday" is nearly the same as the Latin name. Tuesday is "mardi" in French, "martes" in Spanish, "martedì" in Italian, "dimarts" in Catalan, and "marţi" in Romanian.  The Celtic languages still spoken use the Latin names, even though none of these languages came from Latin. Tuesday is "dé máirt" in Irish, "Meurzh" in Breton, "dydd Mawrth" in Welsh and "Dimàirt" in Scottish Gaelic.  The English and Scandinavian names for "Tuesday" come from the Nordic god Tyr (Old English "Tiw"):
In some countries, like the United States of America, Wednesday is the third day of the week. In other parts of the world Wednesday is said to be the fourth day of the week. Wednesday is named after the Norse god Woden.
Friday is a day of the week. In some countries, for example the United States, it is the sixth day of the week. In other parts of the world, for example the United Kingdom, it is said to be the fifth day of the week. In Christianity, Good Friday is the Friday before Easter. It commemorates the crucifixion of Jesus. Special prayer services and ceremonies are held worldwide on this day with readings from the Gospel. Friday is the Sabbath for Muslims. There is a superstition that a Friday on the 13th day of a month is unlucky. If the first day of a month is a Sunday, the month will have a Friday the 13th.  Some people consider Friday to be the last day of the week before the weekend. Others see Friday night as part of the weekend, since work or school is over for the week. In some places, the weekend is Friday and Saturday. Because many people are happy to not have to go to work during the weekend, there are sayings like "Thank God it's Friday!". Friday is named after Norse Goddess Frigg.
Laos, officially the Lao People's Democratic Republic (LPDR), is a country in Southeast Asia.  Laos is the only landlocked country in Southeast Asia. It is bordered by Myanmar and by China to the northwest, by Vietnam to the east, by Cambodia to the south and by Thailand to the west. The Mekong river forms a part of the western boundary with Thailand. Boats from Laos cannot get to the ocean using the Mekong because of rapids and waterfalls in the south of the country. Laos is the least densely populated country in Southeast Asia, with 32 people per square kilometer. Trains to and from Thailand will start in July 2024; that line has an endpoint in Vientiane prefecture's Khamsavath railway station.  History. Laos became a French colony in 1893 and became part of French Indochina. In 1949 it became independent from France, as the Kingdom of Laos. The Laotian Civil War started in 1953. In 1975 Laos became a one-party state under the leadership of the communist party. On July 20, 1954 an agreement was signed - "Agreement on the Cessation of Hostilities in Laos". That agreement ended France's rule of Laos. 2 months later, the authorities of North Vietnam, established a support group for Pathet Lao, in Ban Nameo.  From the middle of the 1960s, Laos was used by North Vietnam as a route to attack South Vietnam. U.S. forces dropped bombs on Laos, to try to stop the supplies coming thru the Ho Chi Minh trail.  South Vietnam was taken (or fell) in April 1975. On May 14, 1975 Vang Pao escaped from Laos, thru the military base at Long Tieng.
Yes is an English word that shows acceptance or agreement, or making a positive response or exclamation. It also has a positive meaning. It is the opposite of no. Yes may also mean: In music: In other uses: