ejaasaari/simplewiki-2025-04-01 huggingface dataset:
The Bill of Rights (a short title) is an act of the Parliament of England. Its full name is The Act Declaring the Rights and Liberties of the Subject and Settling the Succession of the Crown. It is often called the English Bill of Rights. The Bill of Rights was passed by Parliament in December 1689. It provides many of the rights requested in the Petition of Right in February after the overthrow of James II of England in the Glorious Revolution, and is still in effect today. The Bill of Rights influenced the United States Constitution, especially the Bill of Rights we have today. The Act. The Declaration of Rights was made by an Act of Parliament, the Bill of Rights 1689, which received royal assent in December 1689.  The Act explained "certain ancient rights and liberties" by declaring that:  The Act declared James's leaving England following the Glorious Revolution to be an abdication (giving up) of the throne. It listed twelve of James's policies, which James designed to "endeavour to subvert and extirpate the protestant religion, and the laws and liberties of this kingdom." These were: all of which were declared to be completely and directly contrary to the known laws and statutes and freedom of the realm. In a prelude to the Act of Settlement to come twelve years later, the Bill of Rights barred Roman Catholics from the throne of England as "it hath been found by experience that it is inconsistent with the safety and welfare of this Protestant kingdom to be governed by a papist prince"; thus William III and Mary II were named as the successors of James II and that the throne would pass from them first to Mary's heirs, then to her sister, Princess Anne of Denmark and her heirs (and, thereafter, to any heirs of William by a later marriage).
Wilhelm (later "William") Steinitz (Prague, 17 May 1836 – New York, 12 August 1900) was an Austrian chess grandmaster who emigrated first to London, then to the USA. He was the first undisputed World Chess Champion and held it from 1886 to 1894, unofficially from 1872. Steinitz won the title by beating Johannes Zukertort in a match in 1886. He lost it to Emanuel Lasker in 1894. He also lost a rematch with Lasker in 1897.&lt;ref name="H/W"&gt;Hooper D. and Whyld K. 1992. "The Oxford companion to chess". 2nd ed, Oxford University Press.&lt;/ref&gt; Life &amp; career. Born a Jew in Bohemia, Steinitz studied mathematics at the Vienna Polytecnic, and won the Vienna chess championship in 1861 with a score of 31/32. After playing in the London 1862 tournament, he stayed in London as a professional player in clubs and coffee houses. He won a series of matches against all the best English and other players living in London. This established him as one of the best player in the world. Steinitz beat Adolf Anderssen in 1866 and some think he should be regarded as world champion from this date however at the time Zukertort was the stronger player. Apart from the chess, this match was a landmark in chess organisation. It was the first event to be timed by clocks.p82 The time for each move was recorded by hand. The totals for each player could then be added. This was the first practical step taken to make sure each player had the same total thinking time available. It had always been a problem that some players took much longer than others, unfairly so. Timing also helped to keep the total time for play within bounds. Eventually, special chess clocks were designed, and the idea has spread to other two-person games such as Go. Steinitz beat Johannes Zukertort in 1872, and again later in 1886. This last match all agree
was the 13th emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. Historians consider Emperor Seimu to be a legendary person, and the name Seimu"-tennō" was created for him posthumously by later generations. No certain dates can be assigned to this emperor's life or reign. The conventionally accepted names and sequence of the early emperors were not to be confirmed as "traditional" until the reign of Emperor Kammu, who was the 50th monarch of the Yamato dynasty.  Traditional history. Seimu is almost certainly a legend; but the "Kojiki" and "Nihonshoki" record his name. Events of Seimu's life. The limited information about Seimu does not imply that no such person ever existed. Very little information is available for study prior to the reign of the 29th monarch, Emperor Kimmei.  After his death. This emperor's official name after his death (his posthumous name) was regularized many centuries after the lifetime which was ascribed to Seimu. The actual site of his grave is not known. According to the Imperial Household Agency, this emperor is venerated at a memorial Shinto shrine ("misasagi") at Nara.
List of chess terms: in alphabetical order. A. Adjournment. When the game is paused temporarily. Less common today, as most games are played to a finish. If a game is adjourned, a Sealed move is necessary so the player to move does not have any advantage. Adjudication. Method to decide the result of an unfinished game. It is done by an expert who judges the position on the board. The expert is often appointed before the tournament or match starts. The method is only used if games are not played to a finish, and there are no adjournments. Adjust piece. See "J'adoube" Algebraic. System of chess notation in which each square has one name. From White's left to right, each file is labelled from a to h. From White's bottom to top, each rank is labelled 1 to 8. Thus the left bottom square is a1, and the right top square is h8. Annotation. Commentary on a game using a combination of written comments and chess notation. Attack. An assault on part of the opponent's position. May be short-term (e.g., after 1.e4 Nf6, Black attacks White's pawn on e4), or long-term. Examples of long-term attacks: a sustained mating attack against the enemy king or a minority attack against the opponent's queenside pawn structure. See also: defence and initiative B. Backward pawn. Pawn on an otherwise open file, on the 2nd or 3rd rank, which cannot be supported by another pawn, or advanced. Bad bishop. Bishop blocked long-term by pawns on squares of its own colour. Basic endings. Endgames with few pawns or pieces. Set positions and ideas which can be taught to learners, and which every player should know.  Bind. A bind is a hold on the opponent's position which stops him from freeing it. Usually by means of pawns; a severe type of restraint. Bishop pair. The term used to describe the retention of both bishops. This term is usually used after one of both knights has been exchanged for one of both bishops. The player with the 'bishop pair' theoretically has
was the 14th emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. Historians consider Emperor Chūai to be a legendary person, and the name Chūai"-tennō" was created for him posthumously by later generations. No certain dates can be assigned to this emperor's life or reign. The conventionally accepted names and sequence of the early emperors were not to be confirmed as "traditional" until the reign of Emperor Kammu, who was the 50th monarch of the Yamato dynasty. Traditional history. Chūai is almost certainly a legend; but the "Kojiki" and "Nihonshoki" record his name. He was a grandson of Emperor Keikō. Chūai's wife is known as Empress Jingū. Her son would become known as Emperor Ōjin. Events of Chūai's life. The limited information about Chūai does not imply that no such person ever existed. Very little information is available for study prior to the reign of the 29th monarch, Emperor Kimmei. After his death. This emperor's official name after his death (his posthumous name) was regularized many centuries after the lifetime which was ascribed to Chūai. The actual site of his grave is not known. According to the Imperial Household Agency, this emperor is venerated at a memorial Shinto shrine ("misasagi") at Fujiidera of Osaka Prefecture.
, also known as was a legendary empress of Japan. Although her name was once included in the traditional order of succession, she is now considered as a regent. Historians consider details about the life of Empress Jingū to be mythical; and the name Jingū"-tennō" was created for her posthumously by later generations. No certain dates can be assigned to this empress's life or reign. The conventionally accepted names and sequence of the early emperors were not to be confirmed as "traditional" until the reign of Emperor Kammu, who was the 50th monarch of the Yamato dynasty. Traditional history. Jingū is almost certainly a legend; but the "Kojiki" and "Nihonshoki" record her name. Jingū was the principle wife of Emperor Chūai. Her son would become known as Emperor Ōjin. The "Gukanshō" mentions her, but she is not included on the list of persons born within the line of Imperial descent. Events of Jingū's life. The limited information about Jingū does not imply that no such person ever existed. Very little information is available for study prior to the reign of the 29th monarch, Emperor Kimmei. After the death of Chūai, Jingū also served as regent, according to the oracle of Sumiyoshi-jinja, until her son was old enough to be emperor.  After her death. This empress' official name after her death (her posthumous name) was regularized many centuries after the lifetime which was ascribed to Jingū. According to the Imperial Household Agency, the empress's final resting place is in an earthen tumulus ("kofun"). Jingū is venerated at a memorial Shinto shrine ("misasagi") at Nara. In the centuries before the Meiji period, Jingū was known as the 15th Japanese imperial ruler, according to the traditional order of succession. However, Jingū's name is now removed from the official list of emperors of Japan. Jingū's son, Emperor Ōjin, is today considered to have been the 15th emperor in the order of succession.
The hypermoderns were a school of chess players who set out to rethink some of the principles of chess openings. The name was given to them by the Polish-French grandmaster Tartakower. The key idea was, in reaction to the older ideas of Siegbert Tarrasch, to dispute control of the centre by more subtle methods. Whereas old theory was to occupy the centre with two or three pawns immediately, the hypermoderns concentrated more on attacking the opponent's centre. A characteristic first move was 1Nf3 with White, or 1...Nf6 with Black, especially in reply to 1d4. To 1e4 they favoured an asymmetric defence such as 1...e6 or 1...c5 rather than the classical reply 1...e5.  Nimzovich was the founder, and Alekhine, Tartakower, Réti, Grünfeld, and Bogolyubov all took part. All were top grandmasters of the 1920s and 30s. Several modern openings owe their popularity to this group: Alekhine's Defence (1e4 Nf6); Réti's Opening (1Nf3); the King's Indian Defence (1d4 Nf6 2c4 g6 3Nc3 Bg7); the Grünfeld Defence (1d4 Bf6 2c4 g6 3Nc3 d5) and the Modern Defence (1...g6).p178
In statistics, a confidence interval, abbreviated as CI, is a tool that people use when they collect data in order to estimate a certain parameter, such as the mean (average) of a population. A confidence interval gives a range of values that tells others how good we think our estimate is.  Each confidence interval depends on certain properties of the sample(s) that we use to make it. For example, a confidence interval that is made from a sample of 5000 people is going to be much better than a confidence interval made from a sample of only 5 people.  We usually give confidence intervals as a percentage, such as 95%. These percentages are called confidence levels.  Meaning of the term "confidence". The term "confidence" has a similar meaning in statistics, as in common use. In common usage, a claim to 95% confidence in something is normally taken as indicating near certainty. In statistics, a claim to 95% confidence simply means that the researcher has seen one possible interval from a large number of possible ones, from which 19 out of 20 intervals contain the true value of the parameter.  Practical example. A machine fills cups with margarine. It is adjusted so that the content of the cups is 250g of margarine. As the machine cannot fill every cup with exactly 250g, the content added to individual cups shows some variation, and is considered a random variable X. This variation is assumed to be normally distributed around the desired average of 250g, with a standard deviation of 2.5g. To check if the machine is adequately calibrated, a sample of "n" = 25 cups of margarine is chosen at random, and the cups are weighed. The weights of margarine are "X"1, ..., "X"25, a random sample from "X". To get an impression of the expectation μ, an estimate is needed. The appropriate estimator is the sample mean:  formula_1 The sample shows actual weights "x"1, ...,"x"25, with mean: formula_2 If we take another sample of 25 cups, we could easily expect to find values like 250.4 or 251
was the 17th emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. Historians consider details about the life of Emperor Richū to be possibly legendary, but probable. The name Richū"-tennō" was created for him posthumously by later generations.  Some scholars identify him with King San in the Book of Song. King San sent messengers to the Song Dynasty at least twice in 421 and 425; and this historical person was succeeded by his younger brother. No certain dates can be assigned to this emperor's life or reign. The conventionally accepted names and sequence of the early emperors were not to be confirmed as "traditional" until the reign of Emperor Kammu, who was the 50th monarch of the Yamato dynasty.  Traditional history. According to "Nihonshoki" and "Kojiki", he was the first son of Emperor Nintoku. Richū had two sons; but he was followed on the throne by his brother, who would become known as Emperor Hanzei. The enthronement of Hanzei by-passed Richū's two sons. Few other details have survived. Two of Richū's grandsons would attain the throne as Emperor Kenzō and as Emperor Ninken. Events of Richū's life. Very little is known about the events of Richū's life and reign. Only limited information is available for study prior to the reign of the 29th monarch, Emperor Kimmei.  In his sixth year of his reign, Richū died.  After his death. This emperor's official name after his death (his posthumous name) was regularized many centuries after the lifetime which was ascribed to Richū.  According to the Imperial Household Agency, the emperor's final resting place is in an earthen tumulus ("kofun") at Sakai. Richū is venerated at a memorial Shinto shrine ("misasagi") which is associated with the burial mound.
Jacobitism was (and, to a much smaller extent, is) the political movement that tried to put the Stuarts back onto the thrones of England, Scotland and Ireland. It took its name from the Latin form "Jacobus" of the name of King James II and VII. Jacobitism began after James II and VII was deposed in 1688. He was replaced by his daughter Mary II jointly with her husband, William of Orange, who was also her first cousin. The Stuarts lived on the European Continent and sometimes tried to get back the throne with the help of France or Spain. The most important places of Jacobitism were Ireland and Scotland, especially the Scottish Highlands. In England, Jacobitism was strongest in the North. There was some support also in Wales. Many Catholics supported Jacobitism and hoped the Stuarts to end the laws against them. Many others helped Jacobite military campaigns for all sorts of reasons such as in the hope of improve their fortunes. In Scotland, the Jacobite cause became a lasting romantic memory.
was a Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team. Biography. Horie was born in Hamamatsu on September 13, 1913. He played for Waseda WMW, which was consisted of players from his alma mater, Waseda University. At that club, he played with many futures Japan national team players, such as Motoo Tatsuhara, Yasuo Suzuki, and others. In May 1934, when Horie was a Waseda University student, he was selected by the Japan national team for the Far Eastern Championship Games in Manila. At that competition, on May 15, he debuted against Philippines. In 1936, he was also selected by Japan for the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin. At the 1936 Summer Olympics, he played against Sweden, and Japan completed a come-from-behind victory. It was the first victory in the Olympics for Japan and a historic victory over one of the powerhouses, the team became later known as the "Miracle of Berlin" () in Japan. In 2016, the team was selected for the Japan Football Hall of Fame. However, he fractured his right arm in the match, and could not play in the next game against Italy. He played three games for Japan until 1936. After 1936 Summer Olympics, Horie retired from his playing career and joined the Asahi Shimbun. In 1951, he became a professor at his alma mater, Waseda University. He also became a manager for Waseda University and instructed many international players like Shigeo Yaegashi, Saburo Kawabuchi, Masakatsu Miyamoto, Kunishige Kamamoto, and others. On March 29, 2003, Horie died of pneumonia in Nakano, Tokyo at the age of 89. Statistics. !Total||3||0
Maksim Shatskikh (born 30 August 1978) is a Uzbekistani football player. He plays for Arsenal Kyiv and Uzbekistan national team. Club career statistics. 84||23 213||97 15||9 312||129 International career statistics. !Total||46||30 Honours. Player. Dynamo Kyiv Uzbekistan Manager. Pakhtakor Individual
John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough (26 May 1650 – 16 June 1722) was an important English soldier and statesman who lived in the rules of five monarchs in the late 17th and early 18th centuries. Rising from a lowly page at the court of the House of Stuart, he faithfully served James, Duke of York in the 1670s and the early 1680s. That gave him military and political advancement through his brave and clever skill. Churchill helped secure the Duke of York, now King James II, on the throne.  However, just three years later he left the Catholic king for a Protestant Dutchman, William of Orange. For Churchill's help during in the Glorious Revolution, William at his coronation made him Earl of Marlborough (pronounced /'mɔ:l b"ə"ɹə/). Marlborough served during the early years of the Nine Years' War and became famous. However, charges of Jacobitism made him fall from office. For some time, he was imprisoned in the Tower. When Queen Anne came to throne in 1702, however, Marlborough secured his fame and lots of money. His marriage to the irritable Sarah Jennings, Anne's close friend, helped Marlborough's rise. Marlborough first became the Captain-Generalcy of British forces and then became a duke. Later, he became the richest of Anne's subjects. In the end, he could not completely crush his enemies, but his victories allowed Britain to rise to very great power. Through him, Great Britain became richer and richer in the 18th century.
Pierre Njanka (born 15 March 1975) is a Cameroonian professional football player. He has played for Cameroon national team. Club career statistics. 24||0 120||0 5||0 149||0 International career statistics. !Total||37||2
Rigobert Song Bahanag (born 1 July 1976) is a former Cameroonian football player. He played for Trabzonspor and the Cameroonian national team. He is the first African to play in four World Cups. He is regarded as one of the greatest African football players of all time. Source: Career statistics. International. List of international goals scored by Rigobert Song Honours. Metz Liverpool Galatasaray Trabzonspor Cameroon Individual Orders
Wolfgang Feiersinger (born 30 January 1965) is a former Austrian football player. He has played for Austria national team. Career. Wolfgang Feiersinger started playing football at his local club 1. Saalfeldner SK. 1986 he went to Austria Salzburg, now known as FC Red Bull Salzburg. With this club he became runner up of the Austrian Bundesliga in 1992 and 1993. His first championship he reached 1994. He was part of the team which reached the UEFA Cup final in the 1993/94 season. In 1996, he went on to Borussia Dortmund where he played in the Championsleague due to the injury of Matthias Samer. But in the final he was not even part of the team which won the UEFA Championsleague. Then he came back to Austria playing for LASK Linz and again for Austria Salzburg. In 2002, he finished his professional career but played for the amateur squad of PSV Schwarz-Weiß Salzburg. He played 46 matches for the national football team as defender but also as offensive midfielder. He was member of Austrias teame for the FIFA World Cup 1998 in France. Since 2009, he has worked as host in an alpine hut (Hochwildalmhütte Aurach). His daughter Laura plays for FC Bayern München in the German women league. Club career statistics. 248||7 57||0 305||7 International career statistics. !Total||45||0
Ernst Franz Hermann Happel (29 November 1925 – 14 November 1992) was a former Austrian football player and football coach. He played for SK Rapid Wien, RC Paris and the Austria national team. Club career. Happel started professionally at the age of 17 with SK Rapid Wien as defender. He played only from 1955 till 1956 for another club. In 1999 he was elected for Rapids team of the century. International. He played his first match for Austria in September 1947 against Hungary. He was a member of the squad for the 1954 World Cup in Switzerland and and the 1958 World Cup in Sweden. His last match was in September 1958 against Yugoslavia. He played 51 times in the team and shot 5 goals. Club career statistics. 240||25 42||9 282||34 International career statistics. !Total||51||5
Baboons are monkeys of the genus Papio. They are one of the largest kinds of monkey. It is an intelligent Old World monkey. It lives on the ground in groups called troops. Troops can be as small as a few baboons or as big as several hundred members. Distribution. Baboons live in forests and on savannahs in Africa and on the Arabian Peninsula. As they move into the open land, the family groups come together into groups several hundred strong, led by adult males that work together to protect the others from predators. Diet. Baboons are omnivores (they eat both plants and meat). They eat grasses, roots, insects and other small animals, like lizards, small mammals, fish, birds, and snakes. In some places, they steal food from humans. Predators. Leopards, cheetahs, African wild dogs, lions, hyenas and people hunt the baboon. To scare the predator away, baboons can show their eyelids, show their teeth, chase the predator, and make noise. To understand their lives, one must see them in their natural environment.
Friedrich (Friedl) Koncilia (born 25 February 1948) is a former Austrian football player mainly for FK Austria Wien. He has also played for Austria national team. Career. At the age of 14 he came to KAC, an ice hockey club, but the coach of the football department brought him to football. He played in Austria for Austria Klagenfurt, SSW Innsbruck and Austria Wien. Abroad he played for RSC Anderlecht. He is one of the most successful goalkeepers in Austria. During his career he was 8 times Austrian Champion and six times Cup winner and played 526 league matches, 76 Cup matches and 51 matches in European cups. For Austria he played 85 matches, his first international match was on 27 September 1970 versus Hungary. His last match was in 1985. For Austria he played in the FIFA World Cup 1978 where he played in the legendary match versus Germany in Cordoba and 1982. He was chosen as goalkeeper for a FIFA-selection playing versus Argentinia on 25 June 1979 He was goalkeeper in the 2nd half time. He was also goalkeeper in an UEFA-team playing versus CSSR, which celebrated the 70th anniversary. After the end of his playing career he became coach for Austria Wien, Gamba Osaka and Brandl-Bau Ischl. Club career statistics. 459||0 8||0 467||0 International career statistics. !Total||84||0
Toni Polster (born 10 March 1964) is a former Austrian football player. He has played for Austria national team. Club career statistics. 159||121 27||9 171||83 189||94 546||307 International career statistics. !Total||95||44