ejaasaari/simplewiki-2025-04-01 huggingface dataset:
Calvinism belongs to the Reformed tradition of Protestant Christianity. This tradition goes back to John Calvin and other theologians. Overview. Important Calvinists from Europe include: Martin Bucer, Heinrich Bullinger, Peter Martyr Vermigli, and Huldrych Zwingli, and from England, reformers Thomas Cranmer and John Jewel. Because John Calvin had great influence and played an important role in the confessional and ecclesiastical debates throughout the 17th century, the tradition generally became known as Calvinism. Today. Today, this term also means the doctrines and practices of the Reformed churches, of which Calvin was an early leader, and the system is perhaps best known for its doctrines of predestination and total depravity. History. 1530s. John Calvin's international influence on the development of the doctrines of the Protestant Reformation began at the age of 25, when he started work on his first edition of the "Institutes of the Christian Religion" in 1534 (published 1536). He also contributed to confessional documents for use in churches, and his beliefs and practices left a direct influence on Protestantism. He was only one of many people to influence the doctrines of the Reformed churches, but he eventually became one of the most prominent theologians. 1540s. The rising importance of the Reformed churches and Calvin happened in the second phase of the Protestant Reformation, when evangelical churches began to form, after Martin Luther, another important Reformer, had been excommunicated from the Roman Catholic Church. Calvin was a French exile in Geneva City. He had signed the Lutheran Augsburg Confession in 1540, but his importance came from the Swiss Reformation. It was not Lutheran but followed Huldrych Zwingli and then Calvin. True Calvinism, or historical Calvinism, does not teach that God chooses the people who will be saved. Instead, it teaches that for God's own glory recreates men with a new nature, a nature that loves God and hates sin, instead of men keeping their old nature since if they kept their old nature, they would not want to follow God (Romans 3:10-
Jean Cauvin, also Jean Calvin (English: John Calvin, July 10, 1509 – May 27, 1564), was a French Protestant theologian during the Protestant Reformation who was a central developer of the system of Christian theology that is called Calvinism or Reformed theology. In Geneva City, he rejected papal authority and established a new scheme of civic and ecclesiastical governance. He is famous for his teachings and writings and is infamous for his role in the execution of Michael Servetus. Early life. Calvin was born with the name "Jean Chauvin" (or "Cauvin", in Latin "Calvinus") in Noyon, Picardy, France, (now Oise department), to Gérard Cauvin and Jeanne Lefranc. In 1523, Calvin's father, a lawyer, sent his 14-year-old son to the University of Paris to study humanities and law. By 1532, he had attained a Doctor of Law degree at Orléans.  In 1536, he settled in Geneva City, Switzerland. After being expelled from the city, he served as a pastor in Strasbourg from 1538 to 1541, when he returned to Geneva, where he lived until his death. Thought. Calvin trained to be a lawyer. He studied with some of the best teachers of the Renaissance in France. Some of the training used newer humanistic methods of trying to understand to deal with a text directly. His training was important for Calvin. When he started to believe in Evangelicalism, he used those methods with the Bible, which he used form his thoughts. He taught and preached what he believed that the Bible taught. Reformers such as Jan Hus and Martin Luther are seen as original thinkers, who started a movement. Calvin was a great logician. He organized a movement but did not start as much doctrine. He knew the writings of the early Church Fathers and the great medieval schoolmen very well. Earlier Reformers also influenced him. Calvin did not disagree with all of the scholastics of the Middle Ages, but he used them and adapted their thoughts according to his understanding of the
A Trebuchet was a device used in wars and sieges in the Middle Ages. It could be used to throw stones at ramparts, trying to break them down. It could also be used to throw things over the walls of a city. These could be corpses of animals or people that had died of the plague. Trebuchets were more accurate than other medieval catapults. Trebuchets were first made in China in the 4th century BC. How it works. The trebuchet works in a simple way. The basket of the trebuchet is filled with heavy rocks. This acts as a counterweight for the other end, which is usually filled with one large rock. Several men arm the trebuchet by raising the counterweight up and the firing arm down. At this point the arm is released, the heavy basket swings down and the arm swings up, launching the rock far and fast. The sling adds an additional 10-15 feet of arm length and gives the projectile a whip like speed then releases. The sling gives the projectile most of its speed.
Kurdistan (; ), or Greater Kurdistan, is a roughly defined geo-cultural region in the Middle East where the Kurds inhabit and the Kurdish culture, languages, and national identity have historically been based.  Geographically, Kurdistan roughly encompasses the northwestern Zagros and the eastern Taurus mountain ranges. Geography. Kurdistan generally comprises the following four regions: southeastern Turkey (Northern Kurdistan), northern Iraq (Southern Kurdistan), northwestern Iran (Eastern Kurdistan), and northern Syria (Western Kurdistan).  Some definitions also include parts of southern Transcaucasia. Some Kurdish nationalist organizations seek to create an independent nation state consisting of some or all of these areas, while others campaign for more autonomy within the existing national borders. Naming. Historically, the word "Kurdistan" is first attested in 11th century Seljuk chronicles. Many disparate Kurdish dynasties, emirates, principalities, and chiefdoms were established from the 8th to 19th centuries. The 20th century saw the establishment of the short-lived areas of the Kurdish state (1918–1919), Kingdom of Kurdistan (1921–1924), Kurdistansky Uyezd i.e. "Red Kurdistan" (1923–1929), Republic of Ararat (1927–1930), and Republic of Mahabad (1946). The Corduene was also used to refer to the region. Self-rule. Iraqi Kurdistan first gained autonomous status in a 1970 agreement with the Iraqi government, and its status was re-confirmed as the autonomous Kurdistan Region in Iraq in 2005. There is also a Kurdistan Province in Iran, but it has no control. Kurds fighting in the Syrian Civil War were able to take control of large parts of northern Syria and establish self-governing regions in the Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria, namely the Rojava, where they want autonomy in a hypothetical post-war federal Syria.
Aigues-Mortes (French for "dead waters") is a city in the south of France. It is in the Gard department and the Occitanie region. It was originally founded by the Romans in the year 102 BC. The first records mentioning it under its current name date from the 10th century. Louis IX of France rebuilt the port in the 13th century. It was the only French port of the Mediterranean at that time. The city is laid out as a bastide. It was the starting point for the Seventh Crusade (1248) and Eighth Crusade (1270). Due to changes of the coastline, the city is several miles from the sea. It is linked to the sea through a canal, nowadays. It has well-preserved city walls. In 1999, about 6.000 people lived there. Aigues-Mortes is about 35 km from Nîmes.
Leopold II (Léopold Louis Philippe Marie Victor) (9 April 1835 – 17 December 1909) was King of the Belgians. He was born in Brussels. He was the second (but oldest surviving) son of Leopold I and Louise of Orléans. He succeeded his father to the throne on 17 December 1865. He was king until his death. Biography. Leopold is mainly remembered as the founder and sole owner of the Congo Free State. He lay claim to the Congo, an area now known as the Democratic Republic of the Congo. He treated the people badly in order to make money. His harsh rule was responsible for the deaths of between five and 10 million Congolese people. The Congo became one of the most infamous international scandals of the early 20th century. As a result, Leopold II was forced to give control of it to the government of Belgium. Despite owning and ruling it as a dictator, Leopold II never visited the Congo Free State or Africa in general. Personal life. Leopold II married Archduchess Marie Henriette of Austria, in Brussels on 22 August 1853. On 15 November 1902, Italian anarchist Gennaro Rubino tried to assassinate Leopold. Rubino fired three shots at the King. The shots missed Leopold and Rubino was immediately arrested. Leopold II had a wedding ceremony with Caroline Lacroix, a prostitute, on 14 December 1909, five days before his death. This was not legal under Belgian law. He was succeeded as King of the Belgians by his nephew Albert, son of his brother Philippe.
George V (né Prince George of Wales, formerly George Frederick Ernest Albert; 3 June 186520 January 1936) was King of the United Kingdom. He was the first British monarch with the family name Windsor. His father was Edward VII. George was born in 1865. He was in the Royal Navy when he was twelve; he left the Navy to become king. George was crowned King and Emperor of India in 1911. He was married to Princess Mary of Teck. As King during World War I, George and his wife visited the Western Front regularly to greet British and Commonwealth troops and also to raise morale amongst the troops. He changed the family name to "Windsor" to remove any association with a German heritage, because Germany was very unpopular at this time. Among other things, he started the "Royal Christmas Broadcast" tradition. He was known for being a stamp collector. His sons Edward and George would later become kings of the United Kingdom and British Empire. George was a popular monarch. His great-grandson is the current British monarch, King Charles III, who ascended the throne in 2022. Early life and family. George was born the second son of the Prince and Princess of Wales (later King Edward VII and Queen Alexandra). He married a distant cousin (his double second cousin once removed) Mary of Teck (later Queen Mary), and they stayed married until his death. George was known as the Duke of York for many years until his grandmother, Queen Victoria, died peacefully at the age of 81. His father, Edward, inherited the throne gaining the nickname "Edward the Peaceful" for his hard work maintaining stability when tensions were increasing. Edward's death was greeted with great sadness across the empire, George describing him as "my best friend". By the time George became king Britain was the richest, most powerful nation in the world and during his reign the Empire expanded to its greatest ever extent. King and Emperor. George was quick to prove himself a decent and popular monarch. He became a symbol of British resistance during the First World War in which he, and his wife, visited the war front regularly. During these visits, he tried to raise the morale of the
Candy, also called a sweet, is a sweet kind of food that is usually made from sugar and water, with flavors and other ingredients added.  The word "candy", and probably also from Sanskrit khanda, which means "piece (of sugar)". Candy is found in almost any store because they are made in many companies. Candy can also be made at home. Many people like candy and think it tastes good. Other people do not like it. Candy contains lots of sugar, so it is not very healthy, but can be eaten sometimes. It is the most common snacking food, and there are hundreds of flavors, shapes, and sizes. Candy is not limited to being sweet. Candy can be spicy in different cultures. To add on, Sugar, mainly sucrose from sugar beets or sugarcane, is the major constituent of most candies. Other sweeteners employed in candy manufacture include corn syrup, corn sugar, honey, molasses, maple sugar, and noncaloric sweeteners. Popular candy company's include Hershey, Haribo, Cadbury, and Jelly Belly.
A loanword is a word that is adopted by a language that comes from another language. Since people who speak different languages often need to talk to each other, it is actually very common for languages to "borrow" words from other languages.  Examples of this can be seen in the English language because it has many loanwords. When the Normans took over England during the Norman Conquest in 1066, they made French the official language of England. Since then, many French words later became English words. For example, the English words beef, pork, poultry, and mutton are loanwords based on the Norman French names of the animals cow, swine, chicken, and sheep in that same order. In English, the loanwords mean the meat of those animals specifically. Since later the British Empire took over many different countries and people, they also borrowed many words from the languages of the people they took over. An example of this is the word "jungle", which is a Hindi word that has been adopted into English.  Languages often use loanwords because cultures learn about new ideas and inventions from people of the languages they borrow from. For example, in English the names of meats and wines often come from French, musical terms often come from Italian, and philosophical terms often come from German. Although native English speakers are now familiar with Chinese ideas and inventions, they are often called by their Japanese names in English because these were introduced to Americans through Japan. China, on the other hand, was closed off from the world when its ideas and inventions spread throughout the world because its communist government stopped communication with most outside countries, including America.  The names of food are some of the most common loanwords across languages because people may not have any idea of what the food is like when they are first introduced to a certain culture. For example, Italian food usually has Italian names like "spaghetti" and "pasta", Japanese food has Japanese names like "sushi" and "tempura", and Mexican food has Spanish names like "tacos" and "carnitas".
Moray eels are a family of eels in the family Muraenidae. Moray eels can be found all over the world. There are 200 different species in 15 genera.  Body. Like all eels, moray eels look like a cross between a fish and a snake. The body is generally patterned. In some species, the inside of the mouth is also patterned.  Moray eels normally have wide jaws and large sharp teeth, but some types of Moray eel have blunt teeth which help them to eat animals that live in shells. Morays also have pharyngeal jaws inside the main jaws. Typically, moray eels grow to a length of about 1.5 metres. The largest known moray eel is the Slender giant moray, which can reach 4 metres in length. Moray eels live in coral reefs and rocky areas, at a depth of about 200m. Habitat. The moray eel can be found in both freshwater habitats and saltwater habitats. However most live in the sea in salt water, never entering fresh water. Moray eels normally live in warmer waters, but it depends on the type of eel. Feeding behavior. Morays are opportunistic, carnivorous predators and feed primarily on smaller fish, crabs, and octopuses.  There are not many animals that eat eels, but groupers, barracudas and sea snakes do eat them. Humans also eat eels. Relationship with humans. Humans eat eels, but sometimes moray eels will give people food poisoning. Moray eels are also caught to put in aquariums for people to look at. Some types of Moray eel may be considered beautiful and hard to find, in which case they will be expensive to buy.
The Anguilloidei are a suborder of the order Anguilliformes (the eels) containing three families: This suborder used to have included several other families that have recently been moved to new suborders:  Chlopsidae (false morays), Heterenchelyidae (mud eels), Moringuidae (worm eels), Muraenidae (moray eels), and Myrocongridae (thin eels).
Carcassonne () is a fortified French town, in the "Aude département", Occitanie region. It is separated into the fortified "Cité de Carcassonne" and the more expansive lower city, the "ville basse". This bastide, which was thoroughly restored from 1853 by the theorist and architect Eugène Viollet-le-Duc, was added to the UNESCO list of World Heritage Sites in 1997. History. Romans fortified the hilltop of Carcassonne around 100 BC and eventually made it the "colonia" of "Julia Carsaco", later "Carcasum". The main part of the lower courses of the northern ramparts dates from Gallo-Roman times. In 462 the Romans officially left and the Visigothic king Theodoric II built more fortifications at Carcassonne, some of them still stand. In 760, Pippin was unable to take Carcassonne, although he was able to take most of the south of France. In 1067 Carcassonne became the property of Raimond Bernard Trencavel, Viscount of Albi and Nîmes. Carcassonne became famous in its role in the Albigensian Crusades, when the city was a stronghold of Occitan Cathars. In August 1209 the crusading army of Simon de Montfort forced its citizens to surrender. He added to the fortifications. Carcassonne became a border citadel between France and Aragon. Geography. Carcassonne is at about southeast of Toulouse in the space between the Pyrenees and the Massif Central of France. It is at the crossing of two major traffic routes: the route leading from the Atlantic to the Mediterranean and that from the Massif Central to Spain, skirting the Pyrenees. Both routes exist since ancient history. The "commune" is in the valley of the Aude river. Another river that flows through the city is the Fresquel river. The Canal du Midi also flows through the "commune". The "commune" of Carcassonne has an area of , and its average altitude
Villeneuve-sur-Lot (Gascon: "Vilanuèva d'Olt") is a town and commune in southwestern France, in the region of Nouvelle-Aquitaine. It is a subprefecture of the Lot-et-Garonne department. The commune was formerly named "Villeneuve-d'Agen". It is also the capital of the "arrondissement" of Villeneuve-sur-Lot and of 2 "cantons" in the department: Villeneuve-sur-Lot-1 and Villeneuve-sur-Lot-2. History. The region where the city is was first populated by the Romans. In the 11th century, a Benedictine abbey was constructed near where is the city now. There was a small village of potters and farmers around the abbey. Between 1254 and 1263, Alphonse of Poitiers had a bastide built. He also gave the bastide city rights. The bastide has a rectangular look, with a central square. Because of its privileged geographical situation on the river lot, the city played an important role in wars of the region: Geography. The "commune" has an area of . Its average altitude is ; at the city hall, the altitude is . Villeneuve-sur-Lot is surrounded by the "communes" Lédat, Castelnaud-de-Gratecambe, La Sauvetat-sur-Lède, Monflanquin, Savignac-sur-Leyze, Saint-Aubin, Trentels, Saint-Sylvestre-sur-Lot, Penne-d'Agenais, Hautefage-la-Tour, Pujols and Bias. The Lot river flows through the city of Villeneuve-sur-Lot. The Lède river, a tributary of the Lot, flows through the northern part of the "commune". Climate. The climate of Villeneuve-sur-Lot is an oceanic climate (Köppen climate classification Cfb), with mild winters and warm summers. Population. The inhabitants of Villeneuve-sur-Lot are known, in French, as "Villeneuvois
Agen is a commune in southwestern France, in the region of Nouvelle-Aquitaine. It is the prefecture of the Lot-et-Garonne department and the capital of the "arrondissement" of Agen. The "Agenais", the region where is the "commune", is a natural region of the old province of Aquitaine, now in Nouvelle-Aquitaine. Geography. Agen is in the southeast of the Lot-et-Garonne department, on the right (eastern) side of the Garonne river and close to the Canal de Garonne. The city is at about from Toulouse and from Bordeaux. The "commune" has an area of . Its average altitude is ; at the city hall, the altitude is . Agen is surrounded by the "communes" Colayrac-Saint-Cirq, Foulayronnes, Pont-du-Casse, Bon-Encontre, Boé and Le Passage. Climate. The climate of Agen is Marine West Coast Climate (Köppen climate classification Cfb), with mild winters and warm summers. Population. The inhabitants of Agen are known, in French, as "Agenais" (women: "Agenaises"). With a population of 34,126, Agen has a population density of inhabitants/km2. Evolution of the population in Agen Agen forms, together with other 15 "communes", the urban area of Agen with a population of 81,110 inhabitants (2013) and an area of . This urban area is the centre of the metropolitan area of Agen, formed by 64 "communes", with a population of 112,801 inhabitants (2013) and an area of . Administration. Agen is the "prefecture" of the Lot-et-Garonne department since 1790. It is also the capital of the "arrondissement" of Agen and the administrative centre () of 4 cantons: It is part of the intercommunality "Agen" (). Twin towns. Agen is twinned with: Miscellaneous. Agen is the "capital of the prune", a local produce sold as a
Libourne (; ) is a commune in the Gironde department in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region in southwestern France. It is a sub-prefecture of the department. It is the wine-making capital of northern Gironde and lies near Saint-Émilion and Pomerol, both known for their wines. History. Libourne was created as a bastide by Roger de Leybourne in 1270. The original name of "Leybourne" changed to the present "Libourne". Its original aim was to be a port to ship wine of the Dordogne valley to England. Geography. Libourne is at the confluence of the Isle and Dordogne rivers. The city is at about from Bordeaux and from Arcachon. It has an area of , and its average altitude is ; at the city hall, the altitude is . Libourne is surrounded by the "communes" Les Billaux, Lalande-de-Pomerol, Pomerol, Saint-Émilion, Moulon, Génissac, Arveyres, Fronsac and Saillans. Climate. The climate of Libourne is Marine West Coast Climate (Köppen climate classification: Cfb), with mild winters and warm summers. Population. The inhabitants of Libourne are known, in French, as "Libournais" (women: "Libournaises"). With a population of 24,595, Libourne has a population density of inhabitants/km2. Evolution of the population in Libourne Administration. Libourne is a sub-prefecture of the Gironde department since 1790. It is also the capital of the "arrondissement" of Libourne and the administrative centre () of the "canton" of Le Libournais-Fronsadais with 53,307 inhabitants .: It is part of the intercommunality "Le Libournais" (). Twin towns. Libourne is twinned with:
The 12-hour clock is a way of dividing the 24 hours of the day into two sections. The two halves are called ante meridiem (a.m.) and post meridiem (p.m.). Both names are from Latin and ', means "before midday" and ' means "after midday". Each period has 12 hours and are numbered 1 or 0 to 12 or 11. Time from midnight to noon is a.m. and from noon to midnight p.m. The table at right shows how it relates to the 24-hour clock. The 12-hour time is common in several English-speaking countries and former British colonies (such as the United Kingdom, the United States, the English speaking parts of Canada or India), as well as a few other countries. There is no widely accepted convention for how midday and midnight should be represented: in English-speaking countries, "12p.m." means 12 o'clock noon, while "12a.m." means 12 o'clock midnight.