ejaasaari/simplewiki-2025-04-01 huggingface dataset:
Turpenoids, or isoprenoids, are a large group of organic compounds. They are built of five-carbon isoprene units put together and modified in thousands of ways. They are lipids, and are found in all classes of living things. They are the largest group of natural products. About 60% of natural products are terpenoids. Plant terpenoids are often used for their scent. They are used in traditional herbal remedies. Terpenoids help the scent of eucalyptus, the flavors of cinnamon, cloves, and ginger, the yellow color in sunflowers, and the red color in tomatoes. Well-known terpenoids include citral, menthol, camphor, salvinorin A in the plant "Salvia divinorum", the cannabinoids found in cannabis, ginkgolide and bilobalide found in "Ginkgo biloba", and the curcuminoids found in turmeric and mustard seeds. The steroids and sterols in animals are biologically produced from terpenoid precursors.
Astrocytes are characteristic star-shaped glial cells in the brain and spinal cord. They are also known collectively as astroglia. The proportion of astrocytes in the brain varies. Studies have found that the astrocyte proportion varies by region from 20% to 40% of all glia.  Astrocytes do many things. They help the endothelial cells of the blood–brain barrier, provide nutrients to the nervous tissue, keep extracellular ions in balance. They also help repair the brain and spinal cord after traumatic injuries. Research since the mid-1990s has shown that astrocytes release Ca2+ ions, and adjust brain functions. Such discoveries have made astrocytes an important area of research in neuroscience.
Mangesh Keshav Padgaonkar (Devanagari: मंगेश केशव पाडगांवकर; 10 March 1929 – 30 December 2015) was an Indian poet from Maharashtra, India. He was born on 10 March 1929 in Vengurla, Sindhudurg District in Maharashtra.  Padgaonkar has 40 publications to his credit. He began writing at the age of 14. The United States Library of Congress has 31 of his publications in their collection. He has also translated works of Kabir and Surdas in Marathi along with Shakespeare's plays "The Tempest", "Julius Caesar" and "Romeo and Juliet". In 2008, his translation of the Bible was released. Padgaonkar died in Mumbai from a short illness at the age of 86.
Joe Houston (July 11, 1926 – December 28, 2015) was an American tenor saxophonist. He played jazz and rhythm and blues. He was born in Bastrop, Texas. His career began in the 1940s in Kansas City, Missouri. Houston formed his own band The Rockets, and moved to Los Angeles in 1952. He scored his only two chart hit singles in 1952 with "Worry, Worry, Worry" and "Hard Time Baby" both of which peaked at #10 on "Billboard's" R&amp;B singles chart. Houston's musical career ended after he suffered a stroke in 2005. He died on December 28, 2015 in Long Beach, California, following a series of strokes, aged 89.
The Apgar score is used in medicine. It is a quick way of measuring how healthy a newborn baby is. Virginia Apgar invented the Apgar score in 1952. She was an anesthesiologist, and created the score to measure how babies were affected by anesthesia given to their mothers during childbirth. Today, the Apgar score is very commonly used by doctors, nurses, midwives, emergency medical technicians (EMTs), and other medical professionals. One of the reasons it is so popular is that doing an Apgar test is very quick. It usually takes less than a minute, sometimes just seconds. When an Apgar test is done, five simple things about the newborn baby are checked. The newborn gets a score of 0, 1, or 2 on each of these give things. The scores are added up, and the total is the newborn's Apgar score. "Apgar" is the name of the woman who invented the Apgar scale. But "APGAR" is also a backronym that stands for the things the Apgar scale checks. These are Appearance, Pulse, Grimace, Activity, and Respiration. What the scores mean. The Apgar test is usually done one minute after birth, and again five minutes after birth. It may be repeated later if the score is low and stays low. The main goal of the Apgar score is to see whether the newborn needs medical help. Usually: Low scores. If a newborn has a low Apgar score one minute after birth, this does not mean the baby is going to have long-term health problems. This is especially true if the Apgar score is better five minutes after birth. But an Apgar score that stays below 3 at later times—like 10, 15, or 30 minutes after birth—may show that the newborn has brain damage. These newborns are a little more likely to have cerebral palsy. However, the Apgar test cannot predict (say for sure) whether a baby will have long-term health problems.
Douglas Leon Atkins (May 8, 1930 – December 30, 2015) was a former American football defensive end. He played for the Cleveland Browns, Chicago Bears and New Orleans Saints in the National Football League. He played college football at the University of Tennessee under legendary head coach Robert Neyland. He is a member of the College Football Hall of Fame and the Pro Football Hall of Fame. He was born in Humboldt, Tennessee.  Atkins died in Knoxville, Tennessee on December 30, 2015 at the age of 85.
Jerzmanice-Zdrój is a small village in Lower Silesia, Poland. The first time it appeared in sources was in 1253 as Hermanstorph. The village administrator is Edward Janiec. Jerzmanice-Zdrój was a health resort from 1881, when a doctor from the nearby town Złotoryja made a small place for sick people called "Hermsdorf Bad". This lasted until World War II. After the war, the health resort did not re-open. Origin of name. The origin of "Jerzmanice" is unknown. One theory is that this part of the name is a Polish crack from German name "Hermsdorf" or "Hermannsdorf". These names are an earlier name of Jerzmanice-Zdrój. The origin of "zdrój" is means "spring" or "spa" in English.  A lot of people do not say "Jerzmanice-Zdrój", only "Jerzmanice". The earlier names of Jerzmanice are: Bad Hermsdorf, Hermsdorf, Hermannsdorf, Hermanstorph, Hermsdorf am Katzbach. In 1946 the name "Jerzmanice Zdrój" was established. Environment. The highest point in Jerzmanice is Goleń Hill. It is above sea level. It is in the valley of Kaczawa. Education. The village has a primary school and public library.  Traffic. Through Jerzmanice run a few streets: DW364 and DW328. The most popular way of travel is private transportation. Religions. Most citizens are Roman Catholics, but only about 20% practise it. Some people are Jehovah's Witnesses or atheists.
Gino John Marchetti (January 2, 1926 – April 29, 2019) was an American professional football player in the National Football League and businessman. A defensive end, he played in 1952 for the Dallas Texans and from 1953 to 1966 for the Baltimore Colts. Marchetti was born in Smithers, West Virginia. He was raised in Antioch, California. Marchetti studied at Modesto Junior College and at the University of San Francisco. In 2004, Marchetti was voted to the East-West Shrine Game Hall of Fame. Marchetti died of problems caused by pneumonia on April 29, 2019 at a hospital in Paoli, Pennsylvania at the age of 93.
A reign is the period of time that a monarch (a king, queen, emperor, etc.) rules over a country. It can also be the period of time that a spiritual leader rules in a particular office. For example, the reign of a pope, dalai lama, patriarch etc. A reign can also be used for an office or championship. In many cases a reign lasts until the monarch (or leader) resigns, dies, or is removed. A monarch's reign was sometimes used to mark time officially. In Anglo-Saxon England for example, many royal documents were dated by the regnal year of the king. This lasted until about the 10th century. Current Longest Reigning Monarchs. Some of the longest reigning current monarchs are: Some of the longest reigning monarchs of all time are: Shortest Reigning Monarchs in History. Some of the shortest reigns in history are:
Double Falcon (also possibly Dju and Nebwy) was a Predynastic pharaoh of Lower Egypt belonging to Dynasty 0. The exact timeline of his reign is unknown, although it is estimated to be during the 33rd century BCE. The length of his reign is unknown. Discovery. In 1910 M. J. Clédat, an Egyptologist, discovered the first evidence for king Double Falcon. A farmer at el-Mehemdiah in the north-eastern delta brought him a jar and some incised fragments found while planting a palm-grove in nearby el-Beda. Clédat soon discovered four serekhs of king Double Falcon. In 1912 Hermann Junker found a tomb at Tura, which contained a complete jar with a serekh topped by two falcons. More serekhs of king Double Falcon have been found in the Sinai, in Tell Ibrahim Awad in the eastern delta, in Adaima and Abydos in Upper Egypt, and in the Palmahim quarry in southern Israel. Because these finds have mainly been in Lower Egypt and north-western Sinai, it shows Double Falcon may have only ruled over these areas. However as some of his serekhs have been found in Upper Egypt and Canaan, it shows that the power of the Dynasty 0 kings was spreading. This had already begun towards the end of the Naqada III period, through trading or warfare. Name. The serekh of Double Falcon is unique. Firstly, it is the only one topped by two Horus falcons, facing each other. Secondly, the serekh does not have a place for the name. Instead this space is filled by vertical lines which usually represent the niched facade of a palace. The serekh does not have the horizontal line that separates the palace facade from the name of the ruler above. Finally, each falcon stands on its own peak. Experts believe that these features are symbolic. The two falcons could represent Lower Egypt and the Sinai, as it seems that Double Falcon reigned over both regions. Dreyer believes that the falcons stand on a on a sign meaning "mountain" which is N26 of
Alcohol withdrawal (also called alcohol withdrawal syndrome) is medical problem. It is a set of symptoms that can happen when a person who has drunk alcohol for a long time stops drinking. It can also happen when a person starts drinking less than they used to. Alcohol withdrawal can be very dangerous. In the worst cases, it can even kill a person. This is why it is dangerous for people who drink a lot to stop drinking without talking to a doctor first. Why does withdrawal happen? Alcohol is a central nervous system depressant. This means that alcohol slows down the activity in some parts of the brain. This can create good feelings, like feeling relaxed and happy. If a person drinks a lot of alcohol, eventually their body will get used to the alcohol. After a while, the person will need to drink more and more alcohol to feel drunk and to slow down parts of their brain. This is called "tolerance". Once the body is used to having alcohol (and having parts of the brain slowed down), suddenly taking away the alcohol will cause withdrawal symptoms. The central nervous system is used to being slowed down by alcohol. So without alcohol, the central nervous system gets very excited and over-active. A person who gets tolerant to alcohol, and gets withdrawal symptoms when they stop drinking, is "physically dependent" on alcohol. This is also called "physical addiction." Who gets alcohol withdrawal? Not everybody who drinks a lot of alcohol gets withdrawal symptoms when they stop. No one knows why some people get withdrawal symptoms and others do not. About half of people with alcoholism will get withdrawal symptoms if they drink less than usual. About 5% to 20% of patients withdrawing from alcohol will get the most dangerous form of alcohol withdrawal: delirium tremens. About 1/3 (one out of three) people who have withdrawal seizures will get delirium tremens. Symptoms of alcohol withdrawal. Symptoms of alcohol withdrawal are mostly caused by a central nervous system that is over-excited and working too hard. Everybody has a different set of withdrawal symptoms. Some people have only mild symptoms, like being unable to sleep or feeling anxious. Other people have very bad, life-threatening symptoms, like delirium
Cocaine withdrawal happens when a person who uses a lot of cocaine stops using cocaine. It can also happen when a person who uses a lot of cocaine starts using less cocaine than they did before. Cocaine (also called coke) is a powerful stimulant. It is an illegal drug outside of hospital usage. It makes people feel very happy, talkative, energetic, and not want to eat as much food. Side effects of cocaine. Cocaine's most dangerous side effects include: Withdrawal effects of cocaine. After using cocaine regularly, some users will become addicted. When a person who is used to using cocaine stops right away, they will go through what is called a "crash" along with many of other cocaine withdrawal symptoms, like: Some cocaine users also report having similar symptoms to schizophrenia patients and feel that their mind is lost. Some users also report formication: feeling like things are crawling on the skin (also called, "coke bugs" or "spiders"). These symptoms can last for weeks or, in some cases, months. Even after many withdrawal symptoms go away, most users feel like they need to keep using cocaine. This feeling can last for years and may get worse during times of stress. About 30-40% of cocaine addicts start using other kinds of drugs or alcohol after they stop using cocaine. Treatment. Therapy. "Twelve-step programs" like Cocaine Anonymous (modeled on Alcoholics Anonymous and Narcotics Anonymous) have been widely used to help people addicted to cocaine. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and Motivational Therapy (MT) have proven to be more helpful than 12-step programs in treating cocaine dependency. However, both of these approaches have a fairly low success rate. Ibogaine has been researched a treatment for cocaine dependency. It is used in clinics in Mexico, the Netherlands, and Canada, but it cannot be used legally in the United States. Non-drug treatments like acupuncture and hypnosis have been studied. However, these studies have not clearly shown that acupuncture or hypnosis helps with cocaine withdrawal. Cocaine addiction continues to be the second-most difficult addiction to manage, behind heroin addiction. Medications. Medications that have been studied to treat
Naloxone (often called Narcan), is an opioid antagonist medication. It is used to reverse the effects of opioid painkillers, especially when a person has overdosed on opioids. Examples of opioids include:  These painkillers are central nervous system depressants. This means they slow down certain areas of the brain. If a person takes too many opiates, this can shut down the part of the brain that controls breathing. The person may become unable to breathe and die. When a person has taken too much of one of these painkillers, naloxone can reverse the painkillers' effects and save the person's life. Naloxone may be mixed into the same pill as an opioid painkiller to decrease the risk of misuse.  When given intravenously, naloxone works within two minutes. When injected into a muscle, it works within five minutes. The medication may also be shot up the nose and this is how it is used the most often.  The effects of naloxone last about 30 minutes to an hour. Since most opioids last longer than naloxone, a person may need several doses of naloxone to fight the effects of an overdose. The way that naloxone works. When a person takes opioids, the opioids have to attach to certain receptor sites in the brain in order to work, like a lock in a keyhole. Once the opioids attach to these opiate receptor sites - like a lock fitting into a keyhole - the opiates start to work. Opiates and opioids also act on other receptors. They block pain, create euphoria, and make people feel calm and relaxed. But if a person takes too many opiates or too much, that can also make it impossible to breathe, for example when the diaphragm (a muscle) relaxes too much along with the other muscles.  Naloxone fits better onto these opiate receptor sites than actual opiates do. It is an opioid antagonist. If a person takes naloxone, the naloxone will throw any opiate off of the opiate receptor sites (like a key getting taken out of a door). Naloxone will stay
Pulmonary edema (pulmonary oedema in British English) is fluid in the lungs ("Pulmonary" means "lungs"; "edema" means "swelling" or "fluid"). Normally, the lungs fill with air when a person breathes in. From the alveoli in the lungs, oxygen goes into the blood. The blood then carries oxygen to the entire body. Every part of the body needs oxygen to survive. When a person has fluid in their lungs (pulmonary edema), there is not enough space left for air to get into the lungs. The person will not be able to breathe in as much air. This means not as much oxygen will get into the blood, and the body will not get the oxygen it needs. Causes. The most common cause of pulmonary edema is heart failure on the left side of the heart. The left side of the heart is supposed to pump blood to the entire body. If the left side of the heart is too weak to do this, blood will back up into the lungs. This is called "cardiogenic pulmonary edema". ("Cardiogenic" means "caused by the heart.") Other, "non-cardiogenic" causes of pulmonary edema include: Symptoms. Symptoms of pulmonary edema may include: Flash pulmonary edema. Flash pulmonary edema is a medical emergency. It is pulmonary edema that comes on very quickly. Usually pulmonary edema takes a few hours to develop. But in the worst cases of flash pulmonary edema, a person's lungs can fill completely with fluid in minutes. Flash pulmonary edema can also be caused by moving a person with pulmonary edema, or lying them down. Treatment. No matter what the cause is, pulmonary edema can be treated by: Other treatments can focus on the cause of the pulmonary edema. For example, if a person with kidney failure has had too much salt or fluid, they can have dialysis to take away the extra fluid and salt.
A serekh was an important type of heraldic crest used in Ancient Egypt. Appearance. Serekhs, particularly those found throughout Egyptian history, are typically composed of three components: a recessed or niched façade, the king’s name inscribed in a panel, and a falcon. While both the façade and name depictions are consistent in history, during a portion of Egyptian history there appears variety among the animal incarnation specified. This can be seen by the falcon being presented singularly, joined alongside a Seth chimera, completely replaced by the Seth, or absent of both. Prominent examples include the mid-Dynasty II’s ruler Peribsen whose serekh exclusively displays the Seth animal and his predecessor, Khasekhemwy, whose serekh joins both falcon and Seth animal.  Dissecting these components, it appears each element serves a purpose in its iconography of kingship. The recessed or niched façade, which appears at the bottom of the serekh, is often considered associated with the king’s ownership of large building such as a palace or tomb. This rendition would serve both to certify the king’s authority but also to acknowledge his possession of wealth. The panel, which exists between the niched façade and the falcon, is observed as the space where the king’s name is written. It’s underlying purpose is often debated, however, some claim it to be an allusion to early architectural elements such as the in many pharaonic tombs. On top of this panel, as stated earlier, is often a falcon denoting the god Horus. Horus’s presence in the serekh suggests the name inscribed in the panel as being the king’s Horus name, but the god’s association with kingship often lends credibility to the monarch. Both the Seth and Horus animals can be shown wearing a red, white, or double crown of Egypt and in some instances, appear in control of weapons. Such personification indicates the larger role played by the serekh, and potentially the use of the animal god as a representation of the king. The king himself would often be known to contain or exemplify the ‘
Dwight Devon Boyd Gayle (born 17 October 1989) is an English professional footballer who plays as a striker for Sky Bet League One club Derby County. Honours. Stansted Crystal Palace Newcastle United Individual
The Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment (/tʌsˈkiːɡiː/) was a clinical study. The study was done between 1932 and 1972 by the United States Public Health Service. Its goal was to study how syphilis progressed (got worse) if it was not treated. The study's subjects (the people who were being studied) were poor African American sharecroppers. They were told that they were receiving free health care from the U.S. government. This experiment is infamous because none of the men being studied were told that they had syphilis. Even after the 1940s, when doctors realized that penicillin could cure syphilis, the men were not given this cure, or any other treatment. The men were not told that they were not getting real treatment, or that a cure was available. This study raised many important questions about medical ethics. Background. In the 1930s, when the study started, syphilis was a very serious health problem in the United States. In fact, syphilis had been a serious health problem throughout all of history. Syphilis gets worse over time. It can be very painful. If it is not treated, it causes brain damage and death. In the 1930s, there was no cure for syphilis. The treatments that were used did not work well and some were poisonous. Doctors did not understand syphilis. Because of this they did not have any way to help people with the disease. There had been very few studies done on how syphilis affected people. One study was done in Norway in 1928, but it studied only white men. In the 1930s, people believed that syphilis affected people of different races in different ways. Doctors thought that African Americans' cardiovascular system was more affected by syphilis than the central nervous system. The Tuskegee study group decided to study how syphilis affected African Americans. They reasoned that they could not cure or treat people with syphilis anyway, and that they would learn things that would help doctors understand syphilis better. The experiment. Beginnings. The
The 2015-16 UEFA Champions League was the 61st season of Europe's premier club football tournament organised by UEFA. It is the 24th season since it was renamed from the European Champion Clubs' Cup to the UEFA Champions League. The was played at the San Siro in Milan, Italy. Barcelona were the defending champions but Real Madrid won the tournament in penalties over Atlético Madrid. Statistics. Goalscorers. 16 goals 9 goals 8 goals 7 goals 6 goals 5 goals 4 goals 3 goals 2 goals 1 goal Own goals Hat-tricks. 4
Howard Edward Davis, Jr. (February 14, 1956 – December 30, 2015) was an American amateur and professional boxer. He was born in Glen Cove, New York, but raised in Long Island, New York. After being inspired by a movie about Muhammad Ali, Davis began his amateur career in boxing. He won the 1976 Olympic gold medal one week after his mother died. He was also awarded the "Val Barker Trophy at the Olympics. He became professional after the Olympics and went on to a professional record of 36–6–1 with 14 knockouts. He retired in 1996. After retirement he became a trainer. Eventually he worked as boxing director at American Top Team in Coconut Creek, Florida, where he trained both amateur and professional boxers and MMA fighters. He was also a motivational speaker and a musician. Davis, Jr. died on December 30, 2015 from lung cancer in Plantation, Florida at the age of 59.
Ian Murdock (28April 1973 – 28December 2015) was a German-born American software engineer. He was known for being the founder of the Debian project and Progeny Linux Systems, a commercial Linux company. He was born in Konstanz, Germany. Murdock died on 28 December 2015 from unknown causes in San Francisco, California at the age of 42. Details surrounding his death have not been released. The last tweets at his Twitter account described violent encounters with police. It was reported that he declared an intention to commit suicide over Twitter, but there is as of now no public record of such a tweet. It was reported that police officer found Murdock drunk and that he did not appear suicidal.