ejaasaari/simplewiki-2025-04-01 huggingface dataset:
A lemma is a word that stands at the head of a definition in a dictionary. All the head words in a dictionary are lemmas. Technically, it is "a base word and its inflections". A lemma is the word you find in the dictionary. A lexeme is a unit of meaning, and can be more than one word. A lexeme is the set of all forms that have the same meaning, while "lemma" refers to the particular form that is chosen by convention to represent the lexeme. In English, for example, "run", "runs" and "running" are forms of the same lexeme, but "run" is the lemma. Morphology. In English, the lemma of a noun is the singular: e.g., "mouse" rather than "mice". In languages with gender, the head word of regular adjectives and nouns is usually the masculine singular. If the language also has cases, the lemma is often the masculine singular nominative. In many languages, the citation form of a verb is the infinitive: French "aller", German "gehen", Spanish "ir". In English it usually is the full infinitive ("to go") although alphabetized without 'to' ("go"). Difference between stem and lemma. In computational linguistics, a stem is the part of the word that never changes even when different forms of the word are used. A lemma is the base form of the verb. For example, from "produced", the lemma is "produce", but the stem is "produc-". This is because there are words such as production. When sound (phonology) is taken into account, the definition of the unchangeable part of the word is not so useful. Notice the sound of the words in the example: "produced" versus "production" . Some lexemes have several stems but one lemma. For instance "to go" (the lemma) has the stems "go" and "went". Here, the past tense is based on a different verb, "to wend". The "-t" suffix is equivalent to "-ed".
Eadweard Muybridge (9 April 1830 – 8 May 1904) was an English pioneer in photographing motion and in motion picture projection. Muybridge was of partial Dutch descent. In his earlier years in San Francisco, Muybridge became known for his landscape photography, particularly of the Yosemite Valley. He also photographed the Tlingit people in Alaska. He was commissioned by the United States Army to photograph the Modoc War in 1873. In 1874 he shot and killed Major Harry Larkyns, his wife's lover. Muybridge was acquitted in a jury trial on the grounds of justifiable homicide.
Chelsea Handler (born February 25 1975) is an American writer, stand-up comedian and actress. She has performed in many movies and television programs. She is the host of "Chelsea Lately". She was born near Livingston, New Jersey. Handler was the host of the 2010 MTV Video Music Awards. "Are You There, Chelsea?" was an NBC sitcom. It was based on Handler's 2008 best-selling book "Are You There, Vodka? It's Me, Chelsea". The program aired from January 11 to March 28, 2012. On May 11, 2012, the network canceled it. Laura Prepon played the main character, "Chelsea Newman," a cocktail waitress. Handler was "Chelsea's" born-again Christian sister, "Sloane". She hosted the late-night talk show Chelsea Lately on the E! network from 2007 to 2014, and released a documentary series, Chelsea Does, on Netflix in January 2016. Between 2016 and 2017, Handler hosted the talk show, Chelsea, on Netflix.
Willard Herman Scott, Jr. (March 7, 1934 – September 4, 2021) was an American weather presenter, author, television personality, clown, comedian, radio personality and occasional actor. He was best known for creating and originally playing Ronald McDonald in the McDonald's commercials. He was on "The Today Show" for many years. He retired in 2015. Scott died on September 4, 2021, of natural causes in Delaplane, Virginia at the age of 87. Writings. Scott has published several fiction and non-fiction books: He has also co-authored two books with Bill Crider:
Robert Doisneau (14 April 1912 – 1 April 1994) was a French photographer. In the 1930s, he used a form of camera called a Leica on the streets of Paris. He and Henri Cartier-Bresson were pioneers of photojournalism. As a young man Doisneau attended the École Estienne in Paris to learn the crafts involved in the book trade, but he always claimed that the streets of the working-class neighbourhood of Gentilly provided his most important schooling. In 1929, in an effort to improve his draftsmanship, he began photographing, just as Modernist ideas were beginning to promote photography as the prime medium for advertising and reportage.
Luther Thomas Ingram (November 30, 1937 – March 19, 2007) was an American R&amp;B singer-songwriter. He had many hit songs during his career. His song "(If Loving You is Wrong) I Don't Want to be Right" was released in 1972. He died from heart failure.
The Honey War was a bloodless border dispute in the 1830s between Iowa (first as a part of Wisconsin Territory, then Iowa Territory) and Missouri over their border. The Honey War was caused by a disagreement over a wide piece of land covering the entire border (see map). The disagreement was caused because 3 things were not easy to understand: the Missouri Constitution's part about borders, the survey of the Louisiana Purchase, and treaties with the Native Americans. The United States Supreme Court ended the dispute in Iowa's favor. It said that the almost-straight border of Iowa would follow the Des Moines River south for about until it reached the Mississippi River near Keokuk. During the War, the state militias faced each other, a Missouri sheriff collecting taxes in Iowa was arrested, and three honey trees were cut down.
Sir Daniel Michael Blake Day-Lewis (born 29 April 1957) is a retired British actor. He won three Academy Awards, four BAFTA Awards, three Screen Actors Guild Awards, and three Golden Globe Awards.  He was born in London, England on 29 April 1957. He had dual citizenship - British and Irish. He is the youngest of Cecil Day-Lewis' four children and the younger of Jill Balcon's two children. His sister, Tamasin Day-Lewis, is a television chef. Day-Lewis married Rebecca Miller (the daughter of Arthur Miller) in 1996. From another relationship Day-Lewis has one son. With Miller, he has two sons. He starred in most movies, such as "My Left Foot", "There Will Be Blood" and "Gangs in New York". He played Abraham Lincoln in Steven Spielberg's 2012 biopic movie "Lincoln". He won an Golden Globe Award, Screen Actors Guild Award and an Academy Award for his performance. He retired from acting after starring in his final movie "Phantom Thread".
Richard St John Harris (1 October 1930 – 25 October 2002) was an Irish movie, stage, television actor, writer, movie, stage producer, singer-songwriter, and a movie director who is known for his roles as King Arthur in "Camelot" and as Albus Dumbledore in the first two "Harry Potter Movie Series". He was lifelong friends with Irish actor Peter O'Toole.  Harris was born in Limerick, Irish Free State on 1 October 1930 to an Irish Catholic family. Harris studied to become an actor at the Crescent College and at The Royal Academy of Music and Dramatic Art. Harris was married to Elizabeth Rees-Williams from 1957 until they divorced in 1969. Harris remarried in 1974 to Ann Turkel until they divorced in 1982. Harris has three sons: Jamie Harris, Jared Harris, and Damian Harris.  Harris died on 25 October 2002 from Hodgkin's lymphoma in his London, England home, aged 72. He was replaced in the role of Dumbledore by Michael Gambon.
Rodolfo Vera Quizon, Sr. (July 25, 1928 – July 10, 2012) was a Filipino, director, comedian, movie, television, stage, and radio actor. He is also known for his comedy works earning him the nickname as "The King of Comedy".  Dolphy was born on July 25, 1928 in Tondo, Manila, Philippines on July 25, 1928. He has 17 children and one adopted child by his partner Zsa Zsa Padilla. Dolphy died on July 10, 2012, aged 83, in Makati City, Metro Manila, Philippines from multiple organ failure after suffering pneumonia and renal failure.
Christian Ludolph "Buddy" Ebsen, Jr. (April 2, 1908 – July 6, 2003) was an American actor, dancer, singer and comedian. He was known for his roles as Jed Clampett in "The Beverly Hillbillies" and as Barnaby Jones in "Barnaby Jones". Ebsen was the oldest voice guest star in television history with his voice role as Chet Elderson in "King of the Hill". Ebsen was originally cast to play the Scarecrow in "The Wizard of Oz". However, Ray Bolger, who was playing the Tin Man, convinced Ebsen to trade roles for a rehearsal. Ebsen had a very bad allergic reaction to the aluminum dust in the Tin Man's makeup. He had to go to the hospital. He was so sick that Jack Haley replaced him as the Scarecrow. Ebsen was married to Ruth Cambridge from 1936 until they divorced in 1942. He was later married to Nancy Wolcott from 1944 until they divorced in 1985. Ebsen was last married to Dorothy Knott from 1985 until his death in 2003. Ebsen had 2 children with Cambridge, 5 with Wolcott, and one with Knott. Ebsen died on July 6, 2003 in the Torrance Memorial Medical Center in Torrance, California from respiratory failure caused by pneumonia, aged 95 years old. He was buried at Pacific Crest Cemetery in Redondo Beach, California.
Christopher Robert "Chris" Evans (born June 13, 1981) is an American television, voice, and movie actor. He is known for his roles as Johnny Storm/Human Torch in "Fantastic Four" and "" and as Captain America in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (2011-2019). Evans was born in Sudbury, Massachusetts on June 13, 1980. On September 9, 2023, Evans married actress Alba Baptista. Other websites.
Mark Alan Ruffalo (born November 22, 1967) is an American director, screenwriter, producer, movie, television, and voice actor. He is known for his role as Hulk in the "Marvel Cinematic Universe" (2012-today). Ruffalo was born in Kenosha, Wisconsin on November 22, 1967. Ruffalo has been married to Sunrise Coigney since 2000. They have three children. In November 2017, Ruffalo and Senator Bernie Sanders, who Ruffalo supported in the 2016 United States presidential election, were nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album for their narration of the Sanders's memoir "".
Christopher Hemsworth (born 11 August 1983) is an Australian actor. He is known for his role as Thor in the "Marvel Cinematic Universe" (2010–present). Life. Hemsworth was born on 11 August 1983 in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. He has been married to actress and model Elsa Pataky since 2010. They have three children.
Stellan John Skarsgård (born June 13, 1951) is a Swedish movie, television, stage, and voice actor. He is known for his roles as Bootstrap Bill Turner in ' and ' and as Dr. Erik Selvig in "Thor", "The Avengers", and "Thor: The Dark World". Skarsgård was born in Gothenburg, Sweden on June 13, 1951. Skarsgård was married to My Skarsgård from 1975 until they divorced in 2007. They had six children: Alexander (born in 1976), Gustaf (born in 1980), Sam (born in 1982), Bill (born in 1990), Eija (born in 1992) and Valter (born in 1995). Four of Skarsgård's children – Alexander, Gustaf, Bill, and Valter, are also actors. Skarsgård has been married to Megan Everett since 2010. They have two sons: Ossian (born in 2009) and Kolbjörn (born in 2012).
Paul Bettany (born 27 May 1971) is an English movie, voice, television, and stage actor. He voiced J.A.R.V.I.S. in the movies "Iron Man", "Iron Man 2" "The Avengers", and "Iron Man 3". He played the fictional character Vision in ' and '. Bettany was born in Shepherd's Bush, London, England. He has been married to Jennifer Connelly since 2003. They have three children.
In mathematics, sets can be used to make new sets. Given two sets "A" and "B", the Cartesian product of "A" with "B" is written as "A × B", and is the set of all ordered pairs whose first element is a member of "A", and whose second element is a member of "B".  For example, let "A" = {1, 2, 3} and "B" = {a, b}. Then: formula_1 The set of a Cartesian product can be visualized as a two-dimensional table, with its entry being its elements.
Robert Clark Gregg (born April 2, 1962) is an American director, screenwriter, actor and voice artist. He has acted in both television and movies. Gregg is known for his role as Phil Coulson in "Iron Man", "Iron Man 2", "Thor", and "The Avengers". Gregg was born in Boston, Massachusetts. Gregg married Jennifer Grey in 2001. They have a daughter, Stella Gregg. They divorced in 2021.
Jacoba Francisca Maria Smulders (born April 3, 1982) is a Canadian-American model, actress and voice artist. She has acted in movies and television. She played Robin Scherbatsky in the TV series "How I Met Your Mother". She plays Maria Hill in the "Marvel Cinematic Universe". Smulders was born in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Smulders has been married to Taran Killam since 2012. They have two daughters, Shaelyn Cado Killam (born 2009) and Janita Mae Killam (born 2015).
In mathematics, a magma is kind of algebraic structure. It is a set with a binary operation on that set. A binary operation works by taking two elements from a set (that do not have to be different) and returning some other element of that set. If we give the set a label (such as "X") and the binary operation a label (such as •). Then we give the magma the label ("X", •). Examples. The natural numbers with addition form a magma. Because the set of natural numbers is written as formula_1 and addition is written as formula_2 the magma is written as formula_3. The name of the magma would be "The natural numbers under addition". The integers with multiplication form a magma. Because the set of integers is written as formula_4 and multiplication (in abstract mathematics) is written as formula_5 the magma is written as formula_6. The name of the magma would be "The integers under multiplication". The real numbers under division do not form a magma. This is because numbers cannot be divided by 0. A binary operation requires that "any" two elements can be taken from the set (in this case in order) to produce another element from the set. The real numbers without 0 is written as formula_7. It can be shown that the formula_8 is a magma.
Joseph Maher (December 29 1933 - July 17 1998) was an Irish-American movie, television, voice, and stage actor. He is best known from his acting in the television series "Goode Behavior" and the movies "Heaven Can Wait", "Mars Attacks" and "Sister Act". He played the character Mr. Chambers in 1984 short "Frankenweenie". Maher won a Drama Desk Award in 1986. Maher was born in Westport, County Mayo, Ireland on December 29, 1933. Maher was openly gay. He was a naturalized US citizen. Maher died on July 17, 1998 in Los Angeles, California from a brain tumor. He was 64 years old when he died.
Tobias Edward Heslewood Jones (born 7 September 1966) is an English actor. He is known for his roles as Arnim Zola in ', Dobby in "Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets" and "Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows", as Claudius Templesmith in "The Hunger Games", Irving Paul Lazar in "Frost/Nixon", as Percy Alleline in "Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy", as Gunnar in ' and as Owl in the 2018 Disney movie "Christopher Robin". Jones was born in Hammersmith, London, England on 7 September 1966 to Freddie Jones and Jennifer Heselwood.
Dianne Goldman Berman Feinstein ( ; born Dianne Emiel Goldman; June 22, 1933 – September 29, 2023) was an American politician. She was the senior United States Senator from California. She was a member of the U.S. Democratic Party and was in Senate since November 4, 1992. She was also the 38th Mayor in San Francisco from 1978 to 1988. She was the first woman to have presided over a U.S. presidential inauguration. On February 14, 2023, she announced her decision not to run for reelection to a sixth term in 2024.  Early life. She was born in San Francisco, California. Feinstein is of Polish-German-Russian-Jewish descent. Death. Feinstein died on September 29, 2023 at her home in Washington, D.C. from problems caused by encephalitis at the age of 90.
John Arthur Lithgow (born October 19, 1945) is an American movie, stage, voice, television actor, poet, author, and musician. He began acting in 1972. He was in the movies "The World According to Garp", "Footloose", "Terms of Endearment", "Shrek", "Rise of the Planet of the Apes", "The Campaign" and "Conclave". Lithgow was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor twice. He played Arthur Mitchell on Showtime's "Dexter" and won Golden Globe and Emmy Awards for his acting. He played the protagonist Dick Solomon in sitcom "3rd Rock from the Sun". He later won a Golden Globe and Emmy Award for playing Winston Churchill on "The Crown". Lithgow was born on October 19, 1945 in Rochester, New York and studied at Harvard University. Lithgow was married to Jean Tayton from 1966 until they divorced in 1980. Lithgow has been married to Mary Yeager since 1981. Lithgow has three children, Ian, Phoebe, and Nathan Lithgow.
Paul Xavier Gleason (May 4, 1939 – May 27, 2006) was an American movie, television, voice, and stage actor who is known for his role as Dwayne T. Robinson in the 1988 action movie "Die Hard". Gleason was born in Jersey City, New Jersey on May 4, 1939 and raised in Uleta, Florida. Gleason was married to Candy Moore from 1971 until they divorced in 1978. Later, he was married to Susan Kehl from 1995 until his death in 2006. Gleason died on May 27, 2006 from lung cancer in a hospital in Burbank, California. He was 67 years old.
Jet is a geological material considered to be a minor gemstone. It is originally a wood product called lignite, squeezed and heated by geological processes. The older definition of mineral did not apply to organic material. Therefore, jet was not called a mineral, but instead a "mineraloid". However, this view is changing, as so many crystalline materials have organic origin. The English noun "jet" comes from the French word for the same material: "jaiet". Jet is either black or dark brown, but may contain pyrite inclusions, which are of brassy colour and metallic lustre. The adjective "jet-black", meaning as dark a black as possible, comes from this material.
Sylvia Sidney (born Sophia Kosow; August 8, 1910 – July 1, 1999) was an American movie, television, voice, and stage actress who is known for her role in the crime-drama movies. She is also known for playing Florence Norris in "Mars Attacks!" and as Juno in "Beetlejuice". Sidney won a Golden Globe Award and a Saturn Award. Sidney was born in The Bronx, New York on August 8, 1910 to Russian-Jewish immigrant parents. Sidney was married to writer Bennett Cerf from 1935 until they divorced in 1936. She married actor-director Luther Adler in 1938. The couple had a son named Jacob (1939–1987), and divorced in 1946. She was married to Carlton Alsop from 1947 until they divorced in 1951. Sidney died on July 1, 1999 in New York City from throat cancer. She was 88 years old.
William Glenn Shadix (April 15, 1952 – September 7, 2010) was an American movie, television, and voice actor who is known for his role as Otho in "Beetlejuice" and as the Mayor of Halloween Town in "The Nightmare Before Christmas". Shadix was born on April 15, 1952 in Bessemer, Alabama and studied at Birmingham-Southern College. Shadix was openly gay. Shadix died on September 7, 2010 from a blunt trauma in his Birmingham, Alabama home after he accidentally fell. He was 58 years old.
Albert Leslie Cochran (June 24, 1951 – March 8, 2012) was an American activist and homeless man. Cochran is known for his activism on the city of Austin, Texas. Cochran was born in Miami, Florida on June 24, 1951. He was married from 1985 through 1986.  On October 1, 2009, police officers found him unconscious outdoors. He was taken to the University Medical Center Brackenridge in critical condition. He claimed he was attacked by a group of people after commenting about the dangers of drug abuse.  Cochran died on the morning of March 8, 2012 from a head trauma in Austin, Texas, aged 60.
The Great Oxygenation Event (GOE) was the creation of free oxygen in our atmosphere. It was caused by cyanobacteria doing photosynthesis. It took a very long time, from three billion years ago to about one billion years ago. Photosynthesis was making oxygen both before and after the GOE. Before the GOE, organic matter and dissolved iron chemically captured any free oxygen. Earth has much iron, and iron has higher solubility than its oxides, so the oceans had much dissolved iron. It became iron oxide and made huge deposits of banded iron rock from the Archaean and Proterozoic eras. When not enough iron remained to capture more oxygen, free oxygen accumulated in the atmosphere. This was the GOE. Oxygen was toxic to most of the Earth's anaerobic inhabitants at the time. As cyanobacteria produced oxygen, and built their stromatolites, they changed the environment for other protists. Since the other protists had no way to deal with oxygen, most became extinct. Another consequence was the effect of free oxygen on atmospheric methane, a greenhouse gas. Their reaction removed the methane, and caused the Huronian glaciation. This was perhaps the longest snowball Earth episode ever. Free oxygen has been an important part of the atmosphere ever since. Timing. The evidence is that free oxygen was first produced by photosynthetic organisms (prokaryotic, later eukaryotic) which emitted oxygen as a waste product. These organisms lived long before the GOE, perhaps 3500 million years ago (mya). The oxygen they made would have quickly been removed from the atmosphere by the 'mass rusting' which led to the deposition of banded-iron formations. Oxygen only began to continue in the atmosphere in small quantities shortly (~50 million years) before the start of the GOE. Without a draw-down, oxygen would come to the atmosphere and stay there very quickly. At today's rates of photosynthesis (which are much greater than those in the land-plant-free Precambrian), modern atmospheric O2 levels could be produced in around 2,000 years. Timeline:
Edmund John Kellaway (September 26, 1877 – September 6, 1959) was an English movie, television, and stage actor who is known for his role as Santa Claus in "Miracle on 34th Street". Gwenn won an Academy Award and two Golden Globe Awards. Gwenn was born in Wandsworth, London, England on September 26, 1877. He studied at St. Olave's School and King's College London. Gwenn was married to Minnie Terry for one day in 1901. They divorced the same day they married. Gwenn died on September 6, 1959 from pneumonia cause by a stroke in his Woodland Hills, Los Angeles home, aged 81.
Pete van Wieren (October 7, 1944 – August 2, 2014) was a former American sportscaster. He was the voice of Major League Baseball's Atlanta Braves along with Skip Caray. Van Wieren was born in Rochester, New York. He also called games for the Atlanta Hawks, Atlanta Falcons preseason, and Atlanta Flames. Van Wieren also was employed for Turner Sports calling college football games on TBS and NBA games for TNT and TBS. He unexpectedly announced his retirement in 2008 after the death of fellow broadcaster Skip Caray. Early in 2010, Van Wieren was diagnosed with lymphoma. Van Wieren died from the disease in Atlanta, Georgia, aged 69.
John Daniel "Dan" Hicks (born June 2 1962 in Tucson, Arizona) is a sportscaster with NBC.  He currently calls golf tournaments for NBC. He also is a fill-in for Notre Dame Football on NBC when Tom Hammond is not there. Hicks called swimming and figure skating in the Olympics. He called NFL games for NBC, as well as NBA games. Hicks called the 2012 Pro Bowl with analysts Mike Mayock and Doug Flutie and sideline reporters Alex Flanagan and Randy Moss. In the 2012 preseason game between the Indianapolis Colts and Pittsburgh Steelers, Hicks called an NFL game for the first time since 1997. Hicks filled in for Al Michaels because Michaels took a break after anchoring the 2012 London Summer Olympics. Hicks is married to ESPN sportscaster Hannah Storm.