ejaasaari/simplewiki-2025-04-01 huggingface dataset:
D-branes are a special and important subset of branes defined by the condition that fundamental strings can end on the D-branes. This is literally the technical definition of D-branes, and it turns out that this simple fact determines all of the properties of D-branes. Perturbatively, fundamental strings are more fundamental than branes or any other objects. In that old-fashioned description, D-branes are "solitons"—configurations  of classical fields that arise from the closed strings. They are analogous to magnetic monopoles, which may also be written as classical configurations of the "more fundamental fields" in field theory. In a similar way, D-brane masses diverge for. Non-perturbatively, D-branes and other branes are equally fundamental as strings. In fact, when sent to infinity, some D-branes may become the lightest objects—usually strings of a dual (S-dual) theory. When we include very strongly coupled regimes (high values of the string coupling constant), there is a brane democracy. Back to the perturbative realm. The condition that open strings can end on D-branes and nowhere else means that there exists a particular spectrum of open strings stretched between such D-branes. By quantifying these open strings, we obtain all the fields that propagate along (and in between) such D-branes. The usual methods (world sheets of all topologies, now allowing boundaries) allow us to calculate all the interactions of these modes, too. So yes, D-branes also vibrate. But because their tension goes to infinity, you need even more energy to excite these vibrations than for strings. The quanta of these vibrations are particles identified with open strings that move along these D-branes but are stuck on them. The insight that the D-branes are dynamical and may vibrate, and the insight that they carry Ramond-Ramond charges (generalizations of the electromagnetic field one obtains from superstrings whose all RNS fermionic fields are periodic on the world sheet) were the main insights of Joe Polchinski in 1995 that made D-branes essential players and helped to drive the second superstring revolution. Other
Methodology is a fundamental concept that plays a crucial role in various fields of study, guiding researchers and practitioners in their quest for knowledge and problem-solving. In simple terms, methodology refers to the systematic approach or set of methods used to conduct research, gather information, or achieve a specific goal. Historical background. The roots of methodology can be traced back to ancient civilizations where thinkers and scholars developed systematic ways to understand the world around them. In ancient Greece, for instance, philosophers like Aristotle laid the groundwork for logical reasoning and structured inquiry. Over time, different disciplines evolved their own methodologies, shaping the methods used in fields such as science, philosophy, and social sciences. Understanding methodology. Methodology is the 'how' of a study – the systematic plan that outlines the steps taken to answer a question or solve a problem. It ensures that research is conducted in an organized, unbiased, and replicable manner, promoting reliability and credibility in the findings. Methodology typically includes research design, data collection methods, and data analysis techniques. Examples. In the natural sciences, the scientific method is a well-known methodology. It involves making observations, forming hypotheses, conducting experiments, and analyzing results to draw conclusions. In social sciences, survey methodology is commonly used. Researchers collect data through questionnaires or interviews to understand opinions, behaviors, or trends in a population. Historians use a methodology that involves examining primary sources, interpreting evidence, and constructing narratives to understand and explain past events. In various disciplines, the case study methodology is employed to investigate specific instances, providing an in-depth analysis of a particular subject or phenomenon. Practical steps in methodology. Clearly articulate the problem or question you aim to address. Select an appropriate research design, such as experimental, correlational, or descriptive. Determine how you will gather data – through surveys, experiments, observations, or other methods. Choose methods to analyze collected data, whether statistical analysis, content analysis, or qualitative interpretation. Based on the analysis, draw conclusions that address your research question. Conclusion. Methodology is the backbone of any study, providing a structured path for researchers to follow. From ancient philosophers to modern scientists, the importance of a systematic approach has been recognized throughout history. By understanding the basic concepts and examples of methodology, individuals can engage in more effective research, problem-solving, and knowledge acquisition in their respective fields.
Tréban is a commune. It is in Occitanie in the Tarn department in south France.
Trévien is a commune. It is in Occitanie in the Tarn department in south France.
Valderiès is a commune. It is in Occitanie in the Tarn department in south France.
Vénès is a commune. It is in Occitanie in the Tarn department in south France.
Visual communication is the sharing of information using pictures, drawings, or symbols rather than just words. It is a method of message passing through images and it is widely used in various aspects of daily life, including books, advertisements, and digital media. Visual communication involves the use of visual elements such as images, diagrams, charts, and symbols to convey information. Instead of relying solely on text, visual communication relies on the power of images to communicate ideas and messages effectively. Visual communication is essential because it helps people understand information quickly and easily. Images can often convey complex ideas more efficiently than words alone, making visual communication a valuable tool in various fields, including education, marketing, and design. Applications. Visual communication is utilized in numerous fields and industries, including: Examples. Examples of visual communication include:
Guarabira is an Brazilian city in the state of Paraíba. In 2020, 59,115 people lived here and its area is 162,387 km².
A type foundry is a company that makes different styles of letters and symbols for writing. In the past, people used to carve these letters, known as glyphs, into metal or wood by hand. But nowadays, they use computers to design and publish various fonts. These fonts can be used in books, websites, and other places where words are written. Creating a font involves carefully designing each letter, number, and symbol using special computer programs. Designers adjust things like size, shape, and spacing to make sure the letters look good together. Once a font is finished, it can be sold or licensed to people who need it for their projects.
Type design is the process of creating different styles of letters and symbols used in writing. These letters and symbols, known as glyphs, when grouped together, form what we call typefaces or fonts. Fonts are commonly seen in books, websites, advertisements, and various other forms of visual communication. History. The history of type design stretches back many years. In ancient times, people would carve letters into materials like stone or wood. With the invention of the printing press in the 15th century, the creation of letters became easier, leading to the establishment of the first type foundries where fonts were made and sold. Type design, a subset of graphic design, is an essential aspect of visual communication. Whether in print or digital form, the fonts we encounter shape our reading experience and contribute to the overall effectiveness of communication. Type designers use a combination of creativity and technical skill to craft fonts that are both aesthetically pleasing and functional. Process. Today, type designers, who are a type of graphic designers, use computer software to create fonts. Factors like the width of the strokes, spacing between letters, and presence of serifs (little lines on letters) are taken into consideration during the design process. Type design, a subset of graphic design, is an essential aspect of visual communication. Whether in print or digital form, the fonts we encounter shape our reading experience and contribute to the overall effectiveness of communication. Type designers use a combination of creativity and technical skill to craft fonts that are both aesthetically pleasing and functional. Notable Designers. Throughout history, there have been many notable type designers who have made significant contributions to the field. Early pioneers like Johannes Gutenberg introduced movable type to Europe, while modern designers such as Adrian Frutiger and Jessica Hische have left their mark on contemporary type design.
Juan Manuel de Cañas-Trujillo and Sánchez de Madrid (n. Puerto de Santa María, Spain, July 2, 1763 - possibly in León, Nicaragua, after 1830) was a Spanish soldier, interim governor of the Province of Costa Rica (1819-1820) and subordinate political leader of the Party of Costa Rica (1820-1821).
The Rajko Mitić Stadium (), previously known as Red Star Stadium (), also known as Marakana (), is a football stadium in Belgrade, the capital city of Serbia. Red Star Belgrade is a only club that is playing there, making it their stadium.
Count Ioannis Kapodistrias (1776-1831) was an important political leader and diplomat from Greece in the early 1800s. He was born in Corfu when it was ruled by Venice. His family was well-known, with his father being a nobleman and artist. He started his career in politics in Corfu and later became Modern Greece's first Governor after the Greek War of Independence in 1821. Before becoming Governor, Kapodistrias worked for Russian Empire's government and helped Greece gain independence. He was good at diplomacy and had big ideas for how to run a country. His diplomatic skills earned him admiration and recognition. He didn't just influence Greece though. He also helped Switzerland become neutral and organized its government. His efforts in shaping the destinies of both Greece and Switzerland demonstrate his influence and legacy. The National and Kapodistrian University of Athens is named after him. Statues of Ioannis Kapodistrias can be found in Athens, Saint Petersburg and Lausanne. He was also featured on the 500 drachma banknote in recent years before Greece switched to using the euro on January 1, 2002. However, he faced opposition during his time in office, which ultimately led to his assassination in 1831 while he was still serving as Governor in Nafplio. He is buried in his hometown of Corfu.
Polish cuisine is a style of food preparation originating in and widely popular in Poland. Due to Poland's history, Polish cuisine has evolved over the centuries. It has borrowed many other national cuisines.  Polish cuisine is rich in meat, especially pork, chicken and game, and a wide range of vegetables, spices, fungi and mushrooms, and herbs. There are a lot of different kinds of pasta, cereals, grains and pulses. Polish cuisine makes extensive use of butter, cream, eggs, and seasoning. Traditional dishes often need a lot of preparation. Many Poles take time to serve and enjoy their festive meals, especially Christmas Eve dinner () on December 24, or Easter breakfast, both of which could take several days to prepare. Among popular Polish national dishes are , , , (pork loin breaded cutlet), (stuffed cabbage leaves), (roulade), (sour cucumber soup), (mushroom soup), (tomato soup), (meat broth), (sour rye soup), (tripe soup), and red beetroot soup . A traditional Polish dinner has three courses, beginning with a soup. In restaurants, soups are followed by an appetizer such as herring (prepared with either cream, oil, or in aspic), or other cured meats and chopped raw vegetable salads. The main course usually includes meat, such as a roast, breaded pork cutlet, or chicken, with a coleslaw-like (), shredded root vegetables with lemon and sugar (carrot, celeriac, cooked beetroot), sauerkraut, or salad. The side dishes are usually boiled potatoes, grain, or less commonly, rice. Meals often end with a dessert of either a fruit compote, a pastry, cream pie, mille-feuille, or cheesecake. If a Polish culinary tradition is used in other cuisines, it is referred to as "à la polonaise", from the French, meaning 'Polish-style.' In French cuisine, this term is used for techniques like using butter instead of cooking oil; frying vegetables with buttered breadcrumbs; using minced parsley and boiled eggs (Polonaise garnish); and adding horseradish, lemon juice, or sour cream to sauces like velouté.
A course is a set of food items served together during a meal, all at the same time. A course may include multiple dishes including side dishes or only one, and often includes items with some variety of flavors. A hamburger served with French fries would be considered a single course and might constitute the entire meal. Larger meals might include many courses, such as a course where a soup is served by itself, a course when cordon bleu is served at the same time as a side dish of vegetables, and finally a dessert such as a pumpkin pie. Courses may vary in size as well as number depending on the culture where the meal takes place.  When dishes are served mostly in a single course, this is known in formal terms as service à la française; when dishes are served mostly in separate courses, this is called service à la russe.
Tableware are the dishes and cutlery used for setting a table, serving food, and dining. Tableware includes cutlery, glassware, serving dishes, serving utensils, and other items used for cooking as well as for decoration. The objects vary according to culture, religion, number of people, and cuisine. Middle Eastern, South Asian or Polynesian food culture may only use serving dishes, using bread or leaves as individual plates, and often with no cutlery. Special events may have higher quality tableware. Cutlery is more commonly known as "silverware" or "flatware" in the United States. "Dinnerware" is another word used for tableware, another word "crockery" means ceramic tableware, porcelain or bone china. In Ireland, they are normally called "delph", the word being an English language phonetic spelling of the word "Delft", the town from which so much delftware came.
Barameda (Indigenous Australian language: "fish trap") is an extinct genus of rhizodont from the Tournaisian of Australia. The species: Description. "Barameda" had an elongated and thick body typical of Carboniferous rhizodonts, for powerful swimming and out-powering any prey larger than itself. It was covered with moderately thin, cycloidal scales. Paleoecology. "Barameda" was probably a benthic ambush predator, attacking other fishes and possibly early tetrapods. It used a grab-and-drag strategy, using its fangs to snag prey and either thrash them, or simply drag them down into the water.
This is a list of all R-type contracts in the New York City Subway. 2000–2019. All passenger rolling stock made in this time period are New Technology Trains.
The Healing Process is the second studio album by Canadian deathcore band Despised Icon. The album was released on April 5, 2005 through Century Media Records.
The concave-crowned tree frog or Yunnan whipping frog ("Polypedates impresus") is a frog. It lives in China, Laos, Thailand, and Vietnam. People have seen it between 600 and 1000 meters above sea level. This frog lives in grass on hills. Scientists believe this frog is not in danger of dying out because it lives in such a large place.
Gladiator 2 is an American-British epic historical drama movie. It was released on November 22, 2024 in North America. It is the sequel to the 2000 movie "Gladiator". It was directed by Ridley Scott. Scott also directed the original "Gladiator" movie. Production. Principal photography for the movie started in Ouarzazate, Morocco on June 7, 2023 and ended on January 24, 2024. Filming was delayed because of the 2023 SAG-AFTRA strike. Plot. The movie follows Lucius Verus, the son of Lucilla. Having lived in the wilderness for around 15 years, he is now grown up and estranged from his mother. He heads to Rome to try and build a better life.
Jebel Sahaba, is a site where evidence of past activity is preserved near the northern borders of Sudan and Egypt, closed to the Aswan High Dam. Archaeologists found 61 remains of early hunter-gatherers, including men, women, and children. Before the discovery in 1960, many experts believed that prehistoric people did not fight each other. This view changed when Fred Wendorf discovered bones from the 12th millennium B.C., which showed a large number of injuries, damaged bones, and pieces of flint arrows. Studies. Wendorf and his team discovered the prehistoric massacre site in the 1960s. Then, Isabelle Crevecoeur from the French National Center for Scientific Research discovered over 100 more signs of trauma and injuries, in 2014. The remains also show how the victims might have died. For example, young men were absent because they probably escaped or survived. The hands were damaged when they warded off blows. Some back-sided ribs had sharp cuts, maybe because they died fleeing. A pregnant woman had her hands twisted together, showing a possibility of being tied up. These medieval-like actions were very unusual and surprising for archaeologists and scientists.
Eusthenopteron is an extinct genus of lobe-finned fish from the Late Devonian. Early depictions of "Eusthenopteron" show it emerging onto land; however, everyone now agrees that it is a strictly aquatic animal. Notably, it is one of the earliest sarcopterygians in which the humerus is preserved. Among the various species of this genus, the most popular is undoubtedly "E. foordi". The species: Description. "Eusthenopteron" is a medium-to large-sized tristichopterid. "E. foordi" is estimated to exceed 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in), while "E. jenkinsi" probably reached 2.1 m (6 ft 11 in). The earliest-known fossilized evidence of bone marrow has been found in "Eusthenopteron", which may be the origin of bone marrow in tetrapods. The most notable features of "Eusthenopteron" are the pectoral and pelvic fins. It had a large head with powerful jaws that could've been capable of biting prey. However, unlike the early tetrapods though, "Eusthenopteron" did not have larval gills. Distribution. Finds have been made in Europe and North America. Some species. "Eusthenopteron foordi" is a well-known species. The other species, however, are not well-known. "Eusthenopteron foordi". "Eusthenopteron foordi" is the type species of "Eusthenopteron". It is the most famous and well-known species of "Eusthenopterus". It is also one of the most scientifically important fossil vertebrates. "Eusthenopteron farloviensis". "Eusthenopteron farloviensis" is another species of "Eusthenopteron". Like the other species except "E. foordi", it is not well-known. "Eusthenopteron jenkinsi". "Eusthenopteron jenkinsi" is yet another species of "Eusthenopteron". Little
A type designer, also known as typeface designer, is someone who design fonts. Fonts are the different styles of letters and numbers that we see in books, signs, advertisements and websites. Type designers create these fonts by designing common characters like punctuation marks, accents, ligatures, asterisks, quotation marks and diacritics. All these are called glyphs. They publish their creations in various file formats, accompanied with a license. for use on computers. Type designers use their creativity and skills to make alphabets that look good and are easy to read. They think about how each letter will fit together with the others to form words and sentences. They also consider things like spacing, size and style to make sure that the font is legible and pleasing to the eye. Type design is considered an academic discipline.To become a type designer, people often need to study graphic design, typography or graphic arts. Some type designers work as freelancers, creating fonts for their own projects or for sale to others. Others may work for companies called type foundries that specialize in creating fonts for web design and printing. Type designers use various tecnhiques and software to create fonts. They usually start by drawing out ideas on paper. This profession plays an important role in shaping the way people communicate through written language.
The 1916-17 Austrian football championship was organized by the Lower Austrian Football Association. It was the third war championship. Although there were originally four championships in the Austria-Hungary empire during the First World War only the first class of the NFV was played as a war championship. There was no relegation and promotion. As in the previous year, Rapid Wien became champions. Rapid benefited from the fact that many of their regular players were available for almost every championship match. This was also true for Floridsdorfer AC and SC Rudolfshügel. Other teams havd to play with reinforced junior teams.
In phonetics, aspiration is the strong burst of breath. In dialects with aspiration, to feel or see the difference between aspirated and unaspirated sounds, one can put a hand or a lit candle in front of one's mouth, and say spin [spɪn] and then pin [pʰɪn]. One should either feel a puff of air or see a flicker of the candle flame with pin that one does not get with spin.
Structuralism is the first formal and foundational school of thought in psychology that emerged in the late 19th century. It aimed to understand the human mind by breaking down mental processes into basic components and exploring their interrelationships. This approach marked a significant departure from earlier philosophical and  introspective methods, laying the groundwork for the scientific study of psychology. Historical background. Structuralism gained prominence in the late 1800s, a time when psychology was transitioning from philosophy and speculation to a more empirical and scientific discipline. Wilhelm Wundt, a German psychologist, is often considered the father of structuralism. In 1879, he established the first psychology laboratory at the University of Leipzig, where he conducted experiments to explore the structure of human consciousness. Edward B. Titchener, a British psychologist who studied under Wilhelm Wundt in Germany, played a significant role in the development of Structuralism in psychology. After returning to the United States, Titchener established the psychological school known as structuralism at Cornell University. He further advanced and popularized the structuralist approach, emphasizing the importance of introspection as a method to analyze and describe the structure of the mind. Titchener's work and teachings had a profound influence on the early development of psychology in the United States, contributing to the spread and prominence of structuralism in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Key concepts of structuralism. 1. Introspection: Central to structuralism was the use of introspection, a method in which individuals described their thoughts, feelings, and sensations in response to specific stimuli. Researchers believed that by analyzing these subjective experiences, they could uncover the fundamental elements of consciousness. 2. Elemental Components: Structuralists aimed to identify the basic elements, or "atoms," of consciousness. They believed that by breaking down mental experiences into their elemental components, they could better understand the underlying structure of the mind. 3. Mental Processes: Structuralists focused on studying various mental processes, such as perception, sensation, and memory, to discern (distinguish) the relationships between these components and how they contributed to the overall structure of consciousness. Examples of structuralism. 1. Sensation and Perception: Structuralists conducted