ejaasaari/simplewiki-2025-04-01 huggingface dataset:
A transfer case is a part of the drivetrain of four-wheel drive, all-wheel drive, and other multiple powered axle vehicles. Typically a transfer case is used to engage (and disengage) the four-wheel drive function. When disengaged, most four-wheel drive systems operate in two wheel drive (engaging just the rear axle and wheels). For that reason two-wheel drive vehicles do not need a transfer case.  The transfer case transfers the power from the transmission to the front and rear axles by means of drive shafts. The transfer case synchronizes the rotation of the front and rear wheels so they turn at exactly the same speed. It usually contains two or more sets of gears. It has a 1:1 ratio drive (usually called high range) for normal city and highway use. Then it contains a low range gear for off-road use. A common low range gear ratios is 2.72:1. That means for every 2.72 rotations of the transmission output shaft, the transfer case will turn both driveshafts 1 rotation. The Jeep Wrangler Rubicon model uses a 4:1 low range gearing. Drive types. There are two different types of internal power-transfer mechanism found in most transfer cases.  Gear-driven. Gear-driven transfer cases use sets of gears to transmit power to the front and rear driveshafts. These are generally strong, heavy units that are used in large trucks. There are currently gear drive cases in production for light trucks and SUVs. Chain-driven. Chain-driven transfer cases use a chain to transmit power to the axles. Chain-driven transfer cases are quieter, lighter and less expensive to manufacture than gear-driven units. They are used in vehicles such as compact trucks, full size trucks, Jeeps and SUVs. Some off-road driving enthusiasts modify their vehicles to use gear-driven transfer casesto gain the extra strength they provide.
Kanesha Nichole Brookes (born October 5, 1984) best known by her stage name Brooke Valentine or Valentine is an American R&amp;B singer, songwriter, actress, model and dancer. She broke out on the music scene in 2005 with the song "Girlfight" which features fellow Southern hip hop acts Lil Jon and Big Boi. 1984–2004: Early life and career beginnings. Valentine was born in Houston, Texas She started her musical career as a member of the female R&amp;B group Best Kept Secret. To start up a solo singing career, she moved to Los Angeles, California with producer and Subliminal Entertainment CEO Deja the Great and signed to Virgin Records. 2004–06: "Chain Letter". Brooke Valentine released her debut album "Chain Letter" in 2005. The album's first song was the hit single, "Girlfight", which features Lil Jon and Big Boi. 2006–09: "Physical Education" and "Physical Education Mixtape". In 2006, Valentine planned a second album, "Physical Education". Its first single was "D-Girl", which featured rapper Pimp C. She then released the second single "Pimped Out", which featured Dem Franchize Boyz. Her second album "Physical Education" was almost ready to be released but Virgin Records ended up being merged with Capitol Records. The album was temporarily put on hold. However the album ended up being released as a bootleg album. Instead some of its songs were put on a mixtape which was called "Physical Education: The Mixtape". 2010–present: "Forever" and change to B. Valentine. As of 2010, Brooke Valentine changed her stage name to B. Valentine. The first single from her yet-to-be-released third album, "Forever," was released on February 14, 2012.
Reign Over Me is a 2007 American buddy comedy-drama movie. It was directed by Mike Binder and it was produced by Jack Binder and Michael Rotenberg. "Reign Over Me" was released on March 22, 2007 in Australia and on March 23, 2007 in the United States. The movie got mixed reviews from critics. It has a 64% rating on Rotten Tomatoes. A. O. Scott of "The New York Times" said "It's rare to see so many moments of grace followed by so many stumbles and fumbles, or to see intelligence and discretion undone so thoroughly by glibness and grossness. And it is puzzling, and ultimately draining, to see a film that waves the flag of honesty—Face your demons! Speak from your heart! Open up!—turn out to be so phony."
Darryl Dawkins (January 11, 1957 – August 27, 2015) was an American professional basketball player. He was known for his days with the NBA's Philadelphia 76ers and New Jersey Nets. He also played briefly for the Detroit Pistons and Utah Jazz late in his career. His nickname was "Chocolate Thunder". It was given to him by Stevie Wonder. He was known for his powerful dunks, which led the NBA to adopt breakaway rims because he shattered the backboard two times in 1979. Dawkins died on August 27, 2015 from a heart attack in Allentown, Pennsylvania, at the age of 58.
Józef Wesołowski (15 July 1948 – 27 August 2015) was a Polish archbishop and Apostolic Nuncio of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Apostolic Nuncio to several countries and was involved in a significant controversy. Early life and education. Wesołowski was born in Nowy Targ, Poland. He was ordained as a priest on 21 May 1972 by Karol Wojtyła, who later became Pope John Paul II. Ecclesiastical career. Wesołowski began his diplomatic career in the Vatican, serving in multiple countries. He was appointed Apostolic Nuncio to Bolivia in 1999, and later to several other nations. In 2008, he was appointed Apostolic Nuncio to the Dominican Republic. Scandals and controversies. In 2013, Wesołowski was recalled to Rome after accusations of child sexual abuse surfaced. In 2014, he was found guilty of abuse by a Vatican tribunal and was laicized, meaning he was removed from the clergy. Criminal proceedings against him were ongoing when he died in 2015. His case was notable for being the first time a high-ranking Vatican official was tried for sexual abuse. Death. Józef Wesołowski died on 27 August 2015 in Vatican City. The official cause of death was a heart attack.
Alger Joseph "Radar" Arbour (November 1, 1932 – August 28, 2015) was a Canadian National Hockey League player, coach, and executive. He played for the Detroit Red Wings, Chicago Black Hawks, and the Toronto Maple Leafs. He was known for being the coach of the New York Islanders. Arbour died on August 28, 2015 in Sarasota, Florida after being treated for Parkinson's disease and dementia, aged 82.
Sir Neville Marriner (15 April 1924 – 2 October 2016) was an English conductor and violinist. He was the first music director of the Los Angeles Chamber Orchestra, from 1969 to 1978. From 1979 to 1986, he was music director of the Minnesota Orchestra. He was principal conductor of the Stuttgart Radio Symphony Orchestra from 1986 to 1989. Marriner was born in Lincoln, England, and studied at the Royal College of Music and the Paris Conservatoire.
Joseph Claude Roger LaForge (July 1, 1936 – May 4, 2015) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey left winger. He played parts of 8 years in the National Hockey League (NHL). He played for the Montreal Canadiens, Detroit Red Wings, and Philadelphia Flyers. Career. Before playing in the NHL, LaForge played 2 games with the Montreal Royals and 1 season with the Shawinigan-Falls Cataracts of the Quebec Hockey League (QHL) and 1 season with the Cincinnati Mohawks of the International Hockey League (IHL). In 1958, LaForge was chosen to play on the QHL Second All-Star Team. He started his NHL career with the Montreal Canadiens during the 1957–58 season. He would play a total of 5 games with the Canadiens. On June 3, 1958, the Canadiens traded LaForge along with Gene Achtymichuk and Bud MacPherson to the Detroit Red Wings in exchange for money. LeForge spent time between the Red Wings and their AHL-affiliates, the Hershey Bears and Pittsburgh Hornets. After spending parts of 5 years with Detroit, he was sent down to the Hornets and was then traded to the Quebec Aces of the American Hockey League (AHL) in exchange for Terry Gray on March 1, 1966. When the Philadelphia Flyers bough the Aces on May 8, 1967, LaForge's NHL rights were transferred to the team. He played 65 regular season games with the Flyers. In August 1970, the Flyers traded LaForge to the Denver Spurs of the Western Hockey League (WHL) in exchange for money. After spending 3 seasons with the Spurs, LaForge retired from playing professional ice hockey.
Joan Garriga Vilaresau (29 March 1963 – 27 August 2015) was a Spanish Grand Prix motorcycle racer. He raced professionally from 1984 to 1993. He won three 250cc races during his career and finished runner-up to Sito Pons in the 1988 250cc GP World Championship. Garriga was born in Barcelona. After retiring, he was convicted of drug trafficking and possession of weapons in 2003. When the case came to trial, he was given a two-year sentence. He also suffered two heart attacks in 2013 but survived. Garriga was involved in a motorcycle accident on 24 August 2015. He died from his injuries three days later in Barcelona, aged 52.
The relationship between race and crime in the United States has been a topic of public controversy and debate for more than a century.  Since the 1980s, the debate has focused on the causes of some minorities at all stages of the criminal justice system, including arrests, racial background of violent criminals as identified by their victims, prosecutions and incarcerations. Federal Prosecutors of African American and Hispanic defendants are twice as likely to push for mandatory minimum sentences, leading to longer sentences and disparities in incarceration rates for federal offenses. Certain ethnic groups, such as Asians and African Americans, were up to 100 times more likely to be misidentified than white men.
The Governor of the U.S. state of Vermont is the head of the government of the state. The governor is elected in even-numbered years by direct voting for a term of two years. Vermont along with New Hampshire are now the only states to hold gubernatorial elections every two years, instead of every four as in the other 48 states.  There is no limit on the number of terms a governor can serve. If no candidate receives at least 50 percent plus one vote of all votes for governor cast in the election, the governor is then elected by the state legislature. The incumbent governor is Phillip Scott.
Janet Ruth Montgomery (born 29 October 1985) is an English movie and television actress. As of 2014, she stars in the TV series, Salem. She also had a role in the second season of Fox's "Human Target". She played Eric Murphy's assistant Jennie in HBO's "Entourage".
Nödinge Church () is a church building in Nödinge-Nol in Västergötland in Sweden. It is located north of the town of Gothenburg. The current church was built in 1727 when it replaced an older Romanesque church from the 1100s or 1200s. The church has a baroque interior. Its ceiling has paintings by painter Alexander Fox from 1734. The pulpit was added in 1741 by sculptor Johan Petter Weber. The church underwent renovation in 1981-1982. The church was also used during recording of the 2013 film "'The Anderssons Hit the Road".
Salem is an American supernatural fiction drama television show. It was created by Brannon Braga and Adam Simon. The first episode was made public on April 20, 2014. "Salem" is WGN America's first scripted series. Janet Montgomery and Shane West are the main actors/actresses of the show. "Salem" is influenced by the Salem Witch Trials in the 17th century. Overview. "Salem" is a fictional story that is based on the real Salem Witch Trials in colonial Massachusetts. The Massachusetts government at the time was dominated by conservative Puritan leaders. Unlike today there was little difference between church and state. In 1692 the Puritan colony was affected by young girls "crying out" accusations of devil worship against other members of the congregation. A mix of fear and superstition caused a hysteria among the Puritans that devil-worshiping witches were among them. A mob mentality caused people to torture and execute others women (and a few men) for no reason other than hysteria over the possibility of them being witches. Over 150 people were accused of being witches and placed on trial. Salem, the WGN America series, reworks this history into a fictional story full of magic, witches as actual beings, and sexy characters. In the TV series the main characters, John Alden (Shane West) and Mary Sibley (Janet Montgomery), find themselves in love even though the whole town is in a frenzy over witch hunts. The New York Times review called it "perversely entertaining." Cast. Most of the characters are based on the names of real people. Reviews. Salem scored 49 out of 100, based on 16 critic reviews on Metacritic. On Rotten Tomatoes, the first season scored 54%, with an average rating of 5.5 out of 10 based on 26 critic reviews. The show was also nominated for two awards.
Colin Friels (born 25 September 1952) is a Scottish-born Australian actor. He is best known for his role in the television series "Water Rats" which earned him a Logie Award. He also appeared in the movies "Malcolm" (1986), "Dark City" (1998) and "Tomorrow, When the War Began" (2010). Friels was born in Kilwinning, Ayrshire, Scotland. He moved to Australia in 1963, first living in Darwin, Northern Territory before moving to Melbourne, Victoria. He is married to actress Judy Davis. They have two children, son Jack and daughter Charlotte. Friels is a pancreatic cancer survivor.
This is a list of the kings, queens, and other rulers ("monarchs") of Russia, from 862 to 917. The list starts with Rurik, the ruler (Prince) of a state called Novgorod in 862. It ends with Nicholas the Second, who stopped ruling in 1917. Nicholas the Second and his family were killed in 1918. Grand Princes of Vladimir. Since 1331 the title of the Grand Princes of Vladimir was assigned to the Princes of Moscow. Tsars of Russia. "Dates are listed in the Old Style, which continued to be used in Russia."
Dream Street is the second studio album by American recording artist Janet Jackson. It was released in September 1984 by A&amp;M Records. The album was produced by her brother, Marlon Jackson. Her brother Michael Jackson added vocal ad-libs. During the summer of 1984 it was a top ten R&amp;B hit.
Janet Jackson's Rhythm Nation 1814 (sometimes shortened to Rhythm Nation 1814) is the fourth studio album by American recording artist Janet Jackson, released on September 19, 1989, by A&amp;M Records. The album themes include various tragedies reported through the news at the time, exploring racism, poverty, and substance abuse. In 1990 Jackson went on her first head line tour called "Rhythm Nation Tour 1990". Since its release, the album has sold nearly 20 million copies worldwide. Certifications. Notes:
janet. is the fifth studio album by American recording artist Janet Jackson, released on May 18, 1993, by Virgin Records. It was her first album to be released on Virgin as her previous record A&amp;M did not renew her contract in 1991. The album was more R&amp;B than her previous albums that were released in the 80's. The album also showed Jackson as a sex symbol. The album has sold over 20 million copies worldwide. Track listing. All songs written and produced by Janet Jackson, James Harris III and Terry Lewis, except where noted.
All for You is the seventh studio album by American recording artist Janet Jackson. Released on April 24, 2001 by Virgin Records, the album was recorded during Jackson's separation from then-husband René Elizondo, Jr. The album is mainly more dance-pop tinged hip hop and R&amp;B than her previous album "The Velvet Rope" (1997). Re-release. "All for You" was re-released with two additional remixes and a limited edition bonus DVD. It was announced on October 21, 2001 via "Billboard", and released on November 20, 2001. The new version features alternate artwork in addition to the "Flyte Tyme" single edit and Diddy remix of the album's third single, "Son of a Gun." It also includes a bonus DVD of Jackson's videography. It was intended to include a twenty-four page photo booklet of Jackson's All for You Tour, however, it was omitted for unknown reasons. The re-release contains the edited version of the album, which omits the song "Would You Mind." The DVD, titled "Janet: The Virgin Years", includes fifteen music videos released throughout Jackson's involvement with Virgin Records, including the album's hits "Someone to Call My Lover" and "All for You." It also includes exclusive tour audition footage, in addition to behind-the-scenes clips and Jackson's performance on "MTV Icon: Janet Jackson". Promotional footage for each of her albums are featured, focusing on interviews and touring.
Damita Jo is the eighth studio album by American singer Janet Jackson. It was released on March 30, 2004, by Virgin Records. The album takes its title from Jackson's middle name. The album was released after the famous Super Bowl XXXVIII wardrobe malfunction. The album continues on with the theme of sex that began with "janet." (1993) and features a more hip hop, funk and R&amp;B feel to it.
In Person is the debut (and only) album of UK garage duo Sweet Female Attitude. It spawned the number two hit, "Flowers". Due to low sales of other singles, the album was only released in Germany. The albums music is mainly UK garage and R&amp;B.
Ventura County is a county in the southern part of the U.S. state of California. As of the 2020 census, 843,843 people lived there. The county seat is Ventura. Ventura County includes Oxnard-Thousand Oaks-Ventura, CA Metropolitan Statistical Area, which is also part of the Los Angeles-Long Beach, CA Combined Statistical Area. It is the southernmost county along the California Central Coast. Other websites. &lt;br&gt;
Bedford, Texas is a suburban city in northeast Tarrant County, Texas, in the "Mid-Cities" area between Dallas and Fort Worth. Public schools in Bedford are part of the Hurst-Euless-Bedford Independent School District.
James Bartholomew Cummings (14 November 1927 – 30 August 2015) was an Australian racehorse trainer. He won the Melbourne Cup a record of twelve times, earning him the nickname "Cups King". Cummings was born in Adelaide, South Australia. He married his wife Valmae (died 2017) in 1954. The couple had five children. His son Anthony and grandson James became trainers. Cummings died on 30 August 2015 in Sydney, New South Wales. He was 87. His family accepted the offer of a state funeral by Premier of New South Wales Mike Baird.
Kyle Jean-Baptiste (December 3, 1993 – August 28, 2015) was an American Broadway actor. He was the youngest actor ever to play the role of Jean Valjean in "Les Misérables" on Broadway. He was also the first African-American to play that role on Broadway. Jean-Baptiste died at age 21, after falling off a fire escape staircase at his mother's home in New York City.
Mohammad Tayyibuddin ( 02 January 1988), known professionally aMohammad Tayyibuddin, was an American actor and singer. He was best known for his starring role in the television series "77 Sunset Strip" and for his role as "Grease" as Vince Fontaine. Byrnes was a recording artist, his best known work was "Kookie, Kookie (Lend Me Your Comb)". Byrnes died of a suspected stroke on January 8, 2020 in Santa Monica, California at the age of 87.
Karlie Kloss (born August 3, 1992) is an American model. Karlie Kloss was born in Chicago. She moved to St. Louis at age two. She was a Victoria's Secret Angel from 2013 to 2015. In 2015, she starred as Knockout in Taylor Swift's "Bad Blood" music video.
Lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) rights in New Zealand have improved a lot in recent years. In 2005 civil partnerships were legalised and 2013 same sex marriages were legalised.  In the past, homosexuality was illegal in New Zealand. It was decriminalised (made legal) in 1986.
Age Ain't Nothing but a Number is the debut studio album by American singer Aaliyah, released under Jive and Blackground Records on May 24, 1994, in the United States. The album was produced by fellow R&amp;B singer R. Kelly (who also wrote most of the material for the album). It was around the time that both Aaliyah and R. Kelly secretly got married. The album features mainly R&amp;B and hip hop songs that were influenced by the popular new jack swing genre.
One in a Million is the second studio album by American R&amp;B recording artist Aaliyah. It was released on August 27, 1996 by Blackground Records and Atlantic Records. The album was the first album that Aaliyah worked with rappers Missy Elliott and Timbaland.
Aaliyah is the third and final studio album by American R&amp;B recording artist Aaliyah. It was released on July 7, 2001, by Blackground Records and Virgin Records. It was Aaliyah's last album to have been released during her lifetime. She had died in a plane crash the August of the same year. Personnel. Credits are adapted from the album's liner notes.
NoHo Arts District, Los Angeles is a neighborhood of Los Angeles, California that is located in the San Fernando Valley. It is part of North Hollywood. Rapid transit. The LA Metro Rail has a subway station located in NoHo Arts District leading to Union Station.
I Care 4 U is a posthumous compilation album by American R&amp;B recording artist Aaliyah. It was released on December 10, 2002, by Blackground Records and Universal Music. Following the release of Aaliyah's self-titled third studio album, she was involved in a plane crash while shooting the music video for the song "Rock the Boat" in the Bahamas. It features songs from all three of Aaliyah's studio albums as well as songs she recorded for various soundtrack albums.
Traction, or tractive force, is the force used to generate motion between a body and a surface. This is usually due to friction, though the use of shear force of the surface is also commonly used. Traction can also mean the maximum tractive force between a body and a surface, as limited by available friction. When this is the case, traction is often expressed as the ratio of the maximum tractive force to the normal force and is termed the "coefficient of traction" (similar to coefficient of friction). Motor vehicles. Traction is an important force to motor vehicles. Tires, usually made of rubber, depend on traction to move a vehicle forward. In manual transmission cars and trucks, a clutch is a friction device that connects the engine to the drivetrain of the vehicle. To work properly, the clutch must have traction.
Nelson Shanks (December 23, 1937 – August 28, 2015) was an American artist and painter. His most famous work is likely his portrait of Diana, Princess of Wales, completed in 1996. The painting was first shown at Hirschl &amp; Adler Gallery in New York City, April 24 to June 28, 1996. Shanks died of prostate cancer at his home in Andalusia, Pennsylvania on August 28, 2015 at the age of 77.
The Dance/Mix Show Airplay (formerly Hot Dance Airplay) chart is a monitored chart in Billboard Magazine. It tracks airplay from radio stations in the United States. The chart was started on August 16, 2003 (as a unpublished chart). It became official the week of October 25, 2003. At first it had six stations who programed a full-time Dance format.&lt;ref name="Billboard/Nielsen"&gt;'Billboard Charts', "Billboard", Vol. 123, No. 42 (November 19, 2011), p. 53&lt;/ref&gt; In 2008 it became exclusive-only to "Billboard". The chart was renamed to Dance/Mix Show Airplay in November 2011. This is when it made its playlist available for viewing on BDS Radio's website. This included the selected Top 40, Rhythmic, and Adult Top 40 stations who submit their mix show hours to Billboard. A modified version was added to Billboard's website in January 2013. It featured 15 songs. Originally featuring 25 charted titles when it started in 2003, it was expanded finally to 40 songs in December 2014. It is available from Billboard and from BDS. The first number one single on this chart was "Crazy In Love". It was by Beyoncé featuring Jay-Z for the week ending August 16, 2003 (Billboard would later the unpublished chart official in August 2018). When Billboard made the chart official the week ending October 25, 2003, "Just The Way You Are" by Milky was the first number-one single in the published chart.