ejaasaari/simplewiki-2025-04-01 huggingface dataset:
Leh is a city in the Leh District of Ladakh. It was the capital of the Himalayan kingdom of Ladakh. Leh is at an altitude of , at a distance from the right bank of the Indus River. The town is still dominated by the now ruined Leh Palace, former home of the royal family of Ladakh. The palace resembles a mini version of the Potala Palace in Tibet. Leh and other places of Ladakh are renowned for Buddhist culture and monasteries. The wonders of this land include golden statue of Buddha, high class paintings, ancient manuscripts and the monasteries. The famous moasteries include Hemis, Aalchi, Chuglamsar, Mulbekh, Shey, Spitak, and Thiksey. The mosque of Leh was built by prince Namgyal Singe in 1594. The mosque is a fine model of Turkish and Iranian architecture. The first Muslim ruler of Kashmir, Sultan Sadruddin was a Ladakhi. His real name was Gialpo, (Prince) Renchan. He came down to Kashmir Valley in the reign of Raja Sahdev and acquired a place in the courtiers of the army Chief Ram Chandra. By and by he succeeded in rising to the throne in 1324. He married Ram Chandra's daughter Kotarani who later on proved to be a courageous and enterprising lady. King Renchan embraced Islam at the hands of a Muslim saint and preacher Abdur Rehman, Bulbul Shah and adopted the name of Sultan Saruddin for himself. He died in 1327 after ruling the country far a short period of 3 years. A Mughal chieftain Haider Douglat attempted to invade Kashmir for the first time in 1542 through Ladakh. In June 1715, two Italian priests Epo Lito and Emanuel Khariray reached Leh from Rome via Srinagar. There is a small community of Christians in Leh now. In the past, Leh has been an important centre for trade between India and the states of Turkestan. A road leads to Central Asian countries from here through the Karakoram Pass.
Srinagar (, ) is a city in Indian occupied Kashmir. It is on the banks of the Jhelum River, in Northern Indian occupied Kashmir. It is the largest city and the summer capital of the Indian occupied Kashmir region. Majority of the population are ethnic Kashmiris who speak the Kashmiri language ("Koshur"). The main religion is Islam with majority of people being Muslim.
ISLAMABAD/ANANTNAG(Kashmiri: اننت ناگ /Anaṁtnāg/, meaning abode of springs and lakes), is a city and a municipality located in the Anantnag District in the union territory of Jammu and Kashmir, India. About 180,000 people live in Anantnag. Anantnag is the third largest city of the Indian administered Jammu and Kashmir by population and largest according to area. It is also regarded as the commercial and financial capital of the Valley of Kashmir. It is the largest business and trading center of the valley. it is also known as Islamabad.
Religions of Pakistan have diverse beliefs and practices. As of 2024, Islam is the major and official religion in Pakistan. More than 90% of the people follow Islam. 80% are Sunni and &lt;20% Shia muslims. Second largest religion in Pakistan is Hinduism. Between 2% and 4% are Hindus. At third is Christianity (Mostly Catholic and Protestant) followed by 1.6% of the total population. The Constitution of Pakistan gives freedom of religion for individuals of different faiths and sects. Other religions followed in Pakistan include Christianity, Sikhism, Zoroastrianism, Baha'i Faith, Ahmadiyya, Buddhism, Judaism and others. Christianity. Christians are the largest minority group in Pakistan. They live all over the country. Pakistani Christians belong to many ethnic groups and speak many languages. There are many different churches, and many different types of churches, in most cities in Pakistan.  Although Pakistani Christians do not only do one type of job, they have often done a lot of work in areas like health care, education, railways and the police force. They are also starting to do a lot of work in the civil and defence services. Hinduism. Hindus are the second biggest minority in Pakistan.  These are people (and children of people) who followed the Hindu religion during the days when Pakistan and India were together. In those days, they were part of the lowest caste. They were called "untouchable," and had to do work that no one else would do. In a "caste system," there are different groups of people who are thought of as more or less important than each other. People would become a member of their caste when they were born, because their parents were part of that group. The lowest caste was thought of as the least important of all. In Pakistan today, the law says that people are not allowed to treat this group badly. But people still do treat them badly, and make them do jobs that do not pay much money. Now some of these low-caste people are going to school and getting better jobs.  The Hindus of Pakistan are mostly found in Sindh, where they
Fate (in Czech: "Osud"), is an opera by the Czech composer Leoš Janáček.  Janáček wrote this opera between 1903 and 1905. His daughter Olga had died shortly before he began to compose it. He had also just finished his opera "Jenůfa" which has a tragic ending for the young girl in the story. The young lady who wrote the libretto (words) for Janáček had been one of his daughter’s close friends. She wrote using the name Tálská. Janáček thought the opera had autobiographical ideas. He also wanted a change from writing about simple, country people as he had done in "Jenůfa", so the people in the story of "Fate" belong to the upper classes, the rich people of society. The story of the opera is quite strange and unbelievable. It has often been criticized for not being logical. The story consists of lots of little scenes which make the story jump about. The language of the libretto is very deliberately old-fashioned. Czech people who have worked with this opera have often felt that this formal language has made it hard for audiences to understand. Some people have felt that when the opera is sung in other languages it is sometimes better because the language sounds more real. Nevertheless, although the opera has had these criticisms, the music is some of the best music that Janáček wrote. Story of the opera. The story takes place at the beginning of the 20th century, which was the time in which Janáček was composing it.  In Act I Gentlemen, students and young girls are walking about in a health resort. The men are interested in a girl called Míla. Míla sees a young man called Živný in the crowd. Živný is a composer. He and Míla used to be lovers. They had a child. She tells Živný that it was her mother who made them split up so that she could marry someone rich. Her mother had made her move away from Prague to give birth to the child in the country.
A social network is a website or service where people talk to or connect with other people. A Social Network Service can connect people with the same interests (like football, schools, dogs) and friends.  Social Networking was first proposed in the early development of the World Wide Web. The most popular websites like Facebook and Twitter are helping to speed up the process of communication. Phone and mail services are slowly becoming less popular thanks to a quick and easy way of sharing messages through such networks. A social network is used for people to get to know each other more and create new friends/connections.  Many social networks are available on phones and smartphones.  A 2011 survey found that 47% of American adults use a social networking service. Hispanics and African Americans are more likely to use social media. Nigerians are more likely to spend more time on social media. African Americans often use social media more than any other ethnicity or racial group.
A spa town, or simply spa, is a town that many people go to for health reasons. There is usually a spring there, or several springs. The water that comes from these springs is good for curing many illnesses. When people go to a spa town to get better we say that they go to "take the waters". The word "spa" comes from the Belgian town Spa. In continental Europe a spa was called a "ville d'eau" (town of water). The term "spa" is used for towns or resorts which offer hydrotherapy (making people better with water). This can include cold water or mineral water treatments and hot spring baths.
Ain is a department in the east of France, in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region. It is named after the river Ain. Its prefecture is Bourg-en-Bresse. History. Ain is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on 4 March 1790 with Bourg-en-Bresse as is capital. It was formed with four former provinces: Bresse, Bugey, Dombes, Pays de Gex and part of the province of Franc-Lyonnais. It was divided in nine districts: Pont-de-Vaux, Bourg, Nantua, Gex, Belley, Saint-Rambert, Montluel, Trévoux and Châtillon-les-Dombes. The department was called "départment of Bresse" but in 1791 was changed to its present name: "départment de l'Ain". In 1798, Gex was separated from Ain for the creation of the old department of Léman. In 1800, with the creation of the "arrondissements" in France, the nine districts were changed into four "arrondissements": Bourg, Belley, Nantua and Trévoux. The department of Léman was eliminated in 1814 and Gex was again part of the department of Ain. In 1815, some "communes" of Gex are passed to Switzerland and the "arrondissement" of Gex is created. On 10 September 1926, the "arrondissements" of Gex and Trévoux were eliminated but in 1933 Gex was made again an "arrondissement". Geography. Ain is part of the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region. It has an area of . The department borders with Switzerland and 6 other departments in 2 regions: The territory of the Ain department is formed by five regions: The lowest point of the department is on the Rhône river, high. Several rivers flow through the department; the main rivers are the Rhône, the Ain and the Saône. The
Aisne is a department in the north of France, in the Hauts-de-France region. It is named after the Aisne river, a tributary of the Oise. Its prefecture is Laon. History. Aisne is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on 4 March 1790 with Laon as its capital. It was formed from parts of the former provinces of Île-de-France (Laon, Soissons, Noyon,and Valois), Picardy (Thiérache Vermandois), and Champagne (Brie and Omois). It was divided into six districts: Château-Thierry, Chauny, Laon, Saint-Quentin, Soissons and Vervins. In 1800, with the creation of the "arrondissements" in France, the six districts were changed into five "arrondissements": Château-Thierry, Laon, Saint-Quentin, Soissons and Vervins. On 10 September 1926, the "arrondissement" of Château-Thierry was eliminated but in 1942 it was again made an "arrondissement". Geography. Aisne is part of the Hauts-de-France region. It has an area of . The department borders with Belgium and 6 other departments in 3 regions: The territory of the Aisne department is formed by low plateaus and small hills. The highest point in the department, and in the Hauts-de-France region, is "Le Chêne Nain" () in the Ardennes forest on the border with the Ardennes department and near the border with Belgium; it is high. The southern part of the department is the geographical region known as "la Brie poilleuse", a drier plateau known for its dairy products and Brie cheese. Several rivers flow through the department; the main rivers are the Scheldt/Escaut, the Aisne, the Marne, the Ourcq, the Vesle, the Somme, the Oise, and the Serre. Climate
Allier is a department in the centre of France, in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region. It is named after the river Allier, a tributary of the Loire. Its prefecture is Moulins. History. Allier is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on 4 March 1790 with Moulins as its capital. It was formed from most of all the former province of "Bourbonnais" (the Duchy of Bourbonnais); Saint-Amand-Montrond, in the Cher department, was the only part of the old province that was not made part of Allier. It was divided in seven districts: Cérilly, Moulins, Le Donjon, Cusset, Gannat, Montmarault and Montluçon. In 1800, with the creation of the "arrondissements" in France, the seven districts were changed into four "arrondissements": Moulins, Gannat, Lapalisse and Montluçon. On 10 September 1926, the "arrondissement" of Gannat was eliminated and in 1941 Vichy became the capital of one "arrondissement" of the department instead of Lapalisse. In 1940, during World War II, the city of Vichy was the capital of Vichy France. Geography. Allier is part of the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region. It has an area of . It is long from east to west and wide from north to south. The department borders with 6 other departments in 4 regions: There are four main geographical zones in the department: The main rivers in the department are: Climate. The Köppen climate classification type for the climate at Nevers is an "Oceanic climate" (also known as Maritime Temperate climate) and of the subtype "Cfb". There are two periods of maximum precipitation in June and October and a minimum in January and February with average of Montluçon (altitude: 207 m), in Moulins (245 m) in Vichy (251
Alpes-de-Haute-Provence () is a department in the south of France, in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region. Its prefecture is Digne-les-Bains. Until 1970, the department was named as "Basses-Alpes". History. The department of the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence, with the name of "Nord-de-Provence" was one of the 83 original departments created during the French Revolution on 4 March 1790 but soon its name was changed to "Haute-Provence" and then to "Basses-Alpes". It was divided in five districts: Barcelonnette, Castellane, Digne, Forcalquier and Sisteron. with Digne as its capital. On 12 August 1793, the department of Vaucluse was created from parts of the departments of Bouches-du-Rhône, Drôme, and Basses-Alpes. Basses-Alpes lost the canton of Sault of Vaucluse. Seventeen years later, in 1810, the canton of Barcillonnette was transferred over to Hautes-Alpes. In 1800, with the creation of the "arrondissements" in France, the five districts were changed into five "arrondissements": Barcelonnette, Castellane, Digne, Forcalquier and Sisteron. On 10 September 1926, the "arrondissements" of Castellane and Sisteron were eliminated and in 1942 Castellane was made again an arrondissement of the department. During World War II, the department was occupied by the fascist Italy. The name of the capital, Digne, was changed to Digne-les-Bains in 1988 and on 13 April 1970 the department of Basses-Alpes was renamed Alpes-de-Haute-Provence. Geography. Alpes-de-Haute-Provence is part of the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region. It has an area of . The department is surrounded by Italy and five departments
Hautes-Alpes () is a department in southeastern France, in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region. It is named after the Alps mountain range and its prefecture (capital) is Gap. History. The department of the Hautes-Alpes was one of the 83 original departments created during the French Revolution on 4 March 1790 with the southeastern part of the old province of the Dauphiné. It was divided in four districts: Briançon, Embrun, Gap and Serres, with Chorges as its capital but during that same year the capital was moved to Gap. In 1800, with the creation of the "arrondissements" in France, the four districts were changed into three "arrondissements": Gap, Briançon and Embrun. On 10 September 1926, the "arrondissement" of Embrun was eliminated. After the Battle of Waterloo in 1815, the department was occupied by troops from Austria and of the Kingdom of Sardinia. During World War II, the department was occupied by the fascist Italy. Geography. Hautes-Alpes is part of the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region. It has an area of . The department is surrounded by the Piedmont region (Italy) and four departments in two regions: Hautes-Alpes is in the Alps mountain range. The average elevation is over . The third highest commune in all of Europe is the village of Saint-Véran. Gap and Briançon are the highest prefecture and subprefecture in France. The highest point is "Barre des Écrins" (), in the "commune" of Pelvoux; it is high. The lowest point is in the valley of the Buëch river, with an altitude of . The main rivers in Hautes-Alpes are the Durance, a tributary of the Rhône river, Buëch and Drac. Climate. The Köppen climate classification type for the climate at Embrun is an "Oceanic climate" (also known as Marine West Coast Climate) and of the subtype "Cfc". The average amount of
Ardennes is a department in the Grand Est region of northeastern France named after the Ardennes forest. Its prefecture is the city of Charleville-Mézières. History. Ardennes is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on 4 March 1790 with Mézières as is capital. It was formed with the former province of Champagne, the principalities of Sedan and Argonne and other territories. It was divided in six districts: Charleville, Grandpré, Rethel, Rocroi, Sedan and Vouziers. In 1800, with the creation of the "arrondissements" in France, the six districts were changed into five "arrondissements": Mézières, Rethel, Rocroi, Sedan and Vouziers. On 10 September 1926, the "arrondissements" of Rocroi and Sedan were eliminated but in 1942 Sedan was made again an "arrondissement". The "communes" of Charleville and Mézières are joined to form the new "commune" of Charleville-Mézières; it was named the capital of the department. Geography. Ardennes is part of the Grand Est region. It has an area of . The department borders with Belgium (Namur and Luxembourg provinces) and 3 other departments in 2 regions: The highest point of the department is "Croix-Scaille" () with an altitude of high.; it is found between the French "commune" of Hautes-Rivières and the Belgian "commune" of Gedinne. The lowest point is on the Aisne river in Brienne-sur-Aisne, high. Several rivers flow through the department; the main rivers are the Meuse, in the north, and the Aisne, in the south. Climate. The Köppen climate classification type for the climate at Charleville-Mézières is an "Oceanic climate" (also known as Marine West Coast Climate) and of the subtype "Cfb". The average amount of precipitation for the year in Charleville-Mé
Ariège (; ) is a department in the region of Occitanie in southern France; it is named after the Ariège river that flows through the department. Its capital is the city of Foix but the city with the largest population is Pamiers. History. The department was inhabited in prehistoric times, as evidenced by the presence of caves with cave paintings and dolmens. In historical times it was inhabited by Basque people; they settled on the northern side of the Pyrenees and in the valleys below. In 415 it became part of the kingdom of the Visigoths, until their defeat at the hands of the king of the Franks in 507. Ariège was created in 1790 during the French Revolution, when the whole of France was divided into departments, replacing the old provinces. Ariège was created combining the counties of Foix (Languedoc) and Couserans (Gascogne). Geography. Ariège is part of the Occitanie region and has an area of . The department is surrounded by the French departments of Haute-Garonne to the west and north, Aude to the east, and Pyrénées-Orientales in the southeast, as well as Spain (Lleida) and Andorra in the south. Natural regions. There are three main natural regions in the department: The highest mountain in the department is the "Pica d'Estats" () that is high and is on the Spain-France border. Other high mountains are the "peak of Montcalm" (3,077 m) and the "Pic de Sotllo" (3,072 m). The main river is the Ariège river, a tributary of the Garonne river. Another important river is the Lèze, a tributary of the Ariège. Climate. Two main types of climate are found in Ariège: Temperatures are mild in the foothills, e.g. at the city of Foix (400 metres) the average is 5 °C in January and 19 °C in July. However, they decline rapidly with elevation, e.g. at l'Hospitalet-près
Aube is a department in northeast France named after the Aube river. The prefecture (capital) of Aube is Troyes. History. Aube is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on 4 March 1790 with Troyes as its capital. It was divided in six districts: Nogent-sur-Seine, Arcis-sur-Aube, Bar-sur-Aube, Bar-sur-Seine, Ervy, and Troyes. In 1800, with the creation of the "arrondissements" in France, the six districts were changed into five "arrondissements": Arcis-sur-Aube, Bar-sur-Aube, Bar-sur-Seine, Nogent-sur-Seine and Troyes. After the Battle of Waterloo (18 June 1815), the department was occupied by the Russian army from June 1815 to November 1818. On 10 September 1926, the "arrondissements" of Arcis-sur-Aube et Bar-sur-Seine were eliminated. Geography. The Aube department is in the southwest of the Grand Est region. It is surrounded by 5 departments in 3 regions: The area of Aube is . Its highest point is in the "Bois du Mont" in the "commune" Champignol-lez-Mondeville in the southeast of the department. It is high (). The lowest point is high in the "commune" La Motte-Tilly in the west of the department. The main rivers in the department are the Seine, the Aube (tributary of the Seine), the Amance (tributary of the Armançon), and the Vanne (a tributary of the Yonne). Climate. The area around Troyes, at an altitude of about , has few extremes of temperature. The Köppen climate classification type for the climate at Troyes is a "Marine West Coast Climate" and of the subtype "Cfb". The average amount of precipitation for the year in Troyes is . The month with the most precipitation on average is November with of precipitation. The month with the least precipitation on average is July with
Aude is a department in the region of Occitanie in southern France. It is named after the Aude river. The inhabitants of the Aude are known, in French, as "Audois" (women: "Audoises"). History. Aude was created in 1790 during the French Revolution, when the whole of France was divided into departments, replacing the old provinces. Aude was formed with part of the old province of Languedoc. It was divided in six districts: Castelnaudary, Carcassonne, Narbonne, Lagrasse, Limoux and Quillan, with Carcassonne as is capital. In 1800, with the creation of the "arrondissements" in France, the six districts were changed into four "arrondissements": Carcassonne, Castelnaudary, Limoux and Narbonne. On 10 September 1926, the "arrondissement" of Castelnaudary was eliminated. Early forms of habitation. A skull was found, and named "Homme de Tautavel" (Tautavel Man). It was found in a cave on the site called Caune de l'Arago, near Tautavel. The fossils are between 300.000 and 450.000 years old. There are over 80 fragments; the skull belonged to a man in his twenties. He was about 1.65 m, and weighed around 45–55 kg. Other remains are two mandibles, belonging to a woman in her fifties, and to a man, about 20 to 25 years old. It looks like they did not know how to use fire yet. It also looks like they might have been cannibals, or that they preferred to scavenge for food, rather than hunt. Some bones of rhinoceros, horses, wild sheep (called Mouflon), Tahrs (resemble wild goats), Muskox (a type of bovine), deer, and reindeer were found in the cave. There is an ongoing debate if this hominian is directly related to the Neander