ejaasaari/simplewiki-2025-04-01 huggingface dataset:
Samuel Lewis Francis (June 25, 1923, San Mateo, California – November 4, 1994, Santa Monica, California) was an American painter and printmaker. He was born in San Mateo, California, and studied botany, medicine and psychology at the University of California, Berkeley. He served in the United States Air Force during World War II before being injured in a plane crash. He was in the hospital for several years, and it was while he was there that he began to paint. Once he was out of the hospital he returned to Berkeley, this time to study art. Francis was initially influenced by the work of abstract expressionists such as Mark Rothko, Arshile Gorky and Clyfford Still. He spent the 1950s in Paris, having his first exhibition there in 1952. While there he became associated with Tachisme. He later spent time in Japan, and some have seen an influence from Zen Buddhism in Francis’ work. Francis spent some time in Paris making entirely monochromatic works, but his mature pieces are generally large oil paintings with splashed or splattered areas of bright contrasting colour. Areas of white canvas are often left to show through, and in later works, paint is sometimes confined to the edges of the canvas. Francis returned to California during the 1960s and continued painting in Los Angeles. During the final three decades of his career his style of large scale bright Abstract Expressionism was also closely associated with Color Field painting. During the last year of his life, suffering from prostate cancer and unable to paint with his right hand after a fall, in a final burst of energy he used his left hand to complete a dazzling series of about 150 small paintings before he died. He was buried in Olema, in Marin County, California. After the death of the artist, the Samuel L. Francis Foundation, Inc. (also known as the "Samuel L. Francis Art Museum, Inc." or the "Sam Francis Foundation") was founded. The Foundation not only serves as his official Estate, but also has a mission "to research, document, protect and perpetuate the creative legacy of [Francis]."
Sodium periodate is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula can be NaIO4 (sodium metaperiodate) or Na5IO6 (sodium orthoiodate). It has sodium and periodate ions in it.  Properties. Sodium periodate is a colorless solid. It reacts with acids to make periodic acid. It breaks down when heated to make sodium iodate and oxygen gas. It is a strong oxidizing agent. Preparation. It can be made by oxidation of sodium iodide with sodium hypochlorite in a nitric acid solution. Uses. Sodium periodate can oxidize cellulose. It is also used as a biodegradable chemical in the human body. It is also used in organic chemistry reactions.
7 Up is a product of a lemon-lime flavored caffeine-free soft drink. The rights to the brand are held by Keurig Dr Pepper in the United States, and PepsiCo (or its licensees) in the rest of the world, including Puerto Rico. The origin of the name is unclear. It has been reformulated several times since its launch in 1929. 7-Up Soft Drink contains no caffeine and now has no artificial ingredients or preservatives. It is distributed by the 7-Up/Dr. Pepper company. The company promotes the product as having a crisper, more refreshing lemon-lime taste than before.
Periodic acid (pronounced as per·io'·dic acid) is a chemical compound. It is also an acid. Its chemical formula is HIO4 or H5IO6. It has hydrogen and periodate ions in it. Properties. Periodic acid is found as a colorless solution. It is a strong oxidizing agent, like perchloric acid. It breaks down when heated to iodine pentoxide and oxygen, as well as water. It does not form I2O7. It is found as HIO4 in dilute solution and H5IO6 in concentrated solution. When H5IO6 is heated, it turns into HIO4.  Preparation. It is made by reacting a periodate with a strong acid. Uses. It is used to look at the structure of certain organic compounds.
Periodate is an ion. Its chemical formula is either IO4- (metaperiodate) or IO65- (orthoperiodate). They are the salts of periodic acid. The iodine is in its +7 oxidation state. Periodates are similar to perchlorates. They are strong oxidizing agents. Sodium periodate is the most common periodate.
Potassium periodate is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is KIO4. It has potassium and periodate ions in it.  Properties. Potassium periodate is a white solid. It is an oxidizing agent. It is similar to potassium perchlorate. It does not dissolve good in water. It makes potassium iodate and oxygen when heated.  Preparation. It is made by reacting potassium iodide with a strong oxidizing agent. Uses. It is used to find out how much potassium is in something because it is one of the few potassium compounds that do not dissolve easily in water.
Iodine heptafluoride is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is IF7. It contains iodine and fluoride ions. The iodine is in its +7 oxidation state. Properties. It is a colorless gas with a moldy, stinky odor. Its melting point is at , and its boiling point is at . This means that it has a very narrow liquid range. It is a powerful oxidizing agent. It is very irritating to the skin. It is an interhalogen. Preparation. It is made by reacting iodine pentafluoride with fluorine gas.
Hypoiodous acid is a chemical compound. It is also an acid. Its chemical formula is HIO. It has hydrogen and hypoiodite ions in it.  Properties. Hypoiodous acid is very unstable. It easily disproportionates to iodine and iodic acid. It is a disinfectant and oxidizing agent. Preparation. It is made by reacting mercury(II) oxide with iodine. Uses. It is too unstable to be used, although people think that this is what makes iodine a disinfectant.
Hypoiodite is an ion. Its chemical formula is IO-. It is very unstable. It easily disproportionates to iodide and iodate. It is made by reacting iodine with a base. The iodine is in its +1 oxidation state. It is the salt of hypoiodous acid.
Iodine trifluoride is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is IF3. It has iodine and fluoride ions in it. The iodine is in its +3 oxidation state. Properties. Iodine trifluoride is a yellow solid. It breaks down above -28°C. It is made by reacting very cold fluorine with iodine.
Iodine trichloride is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is ICl3. It has iodine and chloride ions in it. The iodine is in the +3 oxidation state. Properties. Iodine trichloride is a yellow solid. It melts at . It conducts electricity when it melts. It is a strong oxidizing agent. It is an interhalogen. Preparation. It is made by reacting a lot of cold iodine with liquid chlorine. It can also be made by heating liquid iodine with chlorine gas at .
Silver iodate is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is AgIO3. It has silver and iodate ions in it. The silver is in the +1 oxidation state. Properties. Silver iodate is a colorless solid. It does not dissolve in water. It is an oxidizing agent.  Preparation. It is made by reacting silver nitrate with sodium iodate.
Iodate is an ion. Its chemical formula is IO3-. The iodine is in the +5 oxidation state. It can be made by reduction of periodate. They are similar to chlorates. They react with acids to make iodic acid. They are salts of iodic acid. An example would be sodium iodate.
Iodine pentafluoride is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is IF5. It has iodine and fluoride ions. The iodine is in its +5 oxidation state. Properties. Iodine pentafluoride is a pale yellow liquid. It is an interhalogen. It is also a powerful oxidizing agent. It reacts with water to make hydrofluoric acid.  Preparation. Iodine pentafluoride is made by burning iodine in fluorine gas. Uses. It is used in organic chemistry (amine to nitrile conversion after hydrolysis).
Iodine pentoxide, also known as iodine(V) oxide and diiodine pentoxide is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is I2O5. It has iodine and oxide ions. The iodine is in its +5 oxidation state. Properties. Iodine pentoxide is a white solid. It breaks down to iodine and oxygen when heated. It reacts with carbon monoxide to make carbon dioxide and iodine. It is a strong oxidizing agent. It reacts with water to make iodic acid. Preparation. Iodine pentoxide is made by heating iodic acid to in dry air. Uses. It is used to see how much carbon monoxide is in a sample of gas.
Potassium iodate is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is KIO3. It has potassium and iodate ions in it. Properties. Potassium iodate is a white solid. It is a strong oxidizing agent. It is similar to potassium bromate and potassium chlorate. It reacts violently with many reducing agents. Preparation. Potassium iodate is made by reacting iodic acid with potassium hydroxide or by reacting iodine with potassium hydroxide. This second reaction makes the iodide and the iodate.  Uses. Potassium iodate is used to add iodine to salt. It is better than potassium iodide because it does not oxidize to iodine and evaporate like potassium iodide does. It is sometimes used in flour just like potassium bromate.  It is also used for radiation protection. A nuclear explosion can make radioactive iodine, which goes into the thyroid and can make cancer. Eating potassium iodate makes the thyroid full of nonradioactive iodine and prevents radioactive iodine from going in. It lasts longer than potassium iodide.
Sodium iodate is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is NaIO3. It has sodium and iodate ions in it. Properties. Sodium iodate is a colorless solid. It is similar to sodium chlorate. It is a strong oxidizing agent. It reacts with sodium hypochlorite to make sodium periodate. It can catch things on fire. Preparation. It is made by dissolving iodic acid or iodine in sodium hydroxide solution. Iodine dissolving also makes sodium iodide. Uses. It is used to make sodium periodate.
Tuff (from Italian "tufo") is a type of rock produced by the eruption of volcanoes. It consists of consolidated volcanic ash ejected from vents during a volcanic eruption. Rock with more than 50% tuff is called "tuffaceous". The chemical and mineral composition of tuff varies according to what was in the molten magma. Volcanic ash. In a volcanic eruption, Magma is blown apart by volcanic gases and steam. The products are volcanic gases, lava, steam, and tephra (fragments). The solid material produced and thrown into the air is called "tephra", regardless of composition or fragment size. If the pieces of ejecta are small, the material is called volcanic ash, defined as such particles less than 2 mm in diameter, sand-sized or smaller. These particles are small, slaggy pieces of magma and rock that have been tossed into the air by outbursts of steam and other gases. Structure. Breccias. Among the loose beds of ash that cover the slopes of many volcanoes, three classes of materials are represented.  In some great volcanic explosions nothing but materials of the second kind were emitted, as at Mount Bandai in Japan in 1888. There have also been many eruptions in which the quantity of broken sedimentary rocks that mingled with the ash is very great.  These materials, in contrast to true ashes, tend to occur in "angular fragments". When they form a large part of the mass the rock is more properly a 'volcanic breccia' than a tuff. A breccia is a rock with sharp-edged fragments in it. Agglomerate. The ashes vary in size from large blocks twenty feet or more in diameter to the minutest impalpable dust. The large masses are called 'volcanic bombs'; they have mostly a rounded, elliptical or pear-shaped form owing to rotation in the air before they solidified. Many of them have ribbed or nodular surfaces, and sometimes they have a crust intersected by many cracks like the surface of a loaf of bread. Any ash in which they are very abundant is called an agglomerate. Consolid
Copper(I) iodide, also known as cuprous iodide, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is CuI. It has copper and iodide ions in it. The copper is in its +1 oxidation state. Properties. Copper(I) iodide is a white solid. It does not dissolve in water. It easily turns tan or brown. It is a reducing agent. The iodide easily oxidizes to iodine. Copper does not form a stable copper(II) iodide; copper(II) iodide breaks down right away to make copper(I) iodide and iodine. It dissolves in concentrated iodides like potassium iodide. When it is diluted, it makes copper(I) iodide again.  Preparation. It can be made by reacting iodine and copper in concentrated hydroiodic acid. Another way would be to react copper(II) sulfate and potassium iodide. This makes copper(II) iodide which as said before breaks down right away to make iodine and copper(I) iodide. Uses. It is used to make organic compounds. It is also used to make clouds rain. It is used to make nylon resistant to heat. It can be used to put iodine to foods.
Copper(I) bromide, also known as cuprous bromide, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is CuBr. It has copper and bromide ions in it. The copper is in its +1 oxidation state. Properties. Copper(I) bromide is a colorless solid. It turns green when in air. It does not dissolve in water. It is a reducing agent.  Preparation. Copper(I) bromide is made by reacting copper(II) bromide with any sulfite and any bromide salt. This reaction makes hydrogen bromide gas.  Uses. It is used in organic chemistry. It is used to make organic compounds that have copper in them.
Copper(II) bromide, also known as cupric bromide, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is CuBr2. It has copper and bromide ions in it. The copper is in its +2 oxidation state. Properties. Copper(II) bromide is a grayish-black solid. Most copper(II) compounds, except for the oxide, are bright blue or green. It can be reduced to copper(I) bromide. Preparation. It can be made by dissolving copper(II) oxide in hydrobromic acid. It can also be made by reacting copper and bromine.82 Uses. Copper(II) bromide is used in lasers. It is also used to add bromide ions to other chemical compounds in organic chemistry.
Fading Echoes is the second book in the fourth "Warriors" series, "Omen of the Stars". It includes multiple points of view: Dovepaw and Ivypaw, two sisters, and Jayfeather and Lionblaze, two brothers. All of these cats are in ThunderClan. The story takes place in a forest around a fictional lake. The forest is populated by groups of feral cats, who live in groups that call themselves Clans. The four Clans are ThunderClan, ShadowClan, WindClan, and RiverClan. The cats usually train to become warriors, who hunt and fight for their Clans. Plot. Dovepaw's story. Dovepaw strengthens her ability to hear farther than any cat around the lake, while her bond with her sister, Ivypaw, dwindles. This is because Dovepaw cannot share the secret of her power with any cat except for Lionblaze and Jayfeather.  Dovepaw tries to make friends with a ShadowClan warrior named Tigerheart, but she cannot, as the fact that they are from different Clans keeps them apart. Later, Dovepaw saves most of ThunderClan by sensing that a tree is about to fall into their camp, and evacuating them in time. Jayfeather's story. Jayfeather discovers that some Clan cats are being trained by Dark Forest cats (the Dark Forest is where bad Clan cats' spirits go when they die). This means that the Clan cats will have to fight the Dark Forest cats and the Clan cats training there.  Ivypaw's story. Ivypaw begins to train in the Dark Forest. She has an argument with her sister, Dovepaw, and their bond starts to weaken. Later, she fakes a sign that says the cats should enter a battle, which results in two deaths.
Starlight is the fourth book in the second series of "Warriors", called "Warriors: The New Prophecy". The book is told from three different points of view: Leafpool and Squirrelflight, two sisters, and Squirrelflight's love interest, Brambleclaw. This book takes place in a forest around a fictional lake. The forest is populated by groups of feral cats, who live in groups that call themselves Clans. The four Clans are ThunderClan, ShadowClan, WindClan, and RiverClan. The cats usually train to become warriors, who hunt and fight for their Clans. Plot. Leafpool. Leafpool has to care for ThunderClan with her teacher, Cinderpelt. She and Cinderpelt are medicine cats, meaning that they heal the cats of their Clan. She finds a place called the Moonpool, where the Clans can contact the spirits of their ancestors. She eventually falls in love with a WindClan warrior called Crowfeather (which is forbidden, as Leafpool and Crowfeather are from different Clans). Leafpool also discovers that Brambleclaw has started to train with Tigerstar and Hawkfrost, his evil father and brother, in dreams. She wonders if he is truly loyal to ThunderClan. Squirrelflight. Squirrelflight discovers a place where ThunderClan can live. She begins to struggle with her emotions for two male cats, Brambleclaw and Ashfur. She likes Ashfur more for a while when she finds out that Brambleclaw has been training with evil cats. She wonders if Brambleclaw is loyal to ThunderClan. Eventually, though, she decides that she loves Brambleclaw, and chooses him over Ashfur. Brambleclaw. Brambleclaw starts dreaming of a place called the Dark Forest, a place where the spirits of evil Clan cats go when they die. In those dreams, he trains with Tigerstar and Hawkfrost, his evil father and brother.
A proposition is a term in philosophy and logic. It is a statement which has a truth value, meaning it can be proven to be true or false. For a proposition to be valid, it must be possible to prove the proposition is either true or false. Many teachers and students of logic use the term "statement" and "proposition" to mean the same thing. Propositions are also often represented by capital letters such as formula_1, formula_2 and formula_3.  It is possible to express the same proposition in many way. Proposition are only concerned with actual meaning, not the way the proposition is expressed. Propositions can look different, yet still mean the same thing. When two different propositions mean the same thing, they are said to be synonymous, meaning each statement has the same meaning.  For example, "Snow is white" (in English) and "Schnee ist weiß" (in German) are different sentences, because they are written in different languages. However, they mean exactly the same thing: snow is white. No matter what language the statement is written in, it will mean the same thing. As a result, these statements are synonymous.  In Aristotelian logic, a proposition is a specific kind of sentence that confirms or denies an action or predicate took place through a subject. Aristotelian propositions take forms like "All men are mortal" and "Socrates is a man". In each sentence, the subject (men, Socrates) has a status (are mortal, is a man) which can be regarded as true or false. In logical positivism, a proposition whose truth value cannot possibly be decided is meaningless (Quine, for instance, believes that propositions generally have no clear criterion of identity). For example, statements about the existence of deities cannot be proved under logical positivism. Because the statements have no truth value, a logical positivist would consider propositions about deities (such as "God exists" or "God does not exist") to have no logical meaning.
Karst is a geological system of rocks where water has eroded (dissolved) the bedrock. If it is very extensive, karst can be a geographical or topographical feature. It is classed as a badland if it difficult to travel through the environment, which it often is. Almost always, karst is formed in carbonate rocks, such as limestone or dolomite. Since carbonate sedimentary rocks are very common, karst areas occur all over the world. Many karst regions display distinctive surface features, with sinkholes being the most common. However, karst surface features may be absent where the soluble rock is "mantled" (covered), such as by a non-soluble rock strata on top of the carbonate strata. Some karst regions include thousands of caves, and the water is generally underground. The world's largest karst area is the Nullarbor Plain, part of the area of flat, almost treeless, dry country of southern Australia. It is on the Great Australian Bight coast with the Great Victoria Desert to its north. It is the world's largest single exposure of limestone bedrock, and occupies an area of about . At its widest point, it stretches about from east to west across the border region between South Australia and Western Australia. Sinkholes. Many parts of the world suffer from sinkholes. These form when karsts are underground. A sinkhole is a depression or hole in the ground caused by a collapse of the surface layer.  Beneath the flat surface of the land in Florida, Guatemala City and elsewhere are vast systems of limestone. Water running through the limestone is dissolving the limestone away, leaving huge caverns. Without warning, huge holes appear in the surface, causing great damage. Practically the whole of Florida is sitting on a gigantic karst system, as are several countries in Central America. The area round Tampa is especially at risk, and there is a huge karst system under Mexico, including Mexico City. According to a senior geochemist, there are as many as 15,000 sinkholes in Illinois. The world's deepest sinkhole is China's Xiaozhai Tienkeng at 2172ft (662m
PubMed Central is a free database of scientific literature in biomedical and life sciences. It is on the Internet. It grew from the online Entrez PubMed biomedical literature search system. PubMed Central was developed by the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM) as an online archive of biomedical journal articles. It was started in 2000. As of 2021, it had over 7 million science papers in it. All the words in the PubMed Central articles can be read freely. Some publishers, though, do not show their articles for some time after they publish them on paper (usually about six months). History. PubMed Central was started in 2000. At first, it only had papers from "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences" and "Molecular Biology of the Cell". People can add older papers to PubMed Central. The oldest papers in PubMed Central are from the 1700s. As of September 2004, PubMedCentral, PubMed, and related NLM services had about 1,300 hits every second, and gave 1.3 terabytes of data every day. The Library of Congress and the British Library showed support for the National Library of Medicine (NLM). It has also been popular with journal service providers. PubMed Central and PubMed. PubMed Central is different from PubMed. The regular PubMed has papers' titles and abstracts, and PubMed central has the whole paper. Scientists call this "full text." PMCID. The PubMed Central Identifier (PMCID) is an ID tag for papers written by scientists and doctors. It is like an ISBN is for books. It shows the reader where to find the paper in the PubMed Central database.
The Medical University of Innsbruck (German: "Medizinische Universität Innsbruck") is a university in Innsbruck, Austria. It used to be one of the four historical faculties of the Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck, but it became an independent (by itself) university in 2004. History. The medical tradition dates back long before the university began. The first hospital began in the silver-mining city of Schwaz nearby in 1307. Because people grew as years went by, a medical faculty was added to the university, begun in 1669 by Emperor Leopold I, making it the first of its kind in the Alpine region.
Dolomite is the name of a sedimentary carbonate rock and a mineral, both composed of calcium magnesium carbonate CaMg(CO3)2  As a mineral, it is found in crystals. Dolomite rock (or 'dolostone') is mostly made of the mineral dolomite.  Limestone that is partially replaced by dolomite is referred to as "dolomitic limestone". In the old U.S. geologic literature it is called "magnesian limestone". Dolomite was first described in 1791 for exposures in the Dolomites of northern Italy.