ejaasaari/simplewiki-2025-04-01 huggingface dataset:
In finance and economics, a monetary authority is the organization which controls the money supply of a currency. Their goal is to control inflation, interest rates, real GDP or the unemployment rate. With its monetary tools, a monetary authority is able to effectively influence the development of short-term interest rates for that currency. However, they can also influence other things which control the cost and availability of money. A monetary authority is usually a central bank or currency board. Central banks usually have a some independence from the government and its political decisions. However, depending on the political set-up, governments can sometimes have almost total control over monetary policy if they are allowed to influence or control their central bank.
The money supply (or money stock) is the total value of money available in an economy at a point of time. There are many ways to define "money". Normal measures usually include currency in circulation and demand deposits. Each country’s central bank may use its own definitions of what they consider to be money for its purposes. Money supply data is recorded and published. It is done usually by the government or the central bank of the country. Public and private sector analysts look at changes in the money supply. This is because they believe that changes affect the price level of securities, inflation, the exchange rates and the business cycle. Empirical measures in the United States Federal Reserve System. Money is used as a medium of exchange, a unit of account, and as a ready store of value. The different types of money are typically classified as "M"s. The "M"s usually range from M0 (narrowest) to M3 (broadest) but which "M"s are actually focused on in policy formulation depends on the country's central bank. The typical layout for each of the "M"s is as follows: The ratio of a pair of these measures, most often M2 / M0, is called an (actual, empirical) money multiplier.
Monetary policy is the policy used by the monetary authority of a country that controls either the interest rate that can be paid on very short-term borrowing or the money supply. They often target inflation or the interest rate to help make price stability and general trust in the currency. Other goals of a monetary policy are usually to help make the gross domestic product more stable, to get and keep low unemployment, and to have predictable exchange rates with other currencies.
Sir Richard Sheridan Franklin Bowling (born 26 February 1934), known as Frank Bowling, is a Guyana-born British artist. His paintings relate to Abstract expressionism, Color Field painting and Lyrical Abstraction. Bowling now spends part of each year between London and New York, where he has studios. Bowling's paintings have been shown in numerous exhibitions in Europe, the United Kingdom and the United States and are included in major private and corporate collections worldwide.  His work can also be seen in the permanent collections of the Metropolitan Museum of Art and Museum of Modern Art in New York, as well as the Tate Gallery in London.
Édouard-Léon Scott de Martinville was a Frenchman who invented the earliest known sound recording device known as the Phonautograph. He was born in Paris in 1817 he’s profession was printing and book selling. He died in 1879. Discovery of the Sounds. In 2008, a group of researchers discovered the phonautogram that was recorded on 9 April 1860. It is a French folk song called Au Clair de la lune. Scientists believe that the person singing the song was Scott de Martinville the inventor him self. The audio discovery became the oldest recorded sound of a person.
Orhad "Ady" Barkan (December 18, 1983 – November 1, 2023) was an American lawyer and progressive activist. He was the co-founder of the Be a Hero PAC and is an organizer for the Center for Popular Democracy. Barkan became known when he told then-U.S. Senator Jeff Flake on a plane back in 2017 asking him to "be a hero" and vote no on the tax bill. Barkan was diagnosed with terminal ALS in 2016. He had died from complications of ALS at a hospital in Santa Barbara, California at the age of 39.
Graeme C. Gibson (9 August 1934 – 18 September 2019) was a Canadian novelist. He was a Member of the Order of Canada (1992). He was one of the organizers of the Writer's Union of Canada (chair, 1974–75). He was also a founder of the Writers' Trust of Canada. Gibson was in a partnership with fellow Canadian novelist Margaret Atwood from 1973 until his death. In April 2017, Gibson was diagnosed with dementia. He died on 18 September 2019 in a hospital in London, England at the age of 85.
Anthony Paul "Tony" Mills (7 July 1962 – 18 September 2019) was an English rock singer. He was best known for his work with Shy and TNT. Mills was born in Solihull, Warwickshire, England. In April 2019, Mills announced that he was diagnosed with terminal pancreatic cancer. He died on 18 September 2019 at the age of 57.
Shyam Ramsay (17 May 1952 – 18 September 2019) was an Indian movie director, producer and screenwriter. He was one of the seven Ramsay Brothers. He was active during the 1970s and the 1980s. He was known for directing horror movies such as "Darwaza", "Purana Mandir" and "Veerana". Ramsay wrote the screenplay for "Zee Horror Show" Ramsay was born in Bombay. He died on 18 September 2019 from pneumonia at the age of 67.
Blue Beetle is the name of three fictional superheroes who appear in DC Comics. They bought the rights to the character in 1983, using the name for three distinct characters over the years.  Publication history. The original Blue Beetle was created by Charles Nicholas Wojtkoski and Fox Comics and later owned by Charlton Comics.  Fictional character biographies. Dan Garrett. The first Blue Beetle was Dan Garret (later spelled Dan Garrett), who initially gained superpowers from a special vitamin, which was later changed to gaining powers from a "sacred scarab". The original Blue Beetle was featured in not only his own comic but also a weekly radio serial.  Ted Kord. The second Blue Beetle, created by Charlton and later taken over by DC Comics, was the successor to Dan Garrett known as Ted Kord. Kord "jumped" to the DC Comics universe during the "Crisis on Infinite Earths" alongside a number of other Charlton Comics characters. The second Blue Beetle later starred in his own 24-issue comic. Kord never had any super powers but used science to create various devices to help him fight crime. He became a member of the Justice League of America and was later killed during the prelude to DC Comics' "Infinite Crisis" cross over.  Jaime Reyes. The third Blue Beetle, created by DC Comics, is Jaime Reyes, a teenager who discovered that the original Blue Beetle scarab morphed into a battle suit allowing him to fight crime and travel in space. In other media. The character has appeared in television series, action figures, and video games. A movie about Blue Beetle was released in 2023 by Warner Bros. with Xolo Maridueña playing Jaime Reyes as the main character.
Blue Beetle (Jaime Reyes) is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. It was created by Keith Giffen, John Rogers, and Cully Hamner. The character made his first appearance in "Infinite Crisis" #3 (February 2006). Publication history. Jaime Reyes was created by Keith Giffen, John Rogers, and Cully Hamner. He made his first appearance in "Infinite Crisis" #3 (February 2006). Fictional character biography. Jaime Reyes is the third character to become Blue Beetle. He was revealed to be alien in origin. Though only a teenager, Reyes quickly forms a working relationship with Kord's former teammate and best friend Booster Gold and is added into the Teen Titans. In other media. Xolo Maridueña plays Reyes in the DC Extended Universe movie "Blue Beetle" (2023). Maridueña will officially reprise the role as Jaime Reyes in an upcoming animated television series set in the DC Universe (DCU) franchise.
Raven is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. The character first appeared in a special insert in "DC Comics Presents" #26 (October 1980). She was created by writer Marv Wolfman and artist George Pérez. She is a known member of the superhero team Teen Titans.  The character also goes by the alias Rachel Roth as a false civilian name. Powers and abilities. She possesses a supernatural lineage that grants her remarkable abilities as an empath. She can sense emotions and manipulate her soul-self, which takes the form of her namesake, for various purposes. Despite her lineage and the ominous predictions associated with her connection to Trigon, Raven becomes a prominent member of different Teen Titans and Titans lineups, where recognized for her expertise in mysticism and stands out as one of the team's most formidable members. The character has also served as a member of other teams in the DC Universe, including the Justice League, Sentinels of Magic, and the Justice League Dark. In other media. Raven has appeared in numerous cartoon television shows and movies, including as one of the Teen Titans in Cartoon Network's eponymous series, voiced by Tara Strong. Rachel Roth makes her live adaptation debut in the DC Universe series "Titans", played by Teagan Croft.
Beast Boy (Garfield "Gar" Logan) is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. He was created by writer Arnold Drake and artist Bob Brown. The character first appeared in "The Doom Patrol" #99 (November 1965). He is a known member of the Teen Titans. Fictional character biography. He is a shapeshifter (changes his body form) to any animal he chooses. In other media. Beast Boy has appeared in many cartoon television shows and movies, including as one of the Teen Titans in Cartoon Network's eponymous series, voiced by Greg Cipes and appeared on "Titans", played by Ryan Potter. Beast Boy also appears in Teen Titans Go!
Starfire (Princess Koriand'r) is a fictional superheroine appearing in books published by DC Comics. She made her first appearance in "DC Comics Presents" #26 (October 1980). She was created by Marv Wolfman and George Pérez. The character has been a member of the Teen Titans and has also appeared on several other teams, including the Outsiders, Outlaws, and Justice League Odyssey.  Publication history. The name "Starfire" first appeared in a DC Comic in the story "The Answer Man of Space", in "Mystery in Space" #73, February 1962, written by Gardner F. Fox. In 2013, Starfire placed 21st on IGN's "Top 25 Heroes of DC Comics". Fictional character biography. Within the main continuity of the DC Universe, her origin is revealed to be Princess Koriand'r, an alien princess from the planet Tamaran and heir to the throne until she was ousted in a coup by her elder sister, Komand'r (also known as Blackfire), whom sold her into slavery. Subjected to torture and sexual exploitation, Koriand'r would later receive additional powers following experimentations by alien scientists. Escaping her captors, the character would find herself on Earth and befriended the Teen Titans, becoming a long-lasting member of the team over the years. While on Earth, the character has been depicted as a model under the alias Kory Anders, occasionally the leader of the Teen Titans, and was the principal of Teen Titans Academy during a period in which the Titans help trained future superheroes of the DC Universe. Powers and abilities. The radiation is then converted to pure energy, allowing her to fly at supersonic speeds. Starfire is capable of using this power to fly in space and even go fast enough to cross several solar systems in minutes to seconds. This energy also gives her incredible superhuman strength and durability. In other media. Starfire has appeared in many cartoon television shows and movies, including as a member of the Teen Titans in Cartoon Network's eponymous series, voiced by Hynden Walch. She also appears in the DC Universe series "Titans", played by Anna Diop.
Solomon Grundy is a fictional supervillain in DC Comics and an antihero in the DC Animated Universe.  Fictional character biography. He was seen as a murder victim brought back to life as a mega zombie. He is named after the 19th century nursery rhyme "Solomon Grundy". Grundy was first seen as an enemy of comic book hero Green Lantern, but has since become a known enemy for many superheroes such as Superman, Batman, the Green Lantern, and the Flash. In other media. The character made his live-action debut as Cyrus Gold in the second season of the Arrowverse series "Arrow", and Butch Gilzean on Fox's television series "Gotham". Solomon Grundy also appeared in CGI form in the first and second seasons of the television series "Stargirl" for DC Universe and The CW network.
Reverse-Flash is a name used by many fictional supervillains appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. They are all enemies of the Flash. A known version of the character is Edward Clariss (also known as the Rival and Rival Flash) first appeared in "Flash Comics" #104 (February 1949), and was created by John Broome and Joe Kubert. Another well-known version is Eobard Thawne. The character's design is the complete opposite of the Flash with a yellow suit and red flash design.
Brainiac is a fictional supervillain appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. The character was created by writer Otto Binder and artist Al Plastino, and debuted in Action Comics #242 (July 10, 1958). Alongside, Lex Luthor, he is seen as a top enemy of Superman and the Justice League. Fictional character biography. Brainiac is seen as an extraterrestrial cyborg or android. He is responsible for shrinking and stealing Kandor, the capital city of Superman's home planet Krypton.  His name is a portmanteau of the words "brain" and "maniac". In 2009, Brainiac was ranked as IGN's 17th Greatest Comic Book Villain of All Time.  Powers and abilities. In his original incarnation, Brainiac has superhuman knowledge due to being an advanced computer system. He also has superhuman strength, speed, and endurance, which increased after building himself a new robotic body.
Killer Frost is a name used by several fictional female supervillains and superheroes appearing in comic books published by DC Comics: Crystal Frost, Louise Lincoln and Caitlin Snow. She is a known villain towards the superhero Firestorm. In other media. In television shows and video games, she is voiced by Jennifer Hale. Danielle Panabaker plays the character on the shared DC "Arrowverse" shows, where she is a main character on the television series "The Flash".
Firestorm is the name of many fictional superheroes appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. Ronnie Raymond and Martin Stein were the first incarnation in "Firestorm, the Nuclear Man"  1 (March 1978) and were created by Gerry Conway and Al Milgrom. Jason Rusch debuted as a modern update of the character in "Firestorm" (vol. 3) #1 (July 2004), and was created by Dan Jolley and ChrisCross. In other media. Firestorm is featured in The CW's "Arrowverse", played by Robbie Amell, Victor Garber, and Franz Drameh.
Celtic punk is punk rock mixed with traditional Celtic music.  Celtic punk bands often play covers of traditional Irish, Welsh or Scottish folk and political songs. They will often make original songs too. Common themes in Celtic punk music include politics, Celtic culture and identity, heritage, religion, drinking and working class pride. The genre became popular in the 1980s by The Pogues. The Pogues are a band of London Irish punk musicians in London. They celebrated their Irish heritage. The term "Celtic punk" is usually used to describe bands who base their music in Irish or Scottish traditional music. It is considered part of the more general folk punk genre. However, folk punk is usually used for bands that use English, American and other forms of folk music as inspiration.  The usual Celtic punk band includes a rock instrument as well as traditional instruments such as bagpipes, fiddle, tin whistle, accordion, mandolin, and banjo. Like Celtic rock, Celtic punk is a form of Celtic fusion.
Deadshot (Floyd Lawton) is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. He was created by David Vern Reed, Lew Schwartz, and Bob Kane. The character made his first appearance in "Batman" #59 (June–July 1950). Deadshot is a villain of the superhero Batman. He is seen as a supervillain, though he is sometimes depicted as an antihero. Since then, he has been a recurring character in Batman comics. Since 1986, Deadshot has also been frequently portrayed in comics books featuring the Suicide Squad. IGN's ranked Deadshot as the 43rd Greatest Comic Book Villain of All Time in 2009. Fictional character biography. As a child, Lawton idolized his brother. When his mother convinced his brother to kill their father, his brother locked Floyd outside. Floyd, wishing to save his brother from a grim future, took a rifle to shoot the gun out of his brother's hand. The character was not seen again until twenty-nine years later when writer Steve Englehart along with artists Marshall Rogers and Terry Austin retooled him in "Detective Comics" (vol.1) #474 (1979), now presenting him with customized wrist-mounted guns and a unique mask featuring a multi-use lens over his right eye. Powers and abilities. Deadshot is an expert in firearms and an excellent sniper who regularly boasts of never missing a shot. He is often considered one of the deadliest assassins in the DC Universe. Lawton is eventually brought to justice by the superhero Batman, who becomes Lawton's most recurring enemy over the years (though he also occasionally comes into conflict with other heroes). While typically portrayed as a supervillain, he is also sometimes depicted as an antihero as a member of the Suicide Squad where he fights more dangerous villains and threats, his need to protect those he regards as family, and his occasional efforts to hold himself accountable to a personal code of ethics.  In other media. The character has been substantially adapted from the comics into various forms of media, including television series, feature movies and video games. Deadshot was portrayed by Bradley Stryker in the final season of "Smallville", by Michael Rowe in the live-action Arrowverse franchise. In the live-action 2016 movie "Suicide Squad", he was played by Will Smith.
Captain Boomerang is the name of two fictional supervillains appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. The character is an enemy of both the Barry Allen Batman and Wally West versions of the Flash. He was created by writer John Broome and artist Carmine Infantino.  Fictional character biographies. Digger Harkness. The first Captain Boomerang George "Digger" Harkness, first appeared in "The Flash" #117 (December 1960). He has also been a known member of the Suicide Squad since its second iteration.  Owen Mercer. During the 2004 storyline "Identity Crisis", George Harkness is killed and his son, Owen Mercer, created by Brad Meltzer and Michael Turner, takes over his father's role as Captain Boomerang for a period of time. However, during the 2009–2010 "Blackest Night" storyline, Owen is killed and Harkness returns to life, resuming his role as Captain Boomerang, and, overwhelmed by grief and rage, evolves as a dangerous threat after the loss of his son. Powers and abilities. He is an expert at throwing the weapons and as well as ordinary boomerangs he has a number with special properties, including bladed, explosive, incendiary, and electrified boomerangs. Upon his resurrection, Digger finds he has the ability to create boomerangs out of energy that explode on contact. In other media. Both Harkness and Mercer have been adapted from the comics into various forms of media, including television series, feature films, and video games. Digger Harkness is portrayed in the Arrowverse live-action DC television shows by Nick E. Tarabay, and by Jai Courtney in the 2016 "Suicide Squad" movie and returned in the sequel set in the DC Extended Universe.
King Shark (Nanaue) is a fictional supervillain appearing in comic books published by DC Comics. The character was created by writer Karl Kesel and artist Tom Grummett. It made a brief cameo in "Superboy" #0 (October 1994) before making his first full appearance in "Superboy" #9 (November 1994). In other media. King Shark appears on the Arrowverse television series "The Flash" with Dan Payne. The character made his cinematic debut in James Gunn's "The Suicide Squad" sequel in 2021 with his voice provided by comedian Steve Agee.
Tall Girl is a 2019 American teen romantic comedy film. It was directed by Nzingha Stewart, from a screenplay by Sam Wolfson. It stars Ava Michelle, Griffin Gluck, Sabrina Carpenter, Paris Berelc, Luke Eisner, Clara Wilsey, Anjelika Washington, Rico Paris, Angela Kinsey, and Steve Zahn. It was released by Netflix on September 13, 2019. A sequel to the film was released on February 11, 2022. Plot. Jodi Kreyman is 16 and tall. She has been tall for her age since she was three, which has made her insecure her whole life. Students continually ask Jodi, "how's the weather up there?". In contrast, Jodi's older sister Harper is of average height and a multiple beauty pageant winner. Jack Dunkleman, a life-long friend, frequently asks her out, but she is reluctant, partly because he's much shorter than her. Stig Mohlin, a Swedish foreign exchange student, joins Jodi's class, and she is immediately interested, along with most girls in her school. However, Kimmy Stitcher, her bully, starts showing him around. Dunkleman is distressed to learn that Stig will be staying at his house as the host family. Jodi asks Harper for help getting Stig to notice her. Harper and their mother help her with a complete makeover. Kimmy and Schnipper prank call Jodi, pretending to be Stig and asking her to homecoming. To Fareeda's frustration, Jodi hides in the bathroom to avoid Kimmy. Stumbling across Stig playing the piano, he encourages her to play, and they sing the duet "I've Never Been in Love Before" from the musical "Guys and Dolls". Jodi finds her father has organized a Tip Toppers (tall people club) chapter meeting in their house, which she finds upsetting. Stig calls, and at first, thinking it is another prank call, she yells at him, but he invites her to watch a musical. She turns up to Dunkleman's house, and he becomes jealous when
The Red Hood is an alias used by multiple fictional characters and a criminal organization in comic books published by DC Comics.  Jason Todd is the most widely known character to use this persona, and he becomes the Red Hood identity in the main DC Comics continuity. Joker had also assumed the character's identity.
Lobo is a fictional character that appears in American comic books published by DC Comics. The Lobo character was created by Roger Slifer and Keith Giffen. He first appeared in "Omega Men" #3 (June 1983). Publication history. Created by Roger Slifer and Keith Giffen, the Lobo character first appeared in "Omega Men" #3 (June 1983). Fictional character biography. Lobo is an alien born on the utopian planet of Czarnia. He works as an interstellar mercenary and bounty hunter. Powers and abilities. In addition to incredible strength, he has accelerated healing that will completely regenerate his entire body from even a single cell.  In other media. Lobo was voiced by Brad Garrett, Greg Eagles, Kevin Michael Richardson, David Sobolov and John DiMaggio in cartoons and video games. Lobo will make his cinematic debut in the upcoming DC Universe (DCU) movie "" (2026), portrayed by Jason Momoa.