ejaasaari/simplewiki-2025-04-01 huggingface dataset:
In photosynthesis, a light-dependent reaction uses light energy from the sun to split water which has been taken in by the organism. Water, when split, gives oxygen, hydrogen, and electrons. These electrons move through structures in chloroplasts and, by "chemiosmosis", make ATP. The hydrogen is converted to NADPH, which is then used in the light-independent reactions. Oxygen gas diffuses out of the organism as a waste product. This all happens in the "grana thylakoid" of chloroplasts. History. Colin Flannery first put forward the idea that photosynthesis needs light in 1779. He realised that sunlight falling on plants was needed. Joseph Priestley had noted the release of oxygen gas in 1772, but he did not see the link with light. In 1931 Cornelius Van Niel proposed that photosynthesis is a case of a general mechanism where a photon of light is used to photodecompose a hydrogen donor, with the hydrogen being used to reduce . In 1939 Robin Hill found that isolated chloroplasts would make oxygen but not fix , showing that the light and dark reactions occurred in different places. This led later to the discovery of photosystem 1 and 2.
In photosynthesis, a light-independent reaction takes place in plant chloroplasts. In this process, sugars are made from carbon dioxide.  The process, known as the Calvin cycle, uses products of the light-dependent reactions (ATP and NADPH) and various enzymes. Therefore, the light-independent reaction cannot happen without the light-dependent reaction.  Sugars made in the light-independent reactions are moved around the plant (translocation). This takes place in the grana region of the chloroplast. It is anaerobic (does not use oxygen). The Calvin cycle. The sum of reactions in the Calvin cycle is the following: 3 + 6 NADPH + 5 + 9 ATP → glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P) + 2 H+ + 6 NADP+ + 9 ADP + 8 Pi   (Pi = inorganic phosphate)
2008 (MMVIII) was a leap year starting on Tuesday in the Gregorian calendar, the 2008th year of the Common Era (CE) and "Anno Domini" (AD) designations, . Deaths. June.
Falafel is a kind of Arabic food. It is a deep-fried ball or patty made from ground chickpeas, fava beans, or both. Spices are added to these. Falafel is either made into a ball, or a disc, which is then fried. The dish originally came from Egypt. Today, it is a popular form of fast food in the Middle East, where it is also served as a mezze. In Israel it is served as street food. Origin of the word. The word is pronounced (fuh-lah-full); The Arabic word "falafel" ("falāfil") may be the plural of () 'pepper'. More relevantly, it is an adjective for "fluffy"/"crunchy" things, as in (), a kind of cooked rice, and (), curly hair. Different spellings in English include "felafel" and "filafil". Different ways of serving falafel. Falafel is usually served in a pita-like bread called lafa, either inside the bread, which acts as a pocket, or wrapped in a flat bread. In many countries falafel is a popular street food or fast food. The falafel balls, whole or crushed, may be topped with salads, pickled vegetables and hot sauce, and drizzled with tahini-based sauces. Falafel balls may also be eaten alone as a snack or served as part of a mezze. During Ramadan, they are sometimes eaten as part of an iftar, the meal which breaks the daily fast after sunset. History. Falafel was originally made with fava beans. When the dish was used more in the north, chickpeas were more common, so they were used instead. The chickpea was used as a food item in the Levant before 4000 BC. According to Ynetnews, "A common theory suggests falafel was invented some 1000 years ago by the Egyptian Copts. They took it with them when they moved to the rest of the Middle East. Another theory dates the invention of falafel as far as the 6th century AD, or even earlier,
Meze or mezze 'to taste', is the name for a number of small dishes or appetizers served before a meal, often with a drink. The food is common in the Eastern Mediterranean. Drinks include anise-flavored liqueurs, such as "arak", "ouzo", "raki" or different wines. These dishes are similar to the "tapas" of Spain or finger food. In Levantine cuisines and in the Caucasus region (especially in Armenia and Georgia), these dishes are served as a part of any large-scale meal. Not accompanied by alcohol, meze is known in the Arab world as "muqabbilat" (Arabic for "starters").
Finger food is the name for a number of foods that are usually eaten with the hands, as opposed to using utensils, like forks, knives or chopsticks. In some cultures, food is almost always eaten with the hands; for example, Ethiopian cuisine is eaten by rolling various dishes up in "injera" bread. Examples of finger food are small beef pies, sausage rolls, sausages on sticks, cheese and olives on sticks, chicken drumsticks or wings, spring rolls, small quiches, samosas, onion bhajis, potato wedges, vol au vents, and risotto balls. Other well-known foods that are generally eaten with the hands include pizza, hot dogs, fruit and bread.
Risotto (plural: "risotti") is a typical Italian dish based on rice. Originally it comes from Piedmont, where rice is commonly grown. It is very important for the cuisine of Milan. Common ingredients of the base recipe are white wine, and onions. Risotto is a class of Italian rice dishes cooked in broth to a creamy consistency. The broth may be meat-, fish-, or vegetable-based. Many types of risotto contain Parmesan cheese, butter, and onion. It is one of the most common ways of cooking rice in Italy. Risotto is normally a "primo" (first course), served on its own before the main course, but "risotto alla milanese" is often served together with ossobuco alla milanese. Rice varieties. A high-starch (amylopectin), low-amylose round medium- or short-grain rice is usually used to make risotto. Such rices have the ability to absorb liquids and to release starch and so they are stickier than the long grain varieties. The principal varieties used in Italy are Arborio, Baldo, Carnaroli, Maratelli, Padano, Roma, and Vialone Nano. Carnaroli, Maratelli and Vialone Nano are considered to be the best (and most expensive) varieties, with different users preferring one over the other. They have slightly different properties. For example, Carnaroli is less likely than Vialone Nano to get overcooked, but the latter, being smaller, cooks faster and absorbs condiments better. Other varieties like Roma, Baldo, Ribe and Originario may be used but will not have the creaminess of the traditional dish. These varieties are considered better for soups and other non-risotto rice dishes and for making sweet rice desserts. Rice designations of Superfino, Semifino and Fino refer to the size and shape (specifically the length and the narrowness) of the grains, and not the quality. Basic preparation. There are many different risotto recipes with different ingredients, but they are all based on rice of an appropriate variety cooked in a standard procedure. The rice is first cooked briefly in a
A subscription is a product or service which is paid for periodically, rather than all at once. Magazines and newspapers are often subscription products. Public utility services like internet connections or cable television are examples of subscription services. Subscriptions fees are usually charged for a consistent time period, typically in weeks, months, or years. In a traditional business model, revenue flows linearly – from marketing to sales and finance. But in subscription businesses, the revenue flow is cyclical. While the purposes of all functions remain unchanged, their revenue implications are amplified since customers need to be ‘won’ not just once but through every recurring billing cycle. Subscription business models were first introduced in the 1600s by newspaper and book publishers. With the rise of technology and software as a service (SaaS) products, many companies are moving from a business revenue model where revenue is made from a customer's one-time purchase to a subscription model where revenue is made on a recurring basis in return for consistent access to the delivery of a software good or service. Types of subscription business models. Subscription business models can include a variety of companies and industries. Those industries include: Publishing. In publishing, the subscription model typically involves a Paywall, Paysite,payferal or other "toll-access" system (named in opposition to open access). As revenues from digital advertising diminish, a paid subscription model is being favoured by more publishers who see it as a comparatively stable income stream.
The wildcat is "Felis silvestris", a member of the small cat sub-family Felinae. It is native to Eurasia. It is so-called because it is almost impossible to tame. However, crossbreeding with domestic cats has occurred throughout almost the whole of the species' range. The wildcat shows geographic variation. All subspecies are larger than house cats, with longer legs and more robust bodies. There are about 22 subspecies, or (according to some) only four, including the Chinese mountain cat, which was previously considered a species in its own right. Our domestic cat originated from the subspecies known as the African wildcat. The name 'wildcat' is sometimes used as a term for domestic cats which have gone wild in the sense of living rough, without owners.
The Krebs cycle (named after Hans Krebs) is a part of cellular respiration. Its other names are the citric acid cycle, and the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA cycle).  The "Krebs cycle" is a series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms in their energy conversion processes. It is important to many biochemical pathways. This suggests that it was one of the earliest parts of cellular metabolism to evolve. The Krebs cycle comes after the link reaction and provides the hydrogen and electrons needed for the electron transport chain. It takes place inside mitochondria. Summary. The diagram below shows how this part of respiration is an ever-repeating cycle which produces ATP and gives off CO2. The ATP is a molecule which carries energy in chemical form to be used in other cell processes. To summarize:  Because two acetyl-CoA molecules are produced from each glucose molecule, "two cycles are required per glucose molecule". Therefore, at the end of two cycles, the products are: two ATP, six NADH, two FADH2 two QH2 (ubiquinol) and four CO2.
In organic chemistry, acetyl (ethanoyl), is a functional group, the acyl of acetic acid, with chemical formula -COCH3. Structure. The acetyl group contains a methyl group bonded to a carbonyl with a lone electron left over. This electron forms a chemical bond to the rest ("R") of the molecule. Use. The acetyl group is part of some organic compounds such as acetylcholine and acetyl-CoA.
Multiple birth is when a or singular woman gives birth to more than one child at the same time. Depending on the number of children born, it can be called twins (two), triplets (three), quadruplets (four), and so on. There have been cases known in which a woman gave birth to eight children at once, these have a higher risk of dying also a higher risk of birth defects  The chance of multiple birth grows when artificial insemination is used. It is therefore used in China to outsmart the one-child policy.
Skins is a controversial and two time BAFTA-winning British teen drama about a group of English teenagers growing up in Bristol. Mainly ages 16–18, the characters go to a fictional school called Roundview College. The show was created by television writers Bryan Elsley and Jamie Brittain, and was first shown on E4 on 25 January 2007. There are seven seasons with 61 episodes. There are also mini episodes of Skins that can only be watched online. It was also shown on Channel 4. On 12 March 2009 it was announced on the official "Skins" website that a fourth season of "Skins" was planned. The last episode was 5 August 2013. An American adaptation was made. The remake made in the USA was shown on MTV in 2011. It was not very popular and was accused of child pornography and being a bad influence on teenagers, so a second season was not made. It had the same characters as UK Skins apart from Maxxie, who was replaced with a lesbian called Tea Marvelli. Characters. First generation. These characters were in the first two seasons. Second generation. At the end of the second season of "Skins", it was announced that the old characters were being replaced with new ones. The only characters from the "original" season to come back are Effy Stonem (who is Tony's little sister), and Effy's best friend from season two, Pandora Moon.
Roberto Anzolin (18 April 1938 – 6 October 2017) was an Italian football player. He played for the Italy national team in 1966. Club career statistics. 501||0 501||0 International career statistics. !Total||1||0
Paolo Barison (born 23 June 1936) is a former Italian football player. He has played for Italy national team. Club career statistics. 422||133 8||3 430||141 International career statistics. !Total||9||6
Giacomo Bulgarelli (; 24 October 1940 – 12 February 2009) is a former Italian football player. He played for the Italian national team. Club career statistics. 391||43 2||0 393||43 International career statistics. !Total||29||7
Romano Fogli (21 January 1938 – 21 September 2021) was an Italian football player. He played for Italy national team. Fogli died on 21 September 2021 at the age of 83. Club career statistics. 490||15 490||15 International career statistics. !Total||13||0
Aristide Guarneri (born 7 March 1938) is an Italian football manager. He played for the Italy national team. Club career statistics. 441||4 441||4 International career statistics. !Total||21||1
Francesco Janich (27 March 1937 – 2 December 2019) was an Italian football player. He played for Italy national team from 1962 to 1966. Death. Janich died on 2 December 2019 in Rome at the age of 82. Club career statistics. 448||0 448||0 International career statistics. !Total||6||0
Spartaco Landini (born 31 January 1944) is a former Italian football player. He has played for Italy national team. Club career statistics. 286||1 286||1 International career statistics. !Total||4||0
Gianfranco Leoncini (25 September 1939 – 5 April 2019) was an Italian footballer. During his club career, Leoncini played for Juventus, Atalanta and Mantova. He won three Serie A titles with Juventus. He also played twice for Italy. He was a part of the 1966 FIFA World Cup squad. Club career statistics. 411||23 411||23 International career statistics. !Total||2||0
Giovanni Lodetti (; 10 August 1942 – 22 September 2023) is a former Italian football player. He has played for Italy national team. Giovanni Lodetti died on 22 September 2023, at the age of 81. Club career statistics. 432||18 432||18 International career statistics. !Total||17||2
Gigi Meroni (born 24 February 1943) is a former Italian football player. He has played for Italy national team. Club career statistics. 139||23 139||23 International career statistics. !Total||6||2
Ezio Pascutti (1 June 1937 – 4 January 2017) was an Italian football manager and player. He has played for Italy's national team. Death. Pascutti died under hospice care in Bologna, Italy on 4 January 2017 from a "serious illness", aged 79. Club career statistics. 296||130 296||130 International career statistics. !Total||17||8
Marino Perani (27 October 1939 – 18 October 2017) was a former Italian football player. He has played for Italy national team. In 2014, Perani got married at the age of 75 with the Bolognese business woman Anna Ciano at the Palazzo D'Accursio. Perani died at a hospital in Bologna, Italy on 18 October 2017 from stroke-related complications at the age of 77. Club career statistics. 380||79 8||1 388||80 International career statistics. !Total||4||1
Pierluigi Pizzaballa (born 14 September 1939) is a former Italian football player. He has played for Italy national team. Club career statistics. 300||0 300||0 International career statistics. !Total||1||0
Francesco Rizzo (30 May 1943 – 17 July 2022) was an Italian football player. He played for Italy's national team. Rizzo died on 17 July 2022 at the age of 79. Club career statistics. 462||71 462||71 International career statistics. !Total||2||2
Sandro Salvadore (born 29 November 1939) used to be an Italian football player. He has played for the Italian national team. Club career statistics. 403||17 403||17 International career statistics. !Total||36||0
Edmondo Fabbri (born 16 September 1921) is a former Italian football player.
Lorenzo Buffon (born 19 December 1929) is a former Italian football player. He has played for Italy national team. Club career statistics. 375||0 375||0 International career statistics. !Total||15||0
Giacomo Losi (; 10 September 1935 – 4 February 2024) is a former Italian football player. He played for Italy's national football team. Losi died on 4 February 2024, at the age of 88. Club career statistics. 454||4 454||4 International career statistics. !Total||11||0
Luigi Radice (15 January 1935 – 7 December 2018) was a former Italian football player. He played for Italy national team. Death. Radice died on 7 December 2018 in Turin from complications of Alzheimer's disease, aged 83. Club career statistics. 130||0 130||0 International career statistics. !Total||5||0
Bruno Mora (born 29 March 1937) is a former Italian football player. He has played for Italy national team. Club career statistics. 265||63 265||63 International career statistics. !Total||21||4
Humberto Maschio (20 February 1933 – 20 August 2024) was an Argentine-Italian football player. He played for Argentina national team and Italy national team. Death. Maschio died on 20 August 2024 from kidney failure at the age of 91. Club career statistics. 188||50 188||50 International career statistics. !Total||12||12 !Total||2||0
Giampaolo Menichelli (born 29 June 1938) is a former Italian football player. He has played for Italy national team. Club career statistics. 325||74 325||74 International career statistics. !Total||9||1
Carlo Mattrel (born 14 April 1937) is a former Italian football player. He has played for Italy national team. Club career statistics. 171||0 171||0 International career statistics. !Total||2||0
Angelo Sormani (born 3 July 1939) is a former Italian football player. He has played for Italy national team. Club career statistics. 375||101 375||101 International career statistics. !Total||7||2
Enzo Robotti (born 13 June 1935) is a former Italian football player. He has played for Italy national team. Club career statistics. 316||4 316||4 International career statistics. !Total||15||0
Mario David (born 13 March 1934) is a former Italian football player. He has played for Italy national team. Club career statistics. 314||24 314||24 International career statistics. !Total||3||0
Paride Tumburus (8 March 1939 - 3 October 2015) was an Italian football player. He played for Italy national team. He was a member of the Italian team at the 1960 Summer Olympics and the 1962 FIFA World Cup. He died of a heart attack. Club career statistics. 226||10 226||10 International career statistics. !Total||4||0
Giorgio Ferrini (; 18 August 1939 – 8 November 1976) was an Italian football manager and former football player who played as a midfielder. Nicknamed "La Diga" ('The Dam') for his qualities as a defensive midfielder, Ferrini played for Torino from 1959 to 1975, and is the most capped player in the history of the "Granata" with 566 appearances in all competitions, ahead of Paolo Pulici (437). At club level, they won the Coppa Italia in 1967–68 and 1970–71. He also represented the Italy national team, winning the 1968 European Championship. A hard-working, aggressive, and energetic wide midfielder of quantity, Ferrini was known for his stamina and his hard challenges, as well as his dedication, consistency, and leadership, despite his lack of notable technical ability. A tenacious, influential, and versatile team player, he was capable of playing in several midfield positions, and could also be deployed as a defensive midfielder, or as an offensive central midfielder. Despite his powerful, combative, and at times excessive style of play, he was also known for being a fair and correct player. Widely regarded as one of the best Italian midfielders of all time. Club career. Ferrini grew up in the youth team of Ponziana and in 1955 was signed by Torino and inserted in their youth system, where he stayed for three years. In 1957 he was auditioned by the national team manager Giuseppe Galluzzi in view of an international youth tournament On 11 August 1958 Ferrini was loaned to Varese in Serie C. In his only season with the "biancorossi", he contributed 10 goals to the salvation of the team played mainly as a starter. Returning from loan, he contended his starting spot with Italo Mazzero in the midfield as the team were preparing to play in the Serie B. On 20 September 1959 he made his debut with Torino away to Sambenedettese (0–0) and the following week scored his first goal at home against Cagliari (5
Pita is a type of flatbread. Sometimes it is called pitta or pide (Turkish), pitka (Bulgarian) and pronounced "pitta" in Greek). Pita is often round, brown, wheat flatbread made with yeast. Pita is traditionally made in the Middle East and around the Mediterranean. It is also used in the cuisines of these countries. It can also be found in North Africa and the Levant.  Possibly, it was spread by the Ancient Greek city states colonies, or by the spread of the Islam through the region.  In Turkish cuisine, pide may refer to thicker breads made with yeast, for example shish kebab pide. It may also refer to foods using many thin layers of dough, usually with many different ingredients in between. That way, pies such as tyropita and spanakopita or sweet pies such as baclava are made. The Indian flatbread form of roti is sometimes referred to as "Indian pita".
The Easter Rising was a rebellion in Dublin, Ireland at Easter in 1916. It started on 24 April 1916 and ended on 29 April 1916. It was carried out by members of the Irish Republican Brotherhood and members of the Irish Citizens Army. It was done to protest against British rule in Ireland.  At first, the Irish had planned to have a larger number of men attack the city. But a man called Sir Roger Casement was captured on the way back from Germany with guns and the Irish had very few guns. As a result, only about 1,250 men took part in the rising. Out of these about 300 went into the General Post Office (GPO) in Dublin led by Pádraig Pearse and James Connolly. Other groups took over different parts of the city, for example St. Stephen's Green, Shelbourne Hotel, Boland's Mills and Jacobs Factory. At first the British put up no resistance because of Easter public holiday, but soon more of them came into Dublin to fight the Irish.  The biggest fighting happened at Bolands Mills where Éamon de Valera had his men open fire on British soldiers called "Sherwood Foresters" while they landed in the city. The shootings here killed about 200 people and wounded several more. St. Stephen's Green was a big part of the fighting as well where the Irish lost a lot of men. After six days the Irish were exhausted and were being shot at by huge artillery pieces mounted onto a British ship called HMS Helga. The General Post Office was badly hit and soon the Irish surrendered. Sixteen of the Irish leaders were shot by firing squad after the Rising. The British admitted that they lost 155 men to Irish gunfire and 200 were wounded. The Irish rebels lost at least 70 men and over 1,000 of them were wounded. At least 100 Irish citizens were killed in the crossfire as well. After the rising, Dublin was in very bad shape and several hundred people had been killed. After the rebellion. After the Easter Rising conflict, the leaders of the rebellion were given trials in British courts and were sentenced to death. Fourteen were executed by British soldiers