ejaasaari/simplewiki-2025-04-01 huggingface dataset:
The Republic of China (ROC) was a country that existed between 1912 and 1949. It is now the People's Republic of China. It was created in January 1912 after the Xinhai Revolution, which overthrew the Qing dynasty. The Republic's first president was Sun Yat-sen. Sun's party, the Kuomintang (KMT) won the parliamentary election in December 1912.  But Sun soon gave the position to Yuan Shikai, the leader of the Beiyang Army. The Beiyang Army also controlled the Beiyang government (which controlled Mongolia).  Between late 1915 and early 1916, Yuan Shikai called himself the Emperor of China. But people did not like it (National protection war).  After Yuan died in 1916, the Beiyang government was further weakened by a brief restoration of the Qing dynasty. Various groups in the Beiyang Army claimed independence and fought with each other during the Warlord Era. In 1921, the KMT created a rival government in Canton, supported by the Communist Party of China (CPC),  North China was overtaxed and had too many fighting warlords. So its economy died between 1927 and 1928.  General Jiang Jieshi (Chiang Kai-Shek) became the KMT leader after Sun's death. Jiang started the Northern Expedition in 1926 and overthrew the Beiyang government in 1928. In April 1927, Jiang created a nationalist government in Nanjing and massacred Communists in Shanghai. With the support from the USSR. The CPC into armed rebellion, starting the Chinese Civil War. China experienced industrialization and modernization but suffered conflicts between the Nationalist government in Nanjing, the CPC, warlords, and the Empire of Japan.  Eventually the Chinese unified to fight against their common enemy: the Japanese. In 1937 the Imperial Japanese Army invaded China in 1937. The Second Sino-Japanese War began. In August of 1945, Japan surrendered at the end of World War II. In 1946, the Chinese Civil War between the KMT and CPC restarted.  In 1949, the CPC defeated the KMT and started the People's Republic of China (PRC). Jiang Jieshi and the KMT fled to Taiwan.
Chinese is a branch of the Sino-Tibetan language family. It has hundreds of local languages, many of which are not mutually understandable. There is more variation in the mountainous southeast. There are seven main groups: Mandarin, Wu, Min, Xiang, Gan, Hakka and Yue. Chinese varieties differ most in their phonology (sounds) but have similar vocabulary and syntax (grammar). Southern varieties tend to have fewer initial consonants but more often preserve the Middle Chinese final consonants. All have tones. Northern varieties have fewer tones. Many have tone sandhi (biandao). Zhejiang coast and eastern Guangdong has some of the most complex patterns. Standard Chinese is based on the Beijing dialect. Its vocabulary is based on Mandarin group and grammar based on literature in the modern written vernacular. It is the official language of China, one of the four official languages of Singapore, and one of the six official languages of the United Nations. History. In the 2nd millennium BC, a form of Chinese was spoken in around the Huanghe. It then expanded east across the North China Plain to Shandong and then south towards the Yangzi river valley. It replaced former languages in the south. During times of unity, people wanted to use a common standard language to make communication easier between people. Evidence for dialectal variation is found in texts from the Spring and Autumn period (722–479 BC). At that time, the Zhou still defined a standard speech. The "Fangyan" (1st century CE) studies the differences in vocabulary between regions. Texts from the Eastern Han period also discuss local differences in pronunciation. The "Qieyun" rhyme book (601) noted wide variation in pronunciation between regions. It wanted to define a standard pronunciation for reading the classics. This standard is called Middle Chinese. The North China Plain was flat and easy to move around. So people in the north pretty much spoke the same language. But South China had many mountains and rivers. So it had six major groups of Chinese languages, with great internal diversity, particularly in Fujian. Modern Standard Chinese. Until the mid-20th century, most Chinese people spoke only their local language. But
Peter Hamm (27 February 1937 – 22 July 2019) was a German poet, author, journalist, editor and literary critic. He wrote many documentaries about Ingeborg Bachmann and Peter Handke. He wrote for the German weekly newspapers "Der Spiegel" and "Die Zeit". From 1964 to 2002, Hamm worked as contributing editor for culture for the broadcster Bayerischer Rundfunk. He was born in Munich. Hamm was in a domestic partnership with actress Marianne Koch from 1970 until his death. Hamm died on 22 July 2019 in Tutzing, Germany at the age of 82.
Marianne Koch (born 19 August 1931) is a German actress. She is best known for her roles in spaghetti westerns and adventure movies of the 1960s. She later worked as a television host and as a physician. She was in a relationship with Peter Hamm from 1970 until his death in 2019. Koch was born in Munich.  Koch is known for her roles in "Night People" alongside Gregory Peck and in Sergio Leone's 1964 movie "A Fistful of Dollars" alongside Clint Eastwood.
Francisco Grau Vegara (22 January 1947 – 21 July 2019) was a Spanish musician, composer and General in the Spanish Armed Forces. He was born in Bigastro, Alicante. In January 2008, Grau became the first General of Music in the Spanish Armed Forces, having been made a colonel some years previously. From 1988 – 2008, he was also director of the Musical Unit of the Spanish Royal Guard. Grau died on 21 July 2019, aged 72.
Arthur Lanon Neville (December 17, 1937 – July 22, 2019) was an American singer-songwriter and keyboardist. He was born in New Orleans, Louisiana. Neville was a part of The Neville Brothers. He was a founding member of The Meters. He also played with the spinoff group The Funky Meters. Neville performed with singers Labelle (on "Lady Marmalade"), Paul McCartney, Lee Dorsey, Robert Palmer, Dr. John and Professor Longhair. Neville died at the age of 81 on July 22, 2019 from a long-illness.
Hans Ture Lennart Lagerqvist (28 April 1940 – 22 July 2019) was a Swedish pole vaulter. He won a silver medal at the 1972 European Athletics Indoor Championships. Lagerqvist placed fourth at the 1971 European Championships and seventh at the 1971 European Athletics Indoor Championships and 1972 Olympics. Lagerqvist was born in Gothenburg. He died on 22 July 2019 in Stockholm from brain cancer, aged 79.
Brigitte Kronauer (29 December 1940 – 22 July 2019) was a German writer. She was born in Essen, Germany. In 2005, she was awarded the Georg Büchner Prize for her literary works. Kronauer died on 22 July 2019 in Hamburg from a long-illness at the age of 78.
Maxim Kaibkhanovich Dadashev (September 30, 1990 – July 23, 2019) was a Russian boxer. He competed in the light welterweight (63.5 kg) division. Dadshev was a participant of the 2015 European Games.  Dadashev was a Russian amateur champion. He was born in Leningrad, Soviet Union (now Saint Petersburg, Russia). Dadashev won the vacant NABF super lightweight title in June 2018. On July 19, 2019, Dadashev lost to opponent Subriel Matías at MGM National Harbor in Oxon Hill, Maryland. When leaving the ring, Dadashev collapsed. He had brain surgery and placed in a medically induced coma. Dadashev died from his injuries on July 23 at a hospital in Cheverly, Maryland at the age of 28.
"Storm Area 51, They Can't Stop All of Us" is a Facebook event that was planned for September 20, 2019 at Area 51, a United States Air Force (USAF) base. The purpose of the event was to raid the site in search for aliens while they "Naruto run". The event was created by Matty Roberts as a satire event. Roberts posted the event on June 27, 2019. About 3,000,000 people responded "going" or "interested" on the event's page. Air Force officials and Nevada state officials warned the group members not to raid the area or otherwise they would use executive force. Copycat events such as plans to storm a secret vault of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints, Loch Ness, and the Bermuda Triangle have also been created.
Arcadia Group plc is a British multinational retailing company headquartered in London, United Kingdom. It owns the high street clothing retailers Burton, Dorothy Perkins, Evans, Miss Selfridge, Topman, Topshop, Wallis and the out of town chain Outfit, which sells lines from the other group chains. The group has more than 2,500 outlets in the UK, concessions in UK department stores such as Debenhams, Selfridges, as well as several hundred franchises in other countries. The company is majority owned by Taveta Investments, itself owned by Tina Green, the wife of Sir Philip Green, who is himself the chairman of the Arcadia Group. Philip Green has been involved in a number of controversies during his career, including the payment of generous dividends to Richard Caring, Tom Hunter, and Philip Green's family prior to the demise of BHS. In April 2019, it was reported that the Arcadia group, controlled by Philip Green's family, had recorded a £300m deficit into its pension fund, while the Green family had cashed out £1.2bn in dividends from Arcadia in 2005. British MP Frank Field, who previously investigated the BHS pension deficit, has publicly criticised Philip Green for paying huge dividends to his family and friend Richard Caring "when things are going well", and making his employees pay "when things are not going well".
SABMiller plc was a multinational brewing and beverage company headquartered in London, England. It is the world's second-largest brewer measured by revenues (after the Belgian-Brazilian-American Anheuser-Busch InBev) and is also a major bottler of Coca-Cola. Its brands include Fosters, Grolsch, Miller, Peroni and Pilsner Urquell. It has operations in 80 countries world-wide and in 2009 sold around 21 billion litres of beverages. SABMiller's origins date back to the foundation of South African Breweries in 1895 as to serve a growing market of miners and prospectors in and around Johannesburg. Two years later, it became the first industrial company to list on the Johannesburg Stock Exchange. From the early 1990s onwards, the company increasingly expanded internationally, making several acquisitions in both emerging and developed markets. In 1999, it formed a new UK-based holding company, SAB plc, and moved its primary listing to London. In May 2002, SAB plc acquired Miller Brewing, forming SABMiller plc. SABMiller has a primary listing on the London Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the FTSE 100 Index. It has a market capitalisation of approximately £42 billion as of 24 October 2015, the 6th-largest of any company with a primary listing on the London Stock Exchange. It has a secondary listing on the Johannesburg Stock Exchange. In October 2015, Anheuser-Busch InBev announced plans to acquire SABMiller for £69 billion ($104 billion).
Home Retail Group plc was one of the UK's leading home and general merchandise retailers. It is the parent company of Argos and Habitat. It is listed on the London Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the FTSE 250 Index. Home Retail Group owns a number of well-known brands, including Alba, Bush, Chad Valley, Challenger, Cherokee, Cooksworks, Habitat, Heart of House, Hygena, Schreiber, and Sovereign.
Zhangzhung (Tibetan: ཞང་ཞུང; Tibetan pinyin: Xangxang; Chinese: 象雄; pronounced Shangshung) was a kingdom in western Tibet before the 7th century. The religion of Zhangzhung was Bon, and the people are sometimes called Bonpo. The Bon religion influenced Tibet and Tibetan Buddhism. The Zhangzhung are mentioned frequently in Tibetan texts as the original rulers of central and western Tibet. We are still trying to learn more about them. Location. Zhang Zhung had three different regions: It was an independent kingdom and covered all of Western Tibet, Baltistan and Ladakh. The capital was Khyunglung, the "Silver Palace of Garuda", southwest of Mount Kailash, with palaces found in the upper Sutlej Valley. History. Iron Age. Scientists dug stuff in the Chang Tang plateau and found iron. These may be the Zhangzhung's iron. Unification of Tibet. The "Tang Annals" say that the Tibetan emperor Songtsen Gampo conquered and unified the Zhangzhung. In 634, Yangtong (Zhang Zhung) and various Qiang tribes, "altogether submitted to him." Gampo then united the Yangtong to defeat the 'Azha or Tuyuhun and conquer two more Qiang tribes. He then threatened Songzhou (China) with an army of more than 200,000 men. He then sent gifts of gold and silk to the Tang emperor to marry a princess. At first the Emperor Gaozong of Tang refused so Gampo attacked Songzhou. But Gampo later gave up and apologized so the emperor married him to Princess Wencheng. Language. There are some Zhangzhung texts and 11th century bilingual Tibetan documents. The Zhangzhung language was related to Kinnauri, a Sino–Tibetan language. The Bonpo claim that the Tibetan writing system is derived from the Zhangzhung alphabet. However Tibetan script comes from the subcontinent. Non-Bon Tibetan texts agree. History. Bonpo religion was founded by a
Video assistant referee (VAR) is a system that helps referees to decide better about players fouls, if a goal was valid, red card decisions, etc. in soccer matches. When the referee is going to review a play on the field at the VAR box, they outline a square with their hands, as if showing the outline of a TV screen. It was used for the first time in the 2016 FIFA Club World Cup. It was used for the first time for international matches in the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup. The first time VAR was used in the FIFA World Cup was in the 2018 World Cup. In March 2018, the VAR was permanentely written into the Laws of the Game by the International Football Association Board (IFAB). There are 3 categories of decisions that can be reviewed: The referee can review the play on the field by going to the VAR box, listen to the VAR's recommendation, or completely ignore the VAR advice. The referee can only review the play on the field with recommendation of the VAR to prevent the referee from relying on it too much. Criticism. The VAR system has been criticised by many people, mostly because of how much time is used up in reviews, overly relying on it, and causing confusion. Manager Mauricio Pochettino said "it made everyone confused". He also said that he felt sorry for the fans and for the referee after an FA Cup match.
The is Japan's largest Asian studies library. It is one of the world's five largest libraries. It is located in Tokyo.  It contains around 950,000 documents, written in Asian, Western and Japanese languages. It was started by Mitsubishi Motors and opened in 1924.
is a Japanese university. It has buildings in Hakusan, Asaka, Kawagoe, and Itakura.
Silesian or Upper Silesian (Silesian: / ; ; , , ; ) from the West Slavic language family. Some linguists say that it is a dialect of Polish, because of big similarities between these languages. It is mostly spoken in Poland, but also in the Czech Republic and Germany.
Suzhou High School of Jiangsu Province (), is a Chinese public high school in Suzhou, Jiangsu, China. It has over 1000 years of history.  It was founded In 1035 by Northern Song politician Fan Zhongyan.
Fujita Toyohachi (Kanji: 藤田豊八；Hiragana: ふじたとよはち; 19 October 1869 - 15 July 1929) is a Japanese writer and professor in East Asian History. He is from Tokushima Prefecture. His (Chinese) pen name name was Jianfeng / Kenfou (劍峰). He founded a school in Jiangsu, China. He was a teacher at Beijing University (the Imperial University, 京師大學堂), author of Secondary Education East Asian history《中等教育東洋史》and Research on the History of East-West Interactions《東西交涉史之研究（東西交渉史の研究）》。 He collected over 1700 Chinese books. After he died, those were sent to the Toyo Bunko (東洋文庫) and put into a section called Fujita's library「藤田文庫」。 Life. In 1869, Fujita was born in Awa Province (Tokushima). In 1895, he graduated from the University of Tokyo Liberal arts school with a degree in Chinese language studies. After that he taught the history of Chinese literature at Waseda University, Toyo University, and other schools In 1896, he cofounded the Dongya Xueyuan (東亞學院, East Asia College) with Oyanagi Shigeta and others. Fujita also founded the journal "Jiangsu Wenxue"《江湖文學》(Jiangsu Literature). In 1897, he visited Shanghai. In 1898, he helped create the Dongwen Xueshe (東文學社, East Asian literature society) with Luo Zhenyu. After 1904, Cen Chunxuan (岑春煊) governor of Guangxi and Guangdong asked Fujita to help with education. In
The Western Regions or Xiyu () refers to Central Asia, specifically west of the Yumen pass. It was used in Chinese between the 3rd century BC to the 8th century AD.  It sometimes refers to Xinjiang or even northern parts of the Indian subcontinent (as in the novel "Journey to the West"). Because it is located on the Silk Road, the xiyu have been important since at least the 3rd century BC. History. The Han–Xiongnu War (ended 89 AD) was fought there. In the 7th century, the Tang campaign against the Western Regions led to Chinese control of the region.  The xiyu became an important place of exchange between East Asia, the Indian subcontinent, and the Muslim world. This was especially true during the Mongol Empire. Buddhism spread through the region to China.  The Tang dynasty monk Xuanzang crossed the region on his way to study in India. When he returned to Chang'an, the influential "Great Tang Records on the Western Regions" was written.
Emperor Ming of Han (15 June 28 AD – 5 September 75 AD) was the second emperor of China's Eastern Han Dynasty. He was born .
The Kalman filter is an algorithm (a step-by-step process) that helps people remove errors from numbers. It is named for Rudolf E. Kálmán, a mathematician who helped to make it. Science can use the Kalman filter in many ways. One important use is steering airplanes and space ships. People also use the Kalman filter to make a model of how humans use nerves and muscles to move their bodies. The Kalman filter has two steps. The first step is predicting (trying to say what you think will happen). The Kalman filter makes a first guess about what we think is true (an "estimate") and how certain we are that it is true ("uncertainty"). Next, the Kalman filter makes a new guess by using a weighted average. More certain numbers are more important in this weighted average. After doing these two steps, we use the new guess to start these steps again.
Thônex is a municipality of the canton of Geneva, Switzerland. It is in the east of the canton and shares a border with the French town of Ambilly. History. In 1869, the municipality was created when Chêne-Thônex split into two independent municipalities Chêne-Bourg and Thônex.
The American Indian Wars (also known as the Indian Wars or the First Nations Wars; ) is the name for the various battles that were fought by European, American, and Canadian governments and colonists against various Native American and First Nation tribes. The conflicts happened in North America from the time of the earliest colonial settlements in the 17th century to the 1920s. The various Indian Wars resulted from a wide variety of factors, including cultural differences, land disputes, and crimes committed by both sides. The European powers and their colonies also enlisted Native tribes to help them in their wars against one another's colonial settlements. After the American Revolutionary War, many conflicts were local to specific states or regions. The conflicts were usually about disputes over land use; some had cycles of violent actions. The Royal Proclamation of 1763, which is now part of the Canadian Constitution, banned white settlers from taking the lands of Natives unless treaties were signed with the British Crown. The 11 Numbered Treaties limited the number of conflicts. As settlers went westward across North America after 1780, the size, length, and intensity of conflicts increased between settlers and Native tribes. The most important came during the War of 1812, which resulted in the defeat of major Indian coalitions in the Midwestern and Southern United States that were supported by the British. Conflict with settlers happened less often, and treaties became more common. The Indian Removal Act of 1830 allowed the US government to remove natives from east of the Mississippi River to west of it, which the government believed to be empty American frontier. (Many tribes had a territory in the area, however.) The federal policy of removal was eventually changed in the West to relocating Native tribes to specially-designated and federally-protected reservations.
The money tree (Chinese: 搖錢樹; yao qian shu; literally: shake money tree) is a holy tree that can give you money if you shake it. It came from the Han Dynasty. Bronze qianshu are appear a lot in Sichuan graves.
The Parliament of Finland (, ) is the unicameral supreme legislature of Finland. It was founded on 9 May 1906. It works with the Constitution of Finland. The power is vested in the Parliament. The Parliament is made up of 200 members, 199 of whom are elected every four years. In addition, there is one member from Åland. Legislation may start by either the Government or one of the members of Parliament.
Kucha (, ) was an ancient Buddhist kingdom in Xinjiang (East Turkestan).  It was on the Silk Road.
Michael English (24 December 1930 – 13 July 2019) was a British Labour Party politician. He was a Member of Parliament for the British Parliament for Nottingham West from 1964 to 1983.  English died on 13 July 2019 at the age of 88.
Nicodemus is an unincorporated community in Graham County, Kansas, United States. The community was created in 1877. it is named after the Biblical figure Nicodemus. The Nicodemus National Historic Site is in Nicodemus. The place commemorates the only remaining western town created by African Americans during the Reconstruction Period. During the last weekend of July, former residents and their descendants return for celebrations and parades. In 1976, Nicodemus was named a National Historic Landmark. As of 2018, its First Baptist Church, African Methodist Episcopal Church, and other historic buildings are in bad condition that they cannot be opened to the public. Geography. The United States Census Bureau says that the Nicodemus township has an area of 32.4 square miles. The town is along Highway 24 in the Great Plains. Climate. Summer is typically long and hot. Thunderstorms are common during summer. Spring and fall are usually short, while winter is cold. The average precipitation is about 22 inches.
Ragged schools were free schools for poor children’s education in nineteenth-century Britain. The London Ragged Schools Union was established in April 1844. They gave free education, food, clothes and other services. The classes were sometimes held in stables, lofts and railway arches. Most teachers were volunteers but there were some who were paid. About 300,000 children went to London ragged schools between 1844 and 1881. The context. There was no legal structure which supported primary education in England until the second half of the 19th century. There were, however, Church of England schools. Parliament did not lay down rules for education until 1870, the year of Forster's Education Act (Elementary Education Act of 1870). The Elementary Education Act 1880 (the Mundella Act) made school boards enforce compulsory attendance from 5 to 10 years. Attendance officers might visit the homes of absent (truant) children. Children who were employed needed a certificate to show they had reached the educational standard. Employers of these children who could not show this were penalised. The 1891 Elementary Education Act provided for the state payment of school fees up to ten shillings per head. This made primary education free. The Elementary Education (School Attendance) Act 1893 raised the school leaving age to 11.