ejaasaari/simplewiki-2025-04-01 huggingface dataset:
Stanislas "Stan" Wawrinka (, ; born 28 March 1985 in Lausanne) is a Swiss professional tennis player. He is also a German citizen because his father is from Germany, though of Czech ancestry (hence their surname). His career-high singles ranking is Number 3 in the world. He reached this rank in January 2014. He considers clay his best surface and his serve and volley his best shot. He won the gold medal for Switzerland in the men's doubles event at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, with Roger Federer. They beat the Swedish team Simon Aspelin/Thomas Johansson in the final. They also won the 2008 Swiss Team of the Year Award. Wawrinka has won three Grand Slam singles events: the Australian Open in 2014, the French Open in 2015, and the US Open in 2016.
Aboriginal title is a common law doctrine that the rights of indigenous peoples to own their traditional land persist after sovereignty has been taken by colonial settlers. When granted, it is usually inalienable, meaning it can not be sold, traded or given away. The title may be held by individuals or groups of people, and is inherited indefinitely (without end) by those people's descendants. What proof is required for aboriginal title to be recognised depends on the country's laws that govern the doctrine. It usually must include some evidence of historical inhabitance (living on the land for a long time, usually since before colonial settlement). The majority of court cases granting aboriginal title have been in Australia, Canada, Malaysia, New Zealand and the United States. Aboriginal title is also referred to as indigenous title, native title and customary title. It is related to the subject of indigenous rights.
Christianity is the largest minority religion in Pakistan. The total number of Christians in Pakistan was about 2,800,000 in 2008, or 1.6% of the population. Most Christians in Pakistan are descended from recent converts from Hinduism during British Indian rule in the 19th and early 20th century. Both Roman Catholics and Protestants (mostly belonging to the Church of Pakistan) are found here. There is an interdenominational 'Pakistan Christian Congress', that helps to smooth out relations between various sects and to take up any issues of mutual concern.
Umuwa is an Aboriginal community on the Aṉangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Lands in South Australia. It is the administrative centre for the local government of the APY. Umuwa is about north-west of Marla and south west of Alice Springs. There are about 80 people living at Umuwa. Umuwa was established in 1991. Mail arrives in Umuwa once per week by air mail. Supplies arrive by truck every week. Unlike larger settlements on the APY lands, Umuwa does not have a general store. There was a solar power station built near the town in 2003, but it stopped working in 2011 and will be dismantled. As with most APY settlements, Australian Broadcasting Corporation and Special Broadcasting Service television are available. There is also a health clinic and a police station.
The Pelecaniformes is a order of medium-sized and large waterbirds. They are found worldwide. As traditionally—but wrongly—defined, they include all birds that have feet with four toes which are all webbed. Most have a bare throat patch (gular patch). Their nostrils have evolved into slits which do not work properly. This causes them to breathe through their mouths. They feed on fish, squid or similar marine life. The young are altricial. They hatch from the egg helpless and naked in most cases. They lack a brood patch.
Natina Reed (October 28, 1980 – October 27, 2012) was an American R&amp;B singer and occasional actress. She was part of R&amp;B girl group Blaque. She was also known for starring in 2000 movie "Bring It On". Reed was killed on October 27, 2012, one day before her 33rd birthday. She was involved in an accident as she was crossing a street in Atlanta, Georgia.
Procellariiformes is an order of seabirds that comprises four families: the albatrosses, petrels and shearwaters, storm petrels, and diving petrels. They have a cosmopolitan distribution across the world's oceans, with the highest diversity being around New Zealand.  Only a single egg is laid per nesting attempt, and usually only a single nesting attempt is made per year, although the larger albatrosses may only nest once every two years. Both parents participate in incubation and chick rearing. Incubation times are long compared to other birds, as are fledgling periods. Once a chick has fledged there is no further parental care.
Amata is an Aboriginal community in the Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara (APY) Lands in South Australia. It is in the north of the APY, between Umuwa and Nyapari. It is at the base of the Musgrave Ranges, about west of the Stuart Highway. Amata was established under the name of Musgrave Park in 1961. The community was set up to take the pressure off the growth of nearby Pukatja (then known as Ernabella). The goal was to use it to teach the Aborigines in how to work in the livestock industry. A school was opened 7 years later, in 1968. About 319 people lived at Amata in the 2006 census. It appears to have a growing population, which is not the usual pattern for Aboriginal communities in Australia. From 180 residents in 1981, it has grown steadily past 350 in the 1990s, to 536 in 1996. Amata is made up of about 60 houses. There is a school, a general store and a health clinic. Supplies are delivered once per week and mail is delivered twice per week. Water comes from bores and is stored in tanks. The school was renovated by the state government from 2003–2005. A swimming pool was opened in June 2007. Amata also has a community centre, a community church, and an airstrip. There is a police station at Amata, but they are not always there; state police are based in Marla and run patrols to the area. Some night patrols by residents have been done in the past to help policing of the community. In the absence of police, the community is served by 2 community constables. Tony Abbott suggested in 2007 there should be police at Amata permanently. In response, the state government said it would spend A$7.5 million at Amata and Pukatja for new police stations, court facilities and prison cells. It would also provide housing for police officers. The sale of local artwork is important to the economy of the Amata community. Tjala Arts, founded in 1999, displayed the works of seven Amata artists in Canberra in 2006. In the 2007 State Budget, the South Australian Government announced $350,000 for a new arts centre in Amata.
Pukatja is an Aboriginal community in the Aṉangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Lands in South Australia. Pukatja is in the eastern Musgrave Ranges, west of the Stuart Highway, about south of the Northern Territory border. The town sits at an elevation of 676 metres above sea level. There were 332 people living at Pukatja in the 2006 census. This was an increase from 226 in the 2001 census, but a decrease from 470 in the 1991 census. The town was established as a Presbyterian mission in 1938, with the name Ernabella. Families gradually came in from traditional nomadic life in the desert to live at the mission. The church gave control over the Ernabella Mission to a local community council on 1 January 1974. Mail is delivered twice a week by a small plane from Alice Springs. The community store sells food and clothes. The garage has basic parts and diesel fuel. The local clinic has three registered nurses and the doctor is based here, but often away visiting other communities in the APY. The community church belongs to the Uniting Church. There is a basic police station at Pukatja, and is not permanently manned. In July 2007, the state police described the station as "dirty" and not well equipped. In response, the state government said that it would spend A$7.5 million at Pukatja and nearby Amata for new police stations, court facilities, prisoner cells and housing for police officers. In the 2001 census, Pukatja was second only to nearby Mimili in having the lowest per-person income in South Australia ($174). Most important to the community's income is the local artists' co-operative, Ernabella Arts Inc. Established in 1948, Ernabella Arts is one of the longest continually running aboriginal arts centres in Australia. During the 1950s and 1960s, art and craft using local wool was the typical artistic form made by the Ernabella artists. Batik was introduced after several Ernabella artists travelled to Indonesia in the 1970s. Ernabella artists are now well known for their batik work and printmaking. A large collection of Ernabella art can be seen at the National Museum of Australia.
Anaerobic respiration is a form of respiration which does not use oxygen. Elements other than oxygen are used for electron transport. Common replacements for oxygen are nitrates, iron, manganese, sulfates, sulfur, fumaric acid and carbon dioxide. "Escherichia coli" uses nitrates and fumaric acid for respiration. For the electron transport chain to work, there must be a final electron acceptor at the end of the chain. This allows electrons to pass through the chain. In aerobic organisms, this final electron acceptor is oxygen. Molecular oxygen is a highly oxidizing agent and so it is an excellent acceptor. In anaerobes, other less-oxidizing substances such as sulphate (SO42−), nitrate (NO3−), sulphur (S) are used. These terminal electron acceptors have smaller reduction potentials than O2, so less energy is released per oxidized molecule. Anaerobic respiration is therefore less efficient than aerobic respiration except, of course, when oxygen is scarce or not apparent. If there is no oxygen present, glycolysis is still able to happen. Pyruvic acid is still produced, but instead of proceeding to the Krebs cycle, lactic acid is formed making small amounts of ATP. An example of this is when exercising: if the body is not able to get enough oxygen to the muscles, they will make lactic acid. This is what makes the muscles sore.  If oxygen is not used at all, the process is called fermentation. Examples of organisms using fermentation are lactic acid bacteria, and yeast. Yeast is a fungi, not bacteria. The equation for anaerobic respiration in yeast and bacteria: The equation for anaerobic respiration in animals is: After producing lactic acid more oxygen then in normal respiration is required to break it down (oxygen debt).
Mimili is an Aboriginal community in the Aṉangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Lands in South Australia. It is located in the Everard Ranges, about west of the Stuart Highway. According to the local Aṉangu, the place has always been called Mimili. The current settlement was built around a cattle station called Everard Park, which was built by White farmers in the 1920s. The station's land was given back to the local Aborigines by the South Australian government in 1972. There were 283 people living at Mimili in the 2006 census. The residents are mainly Aṉangu people who speak either Pitjantjatjara or Yankunytjatjara as their first language. The 2001 census data showed that Mimili had the lowest average weekly income per person (AU$172 compared with the South Australian average of AU$345). However, it also had one of the state's highest proportions of residents under the age of 15 (32.6%); and the state's highest ratio of single-parent families (36.0% compared with a statewide average of 15.6%). Mimili has an airstrip, and a small health facility. There is also a general store and a craft facility where art is made and displayed. A diesel generator supplies electricity to the community. Water is stored in tanks and comes from two bores. A police station was built in 2011, and state police are stationed there permanently. The local school has about 60 children. Attendance at the school benefited from the construction of a swimming pool, opened in October 2006.
Indulkana (also known as Iwantja) is an Aboriginal community in South Australia. It is on the Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Lands. It is about west of the Stuart Highway and south of Alice Springs. The town was established in 1968. There were 315 people living at Indulkana in the 2006 census. Most of the people belong to the Yankunytjatjara nation. The 2001 census showed that Indulkana had South Australia's highest proportion residents under the age of 15 (35.0%).  Indulkana has a local community store that also supplies diesel fuel. There is an unsealed airstrip located close to the town. There is also a school, established in 1971. Indulkana does not have a permanent police presence, though it has a police station. State police are based at Marla and run patrols to the area. In the absence of police, the town is served by two constables from the community. The town also has a local artists' co-operative, Iwantja Arts. It has a gallery for sale of art work from across the APY.
Morgan's canon is a rule relating to animal behaviour, which states that it should be explained as simply as possible. It is named after British psychologist C. Lloyd Morgan. His idea was that people should only consider behaviour as, for example, rational, purposive or affectionate, if there is no other explanation possible. "In no case is an animal activity to be interpreted in terms of higher psychological processes if it can be fairly interpreted in terms of processes which stand lower in the scale of psychological evolution and development". Morgan saw that much insight and apparent problem-solving behaviour could be described using trial and error learning. A famous example is the skilful way in which Morgan's terrier Tony opened the garden gate, easily taken by someone seeing the final behaviour as an insightful act. Morgan, however, had watched and recorded the series of approximations by which the dog had gradually learned the response, and could demonstrate that no insight was required to explain it. Morgan's Canon is a forerunner of behaviourism.
Kaltjiti (also previously known as Fregon) is an Aboriginal community in the Aṉangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Lands in South Australia. It is located about south of the Musgrave Ranges and is from the Stuart Highway. The town sits on Officer Creek, which flows from Mount Woodroffe. The creek is usually a dry sandy bed and only flows at times of very high rainfall. There are about 350 people living at Kaltjiti. The first recording by white Australians of a community at Kaltjiti was by explorer Ernest Giles. He wrote that he found 200 male Aborigines there in September 1873, during his second trip into the South Australian desert. The meeting was violent, as Giles and his travellers interrupted a sacred ceremony. The first European settlement near Kaltjiti was set up in 1934. It was established by a dogger (dingo hunter), who was given the rights to the nearby bore (called Shirley Well) by the government as a reward for all the dingos he had killed. By the late 1950s, Aboriginal families were camped at Shirley Well permanently. In 1960, the station at Ernabella was expanded to include Shirley Well. A outstation, called Fregon, was built with government help by 1961, as a base for Aboriginal stockmen and their families. It was built south of Shirley Well on Officer Creek. The aim of the settlement was to provide training in working with livestock and for the families to have access to traditional country in the sandhills to the west. Fregon was administered through Ernabella and it was not until 1968 that it had its own airstrip. It began with a school, a small health clinic, a workshop, a small store and houses for the staff. Mail is delivered to Kaltjiti ones a week. Supplies are delivered every week. Water is provided from six bores and placed in storage tanks for pumping to the community. The Town is connected to the power grid. Kaltjiti does not have a permanent police presence. State police are based at Mimili and run patrols to the area.
Watarru is an Aboriginal community in the Aṉangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Lands in South Australia. Watarru is at the base of Mount Lindsay, about south-west of Alice Springs. It is surrounded by the Great Victoria Desert, and is one of the most remote settlements in Australia. It can be accessed by road from the Stuart Highway over roughly dirt road.  The nearest neighbouring settlement is Pipalyatjara, about to the northeast. There were 56 people living at Watarru in the 2001 census, with 82.1% of those being Indigenous Australians. The village was established as a small family outstation, and began to grow during the 1990s. The community owns and manages the Watarru Indigenous Protected Area, which surrounds the town for more than .
Pipalyatjara is an Aboriginal community on the Aṉangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Lands in South Australia. It is about south-west of Alice Springs and about from the place where the borders of South Australia, Western Australia and the Northern Territory meet (known as the Surveyor-General's Corner). The settlement is surrounded by the Tomkinson Ranges. It was previously known as Mount Davies by most Australians, after the highest local peak. The settlement of Kalka is about away by road. There were 123 people living at Pipalyatjara in the 2006 census. The residents are mainly indigenous people who speak Pitjantjatjara as their first language. There is a small airstrip at Pipalyatjara. Mail is delivered once per week by air. There is also a small health facility staffed by nurses; a doctor visits from Kaltjiti. Electricity comes from a diesel generator. Water comes from two bores and placed in storage tanks for pumping to the community. There is a school in Pipalyatjara, which also serves nearby Kalka.
Kalka is an Aboriginal community in the Aṉangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Lands in South Australia. It is by road from Pipalyatjara, at the base of the Tomkinson Ranges. There were 114 people living at Kalka in 2006. Kalka was originally planned as a service centre for surrounding outstations, but by the early 1990s it had developed into a small permanent community. The town has basic facilities. A truck brings food and supplies to the community every two weeks. There is no school or health clinic at Kalka; both of these services are supplied at nearby Pipalyatjara. There is an unsealed airstrip near to the town.
Yunyarinyi is an Aboriginal community on the Aṉangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Lands in South Australia. It is about south of the border with the Northern Territory, and south of Alice Springs. It is 40 km from the larger community of Pukatja, where most of the services are located. Yunyarinyi started as a cattle station called Kenmore Park. It officially became an indigenous community when the land rights were granted in 1981. Today, Yunyarinyi has a school, a community centre with a shared kitchen, a community office and a local garage (repair shop). The number of people living at Yunyarinyi is about 40 to 45; many of them are children.
Roland Guillon (born 1942) is a French sociologist, known for his work in the areas of employment and capital. He is also known for his innovative approach to jazz. He is a research engineer at the centre of economics and ethics of environment and development of the Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines. As a specialist in employment and training, he performed several missions in West Africa.
The Spanish Benevolent Society (also known as Centro Español-La Nacional) is a private social club in New York City founded in 1868 to serve the Spanish-American community in Manhattan. It is located at 239 West 14th Street and is in the heart of the now disappeared Little Spain. History. Many prominent Spanish artists, expatriates, immigrants, and personalities have lived at the society as resident artists during the more than 150 years of its existence, like Picasso, Dalí, Buñuel, or Federico García Lorca. In 2010 Spanish American filmmaker and writer Artur Balder, who lived in the building as resident artist for more than one year, created the documentary Little Spain, displaying for first time the untold history of this society. The archive contains more than 450 photographs and 150 documents that have never been publicly displayed. They present the history of the streets of Little Spain in New York City throughout the 20th Century.
Little Spain was a Spanish American neighborhood in the New York City borough of Manhattan during 20th century. History. "Little Spain" was 14th Street, between Seventh and Eighth Avenues. A very different slice of Chelsea existed on a stretch of 14th Street often referred to by residents as "Calle Catorce," or "Little Spain". The Church of Our Lady of Guadelupe (No. 299) was founded in 1902, when Spaniards started to settle in the area. Although the Spanish business have given way to such nightclubs as Nell's and Oh Johnny on the block between Seventh and Eighth Avenues, the Spanish food and gift emporium known as Casa Moneo has been at 210 West 14th since 1929. In 2010 the documentary Little Spain, directed and written by , was filmed in New York City. The documentary pulled together for first time an archive that reveals the untold history of the Spanish-American presence in Manhattan. The archive contains more than 450 photographs and 150 documents that have never been publicly displayed. They present the history of the streets of Little Spain in New York City throughout the 20th Century. The archive contains more than 450 photographs and 150 documents that have never been publicly displayed. They present the history of the streets of Little Spain in New York City throughout the 20th Century. Other important commerces and Spanish business of Little Spain were restaurants like La Bilbaína, Trocadero Valencia, Bar Coruña, Little Spain Bar, Café Madrid, Mesón Flamenco, or , established 1927, and still today open at 823 Greenwich St. The Iberia was a famous Spanish dress shop.  The heart of the Spanish American community in that area were the two landmarks the Spanish Benevolent Society and the Roman Catholic Church of Our Lady of Guadalupe, founded at the turn of the 19th century, being the first parish in Manhattan with mass in Latin and Spanish.  and her son, Robert Mario De Niro Jr., moved to a top floor studio at the 219 West 14th Street, owned by the Galician entrepreneur José García. According with the investigations, Robert De Niro was living during the 50s at the heart of Little Spain after the divorce of his parents.
, also known as , is a Japanese Shinto shrine in the city of Usa in Ōita Prefecture on the island of Kyushu.  History. The shrine was founded in the Wadō era (708-714).  A Buddhist temple called "Miroku-ji" was built next to it in 779, making it what is believed to be the first shrine-temple ("jingū-ji") ever. The shrine-temple complex, called , lasted until 1868. "Usa" first appears in the chronicles of Imperial history during the reign of Empress Shōtoku. "Usa jingū" was designated as the chief Shinto shrine ("ichinomiya") for the old Buzen Province. It serves today as one of the "ichinomiya" of Oita and Fukuoka Prefectures. From 1871 through 1946, Usa was officially listed among the first rank of government supported shrines. Branch shrines. "Usa" is today the center of over 40,000 branch Hachiman shrines. In Shinto belief, the many Hachiman shrines have extended the reach of the "kami" at Usa.