ejaasaari/simplewiki-2025-04-01 huggingface dataset:
The Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia (ASALA) was a Marxist-Leninist Armenian militant front, that operated from 1975 to the 1990s. ASALA's stated intent was "to compel the Turkish Government to acknowledge publicly its responsibility for the deaths of 1.5 million Armenians in 1915, pay reparations, and cede territory for an Armenian homeland". ASALA was founded in 1975 in Beirut, Lebanon by Hagop Hagopian – also known as Harutiun Tagushian – and Kevork Ajemian, a prominent contemporary writer. The group's activities were primarily assassinations of Turkish diplomats and politicians in Western Europe, the United States and the broader Middle East. A failed attack in Geneva on October 3, 1980, where two Armenian militants were injured resulted in a new nickname for the group, the 3 October Organization. The ASALA's eight point manifesto was published in 1981. Continuous attacks prompted Turkey to accuse Cyprus, Greece, Syria, Lebanon and the Soviet Union of provoking or possibly funding the ASALA,  As per
Kevork Vartani Ajemian ("Adjemian") (in Armenian Գևորգ Աճեմյան, in Western Armenian Գէորգ Աճեմեան) (May 23, 1932 – December 27, 1998) was an Armenian writer, journalist and public activist, one of the founders of ASALA military organization.  Biography. Kevork Ajemian was born in Syria, in the family of Armenian refugees. In early age he moved to Lebanon, where he studied at the American University of Beirut.  A prominent representative of the new generation of Armenian Diaspora writers of 1960s he wrote both in Armenian and in English, his books were published in Lebanon, USA and USA.  In 1978-1989 Ajemian edited the "Spurk" journal, in 1979 he took part of the First Armenian Congress Organizing Committee (Paris). He died in Paris, France.  In 1999 a collection of the best journalistic works of Ajemian was published.
Supabarn is a small, supermarket chain which started in Canberra with large shops across the Australian Capital Territory and New South Wales in Australia. It was known as Supabarn Emporium in the early 2000s before becoming Supabarn Supermarkets in 2004. It sells traditional, wholefoods, organic and grocery and fresh food items.  History. It was first opened in the Kippax in the 1985 followed by Fyshwick ( now closed) and a few more shops have been opened from that time onwards such as Chisholm, Karabar. Today Supabarn is one of Canberra's largest employers because it has 750 people in seven shops, with two in Sydney.  In 2015, Coles bought some of its stores.
This is a list of members of the United Nations. The list includes the date each country joined the United Nations. The member states can be sorted by their official designations and dates of joining by clicking on the buttons in the header of the columns. Original members are listed with a . Notes. All notes are based on Official list of member states
The 1960 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XVII Olympiad, were held at Rome in Italy. Rome had been awarded the 1908 Summer Olympics. However, after the 1906 eruption of Mount Vesuvius, London became the host. CBS paid $394,000 for the right to broadcast the Games in the United States. Host. Rome was chosen as the host of the 1960 Summer Olympics in 1955. Other cities that could have hosted the Olympics were: Tokyo would later host the 1964 Summer Olympics, and Mexico City would later host the 1968 Summer Olympics. Participating nations. A total of 67 nations sent athletes to compete at the Melbourne games.
The 1948 Winter Olympics, officially known as the V Olympic Winter Games, were held in 1948 in St. Moritz, Switzerland. The games started on January 30 1948. St. Moritz was also the site of the 1928 Winter Olympics. These Games were the first in twelve years, because none were held during World War II.
The 2010 Winter Olympics, officially known as the XXI Olympic Winter Games, were the Winter Olympics that were held in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada in 2010. Both the Olympic and Paralympic Games were organized by the Vancouver Organizing Committee (VANOC). The XXI Olympic Winter Games were held from February 14 2010 to February 28 2010. Many of the 2010 events were held in the nearby resort community called Whistler, about an hour's drive north of Vancouver. The 2010 Winter Olympics is the third Olympics hosted by Canada, and the first by the province of British Columbia. Previously, Canada was home to the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal and the 1988 Winter Olympics in Calgary. The villages of Whistler and Garibaldi bid for the games in 1976 but failed to win. Participating nations. 82 National Olympic Committees had teams in the 2010 Winter Olympics. Cayman Islands, Colombia, Ghana, Montenegro, Pakistan, Peru and Serbia were in their first winter Olympics. Also Jamaica, Mexico and Morocco came back to the Games after missing the Turin Games.  Costa Rica, Kenya, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Thailand, United States Virgin Islands and Venezuela did not join the 2010 Winter Olympics. Sports. Fifteen winter sports events were in the 2010 Winter Olympics. The eight sports grouped as ice sports were: bobsled, luge, skeleton, ice hockey, figure skating, speed skating, short track speed skating and curling. The three sports grouped as alpine skiing and snowboarding events were: alpine skiing, freestyle skiing and snowboarding. The four sports grouped as Nordic events were: biathlon, cross-country skiing, ski jumping and Nordic combined. "Numbers in parentheses show the number of medal events for each sport." The opening and closing ceremonies and the events grouped as ice sports (excluding bobsleigh, luge and skeleton) were held in Vancouver and Richmond. The sports grouped as "Nordic events" were held in the Callaghan Valley near Whistler. All alpine skiing events were held on Whistler Mountain (Creeks
Sexual assault is a term from law. It's when a sexual act happens between people, but one or more of the people involved do not consent. In most countries, this is a crime. Sexual assault is a form of sexual violence. There are different forms of sexual assault, including: Often, cases of sexual assault are not reported by victims because of social stigma. In certain countries, there are laws that will punish the victim, for example for "seducing" someone.  Statistics. People who are developmental disabilities are more vulnerable to being sexually abused. As many as 90-99% of people with these disabilities are sexually exploited before the age of 18. A 2010-2011 study in the United States of 1058 people aged 14 to 21 found that 8% had sexually assaulted in their lives. In 66% of cases, no one found out and the perpetrator did not get into any trouble. 50% of perpetrators said that their victim was completely to blame. 2% had raped and 3% had tried to rape.
The 1994 Winter Olympics, officially known as the XVII Olympic Winter Games, were held in 1994 in Lillehammer, Norway. Other possible host cities were Anchorage, Alaska, USA; Östersund/Åre, Sweden; and Sofia, Bulgaria. In 1986, the International Olympic Committee voted to change the schedule of the Olympic Games so that the summer and winter games would be arranged in alternating even-numbered years. Lillehammer won the right to host the event in September 1988 in Seoul before the opening ceremony of the 1988 Summer Olympics. The Lillehammer Games were held in 1994, the only time the Winter Games have occurred two years after the previous games. The Lillehammer Olympics are notable for being the last Winter Olympic Games to date to have been held in a town (Lillehammer has a population of only 28,000). Later Winter Olympics were held in larger cities, such as Nagano, Salt Lake City, Turin and Vancouver.
The 1992 Winter Olympics, officially known as the XVI Olympic Winter Games, were held in 1992 in Albertville, France. These were the last Winter Games to be held in the same year as the Summer Games. They were also the first Games where the Winter Paralympics and the Winter Olympics were held at the same site. Olympic bids. Seven cities sent a bid for the 1992 Winter Olympics.
The Maya people are several culturally related mesoamerican ethnic groups of southern Mexico and northern Central America. The Mayan civilization lasted a few thousand years. Most populations of Maya are in the Mexican states of Yucatán, Campeche, Quintana Roo, Tabasco, and Chiapas, and in the Central American countries of Belize, Guatemala, and the western portions of Honduras and El Salvador.
The cor anglais, or English horn, is a double reed instrument in the woodwind family. It is very similar to an oboe, but as it is longer than an oboe it plays lower notes. The lowest note of an oboe is B flat (just below Middle C). The lowest note of a cor anglais is an E natural, a diminished fifth (five notes of a scale, minus a semitone) lower than the oboe's lowest note. The cor anglais is a transposing instrument pitched in F. This means that the music sounds a fifth lower than written. This has the advantage that the cor anglais player uses fingering as if he were playing an oboe, but it will sound a fifth lower.  The bell (the bit at the end of the instrument) is shaped like a pear. This gives it a less nasal sound (the sound of the cor anglais is less as if played through the nose). The reed is not fixed to a piece of cork like the oboe reed but it is put straight onto the short piece of metal (called a "bocal") at the top of the instrument. Etymology. The word "cor anglais" is a French word which literally means "English horn", but the cor anglais is neither English nor a horn. No one is sure how it got its name, but many people think it is because the bocal at the top is curved (the French word for curved, "anglé" is pronounced like the word for English "anglais"). Repertoire. Many oboists can play the cor anglais as well, just as flautists can play the piccolo (if they play both instruments in the same concert this is called doubling). There are few solo pieces for the instrument, but mostly it is used for solo melodies in slow pieces for orchestra because it can sound very expressive. Some famous examples of cor anglais solos can be found in:
The Committee of Union and Progress (CUP, Ottoman Turkish: اتحاد و ترقى جمعيتی, romanized: "İttihad ve Terakki Cemiyeti") was a political group that tried to reform and modernize the Ottoman Empire during the late 19th and the early 20th centuries. It ended up being the main political expression of the Young Turks movement.  The reforms that had been supported by the Ottoman Empire since the late 1830s under the Tanzimat created a generation of Ottomans that advocated even greater modernization of the empire. In 1865, the "İttifak-ı Hamiye"t (Patriotism Alliance) was founded. In 1867 it was renamed "Genç Türkiye Partisi" (Young Turkey Party). Both organizations served as bases for the establishment of the CUP in Paris in 1889 by a group of Ottoman intellectuals and military officers as the result of the authoritarian governance of Sultan Abdülhamid II. Its central ideology was Ottomanism, which advocated the development of a patriotic feeling in all subjects of the empire, a kind of "Ottoman nationalism." The goal of the CUP was the reformation of the Ottoman Empire and the establishment of a modern, constitutional, but centralized state, which would be governed by the equality of its subjects in terms of gender, nationality, and religion. It strongly supported the dethronement of Abdülhamid, but preferred the establishment of a constitutional monarchy rather than a republic. Ahmed Rıza was the main leader of the movement. Mustafa Kemal was also among its early members. Young Turk Revolution and World War I. The CUP came to power between 1908 and 1918 after the Young Turk Revolution in July 1908. The outbreak of the revolution that took place in Ottoman Macedonia was caused by the disclosure of British and Russian plans to partition the region. The CUP actions alarmed the sultan, who accepted their demands for the restoration of the constitution and other reforms. Abdülhamid's failed counter-revolution the following year led to his dethronement. The C
The Dardanelles is the narrow strait in northwestern Turkey that connects the Aegean Sea to the Sea of Marmara. It marks the division between Asia, to the east, and Europe, to the west. The waterway is highly significant to all countries in the region because it provides access to the Black Sea. The Treaty of Lausanne requires Turkey to allow merchant vessels to pass and limits Turkey's right to close the Straits to warships. In Ancient Greek times, it was also known as the Hellespont.
Biescas is a town in the province of Huesca, Aragon, Spain. It is on the river Gallego at and altitude of 875 m in the zone known as "Tierra de Biescas". The population is 1240. It is divided in two main neighbourhoods "San Pedro" and "El Salvador", the last one divided other two neighbourhoods called "Barrio Bajo" and "La Peña" (or "Barrio Alto").  There are two churches in the town, the first one, "San Pedro's Church" is in the neighbourhood of San Pedro and the second one "San Salvador's Church" in La Peña. Municipality of Biescas is divided in four parts Additionally Ainielle, Barbenuta, Bergusa, Casbas, Espierre, Susín and Javierre del Obispo are included in Biescas municipality
Gloucester (pronounced [ˈglɒstə]) is a city and district in the English county of Gloucestershire. It is near the Welsh border on the River Severn. Culture. The annual Three Choirs Festival, which started in the eighteenth century and one of the oldest music festivals in Europe, takes place in Gloucester every third year. The other places the festival is held are Hereford and Worcester. Some parts of the Harry Potter films were filmed at Gloucester cathedral. Gloucester Rugby, founded in 1873, play here. The team plays in the Guinness Premiership, the top level of English rugby. Their homeground is Kingsholm. Transport. Road. The M5 motorway by-passes Gloucester. The A38, A40, A417, A430, A4301, A4302, B4008, B4063, B4072 and B4073 roads pass through Gloucester. Rail. Gloucester has a station in the middle of the city.
The North Caucasus is the northern part of the Caucasus region between Europe and Asia. The term is also used as a synonym for the North Caucasus Economical Region of Russia. Politically, the Northern Caucasus (territory north of the Greater Caucasus Range) includes the Russian Republics of the North Caucasus as well as several regions of Georgia and Azerbaijan.
Greater Caucasus (; ; , sometimes translated as "Caucasus Major", "Big Caucasus" or "Large Caucasus") is the major mountain range of the Caucasus Mountains. The range stretches for about from west-northwest to east-southeast, between the Taman Peninsula of the Black Sea to the Absheron Peninsula of the Caspian Sea: from the Western Caucasus near Sochi on the northeastern shore of the Black Sea and reaching nearly to Baku on the Caspian. The range is traditionally separated into three parts: In the wetter Western Caucasus, the mountains are heavily forested (deciduous forest up to , coniferous forest up to and alpine meadows above the tree line). In the drier Eastern Caucasus, the mountains are mostly treeless.
Mount Elbrus (, , ) is a peak in the western Caucasus mountains and one of Seven Summits. It is in Kabardino-Balkaria and Karachay-Cherkessia, Russia, near the border of Georgia. It consists of two peaks. The western peak has a height of , the eastern peak is high. Mount Elbrus is an inactive volcano, with a glacier on top. The western peak still has a crater with a diameter of about . No eruptions have been recorded, but there are other signs of volcanic activity, namely hot springs in the area. There last eruption happened in the first century. Mount Elbrus is the highest mountain in the Caucasus range, and the highest one on Russian soil. Mount Elbrus is about taller than Mont Blanc, which is commonly seen as the highest peak in Europe. The Caucasus range is generally seen as the border between Europe and Asia. People disagree on which mountains of the Caucasus are in Europe, and which ones are in Asia. A common view is to use the watershed as the boundary line. If this definition is used, Mount Elbrus is in Europe, and its highest mountain.
"See also: Ranked list of Dominican Provinces" The Dominican Republic has thirty-one (31) provinces (in Spanish, "provincias"). The President of the Republic appoints a Civil Governor ("Gobernador Civil") in every province. The only function of the Governor is to represent the President of the Republic in the province. The people who live in the province elect one Senator ("Senador") and at least two (2) Representatives ("Diputados") for the National Congress. The National District ("Distrito Nacional") is similar to a province but without a Civil Governor and with only one municipality, Santo Domingo de Guzmán, the national capital. There are two (2) or more municipalities (in Spanish and in singular, "municipio") in every province. The municipalities are governed by municipal councils and mayors elected by popular vote. The municipal districts (in Spanish and in singular, "distrito municipal") are subdivisions of some municipalities ruled by a municipal council and a mayor. The Dominican Republic has 154 municipalities and 202 municipal districts. The following is a table of the provinces and their capital cities. Population figures in the following table are from the 2010 census.
Reductio ad absurdum is a Latin phrase which means "reduction to the absurd". The phrase describes a kind of indirect proof. It is a proof by contradiction, and is a common form of argument. It shows that a statement is true because its denial leads to a contradiction, or a false or absurd result. It is a way of reasoning that has been used throughout the history of mathematics and philosophy from classical antiquity onwards. The ridiculous or "absurdum" conclusion of a "reductio ad absurdum" argument can have many forms. For example, History. The phrase can be traced back to the Greek "η εις άτοπον απαγωγή" ("hê eis átopon apagogê"). This phrase means "reduction to the impossible". It was often used by Aristotle. The method is used a number of times in "Euclid's Elements". Method. "Reduction ad absurdum" can be a tool of discovery. The method of proving something works by first assuming something about it. Then other things are deduced from that. If there is a contradiction, it shows that the first something cannot be correct. For example,  To prove A is true, correct, valid, credible ... Assume the opposite -- that "not-A" is true... Assume that if "not-A" is true, then it must mean or imply B. Show that B is false, incorrect, invalid, incredible ... Therefore, A must be true after all.
An artificial sweetener or sugar substitute is a chemical. It is added to some foods to make them taste sweet. It is made to taste like sugar or corn syrup. Usually it has a much lower energy value than sugar. It can be found in many products which say "Light" or "Diet" in their name.  Consumers use artificial sweeteners for one of the following reasons: Problems. Studies done with animals have shown that artificial sweeteners cause weight gain. A sweet taste causes insulin to be produced. This will store some of the sugar in the blood in tissues, including fat. With artificial sweeteners, the amount of sugar in the blood does not increase. This means that there will be too little sugar in the blood. This is known as hypoglycemia. On the next meal, more food will be eaten to get the blood sugar level back to normal values.  After a while, rats given sweeteners have steadily increased the amount of calories. This increased body weight, and adiposity (fatness). The natural response to eating sugary foods is to eat less at the next meal and to use some of the extra energy to warm the body after the meal. When using artificial sweeteners, this effect is lost gradually.
Lawrence Mark Sanger (born July 16, 1968) is an American internet project developer. He worked with Jimmy Wales to create the online encyclopedias, Nupedia and Wikipedia before he created his own online encyclopedias Digital Universe and Citizendium. Since leaving Wikipedia, he has criticised the site for having a left-wing bias. Career. Jimmy Wales, through his company Bomis, paid Sanger to help them to maintain Nupedia. On January 2, 2001, Ben Kovitz, Larry Sanger's friend, had the idea to use a wiki to help to make Nupedia better. Larry Sanger in turn told Wales, and on January 15, 2001, Wikipedia was launched. There are different opinions on which of the three people are most responsible for Wikipedia. In 2005, Larry Sanger created Digital Universe, an online encyclopedia like Wikipedia. In 2006, Larry Sanger created Citizendium, another online encyclopedia. Citizendium uses the MediaWiki engine (like Wikipedia) but the rules are different. People must use their given name on Citizendium and experts are given special status in approving articles. In December 2017, Larry Sanger joined Everipedia. He left the project in 2019. In February 2025, Larry Sanger asked Tesla CEO Elon Musk to investigate which branches of the United States government "have employees who are paid to edit, monitor, update, or lobby on Wikipedia" and advocated that such departments "should be defunded". Musk responded, "Good idea".
Cats is a musical. It is based on "Old Possum's Book of Practical Cats", a book of poems by T.S. Eliot. Trevor Nunn wrote the lyrics for the song, "Memory", which is based on some of T.S Eliot's poems. Andrew Lloyd Webber wrote the music. "Cats" premiered at the New London Theatre in the West End on 11 May 1981. It closed on 11 May 2002 after 8,949 performances. It opened on Broadway on 7 October 1982 at the Winter Garden Theatre. It closed on 10 September 2000, after 7,485 performances. The musical won the 1982 Laurence Olivier Award for Best New Musical and the 1983 Tony Award for Best Musical. Plot. Every year, a swing choral tribe of cats known as the Jellicle Cats meet in a junkyard of the Russell Hotel for a family reunion at the Jellicle Ball. Old Deuteronomy Jellicle, who is the choirmaster of the tribe, chooses one cat to ascend to the Heaviside layer to be reborn and return to a new life.  Grizabella Jellicle, an elderly (younger in some productions) glamour cat who left the junkyard, comes back to her tribe, but they shun her. While the other cats dance at the Jellicle Ball, Grizabella watches in the background. She performs a simple dance when the other cats leave and sings about how she wants to be accepted. Old Deutoronomy sees this and sympathizes with her. In act two, Old Deuteronomy gets kidnapped by Macavity Jellicle, a mystery cat who is the only true antagonist in the musical. As soon as he is successfully returned, it is time to choose who goes to the Heaviside layer.  Grizabella is chosen, and she is taken on a tire to fly into the Heaviside layer.
"Flower power" was a 1960s slogan, used by hippies and other people who were against war and violence. It was a symbol of passive resistance and non-violence ideology. These people used flowers as a symbol of life, of love, and of peace. They wore flowers, made art with flowers and images of them, and gave them away often. Hippies sometimes placed flowers in the rifle barrels of marching soldiers. Songs such as "San Francisco, Be Sure to Wear Flowers in Your Hair" by folk musicians The Mamas &amp; the Papas were associated with flower power.