ejaasaari/simplewiki-2025-04-01 huggingface dataset:
Ceramic is the name for some materials that are formed by the use of heat. The word "ceramic" comes from the Greek word (""). Chemically, it is an inorganic compound of metal, non-metal or metalloid atoms held together by chemical bonds.  Ceramics are commonly made by hand or by using a pottery wheel.  Up to the 1950s or so, the most important were the traditional clays, made into pottery, bricks, tiles and the like, also cements and glass. Clay-based ceramics are described in the article on pottery. A composite material of ceramic and metal is known as cermet.  The word "ceramic" can be an adjective, and can also be used as a noun to refer to a ceramic material, or a product of ceramic manufacture. "Ceramics" may also be used as a singular noun referring to the art of making things out of ceramic materials. The technology of manufacturing and usage of ceramic materials is part of the field of ceramic engineering. Many clay-based ceramic materials are hard, porous, and brittle. The study and development of ceramics includes methods to deal with these characteristics, to accentuate the strengths of the materials and investigate novel applications. Types of ceramic materials. For convenience ceramic products are usually divided into four sectors, and these are shown below with some examples: Classification of technical ceramics. Technical ceramics can also be classified into three distinct material categories:  Each one of these classes can develop unique material properties. Properties of ceramics. Mechanical properties. Ceramic materials are usually crystalline (having a repeating shape) or amorphous (no repeating shape). They are usually held together with covalent or ionic bonds. Thus, they tend to fracture (break) before any plastic deformation (permanent damage) happens. So they have poor toughness (resistance to breaking). Second, ceramics have pores (small holes) which focus stress on smaller areas.This decreases the toughness even more and reduces the tensile strength. For these two reasons, ceramics fail far more catastrophically (suddenly) than metals.  Ceramics do show plastic deformation, but because of how slow it is it is usually ignored. Crystalline materials are stiff
An inorganic compound is a chemical compound that does not have carbon–hydrogen bonds that is, it is "not" an organic compound. That means it is not a carbon-based compound. Types of inorganic compounds. The division between the two types of compound is not absolute. Some carbon-containing compounds are traditionally considered inorganic. Many chemicals in nature are not compounds, but are ions. Sodium, chloride, and phosphate ions are essential for life, as are some inorganic molecules such as nitrogen, carbon dioxide, water and oxygen. Aside from these simple ions and molecules, virtually all compounds covered by biochemistry contain carbon and can be considered organic or organometallic. Major types of inorganic compounds may include:
Applied mechanics, also known as theoretical and applied mechanics, is a branch of the physical sciences and the practical application of mechanics. Applied mechanics examines the "response of bodies (solids and fluids) to external forces". Some examples of "mechanical systems" include the flow of a liquid under pressure, the fracture of a solid from an applied force, or the vibration of an ear in response to sound. A practitioner of the discipline is known as a mechanician.  Applied mechanics, as its name suggests, bridges the gap between physical theory and its application to technology.
Mechanics is a branch of physics which looks at objects that are moved by forces (including other bodies, or forces of nature). The discipline has its roots in ancient Greece where Aristotle studied the way bodies behaved when they were thrown through the air (e.g. a stone). However it was Galileo, Kepler and especially Newton who laid the foundations for much of the so-called "Newtonian mechanics" we know today. A person working in the discipline is known as a mechanician. Significance. Mechanics is the original discipline of physics, dealing with the macroscopic world that humans perceive. It is therefore a huge body of knowledge about the natural world. Mechanics encompasses the movement of all matter in the universe under the four forces: gravity, the strong and weak interactions, and the electromagnetic interaction. Mechanics also constitutes a central part of technology. Newton. Newton proposed three laws of motion.  Quantum mechanics. The following are categorized as being part of Quantum mechanics: Other websites. Blogs:
Newton may refer to many things: People. Newton was the name of some famous people: Places. Newton is also the name of several places:
Paleobiology is a branch of science which studies animals, plants and microbes buried in rock. These stoney items are called fossils. Paleobiology combines biology with the study of these fossils. There are several branches of paleobiology: History. Baron Franz Nopcsa von Felső-Szilvás started paleobiology in the late 19th century while working at the University of Vienna. He tried to learn how the animals lived, rather than merely put together their bones, as many geologists were doing at the time.
Macroscopic means physical objects that are measurable and can be seen by the naked eye. When one uses macroscopic for abstract objects, one thinks of the world as we see it without any help. Lengths scales are called macroscopic if they fall in the range of more or less than 1 mm or up to 1 km. One may use the term "macroscopic" also for a "larger view", namely a view only available from a large perspective. A macroscopic position could be considered the "big picture". Macroscopy in physics. In physics macroscopy is a relative term. If one looks at a galaxy, a star is microscopic in comparison with the whole galaxy, even if it is many, many orders of magnitude larger than us. macroscopy can also be described as a relation between any two objects in terms of its magnification on a scale of some sort. A macroscopic object is something that we are able to see in plain sight through our own field of vision no matter where we are located. In spacetime light must also come into contact with our eyes and the object we are observing in order for it to be visible.
An order of magnitude is an approximation of the logarithm of a value relative to some contextually understood reference value, usually ten, interpreted as the base of the logarithm and the representative of values of magnitude one. Logarithmic distributions are common in nature and considering the order of magnitude of values sampled from such a distribution can be more intuitive. When the reference value is ten, the order of magnitude can be understood as the number of digits in the base-10 representation of the value. Similarly, if the reference value is one of certain powers of two, the magnitude can be understood as the amount of computer memory needed to store the exact integer value. If two numbers have the same order of magnitude, they are about the same size.  But if one would compare the surface of an orange with that of the earth, one would say the surface of the earth is many "orders of magnitude" larger than that of the orange. Orders of magnitude are used to make approximate comparisons. If numbers differ by one order of magnitude, "x" is "about" ten times different in quantity than "y". If values differ by two orders of magnitude, they differ by a factor of about 100. Two numbers of the same order of magnitude have roughly the same scale: the larger value is less than ten times the smaller value.
Pinhead Gunpowder is a punk rock band from California, United States. Its members are Billie Joe Armstrong (singer and guitarist of Green Day), Aaron Cometbus, Bill Schneider and Jason White. White and Schneider also participate in Green Day. The name of the band means the brand of a "high octane" green tea which Cometbus found in the dump. Its members do not want to make money with this band, they only want to have fun. Its music is different in each song, but always following the punk and hardcore style.
Harry Connick, Jr. (born September 11, 1967) is an American singer, piano player and actor. He plays jazz music mostly, but also pop music. In 2014, he became a judge on "American Idol". His father is former New Orleans district attorney Harry Connick Sr..
Pantheism is the belief that God and the universe are equivalent (the same thing). A pantheist believes that everything that exists is a part of God, or that God is a part of everything that exists. The name pantheism comes from the Greek words "theos" (belief in God) and "pan" (all).  Overview. Pantheism is not only one religion or full set of beliefs. Any doctrine or philosophy that believes that the universe and everything in it is God is said to be pantheistic. Discussion about pantheism usually avoids using words like "God", "church", and "worship", because those words can make others believe pantheism is like a traditional religion. Many pantheists have a personal relationship with the universe and the natural world. Making these relationships better is a key idea for these pantheists. Some pantheists believe the universe is sacred, and that the earth and nature must be protected. History. Pantheistic beliefs date back to ancient times. Most of the early Greek philosophers from Thales on to the Stoics believed in some sort of pantheism. Pantheism is an important part of many Eastern religions such as Hinduism, Buddhism and Taoism, and modern religions such as Druidism. Some Western philosophers such as Baruch Spinoza are pantheists, as are some scientists. Abrahamic religions. Some Christians, Jews and Sufis say they are pantheists. However, their majority believes that while God is in everything, there is more to God than just the universe. There are several different types of pantheism, including panpsychism (the belief the universe itself has a mind), naturalistic pantheism (the belief the universe is identifiable with the title of "God", as it can be seen as a wondrous and transcendent power), and scientific pantheism (the worship of nature as a life-giving force).
Panentheism (lit. 'all in God'), similar to Pantheism, is the belief that the the creation are part of God. It is different to Pantheism in that God is also believed to be greater than the creation. The term is believed to be created by Karl Krause in 1828 (after studying Hindu scripture) to distinguish the ideas of Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (1770–1831) and Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling (1775–1854) about the relation of God and the universe from the supposed pantheism of Baruch Spinoza. Many people may find this belief to be confusing, this may explain why Panentheism itself is an ancient esoteric (secretive) belief. Panentheism is believed to be found in all major religious traditions including but not exclusive to Hinduism, the Jewish Kabbalah, Christian Mysticism, Sufism and Sikhism. This belief being found in completely different world traditions has inspired the Traditional Perennial Philosophy.
Deuterium is an isotope of hydrogen, the first element. Deuterium has one proton and one neutron. Hydrogen does not have a neutron, only a proton. Another isotope of hydrogen, tritium, has two neutrons. The chemical symbol for Deuterium is 2H but D is also used often.  Two deuterium atoms combined with an oxygen atom is sometimes called "heavy water." This is because it is like water (H2O), but heavier because deuterium has one more neutron in its nucleus. Heavy water is sometimes used in nuclear reactors. It is also used as a solvent for NMR spectroscopy. This is because it will dissolve the sample, like normal water, but it will not be detected by the magnet in an 1H NMR.
Boer (IPA: /bur/) is the Dutch and Afrikaans word for farmer which is used to call the descendants of the Dutch farmers of Southern Africa during the 1700s, as well as those who left the Cape Colony during the Great Trek of the 19th century to live in the Orange Free State, Transvaal and Natal. They did this to escape British rule, and wars between the British imperial government and native tribes on the eastern frontier.  In 1657, “vrybriewe” was granted to 9 burgers, the first farmers or Boers (Boere) at the Cape. Although they were not known as Afrikaners, they did not regard themselves as living in a European country. As more immigrants from Europe arrived at the Cape, more international marriages took place. Soon their language and culture were lost and transformed. They regarded themselves as a new nation, the Afrikaner people. Paul Heyns, born in 1696 christened his son Michiel Afrikanus (the Afrikaner).  One Hendrik Bieslow in 1707 proclaimed in public “Ik ben een Afrikaander”. The Boers later created the Boer Republics, which were defeated in the 1880-1881 and 1899–1902 Anglo-Boer wars (Anglo-Boere-oorloë). After that, many Boers emigrated to other countries, but many still live in modern South Africa, Eswatini (formerly Swaziland) and Zimbabwe.
"Not to be mistaken for the Muhammad Ali who became Muhammad Ali Pasha, Wali of Egypt and Sudan" Muhammad Ali (born Cassius Marcellus Clay Jr.; January 17, 1942 – June 3, 2016) was an American boxer. He became one of the most famous boxers in the world with his "rope-a-dope" technique. He was also well known for his clever rhymes. In 1999, Ali was named "Sportsman of the Century" by Sports Illustrated magazine. He won the World Heavyweight Boxing Championship three times. Ali also won an Olympic gold medal for boxing during the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome, Italy. Ali was also known as “The Greatest”.  Ali was born in Louisville, Kentucky. He was named after his father, Cassius Marcellus Clay Sr. but changed his name after converting to Islam according to the Nation of Islam in 1965. Because of his Islamic beliefs, Ali would not fight in the Vietnam War when the army tried drafting him. This made him an international figure around the world. Ali retired from boxing in 1981. In the early 1980s, it was learned that Ali had Parkinson's syndrome. He became well known for his social work and charity. Muhammad Ali was married four times. He had seven daughters and two sons. One of his sons was adopted by him.  On April 5, 2024, Ali was inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame by The Undertaker. Health and Death. On December 20, 2014, Ali was hospitalized for a mild case of pneumonia. Ali was once again hospitalized on January 15, 2015, for a urinary tract infection after being found unresponsive at a guest house in Scottsdale, Arizona. He was released the next day. Ali was diagnosed with Parkinson's disease. On June 3, 2016, Ali died from septic shock due to respiratory problems at a Scottsdale, Arizona hospital, aged 74.  His last words as recorded by his family physician Dr. Maxime Pompous were "God made me the greatest boxer and cultivated goodness in me. I thank Him for his grace. I will go to Paradise and would love to defeat all the angels there. Goodbye my daughter and my doctor. See you soon." Other websites. https://innocentnews.com/muhammad-ali-jr/
Compressive stress is the stress on materials that leads to a smaller volume.  By compressive stress the material is under compression. Compressive stress to bars, columns, etc. leads to shortening. One can increase the compressive stress until compressive strength is reached. Then materials will react with ductile behaviour (most metals, some soils and plastics) or with fracture in case of brittle materials (geomaterials, cast iron, glass, etc.). For example, if a cylinder is compressed under the action of the applied force, the restoring force per unit area is known as the compressive stress. It is one of the best stresses for chassis, so if you have a chassis report explain it well as it helps a lot.
Rotation is the movement of an object in a circular motion. A two-dimensional object rotates around a "center" (or "point") "of rotation". A three-dimensional object rotates around a line called an "axis". If the axis of rotation is within the body, the body is said to rotate upon itself, or "spin"– which implies relative speed and perhaps free-movement with angular momentum. A circular motion around an external point (for example the Earth around the Sun) is called an "orbit" or more properly "orbital revolution." As an extension, 4d rotations are around planes. Every rotation can also be described as in a plane and around a point. Types of rotation. Rotation around a point in one plane can be in a clockwise direction or an anticlockwise direction. Aviation. In flight dynamics, the principal rotations are known as "yaw" (left/right), "pitch" (up/down), and "roll" (rolling). The term rotation is also used in aviation to refer to the upward pitch of an aircraft, particularly when starting the major climb for takeoff. The same terms are used for fish moving through water. Amusement rides. Many amusement rides provide rotation. A Ferris wheel and observation wheel have a horizontal central axis, and parallel axes for each gondola, where the rotation is opposite, by gravity or mechanically. Sports. Rotation, usually called "spin", plays a role in many sports. "Topspin" and "backspin" in tennis. "English", "follow" and "draw" in billiards and pool. Curve balls in baseball and spin bowling in cricket. Table tennis paddles are specialized to allow players to spin the ball as they hit it.
In physics, moment of force (often just moment) is a measure of a force's tendency to cause a body to rotate about a specific point or axis. In this concept the moment arm, the distance from the axis of rotation, plays an important role. The lever, pulley, gear, and most other simple machines create mechanical advantage by changing the moment arm. The SI unit for moment is the newton meter (kgm²/s² or Nm). Formula for moment:  formula_1  The Principle of Moment states that when a system is in equilibrium the sum of its CLOCKWISE MOMENTS equals the sum of its ANTICLOCKWISE MOMENTS. Some examples where moments (turning effect) are applied involve levers, like seesaws, opening and closing doors, nutcrackers, can openers, and crowbars. A lever is a simple machine in which one force called the effort is used to overcome another force called the load. In physics, a moment is a combination of a physical quantity and a distance. History of moment. The principle of moments is derived from Archimedes' discovery of the operating principle of the lever. In the lever one applies a force, in his day most often human muscle, to an "arm", a beam of some sort. Archimedes noted that the amount of force applied to the object, the "moment of force", is defined as "M = rF", where "F" is the applied force, and "r" is the distance from the applied force to object.
Tensile strength is a measurement of the force required to pull something such as rope, wire, or a structural beam to the point where it breaks.  The tensile strength of a material is the maximum amount of tensile stress that it can take before failure, for example breaking. There are three typical definitions of tensile strength: Typical tensile strengths. Some typical tensile strengths of some materials:
Bosconian is a video arcade game made by Namco in 1981. The player moves a spaceship and tries to destroy "space stations". There are also other things in space that the player has to destroy to get to the space stations. The game was later used on many of the early personal computers. Reception. "Bosconian" won the 1982 Arcade Award for Best Science Fiction/Fantasy Coin-Op Game. The award was given out in January 1983. It beats both Atari's "Gravitar" and Sega's "Zaxxon".
Grand Duchess Anastasia Nikolaevna of Russia (; – 17 July 1918) was the youngest daughter of Nicholas II of Russia and Empress Alexandra Feodorovna. After she was murdered in the Russian Revolution, she was canonized as a passion bearer by the Russian Orthodox Church. During the years of Communist rule nobody knew where she was buried. This led to many stories that she could have escaped and still be alive. The bodies of the Tsar, Tsarina, and three daughters were found in a grave near Yekaterinburg in 1991; however, the bodies of Alexei Nikolaevich and one of his sisters (either Anastasia or Maria) were not there. In January 2008, Russian scientists said that the remains of a young boy and woman found near Yekaterinburg in August 2007 might be the missing bodies. On 30 April 2008, Russian scientists used DNA testing to prove that they were the Tsarevich Alexei and his sister. In March 2009, the last results of the DNA testing were published by Dr. Michael Coble of the US Armed Forces DNA Identification Laboratory. This proved that all four Grand Duchesses were murdered. Several women have claimed to have been Anastasia. The most famous was Anna Anderson. However, DNA testing in 1994 on pieces of Anderson's tissue and hair showed that she was not related to the Imperial family. Biography. Life and childhood. When Anastasia was born, her family was disappointed. They had hoped for a son who would be heir to the throne. In honor of her birth, her father forgave the students who had been put in prison for joining in riots in St. Petersburg and Moscow. Because of this, Anastasia's name means "the breaker of chains" or the "prison opener". It can also mean "of the resurrection". People often spoke of this when there were stories that she had not died. Anastasia was a Grand Duchess. Because this made Anastasia an "Imperial Highness", she was higher in rank than other Princesses in Europe who were "Royal Highnesses". The Tsar's children lived very simply. They slept
Celtic Football Club is a professional football club based in Glasgow, Scotland. They play in the Scottish Premiership and are one of the most successful Scottish teams. Old Firm. Celtic used to be half of the Old Firm, alongside Rangers F.C.. This is a term that used to describe both Rangers and Celtic together until rangers fc died in 2012.
Grand Duchess Maria Nikolaevna of Russia (Maria Nikolaevna Romanova; Russian: Великая Княжна Мария Николаевна, 26 June 189917 July 1918) was the third daughter of Nicholas II of Russia and Empress Alexandra Feodorovna. After she was murdered in the Russian Revolution, she was canonized as a passion bearer by the Russian Orthodox Church. During her lifetime, Maria, too young to become a Red Cross nurse like her elder sisters, Instead during World War I, was patroness of a hospital and instead visited wounded soldiers. Throughout her lifetime she was noted for her interest in the lives of the soldiers. The flirtatious Maria had a number of innocent crushes on the young men she met, beginning in early childhood. She hoped to marry and have a large family. She was an elder sister of Grand Duchess Anastasia Nikolaevna of Russia. Her sister Anastasia was famous for stories about her alleged escape from the murder of the royal family for almost 90 years. In the 1990s, it was suggested that the Grand Duchess whose remains were not in the Romanov might be Maria. However, further remains were discovered in 2007, and DNA analysis subsequently proved that the entire Imperial family had been murdered in 1918. Biography. Early life. Maria was born on 26 June 1899. She was the third child and daughter of Emperor Nicholas II and Empress Alexandra. The birth of a third daughter led to widespread disappointment in Russia. Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom, Alexandra's grandmother and Maria's great-grandmother, wrote, "I regret the third girl for the country. I know that an heir would be more welcome than a daughter."  Nicholas insisted that he was happy with Maria's birth, and he told Alexandra "I dare complain the least, having such happiness on earth, having a treasure like you my beloved Alix, and already the three little cherubs." At age eleven, Maria apparently developed a painful crush on one of the young men she had met. Alexandra advised her daughter to keep her feelings hidden because others might say unkind things to her about her crush" As