ejaasaari/simplewiki-2025-04-01 huggingface dataset:
Breakout is the second studio album by singer Miley Cyrus. The album was released July 22, 2008. Singles from the album include "Full Circle", "Fly On The Wall", "7 Things", "Wake Up America", and "Breakout'. Promotion. Cyrus performed a free concert at Bryant Park on July 18, as a part of "Good Morning America"'s summer concert series. Cyrus also guest hosted "TRL" on two consecutive days, appeared on "Today", and performed as a part of their summer concert series, shutting down 84th street for the first time because of the number of fans who attended. "See You Again" song. "See You Again (Rock Mafia Remix)" is the second single from the album, it was released on August 11, 2008, only in the United Kingdom as a promotional single. This song peaked at #11 in the UK Singles Chart, making her first Top 20 in that region.
"Girls Just Wanna Have Fun" is a song by Cyndi Lauper. It was the first single by Lauper. The single reached number one in over ten countries. It received a Grammy Award nomination for Record of the Year and Best Female Pop Vocal Performance. Cap'n Lou Albano was in the music video for the song. The song was covered by Miley Cyrus. The Miley Cyrus version is off her album "Breakout". It has been covered on either an album or in live concert by over 30 other artists.
In cryptography, the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES), is a symmetric-key, block cipher algorithm that was selected by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) in 2001. It was selected for encrypting data. It is commonly used around the world. The Advanced Encryption Standard has replaced the Data Encryption Standard (DES).  As of 2008, AES is one of the most popular algorithms used in symmetric key cryptography. It is available to programmers and the general public with various software packages. History. AES is a type of Rijndael () block cipher developed by Belgian programmers, Vincent Rijmen and Joan Daemen. The National Institute of Standards and Technology held a competition for a publicly available symmetric-key encryption algorithm and started accepting entries in 1997. In 1998, fifteen algorithms were selected for the first round in the First AES Conference. After asking for comments, the NIST held the Second AES Conference where the top five algorithms were MARS, RC6, Rijndael, Serpent, and Twofish. By 2000 and the end of the Third AES Conference, the NIST selected Rijndael for the AES proposal. For AES, NIST selected three members of the Rijndael family, each with a block size of 128 bits, but three different key lengths: 128, 192 and 256 bits. The Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) was published as a Federal Information Processing Standard on November 26, 2001. Details. AES has a fixed block sizes of 128 bits and three values of key size 128, 192, or 256 bits."The design and strength of all key lengths of the AES algorithm (i.e., 128, 192 and 256) are sufficient to protect classified information up to the SECRET level. TOP SECRET information will require use of either the 192 or 256 key lengths. The implementation of AES in products intended to protect national security systems and/or information must be reviewed and certified by NSA prior to their acquisition and use." AES is fast in both software and hardware, is relatively easy to implement, and requires little memory. Standard. The Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) is defined in:
Shōnen is a type of manga or anime meant for young teen boys usually between the ages of about 12 and 18. It often refers to manga. Examples include "Dragon Ball", "Bleach", "One Piece", "InuYasha", "Naruto", "YuYu Hakusho", "Yu-Gi-Oh!", "JoJo's Bizarre Adventure", "JuJutsu Kaisen", and Fairy Tail Shounen is usually noticed by its high amounts of fighting. It often has humorous plots with male characters. It often has themes of friendship. Fighting teams and similar groups are often shown. Attractive female characters are also common, but not always present. The art style of shounen is usually less pretty than shōjo. Beyond shōnen manga, manga for men (age 18+) is called seinen manga. Very few seinen manga have been published outside of Japan. In Japan, many older men read shounen magazines. Because of this, in Japan, shounen manga magazines are the most popular manga magazines.
The Amazing Race is a American reality television/game show. It is broadcast on CBS, there is also an Australian version that is broadcast in Australia on Network 10. The Race. In "The Amazing Race", 11 or 12 teams of two people race around the world for $1,000,000, with information provided by "clues", or Route Info. There are certain "legs" of the race, culminated by "Pit Stops". At Pit Stops, teams check in for a mandatory 12 hour rest period, although sometimes the period can be 24 hours, 36 hours, or even once 60. Usually, the first team to arrive at a Pit Stop will receive a prize, such as a trip to a Caribbean country. On most of the Pit Stops on the race, the last team to arrive is eliminated from the race. However, two or three of those points are non-elimination. In Seasons 1-4, there was no penalty for coming in last in a non-elimination. From Seasons 5-9, teams had to give up all of their money and start the next leg without money. Even stricter, in Seasons 7-9, teams had to turn over all of their luggage. In Seasons 10 and 11, teams would start the next leg "Marked for Elimination". That meant that if they did not come in first at the next Pit Stop, they would have to wait out a 30-minute penalty. Starting from Season 12, teams coming in last on Non-Eliminations have to do a Speed Bump. A Speed Bump is a task that no other teams have to do. Tasks. "The Amazing Race" has several different tasks that teams must complete.  Detour. A Detour is a choice between two tasks. The team can choose which one it wants to complete. Teams are allowed to switch between Detour choices, in the American version there is a harsh 6-hour penalty if you quit a Detour, in the Australian version it is only 1 hour. Roadbock. A Roadbock is a task where only one member of the team can perform. Teams cannot switch the
The financial crisis of 2007–2008 was a major financial crisis, the worst of its kind since the Great Depression in the 1930s. Until the COVID-19 recession, the financial crisis of 2007-2008 was considered the worst financial crisis during the 21st century. In September 2008 many large financial firms in the United States collapsed, merged, or went under conservatorship (a person is assigned to manage a company when it cannot manage itself). The factors that led to the crisis were reported in business journals many months before September 2008. Background and causes. There are many reasons why the crisis happened. Most economists believe that it started in the United States. From 1997 until 2006, people bought expensive houses, even though they did not have enough money for it. Since the money had come from other countries, it was easy to have good credit. People used this credit for expensive loans, causing the price of homes to rise. This created an economic bubble. Because they had a lot of money, the loaning companies made it easier to get a loan, even if the borrower didn't have a good credit history. These loans are known as subprime loans. During this time, many home owners refinanced their homes. This caused their mortgage to change, giving them lower interest. After they refinanced, homeowners could take out another mortgage, for spending money. The loaning companies changed their loans so that they would have low interest at first and then increase later. This is known as an adjustable-rate mortgage. The companies often used these to convince more people to take loans. Many people with subprime loans also took these adjustable-rate mortgages, hoping that the good price of housing would help them refinance later. While the housing prices were still high, many American and European companies, including banks, invested in subprime loans. These investments gave more money to the loaning companies, who used it to give out more subprime loans. These investments would make a lot of money as long as the price of housing was high.  However, the housing companies built too many houses. This caused the price of housing to decrease beginning in the summer of 200
Detritivores are animals that eat dead plants and animals. They also eat waste from other animals. They help to break down dead things and turn them into soil. This helps plants to grow. Detritivores are important for the environment. Some examples of detritivores are earthworms, millipedes, and woodlice, they live in the soil and eat dead leaves and other things. In the ocean, there are also detritivores like crabs and sea cucumbers, they eat dead things on the bottom of the ocean. Difference from Decomposers. Detritivores are different from decomposers. Decomposers are things like bacteria and fungi. They break down dead things by absorbing them. Detritivores eat the dead things and break them down inside their bodies. Importance. Detritivores are important for recycling nutrients in the environment. Detritivores also play an important role in food webs. They eat dead things and turn them into nutrients for plants. Then, herbivores eat the plants and get energy from them. Carnivores eat the herbivores and get energy from them. This is how energy flows through a food web. They also help to keep the soil healthy and help to clean up dead things, so they don't spread disease. Eating Habits. Detritivores also have different ways of finding food. Some, like earthworms, use their sense of touch to find food in the soil. Others, like crabs, use their sense of smell to find food in the water. Detritivores have different ways of eating dead things. Earthworms swallow the dead things whole. Others, like millipedes, have special mouthparts to chew the dead things. Some detritivores, like woodlice, can even eat cellulose, which is a tough part of plants. Reference. [1] Merriam-Webster (n.d.). "Detritivore Definition &amp; Meaning". https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/detritivore [2] BD Editors. (2019, March 27). Detritivore - Definition, Function and
Skid Row is a Hard rock band from Toms River, New Jersey. They were active from 1986 to 1996, then reunited in 1999. Discography. Skid Row have released 5 albums:
The carbon cycle is the way carbon is stored and replaced on Earth. Some of the main events take hundreds of millions of years, others happen annually. The main ways that carbon gets into the carbon cycle are volcanoes, and the burning of fossil fuels like coal and gas. Through most of history, volcanoes were the biggest source of carbon to the carbon cycle, but in the last hundred years, people burning fossil fuels have been adding about a hundred times more CO2 to the air than volcanoes. That is, for every ton of CO2 added to the air by volcanoes, about 100 tons of CO2 have been added to the air by people through combustion. The main way carbon gets taken out of the atmosphere is by photosynthesis by living organisms. Some of this gets released as they die and decompose, but a proportion gets buried in sediment. This is shown in the diagram. Sediment turns to rock, and it is the carbonate rocks like limestone which contain the now-solid CO2. Some of the carbon from plants also becomes part of the soil, where it can stay for a long time before decomposing. Another process takes CO2 out of the air. Weathering by rain washes out CO2 in the form of dilute carbonic acid. This reacts with rock, helping to dissolve and destroy it. This also ends up as sediment. "Weathering is a large consumer of the atmospheric carbon dioxide essential for dissolving rocks". Some CO2 is also dissolved in the ocean. Right now, the oceans are taking in more CO2 than they are releasing, every year. However, this is making the oceans more acidic. The store of carbon in sedimentary rock is far greater than the CO2 in the atmosphere (this is not shown in the diagram). Eventually it returns to the air as oceanic plates subduct in tectonic plates. At the margins of plate boundaries (and some other places) volcanoes form and spew out CO2. This completes the cycle. Summary. The carbon cycle is a process where carbon is recycled through the ecosystem. The concentration of carbon in living matter (18%) is almost 100 times greater than its concentration in the earth (0.19%).
Skepticism or scepticism (Greek "skeptomai": to consider, to examine) refers to any view involving "doubt". People who have skepticism as an attitude, opinion, or method are called skeptics or sceptics. Origin. Skepticism is not just a belief that something is incorrect. It is a system of thought which acts against superstitions and rumours. Characteristic of skepticism is the attitude that any statement is judged on the evidence for or against its truth. Ancient Greece. Skepticism on philosophy has its roots in ancient Greek philosophy.  Sophists. The Greek Sophists of the 5th century BC, such as Protagoras of Abdera (480 – 411 BC), were mostly skeptics. Gorgias (485 – 380 BC) said, "Nothing exists; if anything does exist, it cannot be known; if anything exists and can be known, it cannot be communicated".  In the 4th century, BC, Pyrrho of Elis (c. 360 – 275 BC), who travelled and studied as far as India, adopted practical skepticism. Carneades (c. 213 – 129 BC) disagreed that things were completely true or false. He criticized the Dogmatists, especially Stoics. He said that completely certain knowledge is impossible. Sextus Empiricus (c. 3rd century), the main authority for Greek skepticism, brought together empiricism into the basis for stating knowledge. Ancient China. Skepticism comes from Asian philosophy, too. The Chinese philosopher Zhuangzi (c369–c286 BC) said that what seems real could be just a dream. In Indian philosophy, the Cārvāka school thought that we should neither try to infer knowledge nor trust what other people tell us. In Buddhism, Nāgārjuna said that nothing exists by itself, and that this idea is an important part of enlightenment. Modern France. The most important part of the argument is that unless we know "something" for certain, then we cannot know "anything". The interest lies in the way great philosophers have tried to solve this problem. Some, like Descartes, retreat
The Secretary of War was a member of the United States President's Cabinet, beginning with George Washington's administration. A similar position, called either "Secretary at War" or "Secretary of War," was appointed to serve the Congress of the Confederation under the Articles of Confederation between 1781 and 1789. Benjamin Lincoln and later Henry Knox held the position. When Washington was inaugurated as the first president under the Constitution, he appointed Knox to continue serving.  The Secretary of War led the War Department. At first, he was responsible for all military affairs. In 1798, the Secretary of the Navy was added to the cabinet, and the scope of this office was reduced to a general concern with the Army. In 1947, the departments were recombined under the Secretary of Defense. The Secretary of War was replaced by the Secretary of the Army and the Secretary of the Air Force, non-Cabinet positions under the Secretary of Defense.
The United States Secretary of the Navy (SECNAV) is the civilian head of the Department of the Navy. The position was a member of the President's Cabinet until 1947, when the Navy, Army, and newly created Air Force were placed in the Department of Defense and the Secretary of the Navy was placed under the Secretary of Defense. Secretaries of the Navy. Continental Congress. "(Post of Secretary of Marine created but remained vacant)"
The United States Postmaster General is the executive head of the United States Postal Service. The office, in one form or another, is older than both the United States Constitution and the United States Declaration of Independence. Benjamin Franklin was appointed by the Continental Congress as the first Postmaster General, serving slightly longer than 15 months. In 1971, the United States Post Office Department was re-organized into the United States Postal Service, a special agency independent of the executive branch. Thus, the Postmaster General is no longer a member of the Cabinet and is no longer in line to be President.
The White House Chief of Staff is the highest-ranking member of the Executive Office of the President of the United States and a senior aide to the President. The CoS does things previously done by the President's private secretary. Susie Wiles became White House Chief of Staff on January 20, 2025.
John Roy Steelman (June 23, 1900 – July 14, 1999) was the first Assistant to the President of the United States serving President Harry S. Truman from 1946 to 1953. The office later became the White House Chief of Staff.
James Addison Baker, III (born April 28, 1930) is an American attorney, politician, political administrator, and political adviser. He served as the Chief of Staff in President Ronald Reagan's first administration and in the final year of the administration of President George H. W. Bush. Baker also served as Secretary of the Treasury from 1985 to 1988 in the second Reagan administration, and Secretary of State in the George H. W. Bush administration. Namesake. James Baker is the namesake of the James A. Baker III Institute for Public Policy at Rice University in Houston, Texas.
Ronaldo de Assis Moreira (born 21 March 1980), more commonly known as Ronaldinho, or Ronaldinho Gaúcho, is a retired Brazilian footballer. Considered the best player in world football for several years, he is regarded as one of the greatest footballers of all time, and by some, as the greatest ever. He was known for his dribbling, passing, flair, skills, and ability to create and score goals, all prominent characteristics of his early-age background playing futsal. He is the only player ever to have won a World Cup, a Copa América, a Confederations Cup, a Champions League, a Copa Libertadores and a Ballon d'Or. At club level, he is best known for playing for F.C. Barcelona (2003-2008).  During his career, he was one of the most valuable footballers in the world. In 2009, he was voted "World Player of the Decade 2000s", ahead of Lionel Messi and Cristiano Ronaldo. His admirers and supporters call him "O Bruxo" ("The Wizard"). International career statistics. Source: !Total||97||33  "Scores and results list Brazil's goal tally first."
Les Ferdinand (born 8 December 1966) is a former football player. He has played for England national team. Career statistics. International career statistics. !Total||17||5 Honours. Beşiktaş Tottenham Hotspur Individual
Chris Sutton (born 10 March 1973) is an English former footballer. He has played for the English national team. Club career statistics. 278||85 130||64 408||149 International career statistics. !Total||1||0
Teddy Sheringham (born 2 April 1966) is an English professional footballer turned manager. He is best known as an association football player. He has played for England national team. Career. In 2009, Sheringham was named to the English Football Hall of Fame. Club career statistics. 734||275||56||30||55||27||32||9||877||341 21||13||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||21||13 755||288||56||30||55||27||32||9||898||354 International career statistics. !Total||51||11
Dwight Eversley Yorke CM (born 3 November 1971) is a retired Trinidadian football player. He has played for Trinidad and Tobago national team. He won the 1998–99 Premier League Golden Boot, along side Jimmy Floyd Hasselbaink and Michael Owen. This made him the joint first foreign Golden Boot winner. Source: "Scores and results list Trinidad and Tobago's goal tally first." Honours. Aston Villa Manchester United Sydney FC Sunderland Trinidad and Tobago Individual
Uwe Seeler (;5 November 1936 – 21 July 2022) was a German football player. He played for Hamburger SV and West Germany national team. Seeler died on 21 July 2022 in Norderstedt, Germany at the age of 85. Honours. Hamburger SV West Germany Individual
Jari Litmanen (born 20 February 1971) is a Finnish football player. Honours. MyPa Ajax Liverpool HJK Finland Individual
Denis Compton (23 May 1918 in Hendon, Middlesex – 23 April 1997 in Windsor, Berkshire) was an English cricketer and football player. He played cricket for the England cricket team and football for Arsenal.
Jan Mølby (born 4 July 1963) is a former Danish football player. He has played for Denmark national team. Since retiring he has become the Head of the Greeters Guild. Honours. Player. Ajax Liverpool Swansea City Individual Manager. Kidderminster Harriers
Tore André Flo (born 15 June 1973) is a Norwegian professional football coach and a former striker who is the manager of 1. divisjon club Sogndal. Honours. Brann Chelsea Rangers
Iván Zamorano (born 18 January 1967) is a former Chilean football player. He has played for Chile national team until 2001. "Scores and results list Chile's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Zamorano goal." Honours. Cobreandino Cobresal Real Madrid Inter Milan América Chile Individual
Formentera is the smallest of the 4 Balearic Islands with population. Geography and population. It is located south of Ibiza (about 10 kilometers), south-west of Mallorca (about 50 kilometers). Its area is 83.24 km² (32.14 sq mi). Formentera has about 7,500 inhabitants.  The island was built by volcano eruptions. It has two high areas in the east and the south and a falt area in between. Main town is Sant Francesc Xavier. History. First people, who settled on Formentera, were the Carthaginians, later the Romans came there. Often the island lost its complete population, for example after the Vandals came there. In the middle ages Arabs governed the balearic island, then Catalans took over the island, Formentera became part of the new kingdom of Mallorca. Later that kingdom became a part of Spain. Economy. The island lives mainly on tourism. Most tourists are from Germany, the United Kingdom and Italy and France. Even the other economic activities like fishing deal with tourism.
Menorca (Spain, Catalan: "Menorca") is the most east of the Balearic Islands. Geography. Menorca is located east of Mallorca. It has an area of . About 88,000 people live there. The main town is Mahón, which has about 27,000 people. History. Menorca was influenced by the Minoans. Later it was ruled by Carthage, and by Rome after the Punic Wars. From the 5th century AD there was a seat of a bishop on Menorca. The Vandals invaded but the Byzantine Empire recovered Menorca in 534. The Moors took over in 903. In 1287 the Christians took it back and enslaved the Muslims. Later Menorca was ruled by the Kingdom of Mallorca. In 1334 it became part of Aragon, which later became part of Spain. In 1713 the British conquered Menorca but in 1781 the Spanish recovered it in the American Revolutionary War. Economy. Menorca lives mainly on tourism. There is one airport near the main city.
The Flag of Sri Lanka, also called the Lion Flag, has a gold lion passant, holding a sword in its right fore paw, in front of a crimson background with four golden bo leaves in each corner. Around the background is a yellow border, and to its left are two vertical stripes of equal size in saffron and green, with the saffron stripe closest to the lion. It became the flag in 1950 following the recommendations of a committee appointed by the 1st Prime Minister of Sri Lanka D.S. Senanayake.