ejaasaari/simplewiki-2025-04-01 huggingface dataset:
Technical writing is communication about technical and occupational fields. The Society for Technical Communication (STC) defines technical writing as any form of communication that is:  The audience is a vital part of the writing. If, say, writing medical instructions to help patients and care-providers, the writing might be for doctors &amp; nurses; lay people with a good general education; or poorly-educated people. The writing would be quite different in each case. For example: "Match level of technical discussion and formality to intended purpose and audience. For audience, consider education, professional experience, reading level, and motivations. Use clear and simple diction to make writing accessible to readers for whom English is not their first language". Technical writing communicates visually as well as verbally. A communication should follow an overall logic. One approach is descriptive, such as "Parts of a car engine". Another is the problem-solver: "How to change tyres". Practical encyclopedias usually inform and have how to do it sections. Medical encyclopedias are a good example. A medical encyclopedia provides information to readers about health questions. People have always needed how-to guides, which appeared in manuscripts before the arrival of print.
A multi-instrumentalist is a musician who plays two or more musical instruments. Many professional musicians aim to become multi-instrumentalists. In an orchestra, a number of musicians might each play a variety of different instruments during a single performance. Orchestras will also often, but not always, ask for several members of the woodwind section to be multi-instrumentalists. This is sometimes referred to as doubling. Typically, for example, one flute player in the orchestra will switch to playing the piccolo or alto flute when called to by the score. If an orchestra is playing a piece that needs "two flutes and a third flute doubling piccolo", it means that the third flautist also has a piccolo. Sometimes he or she will need to put the flute down and play the piccolo, then perhaps swap round again. An oboist may sometimes double on the cor anglais, a clarinettist may sometimes double on a bass clarinet, and a bassoonist may double on a contrabassoon. At other times such instruments may need a separate player. At the beginning of a musical score there should be a list of instruments that makes it clear how many players are needed.
The Academy in Peril is the second studio album by Welsh multi-instrumentalist John Cale. It was released in July 1972. It was his first full-length album on Reprise Records label. It was produced by Cale himself. The album's cover art is by Andy Warhol. Track listing. All tracks written by John Cale.
The Jardin des Plantes is the main botanical garden in France. It is one of seven departments of the Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle. It is on the left bank of the river Seine and covers 28 hectares (280,000 m²). There is a school there that trains people to be botanists respecting biodiversity. There is a zoo in the Jardin that was started during the French Revolution from the animals at Versailles. The garden was started in 1626. It was used in 1640 to grow medicinal herbs for the king. Among directors, Comte de Buffon expanded it greatly. Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck, Chair of Botany, changed its name from "Jardin du Roi" to "Jardin des Plantes" during the French Revolution. It helped not to have the name linked to the king.
The Joint Intelligence Committee (JIC) is part of the British Cabinet Office. It supervises the intelligence organisations of the United Kingdom on behalf of the Cabinet. More generally, it gives advice to the Cabinet on security, defence and foreign affairs. The JIC sets priorities for the intelligence and security agencies: MI6, MI5, GCHQ, and Defence Intelligence. Structure. The Committee is chaired by a permanent chairman, a member of the senior Civil Service, who is supported by the Intelligence and Security Secretariat and an assessment staff. The assessment staff is made up of experienced senior analysts drawn from across government and the military and conducts all-source analysis on subjects of interest to the committee. JIC papers written by the staff draw input from across the intelligence and security agencies and other related bodies. Membership is the heads of the three collection agencies—the Secret Intelligence Service, Security Service and GCHQ—the Chief of Defence Intelligence, Deputy Chief of Defence Intelligence Staff, the Chief of the Assessment Staff, representatives of the Ministry of Defence, Foreign and Commonwealth Office and other departments, and the Prime Minister's adviser on foreign affairs. Function. The JIC has three functions: Requirements and priorities. The JIC drafts the annual Requirements and Priorities for collection and analysis, for approval by Ministers. These support the strategic national security objectives of the UK: History. The JIC was founded in 1936 as a sub-committee of the Committee of Imperial Defence. This was the advisory defence planning agencyat the time. During World War II, it became the senior intelligence assessment body in the UK. In 1957 the JIC moved to the Cabinet Office. Its assessments staff prepare draft intelligence assessments for the Prime Minister and the Cabinet. The JIC is monitored by the Intelligence and Security Committee of Parliament and supported by the Joint Intelligence Organisation. Foreign involvement. Ever since World War II, the chief of the London station of the United States Central Intelligence Agency has attended the JIC's weekly meetings. One former US intelligence officer has described this as the "highlight of the job" for the London CIA chief. Resident intelligence chiefs from Australia, Canada, and New Zealand may attend when certain issues are discussed.
Tony Dungy (born 1955, Jackson, Michigan) is a former American football coach. He won the Super Bowl in 2006 with the Indianapolis Colts. He now talks about football on NBC. He is an African-American. Dungy is a member of the Pro Football Hall of Fame.
Oakland–Alameda County Coliseum (commonly called Oakland Coliseum) is a stadium in Oakland, California. The stadium is a stadium.This means it can be used to play different sports. The stadium was used as the home field for the Oakland Raiders of the National Football League before they moved to Las Vegas. The stadium was used by the Oakland Athletics of Major League Baseball until the 2025 season. On December 15, 2019, the Raiders played their final game at Oakland Coliseum. They would lose to the Jacksonville Jaguars 20–16. The team would move to Las Vegas the next season. The Athletics will also relocate to Las Vegas in 2028 when their 33,000 seat domed ballpark is finished being built. The stadium first opened in 1966. It can seat more than 55,000 people for football games. It seats 45,000 when it is used for baseball.
George Armitrage Miller (February 3, 1920 – July 22, 2012) was one of the founders of cognitive psychology in the 20th century. He studied thinking, language, and memory. Miller found out that if you ask people to remember a list of words or numbers, most people can remember only between five and nine words or numbers. His paper "The magical number seven, plus or minus two" explained this as a limitation in human short-term memory. Once a behaviorist, Miller moved to cognitive psychology. In 1991, Miller was awarded the National Medal of Science. Miller revolutionized the world of psychology by showing that aspects of the human mind could be observed and tested in a laboratory setting. Early life. Miller was born in Charleston, West Virginia. In 1940 he received his bachelor's degree from the University of Alabama, where he majored in English and speech. In 1946, Miller received his Ph.D. in Psychology from Harvard University. During his life, he taught as a professor at Princeton, Harvard, and Rockefeller University. He died in Plainsboro, New Jersey at the age of 92. Chunking. The first concept introduced by Miller is known as chunking. "Chunking" is a way developed to help people remember a certain number of words or numbers. It is known to help with both short-term memory and long-term memory. When he asked subjects to perform memory tasks in various experiments, he noticed that most subjects recalled about seven units from a list regardless of the list topic. Miller said that the short-term memory could only hold 5-9 chunks of information (plus or minus two) and is also a way to increase the capacity of short-term memory. A chunk can refer to digits, words, faces, or any type of meaningful unit. Chunking is when a person groups multiple words together to help with memory tasks. This technique can help people with recalling specific groups of words. Remembering is much easier when the chunking technique is used. An example of chunking would be trying to remember a long sequence of digits. For example, 2 4 5 6 1 4 2 7
GRU is in the military intelligence service of the Russian Federation, (formerly the Red Army of the Soviet Union). "GRU" is the English version of the Russian acronym ГРУ, which means Main Intelligence Directorate. The GRU is Russia's largest foreign intelligence agency. In 1997 it had six times as many agents in foreign countries as the SVR (The SVR is the successor to the KGB's foreign operations directorate). The GRU commanded 25,000 Spetsnaz ('special') troops in 1997. History. The GRU's first predecessor in post-tsarist Russia was created on October 21, 1918 under the sponsorship of Leon Trotsky, who was then the civilian overseer of the Red Army. It was originally known as the Registration Directorate ("Registrupravlenie", or RU). In his history of the early years of the GRU, Raymond W. Leonard writes: "As originally established, the Registration Department was not directly subordinate to the General Staff [of] the Red Army... In 1921... it was elevated in status to become the Second (Intelligence) Directorate of the Red Army Staff. It was given the task of handling all military intelligence, particularly the collection of intelligence of military or political significance from sources outside the Soviet Union. The GRU operated residencies all over the world. They ran with the SIGINT (signals intelligence) in Cuba, and throughout the former Soviet bloc countries, especially in Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia. The GRU was well known in the Soviet government for its fierce independence from the rival "internal intelligence organizations", such as NKVD and KGB. At the time of the GRU's creation, Lenin infuriated the Cheka (predecessor of the KGB) by ordering it not to interfere with the GRU's operations. Nonetheless, the Cheka infiltrated the GRU in 1919. This planted the seed for a fierce rivalry between the two agencies, which were both engaged in espionage. The rivalry was even more intense than that between the FBI and CIA. The existence of the GRU was not publicized during the Soviet era. Documents about it became available in the West
A balaclava (or ski mask) is a type of clothing worn over the head. It has holes for eyes, the mouth and the nose. They are normally worn to protect from cold weather, and is often worn by skiers. The name "balaclava" comes from the town of Balaklava, near Sevastopol in Crimea, Ukraine.
Protective equipment helps sport people not get hurt. They use it in skiing, inline skating, skateboarding, snowboarding, and other sports. Types of protective equipment for these sports include wrist guards. Inline skating protective equipment includes a helmet, knee pads, elbow pads, and wrist guards. Skiing protective equipment includes helmets, and release bindings. Snowboarding protective equipment includes wrist guards. Protective equipment for Australian rules football includes headgear.
Mobility aids (or orthopedic aids) are devices that are designed to help people walk or move better. They can make people hurt less and feel less pain. An example is a wheelchair. Types. There are two types of orthopedic aids. One type means people can move part of the body less. The other type means people put less weight on their feet. Splints, knee braces, shoe adjustments, position aids and abduction casts are orthopedic aids. Using. Children with a disability are two times more likely than children who do not have a disability to use an orthopedic aid. Around the world. In Croatia, health insurance pays for orthopedic aids for people less than 18 years old, or people who got hurt while working.
The Kellogg–Briand Pact (also called the General Treaty for the Renunciation of War or the World Peace Act) was an agreement on peace signed on August 27, 1928, by several countries. Some of these countries were the United States, France, the United Kingdom, Italy, Japan, and Germany. It was named after its authors, Frank B. Kellogg and Aristide Briand. The pact said that war was wrong and should be banned, but said nothing about what to do with a country that went to war anyway. The pact was the result of a determined American effort to avoid involvement in the European alliance system. The Kellogg–Briand Pact was registered with the League of Nations on Tuesday 4 September, 1928.
A guide skier is a person who helps skiers who cannot see by telling them where to go. They communicate by using a radio or talking to them. The guide skier can see. Alpine skiing. Skiers can use more than one guide during a race type. The guide can only win a medal if they raced with the same skier for the whole race type. Like the skier, the guide has to have an IPCAS Licence in order to compete in races. Guide skiers need to follow to anti-doping rules. Biathlon. Skiers follow the guide skier in the biathlon.
Ski goggles are goggles that help protect a skiers' eyes from the sun. Lenses. Ski goggle lenses are made from soft plastic. Ski goggles come with lenses in a range of tints, allowing skiers to choose according to their personal preference and the conditions they will be skiing in. Different tints enhance visibility and contrast in various lighting conditions, enabling skiers to select lenses that best suit their needs and improve their skiing experience. Ski goggles sometimes fog and it is not easy to see through the lens. Some models have a coating to prevent fog rom building up on the lens. Use. Ski goggles are frequently positioned atop the helmet when not actively in use, as seen in the photo. This practice allows for easy accessibility and storage while ensuring the goggles remain within reach for when they are needed again. People who wear glasses can get ski goggles that can be worn over their glasses. Storage. Ski glasses are stored in soft bags to prevent the lenses from being scratched.
Whistler Creekside is one of four neighborhoods in Whistler, British Columbia, Canada. The 2010 Winter Paralympics para-alpine skiing races were at Whistler Creekside. The types of races at Whistler included downhill, Super-Combined, Super-G, slalom and giant slalom.
The 2002 Winter Paralympics was the eighth Winter Paralympics. They were held in Salt Lake City, Utah, United States, from 7 to 16 March 2002. A total of 416 athletes from 36 nations participated in the Games. They were the first Winter Paralympics in the American continent. These were the first Paralympic Winter Games for Andorra, Chile, the People’s Republic of China, Croatia, Greece and Hungary. Para-alpine skiing. At the 2002 Winter Paralympics, women's downhill and men's unable to see downhill were on day 1. Men's standing and being seated downhill were on day 2. Men's standing and being seated Super-G was on day 3. Men's unable to see and women's Super-G was on day 5. Men's standing and being seated Giant Slalom was on day 7. Women's and men's unable to see Giant Slalom was on day 8. Men's standing and being seated Slalom was on day 9. Women's and men's unable to see Slalom was on day 10. Sledge hockey. The United States came in first in sledge hockey.
The 2010 Winter Paralympics were the 10th Winter Paralympics. They were held in Vancouver and Whistler, British Columbia, Canada from 12 to 21 March 2010. The Opening Ceremony was held in BC Place Stadium in Vancouver. The Closing Ceremony was in Whistler. Para-alpine skiing. The 2010 Winter Paralympics para-alpine skiing races were at Whistler Creekside. The types of races at Whistler included downhill, Super-Combined, Super-G, slalom and giant slalom. Sledge hockey. The United States came in first in sledge hockey.
The 2006 Winter Paralympic Games was the ninth Winter Paralympics. It was held in Turin, Italy from 10 to 19 March 2006. These were the first Winter Paralympic Games to be held in Italy. Para-alpine skiing. At the 2006 Winter Paralympics, a new classification system was used. It made 14 classes into three groups and used factored results for each of three groups. At the 2006 Games, in the Super-G, there were 55 male competitors compared to 18 women in the standing group. Sledge hockey. The United States came in third in sledge hockey.
Paraplegia is paralysis of the legs and lower half of the body. It happens when the spinal cord is damaged in the thoracic, lumbar or sacral area. Sometimes, they are kept alive by a life-support machine. It sometimes happens to people because they get a disease or spinal cord injury. Superior paraplegia is a type of paraplegia where people cannot use their arms and the top of their body. A person who has paraplegia is sometimes called a paraplegic.
International Ski Federation () (FIS) is the sport organization for skiing.  The organization started in Norway in 1910. It was first named the International Ski Commission. It changed its name to the Fédération Internationale de Ski in February 1924. When it changed its name, it became the world organization for skiing. Ski disciplines. The federation organises the following ski sport disciplines, for which it oversees World Cup competitions and World Championships: Unofficial. "Note:" The discipline of Biathlon, which combines cross-country skiing and rifle shooting, has its own organisation, the International Biathlon Union (IBU).
Punial was a princely state of the British Raj. The British called it a "Special Political District" of the Gilgit Agency. It was located in the northwest part of the former Northern Areas. It existed until 1974. This area and other neighbouring states were never ruled directly by Kashmir and Jammu. History. The official name of the state was the Punial State (Takht-e-Punial). The term "Punial" comes from the Shina language, where it means both "fertile land" and "bucket of fruits." The region is closely connected to the neighboring areas of the Gilgit Agency. Historically, the inhabitants of Punial were linked to the Arian belief system of Mazdaism (آتش پرست), which influenced the area's early cultural identity. Over time, the Shina language became deeply ingrained in the local culture, serving as the primary means of communication and unity among the people. In ancient times, Punial had a notable Hindu presence, contributing to its rich cultural diversity. Following the era of Dardistan, the Indo-Aryans settled in Gilgit-Baltistan, and the entire population of Punial gradually converted to Buddhism, marking a significant shift in the region's religious and cultural landscape. Before the establishment of the Punial rajas, governance was based on a tribal head system, with various tribal leaders overseeing their respective groups. Key figures like Shout, Nago, and other tribal heads played important roles in early governance. The Burusue family from Chitral (1780 - 1856) eventually emerged as a dominant ruling family, establishing Punial as an independent state. The Imperial Ayasho Dynasty of Punial (1885 - 1974) was the last ruling family that governed Punial and its neighboring states, including Gupis, Yasin, Ishkoman, and Western Nagar. To consolidate power, they overthrew the Burush, Katoor, and Gushpur dynasties, ultimately gaining complete control. Shehzada Sameer Shah Ayasho, also known as Shehzada Mir Sameer Ali Shah Ayasho, is a prominent
Athelred or Æthelred (–) was King of Wessex from 865 to 871. He succeeded his brother Ethelbert at the time of the invasion of England by the "Great Heathen Army". He was the first of the four sons of Athelwulf not to rule as "under-king" before he became king of Wessex. Career. Athelred was the fourth son of King Athelwulf and his wife Osburga. She was the daughter of Oslac, Athelwulf's butler. While his father was in Rome and France, 855-856, his oldest brother Athelstan had died. Prior to his death two years later Athelwulf left a will. in that will the two eldest sons, Ethelbald and Ethelbert should have the kingdom. When Ethelbald died in 860, Ethelbert became the king of Wessex. But their father's will had made no provision for Athelred and Alfred, the two youngest sons, to be kings. Possibly for that reason Ethelbert did not appoint his brother Athelred King of Kent. He consolidated everything into the single kingdom of Wessex. In 865 Vikings raided into Kent and the men of Kent agreed to pay them ransom. But the Vikings the eastern part of Kent despite the pending treaty. King of Wessex. Athelred had not expected to reign, but when his brother Ethelbert died in 866, Athelred became the king of Wessex. This was just after the arrival of the Great Heathen Army in East Anglia. For a time they were more interested in Northumbria. They gained control of York and moved south into Mercia then made their winter camp in Nottingham. It was at this time his younger brother Alfred was given the title of "Secundarius" (Latin for secondary). This meant he was appointed as heir to the throne. In 868 Burgred, the King of Mercia, asked King Ethelred and Alfred for their help against the Danes (Vikings). When the Danes saw the combined English army against them they asked for peace. The
A mini-bar is a small refrigerator in a hotel room with drinks in it. They are usually found in expensive and sometimes mid-range hotel rooms and may have things like soft drinks, wine and beer. The hotel usually charges to use it, and prices are usually very high. Many mini-bars automatically charge money if drinks are removed, even if you do not drink them.
Otto Sander (30 June 1941 – 12 September 2013) was a German actor. He was known for his roles in "Wings of Desire", "Das Boot", and in "Faraway, So Close!". He was also known for his deep strong voice. Sander was born on 30 June 1941 in Hanover, Germany. He was raised in Kassel, Germany. Sander graduated from Friedrichgymnasium in 1961. He was married to Monika Hansen until his death in 2013. Sander died on 12 September 2013 in Berlin, Germany from esophageal cancer, aged 72.
Crystallinity is a physical property of a solid that acts like a crystal. The degree of crystallinity of a crystal has a big influence on hardness, density, transparency and diffusion.  Crystallinity can be measured using x-ray diffraction, but calorimetric techniques are also commonly used. Examples would include: sodium chloride (table salt).
Mint is a flavor frequently used in candy, chewing gum and ice cream. Famous brands of mints include Polos (made by Rowntrees, then Nestlé), Altoids, Cadburys After Dinner Mints, Fisherman's Friends, Trebor extra strong mints, Menthos and Wrigleys spearmint gum, also with Mentos Mints.
The Virgin Islands are part of the Leeward Islands, which are the northern part of the Lesser Antilles. They are between the Caribbean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean. The eastern islands are the British Virgin Islands. The British Virgin Islands is an of the United Kingdom. It includes , , and . The western Virgin Islands are the United States Virgin Islands. It includes St. Croix, , St. Thomas and Water Island. The Virgin Passage separates the U.S. Virgin Islands from the "" of and Culebra, which are part of Puerto Rico. The United States dollar is the official currency on both the British and U.S. Virgin Islands as well as the Spanish/Puerto Rican Virgin Islands.