ejaasaari/simplewiki-2025-04-01 huggingface dataset:
Equilibrium constant is a mathematical quantity which expresses the relationship between products and reactants of a reaction at equilibrium with respect to a specific unit. It is the reaction quotient of a chemical reaction at chemical equilibrium. The equilibrium constant can help us to understand whether the reaction tends to have a higher concentration of products or reactants at equilibrium. We can also use the equilibrium constant to determine if the reaction is already at equilibrium. There are several different types of equilibrium constants that provide relationships between the products and the reactants of a chemical reaction at chemical equilibrium in different units. Dissociation constants can be used as an example. Equilibrium constant of a reaction. For a general chemical equilibrium formula_1 the equilibrium constant can be defined by formula_2 where {A} is the activity of the chemical species A, etc. (activity is a dimensionless quantity). It is conventional to put the activities of the products in the numerator and those of the reactants in the denominator. For equilibria in solution, activity is the product of concentration and activity coefficient. Most chemists determine equilibrium constants in a solution with a high ionic strength. In high strength solutions, the quotient of activity coefficients changes very little. So, the equilibrium constant is defined as a concentration quotient: formula_3 Or,  formula_4 Here, formula_5 is the partial pressure of formula_6. If,  formula_7  Then, formula_8 Here, formula_9 is the equilibrium constant in terms of partial pressure. In this same process,  formula_1 For the reaction above, formula_11 So, the relation between formula_12 and formula_9 is, formula_14 Here, formula_15 the number of moles of gas on the product side minus the number of moles of gas on the reactant side in the balanced reaction
Bashar al-Assad (born 11 September 1965) is a Syrian politician. He was the President of Syria from 2000 to 2024. He was also the head of the Ba'ath Party in Syria from 2017 to 2024. Assad became president after the death of his father Hafez al-Assad. Bashar al-Assad was elected in 2000, and re-elected in 2007 with 97% votes. On 7 December 2024, it was widely reported that the Assad regime ended and he fled the country as rebels took over Damascus during their campaign offense across Syria. Early life. Assad was born on 11 September 1965 in Damascus, Syria to Hafez al-Assad and  . He had two brothers, Bassel al-Assad and , and one sister, . Bashar was quiet and reserved and was not interested in politics or the military. Education. Assad studied medicine at the University of Damascus and graduated in 1988. He then studied ophthalmology at a military hospital, and in 1992 studied at the in London. His father wanted Assad's elder brother Bassel to succeed him as leader of Syria. Bassel died in a car accident in 1994, and Assad returned home to Syria. When he returned, he was allegedly given training for his presidency but he denies these claims. Early career. He went to a military academy at Homs, and became a colonel after only five years. He worked as an adviser to his father. Presidency. When Bashar's father died, the government changed the constitution. Under Syrian law the president had to be at least 40 years old. With the law changed, Assad was able to be elected President of Syria in June 2000. He was also made commander-in-chief of the armed forces, and leader of the Ba'ath Party which has ruled Syria since 1961. Syrian Civil War. Large protests began in January 2011. The protesters wanted political reforms, an end to the state of emergency (which had been in place since 1963), and the return of civil rights. The protests in March were the largest to take place, and the government used violence
France currently has five overseas departments (), which are departments (territorial divisions) that are outside the European part of the country. All are officially part of France, with the same political status as the departments in Europe; and are therefore different to overseas territories. They are also part of the European Union and use the Euro as currency. They are: Since 2003, these departments are now officially called overseas regions (), but this name has yet to be widely adopted. Each region returns elected representatives to the Senate and National Assembly in Paris. A total of three members are elected to the European Parliament to represent overseas France, including overseas departments and overseas territories. Since 1974, these regions have had their own individual regional councils for local government.
Amy Meredith Poehler (; born September 16, 1971) is an American actress, comedian, director, producer and writer. She was a cast member of the television program "Saturday Night Live" between 2001 and 2008. Early life. Poehler was born in Newton, Massachusetts. Her parents are high school teachers Eileen Frances (née Milmore) and William Grinstead Poehler. She grew up in nearby Burlington. Her father is of German, Irish, Portuguese, and English ancestry. Her mother is of Irish ancestry. Poehler was raised in the Catholic faith. She graduated from Burlington High School in 1989. She studied at Boston College and at The Second City. Marriage and family. Poehler was married to Will Arnett in 2003. They have two children. In September 2012, Poehler and Arnett separated. The divorce was finalized in 2016.
Pope Gregory XI (; 1331 –27 March 1378), born Pierre Roger de Beaufort, was a French cleric of the Roman Catholic Church and the 202nd Pope from 1370 until his death. He was the seventh and last of the popes who lived in Avignon in France. Early life. Pierre Roger de Beaufort was born in 1331 in Limousin in France. The Rosier or Roger family were important in Limousin in central France. Beaufort was a nephew of Pope Clement VI. Cardinal. Clement VI raised Beaufort to the rank of cardinal in 1348. Pope. Cardinal Beaufort was elected pope in 1370; and he chose to be called Gergory XI. He was ordained as a priest on January 4, 1371; and was crowned pope on the following day, January 5, 1371 In 1377, Gregory XI was persuaded by Catherine of Siena to return to Rome. He reestablished the papacy in Italy. Gregory is also remembered as the Pope who condemned John Wycliffe. Western Schism. When Gregory died on March 27, 1378, the cardinals in Rome elected an Italian-born pope named Urban VI as his successor. In Avignon, the cardinals elected a French-born pope who they named Clement VII. The Western Schism begins with the dispute between the supporters of the Italian-born pope and the French-born pope.
Mario Fortino Alfonso Moreno Reyes (12 August 1911 – 20 April 1993), known by the stage name Cantinflas (), was a Mexican comedian and stage and movie actor. He often played poor peasants. He became associated with Mexico, and had a long, successful movie career, including some time in Hollywood. Charlie Chaplin once said that Moreno was the best comedian alive, and Moreno has been called the "Charlie Chaplin of Mexico". To audiences in the United States, he is best remembered as costarring with David Niven in "Around the World in 80 Days" (1956). Moreno also was involved in Mexico's labor politics, which were often dangerous. Although he was a political conservative, his reputation as somebody who spoke for the poor made him seem real, and became important in the early struggle against charrismo, the one-party government's practice of taking over unions.
Carbon diet is the process of reducing the production of greenhouse gas, primarily carbon dioxide, to reduce effects on climate change and global warming. Carbon dioxide is produced from heating, driving and consuming products. The production of carbon dioxide can be reduced by decreasing the intake of carbon, and eventually reduces the effects of climate change. According to Deborah Jones, her family undergoes carbon diet. They are already in week two of the Globe and Mail assignment. The purpose of this assignment is to see how her family can reduces the emissions of greenhouse gas to reach the provincial goal of 33 percent reduction. It is different from a low carbon diet which is done by choosing what to eat to reduce greenhouse gas discharge. Etymology. Carbon is from Latin word carbo "coal" is the chemical element with symbol C and atomic number 6. As a member of group 14 on the periodic table, it is nonmetallic and tetravalent—making four electrons available to form covalent chemical bonds. There are three naturally occurring isotopes, with 12C and 13C being stable, while 14C is radioactive, decaying with a half-life of about 5,730 years. The term "carbon diet" is used in book Gore:A Political Life. There are steps in carbon diet:
Pope Innocent IX (; 20 July 1519 – 30 December 1591), born Giovanni Antonio Facchinetti, was an Italian cleric of the Roman Catholic Church and the 231st Pope from 29 October 1591 to his death on 30 December of the same year. Early life. Facchinetti was born in Bologna on 20 July 1519. He entered the service of Alessandro Cardinal Farnese, brother of the Duke of Parma and grandson of Pope Paul III. Farnese appointed Fasccinetti as the acting governor of Parma from 1556 to 1558. Bishop. In 1560, Facchinetti was named Bishop of Nicastro in Calabria. In 1562, Facchinetti as present at the Council of Trent. Pope Pius V sent him as papal nuncio to Venice in 1566. Faccinetti gave up his bishop's role when he was named Patriarch of Jerusalem in 1572. Cardinal. Facchinetti was raised to the rank of Cardinal in 1583. Pope. Facchinetti was elected pope in 1591; and he chose to be called Innocent IX. He died two months after his election.
Pope Innocent X (; 6 May 1574 – 7 January 1655), born Giovanni Battista Pamphilj, was an Italian cleric of the Roman Catholic Church and the 237th Pope from 1644 to 1655. Early life. Pamphilij was born in Rome in 1574. He was a great-great-great-grandson of Pope Alexander VI He graduated from the Collegio Romano before entering a career in the church. Cardinal. In 1629, he was raised to the rank of Cardinal. Pope. Cardinal Pamphilij was elected pope in 1644; and he chose to be called Innocent X.
Yuko Kavaguti , born November 20, 1981– ), also known as , is a Japanese-Russian Olympic athlete and international ice skating competitor. In December 2008, she became a Russian citizen and her Russian name is Kavaguti. Kawaguchi gave up her Japanese citizenship. Early life. Kawaguchi was born in Funabashi, Chiba in Japan. She began skating at the age of five because her mother was a fan of ice dancing. She studied international relations at St. Petersburg State University, completing her degree in June 2007. In addition to her native Japanese, she is also fluent in Russian and English. Career. In international competition, Kavaguti is pairs skater. She represents Russia with Alexander Smirnov. Kavaguti became a Russian citizen so that she would qualify for a spot on the Russian Olympic team. Japan does not allow dual nationality, so she was obliged to give up her Japanese citizenship in order to compete for Russia. Kawaguchi. As a Japanese citizen, Kawaguchi competed as a singles skater. She switched to pairs after the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano, Japan. Kavaguti. As a Russian citizen, Kavagui has won many medals, including gold at 2008 Skate Canada International. Kavaguti was a partner in the pairs team which won the 2010 European Figure Skating Championships, Kavaguti and Smirnov won the 2010 Cup of Russia, They placed third in the 2010 World Figure Skating Championships. Kavaguti and her partner won the 2011 Cup of China and the 2011 NHK Trophy.
BIGBANG is a name of the album in Japanese released by Big Bang in Japan. Big Bang is a boy band that comes from South Korea. Bigbang sings hip hop and R&amp;B. This album was released on August 19, 2009.
Big Bang is the name of a scientific theory that explains how the Universe started and made the groups of stars, called galaxies, we see today. "Big Bang" may also refer to:
Boron carbide is a chemical compound with the formula B4C. It is an extremely hard ceramic. It is often used as an abrasive, as armor, as a scratch-proof coating, as a neutron absorber in the control rods of nuclear reactors, and as an additive in the cut-resistant shackle in some padlocks.
Numerical Control (NC) is a way to automate machines. In numerical control, the commands these machines get come from a storage medium; they are not controlled and operated manually. The first such machines were Jacquard looms controlled by punched cards. Machine tools for cutting metal were built in the 1940s and 1950s. They used punched tape instructions. Soon, the tools were changed, to use computers. Numerical control with computers is known as Computer Numerical Control, or CNC. Nowadays, it is possible to make a program that can run on such machine tools, based on a CAD drawing of the piece to be produced. Attempts to automate machines in the 19th century, for example copying-lathes, used cams. These are basically wheels that change the position of notches to control a machine. The basic difference to modern NC is that these cams only automated one given task; modern NC and CNC machines can be programmed to a greater extent. History of the NC. The invention of numerical control has been due to the pioneering works of John T. Parsons in the year 1940, when he tried to generate a curve automatically by milling cutters by providing coordinate motions. In the late 1940s Parsons conceived the method of using punched cards containing coordinate position system to control a machine tool. The machine directed to move in small increments and generate the desired finish. In 1948, Parsons demonstrated this concept to the US Air Force, who sponsored the series of project at laboratories of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). After research MIT was able to demonstrate first NC prototype in 1952 and in the next year they were able to prove the potential applications of the NC. CNC Milling Materials. One of the most usual material types for milling are metals, and there are many to select from.
A crowbar is a metal tool used mainly to pry things open. It is usually hook shaped. Sometimes the bottom is slightly curved to allow for better leverage. Some crowbars have a notched end for removing nails. Crowbars are often made of carbon steel. They can also be made of titanium which is lighter and non-magnetic. The first known use of the word was somewhere in the 1400s where they were simply called crows or iron crows. It is used as a lever either to force apart two objects or to remove nails. Crowbars are commonly used to open nailed wooden crates. Common uses for larger crowbars are: removing nails, prying apart boards, and generally breaking things. Crowbars can be used as any of the three lever classes but the curved end is usually used as a first-class lever, and the flat end as a second class lever. In mining, crowbars are used to break blasted rocks and to remove loose rock on roof sides and the working face, but not much in modern mining. The Crowbar is also a popular melee weapon, and has, as a result, been used in many forms of media. Most notably, it is the melee weapon of choice for Gordon Freeman, the protagonist of the Half-Life game series.
The Mid-Atlantic Ridge is where seafloor spreading takes place in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean. It is part of a world-wide system of mid-ocean ridges. These ridges make up the longest mountain ranges in the world, all underwater except for short stretches like Iceland. On Iceland, the Mid-Atlantic Ridge reaches the surface. The ridge separates oceanic tectonic plates, and moves the plates apart at about 2.5 cm per year. The Mid-Atlantic Ridge includes a deep rift valley which runs along the middle of the ridge along almost its entire length. At the rift, the boundary between tectonic plates, magma from the mantle reaches the seafloor. New magma emerges onto the ocean floor near the ridge axis. The crystallized magma forms new crust of basalt and gabbro. History. The ridge was discovered during the expedition of HMS "Challenger" in 1872. A team of scientists on board discovered a large rise in the middle of the Atlantic. They were planning the future location for a transatlantic telegraph cable. The existence of such a ridge was confirmed by sonar in 1925 In the 1950s, mapping of the Earth’s ocean floors showed the Mid-Atlantic Ridge to have valleys and ridges. Its central valley is seismologically active and the epicentre of many earthquakes. Ewing and Heezen discovered the ridge to be part of a 40,000-km-long essentially continuous system of mid-ocean ridges on the floors of all the Earth’s oceans. The discovery of this worldwide ridge system led to the theory of seafloor spreading and general acceptance of Wegener's theory of continental drift and expansion as plate tectonics. Geology. The ridge started forming in at the end of the Triassic period, and was responsible for the separation of the Americas from Africa and Europe with the breakup of Pangaea. The ridge sits atop a geologic feature known as the Mid-Atlantic Rise which is a progressive bulge that runs the length of the Atlantic Ocean, with the ridge resting on the highest point of this linear bulge. This bulge is thought to be caused by upward convective forces in the asthenosphere pushing up the oceanic crust and lithosphere.
Pope Innocent XI (; 16 May 1611 – 12 August 1689), born Benedetto Odescalchi, was an Italian cleric of the Roman Catholic Church and the 240th Pope from 1676 to 1689. Early life. Benedetto Odescalchi was born at Como in 1611. He was the son of a Como nobleman, Livio Odescalchi Cardinal. In 1645, Pope Innocent X raised Odescalchi to the rank of cardinal. Bishop. In 1650, Odescalchi became Bishop of Novara. Pope. Cardinal Odescalchi was elected pope on 21 September 1676; and he chose to be called Innocent XI. Pope Innocent was involved in Italian and European political disputes, chiefly with Louis XIV of France In December 1688, Innocent received the diplomatic mission sent to the Vatican by Narai, the King of Siam. After his death. After Innocent XI in 1689, he was buried in St. Peter's Basilica. The process of canonization was begun in 1714 and suspended in 1744. Pope Pius XII announced his beatification in 1956.
The surface area to volume ratio of an object is the relationship between two measurements. It is the ratio of Surface area to volume. It shows the comparison between the size of the outside of an object and the amount inside. Small or thin objects have a large surface area compared to the volume. This gives them a large ratio of surface to volume. Larger objects have small surface area compared to the volume so they have a small surface area to volume ratio. A large lump, for example, has a small ratio, and may be smashed into powder to give it a large surface to volume ratio. Two common ways of writing it are sa/vol or SA:V. Either of these say to divide the surface area by the volume. This shows how much surface area is required for each unit of volume.
A punched card (also punch card or punched-card) is a piece of card stock that stores digital data using punched holes. Punched cards were once common in data processing and the control of automated machines. Punched cards were widely used in the 20th century, where unit record machines, organized into data processing systems, used punched cards for data input, output, and storage. The IBM 12-row/80-column punched card format came to dominate the industry. Many early digital computers used punched cards as the primary medium for input of both computer programs and data. Data can be entered onto a punched card using a keypunch. While punched cards are now obsolete as a storage medium, as of 2012, some voting machines still used punched cards to record votes. At least one company still uses punched cards for accounting. Punched cards also had a significant cultural impact in the 20th century.
Sri Lanka first took part in the Olympic Games in 1948. The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Sri Lanka is SRI. In 1964, it was CEY for Ceylon. History. Teams took part in all Summer Olympic Games since then, but not the 1976 Games. Sri Lanka never took part in the Winter Olympic Games. The National Olympic Committee for Sri Lanka was formed in 1937 and recognized by the International Olympic Committee the same year. The nation was called "Ceylon" until 1972.
Syria was first at the Olympic Games in 1948. The nation came back to the Games in 1968. They also missed the 1976 Games. The nation has not been in the Winter Olympic Games. The National Olympic Committee for Syria was formed in 1948.
Tajikistan was first at the Olympic Games as an independent nation in 1996. They have been to every Summer Olympic Games since then. The nation has been at the Winter Olympic Games since 2002. Before, Tajik athletes were part of the Soviet Union at the Olympics until 1988. Tajikistan was part of the Unified Team in 1992. The National Olympic Committee for Tajikistan was formed in 1992 and recognized by the International Olympic Committee in 1993.
The Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste was first at the Olympic Games in 2000. They have not won any medals. The National Olympic Committee was formed in 2003. It is called "Comitê Olímpico Nacional de Timor-Leste".
Naypyidaw (), also known Nay Pyi Taw or Naypyitaw, is the capital city of Myanmar, also known as Burma.  Construction in the planned city is on-going. History. In 2005, the capital of Myanmar was officially moved inland and away from the Gulf of Martaban and the Andaman Sea. Geography. The former capital, Yangon (Rangoon), is about 385 kilometers (240 miles) south of the new city. The new capital is located between middle mountain range of Bago Yoma and eastern mountain range of Shan Yoma. Naypyidaw covers an area of 7,054.37 square-km.
Metabolism is a kind of architecture that began in Japan around 1960. This way of designing buildings came out of the rebuilding of Japan after World War II. Members of the group include: Kiyoshi Awazu, Noboru Kawazoe, Kiyonori Kikutake, Kisho Kurokawa, Fumihiko Maki, Masato Otaka, and Kenzō Tange. They wrote a short book in English and Japanese called "The proposals for a New Urbanism" for the World Design Conference in 1960. Many Metabolist projects or designs were very large city plans called "megastructures". The members thought of cities as living things that changed over long periods of time. These architects were interested in building housing for large numbers of people. They often planned buildings that could be changed. One example is the Nakagin Capsule Tower by Kurokawa (1972). Each apartment was a rectangular block with one round window. These blocks could be added, moved, or removed as needed. It was a "plug-in building". Kurokawa planned for new, better capsules to be added to replace old ones. However, the tower was broken apart in 2022.