ejaasaari/simplewiki-2025-04-01 huggingface dataset:
The Protectorate was the period of British history during which the Commonwealth of England, Scotland, and Ireland was governed by a Lord Protector, which was from 1653 to 1659. Before the Protectorate, England (and then Scotland and Ireland) had been ruled directly by Parliament since it had in 1649. The Rump Parliament had been sent away in April 1653 by soldiers led by Oliver Cromwell. Although the replacement Barebones Parliament (July–December 1653), was nominated by Cromwell and the leaders of the army, it was just as difficult to control. The post of Lord Protector was created by a constitution passed in December 1653, which gave Cromwell the position for life. Although the constitution divided power between the Lord Protector, the Council of State and Parliament, there was in practice again the strong executive power that had been absent since the end of the monarchy. Cromwellian government has been called 'one of the first experiments in ("de facto") military dictatorship' (Abbott). During the Protectorate, there was Puritan legislation. Religious toleration was extended to Jews and most Protestants but not Anglicans or Roman Catholics. After Cromwell's death in September 1658, the new Lord Protector, Richard Cromwell, was unable to control the army and resigned in May 1659. After the chaotic English Interregnum, the monarchy was restored in May 1660 through the initiative of General George Monck.
A vibrator is a device that is made to vibrate against the body, thereby stimulating the nerves and giving a pleasurable and possibly erotic feeling. History. The electrically powered vibrator was invented in the 1880s by doctors, who were treating women for "hysteria" for centuries by performing what today would be considered masturbation. At the time, however, not only did doctors regard the "vulvular stimulation" as having nothing to do with sex, they reportedly found that it took a lot of time to do and it was hard work. The vibrator did it more quickly and easily, and because of this it was very popular with doctors. Home versions soon started being made and they were also popular, with adverts in places like "Needlecraft", "Woman's Home Companion", "Modern Priscilla" and the Sears catalog. These disappeared in the 1920s, as their appearance in pornography made it harder for polite society to avoid the sexual connotations of the devices. As "body massagers", millions of vibrators have been sold to both men and women. Some people that buy vibrators only use them for pains. However, many people who purchase vibrators marketed as "body massagers" — and, presumably, most people who purchase vibrators marketed as adult toys — use them to get sexual pleasure, most often in masturbation. Vibrators often allow people to achieve orgasm more quickly and easily, and are often said to give stronger orgasms. They are often recommended by sex therapists for women who have difficulty reaching orgasm by other means. Couples also use them sometimes. Harper's Magazine notes a Durex survey that says 46% of women have vibrators near 2006. This may have been market research relating to their vibrating condom base product. The sale of vibrators and similar items was forbidden up until recently in several states in the southern United States. In Texas, the sale of vibrators and dildos is technically illegal, but many stores will sell such items provided that the customer signs a statement that the device will be used only for educational purposes. The law’s current status in real life is not certain. The states of Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, Indiana, Virginia
Michael Owen (born 14 December 1979) is a retired English professional footballer. Club career statistics. "Statistics accurate as of match played 19 May 2013" International career statistics. International goals "Scores and results list England's goal tally first."
England before the English. Archaeology shows that people came to southern England long before the rest of the British Isles, probably because of the friendly climate between and during the ice ages of long ago. Julius Caesar invaded what is now England in 55 and 54 BC, as part of the Gallic Wars, and was defeated. He wrote in "De Bello Gallico" that there were many tribes there, very similar to other Celtic tribes in Europe. Coins, and later Roman historians, have given us the names of some of the rulers of the tribes, and what they did. In 43 AD, Claudius successfully invaded England with 40,000 soldiers landing at Gaul at Richborough, Kent. For hundreds of years, what is now England was a Roman province, Britannia. The Romans later gave up on the province and left the Celtic people on their own as the Roman Empire began to fall apart. The influence of the Romans meant that the territory of England had already experienced unity before the Anglo-Saxons arrived. Anglo-Saxon England. Analysis of human bodies found at an ancient cemetery near Abingdon, England, shows that Saxon immigrants and native Britons lived side-by-side. The Romano-British population (the Britons) was assimilated. The settlement (or invasion) of England is called the Saxon Conquest, or the Anglo-Saxon or English Conquest. From the 4th century AD, many Britons left to cross the English Channel from Wales, Cornwall and southern Britain, and started to settle the western part of Gaul (Armorica), where they started a new nation: Brittany. The Britons gave their new country its name and the Breton language, Brezhoneg, a sister language to Welsh and Cornish. The name "Brittany" (from "Little Britain") arose at this time to tell the new Britain apart from "Great Britain". Brezhoneg is still spoken in Brittany today. Vikings. After a time of raids, the Vikings also began to settle in England and to trade, eventually controlling an area called the Danelaw from the late 9th century. One Viking settlement was at York, called Jorvik
The Anglo-Saxons were the dominant people living in England from the mid-5th century AD until the Norman conquest in 1066. They spoke Germanic languages and are identified by Bede as the descendants of three powerful tribes. These were the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes. Their language, "Anglo-Saxon" or Old English, came from West Germanic dialects. It changed into Middle English from about the 11th century. Old English was divided into four main dialects: West Saxon, Mercian, Northumbrian, and Kentish. The Anglo-Saxon culture replaced the Celtic culture in the area that is now England. Modern historians do not think that the Anglo-Saxons drove the Celts away, but instead that they became an upper class to the Celts in England, and the Celts then became part of the Anglo-Saxon culture. They created seven kingdoms in England. They never conquered Wales but Anglo-Saxon kings did claim overlordship from time to time. Some Anglo-Saxons came to Britain as warriors, but others came peacefully to become farmers or to raise families. Anglo-Saxon migration. It is not known how many Anglo-Saxons actually came to Britain between the 4th and 6th century AD. Many sources say large numbers of Anglo-Saxon settlers arrived. Because of this, some of the native Britons moved west, towards Wales and Cornwall. Others went to Armorica and became the Bretons. The language of the Anglo-Saxons, Old English, became the main language in southern Britain. A few Celtic and Latin words were borrowed into Old English. In the areas such as Kent, Sussex, Essex, Suffolk and Norfolk, many of the native Britons may have been driven out. In other areas, some Britons likely remained and were absorbed into Anglo-Saxon society. In 2011, a historian suggested that about 1 or 2 Anglo-Saxons came to England for every 10 Celts that were already there. Angles, Saxons and Jutes. It was Bede who identified the invaders as Angles, Saxons and Jutes. But he sometimes used the names "
The Norman conquest of England was a military invasion of England by William the Conqueror in 1066. William was Duke of Normandy, a country on the other side of the English Channel, now a region in France. He invaded England after the death of King Edward the Confessor because he believed he had the most right to be King of England, but King Harold II had himself crowned king instead. King Harold, with his Saxon army, and Duke William fought at the Battle of Hastings on October 14, 1066. King Harold was killed in the battle and his army left. On December 25, 1066 William was crowned the new King of England. The Norman conquest was an important change in English history. The conquest linked England more closely with Continental Europe, and made Scandinavian influence less important. It created one of the most powerful monarchies in Europe. The conquest changed the English language and culture, and set the stage for rivalry with France, which would continue (with a few breaks) until the 19th century.  England has never been successfully invaded since the Norman invasion nearly 1000 years ago.
"For the technology of putting many hard drives together, see RAID" A raid is an attack into enemy territory with no intent to get control of it. For example, the attack on Pearl Harbor was an air raid. The attackers go away immediately after the attack. Most raids are brief and performed by a small number of people.
The English Reformation was part of the Protestant Reformation. Many Christian churches in Europe broke away from Rome. Each of the countries that went through this process did so in a different way. Earlier the Roman Catholic Church had supreme powers.  Henry VIII broke ties with the church and became head of the English church. This was done in 1534 in the Acts of Supremacy. It was the beginning of the Church of England. His friend Thomas Cranmer became Henry's Archbishop of Canterbury. Cranmer would also go on to advise Edward Henry's son when he took the throne in 1549. For years, the Church of England was almost exactly the same as the Catholic Church, except that it was ruled by the King instead of the Pope. This is different from the Reformation on the European continent, where the reformers wanted big changes right away.  There were several causes for the English Reformation. One of these was that Henry VIII, who was King of England, wanted to divorce his wife, Catherine of Aragon. Another reason was because Henry wanted the Church's wealth and power, and got them with the dissolution of the monasteries.  The Protestant Reformation in Scotland, however, was based more on the teachings of Martin Luther and John Calvin, so it was more like the Reformation in continental Europe.
Gianluigi "Gigi" Buffon (born 28 January 1978) is a former Italian professional footballer who plays in the goalkeeper position. He is a Goalkeeper for the Serie B team Parma Calcio. He used to play for the Italy national team from 1996 till he retired in 2018. Buffon is recognized by many peoples as one of the greatest goalkeepers of all time, and, by some, as the greatest ever. Gianluigi Buffon started his career in Parma and won a UEFA Cup in 1999. In 2001, he transferred to the Italian giant Juventus and won the Serie A on consecutive years. Buffon joined the Italy national team in 1997. In the 2006 FIFA World Cup, he led them to the championship, allowing only two goals in 7 games and keeping 5 clean sheets (no goals allowed), which was a new World Cup record at that time. Source:
A checksum is a number. It is a kind of redundancy check. There are different ways to calculate it. It serves as a check that no errors have been made when writing down the number. In its simplest form, the digits are simply added up. This can however not detect errors of swapping digits around. One of the uses of checksums is to check that account numbers have been entered correctly.  Portuguese bank account identifiers are a good example of how checksums work. They have 21 digits. The first 19 digits identify the bank, branch and account number. The last two digits are "mod 97" checksum digits based on modular arithmetic. A typical Portuguese bank account number is 0002.0123.12345678901.54. The digits have the following meanings: *The digits "0002" represent the bank. *The digits "0123" represent the branch of the bank. *The digits "12345678901" represent the account number *The digits "54" represent the checksum. If 000201231234567890154 (the bank account number without the dots) is divided by 97, the answer is 207458809978249 remainder 1. Since the remainder is "1", the bank account identifier is probably correct. If the person writing down the number missed a digit, swapped two digits around or wrote a digit down incorrectly the remainder would not have been "1". If this is the case then the computer should detect an error and give an error message.  Another place where checksums are used are serial numbers for computer software.
Disneytoon Studios (DTS), originally named Disney MovieToons and also formerly Walt Disney Video Premieres, was an American animation studio which created direct-to-video and occasional theatrical animated feature films. The studio was a division of Walt Disney Animation Studios, with both being part of The Walt Disney Studios, itself a division of The Walt Disney Company. The studio produced 44 feature films, beginning with "DuckTales the Movie: Treasure of the Lost Lamp" in 1990. Its final feature film was "Tinker Bell and the Legend of the NeverBeast" in 2015. DisneyToon Studios closed on 28 June 2018. Another film titled "Planes: Beyond the Sky" was planned to be released in April 2019 but was cancelled due to the closure.
The National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam (NLF), was a communist army based in South Vietnam that fought against the governments of South Vietnam and the United States during the Vietnam War (1955-75). The group is better known as the Viet Cong ("Việt Cộng") or V.C., short for "Vietnamese Communist." American soldiers called the Vietnamese communist forces Charlie (which is the letter "C" in the NATO phonetic alphabet), whether North Vietnamese or South Vietnamese (Viet Cong). The group was mostly made up of people from South Vietnam but a few members were from North Vietnam. The main leaders and most of the people in the group were communists. Some members were not communists. The Viet Cong used guerilla warfare, including terrorist bombings, assassinations, and ambushes. The group is best known for the Tet Offensive, a surprise attack on many South Vietnamese cities that began in January 1968 during Tet, or the Vietnamese New Year. The group was closely allied with the government of North Vietnam, which invaded the South in 1975. According to "Re-thinking Camelot" (Noam Chomsky 1993), the NLF resistance was in part the result of terror that was inflicted by the government of South Vietnam, which was backed and guided by the US, while the NLF was peacefully awaiting the national elections that had been promised by the Geneva Accords of 1954. Some, however, accuse Chomsky of minimizing the communists' atrocities and of exaggerating those of their opponents. History. After the 1954 Geneva Agreement, Vietnam was temporarily divided into two regions. The North resolutely fought for the peaceful reunification of Vietnam.
The NATO phonetic alphabet is a set of code words for the letters of the Latin alphabet. They are used to spell words when people speak over the radio or telephone, when people from different countries are speaking with different accents, or in other situations where people may not clearly hear the normal names of the letters. This is important for accuracy in the military and in air travel and shipping. For instance, it may be difficult to hear whether a person is saying the letter "pee" (P) or "bee" (B). The NATO code words "papa" and "bravo" are much clearer. (Each code word begins with the letter that it stands for.) Although it is commonly called a "phonetic alphabet", it is not used for phonetics as the International Phonetic Alphabet is. For this reason it is also called a "spelling alphabet". There have been many different spelling alphabets over time, but the NATO alphabet is the most commonly used around the world.  Between ships at sea, signal flags are used to stand for letters in order to spell out words. Alphabet. Below are the symbol flags and NATO code words for each letter of the alphabet. The pronunciations of the code words are given in the International Phonetic Alphabet.  Two of the code words have a second pronunciation: "charlie" for 'C' may be pronounced with a French 'ch' sound (an English 'sh' sound: ), and "uniform" for 'U' may be pronounced without the 'y' sound that occurs in that word in English (). The R's in these two words, as well as at the ends of several other code words, do not need to be pronounced. These are the R's that are not pronounced in British English. Numbers. Numbers also have code words, but these are very close to the normal English names. Like letters in words, each digit of a number is read out individually. For instance, "13" is read as the two digits "one three", not as the number "thirteen". An exception occurs when "00" or "000" appears in a number. These may be read "hundred" and "thousand" (1300:
Super Mario Bros. is a video game made by Nintendo in 1985. It is played on the Nintendo Entertainment System (NES). The game is the sequel to the game "Mario Bros." In "Super Mario Bros.", Mario goes to the Mushroom Kingdom. There, he must save Princess Toadstool from Bowser. Players can also use Luigi in two-player mode. The game was made by Shigeru Miyamoto. The music was made by Kōji Kondō. "Super Mario Bros." was a very important game because it quickly changed how games were made. It was the best-selling video game ever before being beaten by "Wii Sports" in 2009. It turned Mario into a famous symbol. It also made the NES successful. This game greatly helped the video game industry. Plot. Bowser has kidnapped Princess Toadstool, who is the princess of the Mushroom Kingdom. Mario must chase Bowser through eight worlds in the Mushroom Kingdom to rescue her, with the help of his brother, Luigi. Gameplay. "Super Mario Bros." is a platform game. In the game, Mario must go through the Mushroom Kingdom and save Princess Toadstool (later Princess Peach) from Bowser. Mario jumps, runs, and walks across each level. The worlds are full of enemies, platforms, and open holes. If Mario touches an enemy, he loses a life (he dies). If he falls down a hole or misses a jump, he will also lose a life. If all lives are gone, the game is over and the player must start over. Mario starts the game as Small Mario, but has several power-ups he can get from golden floating boxes called "? Blocks". A red and white mushroom called a Super Mushroom will turn him into Super Mario (he gets bigger). If Super Mario touches an enemy, he gets smaller instead of dying. If Super Mario hits a ? Block that has a power-up, a Fire Flower will come out; the Fire Flower will give him the power to throw fireballs, which can defeat enemies. If he gets hit as Fire Mario, he will go back to being Small Mario. Each world is divided into four levels. Some levels are underground and
In Ancient Greece, the name "βάρβαρος", "bárbaros", was given to all those who did not speak the Greek language. Later, the term Barbarian came to mean 'Anyone who is not Greek'. Later again, it meant 'anyone who is outside the Roman Empire'. In modern use, the word is used to refer to an uncivilized or uncultured person.  It is used for a member of a nation or ethnic group which is seen as having a lower level of civilization, or for an individual person which is seen as a brutal, cruel and insensitive or whose behavior is unacceptable in the civilized society of the speaker. When used for a person the word is always pejorative, when used for a nation not always.
Numerical digits are the number text characters used to show numerals. For example, the numeral "56" has two digits: 5 and 6. In the decimal system (which is base 10), each digit is how many of a certain power of 10 are needed to get the value. The rightmost, or units digit, is for 10^0, the next digit is for 10^1, etc. The numeral "56" means:  6*10^0 + 5*10^1 = 6*1 + 5*10 = 6 + 50. The ten digits of the decimal system are: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9. Some numeral systems need more than ten digits. For example, the hexadecimal numeral system uses 16 symbols to represent numericals : 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, and F.
Contempt is an intense feeling of disrespect and dislike. It is related to feelings of resentment, jealousy and bitterness. Contempt may also mean:
Evanescence is an American rock band founded in 1994 by singer and keyboardist Amy Lee and former guitarist Ben Moody in Little Rock, Arkansas. The duo released independent EPs in the late 90s and a demo CD. After getting signed by Wind-up Records in 2001, their debut studio album, "Fallen", was released in 2003. It gained popularity after two of its songs were featured in the film "Daredevil". It spawned hit singles like “Bring Me to Life” and “My Immortal”, helping Evanescence win two Grammy Awards. The album has sold more than 17 million copies worldwide.  In 2006, Evanescence released their second studio album, "The Open Door", co-composed by Lee and guitarist Terry Balsamo. It was positively received, and debuted at #1 in the Billboard Hot 200 chart. It sold more than 447.000 copies in its first week. The album's third single, “Sweet Sacrifice”, received a Grammy nomination for Best Hard Rock Song. "The Open Door" has sold more than six million copies.  In June 2009, the band began working music, but production was delayed amid label troubles. Their third album, "Evanescence" (2011), was the first album musically co-written as a band. It debuted at #1 in five "Billboard" charts, including the Hot 200 and Rock Albums charts. Lead single “What You Want” was released to positive critical reception. Evanescence left their record label and became an independent band in 2014. In 2017, they released their fourth studio album, the orchestral and electronica "Synthesis". After pandemic delays, the band released their fifth studio album, "The Bitter Truth", in 2021.  History. Early years (1994 – 2000). Evanescence co-founders singer-songwriter and pianist Amy Lee and guitarist Ben Moody met at a youth camp in 1994 in Little Rock, Arkansas.  After that, they started writing music together. Two of their songs were played on the local radio station and listeners wanted them