ejaasaari/simplewiki-2025-04-01 huggingface dataset:
A hydrogen car is a car that is a hydrogen vehicle. Other vehicles can use hydrogen in a similar way, such as an aircraft. Hydrogen energy. Hydrogen is the simplest and the most abundant element in the universe. Even though it is simple and there is so much of it, hydrogen does not occur naturally as a gas on Earth. It is always combined with other elements. Hydrogen has a large amount of energy. An engine that uses pure hydrogen as fuel makes almost no pollution. Fuel cells. In principle, fuel cells are electrochemical devices similar to batteries that convert the chemical energy of a fuel directly and very efficiently into electricity (Direct current) and heat, thus doing away with combustion. Unlike a battery, a fuel cell does not run down or require recharging. It will produce energy in the form of electricity and heat as long as fuel is supplied.  A fuel cell consists of two electrodes sandwiched around an electrolyte. Oxygen passes over one electrode and hydrogen over the other, generating electricity, water and heat. Layers of materials with distinct electrochemical properties are sandwiched together to form a single galvanic cell. At the heart lies a membrane that can only be crossed by charged molecules. Gas-permeable electrodes coated with a catalyst adhere to this membrane, adding a layer on either side. The electrodes are in turn connected to a device that can utilize electricity. Hydrogen gas flows into channels on one face of the cell and migrates through that electrode, while the same occurs with oxygen gas along the opposite electrode. Spurred by a catalyst, favorable chemistry causes the hydrogen to oxidize into hydrogen protons and give up its electrons to the neighboring electrode, which thereby becomes the anode. This buildup of negative charge then follows the path of least resistance via the external circuit to the other electrode. It is this flow of electrons through a circuit that creates electricity. By country. Norway. In 2024, there were (less than two hundred, or) 141 hydrogen cars in Norway; However, in counties Akershus and Oslo, electric cars will be prohibited from using bus lanes for (at least) the next 3 years; However, hydrogen cars can continue to drive in bus-lanes
Standard-Definition Television is a kind of television system that provides lower resolution than SDTV and higher resolution than analog TV does.  The word 'SDTV' is generally used at the digital television broadcasting system that has a similar or little bit higher state of resolution to the 'analog television system'. Digital broadcasting system uses digital signals when they receive sound and movie. It is compared to analog TV that uses analog signals. Broadcasting. According to an NTSC standard, SDTV broadcasts in three ways. First, at ratio of length and width 16:9 and resolution 720x480. Second, at ratio 4:3 and resolution 704x480  Lastly, at ratio 4:3 and resolution 640x480. The first one has best quality, second one is next, and the last one is the worst. The screen's frame can be 24, 30, 60 per second. These are similar level with DVD. As mentioned at the 'Definition' tab, it has a better resolution than analog TV system, and has lower resolution than HDTV. Because it is a kind of digital broadcasting system, it can broadcast not only analog TV programs but also HDTV program (Of course there exists a difference in resolution). Merit. SDTV has a similar state of resolution compared to analog TV, but SDTV is more vivid than analog TV because it has less noise and it has better sound. The point that SDTV uses a digital broadcasting system makes SDTV have many accompaning functions. For example, multitasking, electronic program guide, and so on. This functions are  impossible at analog TV. Compared to SDTV, it has lower resolution. But in fact, SDTV programs are not spread widely yet, and the cheaper price of SDTV makes consumers to use SDTV. Comparison. Generally, there are three types of TV. They are analog TV, SDTV and SDTV.Price : AnalogTV &lt; SDTV &lt; SDTVQuality : AnalogTV ≒ SDTV &lt; SDTVAnalogTV only can be compatible with analog signals, but both SDTV and SDTV can be compatible with not only analog but also digital signals.
A thermocouple, TC for short, is a device that converts heat directly into electricity. A thermocouple can also work in reverse - using an electric current to transform into heat as well as cold. How do thermocouples work? Imagine that two wires made of different types of metal are connected at one end. If the junction of the two wires is heated, electricity will flow through the wire.  Electrons, when heated, will begin to cross the junction on their own. Because of the different properties of the different metals, the electrons will lose potential energy and gain kinetic energy, just like a ball rolling over a hill to a lower area. Although the voltage created by a thermocouple is very small (in the millivolt range), many thermocouples can be hooked together to make a larger voltage. This is called a thermopile. Thermocouples can also generate heat from electricity, and even cold from electricity, acting as a refrigerator. If two different wires are connected at both ends, and some voltage source makes current flow through the loop, one junction will get hot and the other junction will become cold. The electrons at the hot junction are gaining kinetic energy as they cross the junction. This is why they make the metal hot. The electrons at the cold junction are losing kinetic energy as they cross the junction. This is why they make the junction cold. It is difficult to measure the precise voltage that a thermocouple is producing when heat is applied to its junction. This is because any voltmeter wires that are connected to the thermocouple will probably be made of a different material than the wires of a thermocouple. This means that the connection between the voltmeter and the thermocouple is itself another thermocouple. Engineers designing microchips face the problem that virtually every electrical connection on a microchip is a thermocouple whether they want it to be or not. Use of thermocouple. Gas heaters with pilot flames are one of the most famous examples for the use of thermocouples. Thermocouples are stacked to make a thermopile, which can generate enough voltage from the heat of the pilot flame to keep the gas valve open which in turn
Many processes in nature regulate themselves. This means that based on some measurement, they change a setting or a variable, so that it is more or less constant. Examples in nature are animals that have a constant body temperature, blood pressure, or blood sugar level. The predator-prey equations are another example.  Control engineering is about the same thing: Building a system that can regulate one parameter (usually: keep it constant), often with a feedback loop that allows the value of the parameter to be measured. It is a field of engineering. It uses mathematical models of dynamic systems, and control theory. If they are well-designed, the controllers will cause the system to behave in some desired, predictable manner. Modern control engineering is closely related to electrical, electronic, and computer engineering. As engineering continues to develop, control engineering is often wanted. In most cases, control engineers make use of feedback when designing control systems. For example a machine's speed is continuously checked and fed back to the system, which then adjusts the motor's spin power. Recently, control systems are also used in nanotechnology. In chemical engineering, control engineering is known as process control. Many advancements in science, finance, and even human action, can be attributed to control engineering.  Many control systems rely on feedback. However, there are also control systems that work without feedback. Such a system is known as an open-loop control. An open-loop controller, also called a non-feedback controller, relies only on the model and the input signal fed to the system. An example of open-loop control can be found in washing machines, which work by running pre-programmed cycles but, most importantly, do not rely on any measurements of the speed of the barrel or water volume to adjust the machine.
LaFayette is a city in Chambers County, Alabama, United States. It is 47 miles (76 km) northwest of Columbus, Georgia. It is the county seat of Chambers County. As of the 2020 census, the population of the city is 2,684. Education. The Chambers County School District provides public education for LaFayette. Within the city limits are two high schools (Lafayette High School and the Chambers County Career Technical School), one middle school (JP Powell Middle School), and one elementary school (Eastside Elementary School). Chambers Academy (grades pre-K through 12) is a private school in LaFayette.
Charles Wade Barkley (born February 20, 1963) is an American former professional basketball player. Nicknamed "Sir Charles" for his aggressive and outspoken behavior, and "The Round Mound of Rebound" for his unusual build and talent as a player, Barkley established himself as one of the National Basketball Association's (NBA) most dominating power forwards. For a power forward, Barkley had an extremely versatile offensive game. He was not considered a great player at the defensive end. He is referred to as Chuck Barkley by many of his friends. Barkley had many nicknames over the course of his college and pro career, making him one of the basketball players, and persons, with the most nicknames. Some of the other nicknames include "The Chuckster" and "The Chuck Wagon". Barkley is regarded as one of the best rebounders in the history of the game. Many people view him as the greatest player who did not win an NBA championship during his career, although others argue for players such as Karl Malone, John Stockton and Patrick Ewing. Often considered the best power forward in the league (NBA), people did not agree with his totalitarian views. He is an analyst on the television show "Inside the NBA". The program features host Ernie Johnson with analysts Kenny Smith and Shaquille O'Neal.
William Calvin Oates (either November 30 or December 1, 1833 – September 9, 1910) was a Confederate colonel during the American Civil War. He became a brigadier general in 1898, and also fought in the Spanish–American War. In between he was a Democratic member of the Alabama House of Representatives from 1870 to 1872, a member of the United States House of Representatives for Alabama from 1881 to 1894, and Governor of Alabama from 1894 to 1896.  William C. Oates was born in Pike County, Alabama. He studied law and passed the bar examination, opening a practice in Abbeville. Oates died in Montgomery, Alabama, and was buried there in Oakwood Cemetery.
Walter Junior Jones (born January 19, 1974) is an American football former professional offensive tackle. He played twelve seasons in the National Football League (NFL). He played his entire career for the Seattle Seahawks.  He was selected by the Seattle Seahawks with the sixth overall pick in the first round of the 1997 NFL Draft, a pick obtained from the Tampa Bay Buccaneers in a trade. Jones left Florida State University prior to his senior season after being selected to the second team College Football All-America Team. On April 29, 2010, He announced on his Twitter account that he was retiring. On February 1, 2014, Jones was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame.
George Thomas Anderson (February 3, 1824 – April 4, 1901) was a general in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War. Nicknamed "Tige," Anderson was noted as one of Robert E. Lee's hardest-fighting subordinates. He was wounded at the Battle of Gettysburg. After the war he worked as a policeman and a tax collector. He is buried in the Edgemont Cemetery, Anniston, Alabama.
William Clark Falkner (July 6, 1825 or 1826 – November 6, 1889) was a soldier, lawyer, politician, businessman, and author in northern Mississippi. He is most notable for the influence he had on the work of his great-grandson, author William Faulkner. Although born in Knox County, Tennessee, Falkner lived with his family in Missouri and Pontotoc, Mississippi before settling at the age of 17 in Ripley, Tippah County, Mississippi. He served in the Mexican-American War and, when the American Civil War broke out, he raised a company of men and was made colonel in the Second Mississippi Infantry of the Confederate Army.
Islamic terrorism is a kind of terrorism. The terrorists claim their religion, Islam, or how they interpret it is their motives. Critique. Some Islamic scholars say that it is wrong to kill innocent people. Some Islamic terrorist groups are Al-Qaeda, Taliban, and the Islamic State. However, there are hundreds of and many more terrorist attacks alleged to be linked to those groups.  However, it is stated in the Qur'an that "You must not go too far; Allah loves not those who do.""You must resist them until the persecution is done away, and prayers are only to Allah; if they cease fighting, you must not invade anyone but the unrighteous." Islamic terrorists use these verses as their to commit acts of terror against non-Muslims as well as Muslims from other branches of Islam.
An electric vehicle is a vehicle that uses electricity to move. Its wheels are driven by electric motors. Electric vehicles were one of the first kinds that did not use horse or human power. Electric trains and cars were built in the 1830s, and in the early 1900s there were more electric cars than gasoline-powered cars. But cars powered by gasoline or diesel fuel become the most common kind of car for most of the last 100 years. Electric vehicles have long been used in some special cases, such as forklifts used inside a building, , trolley bus or certain vehicles used around airplanes at an airport. Early in the 21st century people are using more electric and hybrid vehicles again as a way to reduce pollution and use less gasoline. History. It is unclear who the first inventor was, but Ányos Jedlik of Hungary built a small model of a working electric car in 1828. In the 1830's Robert Anderson of Scotland, Professor Stratingh of Holland and Thomas Davenport, a blacksmith from Vermont all built electric vehicles. Davenport is said to be the inventor of the DC electric motor. In 1865, Gaston Plante of France made a better battery. In 1886, the inventor Frank Sprague of Connecticut made important changes to the electric motor. Great Britain and France were early leaders in making better electric cars. Interest in the electric car in the United States grew after 1891 when A. L. Ryker built a three-wheeled electric car, and William Morrison built a six-passenger wagon. The years 1899 and 1900 were the best years for electric cars in America, as they outsold all other types of cars (steam, gasoline and diesel). One example was the 1902 Phaeton built by the Woods Motor Vehicle Company of Chicago, which had a range of 18 miles, a top speed of 14 mph and cost $2,000. (At that time, there were few good roads between towns, so most driving was for short distances). Electric cars could go as far as steam-powered cars and did not take 30 to 40 minutes to get started. Gas
Lynchburg is an independent city in the U.S. state of Virginia. It is in the foothills of the Blue Ridge Mountains along the banks of the James River. Lynchburg is known as the "City of Seven Hills" and "The Hill City". It is sometimes called "A City Unto Itself" because of the city's historical avoidance of State and Federal entanglements. At the 2020 census, 79,009 people lived in Lynchburg.
Electronic engineering is an engineering discipline that investigates the use of electricity and magnetism. Electronic engineers are concerned with such processes as: the use of radio waves, the design of electronic circuits, the design of computer systems, and the development of control systems such as aircraft autopilots and other embedded systems. The term 'electronic engineering' started to emerge increasingly in the late 1950s. Before World War II, electronic engineering was most commonly known as a 'radio engineering'. At that time, studying radio engineering at a university was part of a physics degree. Later, as other electronic devices were developed, the field broadened to include radar, television, audio systems, Hi-Fi and later computers and microprocessors. In the mid to late 1950s, the term 'radio engineering' gradually gave way to the name 'electronic engineering', which then became a stand-alone university degree subject. Engineers must study the sciences of physics and mathematics as these help to understand systems and make them better. Today most engineering work involves the use of computers and it is commonplace to use computer-aided technologies when designing electronics systems. Some electronic engineers work in robotics.
George Armstrong Custer (December 5, 1839 – June 25, 1876) was a United States Army officer and cavalry commander in the American Civil War and the Indian Wars.  At the start of the Civil War, Custer was a cadet at the United States Military Academy at West Point, and his class's graduation was accelerated so that they could enter the war. Custer graduated last in his class and served at the First Battle of Bull Run as a staff officer for Major General George B. McClellan in the Army of the Potomac's 1862 Peninsula Campaign. Early in the Gettysburg Campaign, Custer's association with cavalry commander Major General Alfred Pleasonton earned him a brevet promotion from First Lieutenant to Brigadier General of United States Volunteers at the age of 23. Custer remained in the Army after the Civil War and served as an officer in the Indian Wars. He died with all this men in the Battle of Little Big Horn in 1876.
Irvine (Gaelic: "Irbhinn") is a coastal new town in North Ayrshire, Scotland.  History. Irvine was the site of Scotland's 12th century Military Capital and former headquarters of the Lord High Constable of Scotland, Hugh de Morville. It also served as the Capital of Cunninghame.  The town was once a haunt of Robert Burns, after whom two streets in the town are named: Burns Street and Burns Crescent. He is known to have worked in a flax mill on the Glasgow Vennell. Despite being classed as a new town, Irvine has had a long history stretching back many centuries and was classed as a Royal Burgh. There are also conflicting rumours that Mary, Queen of Scots, was briefly involved in the town's history. Some say she stayed briefly at Seagate Castle. To this day there is still an annual festival, called Marymass, held in the town.  People. Irvine is the birthplace of the present Deputy First Minister of Scotland, Nicola Sturgeon and the former First Minister of Scotland, Jack McConnell. Its twin town is Saint-Amand-les-Eaux in northern France just outside Lille.
North Ayrshire (Gaelic: "Siorrachd Inbhir Àir a Tuath", ) is one of 32 council areas of Scotland. It borders onto the areas of Inverclyde to the north, Renfrewshire to the north east, and East Ayrshire, and South Ayrshire to the East and South respectively. The area was created in 1996 as a successor to the district of Cunninghame which covered exactly the same boundaries. The mainland portion of the council area has historically been part of a greater County of Ayr, however it also contains the islands of Arran, Great Cumbrae and Little Cumbrae in the lower Firth of Clyde. All the islands were previously in the County of Bute.
Charles Peter Kennedy (25 November 1959 – 1 June 2015) was a British politician. From 9 August 1999 until 7 January 2006, he was the leader of the Liberal Democrats, the third largest political party in the United Kingdom. In the 1983 General Election he stood for the Ross, Cromarty &amp; Skye constituency, then held by the Conservative MP and Minister, Hamish Gray. In a shock result, Kennedy was elected (for the SDP): at 23, he became the youngest MP in the House of Commons. Ambitious and popular, he quickly emerged as a potential party leader. In 1994, by which time the SDP and the Liberal Party had merged, he became President of the Liberal Democrats - a position he held for four years. In 1999, on the resignation of Paddy Ashdown, Kennedy was elected party leader. He took the party through two General Elections. However, he faced criticism for his laid-back leadership style, and there was considerable speculation regarding his alcohol consumption. From December 2005, some within the party were questioning his leadership and calling for a leadership election. On 5 January 2006, Kennedy was informed that ITN would be reporting that he had received treatment for a drinking problem. Kennedy decided to pre-empt the broadcast and admit his drinking problem openly. He called a leadership election at the same time, stating that he intended to stand. The admission of a drinking problem seriously damaged his standing within the parliamentary party. As support for him amongst this key group ebbed away, Kennedy resigned as leader on 7 January, saying that he would not be standing in the leadership election. Deputy leader Sir Menzies Campbell took over as interim leader and was elected as leader on 2 March 2006. Kennedy was born in Inverness, Scotland. He was married to Sarah Gurling from 2002 until they divorced in 2010 and has a son. Kennedy died on 1 June 2015 at his home in Fort William from haemorrhage due to his alcoholism, aged 55.
East Ayrshire () is one of 32 council area of Scotland. It borders North Ayrshire, East Renfrewshire, South Lanarkshire, South Ayrshire and Dumfries and Galloway. With South Ayrshire and the mainland areas of North Ayrshire, it formed the county of Ayrshire. The area was formed in 1996, from the former Kilmarnock and Loudoun and Cumnock and Doon Valley districts. Main Towns. Kilmarnock is the largest town. Other towns are New Cumnock and Cumnock. HQ. The HQ for East Ayrshire Council is on London Road Kilmarnock
Digital multimedia broadcasting, or DMB, is a technology that allows sending digital signals to mobile devices, such as mobile phones. This makes it possible to listen to radio or watch television on such devices. It was developed in South Korea. This technology was developed to replace analog radio broadcasting. It can transmit not only sound data but also DVD quality movie data. DMB is based on Eureka 147 DAB standard which is the European standard. DMB meets the ETSI standard (TS 102 427 and TS 102 428). Now, Republic of Korea can exercise for source of the DMB technology, the satellite DMB broadcast first began in Japan than in the Republic of Korea. In the March 13, 2004, TU Media playing a leading role in business and satellite DMB insert the world's first satellite for with Japan's partner, MBCo DMB 'hanbyeol'. However, In Republic of Korea, selection process for operators was long and put off service, the MBCo in Japan became first DMB country to start the full service all 40 channels from 19 October 2004. DMB can be received, when attach DMB receiver to the vehicle, or buy mobile phone has the ability to receive DMB, personal portable receiver or receiver which type of output to the monitor when connect personal computer. But there was a problem that the satellite DMB and earthly DMB is not compatible with each other, so user should purchased each terminal separately. However, the Samsung throw open the door to watch satellite DMB and earthly DMB one of the terminals by come out with SPH-B4100. But TU Media side,the satellite DMB service provider rejected the plan, the possibility of the activation of these two-way receiving terminal is currently unclear. Comparing with terrestrial digital television and digital satellite broadcasting, terrestrial digital television is clear screen even though you are on the high-speed vehicles, but it is limited with range, and lack of channels is disadvantages.
A retrovirus is any virus which copies itself as part of the cell's DNA by reverse transcribing its RNA. Since the cell cannot proofread the step in which RNA is converted back to DNA, errors often go unnoticed. This changes the exact sequence of a retrovirus' RNA frequently. This makes it harder for retroviruses to be attacked by drugs. HIV is a retrovirus, which makes it very difficult to overcome using drugs.