ejaasaari/simplewiki-2025-04-01 huggingface dataset:
Stephen Báthory (27 September 1533 – 12 December 1586) was a Hungarian Prince of Transylvania (1571–1586), then King of Poland (1576–1586) and Grand Duke of Lithuania (1576–1586). The son of Stephen VIII Báthory and a member of the Báthory family. He was married to Queen Anna Jagiellon and worked closely with Chancellor Jan Zamoyski. During his reign, he focused on consolidating power, defeating rivals like Maximilian II, the Holy Roman Emperor, and quelling rebellions, including the Danzig rebellion. He had a successful reign, especially in military matters. His most significant accomplishment was his victorious campaign against Russia in Livonia, where he defended the Commonwealth's borders and secured a favorable peace treaty called the Peace of Jam Zapolski. Early life. Stephen Báthory was born on 27 September 1533, in Szilágysomlyó, Hungary. His father was Stephen VIII Báthory, and mother was Catherine Telegdi. He had two brothers and three sisters. Around 1549–1550, he was studied in Italy. He later joined the army of the Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor and fought against the Turks. He was captured by the Turks after 1553, and when Ferdinand I refused to pay his ransom, he switched sides, supporting John II Sigismund Zápolya in his quest for power in Eastern Hungary Kingdom. Báthory took on various roles as a feudal lord, military commander, and diplomat during this time. At one point, he was put under house arrest in Vienna for two years, causing him to fall out of favor at Zápolya's court. However, he still held influence and was considered a potential successor to Zápolya. After Zápolya died in 1571, Báthory became the Voivode of Transylvania through an election by the Transylvanian peoples. He had to deal with opposition from Gáspár Bekes, who had support from the Habsburgs. In 1573, Báthory successfully defeated Bekes in a civil war and forced him out of Transylvania. He then worked to navigate a balance between the Ottomans and the Holy Roman Empire to make Transylvania stronger.
Nanda Devi () is the highest mountain in the Republic of India. It is also the national mountain of the nation. It is holy to the Hindus, source of the Ganges river. Nanda Devi lies in the state of Uttarakhand.
Pope Benedict XV (; , 21 November 1854 – 22 January 1922), born Giacomo Paolo Giovanni Battista della Chiesa, was an Italian priest of the Roman Catholic Church and the 259th Pope from 1914 until his death in 1922. His pontificate was largely overshadowed by World War I. Priest. Della Chiesa was ordained a priest on 21 December 1878. Bishop. Pope Pius X made della Chiesa Bishop of Bologna in 1907. Cardinal. On 25 May 1914, Giacomo della Chiesa was created a cardinal. Pope. Cardinal Della Chiesa was elected pope in 1914; and he chose to be called Benedict XV. Joan of Arc was canonized by Benedict. Benedict made efforts to encourage peace in World War I. He refused to denounce either side. In 1918, Pope Benedict was excluded from the 1919 Paris Peace Conference, despite his entreaties to be made part of the talks. Benedict XV helped develop a Code of Canon Law. Benedict XV was the fourth Pope since the Kingdom of Italy took possession of Rome. The last years of his papacy were concerned with making sure that the Church could still function smoothly in the newly changed borders of Europe. Death and legacy. Benedict XV fell ill with pneumonia in early January 1922. He died on 22 January 1922. The Italian Government lowered its flags in his honor; Benedict was the first pope to be honored in this way. In 2005, Pope Benedict XVI explained why he chose the name Benedict:  "... I remember Pope Benedict XV, that courageous prophet of peace, who guided the Church through turbulent times of war. In his footsteps I place my ministry in the service of reconciliation and harmony between peoples."
Chak Haryam () is a village, near Islamgarh in the Chakswari tehsil of the Mirpur District in Azad Kashmir, Pakistan. Demography. According to 1998 census of Pakistan, its population was 973. History. Like many villages in the Mirpur region, many of its residents have emigrated to the United Kingdom.
Rakia is a Turkish brandy made from fermented fruit.  It is very popular in North Macedonia and Bulgaria. It can be made from different fruits. Rakia is а national drink of Turkey. Overview. Rakia is an alcoholic drink similar to Brandy. Usually, it has 40% of alcohol, but home-made rakia can be stronger and have from 50 to 60%. The most common form of Rakia is made from plum, but grapes, peaches, apricots, apples, pears, cherries, figs are also used. People drink Rakia from small glasses of 30 to 50 ml. Other websites. Rakia drink
Swimming is the movement of the body through water using arms and legs. People can swim in the sea, swimming pools, rivers and lakes. People swim for exercise, for fun, and as a sport. There are several styles of swimming, known as "strokes", including: "front crawl", "breaststroke", "freestyle", "butterfly", and "backstroke". Swimming works all the muscles simultaneously. It is impact free. It also builds up stamina.  Styles of swimming. There are several styles in swimming. Some of them are: Competitive swimming. The goal of competitive swimming is to improve speed, and to beat other competitors in events. An athlete goes through several stages of training. At the beginning, the body is overloaded with work. The workload becomes less closer to the date of the competition. This final stage is often referred to as "shave and taper"; the swimmer tapering downs his or her workload to be able to perform at their optimal level. At the end of this stage, before competition, the swimmer shaves off all exposed hair and dead skin. Often confused within shaving, swimmers shave to rid the skin of dead skin cells to expose sensitive skin to the water. The effect of shaving is a decrease in drag from hair and an increase in the sensation of "feeling" the water. Equipment. Sometimes equipment is used when swimming, and can include:
"One Step at a Time", released in 2008, became the third single off Jordin Sparks' first album. This song reached #17 on "Billboard" Hot 100. It hit #3 on the R&amp;B charts in the USA.
John Lester Hubbard Chafee (October 22, 1922 – October 24, 1999) was an American politician. He was an officer in the United States Marine Corps. He was the 66th Governor of Rhode Island. He was the Secretary of the Navy. He was a United States Senator. Chafee was born on October 22, 1922 in Providence, Rhode Island. He studied at Yale University and at Harvard Law School. Chafee was married to Virginia Coates until his death in 1999. They had six children; one daughter was killed in an racing accident. Chafee died suddenly on October 24, 1999 from congestive heart failure in his home in Washington, D.C., aged 77. He is buried at Chafee Family Cemetery in Warwick, Rhode Island. Chafee's son, Lincoln, is a former governor and former senator of Rhode Island.
Dwight Arrington Myers (May 24, 1967 – November 8, 2011), better known by his stage name Heavy D, was a Jamaican-born American rapper, singer, actor, and musician. He was born in Mandeville, Jamaica and raised in Mount Vernon, New York, United States. He began his music career in the late 1980s and founded his hip hop group, Heavy D and the Boyz. The group were affiliated with East Coast hip hop music. He died in Los Angeles, California from a pulmonary embolism as a result of diabetes.
Biological control, biocontrol, or biological pest control, is the reduction of pest populations by using natural enemies. It is important because crop pests become resistant to chemical pesticides. Natural enemies of insect pests include predators, parasitoids, and pathogens. Biological control agents of weeds include herbivores and plant pathogens. Predators, such as birds, lady beetles and lacewings, are free-living species that eat many prey during their lifetime.  Parasitoids are species whose larvae develop on or in a single insect host, ultimately killing or fatally infecting the host. Most have a very narrow host range. Many species of wasps and some flies are parasitoids.  Pathogens are disease-causing organisms including bacteria, fungi, and viruses. They kill or debilitate their host and are relatively specific. Three strategies. There are three basic types of biological control strategies; conservation, classical biological control, and augmentation. An early example. A Chinese text from 304 AD, "Records of the plants and trees of the southern regions", by Hsi Han, describes mandarin oranges protected by large reddish-yellow citrus ants. The ants attack and kill insect pests of the orange trees. The citrus ant ("Oecophylla smaragdina") was rediscovered in the 20th century, and now is again used in China to protect orange groves.
Manuel Antonio Noriega Moreno (11 February 1934 – 29 May 2017) was a Panamanian politician and general.  Noriega went to high school and had a career in the army. He was the de facto ruler of Panama between 12 August 1983 and 20 December 1989. In 1992, a United States court convicted him of drug trafficking, racketeering, and money laundering. Noriega served a prison sentence in the US, which ended in 2007. He was then extradited to France, where he served another sentence. A conditional release was given to him on September 23, 2011. Noriega was sent to Panama to serve 20 years. He arrived in Panama on December 11, 2011. Noriega died at a medical center in Panama City on 29 May 2017 from complications of brain surgery at the age of 83.
The Auld Alliance (Scots) () is an alliance between the kingdoms of Scotland and France. It played a major role in the relations between Scotland, France and England from its beginning in 1295 until the 1560 Treaty of Edinburgh. The alliance was renewed by all the French and Scottish monarchs of that period except for Louis XI. By the late 14th century, the treaty was renewed even when France or Scotland was not at war with England. The alliance dates from the treaty signed by John Balliol and Philip IV of France in 1295 against Edward I of England. The treaty said that if either country was attacked by England, the other country would invade England. That happened at the Battle of Flodden Field, 1513. The alliance played an important role in conflicts between both countries and England, such as the Wars of Scottish Independence, the Hundred Years' War, the War of the League of Cambrai and the Rough Wooing. Legacy. In a speech which he delivered in Edinburgh in June 1942, Charles de Gaulle described the alliance between Scotland and France as "the oldest alliance in the world": "In every combat where for five centuries the destiny of France was at stake, there were always men of Scotland to fight side by side with men of France, and what Frenchmen feel is that no people have ever been more generous than yours with its friendship." In 1995, celebrations were held in both countries for the 700th anniversary of the beginning of the alliance.
Berwick-upon-Tweed (historically known as "South Berwick") is a border town in the north of England. Berwick may also refer to:
Aepyornis is an Elephant bird, one of three genera of ratite birds endemic to Madagascar until their extinction about 1000 A.D. The species "A". "maximus" weighed up to , and until recently was regarded as the largest known bird of all time.  DNA studies have found that Vorombe titan was indistinguishable from A. maximus, and probably (was or) represented large females of the species. Earlier (2018), the largest "Aepyornis" specis, weighing up to , was moved to the related genus "Vorombe".
Sosigenes the Peripatetic was a philosopher who lived in the 2nd century AD. He followed the Aristotelian school of thought, and was one of the first people to write interpretations and commentaries to Aristotle's work. He was the tutor of Alexander of Aphrodisias, and wrote a work "On Revolving Spheres". On 4th September 164 AD, he watched an 'annular' solar eclipse. He noticed that, unlike a total solar eclipse, the apparent size of the moon was smaller than that of the sun. This meant the distances between the sun, moon and earth were not the same at different eclipses. For this reason, sun and moon could not be on a circular movement around the same centre. This was a significant discovery. It pinpointed a difficulty with the theory that the earth was the centre of the known universe. Much later, Nicolaus Copernicus used the same idea when he proposed a heliocentric view. In this view, the earth, moon and the planets rotate around the sun, which does not move.
Jos Luhukay (born 13 June 1963) is a Dutch football manager and former player, who was most recently head coach of VVV-Venlo. Honours. Manager. Borussia Mönchengladbach FC Augsburg Hertha BSC
Pope Sixtus V (; 13 December 1520 – 27 August 1590), born Felice Peretti di Montalto, was an Italian priest of the Roman Catholic Church and the 228th Pope from 1585 to 1590. Early life. Felice Peretti was born in December 15250 at Grottammare in the province of Ascoli Piceno. Monk. In 1547, Peretti was ordained. Peretti became a Franciscan; and in 1560, he became Apostolic vicar of his order. In 1565, Pope Pius IV assigned Peretti to work with Cardinal Buoncompagni (who would become Pope Gregory XIII); but they did not work well together. Bishop. In 1566 Pope Pius V made Peretti Bishop of Sant' Agata dei Goti in the Kingdom of Naples. Cardinal. In 1570, Peretti was raised to the rank of cardinal. After the election of Gregory XIII, Peretti withdrew from public activities. Pope. Cardinal di Montalto was elected pope in 1585; and he chose the name Sixtus V. During the reign of Sixtus V, the dome of St Peter's Basilica was completed;. The external dome was covered with lead and the bands were covered with bronze gilt. A building for the Vatican Library was constructed. The investment in public works included the loggia of Sixtus in the Basilica of St. John Lateran; the chapel of the Praesepe in Santa Maria Maggiore; additions and repairs to the Quirinal Palace, Lateran Palace and Vatican Palace; the erection of four obelisks (including the one in the Piazza of St Peter's; the opening of six streets; and the restoration of the aqueduct of Severus ("Acqua Felice").
Lacewings, or 'Green lacewings', are insects in the large family Chrysopidae of the order Neuroptera. There are about 85 genera and (differing between sources) 1,300–2,000 species in this widespread group. However, in America and Europe, the two genera "Chrysopa" and "Chrysoperla" are very common. Most species of lacewings and their larvae are active predators, and are often used for biological control.  Many adults of "Chrysopa" can defend themselves by giving out a vile smell from glands at the front of their thorax. They have 'ears' at the base of their front wings. When they hear bat echolocation sounds, they close their wings and drop down. They can escape spider webs, because, being so light, they do not create much vibration to alert the spider. Instead of struggling like most insects, the lacewing bites through the strands holding its legs and antennae. When it is stuck only by its wings, it become completely immobile. Slowly, the lacewing slides downwards out of the web. Tiny hairs on the wings prevent the sticky spider silk from touching the wings' surface.  The larvae are voracious, attacking other insects of suitable size, especially soft-bodied ones (aphids, caterpillars and other insect larvae, insect eggs). When they touch a potential prey object, the larva grasps it. Their maxillae are hollow, and inject a digestive secretion into the prey. The organs of an aphid can be dissolved by this in 90 seconds.
Dame Emma Thompson (born 15 April 1959) is a British screenwriter, actress and comedian. She was born in Paddington, London, the elder daughter of Eric Thompson and Phyllida Law. She was raised in West Hampstead. Her sister is Sophie Thompson.  Thompson has a Master of Arts degree from Newnham College, Cambridge. She has won many Academy Awards for her acting. Her many movies include the Harry Potter franchise and the Nancy McPhee series. She has also won many BAFTA Awards. Thompson was married to Kenneth Branagh from 1989 until they divorced in 1995. She has been married to Greg Wise since 2003.
"What's Love Got to Do with It" is the second single released in May 1984. It is from Tina Turner's album, "Private Dancer". The song is a pop rock and soul song written by Graham Lyle and Terry Britten. Britten produced the song. It became Turner's most successful song. It reached number one on the "Billboard" Hot 100 in the US, in Australia, and the top five in New Zealand, Austria, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. The title of this song was used for a 1993 biographical movie that was distributed by TriStar Pictures. A remix of the song was released on July 17, 2020 by Norwegian DJ Kygo.
Little Children is a 2006 drama movie based on the novel of the same name. Actress Kate Winslet plays a reluctant housewife and mother from Boston in the film. Reception. Reviews of "Little Children" were mostly positive. The movie got an 80% rating from the Rotten Tomatoes. Top ten lists. "Little Children" was listed on many critics' top ten lists.
Pierre Gamarra (Toulouse, July 10, 1919 – Argenteuil, May 20, 2009) was a French writer. He was a poet and novelist. He is famous for his poems and novels for the children. Pierre Gamarra also worked for a literary magazine, "Europe". Life. Gamarra was born in Toulouse in 1919. From 1938 to 1940, he was a teacher in the south of France. He became a journalist in 1944. In 1948, he received an international prize for his novel "The Fiery House". In 1951, he began working for the literary magazine "Europe". Gamarra died in 2009 in Argenteuil, near Paris, at age 89. Books. Most of Gamarra's novels are set in the southwest of France. That is the region where he was born. Gamarra's books are not yet translated into English. His poems are well known by French schoolchildren. Examples are "My Schoolbag" () or "The Cosmonaut and his host" ().
The prefrontal cortex (PFC) is the front part of the frontal lobes of the brain. It lies in front of the motor and premotor areas. This brain region helps plan complex cognitive behaviours, personality expression, and decision making. It helps correct social behaviour. The basic activity of this brain region is to bring together thoughts and actions to help achieve internal goals. The most typical psychological term for functions carried out by the prefrontal cortex area is executive function. This is the ability to work out conflicting thoughts. It determines good and bad, better and best, same and different, consequences of current activities, working toward a goal, prediction of outcomes, and expectation of results. Critical is 'social control': the ability to suppress urges which, if not suppressed, could lead to socially unacceptable outcomes. Many authors have indicated an integral link between a person's personality and the functions of the prefrontal cortex.
A pest is an animal which harms humans or human concerns. It is a loosely defined term; it overlaps with the terms vermin, weeds, parasites and pathogens. In its broadest sense, a pest is a competitor of humanity. Top ten pests. According to BBC News Science &amp; Environment, these are among the top ten pests of plants: Fungi are prominent in their list, and it is more usual to call them pathogens.
António Egas Moniz (António Caetano de Abreu Freire Egas Moniz, 29 November 1874 – 13 December 1955), known as Egas Moniz, was a Portuguese neurologist. He developed cerebral angiography, a technique to visualise the blood vessels in and around the brain. This technique is widely used today. He also developed the surgical procedure leucotomy, also known as "lobotomy". This technique is now rarely used. Antonio Egas is highly regarded. More commonly, Gottlieb Burckhardt is regarded as the founder of modern psychosurgery. He became the first Portuguese national to receive a Nobel Prize when, in 1949, he shared it with Walter Rudolf Hess. He held academic positions, wrote many medical articles and also served in several legislative and diplomatic posts in the Portuguese government. In 1911 he became professor of neurology in Lisbon until his retirement in 1944. At the same time, he pursued a demanding political career.
Pope Julius III (; 10 September 1487 – 23 March 1555), born Giovanni Maria Ciocchi del Monte, was an Italian priest of the Roman Catholic Church and the 222nd Pope from February 1550 until his death in 1555. Early life. Giovanni Maria Ciocchi del Monte was born in Rome in 1487. Ciocchi del Monte studied law at the University of Perugia and the University of Siena. Bishop. In 1512, Ciocchi del Monte became Archbishop of Siponto (Manfredonia) in Apulia. Inm 1520, he was made Bishop of Pavia. Cardinal. Pope Paul III made Ciocchi del Monte a Cardinal in 1536. He became Cardinal-Bishop of Palestrina in 1543. He participated in the Council of Trent. Pope. Cardinal Ciocchi del Monte was elected pope on 7 February 1550. Pope Julius was involved in Italian and European political disputes. Pope Julius re-opened the Council of Trent.
Pope Celestine IV (; died 10 November 1241 in Rome), born Goffredo Castiglione, was an Italian cleric of the Roman Catholic Church and the 180th Pope for two weeks from October 25, 1241 to November 10, 1241. Early life. Goffredo Castiglione was born in Milan, but the date of birth is unknown. Castiglione became a Cistercian monk. Cardinal. Pope Gregory IX made Castiglione a cardinal on September 18, 1227. In 1238, he was made Bishop of Sabina. Pope. Cardinal Castiglione was elected on October 25, 1241; and he chose to be called Pope Celestine IV. His reign lasted only seventeen days. After his death. He died on November 10, 1241; and he was buried in St Peter's. The exact location of his tomb has been lost.
Natalie Wood (July 20, 1938 – November 29, 1981) was an American actress. Early life. Natalie Wood's parents were Russian immigrants Nikolai Stepanovich Zakharenko and Maria Stepanovna. Her parents moved to Santa Rosa, California. The family moved to Los Angeles. Wood began a career there. Her younger sister, Svetlana Zacharenko also became an actress using the stage name Lana Wood. Career. In the 1950s, Wood became a teen idol. When she shot the movie "Rebel Without a Cause" with James Dean, she was 16 years old. She got an Oscar nomination for "Best Supporting Actress" for the role as "Judy" in this movie. She got a Golden Globe Award nomination in the category "New Star Of The Year – Actress". Her most successful role was as "Maria" in the movie "West Side Story" in 1961. Personal life. Wood was married to Robert Wagner from 1957 to 1962. She was married to Richard Gregson for a short time. They had a daughter, Natasha Gregson Wagner. In 1972, Wood and Wagner married again. Death. In 1981, Wood worked on the movie "Brainstorm" with Christopher Walken. During a boat trip with Walken and her husband Robert Wagner, she drowned near Santa Catalina Island, California. She is buried in Westwood Village Memorial Park Cemetery.
The Wyandot people (also called Wendats or Huron) are a tribe of Native Americans. Samuel de Champlain traded fur with them. In the 17th and 18th centuries they were allies of New France, and enemies of the Iroquois and New Netherland and New York. The Wyandots signed the Treaty of Detroit on November 17 in the year 1807. They signed it with other Native Americans from three other tribes called the Odawa, Ojibwe and Potawatomi. The tribes gave up areas of Michigan and Ohio to the United States to own.
Ball Arena is a sports arena in Denver, Colorado. The arena opened on October 1, 1999, and is the current home to the Colorado Avalanche of the National Hockey League (NHL), the Denver Nuggets of the National Basketball Association (NBA) and the Colorado Mammoth of the National Lacrosse League (NLL). Ball Corporation currently has naming rights for the arena. The arena currently seats 19,155 for basketball and 18,007 for hockey and lacrosse. The arena had opened as Pepsi Center after PepsiCo bought the naming rights. The rights contract expired in 2020, and a new deal was signed with Ball Corporation, a company based in nearby Broomfield that makes packaging and aerospace products.