ejaasaari/simplewiki-2025-04-01 huggingface dataset:
Lithography (from Greek "λίθος" - "lithos", 'stone' + "γράφω" - "graphο", 'to write') is a method for printing using a stone (lithographic limestone) or a metal (steel or aluminium) plate with a completely smooth surface. Lithography was invented in 1796 by Bavarian author Alois Senefelder as a low-cost method of publishing theatrical posters. Lithography can be used to print text or artwork onto paper or other suitable material. Introduction. Lithography used an image drawn in wax or other oily substance applied to a lithographic stone as the medium to transfer ink to the printed sheet. In modern times, the image is often made of polymer applied to a flexible aluminium plate. The flat surface of the plate or stone is slightly roughened, or etched, and divided into hydrophilic (water-loving) regions that accept a film of water and repel the greasy ink, and hydrophobic regions which repel water and accept ink. The image may be printed directly from the stone or plate (in which case it is reversed from the original image) or may be offset by transfer to a flexible sheet, usually rubber, for transfer to the printed article. This process is different from gravure or intaglio printing where a plate is engraved, etched or stippled to make cavities to contain the printing ink, and in woodblock printing and letterpress where ink is applied to the raised surfaces of letters or images. In the early days of lithography, a smooth piece of limestone was used (hence the name "lithography"—"lithos" (λιθος) is the ancient Greek word for stone). After the oil-based image was put on the surface, a solution of gum arabic in water was applied, the gum sticking only to the non-oily surface. During printing, water adhered to the gum arabic surfaces and avoided the oily parts, while the oily ink used for printing did the opposite. Chromolithography. Chromolithography (colour lithography) was invented by Engelmann and son, who were granted a patent in
Lucius Cornelius Sulla (c. 138 BC – 78 BC), usually called Sulla, was a Roman general and statesman. He was a "praetor" (a commander of an army) in 97 BC, and held the office of Consul twice. He was the only man in history to have attacked and kept both Athens and Rome. Sulla unconstitutionally marched his armies into Rome and defeated his enemy Gaius Marius in battle. After his second march on Rome, he revived the office of dictator. Sulla was made Dictator in 81 or 82 BC. He had the Senate draw up a list of those he considered "enemies of the state" and published the list in the Roman Forum. Plutarch states in his "Life of Sulla" (XXXI): "Sulla now began to make blood flow, and he filled the city with deaths without number or limit". This was remembered when Caesar became Dictator.
Norman Steven Maciver (born September 1, 1964 in Thunder Bay, Ontario) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey defenceman who played in the National Hockey League as a member of the New York Rangers, Hartford Whalers, Edmonton Oilers, Ottawa Senators, Pittsburgh Penguins, and the Winnipeg Jets/Phoenix Coyotes franchise. Career. MacIver was never drafted by an NHL franchise and instead took the university route in order to reach the NHL. The defenceman played four seasons with the University of Minnesota Duluth and in 1985-86 was a finalist for the Hobey Baker Award, awarded to the NCAA's top player. While playing at the University of Minnesota, MacIver earned a communications degree and signed as a free agent with the NHL's New York Rangers upon graduation. He played 500 regular season games in the NHL, scoring 55 goals and 230 assists for 285 points and collecting 350 penalty minutes. A career highlight came during the Ottawa Senators' debut season of 1992-93, when Maciver led the team in scoring with 17 goals and 46 assists for 63 points in 80 games. In the spring of 1996, he scored the final goal in Winnipeg Jets' history prior to the team's relocation to Phoenix in the sixth game of a first round playoff series against the Detroit Red Wings. After retirement he became an assistant coach for the American Hockey League's Springfield Falcons from 2000 to 2003, and then the NHL's Boston Bruins from 2003 to 2006. Maciver is currently an amateur scout with the NHL's Chicago Blackhawks.
Shortening is a semisolid fat used in baking. It makes foods crumbly. Shortening doesn't smoke as easily as butter or oil, and it is 100% fat. Butter is 80% fat. It works by stopping long gluten polymers from forming in the food. It does not need to be refrigerated. It also is cheaper than butter. It can make foods last longer.  Shortening is mostly made from hydrogenated oils, which have trans fats in them. Trans fats can cause heart attacks. People making shortening try to take out the trans fats.
A semi-solid is a state of matter. It is a substance that is in between a solid and a liquid. Another name for a semi-solid is a quasi-solid.  Mayonnaise is an example of a semi-solid. Mayonnaise does not hold its shape like a solid but does not flow like a liquid. Gel or cream are terms often used of a semi-solid.  Normally semi-solids are covalent in their chemistry. Covalent substances get softer and softer until they melt. Ionic substances melt at one temperature and do not get softer.  Butter is a semi-solid when it is warm. Butter does not hold its shape but it does not flow like a liquid. Paint is also a semisolid, since it is highly viscous. The shape of curd is semi-solid, and is different from milk, which is liquid.
Hydrogenation is the process of adding hydrogen to organic compounds. It is done to alkenes.  Vegetable oils have alkenes in them. Alkenes are liquid and spoil easily. People making shortening add hydrogen to the alkene, turning it into an alkane. The alkanes are more solid and stable. A catalyst is used to react the hydrogen with the oil. This makes trans fats, though. Margarine is an example of a hydrogenated spread. Other things can be hydrogenated, too. Hot nitrogen is reacted with hydrogen under high pressure with a catalyst, usually nickel to make ammonia gas.
A quiche (Pronounced: "keesh") is a type of pie. It is savory. It normally has a pie crust. The filling is made of eggs. Meat and/or vegetables and cheese are sometimes also in the filling. The name is French.
The Higgs field is a field of energy that is thought to exist in every region of the universe. The field is accompanied by a fundamental particle known as the Higgs boson, which is used by the field to continuously interact with other particles, such as the electron. Particles that interact with the field are "given" mass and, in a similar fashion to an object passing through mud, will become slower as they pass through it. The result of a particle "gaining" mass from the field is the prevention of its ability to travel at the speed of light. Mass itself is not generated by the Higgs field; the act of creating matter or energy from nothing would violate the laws of conservation. Mass is, however, gained by particles via their Higgs field interactions with the Higgs boson. Higgs bosons contain the relative mass in the form of energy and once the field has endowed a formerly massless particle, the particle in question will slow down as it has now become "heavy".  If the Higgs field did not exist, particles would not have the mass required to attract one another, and would float around freely at light speed.  Giving mass to an object is referred to as the Higgs effect. This effect adds mass to any particle that interacts with the field. The Higgs effect. The Higgs effect was first theorized in 1964 by writers of the . In 1964, three teams wrote scientific papers which proposed related but different approaches to explain how mass could arise in local . In 2017 the Higgs boson, and implicitly the Higgs effect, were tentatively proven at the Large Hadron Collider (and the Higgs boson was discovered on July 4, 2012). The effect was seen as finding a missing piece of the Standard Model. According to (the theory underlying the Standard Model), all force-carrying particles should be massless. However, the force-particles that mediate the weak force have mass. This is due to the Higgs effect, which breaks the SU(2) symmetry; (SU stands for special unitary, a type of matrix, and 2 refers to the size of the matrices involved
Lance Hoyt (born February 28, 1977) is an American professional wrestler. Hoyt is currently signed to All Elite Wrestling (AEW) and wrestles under the ring name, Lance Archer. He also makes appearances for New Japan Pro-Wrestling (NJPW). Career. Hoyt is known for his time with Total Nonstop Action Wrestling where he worked from 2004–2009 under his real name and under the ring name Dallas. He won the NWA World Tag Team Chamionship twice with Kid Kash. In 2009, he joined World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) and began wrestling for Florida Championship Wrestling under the ring name Vance Archer. He also competed on their main roster brands ECW and SmackDown. Archer was released by WWE on November 19, 2010. In 2011, he moved to Japan where he became part of New Japan Pro Wrestling as Lance Archer. On February 26, 2020, Archer signed a multi-year contract with All Elite Wrestling (AEW). On the April 1 episode of "Dynamite", Archer made his AEW in-ring debut, defeating Marko Stunt. He was managed to the ring by Jake "The Snake" Roberts.
The Equal Rights Amendment is a proposed amendment to the US Constitution in the 1970s and 1980s to give men and women full equality under the law. Alice Paul first wrote the ERA, which was introduced in 1923 to Congress for the first time. It passed both houses of Congress in 1972 after protesting by the the National Organization for Women outside the Senate. Some people opposed it because women were already becoming equal in most areas and feared that women would be drafted during the Vietnam War. The 35 states ratified it were too few for the amendment to pass (38 were needed). Most of the states that did not ratify it were in the South, which is the most conservative and religious part of the country. Twenty-one states have a version of the ERA in their state constitutions. Sixteen of those states ratified the federal ERA. The ERA was introduced into Congress each year from 1923 to 1972. It has been reintroduced in every session of Congress since 1982. In 2011, it was introduced in the House of Representatives by 159 cosponsors and in hte Seante several senators. Text. The following is the entire text of the Equal Rights Amendment: Section 1. Equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex. Section 2. The Congress shall have the power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article. Section 3. This amendment shall take effect two years after the date of ratification.
Tianhe-I is a supercomputer made and operated in the People's Republic of China and has been active since October 29, 2009. In 2010, it was the second fastest supercomputer in the world, replacing the Jaguar supercomputer. It has 98,304 GB of memory and has 2.507 petaflops at its peak. It uses a Linux operating system. It is being used for finding energy sources and doing simulations of aircraft right now. Upgrade. It used to have 5,010 CPUs and 2,560 GPUs and was ranked the fifth-fastest supercomputer. After the upgrade, it now has 14,336 CPUs and 7,168 GPUs, making it the fastest.
The Austrian State Treaty was a treaty that made Austria an independent country again after World War II. It was signed on May 15, 1955 at Vienna between the Allied powers from World War II and the Austrian government. It prohibited union with Germany. It also prohibited Nazi and fascist government. Austria also said that they would always be neutral in any wars with Declaration of Neutrality on 26 October 1955.
Arabidopsis thaliana is a small flowering plant native to Europe, Asia, and northwestern Africa. It is widely used as a model organism in plant genetics. Arabidopsis is a member of the mustard ("Brassicaceae") family, which includes cultivated species such as cabbage and radish.  It was the first plant genome to be sequenced, completed in 2000 by the Arabidopsis Genome Initiative. The most up-to-date version of the "Arabidopsis thaliana" genome is maintained by The Arabidopsis Information Resource (TAIR).  Much work has been done to find out what its 27,000 genes and 35,000 proteins do. "Arabidopsis" is a popular tool for understanding the molecular biology of many plant traits, including flower development and light sensing.
Dracovenator was a meat-eating dinosaur that lived in southern Africa during the Early Jurassic period. That was about 185 million years ago. It is a relative of "Dilophosaurus". It might have had a pair of crests, just like "Sinosaurus" and various other species. Its name means "Dragon hunter". It was given this name because dinosaurs are similar to the dragons of mythology, and it was a carnivore, so this species were probably a hunter of both small and large animals.  "Dracovenator" was a large carnivorous dinosaur, about 23 feet long. It is the first large meat-eating dinosaur from the Early Jurassic of Africa to be discovered. "Dracovenator" was described first as an African species and named in 2006, based on a hand claw, an upper jaw with teeth, back bones, hip bones, ribs, and foot bones. There is one genus of this dinosaur, "Dracovenator regenti". This species was discovered in the Elliot Formation in South Africa.
The genus Amanita contains a species of basidiomycete mushrooms, including some of the most toxic known. It is found worldwide. This genus is responsible for approximately 95% of the fatalities resulting from mushroom poisoning, with the death cap accounting for about 50% on its own. The most potent toxin present in these mushrooms is amanitin, of which at least eight versions are known. Notable species. Fly agaric. Amanita muscaria, commonly known as the "fly agaric", is a psychoactive fungus. It is known as the fly agaric for its ability to kill houseflies when combined with milk. The reason for this is that flies are attracted to the milk because it is so sweet. When they drink the milk they feel the effects of the mushroom and begin to get intoxicated. Death cap. Amanita phalloides, commonly known as the "death cap", is a deadly poisonous fungus, one of many in the genus "Amanita". Widely distributed across Europe, "A. phalloides" forms ectomycorrhizas with various broadleaved trees. In some cases, death cap has been accidentally introduced to new regions with the cultivation of non-native species of oak, chestnut, and pine. The large fruiting bodies (mushrooms) appear in summer and autumn; the caps are generally greenish in color, with a white stipe (stem) and gills (underneath the cap). One mushroom, if eaten, may destroy the liver and cause death. There is no antidote.p211 Toxins. Their major toxic mechanism is the inhibition of RNA polymerase II, a vital enzyme in the synthesis of messenger RNA (mRNA), microRNA (miRNA), and small nuclear RNA (snRNA). Without mRNA, essential protein synthesis, and hence cell metabolism, grind to a halt and the cell dies. The liver is the organ most affected, because it is the organ which is first encountered after absorption in the gastrointestinal tract. Other organs, especially the kidneys, are susceptible.p217 The RNA polymerase of "Amanita phalloides" is insensitive to the effects of amatoxins, so the mushroom does not poison itself.
Gurjar or Gujjar (also translitterated as Gurjara, Gujar, Gujjara and Gujjer) are a peasant, pastoral and agricultural ethnic community, residing mainly in India, Pakistan, Nepal, and Afghanistan, divided internally into around 1788 to 2000 clan groups. They are an agricultural and pastoral group of Jammu and Kashmir, Northwestern India, northern and central Pakistan, Azad Kashmir and northeastern Afghanistan.  The Gujari language is closely related to Rajasthani and Marwari. As per historical accounts parts of Rajasthan and Gujarat were known as "Gurjarah-bhumi" or "Gurjaratra" prior to Mughal period in India. The Pratihara dynasty acted as a barrier to invasions from Muslim Arabs for around 300 centuries.  However, in later times, circa the 14th century AD onwards, they were reduced to small principalities due to successful invasions and conquests by Muslim powers in northern and western India. During the 15th-16th century, there were Gurjars in the areas of Meerut and Dadri. The Gurjars in Pakistan and Afghanistan are Muslim. After this time, with struggles against the rising Mughal power and later British India the Gurjars gradually fell into a decline. They became poor nomads and started living in jungles and forests. With Muslim rule in North India, the Hindu Gurjars of the area surrounding Delhi had to live in jungles in order to save their Hindu faith and to survive. Geographical Distribution. Today, Hindu Gurjars are found in the Indian states of Rajasthan, Haryana, Western Uttar Pradesh and to a smaller extent Punjab. Muslim Gurjars are found in the Indian states of Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir and in the Pakistani provinces of Punjab, Azad Kashmir, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and in the Afghanistan province of Nuristan.
Dr. Yevgeny Sergeivich Botkin (27 March 1865 – 17 July 1918), also known as Dr. Eugene Botkin, was the court physician for Tsar Nicholas II and Tsarina Alexandra. While he was in exile with the family, he often helped treat Tsarevich Alexei Nikolaevich of Russia. Botkin went into exile with the Romanovs after the Russian Revolution of 1917. He was murdered with the family at Ekaterinburg on 17 July 1918. Like them, he was canonized as a martyr by the Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia in 1981. His wife Olga and he divorced after she had an affair with the children's German teacher. Shortly before he died, he wrote a letter in which he said that he "unhesitatingly orphaned my own children in order to carry out my physician's duty to the end, as Abraham did not hesitate at God's demand to sacrifice his only son."
Jack Patrick Dorsey (born November 19, 1976) is an American software developer and business person, widely known as the creator of social networking service Twitter. He is also the founder and CEO of Square, a mobile payments company. In 2008, he was named as one of the top 35 innovators in the world under the age of 35. He worked as a model. Early life. Dorsey was born Jack Patrick Dorsey in St. Louis, Missouri, the son of Tim and Marcia (née Smith) Dorsey. He is of English, Irish, and Italian descent. His father worked for a company that developed mass spectrometers and his mother was a homemaker. He was raised Catholic, and his uncle is a Catholic priest in Cincinnati. He attended the Catholic Bishop DuBourg High School. In his younger days, Dorsey worked occasionally as a fashion model. By age fourteen, Dorsey had become interested in dispatch routing. Some of the open-source software he created in the area of dispatch logistics is still used by taxicab companies. Dorsey attended the University of Missouri–Rolla for two-plus years (1995–97) before transferring to New York University, but he dropped out in 1999, one semester short of graduating. He came up with the idea that he developed as Twitter while studying at NYU. Career. While working on dispatching as a programmer, Dorsey moved to California. In 2000, Dorsey started his company in Oakland to dispatch couriers, taxis, and emergency services from the Web. His other projects and ideas at this time included networks of medical devices and a "frictionless service market". In July 2000, building on dispatching and inspired in part by LiveJournal and by AOL Instant Messenger, he had the idea for a Web-based realtime status/short message communication service. When he first saw implementations of instant messaging, Dorsey wondered whether the software's user status output could be shared easily among friends. He approached Odeo, which at the time happened to be interested in text messaging. Dorsey and Biz Stone decided that SMS text suited the status-message idea, and built a prototype of Twitter in about two weeks. The idea attracted many users at Odeo and investment from Evan Williams, a co-founder of that firm in 2005 who had left Google after selling Pyra Labs and Blogger.
Amy Davis Irving (born September 10, 1953) is an American actress. She is best known for her roles in the films "Crossing Delancey", "The Fury", "Carrie", and "Yentl". She is also known for acting in Broadway. Early life. Irving was born in Palo Alto, California. She was the daughter of film and stage director Jules Irving (né Jules Israel) and actress Priscilla Pointer. Irving's brother is a writer and director David Irving, and her sister Katie Irving is a singer and teacher of deaf children. Irving is of Jewish from her father's side and has a little bit of Welsh and Cherokee ancestry on her mother's. She was raised in the Christian Science faith, which means that she believed that God made the earth.
Alphonse Mucha (24 July 1860 – 14 July 1939) was a Czech Art Nouveau painter and decorative artist, best known for his distinct style and his images of women. He produced many paintings, illustrations, advertisements, and designs. Mucha moved to Paris in 1887, continued his studies, and worked at producing magazine and advertising illustrations. Around Christmas 1894, Mucha happened to drop into a print shop where there was a sudden and unexpected need for a new advertising poster for a play starring Sarah Bernhardt, the most famous actress in Paris. Mucha volunteered to produce a lithographed poster within two weeks, and on 1 January 1895, the advertisement for the play "Gismonda" by Victorien Sardou appeared on the streets of the city. It was an overnight sensation and announced the new artistic style and its creator to the citizens of Paris. Bernhardt was so satisfied with the success of this first poster that she entered into a 6-year contract with Mucha. Mucha produced a flurry of paintings, posters, advertisements, and book illustrations, as well as designs for jewellery, carpets, wallpaper, and theatre sets in what was initially called the "Mucha Style" but became known as "Art Nouveau" (French for 'new art'). Mucha's works frequently featured beautiful, strong young women in flowing vaguely Neoclassical looking robes, often surrounded by lush flowers which sometimes formed halos behind the women's heads. In contrast with contemporary poster makers he used pale pastel colours. The 1900 Paris Exhibition spread the "Mucha style" abroad, of which Mucha said "I think [the Exposition Universelle] made some contribution toward bringing aesthetic values into arts and crafts." He decorated the Bosnia and Herzegovina Pavilion and collaborated in the Austrian Pavilion. Mucha's Art Nouveau style was often imitated. The Art Nouveau style however, was one that Mucha attempted to distance himself from. He always insisted that his paintings came purely from within and from Czech art. He declared that art existed only to communicate a spiritual message, and nothing more. He was frustrated at the fame he gained through commercial art, when he most wanted to concentrate on more lofty projects that would ennoble art and his birthplace.