ejaasaari/simplewiki-2025-04-01 huggingface dataset:
Fiji Hindi or Fiji Urdu is an Indo-Aryan language which is the mother tongue of 313,000 people of Indian and Pakistani origin in Fiji. This language is very different from the standard Hindi spoken in India and the relationship between the two languages are similar to those between Dutch and Afrikaans. The language is composed of the Eastern Hindi dialects (Bhojpuri and Awadhi) with numerous English and Fijian words. It is spoken with a Pacific twang.  In recent times, due to the political upheaval in Fiji, large numbers of Fiji Indians have migrated to Australia, New Zealand, United States and Canada, taking the Fiji Hindi language with them.
Electronic money is money stored electronically, and spent by using a technical device, such as a smart card. If it is stored on a card, its use may be secured by a PIN code. In Japan, electronic money is commonly used to pay for train tickets. JR East’s prepaid train ticket (Suica) and JR West’s IC Operating card (ICOCA). Suica and ICOCA are plastic cards with a built-in IC chip. Suica was originally introduced in 2001. In addition, many types of electronic money are used in other train stations in Japan. For example, Kitaca is electronic money in the Hokkaido area, Sugoca is used in the Kyusyu area, etc. Most electronic money is also used to pay for goods at convenience stores in Japan. In 2004, launched a mobile phone that uses smart card chip to realize electronic money capability. Many people have used these kinds of electronic money cards in Japan. Note: electronic money is always backed by real money. For this reason, cryptocurrencies cannot be used as electronic money. In the European Union, authorized and regulated electronic money institutions can issue e-money which serves as a "digital alternative to cash". The issuing e-money is governed by the Directive 2009/110/EC "on the taking up, pursuit and prudential supervision of the business of electronic money institutions". The Directive also describes e-money as a "technically neutral ... electronic surrogate for coins and banknotes".  In June of 2019, the Icelandic company Monerium become the first company authorized to issue e-money tokens on blockchains.
was a Japanese industrial designer. is one of the most famous product designers in Japan. He played a role in Japanese modern design developed from after World War 2 to the high-growth period in the Japanese economy. He is both a representative of the wholly Japanese modern designer and a full-blown modernist who merged simplicity and practicality with elements of traditional Japanese crafts. Early life. He was born in 1915 in Tokyo, Japan, as the son of Soetsu Yanagi, who founded the "mingei" movement which celebrated Japanese folk crafts and the beauty of everyday objects. Soetsu helped establish the Nihon Mingeikon, the Folk Crafts Museum of Japan. Sori entered Tokyo Art School in 1934, where he studied both art and architecture. He was influenced by Le Corbusier as well as by Charlotte Perriand when she worked in Japan in the early 1940s. So, his interests moved from painting to buildings to design and objects. Designs. After World War II, he designed many products: furniture, three-wheeled vehicles, Olympic cauldrons, pedestrian overpasses, etc. One of the most famous pieces of furniture is his Butterfly Stool. Announced in 1956, its' 2-piece form has been compared to a butterfly's open wings. Alternately, the shape can be seen as the gateway of a Shinto shrine or even an antique samurai helmet. In effect, it is a form that is both modern and timeless, that has won critical acclaim and prizes, and is included in major collections such as the Museum of Modern Art New York and the Ruble Museum. Most of Yanagi's designs are very simple and beautiful. His products illustrate his thinking: true beauty is not made, it is born naturally. When he created a new product, he made the first versions over and over by hand, seeking new forms that took shape from both new and old ideas.. Sori Yanagi died at the age of 96 in 2011 .
The yukata is a kind of kimono. "Yukata" are very casual kimono, and are worn in the summer. Normal kimono can be difficult to wear because they have many different parts. These can include a long, stiff obi (belt), a kimono worn underneath the outer kimono, called a "juban", and padding to make the shape of the kimono nicer. Many Japanese people cannot put normal kimono on by themselves, as they are so different to everyday clothing. However, "yukata" are a type of kimono that is easy to wear. They are made of cotton, and do not have to be worn with a "juban". They are worn with thin, short obi, called "hanhaba" obi, which are easy to tie without someone else's help. "Yukata" are worn in the summer, and are very popular to wear to festivals. They are cheap, keep the body cool, and are easy to wash and dry, unlike regular silk kimono.  "Yukata" used to be decorated only with designs in blue and white colours. However, many modern "yukata" have bright and colourful designs, making them fun and fashionable to wear. Many young women wear "yukata" and "geta" (Japanese clogs) at summer festivals, fireworks displays, and "Bon" festival dances. Recently, "yukata" have been adopted as summer uniforms in some of the restaurants and theme parks in Japan. The sumo wrestler wears a "yukata" in his daily life, every single day. In addition, a type of "yukata" called "nemaki" are used as night clothes for guests at many Japanese hotels and inns. Unlike "yukata", and regular kimono, "nemaki" are not made differently for men and women.
Tonkatsu (, or ) is a Japanese dish of fried pork meat.  Either pork fillet or pork loin, is sliced. It is then coated in flour, dipped into beaten eggs, and rolled in breadcrumbs. It is then fried in hot oil. People often use a Japanese Worcester sauce, but some use a vinegar-soy-sauce called ponzu when they eat it. "Tonkatsu" originated as a cutlet, but it is also used as a sandwich filling or in combination with curry.  "Tonkatsu" originated in Japan in the 19th century. Now it is known as a Japanese food by most of the world. It is usually prepared for special occasions, for example a wedding. It is usually served with a type of alcoholic drink.
The Iroquois (), also known as the Haudenosaunee or the "People of the Longhouse", are a group of tribes of indigenous people of North America. After the people who spoke Iroquoian came together as different tribes, which were mostly in what is now central and upstate New York, in the 16th century or earlier they came together in an group known today as the Iroquois League, or the "League of Peace and Power". The first Iroquois League was often known as the Five Nations, as it was made up of the Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga and Seneca. After the Tuscarora nation joined the League in 1722, the Iroquois became known as the Six Nations. To this day, fifty "sachems" who represent different clans of the Iroquois meet at the Grand Council near Syracuse, New York. When Europeans first arrived in North America, the Iroquois lived in what is now the northeastern United States, mostly in what is today upstate New York, west of the Hudson River and through the Finger Lakes region. Today, the Iroquois live mostly in New York and Canada. The Iroquois League has also been called the Iroquois Confederacy. Some modern scholars now think the League and the Confederacy are different. According to this belief, the term "Iroquois League" stands for the ceremonies and culture found in the Grand Council, while the term "Iroquois Confederacy" stands for what was the spread out political and diplomatic group that was made after Europeans began colonizing America. The League still exists. The Confederacy broke up after the defeat of the British and allied Iroquois nations in the American Revolutionary War. Name. The Iroquois call themselves the "Haudenosaunee", which means "People of the Longhouse," or more accurately, "They Are Building a Long House." They believe that the Great Peacemaker came up with the name when the League was formed. It means that the nations of the League should live together as families in the same long
The Banach–Tarski paradox is a theorem in mathematics that says that any solid shape can be reassembled into any other solid shape. It was made by mathematicians Stefan Banach and Alfred Tarski. For example, a sphere can be split up into a limited number of parts which can then be put back together again to make two identical copies of the original sphere. The Banach–Tarski paradox can also be used to turn a small sphere into a huge sphere. It is important when thinking about this to realize that the parts that the solid shape is being split into are not solid shapes themselves; they are infinite sets of points spread around the solid shape. For the Banach–Tarski paradox to work, you need to use the axiom of choice. This is called a paradox because no stretching or bending of the parts takes place and no new material is added, yet by the end the volume can be doubled. This goes against our geometric intuition. However, it is mathematically possible and it turns out that in this case our intuition is not correct.
Annette Bening (born May 29, 1958) is an American movie actress. She was born in Topeka, Kansas. She has been nominated four times for an Academy Award. Achievements. Bening is a four-time Oscar nominee for her roles in "The Grifters", "American Beauty", "Being Julia", and "The Kids Are All Right", winning Golden Globe Awards for the latter two films. She won a BAFTA and a SAG award for her performance in "American Beauty". In 1995, Bening appeared in "The American President", playing Sydney Wade, a PR (public relations) consultant who dates the President, played by Michael Douglas. Personal life. From 1984 to 1991, Annette was married to J. Steven White. On March 3, 1992, she married Warren Beatty. They have four children.
The Nissan Cube is a mini MPV that was built by the Nissan. The first Cube arrived in 1998. It entered its second generation in 2002. The third generation launched in 2008 and ended production without a replacement in December 2019. The assembly for the Nissan Cube was in Oppama, Japan. They were sold in Japan and North America, and additionally Europe for one year in 2010.
The Nissan Juke is a Mini SUV that is built by the Nissan. The Juke has had 2 generations during its time. The assembly for the Nissan Juke is in Oppama, Japan and Sunderland, United Kingdom. The Juke made its debut at the 2010 Geneva Motor Show in March, and made its North America debut at the 2010 New York International Auto Show. It entered its second generation in late 2019.
Jacques Lucien Monod (9 February 1910 in Paris - 31 May 1976 in Paris) was a French biologist. He won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1965 for his discoveries about the genetic control of enzyme and virus synthesis which he shared with François Jacob and Andre Lwoff. Monod's best-known work explains how llife is the product of a combination of chance and necessity. It has been described as a "manifesto of materialist biology in the most reductivist sense", because Monod says that systems in nature can be explained without introducing any end-goal or purpose. He then argues that certain beliefs and ethics followed from his outlook on biology: atheism, rationalism, anti-Marxism. During World War II he was a member of the French Resistance.
Jack William Szostak (London, November 9, 1952) is an Anglo-American biologist who was raised in Canada. Szostak is Professor of Genetics at Harvard Medical School. He shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2009 for the discovery of how chromosomes are protected by telomeres. His co-winners were Elizabeth Blackburn and Carol Greider. Szostak is also credited with the construction of the world's first yeast artificial chromosome. His lab has moved on to working on RNA. "By the year 2000, I started to pay more attention to fundamental questions related to the origin of life" (RNA world hypothesis). "Here the big question is whether RNA was in fact the first genetic polymer, or whether RNA was preceded by some simpler, easier to make or more robust genetic material". Recent work suggests that the RNA hypothessis is still alive.
The hoopoe ("Upupa epops"), is a colourful bird that is found across Afro-Eurasia, notable for its distinctive 'crown' of feathers. It is the only living species in the family Upupidae. One insular species, the giant hoopoe of Saint Helena, is recently extinct, and the Madagascar subspecies of the hoopoe is sometimes elevated to a full species. The English name is derived from Latin "upupa", which imitates the "hoop-oop-oop" call of the bird. Taxonomy. The hoopoe is classified in the Coraciiformes clade, a group that also includes kingfishers, bee-eaters, rollers, and woodhoopoes (forming a clade with this one according to Hackett "et al." (2008)). A close relationship between the hoopoe and the woodhoopoes is also supported by the shared and unique nature of their stapes. Subspecies. Nine subspecies of hoopoe are recognised by the Kristin 2001 (in the "Handbook of the Birds of the World"). These subspecies vary mostly in size and the depth of colour in the plumage. Two more subspecies have been proposed, "U. e. minor" in South Africa and "U. e. orientalis" in north western India.
Harald zur Hausen (11 March 1936 – 28 May 2023) was a German virologist and professor. He won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2008 for his discoveries on the role of papilloma viruses which he shared with Luc Montagnier and Françoise Barré-Sinoussi. He was born in Gelsenkirchen. Zur Hausen died on 28 May 2023 in Heidelberg, Germany, at the age of 87. He was elected a member of the Academia Europaea in 1990.
Reproductive isolation refers to the situation where different species may live in the same area, but properties of individuals prevent them from interbreeding.  The things which stop species or groups of organisms reproducing sexually are called isolating mechanisms. Members of one species do not, in general, mate with members of another species, though there are many exceptions and variations to this. And, if such mating does take place, the offspring may not develop, or may not be fertile.  If species arise by the splitting of ancestral species, it might be asked what stops the new species continuing to reproduce together. If they did, they would again become one species. Isolating mechanisms. A list as drawn up of isolating mechanisms:  Pre-mating mechanisms. Factors which cause individuals to mate with their own species.  Post-mating isolating mechanisms. Incompatibility of the two genomes stops normal development in the hybrid. There is still much debate as to whether the Dobzhansky/Mayr account is satisfactory. Modern researchers tends to avoid the general term 'isolating mechanisms' in favour of the more specific terms 'mate choice', 'hybrid incompatibility' and other forms of 'reproductive isolation'.
Alicedes Escobar (born December 16, 1986 in La Sabana, Venezuela) is a Venezuelan baseball player. He currently plays as an infielder for the Kansas City Royals of Major League Baseball (MLB). Escobar formerly played for the Milwaukee Brewers from 2008-2010 before being traded along with Lorenzo Cain, Jeremy Jeffress, Jake Odorizzi for Zack Greinke and Yuniesky Betancourt.
is a Japanese professional athlete. He is best known as a baseball player in Japan and in the American Major Leagues. Career. In the US, Fukudome is currently part of the New York Yankees team. He has played for the Chicago Cubs, the Cleveland Indians and Chicago White Sox. In Japan, Fukudome formerly played for the Chunichi Dragons of the Central League from 1998 to 2007. Fukudome was a member of the Japanese national baseball team which won a silver medal in the 1996 Summer Olympics, a bronze medal in the 2004 Summer Olympics.
Luis Ignacio Urive Alvirde (born December 22, 1982) is a Mexican Luchador enmascarado, a masked Professional wrestler. He currently works for Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre (CMLL) where he competes under the ring name Místico. He was the biggest técnico (face) and the biggest box office draw in all of Mexico. Urive also worked for the WWE where he competed under the ring name Sin Cara (Spanish for "Without Face" or "Faceless"). During his time in the WWE, Urive had a hard time getting used to the WWE style of wrestling and would get injured a lot. He was released from his WWE contract on March 27, 2014 (after which, his ring name was given to his storyline rival Hunico). After his release, he continued to use the Sin Cara name in Mexican independent promotions before adopting the ring name Myzteziz after signing with Asistencia Asesoría y Administración (AAA) in February 2014. In 2015 he returned to CMLL under the name Carístico. He uses the name and mask of Místico again since August 2021. In 2007, Pro Wrestling Illustrated ranked Místico #3 of the PWI 500.
The Sandwich Islands is Captain James Cook's name for the Hawaiian Islands in 1778. He chose the name of his patron, the 4th Earl of Sandwich. The name Hawaii is the Polynesian name of the islands. The first known inhabitants of Hawaii were from Polynesia in the first 1,000 years AD.
Jessica Tandy (June 7, 1909 – September 11, 1994) was an English-American actress. She was born in Hackney, London. She starred in many movies during her career, including "Cocoon" (1985), "Driving Miss Daisy" (1989), and "Fried Green Tomatoes" (1991). She won the Academy Award for Best Actress for her role in "Driving Miss Daisy". Tandy died of ovarian cancer in Easton, Connecticut.
The Council of Ministers of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) (), (sometimes shortened to "Sovmin" or "Soviet of Ministers") was legally the Soviet government. It was the highest executive and administrative body of the Soviet Union.  The council could issue declarations and instructions based the laws of the USSR, and all territories and republics within the Union had to follow them. However, the most important state issues were made by joint declarations with the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU), which was "de facto" more powerful than the Council of Ministers. It was replaced in 1991 by the Cabinet of Ministers of the USSR, which was dissolved only months later when the Soviet Union ceased to exist.
Stockard Channing (born Susan Williams Antonia Stockard; February 13, 1944) is an American actress. She played Rizzo in "Grease" and First Lady Abbey Bartlet in the show "The West Wing" on NBC. She has also starred in many movies during her acting career. Channing was born February 13, 1944. Channing won multiple Emmy Awards, a Tony Award and a Drama Desk Award.
The constellation Volans is a group of stars in the southern sky. It is in the shape of a flying fish. The name Volans is a shortened from of its original, Piscis Volans. Volans was one of twelve constellations created by Petrus Plancius. He made these constellations from observations by Pieter Dirkszoon Keyser and Frederick de Houtman. Volans first appeared on a 35-cm diameter celestial globe published in 1597 (or 1598) in Amsterdam by Plancius with Jodocus Hondius. The first image of this constellation in a celestial atlas was in Johann Bayer's "Uranometria" of 1603. Stars and deep sky objects. There are two double stars in the constellation which can be observed using a small telescope, Gamma Volantis and Epsilon Volantis. There are also two galaxies that may be more difficult to see clearly, NGC 2442 and NGC 2434. The magnitudes of the Gamma Volantis stars are fourth and sixth, and of Epsilon Volantis fourth and eighth.
Georgy Maximilianovich Malenkov ( trans : Georgiy Maksimilianovich Malenkov) (8 January 1902 – 14 January 1988) was a Soviet politician who was the third leader of the Soviet Union and the fifth premier of the Soviet Union from 1953 to 1955. However, just over a week later, he was forced to give up most of his power, but then remained the leader and premier of the country. He subsequently went on a power struggle with the party's First Secretary Nikita Khrushchev. Malenkov was eventually removed from his posts in 1955. He was involved in World War II when Nazi Germany lead by Adolf Hitler carried out the Nazi Invasion of Russia. Malenkov was also involved in the Korean War just 5 years after World War II when Hitler and Mussolini both died in April 1945 and after Hirohito surrendered Japan in August 1945. Malenkov formed a team with Nikolai Bulganin, Vyacheslav Molotov, and Lazar Kaganovich, and together they tried to throw Khrushchev out of power. He eventually won the battle for power, and in 1957 Malenkov was forced to leave his position in the Party Politburo. In 1961, he was kicked out of the Party and forced to move to Kazakhstan. Along with Khrushchev, Malenkov was one of a few important members of Stalin's group of partners (called the "inner circle") who died a natural death, and was not executed. Together with Lavrentiy Beria and Khrushchev, Malenkov began the process of de-Stalinisation, the process began as soon as Stalin died in 1953 and ended in 1961. Career. On 23 December 1953, just months after Joseph Stalin died on 5 March 1953, Malenkov along with Nikita Khrushchev and Georgy Zhukov and other soviet officials executed Lavrentiy Beria in late 1953 who was the NKVD chief from 1938-1946 and the M
Lavrenty Pavlovich Beria (, Russian: Лаврентий Павлович Берия, born 9 March 1899: Merkheuli, Russian Empire (Georgia or Abkhazia) - 23 December 1953: Moscow, Soviet Union). He was a Georgian-Bolshevik, Soviet politician. Beria was born to a poor family in Georgia and joined the Bolsheviks of Vladimir Lenin in 1917, when he was 18 years old.  Beria was leader of the the NKVD, the Soviet secret police from 1938 to1945 and of the MVD from 1946 to 1953. In 1953, after Joseph Stalin's death, Nikita Khrushchev plotted to have Beria executed. Early life and career. Beria joined the Bolsheviks in 1917, during the Russian Revolution and the Russian Civil War. In 1938, he and Nikolai Yezhov executed the head of the NKVD, Genrikh Yagoda, and Alexey Rykov, a Leninist, during the Great Purge (1936-1938).  Soviet politician. After Vladimir Lenin died in 1924 at age 53, Stalin replaced him, and Beria joined the NKVD, which was led by Felix Dzerzhinsky (1877–1926) and then by Vyacheslav Menzhinsky (1874–1934). On 1 December 1934, Sergei Kirov was killed probably by the NKVD, and the Great Purge followed from 1936 to 1938. In 1939, during the start of World War II, the NKVD was involved in the invasion of Poland. In 1940, Stalin and Beria executed Yezhov and had Ramón Mercader from Spain kill Leo Trotsky in Mexico.  A Soviet politician, Beria was the de facto Marshal of the Soviet Union; a state security administrator; and the chief of the Soviet security and secret police apparatus, the NKVD, under Stalin during World War II against Nazi Germany from 1941 to 1945.
The National Fascist Party (Partito Nazionale Fascista or PNF) was the ruling party of the Kingdom of Italy from 1922 to 1943. It was a far-right party and followed the ideology of fascism. Benito Mussolini founded the party in 1919 and served as its chairman (Italian:"Presidente del Partito Nazionale Fascista") from 1919 to 1943. The party came to power after Mussolini led thousands of Blackshirts on a march in Rome and forced King Victor Emmanuel III to appoint him as Prime Minister. Mussolini then banned all other political parties and established a one-party police state, which lasted until he was thrown out of power by his own citizens and ordered to be arrested by the King in 1943. After Mussolini's arrest, the National Fascist Party was destroyed. Later parties. Republican Fascist Party. However, Mussolini was rescued from prison by German soldiers sent by Adolf Hitler in 1943, and was made the head of state (this time a member of the newly created Republican Fascist Party) of the Italian Social Republic, a puppet state whose real laws were made by the Nazis. Mussolini was killed by Italian citizens in 1945 and the Republican Fascist Party was dissolved and banned after World War 2 ended in 1945 .