ejaasaari/simplewiki-2025-04-01 huggingface dataset:
Sociocultural theory was created by Lev Vygotsky as a response to behaviorism. The main idea of the theory is that the ways people interact with others and the culture they live in shape their mental abilitys.  Vygotsky believed that parents, relatives, peers and society are all important. Sociocultural theory, as stated by Cole, John-Steiner, Scribner, and Souberman, is the belief that "every function in the child's cultural development appears twice: first, on the social level, and later, on the individual level." This means that the skills children learn first are related to interactions with others and they then take that information and use it within themselves. Overview. Lev Vygotsky. Lev Vygotsky was born in 1896 in Russia. He graduated from Moscow University in 1917 and started his career as a psychologist during the Russian Revolution. He taught literature and psychology for seven years. Vygotsky went against the leading scientists of his time by suggesting that scientific psychology should not ignore the role of consciousness. Most scientists at the time disagreed with his ideas. He got a job at the Institute of Psychology in Moscow. There he worked on his new ideas of psychology. On June 11, 1934, Vygotsky died from an illness. Although his work did get some attention during his lifetime, it was not until the 1960s when Joseph Stalin died and politics did not have a large role in academics, that his views were widely known in Russia. Vygotsky's ideas did not gain fame in the United States until around twenty years later. Theory. The main desire of Vygotsky was to design a new way to look at and come up with a solution to educational and social problems of the time. He believed other factors, besides biological instincts, caused humans to act the way they do.  He was the first modern psychologist to suggest a way in which culture plays a part in each person's nature. Vygotsky believed the inclusion of sign systems from a child's culture changes behavior and connects early and later forms of individual development.  Vygotsky was a strong supporter of the
Mahendra Singh Dhoni, commonly known as MS Dhoni and Mahi, is an Indian cricketer player and was a former captain of the Indian cricket team. Dhoni is a right-handed batsman. The Indian cricket team won the 2011 Cricket World Cup under his captainship. Some of his Test cricket and One Day International records are the best of all Indian captains to date. He took over the ODI captaincy from Rahul Dravid in 2007 and led the team to its first ever inter-country ODI series wins in Sri Lanka and New Zealand. Dhoni also holds the post of Vice-President of India Cements Ltd. after resigning from Air India. India Cements is the owner of the Indian Premier League team Chennai Super Kings, and Dhoni has been its captain since the first edition of IPL in 2008. Playing style. MS Dhoni was a right-handed batsman and also played the role of a wicket-keeper. He mostly played shots in the go's, that is, shifting his body weight on the right leg. He has his own famous cricket shot, called the "Helicopter shot". Awards. Dhoni was given many awards, such as the ICC ODI Player of the Year award in 2008 and 2009 (the first Indian player to achieve this), the Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna award in 2007 and the Padma Shri, India's fourth-highest civilian honour, in 2009. In 2018, he received Padma Bhushan, India's third-highest civilian award.  Personal life. He married Sakshi Singh Rawat on 4 July 2010. On 6 February 2015, the couple gave birth to a daughter named Ziva Dhoni. He retired from international cricket in 2020. Dhoni likes to drive different vehicles, he has many kind of bikes and cars in his collection.
James Grover Thurber (December 8, 1894 – November 2, 1961) was an American author, journalist, and cartoonist. Thurber was best known for his cartoons and short stories. He published his stories mainly in The New Yorker magazine. One of the most popular humorists of his time, Thurber celebrated the comic frustrations and eccentricities of ordinary people. Thurber died on November 2, 1961 from complications from pneumonia and a stroke, aged 66. His last words, aside from the repeated word "God," were "God bless... God damn," according to his wife.
Jeffrey Glenn "Jeff" Bennett (born October 2, 1962) is an American voice actor and singer. He has voiced over 100 television characters and has appeared in over 200 television shows. He was in "Dexter's Laboratory", "Johnny Bravo", "Scooby Doo!", "Adventure Time", "Regular Show", and had a role in "". And he was also playing the live-action role of Gordy in "Ned's Declassified School Survival Guide".
In computer science an assembler is a program that turns assembly language into machine code. An assembler is a program that takes basic computer instructions and converts them into a pattern of bits that the computer's processor can use to perform its basic operations. The written instructions are called assembler language or assembly language, and the converted version is called machine language or machine code. Most computers come with a specified set of very basic instructions that correspond to the basic machine operations that the computer can perform. For example, a "Load" instruction causes the processor to move a string of bits from a location in the processor's memory to a special holding place called a register. Assuming the processor has at least eight registers, each numbered, the following instruction would move the value (string of bits of a certain length) at memory location 3000 into the holding place called register 8:  L 8,3000 The programmer can write a program using a sequence of these assembler instructions. This sequence of assembler instructions, known as the source code or source program, is then specified to the assembler program when that program is started. The assembler program takes each program statement in the source program and generates a corresponding bit stream or pattern (a series of 0's and 1's of a given length). The output of the assembler program is called the object code or object program relative to the input source program. The sequence of 0's and 1's that constitute the object program is sometimes called machine code. The object program can then be run (or executed) whenever desired. In the earliest computers, programmers actually wrote programs in machine code, but assembler languages or instruction sets were soon developed to speed up programming. Today, assembler programming is used only where very efficient control over processor operations is needed. It requires knowledge of a particular computer's instruction set, however. Historically, most programs have been written in "higher-level" languages such as COBOL, FORTRAN, PL/I, and C. These languages are easier to learn and faster to write programs with than assembler language. The program that processes the source code written in these languages is called a compiler. Like the assembler, a compiler takes higher-level language statements and reduces them to machine code. A
Maleficent is an American live-action dark fantasy Disney movie. The film is based on "Sleeping Beauty" but changes the story to have Maleficent be a tragic character. It stars Angelina Jolie and Elle Fanning. It was released on May 30, 2014. The film has a sequel titled . Story. Maleficent is a young fairy living in the Moors, a magical forest realm bordering a human kingdom. As a child, she meets a human boy named Stefan, and they both fall in love with each other. King Henry, the ruler of the humans, tries to invade the Moors but Maleficent attacks him. Henry decides that whoever kills Maleficent will be named his successor and marry his daughter Leila.  Stefan visits Maleficent in the Moors and drugs her, but cannot bring himself to kill her. He instead cuts off her wings, presenting them to Henry as "proof" of her death. Henry believes him. Stefan marries Leila and becomes king after Henry dies. As revenge, many years later, Maleficent arrives at the christening of Stefan's baby daughter Aurora. She puts a curse on Aurora saying that she will prick her finger on the spindle of a spinning wheel and fall into a sleep forever. King Stefan orders three pixies (Knotgrass, Flittle and Thistlewit) to hide and protect Aurora in a forest cottage until her 16th birthday. Over the years, Aurora meets Maleficent several times because she travels into the Moors secretly. Maleficent regrets her curse but cannot undo it. Aurora meets Prince Phillip who is from a nearby kingdom. On the day of her 16th birthdy, the pixies tell Aurora that she is a princess and that Maleficent cursed her. Aurora runs back to Stefan's castle. The curse's power magically draws Aurora to prick her finger and fall into a sleep. Knowing that only love can save her, Maleficent tries to get Prince Phillip to kiss her but it does not work. However, Maleficent's maternal love for Aurora that developed over the years is enough to awake Aurora. King Stefan attacks Maleficent, whose wings return. Stefan tries to tackle Maleficent but she uses her wings to save herself and he falls off a tower and to his death. Aurora is named Queen of both the Moors and the Human Kingdom. She falls in love with Prince Phillip.
Milk is an American biographical-drama movie. It was released in 2008. It is based on the life of gay politician Harvey Milk. It was directed by Gus Van Sant. It stars Sean Penn, Victor Garber, Emile Hirsch, James Franco, and Josh Brolin.  The movie's score was composed by Danny Elfman. The movie was released on November 26, 2008 to very positive reviews. It was nominated for many awards including for Best Picture. Penn won the Academy Award for Best Actor for his role as Harvey.
Mulatu Teshome Wirtu (born 1957) is an Ethiopian politician and was President of Ethiopia from 2013 to 2018. Biography. Mulatu Teshome was born in 1955 or 1956, in Arjo, Ethiopia. He went to school in China at Peking University where he received a bachelor's degree in philosophy of political economy and doctorate in international law. He served as the Deputy Minister of Economic Development and Cooperation under Girma Birru, and was the Minister of Agriculture in 2001. He also served as the Speaker of the House of Federation from 2002 to 2005 and was Ethiopia's Ambassador to China, Japan, and Turkey. He was elected as President of Ethiopia by a unanimous parliamentary vote on 7 October 2013.
The Battle of Honkaniemi was fought between Finnish and Soviet forces on 26 February 1940. This battle was fought by tanks. It was only time they were used in the Winter War. The commander of the Finnish II Corps, General Harald Öhquist, had put the Jaeger Battalion 3 with the 4th company of the Armoured Battalion and the 23rd Division. At 10:15 pm, the commander of the Jaeger Battalion 3, Captain I. Kunnas and Lieutenant O. Heinonen of the 4th Armoured Company were ordered to attack. The plan. The original plan was to attack the Soviets with six Infantry Battalions, four artillery battalions and the 4th Armoured Company. However, only four Infantry Battalions, two artillery battalions and the 4th Tank Company did the attack. The assault. On the nights of February 25 and 26, members of the Jaeger Battalion went by truck and by skiing to get to the battle. The tank company lost five of their 13 Vickers 6-Ton tanks due to engine failure. There was another problem. When the Finns started to use their artillery guns, they accidentally killed or wounded 30 Finns. The beginning. Another two Finnish tanks stopped working. This meant that the Finnish only had six tanks for the battle. Even after all these set-backs, there were more to come. The 1st Jaeger Battalion was fired on by the Soviets. Then this battalion came to a railway track, but they could not cross it. The 2nd and 3rd Jaeger Battalions also stopped. Tank backup. The 4th Armoured Company got a tank stuck in a ditch. The remaining five tanks were hit by T-26s, T-28s and 45 mm anti-tank guns".  The tank of Corporal E. Seppälä hit two Soviet tanks. However, the crew had to abandon the tank because it stopped working. The other Finnish tank destroyed one Soviet tank before being damaged. Finnish retreat. Captain Kunnas got orders at 10:00 pm to stop the attack and
Paulinus (also St. Paulinus) (died 644) was the first Bishop of York. He was named Archbishop of York by the pope, but had left Northumbria before the news reached him. He then became the Bishop of Rochester, in Kent. After his death he was venerated as a saint. Early career. Paulinus was a monk living in Rome when he was sent to Britain in 601 by Pope Gregory I. He was part of a group of missionaries sent to aid Augustine in his mission as the first Archbishop of Canterbury. Little is known of Paulinus' in Kent. But 24 years later he was the Chaplain to Ethelberga of Kent, daughter of King Athelbert I of Kent. She was promised in marriage to King Edwin of Northumbria. In order to marry a Christian woman he promised he would consider converting to Christianity himself. As part of the agreement her chaplain Paulinus came north to Northumbria with her. Before leaving Canterbury in 625, Paulinus was consecrated a bishop by Justus, Archbishop of Canterbury.  Bishop of York. Paulinus was the first Bishop of York. He had little success in converting the pagans for the first year. In 626, an assassin named Eumer was sent by Cwichelm of Wessex to kill King Edwin. Eumer found the king at his royal estate on the river Derwent on Easter Day. Pretending to have a message from his master he was allowed to see the king. He had a two-edged knife treated with poison and tried to attack King Edwin. But he killed the king's thane and managed to only wound the king. That evening his first child was born, a daughter named Eanfled. In front of Bishop Paulinus King Edwin prayed to his gods in thanks for the safe delivery of his child. Paulinus told him that it was "his" prayers to God that gave the Queen a safe and almost painless delivery. The king was very pleased with this explanation made Paulinus a promise. If God would grant him a victory over his enemies who tried to assassinate him, he would accept Christianity and be baptised. As a guarantee of
Flen is an urban area in the county of Örebro in Sweden. It is the seat of Flen Municipality. Other things which made Flen famous is "Violen från Flen", a song written by Ulf Peder Olrog in the 1940s. The town also plays an important role in "Du ringde från Flen", 1992 dansband song by Grönwalls. The town is also mentioned in the Kent songs "Flen/Paris" on the 2005 EP "The Hjärta &amp; Smärta EP" and "Ensam lång väg hem" on the 2010 album "En plats i solen".
The T-26 tank was a Soviet light infantry tank used during many wars of the 1930s as well as during World War II. It was an improved version of the British Vickers 6-Ton tank. It was one of the best and last tank designs of the 1920s. The tank started to have problems when new anti-tank guns were invented. The tank had thin armor which the new guns could fire holes in. More T-26s were produced than any other tank of the period. More than 11,000 were manufactured. During the 1930s, the USSR made 53 different types of T-26. The T-26 together with the BT was the main tank of the Red Army in the 1930s. Even though it was no longer good enough to be used in battles at the beginning of World War II, the T-26 was the most important tank of the Spanish Civil War. It was also used during the Battle of Lake Khasan in 1938 and in the Winter War in 1939–40. The Red Army mostly had T-26s during the German invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941. The T-26 was used against the Germans in the Battle of Moscow in winter 1941/1942, the Battle of Stalingrad and the Battle of the Caucasus in 1942–1943. Some tank units of the Leningrad Front used their T-26s until 1944. The Soviet T-26 light tanks were last used in August 1945, during the defeat of the Japanese in Manchuria. The T-26 was sold to Spain, China and Turkey. In addition, captured T-26 light tanks were used by the Finnish, German, Romanian and Hungarian armies. The T-26 was reliable and simple to maintain Its design was improved between 1931 and 1941. However, no new models of the T-26 were made after 1940.
Hipster refers to a subculture of young, urban middle-class adults and older teenagers. Hipsters first appeared in the 1990s and became more noticeable in the 2010s. It is based on the earlier movements in the 1940s. Hipsters listen to independent music and alternative music. They dress in clothes that are different from other people. Hipsters wear vintage clothes and thrift store clothes. Hipsters have pacifist and green views. They have an alternative way of living. Hipster culture mixes styles, tastes and ways of behaving. Christian Lorentzen of "Time Out New York" says that hipsters copy many styles, including beat, hippie, punk, and grunge. Lorentzen says that hipsters are mostly white 18- to 45-year old people. In a "Huffington Post" article entitled "Who's a Hipster?", Julia Plevin says that it hard to define who is a hipster. As hipsters moved into suburbs near New York City, "The New York Times" made up the new word "Hipsturbia" to describe how hipsters live in suburbs.
Matti Helge Ranin (21 November 1926 – 24 November 2013) was a Finnish actor. He was well known for his role as Captain Kariluoto in Edvin Laine's "The Unknown Soldier". Ranin was born in Tampere, Finland. He died on 24 November 2013 in Helsinki from natural causes, aged 87.
Costanzo Preve (14 April 1943 – 23 November 2013) was an Italian philosopher and a political theoretician. He was born in Valenza. He is thought to be as one of the most important anti-capitalist European thinkers and a renowned expert in the history of Marxism. He was influenced by Fichte, Hegel, and Marx. He was an atheist. Preve died in Turin where he lived on 23 November 2013, aged 70.
The War of the Spanish Succession was fought from 1701 to 1714 over who would be the next king of Spain after Charles II had died childless. France wanted the new king to be Philip of Anjou, a grandson of its own king, Louis XIV, as Charles had stated in his will. However, Great Britain, the Dutch Republic and other states in Europe opposed that because they wanted to prevent France from becoming more powerful. The war was fought mostly in Europe, but there were battles also in the West Indies, South America and North America. In North America, the war is called Queen Anne's War since the queen of Great Britain was Queen Anne. The war ended by Philip of Anjou winning. Britain and its allies finally accepted him to become the next king of Spain, called Philip V, but he had to give up his right to the French throne. Also, Austria got most of Spanish Italy, and Britain got Spanish Menorca and Gibraltar.
Survivor Series (1997) was a professional wrestling pay-per-view show made by the World Wrestling Federation (WWF). It took place on November 9, 1997 at Molson Centre in Montreal, Quebec. It was the eleventh Survivor Series event held by the WWF. The main event ended in controversy after a real life event happened which was later dubbed the "Montreal Screwjob". Vince McMahon ordered the referee Earl Hebner to end the match when Shawn Michaels held Bret Hart in Hart's own finishing maneuver, the Sharpshooter, even though Hart did not submit.
Beth Ditto (born February 19, 1981) is an American singer-songwriter. She is known for being the singer of the Gossip. Early life. Ditto grew up in Searcy, Arkansas. She lived in a two-bedroom house with her mother and six siblings until she was 13. Then she went to live with her aunt Jannie. Ditto moved to Olympia, Washington in 1999 with friends. Career. In 1999 Ditto started Gossip with guitarist Nathan "Brace Paine" Howdeshell and drummer Kathy Mendonça. In August 2000 they played at the first Ladyfest in Olympia. There were over 2000 people there. On January 23 2001 Gossip's first album "That's Not What I Heard" was released by Kill Rock Stars. Their second album, "Movement", was released the next year. In 2006 their third studio album "Standing in the Way of Control" was released. A remix of "Standing in the Way of Control" by Soulwax was used as the theme song of the UK teen drama Skins. The album was successful in the UK and Ditto became famous there. In 2006 NME put her at the top of their year's Cool List. In 2009 she made a clothing collection for Evans, a UK store that sells clothes for plus-size women. In October 2012, "Coal to Diamonds", a book Ditto wrote with Michelle Tea about her life so far, was published. In May 2013 she did a video for Rookie magazine's Ask a Grown Woman. In June 2013 she sung on the single "A Rose By Any Name" by Blondie. Personal life. She is a feminist. In March 2013 she was arrested. When she was 15 she realized that she is a lesbian. She dated Freddie Fagula for nine years. She married Kristin Ogata in Hawaii in July 2013.
Survivor Series (2013) was a professional wrestling pay-per-view show made by WWE. It took place on November 24, 2013 at the TD Garden in Boston, Massachusetts. It was the twenty seventh Survivor Series event held by WWE. In the main event, Randy Orton defeat Big Show to keep his WWE Championship. In other matches, John Cena defeated Alberto Del Rio to keep his World Heavyweight Championship, and CM Punk and Daniel Bryan defeated The Wyatt Family's Luke Harper and Erick Rowan.
Tanumshede is an urban area in the county of Västra Götaland in Sweden. It is the seat of Tanum Municipality. The Rock Carvings in Tanum are a collection of petroglyphs near Tanumshede. They were declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1994. In total there are thousands of images on about 600 panels.
What's Eating Gilbert Grape is a 1993 romantic comedy-drama. This movie is about a family in Iowa. The title character, Gilbert (Johnny Depp), cares for his younger brother Arnie (Leonardo DiCaprio). Arnie has intellectual disability (an I.Q. 70 or under). Gilbert also cares for his mother, Bonnie, who is very overweight (Darlene Cates). Juliette Lewis plays Becky. The movie was shown on December 17, 1993 with a limited release. It was released elsewhere between February and March 1994. The reviews were very positive with low box office.
In war, when enemy forces are close to capturing a city, the government or military forces in control of a city will sometimes declare it an open city, meaning they will not defend against or resist the attacking armies. The attacking armies will be expected to not to bomb or attack the city. This approach aims to prevent historic landmarks from being destroyed and civilians from being killed. No resistance. An open city is not defended and not fortified. It is open to occupation by opposing forces with no resistance by the defenders. Under International law an open city may not be bombed or subject to artillery attack. Attacking forces do not always respect cities that call themselves an "open city." Defensive forces may use it as a political tactic as well. In some cases, the declaration of a city to be "open" is made by a side which is close to defeat. In other cases, the city could be defended but the defenders do not want the city to be destroyed. World War II open cities. Several cities were declared open during World War II: