ejaasaari/simplewiki-2025-04-01 huggingface dataset:
Climate change refers to long-term changes in temperature, precipitation, and other atmospheric conditions on Earth. It primarily involves the warming of the planet due to increased concentrations of greenhouse gases, like carbon dioxide and methane, from human activities such as burning fossil fuels, deforestation, and industrial processes. These changes can lead to a variety of impacts, including more extreme weather events, rising sea levels, and disruptions to ecosystems and agriculture.  When people talk about climate change they are usually talking about the problem of human-caused global warming, which is happening now (see global warming for more details). But the climate of the Earth has changed over not just thousands of years, but tens or hundreds of millions of years.  The earth's climate changes over time, so it could be hotter or colder at a certain time. For example about 60 million years ago there were a lot of volcanoes, which burnt a lot of underground "organic matter" (squashed and fossilized dead plants and animals became coal, gas and oil). A large amount of carbon dioxide and methane went up in the air.  At times in the past, the temperature was much cooler, with the last glaciation ending about ten thousand years ago. Ice Ages are times when the Earth got colder, and more ice froze at the North and South Poles. There have been times when Earth has been covered in ice, and was much colder than today.  There is no one reason why there are Ice Ages. Changes in the Earth's orbit around the Sun, and the Sun getting brighter or dimmer are events which do happen. Also how much the Earth is tilted compared to the Sun might make a difference. Another source of change is the activities of living things (see Great Oxygenation Event and Huronian glaciation). Hot Earth. Sometimes, before there were people, the Earth's climate was much hotter than it is today. For example about 60 million years ago there were a lot of volcanoes, which burnt a lot of underground "organic matter" (squashed and fossilized dead plants and animals like coal, gas and oil) so a lot of carbon dioxide and methane went up in the air like nowadays. This made the Earth hot enough for giant
(IPA: ) (born 20 April 1939) is a Norwegian politician, diplomat, and physician. She is an international leader in sustainable development and public health. She is a former Prime Minister of Norway. She was the Director General of the World Health Organization. In 2007, she became a Special Envoy for Climate Change for the United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon. Education. Brundtland has a degree from the University of Oslo. She also has a master's degree from Harvard University. She was elected a honorary member of the Academia Europaea in 2009.
Allentown is a city that is in Lehigh County, Pennsylvania, in the United States. After Philadelphia and Pittsburgh, it is Pennsylvania's third most populous city, with 125,845 residents as of the 2020 census. It is the county seat of Lehigh County. The town is in east Pennsylvania about 45 minutes away from the Pocono Mountains.  Allentown history. Founding. The city of Allentown was first home to people in 1735. It was then named a Northampton town (Northampton-Towne) in 1762 by William Allen, a rich shipping merchant, Chief Justice of the Province of Pennsylvania and mayor, or leader, of Philadelphia in the past. The town was made on a 5,000-acre area Allen got for money in 1735 from the sons of William Penn. Allen hoped that Northampton-Towne would become a commercial center because of it being on the Lehigh River and how it was near Philadelphia. Allen gave the area to his son, James, who built a summer home, Trout Hall, there in 1770. On March 18 1811, the town became a borough. On March 6 1812, Lehigh County was made from the west part of Northampton County, and Northampton was made the county seat. The name of the town became "Allentown" on April 16 1833 because it was liked by people. Allentown was made a city on March 12 1867. Liberty Bell. The Liberty Bell was kept away from the British during the American Revolutionary War in Allentown. After George Washington lost the Battle of Brandywine on September 11, 1777, the revolutionary capital of Philadelphia did not have defense, and got ready for the British to attack. The Supreme Executive Council of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania said that eleven bells, like the State House bell and the bells from Philadelphia's Christ Church and St. Peter's Church, should be taken down and taken away from the city to stop the British, who would melt the bells down to and make into cannons, from taking the bells. The bells were moved north to Northampton-T
Hepatitis A is an infection of the liver caused by the hepatitis A virus. Unlike the other common forms of hepatitis (hepatitis B and C), it does not cause chronic (long-term) liver disease. How is hepatitis A spread? When a person has hepatitis A, the virus stays in their feces. Hepatitis A is usually spread by eating food or drinking water that has been contaminated with infected feces. For example, hepatitis A can be spread by: Hepatitis A can also be spread by having sex with someone who has hepatitis A. Treatment and prognosis. There is no medication that can cure hepatitis A. In most cases, the infection resolves on its own. In most cases, symptoms last less than 2 months, although some people are sick for as long as six months. Unfortunately, a small number of patients develop Fulminant hepatic failure, which is very serious. Prevention. A vaccine is available to prevent hepatitis A, and anti-hepatitis A immunoglobulin is also used.
Hepatitis B is a disease of the liver. It is caused by a virus. The virus is not spread by food or casual contact. It can be spread by blood or body fluids from an infected person. A baby can get it from its mother during childbirth. It can also be spread by sexual contact, reuse of needles, and transfusions of blood with the virus in it. Infection with hepatitis B can be prevented by vaccination, where an injection is given which makes the body immune to the virus. It is recommended that all people are given a series of three vaccines over a few months when they are babies to ensure good protection against this virus. However, vaccination only provides 90% protection, it does not completely remove the risk of infection. Some people who are infected are able to beat the virus quickly. Many people are infected for life. Usually they have few or no symptoms. Sometimes the liver is damaged severely, causing liver failure. A common symptom of liver failure is jaundice, where the person's skin and eyes turn yellow due to a build-up of body products which would normally be filtered by the liver. Another problem with hepatitis B is that it can cause cancer of the liver. Blood tests can find signs that the liver is being damaged. If people have those signs, treatment for hepatitis B can prevent the liver damage caused by the virus. Antiviral medications are given, which prevent the virus from making copies of itself. However, once the virus is in the liver, it is not possible to get rid of the virus completely.
The May Queen or Queen of May is a word which has two different but related meanings. It can refer to either a mythical figure or to a holiday personification. Mythology. The May Queen is also known as The Maiden, the goddess of spring, flower bride, queen of the faeries, and the lady of the flowers. The May Queen is a symbol of the stillness of nature around which everything revolves. She stands for purity, strength and the potential for growth, as the plants grow in May. She is one of many personifications of the energy of the earth. She was once also known as Maid Marian in the medieval plays of Robin Hood and of the May Games - she is the young village girl, crowned with blossom, attended by children with garlands and white dresses. Some folklorists have drawn parallels between her and Maia, the Roman Goddess of Springtime, of Growth and Increase whose very name may be the root of "May". Festivals. The May Queen is a girl (usually a teenage girl from a specific school year) who is selected to ride or walk at the front of a parade for May Day celebrations. She wears a white gown to symbolise purity and usually a tiara or crown. Her duty is to begin the May Day celebrations. She is generally crowned by flowers and makes a speech before the dancing begins. Certain age groups dance round a May pole celebrating youth and the spring time. An Elizabethan account. In 1557, a diarist called Henry Machyn wrote: "The xxx day of May was a goly May-gam in Fanch-chyrchestrett with drumes and gunes and pykes, and ix wordes dyd ryd; and thay had speches evere man, and the morris dansse and the sauden, and a elevant with the castyll, and the sauden and yonge morens with targattes and darttes, and the lord and the lade of the Maye". Translation: On the 30th May was a jolly May-game in Fenchurch Street (London) with drums and guns and pikes, The Nine Worthies did ride; and they all
A mutual fund is a kind of investment that uses money from investors to invest in stocks, bonds or other types of investment. A fund manager (or "portfolio manager") decides how to invest the money, and for this he is paid a fee, which comes from the money in the fund. Mutual funds are usually "open ended", meaning that new investors can join into the fund at any time. When this happens, new units, which are like shares, are given to the new investors. There are thousands of different kinds of mutual funds, specializing in investing in different countries, different types of businesses, and different investment styles. There are even some funds that only invest in other funds.
Fullmetal Alchemist (in "") is a popular manga and anime series created by Hiromu Arakawa and serialized in Enix's (now Square Enix) "Monthly Shonen Gangan". The manga has been made into two different anime shows, one in 2003 which follows its own story, and a 2009 show which follows the story of the manga. A film, "The Conqueror of Shamballa" was made for the 2003 show, and "The Sacred Star of Milos" was created for the 2012 show. Plot. The plot focuses on a world where alchemy is a main form of science. Edward Elric and his brother Alphonse, fail to resurrect their mother. When Alphonse's body is destroyed, Edward sacrifices his arm and leg during the alchemy in order for Alphonse's soul to be transferred in a suit of armour. Their friend, Winry Rockbell, makes prosthetic parts for Edward's limbs. As the series progresses, the brothers solve the case about the Philosopher's Stone, a forbidden material breaking the law of Equivalent Exchange. "Fullmetal Alchemist" became one of the most critically acclaimed Japanese franchise. Characters. Edward Elric: The main protagonist of the series. He is brave and proud, the only thing getting him along is the promise he made to his younger brother, Alphonse, that he will get him his body back, and himself his limbs. He is shorter than the average teen and hates it when someone comments on his height, mostly getting frustrated or hurting them with his metal fist, even his brother gets the same punishment.  Alphonse Elric: Edward's younger brother, whose soul is attached to an empty suit of armour, after a failed attempt to resurrect their mother. The deal was his body for hers, though what happened once the transmutation had finished showed it didn't work. In order to bring back his brother, Edward did his own transmutation, giving away his arm for Alphonse. Alphonse was then placed into the armour and now their journey takes them to try to find the Philosopher's Stone, the only thing that can defy the rule of equivalent exchange, to give back Alphonse's body and Edward's limbs.
Framework is a term describing established practices in a society, science, software development, or hardware design that can be repeatedly applied to solving problems. The problems are solved uniformly (in the same or very similar way) in a framework. In computer technology, a framework is an API that defines what kind of programs can be built with it. For example, the .NET Framework allows writing programs in C# but not in C.
Documentation is something that people read for instructions or information on how to do or use things. Documentation may consist of one or more documents on paper, a web page, a file, and other media.
Pre-production is the time before making a movie, play, or other performance when all the things that will be needed to make it are prepared. In the movie industry, pre-production usually only starts when the script is ready, the studio has agreed to make it and money has been made available. By this time, a project will almost always have a movie, a producer, cast members and a production team.
Flax (also known as common flax or linseed) ("Linum usitatissimum") is a type of flowering plant. The fibres of flax are used to make linen. High-quality paper used in banknotes is also made from flax fibres. An oil (linseed oil) can be made from the dried ripe flax seeds.  Flax has been used for a long time in such tasks as making bows and candles. Toxicity. Flax seed and its oil are nontoxic and are safe for human consumption. However, like many common foods, flax contains small amounts of cyanogenic glycoside. This is "nontoxic" when eaten in normal amounts. It may be toxic when eaten in large quantities as with staple foods such as cassava. The small percentage of cyanide can be removed by special processing.
In mathematics, a finite set is a set that is not infinite. A finite set has a certain number of elements. The elements of the set can be numbered like {1, 2, ..., "n"} and "n" must either be a natural number or zero. An infinite set is a set with an unlimited number of elements. Another definition is to say a set is finite if its cardinality (the number of its elements) is a natural number. A set with "n" elements is called an "n"-set. A definition that is harder to understand, but which is often used by mathematicians, is to say that a set is finite if there is no strict subset that can be put in 1-to-1 correspondence with the set itself. (A strict subset of a set is one that is not equal to the set itself). For example, the set of even numbers can be put in one-to-one correspondence with the set of natural numbers (2"n" corresponds to "n"), but the set of even numbers is also a strict subset of the natural numbers (there are many numbers which are not in the set of even numbers, but which are natural numbers, for example the number 1). This means that the set of natural numbers is infinite.
The Vikram era, or Vikram samvat is a calendar system (mostly followed in Hinduism and Sikhism from people of Indian Subcontinent, while people from Nepal follows it as their main calendar) starting in 57 BC. The Vikram Samvat calendar starts half a century before the Gregorian calendar and works on an Indian calendar cycle. The calendar starts in the month of Vaishak, which usually falls in the Gregorian month of February/March and ends in Chaitra which falls in March and April. The date marks the day when the King Vikramāditya beat the Sakas, who had invaded Ujjain. A new calendar was started to honor this achievement. The story. The story of this event is told by a sadhu (Jain monk) called Mahesara Suri. The powerful king of Ujjain, called Gardabhilla, kidnapped a sadhvi (Jain nun), who was the sister of the sadhu. The sadhu went to the Saka King to get help, and in the end, the Saka King beat Gardabhilla and captured him and made him a prisoner. But in the end, Gardabhilla was forgiven and run away to a forest, where he was killed by a tiger. Later on Vikramaditya invaded Ujjain and drove away the Sakas. To commemorate this event he started a new era called the Vikrama era.
In mathematics, the cardinality of a set means the number of its elements. For example, the set "A" = {2, 4, 6} contains 3 elements, and therefore "A" has a cardinality of 3. The cardinality of a set A can also be represented as formula_1.  Two sets have the "same" (or "equal") cardinality if and only if they have the same number of elements, which is the another way of saying that there is a 1-to-1 correspondence between the two sets. The cardinality of the set "A" is "less than or equal to" the cardinality of set "B" if and only if there is an injective function from "A" to "B". The cardinality of the set "B" is "greater than or equal to" the cardinality of set "A" if and only if there is an injective function from "A" to "B".  The "cardinality" of a set is only one way of giving a number to the "size" of a set. The concept of measure is yet another way.  Finite sets. The cardinality of a finite set is a natural number. The smallest cardinality is 0. The empty set has cardinality 0. If the cardinality of the set "A" is "n", then there is a "next larger" set with cardinality "n"+1 (for example, the set "A" ∪ {"A"}). If ||"A"|| ≤ ||"B"|| ≤ ||"A" ∪ {"A"}||, then either ||"B"|| = ||"A"|| or ||"B"|| = ||"A" ∪ {"A"}||.) There is no largest finite cardinality. Infinite sets. If the cardinality of a set is not finite, then the cardinality is infinite. An infinite set is considered countable if they can be listed without missing any (that is, if there is a one-to-one correspondence between it and the set of natural numbers formula_2). Examples include the rational numbers, integers, and
A mitre is a tall hat worn by leaders in some Christian churches. In the Roman Catholic church, it is worn by bishops, archbishops or cardinals (higher order). The front and back are the shape of a triangle. It is only worn when the bishop is dressed in his special religious clothes, but is used on a coat of arms to show that the owner is a bishop. Mitres are also worn by some clergy in the Eastern Orthodox and Eastern Catholic churches.
Utopia is the name of a book. Thomas More wrote it in 1516. He wrote it in Latin. Its original title is De Optimo Republicae Statu deque Nova Insula Utopia. This is usually translated to "On the Best State of a Republic and on the New Island of Utopia". The book is about an island off the coast of South America with an imagined society. In the book, a visitor to this island tells about his trip there. According to him, Utopia has a system of laws that is perfect. Society there is also perfect. The political system is so good that nothing better can be thought out. Today, the word utopia is used to refer to a society that everyone wants to live in with perfect laws, but which is often hard to make.
The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire (MBE) is one of the British orders of chivalry. It is the newest order, created on June 4, 1917, by King George V. Classes. The order is cut into two parts, civil and military. Both parts have five classes or ranks. In order, from highest to lowest, these are: Only the two highest ranks are knighthoods, and allow the holder to call themselves 'Sir' (male) or 'Dame' (female). If the person is not a citizen of a country where the King is Head of State, the award is called honorary, and the holder cannot use the title before their name.  For instance, Terry Wogan became a British citizen and was therefore called Sir Terry Wogan, but Bob Geldof is still an Irish citizen, and is therefore not "Sir Bob". He can, however, style himself "Bob Geldof KBE". The British Empire Medal (BEM) was restarted in 2012, but only in the civil group. Although the BEM it is the newest British order of chivalry, it has more members than any other. History. King George V wanted to be able to honour the thousands of people who helped to win the First World War, but were not soldiers.  This Order of Knighthood has a more democratic character than the exclusive Order of the Bath or Saint Michael and Saint George, and in its early days was not held in high esteem. This changed over the years. In 1965 Harold Wilson honoured Violet Carson and the Beatles. He was accused of having debased and cheapened the honours system.  Structure. The British monarch is Sovereign of the Order and appoints all other members of the Order but only on the advice of the Government. The next-most senior member is the Grand Master. There have been four:  The order's rules, called "statutes", say that the Order can only have 100 Knights and Dames Grand Cross, 845 Knights and Dames Commander, and 8960 Commanders, but there is no limit to the number of members of the Officers and Members but no more than
Neon Genesis Evangelion (Japanese: "新世紀エヴァンゲリオン" Hepburn: "Shin Seiki Evangelion") is a Japanese anime series directed by Hideaki Anno, and produced by Gainax and Tatsunoko Production. It is set 15 years after a world-wide disaster. The main characters are teenagers that pilot giant robots called "Evangelions" to fight giant monsters called "angels." The imagery is inspired by depression, philosophy, and the religions Christianity and Judaism. The show was liked by critics, but the ending made many fans angry. The film "End of Evangelion" was released in 1997. It acts as a different version of the show's ending. Other related media, including several manga, soundtracks, a light novel and the "Rebuild of Evangelion" film series, were made following the show’s success.
Edward VIII (born Edward Albert Christian George Andrew Patrick David, 23 June 1894 – 28 May 1972) was King of the United Kingdom, from 20 January 1936 until 11 December 1936. He was born at White Lodge, Richmond Park in London. Edward abdicated (resigned) from the throne, because he wanted to marry the American woman Wallis Simpson. Simpson had been married twice before, and as King, Edward VIII was Head of the Church of England, and the Church did not support divorce. After abdicating as king, he was known as His Royal Highness the Duke of Windsor. His wife was not allowed to be called "Her Royal Highness". Early life. Edward, commonly known by those close to him as David, was born as the first son of the Prince and Princess of Wales, later King George V and Queen Mary. As a young man, he disliked his royal duties, but his charisma made him popular with the British people. Edward was officially invested as Prince of Wales in a ceremony at Caernarvon Castle on 13 July 1911 and was even tutored by the future Prime Minister David Lloyd George to speak a few words of Welsh. At the outbreak of the First World War in 1914, the twenty-year-old Edward was keen to participate. He witnessed trench warfare at first-hand and attempted to visit the front line as often as possible, but he did not experience as much hardship and misery as ordinary British soldiers. Edward undertook a military flight in 1918 and gained a pilot's licence later. Throughout the 1920s, Edward represented his father, King George V, at home and abroad on many occasions. His popularity was at its greatest peak in that decade and gained him much public and media attention. However, his increasing womanising and reckless behaviour in the 1920s and the 1930s worried Prime Minister Stanley Baldwin and his hardworking, strict father, King George V. Edward was also uninterested with royal duties and disliked the British establishment. George V was disappointed by Edward's failure to settle down in life and was furious with his many affairs with married women, and he was
A county borough was a type of local government district in England until abolished in 1974. Local government powers were divided between county councils and urban or rural districts. For example: rural districts may not be able to maintain footpaths or street lighting because of their size. Urban districts were based in a town and were able handle these jobs. Schools were the responsibility of county councils because districts were too small to run all types of schools themselves. A county borough was a town big enough to run all its own local government, so the local county council had no power inside the county borough.
Andie MacDowell (born Rosalie Anderson MacDowell on April 21, 1958 in Gaffney, South Carolina) is an American movie actress. Personal life. From 1986 until 1999 Andie was married to Paul Qualley. They have three children, son Justin Qualley (born 1986) and two daughters Rainey Qualley (born 1989) and Sarah Margaret Qualley (born 1995). From 2001 until 2004 she was married to Rhett DeCamp Hartzog.