ejaasaari/simplewiki-2025-04-01 huggingface dataset:
In group theory, an abelian group is a group with operation that is commutative. Because of that, an abelian group is sometimes called a ‘commutative group’. A group in which the group operation is not commutative is called a ‘non-abelian group’ or ‘non-commutative group’. Definition. An abelian group is a set, "A", together with an operation "•". It combines any two elements "a" and "b" to form another element denoted . For the group to be abelian, the operation and the elements must follow some requirements. These are known as the "abelian group axioms": Examples. One example of an abelian group is the set of the integers with the operation of addition. We often write this as formula_1, where formula_2 means the set of all integers. This is an abelian group because formula_1 is a group, and also for any integers formula_4 and formula_5, the equation formula_6 is true. For example, formula_7, because both sides are equal to formula_8.
A Homing pigeon is a special breed of pigeons. These pigeons have been domesticated. They have been selectively bred to find their way home. They can do this over very long distances. The wild rock pigeon from which these birds are bred also has this homing ability. This means that it will generally return to its own nest and its own mate. This made it relatively easy to breed from the birds that repeatedly found their way home over long distances. Flights as long as 1800 kilometers have been recorded by birds in competition pigeon racing. Speeds of up to 95 km/h (59 mph) have been observed. Homing pigeons are called carrier pigeons when they are used to carry messages. This is possible where a message is written on thin light paper (such as cigarette paper) and rolled into a small tube attached to the bird's leg; this is called pigeon post. Pigeons can only go back to one "mentally marked" point that they have identified as their home. So "pigeon mail" can only work when the sender is actually holding the receiver's pigeons. White homing pigeons are used in Release Dove ceremonies at weddings, funerals, and some sporting events.
Roberto de Assis Moreira (born 10 January 1971) is a former Brazilian football player. Club career statistics. 29||8||2||1||2||0||33||9 29||8||2||1||2||0||33||9
Rafael Scheidt (born 10 February 1976) is a former Brazilian football player. He has played for the Brazil national team. Club career statistics. 189||7 26||5 3||0 38||2 156||14 International career statistics. !Total||3||0
Alex Sandro Santana de Oliveira (born 30 October 1973) is a Brazilian football player. He plays for Bahia. Club career statistics. 9||2||0||0||4||1||13||3 9||2||0||0||4||1||13||3
(born September 18, 1977, in Lima, Peru) is a Japanese Peruvian retired football player. Career statistics. Club career statistics. 8||0||2||0||0||0||10||0 312||37||||||||||312||37 320||37||2||0||0||0||322||37 International career statistics. !Total||5||0
Mikaël Samy Silvestre (born 9 August 1977) is a French former professional footballer who played as a defender. He is best known for a nine-year spell at Manchester United, with whom he won numerous Premier League titles, the FA Cup, the Football League Cup, two FA Community Shields, the Intercontinental Cup and the UEFA Champions League.  "Scores and results list France's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Silvestre goal". Honours. Manchester United France
Pavel Badea (born 10 June 1967) is a former Romanian football player. He has played for Romania national team. Club career statistics. 271||58||||||||||271||58 100||12||||||||||100||12 82||10||8||2||11||2||101||14 453||80||8||2||11||2||472||84 International career statistics. !Total||9||2
Julio Hernán Rossi (born 22 February 1977) is a former Argentine football player.
Regis Fernandes Silva (born 22 September 1976), also known by the nickname Regis or Regis Pitbull, is a Brazilian professional athlete. He is best known as a football player. Club career statistics. 21||4||0||0||4||3||25||7 21||4||0||0||4||3||25||7
Otto Loewi (June 3, 1873 - December 25, 1961) was a German doctor. He won the 1936 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, along with Henry Hallett Dale, for their discoveries about chemical transmission of nerve impulses  In his most famous experiment, Loewi took fluid from a frog heart with a slowed beat and applied it to another. That slowed the second heart. This showed that synaptic signalling used chemical messengers. It is now known that there are two different kinds of nerve synapses. One kind releases chemicals, and is a neurotransmitter synapse. The other is an electrical synapse which transmits voltage charges over gap junctions between nerve cells.
Elisha Levy (; born on 18 November 1957 in Jerusalem) is a former professional football player. Player. Levy played in Hapoel Hapoel Beit Sha'an youth team from 1968 to 1974. After playing in Hapoel Beit Sha'an youth team, Elisha Levy was playing for Hapoel Beit Sha'an from 1974 to 1982. For 1 year, 1982-1983, Elisha Levy was played for Maccabi Haifa. In 1983-1987, Levy played in Maccabi Petah Tikva Elisha Levy was playing for Hapoel Beit Sha'an at 1987-1989. Elisha Levy was retired from football after two years in Hapoel Beit Sha'an. Manager. Levy managed teams for 20 years. Currently, Elisha Levy manages Maccabi Haifa.
A musical transcription is musical notation for an existing piece of music that had been previously unnotated. Musicians often disagree about what should be called a “transcription” and what is an “arrangement”. Usually transcriptions are a direct notation of the source, whereas a musician who makes an arrangement may insert new interpretations into the music (i.e. changing the instrumentation, reharmonization, or even new sectionalization of the piece as with cover songs). A transcription, as Klapuri writes, would require that the pitch, timing, and instrumentation of all sound events to be resolved; difficult as this may be for some cases, this goal is usually redefined such that a transcription constitutes the notation of as many of the constituent sounds as possible or some well-defined part of the music signal (i.e. the dominant melody or the most prominent drum sounds). Transcriptions can be created for all kinds of music in order to help the performer to learn the piece. Transcriptions are common for music such as jazz (which usually consists of improvisation) and folk, which traditionally is taught from one generation to another by listening and imitating. In the early 20th century, some composers became interested in writing down the traditional folk songs of their countries. Béla Bartók and Zoltan Kodaly in Hungary as well as Cecil Sharpe and Ralph Vaughan Williams in England notably transcribed various folk songs they heard being sung in the villages of their respective countries. Adaptation. Sometimes transcriptions are made for practical reasons. Mozart made transcriptions of some music from his own operas, arranging them for small groups of instruments so that they could play it for popular entertainment. Stravinsky transcribed some of his ballet music for piano, e.g. The Rite of Spring for piano duet and some dances from Petrouchka for piano solo. These types of transcriptions are often referred to as a "": the simplification of a large work to be performed by a smaller ensemble or a soloist.
VY Canis Majoris (VY CMa) is a red hypergiant star in the constellation Canis Major. It is about distant from Earth. It is one of the biggest known stars in the universe, and one of the most luminous of its type.  VY Canis Majoris is 1,420 times bigger than the Sun. If placed at the center of the Solar System (where the Sun is), VY Canis Majoris's surface would extend beyond Jupiter's orbit. However, there is some differences in the estimates of how big it is. Other estimates of the radius made it bigger than the orbit of Saturn or even as small as the asteroid belt, but these are highly unlikely. VY CMa is a single star, a "semiregular" variable with a period of about 2,001 days. It has an average density of 5 to 10 mg/m3. When it dies it is expected to explode to a Supernova and then turn into a Black hole.
The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences or "Kungliga Vetenskapsakademin" ("KVA") is one of the Royal Academies of Sweden. The Academy is an independent, scientific, non-governmental organization, set up to support the sciences, mainly the natural sciences and mathematics. The Academy was started on 2 June 1739 by naturalist Carl Linnaeus, economist Jonas Alströmer, mechanical engineer Mårten Triewald, civil servants Sten Carl Bielke and Carl Wilhelm Cederhielm, and politician Anders Johan von Höpken. The academy was set up to find useful knowledge, and to write about it in Swedish. The academy was meant to be different from the Royal Society of Sciences in Uppsala, which had been started in 1719 and published in Latin. It was built near the main business centre in Stockholm, (which unlike Uppsala did not have a university at this time). The Swedish scientists wanted it to be like the Royal Society in London and Academie Royale des Sciences in Paris, France. Groups of the Academy meet to give out international prizes: and national prizes:
Karolinska Institutet (in English Karolinska Institute), and before 1968, the Royal Caroline Institute is one of Europe's biggest medical universities. It was started in 1810 on Kungsholmen island on the west side of Stockholm. It later moved to Solna, just outside Stockholm, and a second campus has been built in Flemingsberg/Huddinge, south of Stockholm. A committee of the institute decides on the winners of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. The Karolinska University Hospital, in Solna and Huddinge, is the university's research and teaching hospital. It is one of Sweden's largest centres for training and research, with 30 percent of the medical training and 40 percent of the medical academic research. While most of the medical programs are taught in Swedish, most of the Ph.D. programs are taught in English. The institute is a member of the League of European Research Universities. In the 2009 Academic Ranking of World Universities, the institute is the best university for medicine and pharmacy in Europe, 8th in the world. It is listed as the best university in Sweden. History. Karolinska Institutet was started between 1810 and 1811 to teach army surgeons. It was called the 'Medico-Chirurgiska Institutet'. In 1817 the name 'Karolinska' was added as a reference to 'Karoliner' which was the name of soldiers under the Swedish king Karl XII. The full name became 'Kongl. Carolinska Medico Chirurgiska Institutet'. In 1968 this name was changed to 'Karolinska Institutet'.
Florent Johan Malouda (born 13 June 1980) is a football coach and former professional player who played as a midfielder. Born in French Guiana, he represented both France and French Guiana at international level. Source: Source: Career statistics. International. International goals Honours. Lyon Chelsea France Individual
Wim Jonk (born 12 October 1966) is a former Dutch football player. He has played for Netherlands national team. Club career statistics. 244||62 44||8 70||5 358||75 International career statistics. !Total||49||11
Ramon Menezes Hubner (born 30 June 1972) is a former Brazilian football player. He has played for Brazil national team. Club career statistics. 346||97 15||1 25||6 386||104 International career statistics. !Total||5||1
Reinhard Stumpf (born 26 November 1961) is a former German football player. Club career statistics. 179||4 179||4
José Fernando Fumagalli (born 5 October 1977) is a Brazilian professional athlete. He is best known as a football player. Club career statistics. 10||5||3||1||0||0||13||6 10||5||3||1||0||0||13||6
Osmar Donizete Cândido (born 24 October 1968) is a former Brazilian football player. He has played for Brazil national team. Honours. Club. UAG Tecos Botafogo Vasco da Gama
Jan Veenhof (born 28 January 1969) is a former Dutch football player. Club career statistics. 68||0||3||0||3||0||74||0 68||0||3||0||3||0||74||0
Leonard Henriques da Silva (born 22 July 1982), also known as Léo San, is a Brazilian football player. Club career statistics. 221||11||10||0||0||0||231||11 221||11||10||0||0||0||231||11
The Swedish Academy () was started in 1786 by the Swedish King Gustav III. It was copied from the Académie française, the first Academy ever. The Swedish Academy has 18 members. The motto of the Academy is "Talent and Taste" ("Snille och Smak" in Swedish). Since 1901 the Academy has decided who will win the Nobel Prize in Literature The prize is given in memory of Alfred Nobel. The other thing the Academy does is to help to keep the Swedish language clean. They work for the "purity, strength, and greatness of the Swedish language" ("Svenska folkets renhet, styrka och höghet"). To help do this, the Academy publishes two dictionaries. The first is a dictionary in only one big book, called "Svenska Akademiens ordlista" (or "SAOL"). In 2015, it was up to its 14th edition. The second dictionary has many volumes. It is called "Svenska Akademiens ordbok" (or "SAOB"). The content it is so big that it needs many books, like the "Oxford English Dictionary". The first book in the set was printed in 1898 and in 2015 work had got as far as words beginning with the letter "V". The Academy uses a building now known as the Stockholm Stock Exchange Building. The bottom floor was used as a trading exchange and the upper floor was used for dances, New Years Eve parties, etc. In 1786, the ballroom was the biggest room in Stockholm that could be heated and be used in the winter. The king asked if he could use it. The Academy has met there every year since. In 1914 the Academy gained the right to use the upper floor as their own forever. This is where they meet and, amongst other business, choose the Nobel Prize winners. Because of this, the Academy is one of the most important literary groups in the world. The Swedish Academy is one of the Royal Academies of Sweden. Current members. The current members of the Swedish Academy listed by seat number :
The Norwegian Nobel Committee is the group which gives the Nobel Peace Prize every year. It has five members who are elected by the Norwegian Parliament and has the same political makeup as the parliament. History. Alfred Nobel died in December 1896, and in his will he left a lot of money to start a number of prizes to given each year, to be called the Nobel Prize. The money would be looked after by the Nobel Foundation, and the prizes would be given out by a number of different groups.  The other Nobel Prizes would be given by existing Swedish groups, the Swedish Academy, the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, and the Karolinska Institutet. The job of giving the Nobel Peace Prize was given to the Norwegian Parliament. A group of five people, to be called the Norwegian Nobel Committee, would decide who should win the prize. The Peace Prize would be given to the person who had done the most work to get countries to work together, to make the world's armies smaller, or to hold peace talks when needed. Legal expert Fredrik Heffermehl has said that a parliament could not be expected to handle a legal jobs like looking after a will. Parliaments make and change laws, but a will can not be changed unless it has clearly become out of date. At the time this problem was not talked about very much, as the Norwegian Parliament felt that they needed to act quickly in case the money was lost in a legal battles. They agreed to give the Peace Prize on 26 April 1897 and on August 5, 1897 they worked out the rules for who could be elected to the Norwegian Nobel Committee. The first Peace Prize was given in 1901 to Henri Dunant and Frédéric Passy. At first, the committee was filled with active members of the parliament and every year its reports were talked about in parliamentary sessions. These links to the Norwegian Parliament were later weakened so that the committee became more independent.  The name was changed from the Norwegian Nobel Committee to the Nobel Committee of the Norwegian Parliament () in 1901, but changed back in 1977. Now, members of parliament cannot be on the committee, unless they have said that they
Andaz Apna Apna is a Hindi language comedy movie directed by Rajkumar Santoshi. Main actors in this movie are Aamir Khan, Salman Khan, Raveena Tandon, Karisma Kapoor, Paresh Rawal and Shakti Kapoor. The movie was released on 11 April 1994. This movie was nominated for Filmfare Awards 1995 in four categories: Best Film, Best Director (Rajkumar Santoshi), Best Actor (Aamir Khan) and Best Comedian (Shakti Kapoor for the role of 'Crime Master Gogo'). Soundtrack. The movie has 4 songs composed by Tushar Bhatia with lyrics by Majrooh Sultanpuri.
Karisma Kapoor (also spelled as Karishma Kapoor) is an Indian actress. She was born on 25 June 1974 in Bombay, Maharashtra, India. Karishma Kapoor acts in Hindi language movies. She has won a Filmfare Best Actress Award. She also won a Filmfare Best Supporting Actress Award and a National Film Award for Best Supporting Actress. Early life. She is the sister of actress Kareena Kapoor. She is the daughter of Bollywood Actors Randhir Kapoor and Babita. She is the first-cousin of actor Ranbir Kapoor. Kapoor studied at the Cathedral and John Connon School in Mumbai until Grade Six. Personal life. She married Sanjay in 2003 and they have two children.
The Variable Cattleheart ("Parides erithalion") is a species of butterfly. It belongs in the family Papilionidae. It is found in North America and South America. Description. The upper side of the wings is black. The hind wing (bottom wing) has a row of red spots. The underside of the wings is also black. The hind wing has a row of pink and whitish-colored spots. Life cycle. The eggs are a brownish color. The caterpillar is brownish-black. It has white and reddish-brown areas. Host plants. The Variable Cattleheart feeds on "Aristolochia cordiflora".
Ava Lavinia Gardner (December 24, 1922 – January 25, 1990) was an American actress. She was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actress for acting in "Mogambo" (1953). She was in several popular movies during the 1950s, and got BAFTA Award nominations for her performances in "Bhowani Junction" (1956), "On the Beach" (1959) and "The Night of the Iguana" (1964).  She is listed as one of the American Film Institute's greatest stars of all time.
Oswaldo Sánchez (born 21 September 1973) is a Mexican football player. He plays for Santos Laguna and Mexico national team. Club career statistics. 454||0 454||0 International career statistics. !Total||98||0
Costinha (born 1 December 1974) is a former Portuguese football player. He has played for Portugal national team. Sources: Source: Honours. Player. Monaco Porto Portugal Manager. Nacional
is a former Japanese football player. Biography. Morioka was born in Ozu on August 12, 1973. After graduating from Yawatahama Technical High School, he joined J1 League club Gamba Osaka in 1992. He debuted in 1993 and played many matches as offensive midfielder from 1994. His opportunity to play decreased in 1998. He moved to Kyoto Purple Sanga in 1999 and Vissel Kobe in 2000. He returned to Gamba in 2002. Although he played many matches in 2002, his opportunity to play decreased from 2003. In 2006, he moved to Regional Leagues club Banditonce Kobe (later "Banditonce Kakogawa"). He retired at the end of the 2008 season. In July 1996, Morioka was selected for the Japan U-23 national team for 1996 Summer Olympics. At this tournament, he played one match as a right side midfielder against Hungary in the third match. Although Japan won 2 matches, they lost in the first round. Japan won Brazil in their first game. It was known as "Miracle of Miami" () in Japan. Statistics. 246||31||18||2||32||4||296||37 246||31||18||2||32||4||296||37
Yoann Miguel Gourcuff (born 11 July 1986) is a French former professional footballer who played mainly as an attacking midfielder. He could also be utilized as a withdrawn striker. Career. Yoann Gourcuff began his career in 1992 with F.C. Lorient. In 2001 he began to play for Rennes. While playing for Rennes, he attracted many supporters and the interest of other teams. Gourcuff moved to the Italian club AC Milan in 2003. He achieved many club honors with AC Milan, but did not play with the starting eleven players. In 2008 Goucuff was loaned to the French football team Girordins Bordeaux. After playing a good season, he became a permanent player for Bordeaux. Gourcuff has been compared to Zinedine Zidane because of his playing style and ability. Gourcuff has won the UNFP Ligue Player of the Year award. He was named French Player of the Year by the magazine "France Football" in 2009. In August 2010, he joined Olympique Lyonnais. Gourcuff played his first game with the France national football team in August 2008. He scored his first international goal against Romania two months later. "Scores and results list France's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Gourcuff goal." Honours. Milan Bordeaux Lyon France U19 Individual
Daniel Sanabria (born 2 February 1977) is a former Paraguayan football player. He has played for Paraguay national team. Club career statistics. 15||3||3||1||2||0||20||4 113||7||||||||||113||7 10||1||||||||||10||1 0||0||||||||||0||0 34||2||||||||||34||2 172||13||3||1||2||0||177||14 International career statistics. !Total||7||0
Gláucio de Jesus Carvalho (born 11 November 1975) is a former Brazilian football player.
Ali Boumnijel (born 13 April 1966) is a former Tunisian football player. He has played for Tunisia national team. Club career statistics. 212||0 61||0 273||0 International career statistics. !Total|||| Honours. Tunisia
Takafumi Yoshimoto (born 13 May 1978) is a former Japanese football player. Club career statistics. 195||18||11||1||0||0||206||19 195||18||11||1||0||0||206||19
Daishi Hiramatsu (born 3 July 1983) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Tokyo. Club career statistics. 99||5||8||0||5||0||112||5 99||5||8||0||5||0||112||5
Sidney Poitier (February 20, 1927 – January 6, 2022) was a Bahamian and American actor, movie director, and diplomat. He became a star in American movies and plays which went against racial stereotypes, and made black actors more respected in mainstream roles. From 1997 through 2007, he was the Bahamian ambassador to Japan.  Early life. Poitier was born in Miami, Florida. He grew up with his family on remote Cat Island, in the Bahamas. His mother was called Evelyn and his father was called Reginald James Poitier. They had a farm. Poitier's birth was premature and people did not expect him to survive, but his parents stayed three months in Miami until he became well. Since he was born in Miami, Poitier automatically gained U.S. citizenship. When he was 15, Poitier's parents sent him off Miami to live with his older brother. At 17, he moved to New York City and got several menial jobs. During this time, he was arrested for vagrancy (being homeless) after having to leave his home for not paying rent. He decided to join the United States Army. He worked as a dishwasher until he got a job with the American Negro Theater. Acting career. Poitier was tone deaf, and could not sing or dance. This is what black actors did at the time, so audiences did not like him. He worked very hard to improve his acting skills, and to get rid of his Bahamian accent. He eventually got a leading role in the Broadway play called "Lysistrata" and he got excellent reviews. At the end of 1949, he got a job working for Darryl F. Zanuck in the movie "No Way Out" (1950). He played a doctor treating a white bigot. After this job, he soon got more movie roles. The acting jobs he got were better and more interesting than the roles most black actors played at the time. In 1955, he played a member of an badly behaved high school class in "Blackboard Jungle". This was an important