ejaasaari/simplewiki-2025-04-01 huggingface dataset:
A military camp or bivouac is a semi-permanent facility for where an army stays when it is not at its military base. Camps are erected when a military force travels away from a major installation or fort during training. It is also used for operations, and often form large campsites. In the Roman era the military camp served an entire legion. Archaeological investigations have revealed many details of these Roman camps in places such as England and Scotland.
A spinster is an older word for an unmarried woman. A word used more often today is "single woman" or "bachelorette".  Other meanings. A spinster is also someone who spins yarn from wool using a spinning wheel. Spinsters use the yarn to make clothes like a tailor, seamster, seamstress. One famous spinster is the girl in the story of Rumpelstiltskin.
Dick Clark (November 30, 1929 — April 18, 2012) was an American television entertainer. He was nicknamed "the world's oldest teenager". From the 1950s to the 2000s, he entertained people from around the United States, as well as the rest of the world. He became famous due to his show "American Bandstand". He also hosted game shows, including "The $100,000 Pyramid". His other shows included "Dick Clark's New Year's Rockin' Eve with Ryan Seacrest". Clark died on the morning of April 18, 2012 in Santa Monica, California from a heart attack.
Perl is a programming language invented by Larry Wall to process text. The programming language has been changed many times to do some other things. Some of these things are tasks like making web pages show information in a better way than before, or take information and show it in a way that makes more sense to people. Perl code is written using some symbols besides letters and numbers. Usage. Perl is very good at searching through text looking for patterns, which lets people find words that they may be looking for, or also let people find words they are looking for, and change them with different words much more quickly than they would if they had to do it one word at a time. Perl is also a high-level programming language. A high-level language has advanced features which let the programmer tell the computer what to do without having to worry about how the computer is going to do it as compared to low-level programming languages which often require more programmer effort.  Example. An example Hello World program in Perl: say 'Hello World!' You can use variables in Perl. A variable is a box where you can put items. In Perl, some variables starts with their own sigil. A sigil is the way to tell the Perl interpreter about what type of variable you are using. Variables can be scalar, array, hash, handle, regular expression, typeglob or subroutine. For example: my $a_scalar = 2; my $b = 5.29 ; my $c = "a string"; my $d = 'another'; my @e = ($b,3,4,$c,$d); my %f = ('a'=&gt;$b,'cad'=&gt;'pqr',$c=&gt;$d); Perl packages. The Comprehensive Perl Archive Network, aka CPAN, hosts a large number of extensions to Perl which may be downloaded for free.
Johannes Kepler (27 December 1571 – 15 November 1630) was a German mathematics teacher, astronomer, optician, natural philosopher, astrologer and Lutheran theologian. He was Tycho Brahe's apprentice. Tycho Brahe looked at the way the planets moved in the sky. Johannes Kepler found a simple way to say how the planets move. Kepler also studied other things like Kepler's supernova. How the planets move. A planet moves along a path called an orbit. Kepler used three laws to say what form the path has and how fast the planet moves Kepler published the first two laws in 1609, and the third in 1619.
Pascal is a programming language. It was created in 1970 by Niklaus Wirth, to help people learn how to make computer programs. Development. Now, there are many different dialects of the language, some of which support object-oriented programming. In 1990 the “Pascal” and “Extended Pascal” standards were registered with the International Organization for Standardization. Description. Every variable has to be declared before it is used. Pascal is a strongly typed programming language: Every variable has a data type. You are only allowed to assign values to the variable that are valid for the data type. This ensures that the programmer does not make unintentional mistakes. Pascal is a imperative language. The language distinguishes between procedures and functions. A function returns a value, a procedure does not. As such, a function call appears in an expression, whereas a procedure invocation is a statement. Code samples. This code prints Hello world! at console window: program helloWorld(output); begin  writeLn('Hello world!'); end. This code calculate factorial of a positive integer, using recursion. program factorialDemo(input, output); function factorial(n: integer): integer; begin  if n &lt; 2 then  begin  factorial := 1;  end  else  begin  factorial := n * factorial(n - 1);  end end; var  n: integer; begin  write('Enter number: ');  readLn(n);  writeLn(factorial(n)); end.
The hymen (also called maidenhead) is tissue that surrounds or partially covers the external vaginal opening. The hymen has no known use. People used to believe that the hymen always tears after having sexual intercourse for the first time, and that you could tell if a woman was a virgin by looking at her hymen and seeing if it was torn. However, it turns out that it is impossible to tell if someone is a virgin by looking at their hymen. Studies have confirmed that all girls are born with hymens. Types. There are several different types of hymen. In about 1 in 2,000 females, the hymen does not develop at all. The hymen may also not have a hole in it; this is called an "imperforate hymen". In this case a hole will need to be surgically cut into it to allow menstrual fluid (period blood) out. Other types are: What might damage the hymen. When a girl reaches puberty, the hymen becomes stretchy. The hymen may be damaged by girls fall directly onto sharp objects . Sexual intercourse is another easy way to damage the hymen along with horseback riding and biking. A woman's hymen can also break while playing some sports Hymens in other animals. These animals all have a hymen: There are many more animals which have hymens, but not all are listed here. The stages of growth. When a fetus is developing, there is no vaginal opening. The hymen comes from the skin covering the vagina at that time. In young babies, the hymen is thick and pink. This is because the mother is giving the baby hormones through breast feeding which keeps it thick. In adolescent girls, the hymen becomes thin, smooth and delicate because she has stopped taking in hormones. The hymen becomes very sensitive and can easily cause pain if touched. From puberty, the hymen gets thicker again and becomes pale pink. This is because of the hormone estrogen.
The Gräfenberg spot (usually called G-spot) is defined as a highly sensitive area near the entrance inside of the human vagina. It is believed to be a part of the urethral sponge. Some people believe it is a bundle of nerves in the female human reproductive system. If the area is stimulated, this can cause pleasurable sensations, female ejaculation and a strong orgasm in some women. Some doctors and researchers who specialize in the anatomy of women say that there is no anatomical evidence for the spot. Origin. The "G-spot" concept was named by Addiego and others in 1981 or by Beverly Whipple and others in 1982. It is named after the German gynaecologist, Ernst Gräfenberg. Gräfenberg wrote first about "The Role of Urethra in Female Orgasm" in 1950. A book was first published about the G-spot in 1982, called "The G Spot and Other Recent Discoveries About Human Sexuality", by three authors from the United States: Alice Kahn Ladas, a psychologist; Beverly Whipple, a registered nurse and sex counselor; and John D. Perry, a psychologist. Location. Although typically described as near the entrance inside of the vagina, reports of the G-spot's location vary and therefore it has no specific place to be found. However, there are two methods which are used to find it: Some women say that they have "deeper" orgasms when the G-spot is stimulated. One research team experimented with the vagina by trying to touch the G-spot in certain places under experimental conditions; they found that in most cases, women had a sensitive area near the front of the vagina. Public views. Some people, including doctors, do not believe that the G-spot exists. When the book "The G Spot and Other Recent Discoveries About Human Sexuality" was published in 1982, there was significant criticism. Some people who are not doctors simply say that it is a "highly sensitive area" in the vagina. Scientific views. Scientists have carried out tests trying to find the G-spot and have not found any consistent or definitive evidence of it, and most of them believe that, if it does exist, it is an extension of the clitoris.
Skene's glands (also called lesser vestibular glands or paraurethral glands) are glands in the upper wall of the vagina. They empty into the urethra. Their location is known as the Gräfenberg spot. In males, their homologue is the prostate gland. The glands are named after the person who described them first, Alexander Skene. He was a physician.
The Bartholin's glands are two glands found slightly below and to the left and right of the opening of the vagina in women. History. They were first found in the 17th century, by the Danish anatomist, Caspar Bartholin the Younger (1655-1738). Anatomy. The glands secrete mucus to make sexual intercourse easier. Bartholin's glands secrete relatively minute amounts (one or two drops) of fluid when a woman is sexually aroused. Sometimes, the Bartholin's glands become infected and can be swollen or painful. This can be treated by a doctor with antibiotics.
A gland is a group of cells in the body which make substances such as hormones. They are in humans and other animals, and in plants.  Examples of glands in humans are:
"Aegukka" (; ), officially translated as "Patriotic Song", is the national anthem of North Korea. To celebrate the country's independence from Japan, it was written by Pak Se-yong and composed by Kim Won-gyun, then it was adopted in 1947 shortly after. It should not be confused with South Korea's national anthem, which has the same name but uses a different romanisation scheme. It is sometimes also known by the first bit of the song, "Achhimŭn pinnara" (), meaning "Let Morning Shine".
"Aegukga" (; ), meaning "The Patriotic Song", is the national anthem of the Republic of Korea (South Korea). It should not be confused with North Korea's anthem, which has the same name. The lyrics of the Aegukga sung today were created around 1907, a time when the country was under threat from foreign invasions, to inspire patriotism, loyalty, and a sense of independence. Over time, the lyrics were refined by various pioneers to their current form, and the melody was set to the Scottish folk song "Auld Lang Syne."  Ahn Ik-tae (안익태), who was active abroad, felt it was unfortunate that the Aegukga was sung to a foreign melody. In 1935, he composed the melody that we sing today. The Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea adopted this composition as the national anthem, but it was only spread overseas. In Korea, the anthem continued to be sung to the Scottish folk melody until the establishment of the government after liberation.  After the establishment of the South Korean government in 1948, Ahn's composition was used at official events and included in school textbooks nationwide, becoming widely sung across the country. Subsequently, this Aegukga was widely spread abroad and became established as the de facto national anthem.  ith the formalization of the Aegukga as the national anthem, it was actively promoted in the 1950s through media like the Korean News. Additionally, various guidelines and directives, such as the "Instructions on Etiquette for Flag Hoisting and Aegukga Singing" (1966), gradually incorporated it into national ceremonies. The instructions stated that during the salute to the national flag and the singing of the Aegukga, people should show proper respect by standing still, and all passing individuals and vehicles should stop to show respect.
Sunni Islam () is the largest branch of Islam. They are the branch of Islam that came through the Rashidun Empire, which started with Abu Bakr and ended by Ali ibn Abi Talib. Sunni beliefs are based on the Quran and the Kutub al-Sittah. Sunnis make up around 90% of the world's Muslim population. With approximately 1.8 billion followers, it is the largest religious denomination of any religion in the world. Catholicism is the second-largest. There are four sub-groups (Madh'hab)s within Sunni Islam; Malikis, Hanafis, Hanbalis and Shafi'is. Adherents of Sunni Islam are Sunnis or Sunnites. The word "Sunni" comes from the word sunna (), which means the tradition of the prophet of Islam, Muhammad. Sunnis are also called "ahl as-sunnah wa l-jamāʻah" (), which means people of tradition and congregation; this means that the Sunnis are united.
Hunting is going out to find and kill animals. Animals and some humans, hunt for food. People have hunted at least since the stone age. They used spears, and now people mostly use guns and bows. Some people kill the animals for fur, to make clothes and shelter, or to decorate their homes, or to sell. Fox hunting is sometimes a keeping animal populations from getting too high. Hunting too much, though, can kill off species of animals, making them extinct. Hunting once made the dodo, a bird, become extinct. Before they invented herding people got meat by hunting. Boar hunting and fox hunting became became popular in early modern times. Another form of hunting is not to use guns, bows and arrows or spears, but by animal trapping.  Animal rights activists oppose to hunting. Anti-hunting laws (English Hunting Act 2004) strive to reduce hunting.
Tycho Brahe (14 December 1546 — 24 October 1601) was an astronomer from Denmark. He observed the night sky before the invention of the telescope. With money from the King of Denmark he built a large observatory called Uraniborg on the island of Hven in Denmark.  He discovered that the universe outside the Solar System could change when he studied a supernova and a comet. Johannes Kepler was his assistant. Tycho made very careful observations of the planets. When Tycho died in 1601, Kepler continued Tycho's work. Tycho was not a modern scientist. He believed in astrology, and his astronomy was a strange mixture of scientific observation and religious belief. Although he rejected the Ptolemaic system, he also rejected the Copernican system. He developed a geocentric theory that imagined the Sun and Moon orbited the Earth, but the other planets orbited the Sun.  Unlike most astronomers of his time, he did not believe in the unchanging celestial realm or spheres. Tycho's Nova, now called SN 1572, proved that changes did take place. Also, he worked out that comets were real celestial objects, and that their orbits were different from those of the planets.
An ellipse is a shape that looks like an oval or a flattened circle.  In geometry, an ellipse is a plane curve which results from the intersection of a cone by a plane in a way that produces a closed curve.  Circles are special cases of ellipses, created when the cutting plane is perpendicular to the cone's axis. A circle has one center, called a focus. An ellipse has two foci.  An ellipse is simply all points on a graph that the sum of the distances from 2 points are the same. For example, an ellipse can be made by putting two pins into cardboard and a circle of string around those two, then putting a pencil in the loop and pulling as far as possible without breaking the string in all directions. The orbits of the planets are ellipses, with the sun at one focus.  In analytic geometry the equation of an ellipse is formula_1 where the center of the ellipse is (h,k). 2A is the length from each end of the longer skinnier side. 2b is the length of the 2 ends of the short side. A²-B²=C² for c is the length between the foci and the center. An ellipse can also be expressed as  formula_2 In this case, it will be taller than it is wide.
Babur , full name Zahiruddin Muhammad Babur (14 February 1483 – 26 December 1530) was the founder of the Mughal Empire in South Asia. He was the eldest son of Umar Sheikh Mirza, governor of Farghana.He fought and won in the first battle of Panipat. Plans of the establishment of Mughal empire. In 1525 Babur set out to attack India. He had only about twelve thousand men with him but he had been promised help by Daulat Khan Lodi, the governor of Punjab. They planned to march together against the ruling Sultan Ibrahim Lodi, who was the King of Delhi at that time. When Babur reached India, the government was afraid to help him, and eventually backed out, and so Babur started off to Delhi by himself with his small army of men. Ibrahim Lodi was reported to have one hundred thousand men and one hundred elephants. But Babur had something which Ibrahim did not have – heavy guns and cannons, the first proper Turkic style artillery seen in medieval India. There were hardly any guns at that time in India and Babur had managed to get hold of some in Kabul. He had cannons and some firearms as well. He met Ibrahim Lodi and his army at Panipat in modern Haryana. The two armies met at the famous First battle of Panipat, at a small village near Delhi. Both armies remained in position opposite each other for a week before the battle began. Babur was an excellent general and he planned the battle very carefully as conquering Delhi was indeed very important to him. After the battle about fifteen thousand men of the enemy were killed including their commander Ibrahim Lodi.  Before the enemy could recover from their defeat, Delhi was captured. Consolidating victory. Babur had to fight more major battles, the battles of Khanua and Gogra. In 1527 A.D. he had to face a fierce enemy of his at Khanua, the Rajput hero, Rana Sangram (or Sanga)of Mewar. A ferocious battle was fought between the two in the field of Khanua and Babur won the battle
In Hinduism and Hindu mythology, Mantra means a group of words. There are many such groups of words. Some mantras have meanings. However, there are many mantras which are just syllables, with or without any words. Such mantras do not carry meanings. From the ancient times, Hindus, as well as in many cases, texts of Buddhism and Jainism contain many mantras. Traditionally, people associate the mantras with various powers. However, it is more a matter of individual faith and experience than a fact of science. The earliest examples of mantras are many hymns and verses of Vedas. People read them aloud. They thought that by doing so they would get the blessings of the gods and other beings. The system continued in Hindu practices of worship and meditation. Even now, many Hindus believe in the power of mantras to gain health and wealth. Mantras may form part of worship or people may simply recite them loudly or slowly. Some time no recitation may take place, and the person would just think of the mantra silently for long time. References. Dictionary of Hindu Lore and Legend () by Anna Dallapiccola https://vedic7.blogspot.com/2022/12/mantras.html
The Line of Control (LOC) is the line that marks where the region of Kashmir is divided. The land on one side of the line is controlled by India, and the land on the other side is controlled by Pakistan. It is not a legal international border, but is the effective boundary between the two countries. India and Pakistan fought over Kashmir between 1947 and 1948. The line originally marked the military front when the two countries declared a ceasefire on 1/2 January 1949. The fronts gradually became a solid boundary. It was formally named the Line of Control after the , which was signed on 3 July 1972. All of Kashmir was previously the princely state of Kashmir and Jammu. The part of the region that is now under Indian control is known as the State of Jammu and Kashmir. The two parts that are under Pakistani control are known as Gilgit-Baltistan and Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJK). The Line of Control is long. Another cease-fire line separates the Indian-controlled part of Kashmir from the Chinese-controlled area of Aksai Chin. This is further to the east and is called the Line of Actual Control (LAC). Although the other side is controlled by India, China regards this line as part of its border with Pakistan. China and Pakistan have agreed on a border, but India has not. Fencing. India has built a fence along its side of the Line of Control. It is currently long. It only runs part of the length of the line, the rest of the Line of Control is too inaccessible for construction of a barrier. Its stated purpose is to exclude arms smuggling and infiltration by Pakistani-based separatist militants. Pakistan has objected to the construction of the barrier, saying it violates both bilateral accords and relevant United Nations Security Council resolutions on the region.
Siegen is a city in the German state North Rhine-Westphalia. About 110,000 people live there and a university. Twin Towns. It has been twinned with the borough of Spandau in Berlin since 1952. Other twin cities are:
Graz is a city in Austria and capital of Styria.  After Vienna, Graz has the second highest number of people living in the city. In 2014 the city and surrounding areas had 605,143 people. The city has six universities. History. The oldest reference to Graz in historical documents is from 1128. In 1379 Graz became the capital of Inner Austria. ("Inner Austria" included Styria, Carinthia, Krain, Inner Istria and Trieste.) The Roman Empire used Graz as a stronghold to defend against enemies on the southeast. Two of the buildings created at that period ("Glockenturm" which is a clock tower, and "Uhrturm" which is a bell tower) have become landmarks of Graz. The Historic Centre and Schloss Eggenberg is named a World Heritage Site by UNESCO.
Innsbruck (; ; ) is a city in Austria. About 120,000 people live there. It is the capital of the Austrian federal state of Tyrol and of the Tyrolean district of Innsbruck-Land District. It is one of the biggest cities of Austria. It has an area of 104.91 km2. The highest area is the Praxmarerkarspitze (2641m). The deepest one is the Inn near Ampass (565m). The name Innsbruck comes from the German words "Inn", a river which crosses the city, and "brücke", a bridge. It means "bridge over the Inn". &lt;br&gt;
Basel (French: "Bâle") is a city in the north of Switzerland. It is sometimes called Basle in English. Basel is the capital of the Swiss canton of Basel-Stadt.  The city has a population of about 170,000 people and is the third largest city in Switzerland after Zürich and Geneva. Basel borders Germany and France in the north and the canton of Basel-Land in the south. The Rhine river flows through the city. History. Basel was a prince-bishopric from 999 until 1803. Most of the city was destroyed in the 1356 Basel earthquake, the strongest earthquake ever recorded in Central Europe. Basel joined Switzerland in 1501. Economy. Basel is well known for the many chemical and pharmaceutical companies that are located in the city, such as Novartis, Syngenta and Hoffmann-La Roche. The only ports in Switzerland are located along the Rhine river in Basel, which makes the city important for imports and exports to and from Switzerland. Water transport using cargo ships on the Rhine river connects Basel with the seaport of Rotterdam. Basel ports are connected to the Swiss railway and road network. Basel shares the international airport EuroAirport Basel Mulhouse Freiburg with the French city Mulhouse. Education. The University of Basel was founded in 1460 and is the oldest in Switzerland and one of the oldest in the world. Erasmus, Paracelsus, Daniel Bernoulli, Leonhard Euler and Friedrich Nietzsche worked here.