ejaasaari/simplewiki-2025-04-01 huggingface dataset:
The classic cycle races are the most important one-day professional cycling road races in the international "calendar" (list of races) All of the races are run in western Europe. Most of the events have been on the professional calendar for decades and the oldest ones date back to the 19th Century. They are normally held at roughly the same time each year. In the last few years, the five top races are sometimes described as the 'Monuments'. From 2005, the Classics have formed part of the UCI ProTour run by the Union Cycliste Internationale. This event series also includes various stage races including the Tour de France, Giro d'Italia, Vuelta a España, Paris-Nice and the Critérium de Dauphiné Libéré, and various non-Classic single day events. The ProTour replaced the UCI Road World Cup series which contained only one-day races. The Classics. Some races that were Classics are no longer run. These include the gruelling (very hard) 560km, Derny event, Bordeaux-Paris, run from 1891 to 1988. The 'Monuments'. Five of the classic races are sometimes called "the Monuments" Only three riders have won all five 'Monument' one-day races during their careers: Roger De Vlaeminck, Rik Van Looy and Eddy Merckx. All were from Belgium. Seán Kelly of Ireland won four Monuments but only finished second in the Ronde van Vlaanderen on three occasions (1984,1986,1987).
A criterium, or crit, is a type of bicycle race held on a short course (usually less than 5 km), often run on closed-off city centre streets. Race length can be either a time or a number of laps. Often a criterium lasts about one hour, which is shorter than that of a traditional road race – which can last many hours, sometimes of several days or even weeks, as in a Grand Tour. However, the average speed and is much higher. The winner is the first rider to cross the finish line without having been "lapped" (overtaken). Events often have prizes (called "primes", usually cash) for winning specific intermediate laps (for instance, every 10th lap). Winning criteriums needs a mix of good technical skills – especially the ability to corner rapidly and sharply – and riding safely with a large group on a short circuit and exceptional fitness to attack other riders and repeatedly accelerate hard from corners. Criteriums are relatively easy to organize and do not require a large amount of space. They are the most common type of bicycle racing in the continental United States. Equipment. Racing bicycles used for criteriums are typically no different than those used in other mass-start road events. However, some racers use shorter bicycles to help keep control when turning and slightly shorter cranks (pedal levers) to help pedalling through sharp turns.
In chemistry, valence electrons are the electrons in the outside or "valence" electron shell of an atom. They determine the valency of the atom which is important in how a chemical element reacts with other elements. Elements which have eight valence electrons (noble gases) are inert and they do not tend to create chemical reactions with other elements in the Periodic table group.  The number of valence electrons is also important for determining the group of an element in the Periodic table, because an element's number of valence electron is the same as the number of its group in the periodic table. To calculate the amount of valence electrons present in an element you have to find the last number of the electron configuration.
Flamingos () are types of birds. They are noisy birds and they live in big groups called flocks. Flamingos are wading birds. This means they live by water, such as lakes.  They are in the genus Phoenicopterus and family Phoenicopteridae. There are six species of flamingo. Two of species are found in Africa, Europe and Asia. The other four are found in North America and South America.  Flamingos are pink or red. This is because of small bacteria that live in water which the flamingos eat. This small bacteria is known as carotenoids. This is a pigment that causes the plumage color you see on flamingos. They also eat small crayfish and algae. Baby flamingos are gray. Flamingos can fly. This is why they have wings. Flamingos are very tall birds and they have long legs. They often stand on only one leg. Scientsts found that they do this beacuse it takes less energy than standing on two legs. Flamingos have a curved bill that is shaped like a banana. This is because they feed in the mud on the bottom of lakes. Flamingos can weigh up to 4 kg and be up to 145cm tall. They live up to around 47 years. A group of flamingos is called a flamboyance. Both flamingo and flamboyance come from the words referring to fire. Conservation. Many flamingos that live in Kenya and Tanzania are dying. Scientists do not know why. They think it may be because of bacteria in the water. Taxonomy. The Phonenicopteriformes is an order of birds, which contains the family of flamingos and two another families which are extinct.
A movie studio, or film studio, is a place where movies are made. A movie studio can be an area where the movie is filmed; like an indoor (interior) stage or room, or an outdoor area in which only those making the movie are allowed to be. The term "movie studio" also means a production company because these companies often had - in the 1920s to the 1940s - their own studios in their own buildings. Even though most production companies do not now have their own studios, the term is still used in this way.
"For the type of cycling race see Criterium" The Critérium du Dauphiné Libéré is an annual cycling road race, run over eight stages in the Dauphiné region in France during the first half of June. It is organised by the "Le Dauphiné Libéré" newspaper. Along with the Tour de Suisse, the Dauphiné Libéré is an important race in the lead-up to the Tour de France in July. Because the Dauphiné is a mountainous area, the winners are often climbing specialists. Many climbs that are famous from the Tour de France, like the Mont Ventoux, the Col du Galibier or "Col de la Chartreuse" appear often in the Dauphiné Libéré. All cyclists who have won the Tour de France five times or more have also won the Dauphiné Libéré. The first Dauphiné Libéré was held in 1947 when Eduard Klablinski from Poland was the winner. Nello Lauredi, Luis Ocaña, Charly Mottet and Bernard Hinault share the record of the most wins, with three each. Iban Mayo won in 2004, when he climbed Mont Ventoux very quickly. In the 2005 Dauphiné the winner was Iñigo Landaluze, of the Euskaltel-Euskadi team.
The 1900 Summer Olympics (), officially called the Games of the II Olympiad, were held in Paris, France. The games went from 14 May to 28 October 1900. The games were part of the 1900 Exposition Universelle (Paris World's Fair). The sports events were not well planned. The games were not thought to be a success. In total, there were 1,226 athletes. These athletes were played in 19 different sports. 720 of the 997 athletes were from France. France won the most gold, silver, and bronze awards. U.S won the 2nd most awards. Britain won the 3rd most awards. This was the first Olympic Games where women competed. The sailor Hélène de Pourtalès was the first woman to win an Olympic game. The 1900 Olympic Games were also very unusual. There were many events that were only at this Olympics. These events were angling, motor racing, ballooning, cricket, croquet, Basque pelota, 200m swimming obstacle race and underwater swimming. This was also the only Olympic Games to use live animals as a target in shooting. Sports. Weightlifting and wrestling were not in the 1900 Olympics, even though they were in the 1896 Summer Olympics. However, 12 new sports were added. Croquet was the only sport where only French players played. The number of events is in parentheses. Venues. There were 14 venues (or places) at the 1900 Summer Olympics. Participating nations. There were 24 nations that sent athletes to compete at the Paris games. Medals. The 1900 Olympics is the only Olympic Games that had rectangle medals. These medals were made by . Gilt silver medals were given to 1st place in shooting, lifesaving, automobile racing and gymnastics. 2nd place silver medals were given in shooting, rowing, yachting, tennis, gymnastics, sabre, fencing, equestrian and athletics. 3rd place bronze medals were given in gymnastics, firefighting and shooting. In many sports, there were no medals given. Many of the prizes were cups or other trophies. After the Olympic Games, the International Olympic Committee gave the athletes gold, silver, and bronze medals to the athletes who were in 1st, 2nd or 3rd-place. These are the top ten nations that won medals at the 1900 Games. Key
Mont Ventoux is a mountain in the Provence region of southern France, about 20 km north-east of Carpentras, Vaucluse. It is the largest mountain in the region and has the nicknames "Giant of Provence" and "The Bald Mountain". History. Jean Buridan climbed the mountain early in the fourteenth century; Petrarch repeated the feat on April 26, 1336, and claimed to have been the first to climb a mountain since antiquity, which has been widely repeated since. In the 15th century a chapel was built on the top. It was dedicated to the Holy Cross. In 1882, a meteorological station was constructed on the summit, but it is not used now. In the 1960s a 50m-high telecommunications mast was built. Road cycling. For road bicycle racing enthusiasts, the mountain can be climbed by three roads. Every year there are amateur races to climb the mountain as quickly and often as possible in 24 hours. On May 16 2006, Jean-Pascal Roux from Bédoin broke the record of climbs in 24 hours, with eleven climbs, all of them from Bédoin. Tour de France. Mont Ventoux is the one of the most gruelling climbs in the Tour de France. The Tour has visited the mountain thirteen times since 1951. The route is usually the Bédoin. British cyclist Tom Simpson, who died here on July 13, 1967 from a combination of amphetamines, alcohol and heat exhaustion. He began to weave across the road before he fell down twice. He was delirious, but his last words were not "put me back on my bike", that was what a journalist wrote. Amphetamines were found in his jersey and bloodstream. There is a memorial to Simpson near the summit which has become a shrine to fans of cycling, who often leave small tokens of remembrance there. In 1970, Eddy Merckx rode himself to the brink of collapse but won the stage. He received oxygen, recovered, and won the Tour. In 1994, Eros Poli, not known for his climbing ability, stole away at the beginning of the day's stage, built up a big time gap from the peloton, and was first over the Ventoux and was the stage winner despite. The last winner on the Ventoux was the French climber Richard Virenque.
In baseball, a designated hitter (DH) is a person who bats in place of the pitcher in the American League of Major League Baseball. In the National League, the pitchers have to bat for themselves. The designated hitter is usually one of the best hitters on the team but is not a good defensive player. The reason for the designated hitter is because many pitchers are not good hitters. Pitchers are chosen because they are good at pitching, not because they are good at hitting.
The 1968 Winter Olympics, officially known as the 38th Olympic Winter Games, were held in 1968 in Grenoble, France and started on February 6. Thirty-seven countries took part. Norway won the most medals, the first time a country other than the USSR had done so since the USSR first entered the Winter Games in 1956. Attention in the USA. Frenchman Jean-Claude Killy won three gold medals in all the alpine skiing events. In women's figure skating, Peggy Fleming won the only United States gold medal. The games have been credited with making the Winter Olympics more popular in the United States, largely because of ABC's coverage of Fleming and Killy, who became very popular among teenage girls. New practices. 1968 was the first year that the International Olympic Committee (IOC) let East and West Germany enter separately, and the first time the IOC ever ordered drug and gender testing of the athletes.
The 1964 Winter Olympics, officially known as the IX Olympic Winter Games, were held in Innsbruck, Austria, from January 29 to February 9 1964. The games included 1091 athletes from 36 nations, and the Olympic Torch was carried by Joseph Rieder, a former alpine skier who had participated in the 1956 Winter Olympics. The games were affected by the deaths of Australian alpine skier Ross Milne and a British luge slider, during training, and by the deaths, 3 years earlier, of the entire US figure skating team and family members. Participating nations. 36 nations sent athletes to compete in Innsbruck. India, Mongolia, and North Korea participated in the Winter Games for the first time. Athletes from West Germany (FRG) and East Germany (GDR) competed together as the United Team of Germany from 1956 to 1964. Medal count. These are the top ten nations that won medals at these Games:
A hippie (sometimes spelled as hippy) is a label for a person of a particular counterculture that started in the United States and spread to other countries in the 1960s and the 1970s.  Hippies have their own opinions on drugs, sexual liberation, and women's rights.  History. The first people to be called "hippies" were young adults and teenagers in the 1960s who grew out of the beatnik movement. These people were supporters of civil rights for African-Americans in the Southern USA. They soon developed their own music scene in neighborhoods in New York City (Greenwich Village) and San Francisco (Haight-Ashbury). They were also strongly against the Vietnam War, nuclear weapons, and what they called the "Establishment" (this was a word for mainstream society). They were also against the "military-industrial complex". This phrase was taken from a warning in the farewell speech of President Dwight Eisenhower in 1961. Many more people began to see hippies in the news after the Human Be-In (January 1967) and the 1967 "Summer of Love" were held in San Francisco. By this time, they had developed their own lifestyle that included psychedelic styles, drug use, usually some amount of travel, and much longer hair than other people. These styles quickly spread across the country, especially to college campuses where students were protesting President Lyndon Johnson's policies in Vietnam, the assassination of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. in 1968, and other events. They also spread to the UK, Netherlands, France, Italy, Germany, Australia, New Zealand, Pakistan and Canada, among other places.  In 1968 many more Americans turned against the war following the Tet Offensive, King was shot, and politicians began to get ready for the election for President in November. Many colleges were shut down by students, and people burned their draft cards at public rallies. A group of radical hippies called the Yippies, led by Abbie Hoffman and Jerry Rubin, led a huge protest during the 1968 Democratic Convention in Chicago, where they tried to run a pig called Pigasus as a candidate for
Halakha is the Hebrew word for the Jewish code of laws. History. A long time ago, these laws were oral (spoken, but not written down). Once they became written down they were called the Mishnah. The Mishnah was made by rabbis in the 1st and 2nd Century (CE).
A stereotype is a mistaken idea or belief many people have about a thing or group that is based upon how they look on the outside, which may be untrue or only partly true. Stereotyping people is usually considered a type of prejudice because how a person would appear on the outside is a small part of who a person is on the inside. Like other untrue opinions, stereotypes might be used as reasons to discriminate against another person, or sometimes for a humorous effect in fiction. The term was invented in the late 18th century for a method of printing. In the mid-19th century it meant the faithful reproduction of everything which could be printed, whether words or pictures. It made the printing of cheap editions possible, and was used in printing newspapers. The term got its psychological meaning in the 20th century.
Thomas Simpson (30 November 1937 – 13 July 1967) was an English road racing cyclist who died of exhaustion on the slopes of Mont Ventoux riding the 13th stage of the Tour de France in 1967. The post mortem found that he had taken amphetamines. Added to brandy, the hard climb up Mont Ventoux, the hot conditions, and a stomach complaint, the doping was fatal. Early life. Simpson was the youngest of the six children. He was born in Easington, County Durham. After World War II, the Simpson family moved to Harworth in north Nottinghamshire, another mining village, where Simpson grew up and became interested in cycling. He attended the village school and later Worksop Technical College and in 1954 was an apprentice draughtsman at an engineering company in Retford. As a cyclist he joined first Harworth and District Cycling Club and later Rotherham's Scala Wheelers, and by his late teens was winning local time trials. He was then advised to try track cycling, and he travelled regularly to Fallowfield Stadium in Manchester to compete. He won medals in the national 4000m individual pursuit discipline.  When he was 19, Simpson was part of the Great Britain team pursuit squad which won a bronze medal at the 1956 Summer Olympics in Melbourne, Australia. Two years later, he won a silver medal in the individual pursuit at the 1958 British Empire and Commonwealth Games in Cardiff. In April 1959, Simpson went to France to live in the Breton fishing port of Saint-Brieuc. He hoped to win enough local amateur races to get noticed by a professional cycling team. It was in Saint-Brieuc that he met Helen Sherburn. They married on 3 January 1960. Professional cyclist. Within two months, Simpson had won five races and in July 1959 was offered terms by two professional teams; he decided to join the Rapha Geminiani team, which already had a British cyclist, Brian Robinson, in its squad. His first event as a professional was a small stage race, the Tour de l'Ouest (Tour of the West). He won
The concept of an "electron cloud" refers to the quantum mechanical probability distribution of an electron’s position around an atomic nucleus, widely applied in understanding atomic polarization and dielectrics. A common misconception is that electrons in orbitals possess a fixed position that could produce a permanent dipole moment in the absence of an external field; this is incorrect, as the symmetry of the electron cloud in a neutral atom ensures no such moment exists without external perturbation. Electron Cloud as a Probability Distribution In quantum mechanics, electrons do not follow fixed orbits, as in the Bohr model, but exist in a delocalized "cloud" where the density reflects the probability of finding an electron, given by  𝜓 2 ∣ψ∣  2 , the square of the wavefunction. Orbitals—regions of higher probability—are not static paths but statistical distributions, and thus do not imply a fixed electron position that could generate a dipole moment. Historical Development&lt;br&gt; The electron cloud model was developed in 1926 by Erwin Schrödinger and Werner Heisenberg as part of quantum mechanics. Schrödinger’s wave equation and Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle showed that an electron’s position cannot be precisely determined, resembling a "blur" or cloud rather than a point particle with a definite location. This replaced the Bohr model and is the current standard for atomic structure. Atomic Orbitals and Shells Orbitals are categorized into shells (K, L, M, N, etc.), representing energy levels, and sub-orbitals (s, p, d, f), which describe spatial probability distributions. These sub-orbitals have distinct shapes and electron capacities (s: 2, p: 6, d: 10, f: 14), influencing periodic table patterns. However, the electron’s delocalized nature within these orbitals does not produce a permanent dipole moment in a neutral atom without an external field. Comparison with the Bohr Model In Bohr’s hydrogen atom model, the electron orbits at a fixed distance, the Bohr radius (0.529 Å or 5.29×10⁻¹¹ m). The electron cloud model ref
German Jews are Jews of German descent, or Jews living in Germany. Overview. Jews started living in German land in 321 AD under the Roman Empire. They formed the Yiddish-speaking Ashkenazi Jews (Hebrew: יהדות אשכנז) in the Middle Ages, who survived centuries of pogroms and expulsions into the 20th century. Multiple German cities were centers of Jewish cultural life, including Mainz and Speyer, until the Nazi German-led Holocaust happened and wiped out most German Jews, among the 6,000,000 Jews killed across Europe. Middle Ages. Under the Germanic Frankish Merovingian dynasty between the 5th and 8th century, Jews were banned from working as public servants. A succession of ecumenical councils also banned Jews from socializing with Christians or observing the "shabbat" over the unfounded fear that Judaism (the Jewish ethnoreligion) would influence Christians.  11th century. Systematic persecutions of Jews intensified in the 11th century under the Capetian dynasty, when King Robert the Pious tried to kill all Jews who rejected Christian conversion. Jews across the German land were assaulted, tortured or burned at stakes. The persecutions coincided with the destruction of the original Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem by the Fatimid Caliph Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah in 1009, which was exploited by Benedictine monk Rodulfus Glaber to spread rumors about Jewish "involvement" in the destruction. First Crusade. When the First Crusade happened in 1096, Jews were massacred by the crusaders across the German land. The events were seen by some historians as a series of genocidal massacres. The massacres all happened with Roman Catholic Church's tacit approval.  Between the 1182 and 1394, at least 13 expulsions of Jews happened, during which dozens of Black Death-associated massacres of Jews happened. Renaissance. Martin Luther (1483–1546), a reformer who led the Reformation in the 16th century, was well-known for
Agriculture is made up of livestock production, aquaculture, fisheries, forestry, animal husbandry and farming (or crop production). From agriculture one can get food and non-food products. Origin. The word agriculture comes from late Middle English which formed it partly from Middle French from the Latin word agricultura. Agricultura comes from the ager/agr meaning “field” and cultura meaning “growing, cultivation”. Examples. Some forms of agriculture are: Important kinds of agricultural products are:  There are views about what is different between farming and agriculture.