ejaasaari/simplewiki-2025-04-01 huggingface dataset:
Citizens band radio (also known as CB radio) is, in many countries, a system of short-distance radio communications between individuals on a selection of 40 channels within the 27 MHz (11 m) band. Citizens band not the same as the Amateur Radio Service ("ham" radio) which has a much longer range. In many countries, CB operation does not require a license to operate. It may be used for business or personal communications.  Like many other two-way radio services, citizens band channels are shared by many users. Only one station may transmit at a time. All other stations must listen and wait for the shared channel to be available. It is customary for stations waiting to use a shared channel to broadcast the single word "break" (or "breaker") during a lull in the conversation. This lets other people using the channel know that others are waiting. In the US, channel 19 is most often used by truckers. Channel 9 is reserved for emergencies. History. The citizens band radio service originated in the United States as one of several personal radio services regulated by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC). These services began in 1945 to permit citizens a radio band for personal communication. In 1948, the original CB radios were designed for operation on the 460–470 MHz UHF band. There were two classes of CB radio: "A" and "B". Class B radios had simpler technical requirements, and were limited to a smaller frequency range.  Al Gross established the Citizens Radio Corporation during the late 1940s to manufacture Class B handhelds for the general public. In the 1960s it became popular with taxicab companies to communicate with their drivers. In the 1970s it became popular with truckers, who  began using it to warn other truck drivers of police speedtraps. Other drivers soon used CB radios, and the CB jargon of truckers was used in several movies.  Ten codes. When CB radios first started a series of "10 codes" were used. This was due to the early CB radios need to warm up before use. The 10 codes were used as a shortcut to longer standard messages. A
Tread Lightly! is a non-profit organization in the United States with the mission of responsible outdoor use with the use of "ethics, education and stewardship". Tread Lightly! is supported by individuals, small business and corporations. As off-roading with vehicles such as ATVs, off-highway motorcycles, snowmobiles and four-wheel drives like Jeeps and pickup trucks is becoming more and more popular, it poses more of a threat to the natural resources. Off-road vehicles are only a part of the problem that Tread Lightly! addresses. All outdoor recreation poses a threat to the ecosystem. People who engage in activities such as camping, hiking, fishing and hunting need to be careful in the outdoors so as not to destroy it for others. History. Tread Lightly! was started by the United States Forest Service in 1985 as a public awareness program. In 1990, through a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) Tread Lightly! became a nonprofit organization. Today, Tread Lightly! is recognized as an important non-political organization. Land Rover Great Divide Expedition. Land Rover’s inaugural Great Divide Expedition in the fall of 1989 helped launch Tread Lightly! as a non-profit focused on supporting and encouraging stewardship on America’s lands and waterways. Since the Great Divide Expedition, Tread Lightly! and partners like Land Rover have built and led a national movement to protect and enhance recreation access and opportunities. They do this by promoting outdoor ethics to heighten awareness. To mark the 25 year anniversary of The Great Divide Expedition, Tread Lightly! and Land Rover reunited for the 2014 Great Divide Expedition. Land Rover auctioned off a fully restored 1990 Range Rover Great Divide replica as well as the opportunity to be a guest of Land Rover on a nine-day adventure. The auction raised more than $55,000 for Tread Lightly!, the largest single donation in the nonprofit's history. About. The organization is "managed and financed by companies like Ford and Toyota." It leads awareness workshops and restores trails. The "Washington Times" noted in 2001 that "most manufacturers of off-highway vehicles — including Ford,
Cauby Peixoto (10 February 1931 – 15 May 2016) was a Brazilian singer, and actor. His career lasted from the late 1940s until his death in 2016. He is known for his deep voice and hairstyles. His genres include jazz and soft rock. Peixoto was known for his album "Maxximum". He also appeared in movies. He was known for his appearance as a singer in the movie "Com Água na". He had a brief career in the United States in the 1950s, where he presented under the pseudonyms Ron Coby or Coby Dijon. Peixoto was born in Niterói, Rio de Janeiro. He studied at a Salesian school in Niteroi. Peixoto died in São Paulo, São Paulo from pneumonia on 15 May 2016, aged 85. Cauby was named by "Time" and "Life" magazines as the Brazilian Elvis Presley.
Oya Aydoğan (10 February 1957 – 15 May 2016) was a Turkish actress, model and television presenter. She was the winner of the Ses Magazine Movie Actress Contest in 1976. Her career began in 1976 with the movie "Deli Şahin". She was born in Erzincan, Turkey. She was an Alevi Muslim. She retired in 2015. She suffered an aortic aneurysm on 7 May 2016, the day before Mother's Day. She died on 15 May 2016 in a hospital in Istanbul, aged 59.
Robert Louis "Bobby" Freeman (April 27, 1934 – May 16, 2016) was an American attorney and politician. He was born in Plaquemine, Louisiana. He was the Democratic lieutenant governor of the U.S. state of Louisiana from 1980 to 1988. He worked with governor Edwin Edwards. Before becoming a politician, Freeman was an amateur boxer. Freeman died at a hospital in Baton Rouge, Louisiana from an aneurysm on May 16, 2016, aged 82.
Romaldo "Aldo" Giurgola (2 September 1920 – 16 May 2016) was an Italian-Australian academic, architect, professor and author. Giurgola was born in Rome. He was a partner in the Philadelphia firm Mitchell/Giurgola Architects from 1958 until his death in 2016. He became an Australian citizen in 2000. He was known for designing the Parliament House in Canberra. Giurgola died in Canberra, Australian Capital Territory on 16 May 2016, at the age of 95.
A star chart is a graphic device or diagram which shows the night sky as seen from Earth. They are one of the oldest types of written or carved communication. There is a claim for a prehistoric carving as the first known star chart, but the evidence is not clear. Star charts occur in Babylonian and Ancient Egyptian wall decorations and writing. In the ancient world, knowledge was needed for practical reasons and for religious reasons. Early star charts were used for all these purposes. Even today, they are used for both astronomy and astrology. In the renaissance, with its interest in ideas, hundreds of books were printed with star charts and other diagrams. The key point for scientific charts is the use of data taken from observations, and listed in tables or databases. Historically, the first tables were in Ptolemy's "Almagest" (~AD 150). It has the last known star table from antiquity, with 1,028 stars.
The Camel Trophy was a vehicle-oriented competition that was held every year between 1980 and 1998. It was best known for its use of Land Rover vehicles over extreme terrain. Events. 1980s. The Camel Trophy began in 1980 as a team expedition over the Trans-Amazonian highway. Camel Trophy events since then have been informally called "the Olympics of 4×4". They were all about adventure and exploration. Over the next eight years, the expeditions crossed Sumatra, Papua New Guinea, Zaire, Brazil, Borneo, Australia, Madagascar (the first north-south crossing) and Sulawesi before returning to the Amazon. These extreme tests of human endurance brought together teams from around the world. Each team hoped they could triumph over some of the worst off-road conditions imaginable. Teamwork and mutual trust were crucial. The competition came in a series of "Special Tasks," such as winching and timed driving routes. In each case national teams competed against each other. 1990s. In the 1990s, the Camel Trophy headed to Siberia and the USSR, followed by Tanzania, Burundi, Guyana, Argentina, Paraguay, Chile (the "Road to Hell" event), Belize, Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras (controversially serving 500 out-of-season lobster at a dinner), Kalimantan (a thousand miles and 18 rollovers to celebrate the first crossing of the island 100 years previously) and Mongolia. The Camel Trophy however, did not simply change venue; over the years, the event evolved from a mud-plugging expedition to involve elements of adventure sport, such as kayaking, mountain biking and winter sports. Teams were selected by each competing nation in competitions held nationally, designed to test the athletic, engineering and driving prowess of potential candidates. Although the events had an impact on the environment where they travelled, there were ways in which the Camel Trophy benefited the local society or environment. In 1993, for example, the teams worked through the night to build an environmental monitoring station in the jungle so biologists could accurately study the flora and fauna of an area. In all the events, the convoy
Otto Lilienthal was a German pioneer of aviation who became the first person to make repeated successful gliding flights. On August 9, 1896, his glider stalled and he was unable to regain control. Falling from about 15 m (50 ft), he broke his neck and died the next day, 10 August, 1896.
The Intel NUC (Next Unit of Computing) is a very small desktop computer replacement that uses the ultra compact form factor. It is build as a direct clone of the Apple Mac Mini, which was launched 7 years before in January 2005. It is built to be a very small PC that can be used for basic computer jobs like word processing and internet reading. It can also be used to play most computer games. Some people use the NUC as a home theater computer because of its small size and how quiet it is. History. The Intel NUC is on its sixth generation. The generations were called, in order from oldest to newest, Sandy Bridge, Ivy Bridge, Bay Trail, Haswell, Broadwell/Braswell, and Skylake. The names come from the processor that is on the motherboard of the NUC. Models. Sandy Bridge Ivy Bridge Bay Trail Haswell Broadwell / Braswell Skylake
Ikorodu is a city and local government area in Lagos State, Nigeria. It is located along the Lagos Lagoon and shares a boundary with Ogun State. Etymology. The word Ikorodu was derived from two Yoruba words "Oko" ("English: farm") and "Odu" ("English: a plant that blackens").
Phetchaburi (, ) is one of the western provinces ("changwat") of Thailand. Geography. Phetchaburi is in the northern part of the Malay Peninsula. The Gulf of Thailand is to the east. Most of the province is a flat plain. The Kaeng Krachan National Park is Thailand's largest national park, covering nearly half of the province. It covers 3000 km2. History. Phetchaburi is an old royal city, dating back to the Mon of the 8th century. Later Khmer settled in the city, as can be seen by the prangs of Wat Kamphaeng Laeng. In 1860, King Rama IV built a palace near the city of Phetchaburi, commonly known as "Khao Wang", but its official name is Phra Nakhon Khiri. Next to the palace the king built a tower for his astronomical observations. On a hill near the palace is the royal temple Wat Phra Kaeo. Tourism. Sights. Hat Cha-am (หาดชะอำ)  This tourist resort resort, with modern facilities, is on a beach considered to be one of the most popular beaches of Thailand. Phra Nakhon Khiri Historical Park (อุทยานประวัติศาสตร์พระนครคีรี)  This park is a hilly area with an old palace and historical temples near the town. It has royal halls, temples and groups of buildings, constructed in Thai, Western neoclassic and Chinese architectural styles. Wat Kamphaeng Laeng (วัดกำแพงแลง)  This temple was originally a Khmer place of worship. It was later turned into a Buddhist temple and a shrine hall was constructed. However, the outlook of the place has not much changed due to the existence of sandstone walls and four Khmer style pagodas.  Hat Chao Samran (หาดเจ้าสำราญ)  Legend says that King Naresuan the Great and King Eka Thotsarot made several royal
Austenite is iron but in a metallic form. It is one of the allotropes of iron, which means its physical form is different from iron, but its chemical form is the same. It is named after Sir William Chandler Roberts-Austen (1843–1902). Austenitization. Austenitization means to heat iron, iron-based metal, or steel to a high temperature. At that temperature, the crystal structure of the metal changes from ferrite to austenite, which can dissolve more carbon. For some irons, iron-based metals, and steels, the presence of carbides may occur during this austenitization step. The term commonly used for this is two-phase austenitization.
The Today Show is a morning talk/news show. It airs on National Broadcasting Company (NBC). As of 2018, the anchors are Savannah Guthrie and Craig Melvin. and Al Roker forecasts the weather. Carson Daly contributes to the program on a regular basis as well. During the week, the hours of "Today" (7:00 a.m. – 9:00 a.m.) are co-anchored by Savannah Guthrie (2012–present) and Craig Melvin (2025–present) alongside co-hosts Al Roker (weather anchor, 1996–present), and Carson Daly (features anchor, 2013–present). The show also has a third and fourth hour, but they are treated like separate shows. The third hour, called 3rd Hour Today, is hosted by Roker, Melvin, Sheinelle Jones and Dylan Dreyer. The fourth hour, called "Jenna'and Friends', is hosted by Jenna Bush Hager. Former anchors include Bryant Gumbel, Katie Couric, Meredith Vieira, Ann Curry and Matt Lauer.
David Muir (born November 8, 1973) is the anchor of World News Tonight on ABC News. Muir also hosts special events and breaking news stories. He formerly anchored the weekend version of the show until he replaced Diane Sawyer in 2014. He was born in Syracuse, New York. He co-moderated a Republican and a Democratic debate for ABC News alongside of Martha Raddatz.
Ikeja is a town and local government area of Lagos State, Nigeria. It serves as the capital of Lagos State. Ikeja is known for being a well-planned commercial settlement with shopping malls, pharmacies and government reservation areas. History. Ikeja, originally known as "Akeja," was named after a god of the Awori tribe of Ota. The Awori people first settled there, and the territory was attacked for slaves until the mid-nineteenth century. It formed an agricultural hinterland for Lagos in the early twentieth century. The construction of the Lagos-Ibadan railway in 1901, as well as the expansion of Lagos as a port, converted Ikeja into a residential and industrial district of Lagos. In the mid-1960s, an industrial estate was constructed, and in 1976, Ikeja was designated as the state capital of Lagos.  Communities. Communities in the city of Ikeja include;
Saheed Akorede Okunola (born 1969), popularly known as Saheed Osupa or King Saheed Osupa is a Nigerian musician, performer and film actor. His genre of music is majorly fuji. Biography. Saheed Osupa was born in Ibadan, Oyo State but grew up in Lagos State where he completed his early education. In 1983, Saheed Osupa chose music as his profession and went on to release his first record album titled "Fuji Fa Disco" which earned him fame. He has released over 25 record albums.
Perlin noise was made by Ken Perlin in 1983. He made it because when computers created pictures that were supposed to look natural, they didn't look very good. Noise can be used to draw things that look natural, like clouds or smoke. It helps computer artists draw patterns that look more real. In 1997, Perlin was awarded an Academy Award for Technical Achievement for discovering the algorithm:
Heliobatis is an extinct genus of stingray. At present the genus contains the single species Heliobatis radians. The fossil is found in the early Eocene, Wasatchian stage, Fossil Lake deposits. Fossil Lake is part of the Green River Formation in southwest Wyoming.  "Heliobatis" is one of only two known rays to have been found in the Green River formation. The other species, "Asterotrygon maloneyi", was recognized and described in 2004.
The Taxing and Spending Clause contained in Article I, , Clause 1 of the United States Constitution, grants the federal government of the United States its power of taxation. It authorizes Congress to levy taxes for two purposes: to pay the debts of the United States and to provide for the common defense and general welfare of the United States. Contained in the Taxing and Spending Clause are two additional clauses: the General Welfare Clause and the Uniformity Clause. Background. The Articles of Confederation (1781–1789) did not grant the central government the power to levy taxes. Only the states had this power. Congress could get money only by asking the states for funds. They could also borrow money from foreign governments or sell off western lands. This was designed to keep a weak central government with the majority of the governing powers reserved for the independent states. Congress had no revenues to pay its debts or to enforce its laws and treaties. This was one of the issues taken up by the Constitutional Convention in 1787 and changed in the Constitution. Kinds of taxes. The power of Congress to levy taxes has an exception and two qualifications in the Constitution. Any goods exported from any state may not be taxed. Direct taxes must follow the rule of apportionment General Welfare Clause. The power granted to “provide . . . for the general welfare” is granted by the Constitution. In 1791 Thomas Jefferson wrote: He was writing about the constitutionality of having a national bank. Here he was making the point that the clause was not an independent power granted to Congress, but was intended to qualify that taxing power. The Supreme Court has not since had any occasion to make a formal ruling on the point. There was a different of opinion on the meaning of “the general welfare” between the two authors of this clause. Alexander Hamilton adopted a very plain view that the clause meant just what it said. The general welfare meant for every citizen's benefit. James Madison took a more limited view. He believed the clause gave Congress the power of taxation just to support itself and remain in power. Congress has followed Hamilton's view from the start. They have made increasing appropriations for spending for the general welfare often requiring matching funds from the states
Stephen Bantu Biko (18 December 1946 – 12 September 1977) was a South African activist. He is famous for his activism against apartheid in South Africa during the 1960s and 1970s. He created the Black Consciousness Movement. Life. Biko was born in Ginsberg Township (now called the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa). He started high school at Lovedale High School. However, he was kicked out of school because of his political ideas about South Africa. He finished high school at St. Francis College. During the late 1960s, Biko was a medical student at the University of Natal. During this time, he helped create the South African Students' Organisation. The organization later changed into the Black Consciousness Movement, and elected Biko as its first president in 1968. As a student, during the early 1970s, Biko fought against apartheid in many ways. Eventually, in 1972, he was kicked out of the University of Natal. In February 1973, the South African apartheid government banned Biko. This severely limited his freedom of speech. Biko and the Black Consciousness Movement played key roles in organizing protests, led by South African high school students, that resulted in the Soweto Uprising. Death. On 18 August 1977, Biko was arrested. He died on 12 September 1977 due to injuries he got while in police custody. Cultural references. In the movie "Cry Freedom" (1987), which was about Biko's role in the anti-apartheid struggle and about his death while in police custody, Biko was played by American actor Denzel Washington.
Pollock v. Farmers' Loan &amp; Trust Company, , was a Landmark decision by the Supreme Court of the United States. In a 5–4 decision the Court ruled that the federal Income Tax Act of 1894 was unconstitutional. The Pollock decision was overturned by the passing of the Sixteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. Background.  of the United States Constitution required that direct taxes be apportioned among the states by population. Apportionment by population proved to be a nearly impossible, uneven and unfair requirement for collecting taxes since the states had different populations. An income tax is a direct tax. So the federal government relied on tariffs and other sources of revenue. During the Civil War, in order to fund the war, the federal government passed an income tax law. In 1862, Abraham Lincoln signed a bill that called for a 3% tax on incomes between $600 and $5,000, 7.5% on incomes between $5,000 and $10,000 and 10% on incomes over $10,000. The bill was declared unconstitutional in 1872 when it was repealed. In 1894 Congress created a personal income tax as a part of theWilson–Gorman Tariff Act. President Grover Cleveland was unhappy with the bill but let it pass without his signature. All income over $4,000 was subject to a 2% tax. It was the first peacetime federal income tax in the United States. It was challenged right away on the grounds that the Constitution required direct taxes to be levied in proportion to each state's population (called apportionment). The US government has levied taxes before but these were indirect taxes (such as on whiskey, carriages and other goods). Facts. The Gorman Tariff Act of 1894 called for a 2% tax on any "gains, profits and incomes" over $4,000 for a period of five years. Shareholders of the Farmers' Loan &amp; Trust Co., based out of New York, would pay the required tax. In addition they would provide a list of the names of shareholders to the Bureau of Internal Revenue. A Shareholder
The 2013–14 La Liga season (known as the "Liga BBVA" for sponsorship reasons) was the 83rd since its establishment. The season began on 17 August 2013 and ended on 18 May 2014. League Table. &lt;onlyinclude&gt; &lt;/onlyinclude&gt; Statistics. Top goalscorers. The Pichichi Trophy is awarded by newspaper "Marca" to the player who scores the most goals in a season. Source: pichichi.es Zamora Trophy. The Zamora Trophy is awarded by newspaper "Marca" to the goalkeeper with least goals-to-games ratio. Hat-tricks. 4  5
Apollo Milton Obote (28 December 1925 10 October 2005) was a Ugandan politician who led Uganda to independence in 1962 from British colonial rule. Betweeen 1962 to 1966, Obote served as Prime Minister of Uganda. He also went on to serve twice as President of Uganda from 1966 to 1971 then from 1980 to 1985. On 10 October 2005, Obote died of kidney failure in a hospital in Johannesburg, South Africa, aged 79.
John James "Jimmy" MacDonald (May 19, 1906 – February 1, 1991) was a British-born American foley artist, voice actor, musician and conductor. He was also known for being the voice of Mickey Mouse from 1947 to 1977. After MacDonald's resignment in 1977, Wayne Allwine took over the role as Mickey from 1977 until his death in 2009.
Katherine Karen Dunn (October 24, 1945 – May 11, 2016) was an American novelist, journalist, voice artist, radio personality, book reviewer and poet. She was born in Garden City, Kansas, but was raised in Portland, Oregon. She was best known for the novel "Geek Love" (1989).  Dunn died of lung cancer on May 11, 2016 in Portland, aged 70.