ejaasaari/simplewiki-2025-04-01 huggingface dataset:
Jayhawkers is a term that came into use just before the American Civil War in Bleeding Kansas. It was adopted by militant bands of Free-Staters. These bands, known as "Jayhawkers", were guerrilla fighters who often clashed with pro-slavery groups from Missouri known at the time as "Border Ruffians".  After the Civil War, the word "Jayhawker" became synonymous with the people of Kansas. Today a Jayhawk is typically a student, fan, or alumnus of the University of Kansas. "Jayhawk" is also the name of their mascot, a mythical bird with a history based on the Bleeding Kansas era term. History. The term was adopted as a nickname by a group of emigrants traveling to California in 1849. The origin of the term may go back as far as the Revolutionary War, when it was reportedly used to describe a group associated with American patriot John Jay. About 1858 the slang term "jayhawking" became widely used as a synonym for stealing. It was also used at the same time during the Kansas territorial period. The term came to be used to describe militant bands nominally associated with the free-state cause.  Another historian of the time described the jayhawkers as bands of men that were willing to fight, kill, and rob for a variety of motives that included defense against pro-slavery. They fought "Border Ruffians" raiding into Kansas. In Missouri, "Jayhawker" was a derogatory term for Kansans who raided into Missouri, murdered slave owners, burned and looted their property in the name of freeing slaves. Notorious Jayhawkers. James Henry Lane , moved to Lawrence, Kansas in 1855. Despite being a Democrat he became affiliated with the Free-Staters. He soon became one of the leaders of the Jayhawkers. Later a Union General and U.S. Senator, he led the 3rd and 4th Kansas Volunteer Infantry and 5th Kansas Cavalry on raids into Missouri. They burned most of the town of Osceola, Missouri, stole everything they could and freed the slaves in the town. Charles R. Jenn
The Foglia is the northernmost river of the Marche region of Italy. In ancient times it was known as "Pisaurus", as it flows into the Adriatic Sea at "Pisaurum" (modern Pesaro), the last important trading centre along the river. It was also known as the "Isaurus"; a word that is kept in the name of the "comune" Belforte all'Isauro. Geography. The Foglia river has a length of about . Its first are in Tuscany. Its tributaries are only small streams. Course. The sources of the Foglia is are in the province of Arezzo (Tuscany), near "Sasso Aguzzo", a hill between the "comuni" of Sestino and Badia Tedalda, at an altitude of about . Then it flows east trough the "comuni" Sestino, Piandimeleto, Lunano, Sassocorvaro (where a dam forms an artificial lake called Lake of Mercatale), Auditore, Montecalvo in Foglia, Vallefoglia, Montelabbate and, near the mouth, Pesaro. Two "comuni" have, in their names, the name of the riverː Montecalvo in Foglia and Vallefoglia.
Escholzmatt is a municipality of the district Entlebuch in the canton of Lucerne in Switzerland. On 1 January 2013, the former municipalities of Escholzmatt and Marbach merged into the new municipality of Escholzmatt-Marbach.
Elle King (born July 3, 1989) is an American singer-songwriter and actress. Her musical style is country, rock and soul. In 2012, she released her first EP, "The Elle King EP". On February 17, 2015, she released her first album, "Love Stuff". The album produced the top 10 song "Ex's &amp; Oh's". King was born in Los Angeles. She later moved to New York City.
Gambarogno is a new municipality of the district of Locarno in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. On 25 April 2010, the former municipalities of Caviano, Contone, Gerra (Gambarogno), Indemini, Magadino, Piazzogna, San Nazzaro, Sant'Abbondio and Vira (Gambarogno) merged into the new municipality of Gambarogno.
Herzogenbuchsee is a municipality in the administrative district of Oberaargau in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. On 1 January 2008, the former municipality of Oberönz merged into the municipality of Herzogenbuchsee.
William Joseph Walsh, known as Joe Walsh (born December 27, 1961), is an American conservative talk radio host and former politician. He served one term in the United States House of Representatives for Illinois' . He served from January 2011 through January 2013, after defeating three-term incumbent Democratic Representative Melissa Bean by a margin of 291 votes in a surprising upset. He is a member of the Republican Party. Walsh was defeated by retired U.S. Army Lt. Colonel Tammy Duckworth in the general election on November 6, 2012. He now hosts a conservative radio show on WIND-AM 560. On August 25, 2019, Walsh announced his candidacy for President of the United States against President Donald Trump for the Republican nomination in 2020. He stated that Trump's behavior in office motivated him to declare his candidacy. He ended his campaign on February 9, 2020.
Fotbal Club Rapid București is a Romanian association football club from Bucharest, Romania. It was founded in 1923 by a group of workers. Rapid won the Romanian championship three times (1967, 1999 and 2003) and the Romanian Cup 13 times. In the 2015–16 season, they were promoted to Liga I. Honours. Liga I *Winners (3): 1966–67, 1998–99, 2002–03 *Runners-up (14): 1936–37, 1937–38, 1939–40, 1940–41, 1948–49, 1950, 1963–64, 1964–65, 1965–66, 1969–70, 1970–71, 1997–98, 1999–00, 2005–06 Liga II *Winners (6): 1952, 1955, 1974–75, 1982–83, 1989–90, 2015–16 *Runners-up (3): 1979–80, 1981–82, 2013–14 Cupa Eroilor (Heroes Cup) *Winners (1): 1942 Cupa României *Winners (13): 1934–35, 1936–37, 1937–38, 1938–39, 1939–40, 1940–41, 1941–42, 1971–72, 1974–75, 1997–98, 2001–02, 2005–06, 2006–07 *Runners-up (6): 1960–61, 1961–62, 1967–68, 1994–95, 1998–99, 2011–12 Supercupa României *Winners (4): 1999, 2002, 2003, 2007 *Runners-up (2): 1998, 2006
Fotbal Club Dinamo București (Usually just called Dinamo) is a Romanian association football club from Bucharest, Romania. The team is one of the most successful clubs in Romania, having won 18 Romanian Liga I titles, 13 Romanian Cups and 2 Supercupa României. They reached the semi-finals of the 1983–84 European Cup, only to be defeated by Liverpool 3–1. The club was founded in 1948, and is one of the few to stay in the Liga I for it's entire history. The team's traditional home colours are white and red. Also, the club's biggest rival is Steaua Bucuresti.
Fotbal Club CFR 1907 Cluj ('CFR' stands for "Căile Ferate Române", meaning Romanian Railways) is a Romanian association football club from Cluj-Napoca in Transylvania, Romania. The club spent most of its history in the lower divisions. Great financial gains in 2002 led them to reach the Liga I in 2004. The following season, the CFR Cluj took part in the UEFA Intertoto Cup and finished as runners-up. For the first time in their history, the club won the Liga I in 2008. That season, they took the title away from the teams of Bucharest for the first time in 17 years. Since 2004, they have won the Liga I 3 times, the Romanian Cup 3 times and the Romanian Supercup twice. The teams colours are purple and white, and their biggest rival is Universitatea Cluj. Honours. Liga I Liga II Liga III Romanian Cup Romanian Supercup European competitions. Their most recent appearance in a European competition was in the 2014–15 UEFA Europa League, in which they reached the third qualifying round.
The 2016–17 Liga I was the 99th season of Liga I, which is the top division football league in Romania. The season began on 23 July 2016 and ended in May 2017. Viitorul Constanța won the tournament. Results. Championship round. Teams start the Championship round with their points from the Regular season halved, rounded upwards, and no other records carried over from the Regular season. Relegation round. Teams start the Relegation round with their points from the Regular season halved, rounded upwards, and no other records carried over from the Regular season. Play-offs. ACS Poli Timișoara wins play-offs and stays in the Liga I.
The Cupa României (English: Romanian Cup) is an association football club tournament for Romanian teams. It has been held annually since 1933–34, except during World War II. All teams connected to the Romanian Football Federation can perform in the tournament. The winner of the cup is granted a place in the play-off round of the UEFA Europa League. The most successful teams have been mainly from Bucharest, with Steaua București winning 22 titles, followed by Rapid București and Dinamo București with thirteen each. Format. Since the 2009–10 season, the format has been as such: The county phase begins the tournament and is organized by the county football associations. Forty-two teams (one from each county) advance to the next phase.
Clubul Sportiv Municipal Studențesc Iași (previously called CSMS Iași) is a professional association football club from Iaşi, Romania. The club was founded in 2010 and currently plays in the Liga I. The team's colours are blue and white. History. On August 2010, Tricolorul Breaza merged with "Navoby Iași" and formed ACSMU Politehnica Iași. Ionuț Popa was appointed manager and Grigore Sichitiu as executive president. In the summer of 2011 the club was renamed to Clubul Sportiv Municipal Studenţesc Iași. After many managerial changes, the club was finally promoted to Liga I after finishing 1st in the 2013–14 Liga II season. Honours. Liga II
Fotbal Club Astra Giurgiu (Usually called Astra Giurgiu or just Astra) is a professional association football club from Giurgiu, Romania. They currently play in the Liga I. The club was formed in 1921 in Ploiești (a city about 116 km north of Giurgiu), as "Clubul Sportiv Astra-Română". The club spent most of its history in the lower divisions. In 1990, the club was taken over by businessman Ioan Niculae and has since improved. In September 2012, the team was moved from Ploiești to Giurgiu. The team won their first Liga I title in 2015–16. They also won 1 Cupa României and 1 Supercupa României. The colours of the club are white and black, which is why their nickname "Dracii Negri" (The Black Devils). The club has also had many names. These include: "Clubul Sportiv Astra-Română" (1921–1934), "Astra Română Câmpina" (1934–1937), "Astra Română Ploiești" (1937–1938), "Colombia Ploiești" (1938–1945), "Astra Română Ploiești" (1945–1959), "Rafinorul Ploiești" (1959–1990), "CS Astra Ploiești" (1990–1996), "AS Danubiana Ploiești" (1996–1998), "SC FC Astra Ploiești" (1998–2005), "CSM Ploiești" (2005–2007), "FC Ploiești" (2007–2009) and "FC Astra Ploiești" (2009–2012).
Marbach was a municipality of the district of Entlebuch in the canton of Lucerne in Switzerland. On 1 January 2013, the former municipalities of Marbach and Escholzmatt merged into the new municipality of Escholzmatt-Marbach.
Escholzmatt-Marbach is a municipality of the district of Entlebuch in the canton of Lucerne in Switzerland. On 1 January 2013, the former municipalities of Escholzmatt and Marbach merged into the new municipality of Escholzmatt-Marbach.
Liga II (previously called Divizia B) is the second tier division association football league in Romania. The winners of the league get promoted to the Liga I. The current champions are Rapid București and Gaz Metan Mediaș. Format. Liga II is made up of two regional leagues called Seria I and Seria II, each with 14 teams. In order to avoid long and expensive travels,t he clubs are divided based on where they are in Romania. Seria I usually has teams from the east, while Seria II has teams from the east. Teams in the center of Romania can choose which regional league they want to play in. The best 6 teams from each Seria moves on to a play-off for promotion to Liga I. The rest of the teams will move on to a relegation play-off. Until the 2012–13 season Liga II had 2 groups of 16 teams each. At the end of the 2012–13 and 2013–14 seasons the last five teams were relegated.
Fotbal Club Botoșani (usually just called FC Botoșani or Botoșani) is a professional Romanian association football club from Botoşani, Romania. Since the 2016–17 season, they play in the Liga I. It is the first club from Botoşani County to be promoted to the top league. The club was formed in 2001 as Fotbal Club Botoșani. They started in the started in Divizia C, Serie I. They quickly made it to the Liga I after finishing 1st in the 2012–13 Liga II season. The club plays at the Stadionul Municipal, which has a capacity of around 12,000 people. Supporter groups include the "Dark Hooligans", "Renegatii" and "BT Pride". They have a historical rivalry with Rapid CFR Suceava, but have recently grown to be rivals with Municipal Studențesc Iași as well. The club's colours are red, white and blue. The home kit is usually white, while the away kit is generally blue. Honours. Liga II Winners (1): 2012–13 Liga III Winners (1): 2003–04
United Nations General Assembly Resolution 68/262 was adopted on March 27, 2014 by the sixty-eighth session of the United Nations General Assembly in response to the Russian annexation of Crimea and entitled "Territorial integrity of Ukraine". The non-binding resolution, which was supported by 100 United Nations member states, affirmed the General Assembly's commitment to the territorial integrity of Ukraine within its internationally recognized borders and underscored the invalidity of the 2014 Crimean referendum. Eleven (11) nations voted against the resolution, while 58 abstained, and a further 24 states were absent when the vote took place. The resolution was introduced by Canada, Costa Rica, Germany, Lithuania, Poland and Ukraine. The adoption of the resolution was preceded by the unsuccessful attempts of the United Nations Security Council, that convened seven sessions to address the Crimean crisis, only to face Russian veto.
Clubul Sportiv Universitatea Craiova is a professional association football club from Craiova, Romania. Two teams were founded in Craiova in the year 1921: "Craiovan Craiova" and "Rovine Griviţa Craiova". These two clubs merged to form the very successful team, FC Craiova. The team dissolved in 1949. Finally in 1948, "Universitatea Craiova" was formed by a group of students and professors. Since it's founding, the club has won 4 Liga I titles, 6 Cupa României titles, 2 Liga II titles and 1 Liga III title. They also reached the quarter-finals of the 1981–82 UEFA Champions League tournament. The team's colours are blue and white. Honours. Liga I Winners (4): 1973–74, 1979–80, 1980–81, 1990–91 Runners-up (4): 1972–73, 1981–82, 1982–83, 1993–94 Cupa României Winners (7): 1976–77, 1977–78, 1980–81, 1982–83, 1990–91, 1992–93, 2017–18 Runners-up (3): 1974–75, 1984–85, 1993–94 Liga II Winners (2): 1963–64, 2013–14 Runners-up (1): 1960–61 Liga III Winners (1): 1957–58
Richenthal is a village and former municipality of the district of Willisau in the canton of Lucerne in Switzerland. On 1 January 2006 the former municipalities of Richenthal and Langnau bei Reiden merged into the municipality of Reiden.
Azzedine Alaïa (; , ; 26 February 1935 – 18 November 2017) was a Tunisian haute couture fashion designer based in Paris.  In 2008, he was awarded the Legion of Honour by the French government. In 2011, he started showing his collections on the catwalk again after an eight-years pause. In 2015, he was celebrated at the Galleria Borghese in Rome with an exhibition called "Couture/Sculpture: Azzedine Alaïa in the History of Fashion".
In the history of the United States of America, a slave state was a U.S. state in which the practice of slavery was legal at a particular point in time. A free state were the ones in which slavery was prohibited. Slavery was an issue that divided the country. It was one of the primary causes of the American Civil War. The Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, ratified in 1865, abolished slavery in every state and territory of the United States except in cases of punishment for criminal activity. After that time the terms became more or less obsolete because all states were free of slavery. Early history. Slavery was legal and practiced in each of the Thirteen Colonies. Organized political and social movements to end slavery began in the mid-18th century. The desire for freedom from Britain, expressed in the American Revolutionary War, caused many black Americans to join the revolution in hopes they would be freed also. Others joined the British Army, encouraged by British promises of freedom in exchange for military service. After the British lost the war, thousands were taken to Nova Scotia. In the 1770s, blacks throughout New England began sending petitions to northern legislatures demanding freedom. At the Constitutional Convention many slavery issues were debated and for a time slavery was a major obstacle to passage of the new constitution. As a compromise the institution of slavery was acknowledged although never mentioned directly in the constitution. An example is the Fugitive Slave Clause. By 1789, five of the Northern states had policies that started to gradually abolish slavery: Pennsylvania (1780), New Hampshire and Massachusetts (1783), Connecticut and Rhode Island (1784). Vermont abolished slavery in 1777, while it was still independent. When it joined the United States as the 14th state in 1791, it was the first state to join that had no slavery. By 1804 all of the northern states had abolished slavery or had plans in place to gradually reduce it. There were 11 free states and 11 slave states. Later came the civil war. In the South, Kentucky was created as a slave state from a part of Virginia (1792). Tennessee was created a slave state out of a part
Hindelbank is a municipality in the administrative district of Emmental in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. On 1 January 2021, Mötschwil became a part of Hindelbank.
The Province of Fermo () is a province in the Marche region of Italy. Its capital is the city of Fermo. It is a province since 2004 with parts of the province of Ascoli Piceno but it was in 2009 when it became an active province. Geography. Fermo has an area of , the smallest province of the Marche region. The province is surrounded, by land, by two provinces of Marcheː the province of Macerata in the north and west and the province of Ascoli Piceno in the south; to the east is the Adriatic Sea on the east. The main rivers in the province, from north to south, are (all of them flow to the east into tfe Adriatic Sea but Ete Morto)ː The highest mountain in the province is "Monte Priora",() in the Apennines; it is high. Population. There are 174,849 persons living in the province (1 January 2017), for a population density of inhabitants/km². Evolution of the population Municipalities. There are 40 municipalities (or "comuni") in the province; they are: The largest "comune" is Fermo, with and the smallest is Pedaso, with . The "comune" with fewest people living in it is Smerillo with 366 inhabitants. Main "comuni". The following table shows the 10 "comuni" with more inhabitants with their population, and their area and altitude.
Höfen bei Thun was a municipality in the administrative district of Thun in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. On 1 January 2014, the former municipalities of Höfen, Niederstocken and Oberstocken merged into the new municipality of Stocken-Höfen.
Jennifer Louise "Jenni" Williams is an activist from Zimbabwe. She started the organization WOZA (Women of Zimbabwe Arise) to protest the Zimbabwe government. In 2007 she received an International Women of Courage Award. Life. Willimas has an Irish grandfather and a Matabele grandmother. When she was sixteen years old, she left school to take care of her brothers and sisters. Work. From 1994 to 2002 Williams was head of a public relations company. In 2003 Williams started WOZA to work for women's rights and government reform. By 2009, she had been in prison more than 50 times.
If Only I Could (Chinese: 十年…你还好吗？) is a Singaporean drama television series. It is produced and shown on Mediacorp Channel 8. It began its run from 31 May 2016. There are 20 episodes. It stars Rui En, Paige Chua, Andie Chen and Elvin Ng as the main characters. Plot. Chen Zhenhao struggles to keep her family together despite a disapproving mother-in-law, an easygoing husband too generous with his meagre earnings, and a son with hyperactivity. Huo Xiwen endures marital problems with her husband Huang Degang and suffers a miscarriage after an accident. Zhenhao is later diagnosed with breast cancer, and together with her former schoolmate and rival, Xiwen, who’s also seen her share of misfortune, the pair travel back in time to start their lives over and avoid all the mistakes they’ve made. But the two long-suffering wives realise they’re worse off than before.
Clubul Sportiv Gaz Metan Mediaș is a professional association football club from Mediaș, Sibiu County, Romania. They were founded in 1945 and currently play in the Liga I. They currently play at the Stadionul Gaz Metan, which has a capacity of around 7,800 people. Their best performance in the Liga I was at 7th place in the 2010–11 Liga I. They have never won the Romanian cup, but got 2nd place in 1951. They have won the Liga II 2 times and the Liga III 3 times. The club has had many names: "Karres Mediaș", "CSM Mediaș", "Zorile Rosii Mediaș", "Gaz Metan Mediaș", "Partizanul" (1950–51), "Flacara" (1951–56), "Energia" (1956–58), "Gaz Metan" (1958–60), and "CSM Mediaș" (1960–1963). Honours. Liga II Liga III
Fotbal Club Viitorul Constanța is a professional association football club from Ovidiu, Constanța County, Romania. They currently play in the Liga I. The club was founded in the summer of 2009 and began to play in the Liga III. It was founded by famous Romanian footballer Gheorghe Hagi. The club currently possesses the top youth facilities of any club in the country. They won the Liga III in the 2009-10 season. Also, their team colours are blue, white and black. Honours. Liga III
The Mason–Dixon line, also called Mason's and Dixon's line was the border between Maryland and Pennsylvania. It was surveyed and marked between 1763 and 1767. Two English surveyors, Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon, were hired by the Penn and Calvert families to settle a border dispute. In 1760 the British government was tired of the violence between the two colonies. They demanded the dispute over the border between Maryland and Pennsylvania be settled according to an agreement made in 1732. The line the two surveyors came up with was so accurate it is still considered a marvel. GPS measurements show the line to be off by an inch (2.54 cm) or less in places and no more than in others. Background. England's Secretary of State under James I of England was George Calvert. When he decided to publicly announce he was a Catholic in 1625, English law required him to resign his position. The king made him an Irish baronet with the title of "Lord Baltimore". Calvert was one of the investors in the Virginia Company but was not allowed to go to the Virginia Colony because of his religion. Now retired and with time on his hands, Calvert turned his attention to overseas plantations. A wealthy man, Calvert started his own "Avalon" colony in Newfoundland. But by 1629 Calvert lost interest. He then convinced Charles I of England, James's successor, to give him a land grant to start the colony of Maryland. The king gave Calvert and his son everything north of the Potomac River to the 40th parallel and everything from the Atlantic Ocean to the source of the Potomac. The first Lord Calvert died in 1632. His sons went on to found the Maryland colony. On May 27th, 1634, Leonard Calvert with about 300 settlers arrived at St. Mary's City, Maryland on the Chesapeake Bay. William Penn, a leading member of the Religious Society of Friends or Quakers, was one of those who was granted the colonial province of West New Jersey in 1677. While colonists settled there, Penn stayed in England. Charles II of England owed Penn