ejaasaari/simplewiki-2025-04-01 huggingface dataset:
Sociologists have put people into different categories, based on socioeconomic factors, such as wealth, income, race, education, ethnicity, gender, occupation, social status, or derived power (social and political). They called this classification social stratification. Stratification is the relative social position of people within a social group, category, geographic region, or social unit. In modern Western societies, social stratification is defined in terms of three social classes: an upper class, a middle class, and a lower class. Each class is divided in three again: an upper, a middle, and a lower layer, or statum. Moreover, a social stratum can be formed upon the bases of kinship, clan, tribe, or caste, or all four. Socieieties that are based on states, that have more than one center, or that have a feudal hierachy use social stratification. In feudal society, there is nobility, and there are the common people, or peasants. Social scientists still argue about when social stratification first appeared: Either it started in the hunter-gatherer, tribal, and band societies or with agriculture and large-scale means of social exchange. Determining the structures of social stratification comes from inequalities of status among people.The degree of social inequality determines a person's social stratum. Generally, the greater the social complexity of a society, the more social stratification exists, by way of social differentiation. Stratification can yield various consequences. For instance, the stratification of neighborhoods based on spatial and racial factors can influence disparate access to mortgage credit. Social mobility. People and groups or categories of people also move between the layers of the system. This movement can occur within one generation, or from one generation to the next one. Mobility is sometimes used to classify different systems of social stratification. Systems that allow such mobility, or that make it easier are called open. Uually, they make movement possible by placing value on the achieved status characteristics of people. The societies with the highest levels of intragenerational mobility are considered to be the most open and malleable systems of stratification. Those systems in which there is little to no mobility, even on an intergenerational basis
Lauchringen is a municipality in Waldshut in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. It has two districts: Oberlauchringen and Unterlauchringen.
Dogern is a municipality in Waldshut in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. Twin towns. Dogern is twinned with:
Le Grand-Lemps is a commune in the Isère department in southeastern France. Twin towns. Le Grand-Lemps is twinned with:
Rickenbach is a municipality in Waldshut in Baden-Württemberg, Germany.
Mount ad-Dahi () is a historic mountain in Palestine, located south of Nazareth, three kilometers east of Afula . It was named after the village of Ad-Dah, which contains the tomb of the companion Dahiya Al-Kulayni. mountains of historic Palestine and is located south of Nazareth, three kilometers east of Afula . It was named after the village of Ad-Dah, which contains the tomb of the companion Dahiya Al-Kulayni .  The hill of Dahi is 550 metres high.  T The mountain mass forms a watershed between the Galood River / Jalud River in the south and The Tabor Valley in the north. The mountain mass forms a watershed between the Galood River in the south and the Taboor valley in the north.  The Jabal Ad-Dhi massif forms a water dividing line between the Jalud River in the south and The Tabor Valley in the north. Mount Ad-Dhi is one of the mountains of historic Palestine and is located south of Nazareth, three kilometers east of Afula . It was named after the village of Ad-Dah, which contains the tomb of the companion Dahiya Al-Kulayni . The height of Mount Ad-Dah is 550 meters and is also known as “Little Hermon.” The total land of the mountain ranges between (6000-8000) dunams, and the Canaanites mentioned it as “Mount Mi’sar.”
Chavanay is a commune in the Loire department in central France. Twin towns. Chavanay is twinned with:
Wavelet compression is a form of data compression which is mainly used to compress images and videos (which are sequences of images). Like with other forms of data compression, the idea is to find redundancies, and to remove them: Compression algorithms which are based on the theory of wavelets allow to get compression rates of around 1:65. Yves Meyer, a french mathematician, first developed the theory of wavelets in the 1980s. Ingrid Daubechies and Stéphane Mallat improved the theory, and found links to digital signal processing.
Van Dyke (Vandyke) brown is a warm brown colour for painting and printmaking. Early accounts of the pigment call it Cassel (or Kassel) earth or Cologne earth. Today it is usually called Van Dyke brown after the painter Anthony van Dyck.  The colour was originally made from a mixture of peat or soil and oil paints. Despite being named after Anthony van Dyck, the pigment has not been found in his work. It is found in some American paintings of the nineteenth century. Colour code. The colour code for Van Dyke brown is:
Prime is a hydration drink made by YouTubers and boxers Logan Paul and Olajide "KSI" Olatunji.
"More to Life" is a 1991 song by Cliff Richard and is the theme song to the BBC tv series "Trainer". It went to number 23 in the United Kingdom. Track listing. UK 7" single (EM 205), CD single (CDEM 205), cassette (TCEM 205)
Innokenty Smoktunovsky (28 March 1925 – 3 August 1994) was a Soviet actor. During the Second World War, he served in the Red Army, but was captured. After the war, in 1946 he started his career as an actor. He first was with the theatre in Norilsk, and Krasnojarsk, both in Siberia. Later he was active in Moscow and Leningrad. From 1972, he was at the Maly theatre in Moscow. From 1976, hew was at the Moscow Art Theatre. He was also active in movies. In 1969, he received an award from the Festival in San Sebastian, for his role of Tchaikovski, in the movie with the same name.
John Moore (1763 – 6 December 1799) was an Irishman appointed in August 1798 "President of the Government of the Province of Connaught" by the commander of a French invasion force, General Humbert during the Irish Rebellion of 1798.
Lyla in the Loop is a children's animated television series. It was created by Dave Peth for PBS Kids. It premiered on February 5, 2024. It is produced by Mighty Picnic and Pipeline Studios. It follows Lyla, an African American girl and her sidekick, a fuzzy blue creature named Stu. Together, the two embark on adventures with her family. The theme song was composed and performed by Divinity Roxx.
Souleymane Sané (26 February 1961 in Dakar, Senegal) is a Senegalese-French former football player and football coach. He played as striker mainly in Germany.  Career. Sané was born in Senegal and came to Toulouse, France, with his parents when he was four. His father was an employee of the Senegalese embassy. As a child he took up athletics, boxing and wrestling. He then decided on football. He was influenced by his brother, who played professionally at FC Toulouse. Sané started playing football at FC Blagnac in Toulouse. He worked as a pastry chef at the same time. In 1981 he was signed by the Parisian third division club ES Viry-Châtillon. In his first season he was top scorer.  In 1982 he was serving in the French army and went to Germany. There he played for the then fourth division club (Verbandsliga Südbaden) FV Donaueschingen. After his military service, he returned to Toulouse and was loaned to Blagnac FC. In 1984 he returned to Donaueschingen. In 1985 Sané was signed by SC Freiburg. In 1987/88 he was top scorer in the second division with 21 goals. In the summer of 1988 he moved to Bundesliga club 1. FC Nürnberg. In 1990 he went to newly promoted SG Wattenscheid 09. With 39 goals, he is still Wattenscheid's record goalscorer in the Bundesliga. After the relegation of Wattenscheid in 1994, Sané moved to Austria to FC Tirol Innsbruck. There he became the league's top scorer. Later he played in Switzerland (Lausanne, FC Schaffhausen). From there he returned to SG 09 in the 2nd Bundesliga. He then played for LASK Linz in the Austrian Bundesliga, for Rot-Weiß Leithe and for SW Wattenscheid 08. He later also played for Schwarz-Weiß Südfeldmark in Wattenscheid. International. When
The 2021 AFL Grand Final was an Australian rules football match played between the Melbourne Demons and the Western Bulldogs on 25 September 2021 at Optus Stadium in Perth. It was the 126th grand final in the Australian Football League (AFL) and determined the winner of the 2021 AFL season. Melbourne defeated the Western Bulldogs by 74 points. It was the first time since 1964 that the Demons had won a Grand Final. Because of the COVID-19 pandemic, the Grand Final was not played at the traditional venue, the Melbourne Cricket Ground (MCG), for a second time in a row. It was the first Grand Final to be played in Western Australia. It set a new attendance record for Australian rules football in Western Australia.
Phytochromes are a type of protein that is sensitive to light. They can be found in plants, bacteria, and fungi. There are two types of red-sensitive phytochromes. Type I is sensitive to far-red light. Type II is sensitive to red light. The way they work is to control the plant's development. There are other receptors which respond to blue and ultraviolet light. Their pigments are also phytochromes.
The Adoration of the Magi is a round painting believed to be made by Fra Angelico in the middle of the 15th century. It is now in the National Gallery of Art in Washington D.C. Many experts think Filippo Lippi also helped with it, along with other artists and helpers. The painting is also called the Washington Tondo or Cook Tondo. It is made with tempera on wood and is about 137.3 cm across. Art experts say the painting took a long time to make, with many changes done by different artists. Some people do not like these changes, but others, like John Walker, think it's one of the best Florentine paintings. He believes it shows the shift between old and new painting styles in Italy during the 15th century. History. The painting is thought to be the same one listed in a list of things in the Medici Palace in 1492, after Lorenzo the Magnificent died. It was kept in a big room with Paolo Uccello's famous Battle of San Romano paintings. This painting was worth more than any other in the palace. From the late 16th century, it was owned by the Guicciardini family in Florence. In 1810, it was sold to Chevalier François-Honoré Dubois, the chief of police in Florence during the time of Napoleon. It changed owners a few times and was believed to be painted by different artists like Botticelli, Fra Angelico, and Filippino Lippi. During World War II, it was sent to the United States from England to keep it safe from bombs. It was later given to the National Gallery of Art in 1952. Painting. The painting shows three wise men giving presents to baby Jesus, who is held by his mother Mary. Saint Joseph is beside them, and there are animals behind them. This is a common picture in many paintings. Besides the wise men, there are also shepherds. One is looking at Jesus and Mary, and the others are pointing at them. The stable is outside, and there are animals and people nearby. In the background, more people are coming to see Jesus. Some
The Easy-Bake Oven was a popular children's toy stove for baking made by Hasbro. It used electricity for heat and came with pans and other equipment. Different models were made in many colors. The toy was first sold in 1963. Kids would be able to bake small cakes and cookies as long as they had electricity. The oven was supposed to be used with adult supervision.
Super Bowl LVIII was an American football game that was played to determine the champion of the National Football League (NFL) for the 2023 season. In a rematch of Super Bowl LIV, from 4 years earlier, the American Football Conference (AFC) champion and defending Super Bowl champion Kansas City Chiefs defeated the National Football Conference (NFC) champion San Francisco 49ers 25–22 in overtime to secure their second Super Bowl championship in a row and become the first team to go back-to-back since the New England Patriots in 2004. With this being the Chiefs' fourth Super Bowl appearance and third win in five years, many have said this game established them as a super team. It was played on February 11, 2024, and was shot in Allegiant Stadium. It was the second Super Bowl to go into overtime, the first being Super Bowl LI, seven years earlier. The game's attendance of 61,629 was the lowest in Super Bowl history outside of the COVID-19 pandemic. This was the first Super Bowl to be held in the state of Nevada. It was televised worldwide by CBS. The game has been named by people as the "Taylor Swift Bowl" or "Swiftie Bowl", referencing singer-songwriter Taylor Swift and her fans, which are known as Swifties. The season broke records for the NFL, following Swift's relationship with Chiefs tight end Travis Kelce and her frequent appearances at Chiefs games. Fans who began supporting the Chiefs due to Swift's association with them have been dubbed as "Chiefties". Super BowlLVIII was televised by CBS. CBS used 165 cameras, including six cameras embedded within the goal posts ("doink cams"), 48 cameras capable of high frame rate video (24 of which were in 4K for zoom abilities), and 23 cameras for augmented reality effects. CBS televised the game in 1080p with high-dynamic-range (HDR) color, changed to 4K on selected television providers. It was the most-watched United States broadcast since the Apollo 11 moon landing. Halftime. On September24, 2023, it was announced R&amp;B and pop singer Usher would lead
Gru (also known as Felonious Gru) is a fictional character in the Despicable Me Franchise. He is voiced by Steve Carell. He was created by Sergio Pablos. Gru’s wife is Lucy Wilde. Biography. Gru, in one of his memories, while he was in elementary school, was bullied by friends when he was trying to ask a young girl to go on a date, with one of them saying she had “Gruties”, causing the kids in the playground to run away from Gru. It is said that Gru witnessed the moon landing on live television during the space race, pointing that he could have been born at the height of the Cold War, which was the Cuban missile crisis in 1962, he also made a rocket ship out of macaroni and actually made a real one based on the macaroni prototype. Despicable Me. "Main article:Despicable Me (movie)" In Despicable Me, Gru is a supervillain who steals the moon. His heart is then softened by the girls and ends up adopting them. In the movie, his main opponent is Vector Perkins, who was responsible for stealing the pyramids of Giza and replacing them with fake inflatables. Later, after defeating Vector, he is hired by the Anti-Villain League, being granted an official pardon.
Nihang are mythical water dragons from the Chitrali Mythology in northwestern Pakistan. The name "Nihang" comes from the Persian word "nahang" for crocodiles but is also used for other sea creatures. Nihangs looked like winged snakes, also found in myths in many parts of mainland Pakistan and East Asia. They were huge, scaly creatures and were famous for their golden manes. The most famous one lived in a lake in Mastuj area of Chitral and frightened the local people. However, its reign of terror ended when an ancient warrior fought against it using a double-hilted sword and killed it. The Chitrali dragon has similarities to both Eastern and Western dragons. It looks like East Asian dragons with its thick furlike mane, lives in water, and has a long, slender, serpent-like body. But unlike Eastern dragons, the Chitrali dragon is seen as a mean creature that spreads fear in its area. People living near lakes have long believed in creatures like this in the Hindu Kush mountains. Even a Chinese traveler from the 7th century, Xuanzang, mentioned a dragon living in a lake in the region. While the exact lake he talked about isn't known, some believe it could be Lake Dufferin on the border of Chitral. Mythology. Stories about dragons were common in Chitrali stories. Dragons could be seen as powerful and noble, but also scary. Some lived in water like the Nihang, while others lived on land. These dragons were called "Azhdaar". The Chitrali dragon was a mix of the Iranian and Chinese dragons. It was big, had wings, looked like a serpent (similar to chinese dragons), and had a golden mane like a lion. It could swallow people and breathe fire. Old warriors said you could fight back by holding your sword above your head and cutting the dragon's mouth. Dragons were often linked with treasure. Even in the 1980s, people talked about a dragon guarding treasure in a valley near Chitral Town. Nihang of Matuj. The small town of Mastuj in Chitral was
“Houdini” is a 2023 song by English-Albanian singer Dua Lipa. It was released on , and will appear on her third album. The song has been successful on the charts, reaching number two in the UK. A music video for the song was released at the same time, featuring Lipa dancing in a dance studio.
Nella Larsen (1891-1964) was an American nurse, librarian, and writer during the Harlem Renaissance. She was born in Chicago, and grew up in a mostly white neighborhood before attending high school for one year at Fisk University’s Normal School, which is a historically Black college and university (HBCU). After high school, Larsen moved to Denmark where she lived with relatives and spent three years (1909-1912) auditing courses from the University of Copenhagen. Considered an important figure of the Harlem Renaissance, Larsen was an accomplished writer. She was the first Black woman to be awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship in 1930. Larsen was also awarded the Harmon Foundation’s bronze medal for "Quicksand" (2). Larsen’s works center middle class Black women and their experiences, focusing on topics such as marginality and mixed-race identity. Considered an important figure of the Harlem Renaissance, Larsen was an accomplished writer. She was the first Black woman to be awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship in 1930. Larsen was also awarded the Harmon Foundation’s bronze medal for "Quicksand". Larsen’s works center middle class Black women and their experiences, focusing on topics such as marginality and mixed-race identity.
Qiu Jin (born in 1875), was a Chinese revolutionary. She was a feminist, heroine, and martyr. Qiu fought for women's rights and fought against the ruling Qing Dynasty. She was beheaded by the Qing Dynasty's army in 1907 when she was 32 years old.  When she was a child, Jin did not like the stereotypes of women. Qiu read books about Chinese women warriors. For example, she read about Hua Mulan.  Qiu did not agree with the Confucian values saying men were more important than women. Many of her activities only acceptable for men. For example, Qiu learned to use swords and martial arts. She wrote poetry. She liked wine. Qiu also learned to make bombs.  Qiu's parents picked a man for her to marry. They moved to Beijing. Qiu was 28 when she left her kids and husband to study abroad. She started a magazine called the "Chinese Women’s Journal" (Zhongguo Nübao). Qiu also joined a secret criminal Chinese gang, known as the Triads. She started a school, but it really was a way to get students to fight in the revolution against the Qing Dynasty.  Another person who helped start the school was arrested and executed. Qiu knew she would be arrested. She did not run away to another country. Qiu also got arrested because she hid weapons and saved students from getting in trouble. Qiu was asked to write something before she died. She chose to write about the meaning of her name: Autumn. She was executed by the army.
Kate Swift (1923-2011) is an author, activist, and editor. She was best known for working to make English-language writing more equal for men and women. Swift invented a gender-neutral pronoun: "tey." Career. Swift worked in the army as an education and information specialist during World War II. She was also a writer for the Port of New Orleans. Swift then worked as an editorial assistant at Time Magazine. She was also a news writer for the Public Relations Department of the Girl Scouts of America. Swift became a science writer on the public affairs staff of the Museum of Natural History. She was also the director of the news bureau of the School of Medicine at Yale, in 1965.  Swift wrote two important books that brought attention to sexual discrimination in the English language. Swift worked with Casey Miller to edit a manual to make it gender-inclusive. Swift’s efforts resulted in Connecticut becoming one of the first states in the US to achieve same-sex marriage. Swift has helped women be recognized as “full-fledged members of the human race”. Legacy. Because of their efforts, the "Hartford Courant" later titled Swift and Miller as "leaders in the women's movement of the 1970s" and a duo who "took on the pronoun "he" [...] along with the rest of what they and other feminists considered male-biased language in countless articles and speeches as well as in their books." Eventually people became aware of the "implicit discrimination in" the English language and "writing and speaking without using masculine-gender words" began to catch on. Furthermore, some of Swift and Miller’s actual proposals for non sexist language eventually found their way into everyday usage. For example, according to the St. Paul Pioneer Press, "Some of the authors' proposals gained traction. Many newspapers, textbooks and public speakers avoid "fireman" and "stewardess" nowadays." Swift and Miller’s personal papers and records are kept in the Special Collections and University Archives at the University of Oregon in Eugene, Oregon. Death. Kate Swift died on May 7, 2011 at 87 years old in Middleton, Conneticut. Burial. Miller was buried in Madison, Connecticut and was later joined by Swift, upon Swift's own death in 2011.
Ms. is a common English honorific used to describe women without saying if they are married or unmarried. Ms. was invented to replace Mrs. (only for married women) and Miss (for unmarried women). American feminists supported the idea of using "Ms." Now, most American women use "Ms.". The word and idea of "Ms." has a very complicated and complex history. The honorific "Ms." goes back to at least the 1760s. But, it was more "officially" proposed by a writer in 1901.  This writer proposed "Ms." to avoid accidentally calling a woman a wrong name. This proposal was also the first marriage-neutral proposal. "Ms." was accepted as an honorific by the New York Times in 1986. Later, during a radio interview at the New York Radio Station, Sheila Michaels spoke out for the honorific "Ms." to be a title. Eventually, "Ms." became official.
Finau Vulivuli (born August 18th, 1982) is an international commentator for football. She is a Fijian referee and used to be in a national football team for the 2003 South Pacific Games.  Career. After she played in the Women's Fifa World Cup, she reffed for the Fifa World Cup when Vulivuli saw how women started getting represented in the commentary of sports. Vulivuli dreamed she would be one of those women. She was then trained by the Australian Broadcasting Corporation International Development.  She then got noticed by big people in her training. Vulivuli was asked to be a part of the official live coverage of the Oceania Football Confederation. Vulivuli continues broadcasting for football.