ejaasaari/simplewiki-2025-04-01 huggingface dataset:
Oliver Ellsworth (April 29, 1745 – November 26, 1807) was an American lawyer and politician. He was against British rule, a drafter of the United States Constitution, United States Senator from Connecticut, and the third Chief Justice of the United States. While at the Federal Convention, Ellsworth moved to strike the word "National" from the motion made by Edmund Randolph of Virginia. Randolph had moved successfully to call the government the "National Government of United States". Ellsworth moved that the government should continue to be called the "United States Government".
Melville Weston Fuller (February 11, 1833 – July 4, 1910) was an American lawyer, jurist, and politician. He was the eighth Chief Justice of the United States between 1888 and 1910. He was nominated by Grover Cleveland. Fuller died in Sorrento, Maine from a heart attack, aged 77.
Harlan Fiske Stone (October 11, 1872 – April 22, 1946) was an American lawyer and jurist. He served as the dean of Columbia Law School, his alma mater, in the early 20th century.  As a member of the Republican Party, he was appointed as the 52nd Attorney General of the United States before becoming an Associate Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court in 1925.  In 1941, Stone became the 12th Chief Justice of the United States, serving until his death in 1946 – one of the shortest terms of any Chief Justice. Stone was the first Chief Justice not to have served in elected office.  His most famous quotes was: "Courts are not the only agency of government that must be assumed to have capacity to govern."
Frederick "Fred" Moore Vinson (January 22, 1890 – September 8, 1953) was an American lawyer and politician who served in all three branches of the United States. In the legislative branch, he was an elected member of the United States House of Representatives from Louisa, Kentucky, for twelve years. In the executive branch, he was the Secretary of Treasury under President Harry S. Truman. In the judicial branch, he was the 13th Chief Justice of the United States, appointed by President Truman. As of 2014, he is the last Chief Justice to have been nominated by a president from the Democratic Party.
Pulau Ayu is a very small Indonesian island in Southwest Papua province. The two main towns on the island are called Imbik Kuan and Ayu. Because there is a big reef around the island, only small boats can go there. World War Two. During World War Two, the island was occupied by Japan.
Ellen Gates Starr (March 19, 1859, near Laona, Illinois – February 10, 1940, in Suffern, New York) was an American social reformer and activist. Along with Jane Addams, in 1889, she and Addams found the Hull House in Chicago, Illinois. Starr was a lesbian. She was a member of the Women's Trade Union League and helped organize striking garment workers in 1896, 1910, and 1915. She worked with many other reformers such as Susan B. Anthony and Alice Paul. Starr died on February 10, 1940 from heart failure, aged 80.
Ich bin ein Berliner (English: I am a Berliner) was a speech by John F. Kennedy. He made the speech on June 26, 1963 in West Berlin. This is thought to be one of Kennedy's most famous speeches. He made the speech to gain support for the Cold War and to mark the anniversary of the Berlin Wall's construction. Kennedy said: Kennedy wrote on his paper "ish bin ein Bear"lee"ner" to help him say it better. Background. Germany's capital, Berlin, was deep inside the area controlled by the Soviet Union after World War II. A first governed in four sectors controlled by the four Allied powers (United States, United Kingdom, France and the Soviet Union), tensions of the Cold War rose. This continued until the Soviet forces created the Berlin Blockade of the city's western sectors. The Western allies went around this with the dramatic airlift. Afterwards, the sectors controlled by the NATO Allies became an effective exclave (territory surrounded by territory of a different state or entity) of West Germany. Which was completely surrounded by East Germany. Starting in 1952, the border between East and West was closed everywhere but in Berlin. Hundreds of thousands of East Germans defected (gives up allegiance to a state) to the West via West Berlin. This was a labor drain that threatened East Germany with economic collapse.
On August 11, 1984, United States President Ronald Reagan was getting ready to make his weekly Saturday radio address on National Public Radio. He was running for re-election at the time. He was testing the microphone before he started to talk, then Reagan made this joke to the radio workers: "My fellow Americans, I'm pleased to tell you today that I've signed legislation that will outlaw Russia forever. We begin bombing in five minutes." The joke was based on the start of that day's speech: "My fellow Americans, I'm pleased to tell you that today I signed legislation that will allow student religious groups to begin enjoying a right they've too long been denied — the freedom to meet in public high schools during nonschool hours, just as other student groups are allowed to do." Many Americans and Soviets were scared about a nuclear attack. Reagan said it was a joke. Though this was not the first time Reagan had joked before giving a speech or address, the Soviets were offended. They started making fun of Reagan.
Otep (also written as OTEP or OT3P) is an American nu metal band. The band was started in 2000 in Los Angeles by Otep Shamaya. History. After a few shows Otep were signed to Capitol Records. On June 18, 2002 Otep's first album "Sevas Tra" was released. "House of Secrets" was released July 27, 2004. On October 30, 2007 Otep's third album "The Ascension" was released. Otep's fourth album "Smash the Control Machine" was released on August 18, 2009. "Atavist" was released on 26 April 2011. On November 6, 2012, Otep released their first live album, "Sounds Like Armageddon". The band's sixth studio album "Hydra" was released on January 22, 2013. In an interview Otep said that it is the band's last album.
Flipping is a term used in economics. It is used mainly in the United States to describe buying something and quickly reselling (or "flipping") it for profit. It can apply to any asset but is often applied to real estate and initial public offerings (IPOs). Real estate. Real estate is bought and sold every day. The seller arranges for a realtor to advertise and sell their property. The realtor charges between 4 and 7 percent of the selling price as a commission. The sale is conducted between the owner of the property or house, and the who wants to purchase it.  Flipping is used by real estate investors to describe someone purchasing a property then selling it quickly for a profit. Usually the investor will pay for improvements to make the property more attractive. The investor must have the money to buy the house and pay for the improvements. Realtors neither buy the house or resell it (although a realtor can also be a flipper). They simply broker the sale. Flipping involves a good deal of risk for investors. They must know the value of a property and not pay too much. They have to be careful not to invest too much in improvements. Very often run-down properties or are sold at auctions. The buyer may not be able to inspect the property before buying it. This can lead to additional costs to fix problems that could not be seen. A property needs to sell quickly or there is no quick return on their money.  There are also many risks for buyers of flipped homes. IPOs. Initial public offerings are when a private company sells shares it owns to the public for the first time (called going public). Flipping is buying stocks and selling within the first 2 to 3 days after the company went public. The hope is the price will go up rapidly. Underwriters want investors want to hold onto stocks. They may blacklist investors who flip too many stocks even though it is legal. Other forms. In the United Kingdom the term is used to describe Members of Parliament switching their 'second home' between several houses. This was to maximize their taxpayer funded allowances.
Chokwe Lumumba (born Edwin Finley Taliaferro; August 2, 1947 – February 25, 2014) was an American politician. He was the Mayor of Jackson, Mississippi. Lumumba was born in Detroit, Michigan as Edwin Finley Taliaferro, a name he referred to as his "slave name". Lumumba died on February 25, 2014 at the St. Dominic Hospital in Jackson, Mississippi. He was aged 66. The cause of death was not made clear, though Jackson City Council president Charles Tillman, who was sworn in as acting mayor, said he had a meeting with Lumumba the previous day and that he had a cold. City Councilman Quentin Whitwell told reporters that Lumumba died of heart failure.
Douglas William "Doug" Jarrett (April 22, 1944 – February 10, 2014) was a Canadian ice hockey player. He was a Defense in the National Hockey League (NHL) with the Chicago Black Hawks and New York Rangers. He also did work on behalf of the Chicago Blackhawk Alumni Association. He was born in London, Ontario. In 2011, he was inducted into the London (Ontario) Sports Hall of Fame. He died from lung cancer on February 10, 2014 in Fort Erie, Ontario. He was aged 69. He was diagnosed with the disease ten days before his death.
Cephalaspis (meaning 'head shield') is a genus of armoured fish in the early Devonian about 400 million years ago (mya). It was one of the jawless fishes, or ostracoderms, which were common at the time.  They were discovered in the first half of the 19th century in the Old Red Sandstone of Britain. Louis Agassiz named it in 1835. He had been to Scotland, and seen Hugh Miller's collection. Miller described his collecting later, in a popular work on the rocks and fossils of the Old Red Sandstone in Scotland. Agassoz' single species has now been split into more species, some of which have been moved into a different genus. Lifestyle. "Cephalaspis" was a medium-sized fish that lived in freshwater streams and estuaries of the early Devonian. Some of the fossils are well-preserved, and so we know quite a bit about its anatomy. Its armour was on the dorsal side, and its mouth on the ventral side. Therefore, it is likely that it was a bottom-feeder, nosing about in the mud of a river. It had a typical vertebrate type of brain, with front, middle and rear regions, and nerves to and from sense organs and muscles in the head region. Its pineal opening between its eyes was probably a light-sensitive organ. On its skull are three areas which obviously had a special function. Many modern fish which live in muddy rivers use both pressure-sensitive lateral lines, and also electrical fields to sense movement. "Cephalaspis" had no lateral lines, but the three fields on its skull were no doubt sensory, for sensing pressure change or electrical fields. The animal had semi-circular canals to sense balance (one of the functions of our own semi-circular canals). They were capable of sustained swimming, and short rapid bursts. Almost all the fossils are found in strata laid down in freshwater conditions, so the various species live in rivers, streams connected with lakes and estuaries. Sansom decided that "Cephalaspis" was the sister-taxon of cornuate osteostracans, which have defined corners on the head-shields.
Francis "Franny" Beecher (September 29, 1921 – February 24, 2014), also known as Frank Beecher, was an American country, jazz, and rock musician. He was the lead guitarist for Bill Haley &amp; His Comets from 1954 to 1962. He was born in Norristown, Pennsylvania. Beecher died from natural causes on February 24, 2014 at a nursing home in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He was aged 92.
Tomaž Pengov (1949 – 10 February 2014) was a Slovenian singer-songwriter, musician and poet. He played a 12-stringed acoustic guitar and lute. He was born in Ljubljana, then part of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. He studied comparative literature at University of Ljubljana's Faculty of Arts. Pengov died after a short illness on 10 February 2014 in his hometown of Ljubljana. He was aged 64.
TMNT is a computer-animated fantasy action movie. It was made in the United States and released in 2007. It is part of the "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles" (TMNT) series. The movie is the fourth in the original "TMNT" movie series. It was the first "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles" movie made with computer-generated imagery (CGI). It was also the first movie in the series in 14 years. "TMNT" was written and directed by Kevin Munroe. It features the voices of Nolan North, James Arnold Taylor, Mikey Kelley, Mitchell Whitfield, Chris Evans, Sarah Michelle Gellar, Kevin Smith, Patrick Stewart, Zhang Ziyi and Laurence Fishburne (who is the narrator). The animation was created by Imagi Animation Studios. It was produced by Warner Bros. Pictures. It was the last movie that producer Mako Iwamatsu made before his death. It was also produced by Peter Laird, one of the two men who created the Turtles. The story begins with the four Turtles (Raphael, Leonardo, Donatello, and Michelangelo) having grown apart after their final defeat of the Shredder. Strange things begin happening in New York City as ancient creatures threaten the world. The Turtles must reunite to save it. "TMNT" premiered in cinemas on March 23, 2007. It was successful, making US$95 million around the world. It received both good and bad reviews from movie critics.
Ruokolahti () is a municipality in South Karelia, Finland. It had almost 5,500 people living there in January 2014. The municipalities next to it are Imatra, Lappeenranta, Parikkala, Puumala, Rautjärvi, Savonlinna, Sulkava and Taipalsaari. Sights. Nearby is the Kummakivi rock. It is a large rock balanced on top of another.
Pope Pontian (Pontianus) (Pope from 230-235 d. 235 C.E.), was the eighteenth Pope, the official title is the Bishop of Rome of the Catholic Church.  Pontian served as pope mostly during the reign of Roman Emperor Severus, generally considered a peaceful period for Christians, but died during the reign of Maximinus Thrax. Maximinus Thrax did not tolerate Christians and pursued them violently. He arrested Pontian and Hippolytus and sent them to the mines in Sardinia where they died soon after. Pontian's body was returned to Rome a short time later and they were buried in the catacombs of Callistus on the Appian Way. Catacombs were underground chambers where many Christians lived, died and were buried. Pontian is known for his condemnation of Origen a theologian of the time, and forbade his teachings. Pontian is considered a martyr and a saint of the Catholic Church. His feast day is celebrated on August 13 along with a fellow martyr Hippolytus.
Loimaa is a town "(countryside city)" in Southwest Finland. As of January 31, 2014, about 16,700 people lived there. Neighbouring municipalities are Huittinen, Humppila, Koski Tl, Marttila, Oripää, Punkalaidun, Pöytyä, Somero, Säkylä and Ypäjä. Distances. Distances to smaller municipalities are lot smaller.
Anthony Blake ( 1704 – 1787) was an Irish clergyman of the Roman Catholic Church. He was the Bishop of Ardagh and Clonmacnoise from 1756 to 1758 and Archbishop of Armagh from 1758 to 1787. Blake was the youngest of two sons of Andrew Blake of Kilvine. His family were from County Mayo. They were one of the Tribes of Galway. He returned to Ireland from France about 1731. He attended the schools Saint-Omer and Louvain. He was made priest in the archdiocese of Tuam. He held the positions of dean of the chapter and vicar general to the archbishop. From 1741 to 1756 he served as Warden of Galway. His most nobable action was to build a new parish chapel in the town's middle street. This chapel stood until 1833.
Pope Anterus (November 21, 235-January 3, 236 C.E.) was the nineteenth Pope, (the official title is the Bishop of Rome) of the Catholic Church. He served less than two months and died a natural death. He was buried in the cemetery of Callistus on the Appian Way. He is considered a Saint by the Catholic Church and his feast day is celebrated of January.
The Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 (abbreviated as FLSA; also referred to as the Wages and Hours Bill) is a federal of the United States.  The Act. The FLSA introduced a maximum 44-hour workweek (reduced to a 40-hour workweek by 1940). It established a national minimum wage (of 25¢ per hour). It guaranteed "time-and-a-half" for overtime in certain jobs. The FLSA also prohibited most employment of minors in "oppressive child labor". The FLSA created a Wage and Hour Division in the Department of Labor. The statute applies to employees engaged in interstate commerce or employed by a business engaged in commerce or in the production of goods for commerce, unless the employer can claim an from these requirements. The FLSA was originally written in 1932 by Senator Hugo Black. He was later appointed to the Supreme Court in 1937. However, Black's proposal to require employers to adopt a thirty-hour workweek met stiff resistance. In 1938 a revised version of Black's proposal was passed that adopted an eight-hour day and a forty-hour workweek. It allowed workers to earn wages for an extra four hours of overtime as well. According to the act, workers must be paid minimum wage and overtime pay must be one-and-a-half times regular pay. Children under eighteen cannot do certain dangerous jobs. Also children under the age of sixteen cannot work during school hours. There were 700,000 workers affected by the FLSA. President Franklin Delano Roosevelt called it the most important piece of New Deal legislation passed since the Social Security Act of 1935.
The Wage Stabilization Board (WSB) was an independent agency of the United States government. Its function was to make wage control policy recommendations. The WSB would then implement such wage controls as were approved. There were two agencies with the same name. The first, the National Wage Stabilization Board, was the successor to the National War Labor Board. It existed from January 1, 1946, to February 24, 1947. The second, the Wage Stabilization Board, was a part of the Office of Defense Mobilization. It existed from September 9, 1950, to February 6, 1953. The Korean War broke out on June 25, 1950. There was an initial surge of inflation in the American economy. But soon Truman's war mobilization effort began to achieve some success in stabilizing the economy.
Altar Alfonse "Al" Greene (November 9, 1954 – February 18, 2014) was an American baseball outfielder. He played in the Major League Baseball (MLB) for Detroit Tigers during 1979. He was born in Detroit, Michigan. Greene died on February 18, 2014 in his hometown of Detroit, Michigan. He was aged 59.
Gordon Nutt (8 November 1932 – 26 February 2014) was an English professional footballer who was a winger. Nutt was active in England, Wales, the Netherlands, and Australia. He made over 150 career appearances. He played for Coventry City F.C. from 1951 to 1954. Nutt was born in Birmingham. He died on 26 February 2014, in Tasmania, Australia, at the age of 81.
Albert B. Feldstein (October 24, 1925 – April 29, 2014) was an American writer, editor, and artist. He is best known for his work at EC Comics. He worked from 1956 to 1985 as the editor of the satirical magazine "Mad". After retiring from "Mad", Feldstein worked on American paintings of Western wildlife. Feldstein died on April 29, 2014 at his home near Livingston, Montana. No cause of death was released.
William Erwin "Will" Eisner (March 6, 1917 – January 3, 2005) was an American cartoonist. His comic strip "The Spirit" was one of the most popular and influential in the history of comic strips. Eisner is thought to be one of the most famous cartoonist. He has an award named after him, the Will Eisner Award for the best in comics. Eisner died in Fort Lauderdale, Florida from heart surgery complications. He was 87 years old.
Joseph Shuster (July 10, 1914 – July 30, 1992) was a Canadian-American cartoonist. Shuster along with Jerry Siegel created "Superman". It proved one of the most popular and influential comic book hero in comic book history. Shuster died of a heart failure and hypertension in Los Angeles, California, aged 78. Creating Superman. Schuster and Siegel created a bald telepathic villain, willing world domination, as the protagonist of the short story "The Reign of Superman", published in Siegel's 1933 science fiction "Science Fiction № 3". The character was not successful, and Siegel found a more familiar hero. Schuster modeled the character on Douglas Fairbanks, and his alter ego in glasses, Clark Kent, a combination of Harold Lloyd and Schuster himself, and the name "Clark Kent" comes from the stars of the films Clark Gable and Kent Taylor. Lois Lane was modeled after Joanna Carter, who was Joe's friend before she became Siegel's wife. Then Siegel and Schuster began a six-year search for a publisher. They called the project "The Superman" and brought it to Consolidated Book Publishing, which published a 48-page black-and-white comic book called "Detective Dan: Secret Operative" № 48, but after that this cooperation finished. Schuster took this to heart and burned every page of the story, only the cover was saved. Siegel and Schuster compared this character to Slam Bradley, an adventurer the couple created for Detective Comics № 1 (March, 1937). In 1938, editor Vin Sullivan chose it as a cover feature for National Action Comics №1 (June, 1938). The following year, Siegel and Schuster initiated a series of Superman comics. Then Siegel and Schuster sold the company's rights to $130 and a contract to supply to the publisher of Action Comics. Siegel and Schuster's status as children of Jewish immigrants is also believed to have an influence on their work. Timothy Aaron Pevey claimed that they had created "a figure whose desire was to fit into American culture as an American," which Pevey felt was an
Adnan al-Pachachi or Adnan Muzahim Ameen al-Pachachi () (May 14, 1923 – November 17, 2019) was an Iraqi politician and diplomat. Pachachi was Iraq's Permanent Representative to the United Nations from 1959 to 1965 and Foreign Minister of Iraq from 1965 to 1967 during the Six-Day War with Israel. Pachachi died in Abu Dhabi on November 17, 2019 at the age of 96.
Sir Ninian Martin Stephen, (15 June 1923 – 29 October 2017) was an Australian jurist, civil servant, and politician. He served as the 20th Governor-General of Australia and as a Justice in the High Court of Australia. Stephen died in Melbourne on 29 October 2017, aged 94.
Jamshid Amouzegar (25 June 1923 – 27 September 2016) was an Iranian economist, artist and politician. He was the prime minister of Iran from 7 August 1977 to 27 August 1978 when he resigned. Before that, he served as the minister of interior and minister of finance in the cabinet of Amir-Abbas Hoveida. He was the leader of Rastakhiz Party during his tenure as prime minister. Amouzegar was born on 25 June 1923 in Tehran, Iran. He graduated from Tehran University with degrees in law and engineering. Then he attended Cornell University and received a PhD. He died on 27 September 2016 in Rockville, Maryland, aged 93.
Seán Treacy (22 September 1923 – 23 March 2018) was a former Irish politician. He was the Ceann Comhairle (chairman) of Dáil Éireann from 1973 to 1977 and from 1987 to 1997. He was a Member of the European Parliament (MEP) from 1981 to 1984, replacing Eileen Desmond who resigned as an MEP when she was appointed Minister for Health and Social Welfare. Treacy died on 23 March 2018 in Clonmel, Ireland at the age of 94.
General Khamtai Siphandon (; 8 February 1924 – 2 April 2025) was a Laotian politician. He was President of Laos from 24 February 1998, until 8 June 2006, when he was officially replaced by Choummaly Sayasone. He also served as Prime Minister of Laos from 15 August 1991 to 24 February 1998.
Inge Keller (15 December 1923 – 6 February 2017) was a German actress. Her career on stage and on movies has for seventy years. She was one of the most well-known performers in the former German Democratic Republic. Keller was known for her roles in "The Last Year", "Aimée &amp; Jaguar", "Council of the Gods", "Lola and Billy the Kid", "Karla", "The Fiancé", and in "Woman Doctors". Keller was born on 15 December 1923 in Berlin, Germany. Keller died in a Berlin nursing home on 6 February 2017, aged 93.