ejaasaari/simplewiki-2025-04-01 huggingface dataset:
Polygar War or Palayakarar Wars refers to the wars fought between the Polygars ("Palayakarrars") of former Madurai Kingdom in Tamil Nadu, India and the British colonial forces between March 1799 to May 1802. The British finally won after carrying out long and difficult protracted jungle campaigns against the Polygar armies and finally defeated them. Many lives were lost on both sides and the victory over Polygars made large part of territories of Tamil Nadu coming under British control enabling them to get a strong hold in India. First Polygar War 1799. The war between the British and Kattabomman Nayak of Panchalankurichi Palayam in the then Tirunelveli region is often classified as the First Polygar war. In 1799, a brief meeting (over pending taxes) between Kattabomman and the British ended in a bloody encounter in which the British commander of the forces was slain by the former. A price was put on Kattabomman head prompting many Polygars to an open rebellion.  After a series of battles in the Panchalankurichi fort with additional reinforcements from Thiruchirapalli, Kattabomman was defeated but he escaped to the jungles in Pudukottai country. Here he was captured by Pudukottai Rajah (after an agreement with the British) and after a summary trial Kattabomman was hanged in front of the public in order to intimidate them, near Kayattar Fort, close to the town of Kovilpatti and in front of fellow Polygars too who had been summoned to witness the execution. Subramania Pillai, a close associate of Kattabomman Nayak, was also publicly hanged and his head was fixed on a pike at Panchalankurichi for public view. Soundra Pandian Nayak, another rebel leader, was brutally done to death by having his head dashed against a village wall. Kattabomman’s brother Oomaidurai was imprisoned in Palayankottai prison while the fort was razed to ground and his wealth looted
Dheeran Chinnamalai ( born as Theerthagiri Sarkkarai Uttama Kāminda Mandraadiyaar (Surname of Payiran Kulam Gotra of ) on April 17, 1756) is the protagonist of the "Dheeran Chinnamalai Udukkai Kadhaigal" and Kongu Mandala Sadhagam stories written by Kaarmega Konar, in the story he is depicted as a Kongu chieftain and Palayakkarar from Tamil Nadu who rises up in revolt against the British East India Company in the Kongu Nadu, Southern India. He is first born in Melapalayam, near Erode in the South Indian state of Tamil Nadu. He then becomes one of the main leaders in the Polygar Wars and commands a vast army to fight the British forces, notably during the historical Second Polygar War that took place in 1801–1802. A thousand-strong army under him took French Military training in modern warfare alongside Tipu's Mysore forces to fight against the British East India company. They helped Tipu Sultan in his war against the British in the story and were instrumental in victories at Chitheswaram, Mazahavalli and Srirangapatna.  Later on, Dheeran Chinnamalai was promoted as a historical icon for political mileage by the Kongu Vellalar community, though he was an imaginary character.
The rainbow lorikeet ("Trichoglossus haematodus") is an Australasian parrot. This brightly colored parrot lives on the east coast of Australia, eastern Indonesia (Maluku and Western New Guinea), Papua New Guinea, New Caledonia, Solomon Islands and Vanuatu. In Australia, it is common along the eastern seaboard, from Queensland to South Australia and Tasmania. Its habitat is rainforest, coastal bush and woodland areas.  It has a number of subspecies. Some classifications list about 20 subspecies. In some places, such as Western Australia and the North Island of New Zealand, they have been artificially introduced, and are seen as a pest species. Description. The rainbow lorikeet is a large lorikeet, about tall. It is has green feathers on its back, wings and tail. It has bright red feathers on the chest, with orange and yellow feathers on the sides of its chest. It has deep blue feathers on its abdomen and head. It also has stripes of yellow among its green feathers. It has a bright red bill with grey legs and feet. Feeding. Rainbow lorikeets eat mostly fruit, pollen and nectar. They have a tongue adapted for their particular food. Nectar from eucalyptus is important in Australia. Other important sources of nectar are "Pittosporum", "Grevillea", "Spathodea campanulata" (African tulip-tree), and "Metroxylon sagu" (sago palm). In Melanesia, coconuts are a very important source of food, and rainbow lorikeets are important pollinators of coconuts. They also eat the fruits of "Ficus", "Trema", "Mutingia", as well as papaya and mangoes already opened by fruit bats. They also eat crops such as apples, and will take maize and sorghum. They will also visit bird feeders placed in gardens. In many places, including campsites and suburban gardens, wild lorikeets are so used to humans that they can be fed by hand. Semi-tame lorikeets are common daily visitors in many
A verdict is a term in law. It is the formal finding of a fact by a jury of a court. In a criminal court, the accused may be found guilty or not guilty.  Examples. In Scotland, the acquittal is one of two types: "not guilty" and "not proven".
Winona Laura Horowitz (born October 29, 1971), better known under her professional name Winona Ryder, is an American actress. She started her career in 1986. She first appeared in the movie "Lucas" in 1986. Her first big role came in 1988 with "Beetlejuice" as Lydia Deetz, a Gothic teenager. She returned to the role in the 2024 sequel "Beetlejuice Beetlejuice". Ryder had other big roles in "Edward Scissorhands" (1990), "Heathers" (1989), "Dracula" (1992) and "Girl, Interrupted" (1999). She was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her role in "The Age of Innocence" (1993), and for Academy Award for Best Actress for her role as "Jo" in "Little Women" in 1995. She did not win either of the awards. In 2000, Ryder received a star on the Walk of Fame in Hollywood, California.
World Poverty and Human Rights is a 2002 book by Thomas Pogge. In the book, Pogge says that the poorest 46 percent of people have 1.2 percent of global income, and 826 million of them do not have enough to eat. One-third of all human deaths are from poverty-related causes: 18 million annually, including 12 million children under five. At the other end of the spectrum, the 15 percent of people in the developed countries have 80 percent of global income. Pogge says that shifting 1 or 2 percent of our share toward poverty eradication seems morally compelling. Yet most of the rich people believe that they have no such responsibility.
Edmund Gustav Albrecht Husserl (; April 8, 1859, Prostějov, Moravia, Austrian Empire – April 26, 1938, Freiburg, Germany) was an Austrian-German philosopher and mathematician who is deemed the founder of phenomenology. He broke with the positivist orientation of the science and philosophy of his time, believing that experience is the source of all knowledge. Husserl studied mathematics under Karl Weierstraß, completing a Ph.D. under Leo Königsberger, and studied philosophy under Franz Brentano and Carl Stumpf. Then Husserl taught philosophy, as a "Privatdozent" at Halle from 1887, and as a professor: Biography. Husserl was born into a Jewish family in a town that was then in the Austrian Empire (after 1918 a part of Czechoslovakia, and since 1993 a part of the Czech Republic). He became a member of the Lutheran Church in 1886. He initially studied mathematics but then started attending lectures on psychology and philosophy. Husserl was so impressed by Brentano that he decided to dedicate his life to philosophy. Early works. His major written work is "Philosophie der Arithmetik" (1891). In these first works he tries to combine mathematics, psychology and philosophy with a main goal to provide a sound foundation for mathematics. He analyzes the psychological process needed to obtain the concept of number and then tries to build up a systematical theory on this analysis. To achieve this he uses several methods and concepts taken from his teachers. From Weierstrass he gets the idea that we generate the concept of number by counting a certain collection of objects. From Brentano and Stumpf he takes over the distinction between "proper" and "improper" presenting. In an example Husserl explains this in the following way: if you are standing in front of a house, you have a proper, direct presentation of that house, but if you are looking for it and ask for directions, then these directions (e.g. the house on the corner of this and that street) are an indirect,
Er (Р, р) is the sixteenth letter in the Cyrillic alphabet. It sounds like [r]. It comes from the Greek letter rho and stands for the Roman letter R.
Es (С, с) is the seventeenth letter in the Cyrillic alphabet. It sounds like [s]. It comes from the Greek letter sigma and stands for the Roman letter S.
Te (Т, т) is the fifteenth letter in the Cyrillic alphabet. It sounds like [t]. The lowercase's т italic looks like an "т". It comes from the Greek letter tau and stands for the Roman letter T.
U (У, у) is the eighteenth letter in the Cyrillic alphabet. It sounds like it comes from the Greek letter upsilon and stands for the Roman letter U.
Lucas is a 1986 American romantic comedy-drama movie directed by David Seltzer, It was released on March 28, 1986. The movie was a geared toward a teen audience. This movie ranked number 16 on Entertainment Weekly's list of the 50 Best High School Movies . Plot summary. The main character of the movie, "Lucas" is a shy and quiet, fourteen-year-old nerd, who is in love with a girl. This leads to heartbreak when his older friend and the girl fall in love.
The Orto botanico di Pisa, also known as the Orto Botanico dell'Università di Pisa, is a botanical garden, and the University of Pisa takes care of it. The garden is at via Luca Ghini 5, Pisa, Italy. It is open weekday mornings and it does not cost money to see it. The garden was started in 1544 under Cosimo I de' Medici as the first university botanical garden in Europe, and it was put under the care of the famous botanist Luca Ghini of Imola. In 1563 the garden was moved from its original place near a river (now the Medicean Arsenal) to one near the convent of Santa Marta. In 1591 the garden was again moved to a third place, where it still is. From these early times, the garden has contained a gallery of natural objects (now Pisa's Museo di Storia Naturale), a library (now part of the university library), and portraits of its directors throughout the centuries. It also includes one of the earliest iron-framed hothouses built in Italy. Today there are different sections in the garden containing the botanical school, gardens, ponds, greenhouses, and various buildings. Major collections include herb gardens and arboreta, as well as the old botany institute, built 1591–1595, with a facade ornamented with sea-shells.
Seismology is the study of what is under the surface of the Earth by measuring vibrations on the Earth's surface. A person who does this is called a seismologist.  It is part of the science of geophysics, which studies the physics of the processes that formed the Earth and other planets.  Seismology is done by seismologists and geophysicists using devices to pick up the vibrations called geophones, hydrophones or seismometers. Seismology can either be passive, just listening to vibrations caused by earthquakes and volcanic activity, or active, using small explosive charges to send vibrations into the ground. Seismic detectors come in two types, one which measures up and down vibrations, and one which measures side to side vibrations. Both types use and arrangement of a magnet and a coil of wire which will convert the vibrations into an electrical signal which can be stored in a computer for analysis. The earliest seismometer was developed by the Chinese.  Seismologists can find the location of earthquakes by plotting received vibrations on a map. They can also pick up underground nuclear tests, and this is what many of the seismic recording stations were set up for. They can also examine the crust in a seismic survey to try and find information about layers of rock, locate oil or gas fields and to get information about the internal structure of volcanos.
A godparent is an adult who sponsors a child during a formal religious ceremony or rite. Many religions have godparents or other adults who do something almost the same. These religions include Christianity &amp; Judaism. Usually a godparent must be a member of the religion of the child. The role of a god parent is to also give the god child a gift, small or big, money, toys, etc. Mainly on Sundays. Originally a godparent was someone who agreed to help raise the child and help them to become a good member of the religion. They may also have taken over as parent to the child if both its real parents died. Today, the role of godparent is not often a formal one, and has no real responsibility to the child. A female child of a godparent is a goddaughter. A male child of a godparent is a godson.
Nystagmus, often called "dancing eyes", is an eye condition which causes uncontrolled, rapid, jerky, movement of the eyes, usually from side to side, but sometimes up and down or in a circular motion. Most people with nystagmus have poor vision. It causes problems in education, employment and many social situations. Nystagmus cannot be fixed by spectacles or contact lenses, although many people with nystagmus wear glasses or contact lenses to correct other eye problems. Causes of Nystagmus. There are two types of Nystagmus. The first is Infantile Nystagmus Syndrome (INS) which some people have at birth. The second type is known as acquired nystagmus which has a number of causes including: Treatments and research. There are currently no cures for nystagmus, but UK Nystagmus Network supports and encourages medical and other research into this complex condition. Research is ongoing with a number of universities leading the way.
The story of Susanna and the Elders is found in some Bibles inside a chapter of the Book of Daniel. These sections are sometimes called Additions to Daniel. Modern Jewish and Protestant Bibles do not have this story but Catholic and Orthodox ones have it. This story is found before Daniel 1:1 as a prologue in very old Greek texts. It is found as chapter 13 in the Vulgate and modern Catholic Bibles. In the story, two bad judges secretly want to have sexual intercourse with Susanna, a beautiful and virtuous wife. A judge in ancient Israel was an important person who could make decisions about the life of other people. A bad judge was someone who used their power to help themself instead of to support Justice.  One hot day, she takes a bath inside her walled garden but she does not know that the judges are hiding inside the garden. The judges tell her to have sex with them but she doesn't want to. When she refuses, they tell the people of the village that they saw her having sex with a man who was not her husband. This is called adultery, which was against the law at that time. The people of the village believe the judges and want to kill Susanna. A boy named Daniel does not believe the judges, so he asks one of the judges to go away and the other one to say what he saw. Daniel does this again with the other judge. The judges tell different stories, showing that they lied. The people get mad and kill the judges instead.
A lime kiln is a kiln used to produce quicklime by the calcination of limestone (calcium carbonate). The chemical equation for this reaction is: CaCO3 + heat → CaO + CO2 Limestone is poured into one side of the kiln, it is then heated up with hot air and quicklime [Calcium Oxide] comes out the other end. Waste Gases come out of the top of the kiln.
A grant is money given by a government, company, foundation, or trust to a group, school, business, or person. Unlike a loan, a grant does not need to be paid back. Grants help with a specific project or goal and often have rules about how the money can be used.  People may need to write applications or proposals to get a grant. They might also have to follow rules and report on how they use the money. Types of grants. Grants can be categorized into types based on their source, purpose, and requirements. Grants are divided into, among others:
The Light Rail Transit Association (LRTA) is an association. Its purpose is to help and encourage research to keep and develop of light rail and tramway/streetcar systems. The LRTA publishes the monthly magazine "Tramways and Urban Transit" (formerly "Modern Tramway"). It is based in the United Kingdom but it has an international membership and remit.  History. The LRTA was formed in 1937. It was called Light Railway Transport League (LRTL) until 1979.  The opening of the Tyne and Wear Metro in 1980, followed by the Manchester Metrolink in 1991 and other new tram systems in Sheffield, , Croydon and Nottingham, are very much in line with the aims of the Association.
Lucifugum is a black metal band from Ukraine. History. Lucifugum is a popular black metal band from Ukraine. They and Nokturnal Mortum are two of the best-known exponents of the East European black metal scene. Lucifugum was formed in 1995 by poet/composer Khlyst and musicians Bal-a-Myth (guitar, bass) and Faunus (vocals). The band continues to perform, despite Faunus having left the band in 2001, and Bal-a-Myth having died in his sleep on October 5, 2002; the albums "Back to Chopped Down Roots" and "Sociopath: Philosophy Cynicism" were recorded in 2003 by numerous session musicians which, however, did not join the band. In 2004 Khlyst moved to the Ukrainian town Mykolaiv to continue the activity of Lucifugum and Propaganda together with local black metal musician Elena (aka Stabaath) (ex-Namtar, ex-Hesperus). "Vector33" is the first album with Stabaath (she recorded vocals, guitar, bass, and keyboards). All lyrics are written by Khlyst, and music is composed by Stabaath and Khlyst. Khlyst and Stabaath (real names Igor and Elena Naumchuk) are married. They are the owners of black metal label Propaganda. The music of Lucifugum was different and changed during the years. The early period can be described as symphonic black metal (1996-2000), later it was black/thrash metal, sometimes with death metal touches (2001-2003), and after 2004 the music of the band has transformed into pure black metal style. According to Propaganda web site (details to album “Sublimessiah”) Khlyst performs vocals since 2014. The critical problems with Stabaath’s throat have stopped her during the record of the vocal. So, there are just 3 tracks (1,3,5) with Stabaath’s vocals on “Sublimessiah”.
Grassland is a biome, an area of land which is mostly grasses, Also, there may be some trees and rivers. The herbivore animals are adapted to a diet mainly of grass. Several parts of the world have grasslands: Asia, Africa, North America, South America, and near the coasts of Australia. The largest grasslands are in East Africa. Grasslands with a few scattered trees are called savannas. Others are called prairies or steppes. Evolutionary history. The graminoids became widespread toward the end of the Cretaceous period. The appearance of mountains in the western United States during the Miocene and Pliocene epochs created a continental climate which was favourable to the evolution of grasslands. Animals which ate branches were replaced by animals which ate grass. Eating grass needs different teeth from eating branches. About five million years ago in the Miocene, the grasslands grew. In the New World and Old World, forest biomes declined: and grasslands became much more widespread. Vegetation. Grassland vegetation can vary greatly in height. The chalk grassland of southern England is quite short, often with small, delicate flowers.  Grass is quite tall in the Mississippi "tallgrass prairie", the South American grasslands and the African savannas. This provides a degree of cover for the smaller animals, and so increases the number of species which can live there. Woody plants, shrubs or trees, may occur on some grasslands. The root systems of perennial grasses and forbs (herbaceous flowering plants) form complex mats that hold the soil in place. Degradation. When shrubs and bushes can grow more and replace grass, this is called woody plant encroachment. This change may be harmful. It may make the number of plant species fewer. It allows less water to go into the ground and animals have less to eat. From that perspective, woody encroachment may be a form of land degradation.  But this is not always the case. Encroachment can lead to good changes in nature. North America. The tallgrass prairie is a native ecosystem of the drainage basin of the Mississippi. Ret
Oshawa is a city of Ontario in Canada. It can be found on the shores of Lake Ontario. Around 141,600 people were living in Oshawa as of 2006. Media. CKDO 1580 CKGE 94.9
Worcester is a city of Worcester County in the state of Massachusetts in the United States. It is the county seat of Worcester County. About 206,000 people were living in Worcester as of 2020. Worcester is 40 miles from Boston, Massachusetts and 40 miles from Springfield, Massachusetts—right in the middle. In 1774, the first public reading of the United States Declaration of Independence in New England took place in Worcester.
Camellia sinensis, the tea plant, is the species of plant whose leaves and leaf buds are used to make tea. It is in the genus "Camellia".  White tea, green tea, oolong, pu-erh tea and black tea all come from this species. They are processed differently, so they have different levels of oxidation. Kukicha (twig tea) is also harvested from "Camellia sinensis", but uses twigs and stems rather than leaves.
Proposition 8 is an initiative passed in California on November 4, 2008 that banned same-sex marriage. The measure passed by 52% to 48%. It changed California's Constitution by adding a section that says, "Only marriage between a man and a woman is valid or recognized in California." The law was in response to a judge's ruling that gay marriage was legal under the California state Constitution. The campaign to pass Proposition 8 was mostly paid for by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints. Proposition 8 is controversial and is being debated in court. On August 4, 2010, Judge Vaughn Walker in the United States District Court made a ruling that Proposition 8 was unconstitutional and should be overturned. This would make same-sex marriage legal again in California, however, Judge Walker issued a stay of execution, so that those in favor of Proposition 8 could legal appeal. The appeal of the case went to the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals. On February 7, 2012, the judges in this court agreed with Judge Walker that Proposition 8 was unconstitutional. However they also issued a stay of execution, so that their ruling could be appealed to the United States Supreme Court. Those in favor of Proposition 8 appealed to the Supreme Court on July 30, 2012. On December 7, 2012, the Supreme Court agreed to judge the case. The Supreme Court will issue a final ruling on the case in 2013. There are several possible outcomes: Depending on exactly how the Supreme Court rules, Proposition 8 could be overturned in California only, or all other laws against same-sex marriage in the United States could be overturned as well.
Palacios del Sil is a municipality in the province of León, Spain. Several Leonese language writers were born there.
Scott Raynor (May 23, 1978) is an American drummer. He was Blink-182's drummer from 1992 to 1998, when he was told to leave the band. Now Raynor is a drummer for the bands "Isinglass" and "One Track Mind". When asked about being removed from Blink-182 in an interview, this is what Raynor said: