ejaasaari/simplewiki-2025-04-01 huggingface dataset:
Punched tape is a medium for data storage. It is made of a long strip with holes in it. The holes are used to represent information. The principle is the same as that of a punched card, except that the length is variable. Punched tape was widely used in the 1950s and 1960s, but was later replaced by other media. Punched tape was first used to program looms, in the 18th century. Similar looms are still used for weaving Tartans, but the punched tape is made of metal platelets today. Another use of punched tape is in barrel organs.  20th century teleprinters also use punched tape. Herman Hollerith used punched tape for a census, in 1890. Gilbert Vernam, a telecommunication engineer developed the Vernam cipher in 1917. This cipher could be used with punched tape. Vernam combined a character of the punched tape, with one of a key, to give the encoded character. Combining the ecoded character with the key again gives the plain text. This is in fact an exclusive disjunction, even though Vernam used a different name. It was an automated one-time pad. The NSA has called this patent "perhaps one of the most important in the history of cryptography." Formats. There are different formats for punching tapes. Today, two formats are left, which are mechanically compatible. One is used in Telex and early computing applications. The strip is wide, and has five positions, plus a row that serves for feeding, and is always punched. The feeding row is between positions three and four. Data positions use a quadratic raster of a width of . The other format is mainly used in computing. The strip is wide, and has eight positions. Like the other format, the feeding row is between holes three and four. Both formats save ten rows of data (or characters) on a length of . If the 5 position strip is put on top of the 8 position one, the first five holes (and the feeding row) have the same position. Thi means that a reader which is capable of reading 8-position tape can also read 5-position tape. There are devices
Pope Francis (Jorge Mario Bergoglio) (, , ; born on 17 December 1936) is the 266th and current pope of the Roman Catholic Church. He was elected on 13 March 2013. He chose the name Francis to honor St. Francis of Assisi. Francis is the first Jesuit pope. He is also the first pope in more than a millennium who is not European. He is the first pope ever to come from the Americas, and the first from the Southern Hemisphere. From 1998 until he was elected as the pope, Francis was the Archbishop of Buenos Aires. Throughout his life, both as an individual and a religious leader, he has been known for his humility, his concern for the poor, and his commitment to dialogue as a way to build bridges between people of all backgrounds, beliefs, and faiths. He has expressed concern about the effects of global warming (climate change). In his 2015 encyclical "Laudato si"' , he wrote about these issues, and others. Since his election to the papacy, he has shown a simpler and less formal approach to the office, choosing to live in the Vatican guesthouse and not the papal residence. Early life. Pope Francis was born in Buenos Aires, Argentina. He was one of the children of Mario Bergoglio, an Italian railway accountant, and Regina Maria Bergoglio (née Sívori), a housewife. He received a master's degree in philosophy and theology from the University of Buenos Aires. After that, he studied at the seminary in Villa Devoto. He entered the Society of Jesus (the Jesuits) on 11 March 1958. Career before becoming Pope. Jesuit. Pope Francis became a member of the Society of Jesus in 1958. He was made a priest in 1969. In 1973, he was named "provincial" or head of the Jesuits in Argentina. In the mid-1980s, he began working on a doctoral degree at Sankt Georgen Graduate School of Philosophy and Theology in Frankfurt, Germany. Bishop. Pope John Paul II appointed Bergoglio the Archbishop of
Woodforest National Bank is a privately held bank. It's headquarters are in The Woodlands, Texas. It has over 750 branches in 17 different states. Woodforest National bank is Walmart's largest retail partner. Woodforest has a few branches that are open 24 hours a day and 364 days of the year. Woodforest National Bank also partners with Sam's Club and Kroger in a few states. Woodforest National Bank offers regular accounts. They also offer "second chance" checking accounts for customers who have not remained in good standing with ChexSystems. The "second chance" accounts have higher fees and a much longer probation period than PNC Bank as of March 2012. Woodforest National Bank also offers second chance accounts for both consumers and businesses.
The Day After Tomorrow is a 2004 American/Canadian science fiction disaster movie. It was produced and directed by Roland Emmerich. It was distributed by 20th Century Fox. It was released in Mexico City on May 17, 2004, and worldwide from May 26 to May 28. The movie follows a series of severe weather events that take place around the world as a result of global warming. Among these events: These events cause global cooling, which eventually starts a new ice age. The movie made $186,740,799 in North America and Canada, and $542,771,772 worldwide. It was inspired by the book "The Coming Global Superstorm", co-authored by Art Bell and Whitley Strieber.
Dartford is the main town in the Borough of Dartford, Kent, in England. It is about 18 miles south-east of London, on the River Darent. It is today a commuter town for London, but it has been more important in the past. In prehistoric times, the first people appeared in the Dartford area about 250,000 years ago. Archaeological investigations have uncovered important finds from the Stone Age, the Bronze Age and the Iron Age. Roman villas were built along the Darent Valley. During the medieval period Dartford was an important waypoint for travellers.  Dartford was a crossing-point for the River Darent when the Romans colonised Britain.
Reynaldo Benito Antonio Bignone (January 21, 1928 – March 7, 2018) was an Argentine general. He was the dictatorial President of Argentina from July 1, 1982 to December 10, 1983. In 2010, he was sentenced to 25 years in prison for his role in the kidnappings, torture, and murders of the Dirty War. Along with Omar Graffigna, he was one of the last two surviving members of the military dictatorship Juntas. Bignone was born on January 21, 1928 in Morón, Buenos Aires, Argentina. He studied at the National War College. He was never married and had no children. On April 20, 2010, Bignone was sentenced to 25 years in prison for his involvement in the kidnapping, torture and murder of 56 people, including guerrilla fighters, at the extermination center in the Campo de Mayo military complex. On April 14, 2011, Reynaldo Bignone was sentenced to life in prison. On December 29, 2011, Bignone received a further 15-year prison sentence for crimes against humanity. That was for setting up a secret torture center inside a hospital during the 1976 military coup. On July 5, 2012, Bignone was sentenced to 15 years in prison. That was for his participation in a scheme to steal babies from parents detained by the military regime. According to the court decision, Bignone was an accomplice "in the crimes of theft, retention and hiding of minors, as well as replacing their identities." Bignone died on March 7, 2018 at the military hospital in Buenos Aires from congestive heart failure caused by septic shock after suffering a broken hip at the age of 90.
Elizabeth "Betsy" Fry (21 May 1780 – 12 October 1845), "née" Gurney, was an English prison reformer and social reformer. She was also a Quaker and a Christian philanthropist. She has sometimes been referred to as the "angel of prisons". Early life. Fry was very important in the creation of legislation to make the treatment of prisoners more humane. She was supported in her efforts by the monarch at the time, Queen Victoria. She was especially interested in women and children. Fry also wrote a book about prisons in Scotland and Northern England. Since 2001, she has been shown on the Bank of England £5 note. Fry was born in the Gurney court which is in Norwich, Norfolk. The Gurneys were a Quaker family. Her family home was called the Earlham Hall. This is now part of the University of East Anglia. John Gurney (her father) worked in the Gurney's Bank. Catherine (her mother) was part of the Barclay family. They were the founders of the Barclay's Bank. Elizabeth's mother died when she was only 12 years old. Fry was one of the eldest girls in her family. After her mother died she helped take care of her younger brothers and sisters.
Alajuela is a province of Costa Rica. It is in the north-central part of the country, bordering Nicaragua. The provincial capital is the city of Alajuela. Location. The Alajuela province borders the provinces of Heredia to the east, San José to the south, Puntarenas to the southwest and Guanacaste to the west. Nicaragua is to the north of the province. Geography. Alajuela is the third largest province of Costa Rica, after the Puntarenas and Guanacaste provinces, with an area of . The province is in the western part of the Central Valley and is crossed by the "Cordillera Central" ("Central mountain range) and the volcanic "Cordillera de Guanacaste" ("Guanacaste mountain range). In the northern part, along the border with Nicaragua, are the plains of the San Carlos and Frío rivers. Two of the most active Costa Rican volcanoes are in this province: the Poás, high, and the Arenal, high. Demographics. The people of the province are known as "Alajuelenses", both men and women. The Alajuela province had a population, in 2011, of 848,146, for a population density of inhabitants/km2. The canton of Alajuela, with 254,886 inhabitants, is the canton with more inhabitants. Evolution of the population in Alajuela Administrative divisions. The Alajuela province is divided in 15 cantons, which are divided into 113 Districts. Economy. The main economic activity in the province is farming. In the southern part of the province, tropical ornamentals, coffee, tubers, and Leaf vegetables are the major crops. Toward the north and northeast, rice, corn, pineapple, bananas, and sugarcane are important crops. There is also an important cattle raising industry in the province, mainly in the San Carlos canton. Alajuela has attracted many export-orientated manufacturing companies, especially within the free trade zones around the municipality of Alajuela.
Poás Volcano National Park, in Spanish , is a National Park in Costa Rica. The volcano is in the province of Alajuela. The main crater is deep and is active. There are frequent small geyser and lava eruptions. The last major eruptions were during 1952-54. The park is frequently closed because of sulphur gas. Over the last decade there have been indications that the volcano is slowly building up for a new eruption.
Mr. Saturday Night is a 1992 comedy-drama movie that puts a focus toward a comedian named Buddy. Billy Crystal, who also produced, wrote and directed, plays Buddy. Helen Hunt plays for Annie Wells. This was released on September 23, 1992 to theaters by Columbia Pictures. "Mr. Saturday Night" did not perform well in terms of critic reviews or the box office.
Pérez Zeledón is the name of the 19th canton of the province of San José in Costa Rica. The canton has an area of . It has a population of 134,534. The capital city of the canton is San Isidro de El General. The canton's boundaries are made by Río Savegre river, Río Guabo river, and the coastal mountain ranges. The canton has the highest mountains peaks of the Cordillera de Talamanca (Talamanca Mountain Range) on the east. In the middle of the canton, the Río General river goes from north to south. Districts. The canton of Pérez Zeledón is divided into 11 districts ("distritos"): History. The canton of Pérez Zeledón was made 9 October 1931. It was granted 4 districts: Ureña, El General, Daniel Flores, and Rivas. Ureña was the capital. Early Costa Rican Settlements. At the end of the 19th century, between 1870 and 1899, there were a few families living in the El General valley. The hamlets "(Spanish: Caseríos)" of El General, Palmares, Rivas, and Ureña were populated from 1900 onward. The "Caserío" of Ureña grew more. By 1911, during Ricardo Jiménez Oreamuno's government, the Refuges of Ojo de Agua, El Cerro de la Muerte, and División were created. These refuges further advanced the growth of the region. Costa Rican Civil War. San Isidro de El General, Pérez Zeledón's capital, was given the title of "Ciudad Mártir". This was because of the civil war of 1948 that happened here. Decree Nº274 gave the city its title. This decree established official recognition of the city's participation in the civil war of 1948. A section of the decree states (in Spanish): "la Junta Fundadora de la Segunda República, apreciando el noble esf
Limón is a province of Costa Rica. It is in the eastern part of the country along the Caribbean Sea. The provincial capital is the city of Puerto Limón. Location. The Limón province borders the provinces of Heredia, Cartago and San José to the west, and Puntarenas province to the southwest. Nicaragua is to the north of the province, Panama to the south and the Caribbean Sea to the east. Geography. Limón is the fourth largest province of Costa Rica, after the Puntarenas, Guanacaste and Alajuela provinces, with an area of . It has of the area of Costa Rica. Most of territory of the province is flat land of low altitude but in the southwest is the "Cordillera de Talamanca" ("Talamaca mountain range") with the highest mountain of the country, the Cerro Chirripó, with an altitude of above sea level. The main river of the province is the "Reventazón", the second longest river of the country after the Térraba; it is long. Weather. Unlike the rest of Costa Rica, Limón has no dry-wet seasons. It rains all the year. The driest months are in September and October. The Köppen climate classification type for the climate at Puerto Limón is a "Tropical Rainforest Climate" and of the subtype "Af". The average amount of precipitation for the year in Puerto Limón is . The month with the most precipitation on average is July with of precipitation. The month with the least precipitation on average is September with an average of . The average temperature for the year in Puerto Limón is . The warmest month, on average, is May with an average temperature of . The coolest month on average is January, with an average temperature of  Demographics. The people of the province are known as "Limonenses", both men and women. The Limón province had a population, in 2011, of 386,862, of the population of the country. Its population density was inhabitants/km2. The canton of Pococí, with 125,962 inhabitants, is the canton with
Puerto Limón is the capital city of Limón Province in Costa Rica. It is also a major Costa Rican port for exporting and importing. A part of the community has its roots in Jamaican laborers. They worked on the nineteenth-century railroad project. The railroad connected San José to Puerto Limón. Other parts of the population have their roots in the Nicaraguan, Panamanian, and Colombian turtle-hunters who settled in the city.  Puerto Limon suffered the 1991 Limon Earthquake. This earthquake affected the city and the coastline. History. Pirates. The pirates Edward Mansvelt and his vice admiral Henry Morgan arrived at "Portete" in 1666. Portete is a small bay between Limón and Moín. They moved toward Cartago. It was the capital of Costa Rica at the time. The pirates were driven away by the inhabitants of Turrialba on 15 April. This pirate army left on 16 April and arrived in Portete on 23 April. They left Costa Rica and did not return again. Founding. The town was officially created in 1854 by Philipp J. J. Valentini. He had the government's help. Climate. Limón has a tropical rainforest climate (Köppen’s climate classification). Average temperatures are very constant all the year. The average is 25 degrees Celsius. Limón has no dry season. The driest month is September. It has an average of 160 mm of rain. The wettest month is December. It has an average of 400 mm of rain. Limon has 3,400 mm of rain annually.
Artemisia is a large genus of plants, with between 250 and 500 species. Most of them grow in temperate zones on the northern hemisphere. The genus belongs to the family Asteraceae. Example species in artemisia are mugwort ("A. vulgaris"), Wormwood, or Sagebrush.
The University of Wollongong (also simply known as UOW) is a public research university in Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia. In 2012, the University had a total of 30,516 domestic students enrolled, and 11,440 international students enrolled from more than 140 countries. In 2014, over 37,000 students are studying in the University, including over 11,600 international students. The University of Wollongong marked the University's 60th Founding Anniversary in 2011. Campuses. The University has five campuses and four education centres:
The Toccata and Fugue in D minor, BWV 565 is a work for organ by Johann Sebastian Bach. It was written about 1708. It is often identified with melodramatic silent movies and scary movies, and was made famous when Walt Disney included the music in his animated movie "Fantasia". Today, though, the original manuscript is lost and the work is known through copies made by Bach's students. In Popular Culture. "Toccata" has been referenced many times throughout popular culture. It is often used to represent fright, mystery, or the macabre, possibly due being written in a minor key.
Norville "Shaggy" Rogers is a fictional character from "Scooby-Doo". Shaggy is best friends with his dog Scooby Doo. Shaggy likes to eat a lot of food and gets scared easily and is known for saying his catchphrase, "Zoinks".  Portrayals. Shaggy has been voiced by Casey Kasem and Matthew Lillard, with the latter reprising his role from the two Raja Gosnell movies. Will Forte roles the voice of Shaggy in CGI animated film "Scoob!". Internet memes. Various internet memes portray Shaggy as a god who uses a low percentage of his power after eating Scooby Snacks. Matthew Lillard thought the Ultra Instinct Shaggy memes were funny and loved them.
Zachary Levi Pugh known as Zachary Levi, (born September 29, 1980) is an American actor. He is best known for playing Chuck Bartowski in the television series "Chuck" and Captain Marvel in "Shazam!" and its upcoming sequel "Shazam! Fury of the Gods". He has also acted in "" and "Tangled". Levi was born in Lake Charles, Louisiana.  Levi played Captain Marvel in the 2019 DC Extended Universe movie "Shazam!"
Law &amp; Order is an American television show and it originally aired on NBC from September 13, 1990 to May 24, 2010. It is a police procedural and legal drama. It's the longest primetime crime drama show in America. Season 0 (Pre-1) (Pilot) could've been aired in 1988. A revival was aired in 2022. Many of the crimes in the episodes were "ripped from the headlines", meaning they were based on crimes that really happened. Episodes of the show were usually split into two parts. The first part would show the crime, the police looking for the suspect (the person they think did the crime), and the suspect being arrested. This is the "Law" part. The second part, the "Order" part, would show the trial and whether or not the suspect did the crime.
Helium-4 (also written 4He) is an isotope of helium. It is the most common isotope of helium in the universe. Out of all the helium on the Earth, 99.99986% is helium-4. The nucleus (the center) of a helium-4 atom is also known as the alpha particle. Helium-4 is made of 2 protons (the part of an atomic nucleus with a positive charge), 2 neutrons (the part of an atomic nucleus with no charge) and 2 electrons (the part of an atom that goes around the nucleus with a negative charge). Many helium-4 on Earth is produced from the alpha decay of heavy elements. In the Sun and the whole universe, most helium-4 is made during the Big Bang, the event that created the universe. This "Big Bang helium-4" is known as the "primordial helium". Helium-4 is also made in nuclear fusion at the center of stars. Primordial helium is not found on Earth due to it escaping because of the extremely high temperature of Earths creation. Helium-4 on Earth was made through radioactive decay (when an atom breaks down into smaller atoms) from other elements, and it is made after the planet cooled and became solid. One quarter of all the mass in the Universe is helium-4. The rest is mostly hydrogen. When helium-4 in its liquid form is cooled to below -271.17 °C (2.71 K), it turns into a superfluid. A superfluid is a special kind of fluid that has properties that are different from normal fluids. For example, if helium-4 as a superfluid is placed in an open container, it will climb the walls of the container and spill out. This is called a "Rollin film". It is caused by a phenomenon in quantum mechanics that is known as the Clausius-Clapeyron relation. The nucleus of helium-4 has a total spin of zero (an integer), and this makes it a boson. Now, the superfluid behaviour is a form of the Bose-Einstein condensate that can only be done by bosons. Helium-4 can also be found on the Moon. On Earth, it is the most common isotope of helium.
William Hedgcock Webster (born March 6, 1924) is an American attorney, jurist, and current Chairman of the Homeland Security Advisory Council. Previously Webster was the third Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) from 1978 to 1987 and Director of Central Intelligence from 1987 to 1991. Webster was born on March 6, 1924 in St. Louis, Missouri. He studied at Amherst College and at Washington University in St. Louis.  Webster was married to Drusilla Lane Webster from 1950 until her death in 1984. They had three children. He married Lynda Clugston in 1990.  Webster turned 100 in March 2024.
Brent Scowcroft (March 19, 1925 – August 6, 2020) was a United States Air Force Lieutenant General. He was the United States National Security Advisor under U.S. Presidents Gerald Ford and George H. W. Bush. Scowcroft was born on March 19, 1925 in Ogden, Utah. He studied at Columbia University. Scowcroft married to Marian Horner in 1951. They had one daughter. Scowcroft died on August 6, 2020 at his home in Falls Church, Virginia at the age of 95.
Ramallah ( "Rāmallāh" is a Palestinian city, in the West Bank. It is north of Jerusalem. It currently serves as the "de facto" capital of the State of Palestine, Palestine Liberation Organization and the Palestinian National Authority. The constitutional capital is Jerusalem. Ramallah has over 27,000 people living there. Ramallah was historically a Christian town, but today Muslims form the majority of the population, with 25% of the people Christians. The name of the city is made of "Ram", an Aramaic word that means "high place or mountain", and "Allah", the Arabic word for God. It translates as "Height of God". Palestinian PLO leader (1969-2004) Yasser Arafat is entombed here in mausoleum.
Kiss of Death is a 1995 thriller movie. A former convict living in New York City tries to go straight. He is derailed when he gets into transportation of stolen cars. Samuel L. Jackson plays Detective Calvin, Helen Hunt plays Bev Kilmartin, David Caruso plays ex-con Jimmy Kilmartin and Nicolas Cage plays Little Junior Brown. This movie was released in April 1995 and received mixed reviews from the movie critics.