ejaasaari/simplewiki-2025-04-01 huggingface dataset:
This article lists Dukes, Electors, and Kings ruling over territories named Saxony from the beginning of the Saxon Duchy in the 9th century to the end of the Saxon Kingdom in 1918. Dukes of Saxony. The original Duchy of Saxony was the lands of the Saxon people in the north-western part of present-day Germany, namely, the modern German state of Lower Saxony as well as Westphalia and Western Saxony-Anhalt, not the modern German state of Saxony. Early dukes Hattonid dynasty Welf Dynasty. When the Welfs left in 1180, the Duchy of Saxony lost a lot of territory. Westphalia fell to the Archbishop of Cologne, while the Duchies of Brunswick and Lüneburg remained with the Welfs. The Ascanian Dukes had their base further east, near the Elbe, so the name Saxony moved towards the east. The post carve-up Saxony is therefore sometimes called the "younger Duchy of Saxony". Also the counting of its dukes its mixed up. While the first post carve-up duke is sometimes called Bernard III - because of two predecessors of the same name before 1180 - or Bernard I with his great-great-great-great grandson Bernard II being counted second. The second post carve-up duke Albert I is already usually counted as the first, although before 1180 he had one predecessor of the same name, his grandfather Albert the Bear. Ascanian or younger Duchy of Saxony. The new dukes changed the Saxon horse emblem () and used their Ascanian family colours and emblem (black and gold stripes) () and added a "bendwise crancelin", a crown diagonally across the coat of arms, symbolising the Saxon ducal crown, as new coat-of-arms of Saxony (). The later rulers of the House of Wettin adopted the Ascanian coat-of-arms. Dukes of Saxe-Lauenburg. Since the Duke of Saxony was considered one of the prince-electors electing a new Holy Roman Emperor, there was an argument between the lines
Base Ball Bear is a Japanese rock band from Tokyo, Japan. Base Ball Bear has four members in the band; the current band members are Yūsuke Koide, Shiori Sekine and Daisuke Horinouchi. Career. The band, originally called “Planet,” was formed by four friends for a one-time performance at a high school culture festival. But they decided to continue playing because of how well they were received at the festival and how much fun they were having. The band was afviced by Toshiba EMI to change their name after sending their demo tapes to record labels and they chose Base Ball Bear which they got from Chocolate's song, Base Ball and Elvis Presley. The band currently has Yūsuke Koide on Vocals and guitar, Shiori Sekine on bass guitar and backing vocals and Daisuke Horinouchi on drums and chorus. Shōhei Yuasa, who used to play the guitar along with them, left the band on March 2nd, 2016.
The Pontiac Bonneville was an American automobile. It was introduced in 1957 and discontinued in 2005 model year. The Bonneville was available as a convertible, sedan or coupe. This car was distributed through the Pontiac division of General Motors. It was named after the salt flats of Bonneville, Utah. The Bonneville ran for ten generations, each with distinct styling and engineering. Bonnevilles came with either V6 or V8 configuration engines, producing anywhere from 135 horsepower to 390 horsepower, depending on model.
Aeronwy Bryn Thomas-Ellis (3 March 1943 – 27 July 2009) was the second child of the Welsh poet Dylan Thomas. Born in London, where her parents lived at the time, she was named for the River Aeron. In 1949, the family moved to the Boat House, Laugharne, Carmarthenshire, Wales. After her father's death in 1953, she and her mother went to Rome, later moving to Sicily. She learnt Italian and became a translator of Italian poetry. She was also known as an ambassador for her father's work, and as a patron of the Dylan Thomas Society. Visiting professor in schools and universities in the U.K. and abroad, in the late ‘90s she was very popular with the students of Giuseppe Perotti School in Torino, Italy, for her "creative writing" courses. In 2007 she became President of IMMAGINE&amp;POESIA (Image and Poetry), the international artistic literary movement founded at Teatro Alfa, Torino, Italy. Aeronwy Thomas died in 2009 in New Malden London, aged 66.
Droseraceae is a family of flowering plants. The family is also known under its common name, the sundew family. It consists of carnivorous plants: besides the sundews, the genus "Drosera", it also contains the even more famous Venus flytrap ("Dionaea muscipula"). The sundews produce sticky substances on their leaves that traps prey, and the Venus fly trap has leaves that form traps that close when disturbed.
Amaranthaceae is a family of flowering plants are the Amaranth family, contains about 160 genera and 2,400 species. Most of these species are herbs or subshrubs; very few are trees or climbers. This is a widespread and cosmopolitan family found mostly in subtropical and tropical regions, although many species belong in cool temperate regions.
Arthur Fleming Fazzin (May 1, 1924-April 25, 1995) was an American television host. He is best known as the original host of the game show "Jeopardy!" from 1964 until 1975 and again from 1978 to 1979. Biography. He was born in New York City to William and Marie Fazzin, who had emigrated to the United States from Austria. Art studied at Colgate and Cornell Universities, and he later served in the United States Navy during World War II. Fleming first appeared on television as a body double for Ralph Bellamy in a detective series called "Man Against Crime". He later starred in movies like "The Flying Tigers" and "International Detective". He also played a lawyer named Jeremy Pitt in an NBC series called "The Californians". It was set during the gold rush in San Francisco in the 1850s. He also appeared in television commercials before becoming the first host of the game show "Jeopardy!" on March 30, 1964. Fleming hosted "Jeopardy!" until 1975. He won two Emmy Awards for that program.  Fleming died after a two week battle with pancreatic cancer on April 25, 1995, just six days before turning 71. The same disease would later affect his successor on "Jeopardy!", Alex Trebek, 25 years later when he died on November 8, 2020 at the age of 80.
David Herman is an American actor, comedian and voice actor best known as an original cast member of "MADtv" and for his role as Michael Bolton in "Office Space". He is also known for his voice roles on television programs such as "Futurama", and "King of the Hill". Biography. David Herman was born in New York City and raised in Washington Heights. He graduated from the Fiorello H. LaGuardia High School of Music &amp; Art and Performing Arts in 1987, then attended the acting program at SUNY Purchase. Herman appeared in the films "Born on the Fourth of July", "Lost Angels" and "Let It Be Me", but he is probably best known for his role as Michael Bolton in Mike Judge's "Office Space". Earlier, Herman had joined the cast of John Leguizamo's "House of Buggin in 1994; however, that show was short-lived. When FOX decided to mount a sketch comedy show to replace "House of Buggin, Herman was kept on as an original "MADtv" cast member.
The Ford Aerostar was the first minivan manufactured by Ford Motor Company. The vehicle was introduced in 1985 as a 1986 model. The Aerostar was discontinued after 1997 and replaced by the Windstar, which was sold alongside since 1995. although Aerostar's role went unfilled until the 2010 introduction of the Ford Transit Connect van.
Acinetobacter baumannii (A. baumannii) is a pathogenic bacterial species that causes disease in humans. It is commonly found in soil and water. "A. baumannii" is the most important member of the Acinetobacter genus associated with infections gained in hospitals. A."Baumannii is resistant" to a specific class of antibiotic called carbapenems. Carbapenems-resistant "Acinetobacter" infection is common in hospitals and is very dangerous. In 2017, it resulted in an estimated 8,500 infections in hospital patients and 700 deaths in the United States of America. The World Health Organisation (WHO) released a list of top bacteria pathogens of concern, called ESKAPE pathogens, due to their high levels of antibiotic resistance. "A. baumannii" was named as one of the most dangerous ESKAPE pathogens. In order to treat "A. baumannii" effectively, it is important to understand how it acts as pathogen and its mechanism of antibiotic resistance. Biology. "A. baumannii" are short and rod-shaped. They average between 1.0 and 1.5 micrometers in length. They do not all look the same and can vary in size and shape. "Acinetobacter" do not have a flagella, a tail-like structure used by many bacteria to move around. They are immobile but sometimes twitch and swarm to move around. Habitat. The first "Acinetobacter" was found in the soil by M.W. Beijerink in 1911. Since then, it has also been found in water, animals, and humans. "A. baumannii" are often found in hospitals and makeup almost 15% of infections that are transmitted in hospitals. "A. baumannii" target moist environments. The respiratory tract, blood, open wounds, skin, and eyes are all possible sites of infection. Hospital infections. "A. baumannii" can cause many different diseases with different symptoms. Types of infection include pneumonia, bloodstream infections, meningitis, skin and bone infections and urinary tract infections. The most common infections are pneumonia and
Strict weak ordering is a binary relation on a set. Such relations define a strict ordering, but they contain several elements of the same type. An example might be the relation "costs less than", or "is cheaper than". For any two elements that are "of different types", the relation holds. On the other hand, there are some elements that cannot be ordered that way, because they are of the same type. An example for such a relation may be the relation, "costs less than": milk may "cost less than" bread, and bread may cost less than cake. Two items of different types may cost less than another, but they can otherwise have the same price. Two different algorithms that sort words by the number of letters in the word may not give the same ordering of the words with the same number of letters, but they will always give an ordering where the four-letter words come before the five-letter-words, and after the three-letter-words. Time will give a strict weak ordering too; Events that are equivalent in the timeframe happen at the same time.
Color vision is the capacity of an organism to distinguish objects based on the wavelengths (or frequencies) of the light they reflect, emit, or transmit.  Color is a quality made by the visual brain and so it is "not" a property of objects, despite what children are taught.  The wavelength reflected from an object is the objective fact: it does not depend upon perception. A 'red' apple does not emit red light. Rather, it simply absorbs all the frequencies of visible light shining on it except for a group of frequencies that are reflected. It is these frequencies which are seen or "perceived" as red. Mechanism.  The visible light spectrum ranges from about 380 to 740 nanometers. Colors of the spectrum such as red, orange, yellow, green, cyan, blue, and violet are in this range. These spectral colors do not refer to a single wavelength, but rather to a set of wavelengths: red, 625–740 nm; orange, 590–625 nm; yellow, 565–590 nm; green, 500–565 nm; cyan, 485–500 nm; blue, 450–485 nm; violet, 380–450 nm. The nervous system derives color by comparing the responses to light from the several types of cone photoreceptors in the eye. These cone photoreceptors are sensitive to different portions of the visible spectrum. For humans, the visible spectrum ranges approximately from 380 to 740 nm, and there are normally three types of cones. The visible range and number of cone types differ between species. With color, vision gets better (more information) about the things the eye sees. This lets the eye see when fruit or vegetables are ripe, and can see animals hiding from plain sight. The advantage of color vision is mainly in the daytime. At night the main problem is to collect enough light to see in the weak light. This is something rods do better than cones. Types of color vision. Color vision is not an all-or-none state. Many groups of animals can distinguish color, but in different ways. In mammals, for instance, some groups have no color vision, and some
Compound eyes consist of many photoreceptor units or ommatidia. Each 'ommatidium' (singular) is an individual 'eye unit'.  The image perceived is a combination of inputs from ommatidia on a convex surface. Thus they point in slightly different directions.  Compared with simple eyes, compound eyes possess a wide-angle view. They can detect fast movement and, in some cases, the polarization of light.  The general picture. Eyes with resolving power have come in ten fundamentally different forms, and 96% of animal species possess a complex optical system. Image-resolving eyes are present in molluscs, chordates and arthropods. Almost all insects and arachnids use both simple and compound eyes. Types of compound eye. Compound eyes fall into two groups: apposition eyes, which form multiple inverted images, and superposition eyes, which form a single erect image. Compound eyes are common in arthropods, and are also present in annelids and some bivalved molluscs. Compound eyes, in arthropods at least, grow at their margins by the addition of new ommatidia. Good fliers. Good fliers like flies or honey bees, or prey-catching insects like praying mantis or dragonflies, have specialized zones of ommatidia organized into a foveal area which gives acute vision. In the acute zone the eyes are flattened and the facets larger. The flattening allows more ommatidia to receive light from a spot and therefore higher resolution. Other types. Another version is the pseudofaceted eye, as seen in Scutigera. This type of eye consists of a cluster of numerous ocelli on each side of the head, organized in a way that resembles a true compound eye. The body of "Ophiocoma wendtii", a type of brittle star, is covered with ommatidia, turning its whole skin into a compound eye. The same is true of many chitons.
is a prefecture in the Kyūshū region of Japan on the island of Kyushu. The capital city is Miyazaki. History. After the Meiji Restoration, the area of Hyūga Province was renamed Miyazaki Prefecture. Miyazaki is famous for various foods such as meat and fruit. Geography. Miyazaki Prefecture is on the eastern coast of the island of Kyūshū. The southeast coastline faces the Pacific Ocean. Ōita Prefecture is north of Miyazaki. Kumamoto and Kagoshima Prefectures are to the west. National parks. National parks are established in about 12% of the total land area of the prefecture. Plants. Miyazaki is one of only two locations on Earth where the fungus "Chorioactis geaster" lives. Shrines and temples. "Tsuno jinja" is the main Shinto shrine ("ichinomiya") in the prefecture.
Thundersnow, also known as a winter thunderstorm, a snow thunderstorm or a thundersnowstorm, is a thunderstorm with snow instead of rain. This rare kind of weather is less rare around the Midwestern United States, the Great Lakes and Rocky Mountains, the Sea of Japan, and Mount Everest. Thundersnow mostly happens in March. How it is made. Thunder can be heard many miles away, but thundersnow thunder can only be heard a few miles away. The snow stops sounds of thunder more than rain does.
Opsins are the universal photoreceptor molecules of all visual systems in the animal kingdom.  They change from a resting state to a signalling state by absorbing light. This activates the G protein, resulting in a signalling cascade which produces physiological responses.  This process of capturing a photon and transforming it into a physiological response is known as phototransduction. Five groups of opsins are involved in vision. Another opsin found in the mammalian retina, melanopsin, is involved in circadian rhythms and pupillary reflex, but not in image-forming. Each opsin allows vision in just a short stretch of wavelength. This is equivalent to seeing in only one color. Two opsins allow vision in two colors, and is usual in mammals. Four opsins allows vision in full color, and is usual in teleost fish, reptiles and birds. In mammals, only Old World monkeys, apes and humans have trichromacy, called full color vision.  It is thought – see evolution of color vision – that mammals lost much of their color vision capability during the long period in the Mesozoic when they lived as mostly nocturnal animals.  "...two cone opsin gene families appear in contemporary eutherian mammals and, with the exception of some primates, none of these animals [get] more than a single photopigment type from each of their two gene families".
Sinoceratops was a very large ceratopsian dinosaur. Its name means 'horned face from China'. The dinosaur used to live in what is now China during the Upper Cretaceous. The head of a full-grown "Sinoceratops" was probably about long. It was the first ceratopsid dinosaur found in China. All other centrosaurines are from fossils found in North America. Sinoceratops is one of the largest known centrosaurines. It is much larger than any other known basal member of the group. "Sinoceratops" was a ceratopsian ornithischian, with an estimated length of about , weight of , and height of about .  "Sinoceratops" is a member of the short-frilled ceratopsids, the Centrosaurinae. The holotype specimen is of a partial skull with most of the skull roof and partial braincase. The skull of "Sinoceratops" was about long. It is one of the largest known centrosaur skulls.
Crash Team Racing is a racing video game developed by Naughty Dog and published by Sony Computer Entertainment for the PlayStation. The game was released in North America on September 30, 1999. It was released in Europe and Australia later the same year. It was released again for the Greatest Hits chain in 2000. "Crash Team Racing" is the fourth game in the "Crash Bandicoot" series. It is the first "Crash Bandicoot" racing game and the last to be developed by Naughty Dog. The characters of the "Crash Bandicoot" series, must race against the evil Nitros Oxide and save their planet from destruction. In the game, players can take control of one of fifteen "Crash Bandicoot" series characters. Although only eight are available at first. During the races, speed power-ups and other objects to use for safety, can be used to help the player win the game. The game received very good reviews from video game critics. They liked its gameplay and graphics. However, the audio had a mixed review. In 2003, "Crash Nitro Kart", was released for the PlayStation 2, Nintendo GameCube, Xbox, Game Boy Advance and N-Gage game consoles. It is not a sequel to "Crash Team Racing". With 2.2 million copies sold, "Crash Team Racing" remains one of the most popular PlayStation and best-selling video games as of 2012. Gameplay. "Crash Team Racing" is a racing game in which the player controls characters from the "Crash Bandicoot" universe. The characters compete in karts. While racing, the player can accelerate, steer, reverse, brake, hop or use weapons and power-ups with the game controller's analog stick and buttons. There are two different crates that are scattered throughout the tracks and arenas of "Crash Team Racing". Crates with question marks (?) on them have power-ups and weapons. Players must drive through and break the crate. When a player collects a weapon or power-up, it will appear in a box at the top of the screen. Once the player has this, they can destroy other racers with
Crash Bash (or Crash Bandicoot Carnival in Japan) is the fifth video game for the "Crash Bandicoot" series. In this game, a variety of mini-games are available for the player to play. The warp rooms were brought back here.  North America: November 6, 2000 Europe: December 1, 2000 Japan: December 14, 2000 Japan: March 21, 2008 Australia: October 31, 2009
Amber Laura Heard (born April 22, 1986 in Austin, Texas) is a former American actress. Career. She made her movie debut in the 2004 sports movie Friday Night Lights. She had a recurring role on the television show, Hidden Palms as Greta Matthews.  Amber Heard's journey into the world of film and television began with rapid success. In 2004, she secured roles on television shows like "Jack &amp; Bobby" and "The Mountain," followed by "The OC" in 2005. Her transition to the silver screen occurred with a supporting role in the sports drama "Friday Night Lights" in 2004, marking a significant turning point in her career. However, her breakthrough came the following year when she appeared in the critically acclaimed film "North Country." Though her role was relatively small, she made a noticeable impact by portraying a younger version of Charlize Theron's character, Josey. From this juncture, it became clear that Heard was destined for greater accomplishments. She took on diverse roles in films such as "Alpha Dog," "Price To Pay," and "All The Boys Love Mandy Lane," demonstrating her versatility as an actress. Notably, her leading role in "All The Boys Love Mandy Lane" garnered praise and identified her as a rising star when it premiered at the Toronto Film Festival. Personal life. Heard came out at GLAAD's 25th anniversary event. From 2008 to 2011, she was in a relationship with photographer Tasya van Ree. She began a relationship with Johnny Depp in 2012. The couple became engaged in December 2013. They married in February 2015. In May 2016, she filed for divorce. The divorce gained a lot of media attention when Heard filed for a temporary restraining order against Depp claiming domestic abuse. In response, Depp claimed that Heard was the one that had abused him before he went on, in 2018, to unsuccessfully sue the publishers of the British tabloid "The Sun" for defamation in England for calling him a "wifebeater".  Court case with Johnny Depp. In 2019,
Magnoliids (or Magnoliidae or Magnolianae) are a group of flowering plants. They are descendants of the earliest flowering plants: they keep some features which look like those of conifers. The group include magnolias, nutmeg, bay laurel, cinnamon, avocado, black pepper, tulip tree ("Lyriodendron") and many others. They have three-part flowers, pollen with one pore, and usually branching-veined leaves.  The magnoliids are today more than 10,000 species of flowering plants. They are successful despite being "primitive" in structure. The group has many food crops (such as avocados) and many with psychotropic effects. The famous Polynesian drink kava is prepared from a magnoliad, and nutmeg fruits are a source of the hallucinogen myristicin. Psychotropic effects are usually a defence against herbivory.
The name commelinids is a plant taxonomy plural, not capitalised. It is used by the APG II system for a clade in the monocots. They have cell walls which contain ferulic acid. It forms one of three groups in the monocots. The other two groups are the alismatid monocots and the lilioid monocots.
The Ford Thunderbird is an American car manufactured by the Ford Motor Company starting in 1955. The Thunderbird was also known as the T-Bird. The car was often used in NASCAR races. John Denver recorded a song in 1986 called "Along for the Ride", about the 1956 Thunderbird. The words and music were by Danny O'Keefe and Bill Braun. The Beach Boys had a big hit with the song "Fun Fun Fun" which also was about the Thunderbird.