ejaasaari/simplewiki-2025-04-01 huggingface dataset:
The brain is the part of the body which lets living beings think. It does some bodily functions, such as telling the rest of the body what to do. Almost all animals have a brain: the exceptions are sponges, cnidarians, and lancelets. Plants and fungi do not have brains, although they do react to changes in their environment. The brain is made up of special cells called nerves, which are connected with each other and with other nerves in our body. The brain gets input from sense organs, and changes behavior in response to this information. In humans, the brain also controls our use of language, and is capable of abstract thought. The brain is the main control centre of the whole body.  In all animals, the brain is protected in some way. In ourselves, and all vertebrates, it is protected by the bones of the skull. Function. The brain does the thinking, learning, and feeling for the body. For humans, it is the source of consciousness. The brain also controls basic autonomic body actions, like breathing, digestion, heartbeat, that happen automatically. These activities, and much else, are governed by unconscious functions of the brain and nervous system. All the information about the world gathered by our senses is sent through nerves into the brain, allowing us to see, hear, smell, taste, and feel things. The brain processes this information, and we experience it as pictures, sounds, and so on. The brain also uses nerves to tell the body what to do, for example by telling muscles to move or our heart to beat faster. This is generally true but some activity is caused by the spinal cord directly, for example, reflex actions do not involve the brain. In lower animals, a good deal is done without their brain being involved.  All vertebrates have brains and, over time, their brains have evolved to become more complex. Some simple animals, however, like sponges, do not have anything like a brain. Segmented invertebrates have ganglions in each segment, and a ring of nervous tissue around the alimentary canal at the front. This acts to bring sense data from the front into play with the movement of the body. Parts
A neuron (or neurone) is a nerve cell that carries electrical impulses. Neurons are the basic units of our nervous system. Neurons have a cell body ("soma" or "cyton"), dendrites and an axon. Dendrites and axons are nerve fibers. There are about 86 billion neurons in the human brain. Almost all brain cells are neurons. The human brain has about 16 billion neurons in the cerebral cortex. The neurons are supported by glial cells and astrocytes. Neurons are connected to one another, but they do not actually touch each other. Instead they have tiny gaps called synapses. These gaps are chemical synapses or electrical synapses which pass the signal from one neuron to the next. Neuron ( link ) Types of neurons. By connection. There are three classes of neurons: motor neurons, sensory neurons and inter neurons. Cell division. Mature neurons never divide: that is the general rule. They do not undergo cell division. In most cases, neurons are generated by special types of stem cells. A type of glial cell, called astrocytes, have also been seen to turn into neurons. In humans, neurogenesis (the origin of new nerve cells) largely ceases during adulthood but in two brain areas, the hippocampus and the olfactory bulb, there is strong evidence for substantial numbers of new neurons..
The Middle East is a large area of land in the eastern hemisphere. The lands of the Arabian Peninsula and some of the lands of the eastern Mediterranean are part of the Middle East. The Middle East's population is mostly Muslim. The name of the Middle East comes from its position to the east of Europe and to the west of the Far East. It is normal for the modern countries of Arabia (Saudi Arabia, Oman, Yemen, Bahrain, Jordan, Kuwait, and the United Arab Emirates) to be counted with the modern countries of Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, Cyprus, and Palestine (the State of Palestine and Israel) as part of the Middle East. The name "Middle East" does not always have the same meaning, and the size of the area is not always the same. When the name Middle East started to be common, it was the name for the lands in between the Near East and the Far East. The Indian subcontinent was part of the Middle East at that time. Now, parts of south-west Asia and northern Africa can count as the Middle East. The land between Egypt and Iran is a common definition. Many countries in the Middle East today are also part of the Near East. Sometimes, people name countries that are far away from these countries as countries in the Middle East. These countries can be in North Africa (like Morocco) and the Indian subcontinent (like Pakistan). This area also has the name Greater Middle East. Many ancient civilizations began in the Fertile Crescent in the Middle East. These were Sumer, Babylonia and Assyria in the area called Mesopotamia. The Abrahamic religions that believe in one God also started in the Middle East. (Judaism and Christianity began in ancient Palestine and Islam began in Arabia.) Today, the Middle East is the homeland of Arabs, Turks, Persians, Kurds, and Jews, among many other ethnic groups. Islam is the most common religion in the Middle East. Islam came to most of the Middle East's lands in the 7th century AD, during the first Muslim conquests of the Sasanian Empire and parts of the Byzantine Empire. Today, the Middle East is very important because much of the petroleum that other countries use comes from here. There are also many arguments and wars, such as the conflict between Sunni and Shia, the Israeli–Palestinian conflict, and the Syrian civil war.
Warsaw (In Polish: "Warszawa") is the capital of Poland in Masovian Voivodeship. It is also the biggest city in that country. There are about 2,000,000 people living there (1,726,581 as of 31 March 2014). People from Warsaw are called "Varsovians". There are other names for Warsaw. For example, (Latin, Spanish) and "Varsóvia" (Portuguese), (French), (Italian), (German, Dutch), /"Varshe" (Yiddish), (Lithuanian), (Hungarian) and "Varšava" (Czech) Geography. Warsaw is near the middle of Poland on both sides of the Vistula river, and about 350 km (225 miles) from the Baltic Sea. It is about 100 m (325 ft) above sea level. Warsaw has a humid continental climate ("Dfb" in the Koeppen climate classification). Warsaw is home to four universities and 62 colleges, and many theatres and art galleries. History. People began living here in the 13th century. By the 15th century, Warsaw had grown enough to be called a city. It became the capital of Poland in 1596. The city was destroyed several times in its history, but every time it was rebuilt. The most important of these times was during the Second World War. Poland had been occupied by Germany between 1939 and 1944. On 1 August 1944, the people of Warsaw started fighting to free their city. Tourist attractions. There are lot of attractions in the capital of Poland. The most famous monument of Warsaw is the Palace of Culture and Science. There is a palace in Wilanów. The king of Poland John III Sobieski lived there. Many people like going to the Museum of Warsaw Uprising. The uprising started in 1944 during World War II.
The Hindu–Arabic numeral system, sometimes known as the Indo–Arabic numeral or Latin numeral system or simply the Hindu numeral system, Indo numeral system or Arabic numeral system, is a system of numbers used all around the world. It is a base-ten place-value system. This system has ten basic lowercase-only symbols, which are 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9. The Hindu–Arabic numeral system was first created by the Indians in the 6th century and used by the Arabs in the 7th century and Romans in the 16th century.  In Europe, Hindu-Arabic numeral system became very popular after the publication of "Liber Abaci," a book written by Italian mathematician Fibonacci. They are very different from previous methods of counting, such as the abacus. The numbers allowed mathematics to develop. In the past, many other number systems had been used.
A point is a position in space which has no size, but which does have position. In geometry, a point has no size, but has a position. This means it has no volume, area or length. We usually draw a point as a small cross 'X' or a small dot (a small, round shape). Different points can be labelled using capital letters (A, B, C...X, Y, Z). The point is one of the most fundamental ideas in geometry. Two points form a line segment. When part of a line segment, the points are called its vertices. All polytopes are made of vertices. In general, two points can be: and are always: Three points can be: and are always: Four points can be:
A line is the path of one point that is moving. A line is a type of geometric figure. A line has length, but no width. A line is made up of an endless number of points. Straight and curved lines. A line can be straight or curved. In geometry, the word "line" means a "straight line". A straight line is the shortest distance between two points. A straight line is traced by a point moving in a direction that does not change. A "curved line" is sometimes called a curve. The edge of a circle is not straight. It is an example of a curve. Line segments. A "line segment" is part of a line. Here are examples of straight line segments:   _____   __ Naming lines. Lines can get their names from any two points on the line. For example, if a line contains two different points, named formula_1 and formula_2, then the line can be called either formula_3, or formula_4. Sometimes, lines are named with just one symbol. A letter such as formula_5 might be used. Two lines. Two lines can be:
A plane is a perfectly flat surface extending in all directions. It can be thought of as the ceiling of a room, only extended into all directions infinitely. A plane has two dimensions: length and width. All planes are flat surfaces. If a surface is not flat, it is called a "curved surface".  The tool "plane" can be used to create a flat, level surface like the mathematical plane—hence the name. In geometry, a plane is made up of an infinite number of lines (or points). It has no depth. It is absolutely flat and infinitely large. A "plane figure" is part of a plane. It is named by the capital letters (such as A, B, C, ...X, Y, Z) that are put at its corners. Sometimes, a single capital pi formula_1 is also used to refer to a plane. A plane can also be named after three points that are not all on the same line. In general, two planes can be: Plane in mathematics. In mathematics, a plane is a fundamental two-dimensional object. Intuitively, it looks like a flat infinite sheet of paper. There are several definitions of the plane. They are equivalent in the sense of Euclidean geometry, but they can be extended in different ways to define objects in other areas of mathematics. The only two-dimensional figure in our three-dimensional world is a shadow. In some areas of mathematics, such as plane geometry or 2D computer graphics, the whole space in which the work is carried out is a single plane. In such situations, the definite article is used: "the plane". Many fundamental tasks in geometry, trigonometry and graphing are performed in the two dimensional space, or in other words, in the plane. Euclidean geometry. A plane is a surface such that, given any three distinct points on the surface, the surface also contains all of the straight lines that pass through any two of them. One can introduce a Cartesian coordinate system on a given plane in order to label every point on it with a unique ordered pair, which is composed of two numbers and is the coordinate of the point. Within any Euclidean space, a plane is uniquely determined by any of the following combinations:
When two straight lines come together, they make an angle. The two lines are called the "sides" of the angle, and they meet at a point. A flat surface (called a plane) also forms an angle when it meets another. To represent an angle, Greek letters such as formula_1 (alpha), formula_2 (beta), formula_3 (gamma) and formula_4 (theta) are sometimes used. An angle indicates the space between its sides, or the amount of rotation needed to make one side coincide the other. To measure the size of an angle, we use units called degrees. A degree is a standard unit and we use the symbol ° after a number to show that it is a number of degrees. We can use a decimal number or a fraction for part of a degree, but a degree can also be divided into 60 minutes (1° = 60'), and a minute can be divided into 60 seconds (1' = 60"). So 22.5°, 22° and 22° 30' are all the same angle.  In mathematics, angles can also be (and often are) measured in radians instead of degrees, by using the conversion factor formula_5 (for example, formula_6). Yet another unit of angle is gradian, with formula_7.  Angles are studied in geometry, where an angle where edges meet is often called a vertex. For example, the three sides of a triangle are its "edges" and two of the edges meet at each "vertex". Similarly, two of the six sides (or "faces") of a cube meet at each of its twelve edges, and three edges meet at each of its eight corners (or vertices, which is the plural version of "vertex"). Types of angles. Special angle pairs. In geometry, there are pairs angles having a special relationship with each other, making them interesting and convenient.There is a pair of angles called complementary angles to which the sum of their measure (wideness) is equal to one right angle (which is equal to formula_8 turn, 90°, or formula_9 radians). Supplementary angles are also two angles, this time
Famous astronomers include: List. Z. Other scientists whose work had an impact on astronomy and astrophysics: Instrument makers, illustrators, etc.:
Astronomical telescopes are divided into subgroups. All telescopes work by collecting electromagnetic radiation and focussing it into an image which may be seen or photographed. The purpose is to see things which are far away in the universe. The traditional types all work to collect visible light from the sky. Recent types may work outside the visible spectrum. They all have their different advantages and disadvantages and they are used in different areas of astronomy. Optical. Refractors. Dioptrics. Telescopes which create their image with an objective that is a convex lens (refractors) are said to be "dioptric" telescopes. Reflectors. Catoptrics. Optical systems using mirrors: uses reflected light to form the image. Combined Lens-Mirror Systems. Catadioptric telescopes use corrector lenses to fix problems in a reflector.
This is a list of religions and spiritual traditions. Some entries are written more than once. Abrahamic religions. A group of monotheistic traditions often grouped together because all refer to a patriarch named Abraham. "These religious traditions are not recognized as parts of Islam by mainstream Islamic fiqh, but consider themselves to be Muslim." African diasporic religions. These religions are those of African cultures who have settled outside of Africa (diaspora). They are also sometimes called Creole religions. They include a number of related religions that developed in the Americas among African slaves and their descendants in various countries of the Caribbean Islands and Latin America, as well as parts of the southern United States. The traditions come from African traditional religions, especially of West and Central Africa. Eastern religion. Dharmic religions. Religions that have idea of Dharma. Sikhism. "Main article:" "Sikhism" Indigenous traditional faiths. Traditionally, these faiths have all been classified as pagan religions, but modern scholars prefer the terms "indigenous", "primal", "folk", or "ethnic". American. Traditional religions of the Native American peoples. Occult religions. Left-hand path occult religions. Satanism
A list of endangered languages (with fewer than 1000 speakers or with very fast decline). In order to judge if a language is actually endangered, the number of speakers is less important than the distribution among age cohorts. There may be 200,000 mother tongue speakers of the Breton language over 50 years of age, but fewer than 2,000 under 25 years of age - thus it is likely Breton will die out in the next half century. On the other hand, while there are 30,000 Ladin language speakers left, almost all children still learn it as their mother tongue - thus Ladin is not endangered in the 21st century.  "This page should include a link to the language's page, geographical localization and an approximate number of speakers"
This is a list of emotions (feelings) felt by humans. Robert Plutchik's theory. Robert Plutchik's theory defines that the eight basic emotions are: Book Two of Aristotle's "Rhetoric". This theory says that the emotions are: Darwin's ideas. Charles Darwin's "The Expressions of the Emotions in Man and Animals" was a landmark work which is still used as a source. The following list is taken from the chapter-headings in the book. The book is famous as being the first scientific book which used photographs as a major part of the evidence. Emotions, Darwin decided, were behavioural traits which evolved. He pointed out how the human face is adapted to show many of these emotions: it has muscles for facial movements which are not possible in other mammals. On the other hand, other mammals do have ways of showing many of these emotions. Ekman has taken this idea a step further by studying the way people try to hide their emotions. He filmed the tell-tale glimpses of brief moments when true emotion is shown on a person's face. University of California, Berkeley. An academic study using self-reporting of subjects distinguished 27 discrete emotions named as in the following list:
The following is a list of major earthquakes: "The Richter scale was adopted in 1935, and was used in the above table also about earlier earthquakes at a merely indicative title. Earthquakes' effects were once measured after the Mercalli scale, which regards the practical damages that a seismic event causes to infrastructures and houses, and a sort of comparison between the two scale is now in use, especially for ancient events."
This is a list of disasters, both natural and man-made.  Nuclear disasters. Up to this day, most nuclear incidents did not cause many deaths, except for the Chernobyl disaster and Windscale fire. Some of the incidents in the early nuclear age were not well documented or were kept secret. Here is a list of the "known" nuclear incidents. War disasters. An attack with much collateral damage may be considered a disaster, such as the attack on KdF Ship Wilhelm Gustloff, 1945, the worst or perhaps second worst maritime incident in history, in terms of loss of life in a single vessel (see also note at the end of the article RMS Titanic). Air disasters. This is a list of disasters involving objects in flight or near-flight. See also: List of space disasters, List of accidents and incidents on commercial airliners, Incidents in Aviation
This is a list of common, well-known or infamous diseases. This is neither complete nor authoritative. This is not intended to be a list of rare diseases, nor is it a list of mental disorders. This list includes both common names and technical names for diseases. This is deliberate; where multiple names are in common use for the same disease, all of those names should link to the main article for the disease
There are a number of communist parties around the world. In world history, the Russian and Chinese communists are very important. In Western Europe, the French, Spanish and Italian communist parties are the biggest. They have taken part in either local, regional or central government in those countries. Some communist parties have different names, such as Socialist Party, Socialist Workers Party, or Workers Party. But most socialist parties are social democratic and not communist.
Famous or notable buildings with articles about them in Wikipedia include: Index: A-B - C-D - E-I - J-O -  P-R - S - T-V - W - Y - Z
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A typical adult human skeleton consists of the following 206 bones. Some people have slightly more or fewer. Some bones are called "proximal" meaning nearer the torso, some as "intermediate" and some as "distal" meaning farther. "In the skull (22)":  "In the middle ears (6):" "In the throat (1):" "In the shoulder girdle (4):" "In the thorax (25)":  "In the vertebral column (24)":  "In the arms (6)":  "In the hands (54)":  "In the pelvis (4):" "In the legs (8)":  "In the feet (52)":  The infant skeleton has the following bones in addition to those above:
This list of the nearest stars to Earth is by distance in light years (ly). These distances are taken from parallax data determined by the Research Consortium on Nearby Stars (or Recons).  The sources for this information were the Yale Parallax Catalog [Y], Hipparcos [H], Soderhjelm 1999 [S], Tinney 1996 [T]. Stars move, and so distances are as at present only. Some 52 star systems beyond our own, the Solar System, lie within of the Sun. These systems contain 63 stars. 50 of these are red dwarfs, by far the most common type of star in the Milky Way. Much more massive stars, such as our own, make up the remaining 13. In addition to these "true" stars, scientists have identified 11 brown dwarfs (objects not quite massive enough to fuse hydrogen), and four white dwarfs. White dwarfs are extremely dense collapsed cores that remain after stars such as our Sun have exhausted all fusible hydrogen in their core and have slowly shed their outer layers. Despite the relative proximity of these 78 objects to Earth, only nine are bright enough in visible light to be visible to the naked eye from Earth, 6.5 apparent magnitude. All of these objects are currently moving in the Local Bubble, a region within the Orion–Cygnus Arm of the Milky Way.
This is a list of two types of planets: standard planets and dwarf planets, in the Solar System. Definition of a planet. Technically, there was never a scientific definition of the term "planet" before 2006. When the Greeks observed the sky thousands of years ago, they discovered objects that acted differently than stars. These points of light seemed to wander around the sky throughout the year. The term "planet" derives from the Greek word "planets" - wanderer. In 2006, the International Astronomical Union (IAU) convened a Planet Definition Committee, deliberated, and ultimately reached a consensus on a new definition of a planet which leaves us with the eight planets we today consider to comprise the Solar System (thus the exit of Pluto). That new definition: " A “planet” is a celestial body that (a) is in orbit around the Sun, (b) has sufficient mass for its self-gravity to overcome rigid body forces so that it assumes a hydrostatic equilibrium (nearly round) shape, and (c) has cleared the neighborhood around its orbit [meaning: 'there are no other bodies in its path that it must sweep up as it goes around the Sun'.]"
List of galaxies and galaxy clusters. Because there are so many galaxies in the universe, this list has been divided into several categories. The first catalog that catalogues galaxies is the Catalogue of Galaxies and of Clusters of Galaxies. List of nearby galaxies. This is list of nearby galaxies to the Milky Way Galaxy, our galaxy. The first four listed below are part of the Local Group of galaxies, a galaxy group containing at least 50 galaxies, including the Milky Way and Andromeda. List of farthest galaxies. This is list of farthest galaxy from Milky Way. Remember, the farther away from a galaxy, the greater the redshift of galaxy. Redshift is when objects appear in a red color because they move away from us.  Note that the idea that the radius of the observable universe must amount to only 13.8 billion light-years (like the age of universe) is incorrect. Light travel distance (LTD) is time required for light to reach the observer. (≈) means "almost equal to." And other galaxies :