ejaasaari/simplewiki-2025-04-01 huggingface dataset:
Richard Bache (1737–1811) worked for the Postal Service under Benjamin Franklin from 1775–1776, and was Franklin's successor as Postmaster General, serving from 1776–1782 during the Revolutionary War. He also served on the Board of War. He was born in Yorkshire, England and married the only daughter of Franklin in 1767, after immigrating to New York City in 1765. His wife, Sarah Franklin Bache (1743-1808), was widely known for patriotism and benevolent activities. Their son, Richard Bache Jr., served in the Republic of Texas Navy and was elected as a Representative to the Second Texas Legislature in 1847. Another son was Benjamin Franklin Bache (1769-1798).
Leslie Mark Hughes (born November 1, 1963) is a Welsh football manager and former player. He is currently the manager of Queens Park Rangers. Hughes played for Manchester United, Chelsea, and Barcelona during the 1980s and 1990s. Career statistics. Club. Sources: International. Sources: "Wales score listed first, score column indicates score after each Hughes goal." Honours. Player. Manchester United Chelsea Blackburn Rovers Individual Manager. Individual
Henry Dearborn (February 23, 1751 – June 6, 1829) was an American physician, and statesman. He was a veteran of both the American Revolutionary War and the War of 1812. He represented this district as a Democratic-Republican in the Third and Fourth Congresses (1793-1797). In 1801, President Thomas Jefferson appointed him Secretary of War, a post he held for eight years until March 7, 1809. Legacy. In 1803, Lewis and Clark named the Dearborn River in west-central Montana after Dearborn. Dearborn County, Indiana, Dearborn, Michigan and Dearborn, Missouri were also named for him, as was Fort Dearborn in Chicago, Illinois.  His son, Henry A. S. Dearborn, was a Congressman in 1831-1833.
Derrick Pierce (born March 1, 1974) is an American porn actor. He began his career in 2005. Pierce was born in Massachusetts. He moved to California at a young age. He grew up in the Sylmar area of the San Fernando Valley.  As of 2008, Pierce has appeared in over 100 movies, including "Chemistry 3" which is a unique reality show type of production, and "Upload", an adult sci-fi thriller. He has worked for just about every company that makes adult movies. Before he started working in the adult movie industry, Pierce worked as a martial arts instructor in Southern California.  In 2008, Pierce was nominated for "Best Actor", "Best BDSM Release", "Best Couples Sex Scene", "Best Supporting Actor" and "Best Threeway Sex Scene" (twice) in the AVN Awards.
Mirepoix () is the French name for a condiment used for cooking. Mirepoix consists of onions, carrots and celery (either common Pascal celery or celeriac). Mirepoix is used in many dishes, such as stocks, soups, stews and sauces. It is used either raw, roasted or sautéed with butter. Mirepoix is known as the holy trinity of French cooking. These three ingredients are commonly referred to as aromatics. Similar such combinations, both in and out of the French culinary repertoire, sometimes include leeks, parsnips, garlic, tomatoes, shallots, mushrooms, bell peppers, chilies, and ginger. For the combination "mirepoix au gras", or a "Matignon", ham or pork belly are used as additional ingredients. In Cajun cuisine, a mirepoix or trinity is a combination of onions, celery and bell peppers. They may be used in different combinations, as dictated by the cuisine and the dish itself. Traditionally, the ratio for mirepoix is 2:1:1 of onions, celery, and carrots. The ratio for bones to mirepoix for stock is 10:1. When making a white stock, or "fond blanc", parsnips are used instead of carrots to maintain the pale color. Mirepoix derives its name, like much French cuisine, from the patron of the chef who established it, in this case one of the house of Lévis, seigneurs of Mirepoix since the eleventh century and a famous name in Languedoc. The particular member of the house of Lévis whose chef is credited by the "Dictionnaire de l'Académie française" with giving a name to an old technique is Charles-Pierre-Gaston François de Lévis, duc de Lévis-Mirepoix (1699-1757), maréchal de France and ambassador of Louis XV.
Béchamel sauce ( in English, in French, in Italian), also known as white sauce, is a basic mother sauce. It can be used to make other sauces, such as Mornay sauce, which is Béchamel and cheese. This basic sauce is usually made today by whisking scalded milk gradually into a white flour-butter "roux" (equal part clarified butter and flour), though it can also be made by whisking a kneaded flour-butter beurre manié into scalded milk. The thickness of the final sauce depends on the proportions of milk and flour. Escoffier adds salt and an onion stuck with a clove. It is named after Louis de Béchamel.
American Dad! is an American adult animated sitcom produced by Underdog Productions, Fuzzy Door Productions and 20th Television. The series was first made by Seth MacFarlane, the creator of "Family Guy", as well as two writers, Mike Barker and Matt Weitzman. It was distributed in the United States by Fox. It premiered on February 6, 2005. It was produced as part of Super Bowl XXXIX. The regular series began on May 1, 2005, after the season premiere of "Family Guy". The series follows the events of CIA agent Stan Smith and his family. Stan Smith is a CIA agent who is very patriotic, as well as being part of the Christian right. Stan tries to be in charge of the family, but often the things he does don't work out. Stan has a wife, Francine, and two kids, Hayley and Steve. Hayley (Haylee) is in college and is much more liberal than her father. Steve is in high school and is always dreaming about girls. Rounding out the family is Klaus, a talking fish with a German athlete's brain; and Roger Smith the Alien. The show moved to TBS in 2014.
Landon Donovan (born March 4, 1982) is an American former soccer player. He played for the Los Angeles Galaxy and United States national team, and was the captain for both of them. He is the former captain of Los Angeles Galaxy and the men's national team. Donovan has more assists than any other male player, and is the leader of assists for the United States men's national team, and also the second place for most appearances. International career statistics. !Total||157||57
Coriander ("Coriandrum sativum") (also known as cilantro, Chinese parsley, or dhania) is a herb from the "Apiaceae" family. Coriander is originally from the southwestern Asia across to north Africa.  In the Sri Lankan Sinhalese language, it is called koththamuhlli. It is believed to have medicinal qualities, and is brewed and drunk to cure the common cold and fever.
Brad Friedel (born May 18, 1971) is an American soccer player. He has played for United States national team. Honors. Galatasaray Blackburn Rovers United States Individual
Nílton Santos (16 May 1925 – 27 November 2013) was a Brazilian football player. He has played for Brazil national team. Considered as one of the best defenders of all time. He was a pioneering left-back "The Encyclopedia" was world class at both defending and attacking and possessed excessive technique. Nílton Santos is a member of the World Team of the 20th Century, and was named by Pelé one of the top 125 greatest living footballers at a FIFA Awards ceremony in 2004. In 2009, he was the recipient of the Golden Foot Legends Award. He was unrelated to his frequent defensive partner Djalma Santos. Club career. Nílton Santos made his debut for Botafogo in 1948, he only left General Severiano in 1964 when he left the pitch. He only wore two shirts throughout his career: that of Botafogo and that of the Brazilian national team. His debut in the shirt of the Lone Star club took place against América Mineiro. In the Carioca Championship of 1948, played his first game against Canto do Rio in Caio Martins. Botafogo won by 4 to 2. General Severiano's Alvinegro was the 1948 carioca champion. However, in the carioca's first game against São Cristóvão, Nílton Barbosa played for the main team. Nílton Santos played his entire career at Botafogo. Where he won the state championship four times (1948, 1957, 1961 and 1962), twice the Torneio Rio–São Paulo (1962 and 1964), in addition to several of the Paris Tournament in 1963 — in addition to other international titles. Nílton Santos participated in 718 matches for the club, being the record holder and scoring eleven goals between 1948 and 1964. International career. Nílton debuted in the
DaMarcus Beasley (born May 24 1982 in Fort Wayne, Indiana) is an American former soccer player. "Scores and results list the United States' goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Beasley goal." Honors. Chicago Fire PSV Eindhoven Rangers Houston Dynamo United States Individual
Alecko Eskandarian (born July 9, 1982) is an American former soccer player. Club career statistics. 104||22 104||22 International career statistics. !Total||1||0
The Battle of the Mediterranean was the name given to the naval campaign fought in the Mediterranean Sea during World War II. Characteristics. For the most part, the campaign was fought between the forces of the Italian Royal Navy ("Regia Marina"), supported by other Axis naval forces, and the forces of the British Royal Navy, supported by other Allied naval forces. Each side had three overall goals in this battle. The first was to attack the supply lines of the other side. The second was to keep open its own supply lines, the Axis to their own armies in North Africa and the Allies to supply the island of Malta. The third was to destroy the ability of the opposing navy to wage war at sea.Outside of the Pacific ocean, the Mediterranean saw the largest conventional naval warfare during the war. In particular, Allied forces struggled to supply and retain the key naval and air base of Malta. Radar and fuel. Italian warships had a general reputation as well-designed and good-looking. But some Italian cruiser classes were rather deficient in armour. All Italian warships lacked radar for most of the war, although this was partly offset by their good "rangefinder" and "fire-control" systems. In addition, whereas Allied commanders at sea had discretion on how to act, Italian commanders were closely and precisely governed by Italian Naval Headquarters ("Supermarina"). This could lead to action being avoided when the Italians had a clear advantage (e.g., During "Operation Hats"). Italian Naval Headquarters was conscious that the British could replace ships lost in the Mediterranean, whereas Italian Navy resources were limited and there was a terrible lack of fuel. The Italian Navy entered the war with only one year of fuel required to operate normally. By 1943 the lack of fuel prevented naval operations far away from the coasts of Italy. The Allies had "Ultra" intercepts from Bletchley Park, which predicted the Italian movements, and radar, which enabled them to locate the ships and to range their weapons at distance and at night. The better air reconnaissance skills of the "Fleet Air Arm" and their close collaboration with surface units were other major causes of the initial Italian defeats (like in the "Battle of Cape Matapan"). Forces. The Axis forces in
A cryptographic hash function is a hash function which takes an input (or 'message') and returns a fixed-size string of bytes. The string is called the 'hash value', 'message digest', 'digital fingerprint', 'digest' or 'checksum'. The ideal hash function has three main properties: Uses. Functions with these properties are used as hash functions for a variety of purposes, not only in cryptography. Practical applications include message integrity checks, digital signatures, authentication, and various information security applications. A hash function takes a string of any length as input and produces a fixed length string which acts as a kind of "signature" for the data provided. In this way, a person knowing the "hash value" is unable to know the original message, but only the person who knows the original message can prove the "hash value" is created from that message. A cryptographic hash function should behave as much as possible like a random function while still being deterministic and efficiently computable. A cryptographic hash function is considered "insecure" from a cryptographic point of view, if either of the following is computationally feasible: An attacker who can find any of the above computations can use them to substitute an authorized message with an unauthorized one. Ideally, it should be impossible to find two different messages whose digests ("hash values") are similar. Also, one would not want an attacker to be able to learn anything useful about a message from its digest ("hash values"). Of course the attacker learns at least one piece of information, the digest itself, by which the attacker can recognise if the same message occurred again. In various standards and applications, the two most commonly used hash functions are MD5 and SHA-1. In 2005, security defects were identified showing that a possible mathematical weakness might exist, like attacks, and recommending a stronger hash function. In 2007 the National Institute of Standards and Technology announced a contest to design a hash function which will be given the name SHA-3 and be the subject of a FIPS standard.
Data integrity is a term used in computer science and telecommunications that can mean: Simply, data integrity is to make sure that data is "consistent" and "correct".
There are two different meanings of the word cryptosystem.  General meaning. In this meaning, the term cryptosystem is used as shorthand, or as an abbreviation for "cryptographic system". A cryptographic system is any computer system that involves cryptography. Such systems include for instance, a system for secure electronic mail which might include methods for digital signatures, cryptographic hash functions, key management techniques, and so on. Meaning in the cryptographic community. In this meaning, a cryptosystem refers to a set of algorithms needed to implement a method of encryption and decryption.  Typically, a cryptosystem consists of three algorithms:  The term "cipher" (sometimes "cypher") is often used to refer to a pair of (encryption/decryption) algorithms. Therefore, the term "cryptosystem" is most often used when the key generation algorithm is important. For this reason, the term "cryptosystem" is commonly used to refer to public key techniques; however both "cipher" and "cryptosystem" are used for symmetric key techniques. "Cryptographic system" vs. "cryptosystem". The "Internet Security Glossary" advises against using the term "cryptosystem", giving the following definitions. (D) ISDs SHOULD NOT use this term as an abbreviation for cryptographic system. (For justification, see: crypto.) ISDs SHOULD NOT use this abbreviated term because it may be misunderstood. Instead, use "cryptography" or "cryptographic".
Serpent is a symmetric key block cipher which was the second finalist in the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) contest after Rijndael. Serpent was designed by Ross Anderson, Eli Biham, and Lars Knudsen. Serpent has a block size of 128 bits and supports a key size of 128, 192 or 256 bits. The cipher is a 32-round substitution-permutation network operating on a block of four 32-bit words. Each round applies one of eight 4-bit by 4-bit S-boxes 32 times in parallel. Serpent was designed so that all operations can be executed in parallel, using 32 1-bit slices. This maximizes parallelism, but also allows use of the extensive cryptanalysis work performed on DES. Serpent was widely viewed as a more traditional approach to security than the other AES finalists choosing a larger security margin: the designers estimated 16 rounds to be sufficient against known types of attack, but specified 32 rounds as insurance against future progress in cryptanalysis. The Serpent cipher has not been patented. It is completely placed in the public domain and can be freely used by anyone. Rijndael vs. Serpent. The 32 rounds make Serpent more secure than Rijndael; however, Rijndael with 10 rounds is faster and easier to implement for small Block ciphers and on embedded system. For that reason, Rijndael was selected as the winner in the AES competition. Security. The XSL attack, if effective and would weaken Serpent (though not as much as it would weaken Rijndael, which became AES). However, many cryptanalysts believe that if implementations considered to overcome the XSL attack, the XSL attack would be more difficult than a brute force attack.
Pretty Good Privacy (PGP) is a computer program that provides cryptographic and authentication. PGP is often used for signing, encrypting and decrypting electronic mails (e-mails) to increase the security of e-mail communications. It was originally created by Phil Zimmermann in 1991. PGP and other similar products follow the OpenPGP standard () for encrypting and decrypting data. OpenPGP. OpenPGP is on the Internet Standards Track; the current specification is (November 2007). OpenPGP is still under development and the successor to , which is , has been made a proposed standard. Many e-mail clients provide "OpenPGP-compliant" email security as described in . The Free Software Foundation has developed its own "OpenPGP-compliant" program called GNU Privacy Guard (abbreviated GnuPG or GPG). GnuPG is freely available together with all source code under the GNU General Public License (GPL) and is maintained separately faraway from several Graphical User Interfaces (GUIs) that interact with the GnuPG library for encryption, decryption and signing functions (see KGPG, Seahorse, MacGPG). Several other vendors have also developed "OpenPGP-compliant" software.
In cryptography, a weak key is a key which when used with a specific cipher, makes the cipher behave in some undesirable way, and simplifies breaking (cracking) the ciphertext.  Weak keys usually represent a very small fraction of the overall key space, which means that if someone generates a random key to encrypt a message, it is a rare condition that weak keys will cause a security problem. However, it is considered a good design for a cipher to have no weak keys ("quality chiper"). A cipher with no weak keys is said to have a "flat", or "linear", key space.
In cryptography, the XSL attack is a method of cryptanalysis for block ciphers. The attack was first published in 2002 by researchers Nicolas Courtois and Josef Pieprzyk. It was claimed that it may break the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) cipher faster than a brute force attack.  AES is already widely used in commerce and government for the transmission of secret and classified information. Finding a technique that can decrease the amount of time it takes to break the secret message without having the key could cause wide damage.  In 2004 it was shown by one of the cryptanalysts, that the algorithm does not perform as described in its published paper. In addition, the method requires long effort. Unless shortened, the technique does not reduce the effort to break AES in comparison to a brute force attack. Therefore, it does not affect the real-world security of block ciphers in the near future. However, the attack has caused some experts to insert complexities in the algebraic simplicity of the current AES. The XSL attack relies on first analyzing the "internal design" of a cipher then deriving a system of quadratic simultaneous equations. These systems of equations are typically very large, for example 8000 equations with 1600 variables for the 128-bit AES. Several methods for solving such systems are known. In the XSL attack, a specialized algorithm, termed XSL (eXtended Sparse Linearization), is then applied to solve these equations and compute the key. The attack is well-known and famous for requiring only a handful of known plaintexts to perform. Previous methods of cryptanalysis, such as linear and differential cryptanalysis, often require unrealistically large numbers of known or chosen plaintexts, which make them impossible to realize.
Sound the Alarm is the fifth studio album by the emo band Saves the Day. It was released by Vagrant Records on April 11, 2006. It was produced by Steve Evetts who also produced Saves the Day's first two albums, "Can't Slow Down" and "Through Being Cool". All of the album's lyrics were written by Chris Conley. It is their darkest album, and Chris wrote it about the black clouds in his life, and things that were eating him alive. This album was welcomed by many as something of a return to the band's classic sound, after the sonic departure of "In Reverie" in 2003. "Sound the Alarm" reached number 67 on the Billboard 200 Album Chart. "Sound the Alarm" is part one of a three part concept that Conley described in an interview with Punknews.org. It is their trilogy about self discovery. The "Head for the Hills" track is used on the soundtrack of the football video game "Madden NFL 07".
Ennis is a town in the Republic of Ireland. It has about 25,000 people living in it. There are people from eastern Europe, Africa and the United Kingdom living in Ennis. Transport. Ennis has a bus and railway station. History. The town was once small but has grown much because of an economic boom, which has now ended.
Randolph Severn "Trey" Parker III (born October 19 1969) is an American animator, screenwriter, film director, voice actor, actor, musician and Academy Award nominated lyricist. He and Matt Stone worked on the animated series "South Park". Other websites.
Tibet and Mongolia signed a treaty called the Treaty of friendship and alliance between the Government of Mongolia and Tibet on February 2, 1913, at Urga (now Ulaanbaatar). Today, we are not sure if the treaty can be used or not. Legal issues. The Qing Dynasty ended in 1911. After this, both Tibet and Mongolia were independent. Both had a lamaist head of state. The Republic of China did not see them as independent. In the treaty, both Mongolia and Tibet said they would see each other as independent, and help each other in war.  The people who signed for Mongolia were foreign minister Da Lama Ravdan and General Manlaibaatar Damdinsüren. Those who signed for Tibet were Agvan Dorjiev, Chijamts, and Gendun-Galsan, who lived in Tibet. Dorjiev was a Buryat, a citizen of Russia. For this reason, the treaty may not be legal. The 13th Dalai Lama denied that he had let Dorjiev sign a treaty with Mongolia. More importantly, neither the Lama nor the Tibetan government has ever signed any treaty. The Russian government said that Dorjiev was Russian. He could therefore not act as a diplomat for the Dalai Lama. The Mongolian text of the treaty was published by the Mongolian Academy of Sciences in 1982. Most people did not see Mongolia or Tibet as independent. They said that these areas belonged to China. Western powers had made treaties with the Qing Dynasty, and China had said it would honour these treaties. If they had recognised either Tibet or Mongolia, these treaties would have become invalid. The main Western powers were the United Kingdom and Russia. Both feared that if they saw the countries as independent, they could come under the influence of the other western powers. In their opinion, that situation was worse than if China controlled both of them, because China was weak. Solutions. British negotiators at the Simla Convention heard about the treaty and got very suspicious. They feared that Russia might use the treaty to gain more influence in Tibet. In the end, China did not sign the Simla Convention. Instead,