ejaasaari/simplewiki-2025-04-01 huggingface dataset:
Malaysia is a federation with 13 states ("Negeri") ("Wilayah Persekutuan"). Eleven states and two federal territories are located on the Malay Peninsula. The other two states and one federal territory are on the island of Borneo. The states and federal territories. Malaysian states are divided between the two regions of Malaysia, with 11 states and 2 federal territories on West Malaysia and the other 2 states and 1 federal territory in East Malaysia.  Governance. As Malaysia is a federation. The governance of the states is divided between the federal and the state governments, while the Federal government has direct control of the federal territories. The duties of the federal and the state governments are listed in the Ninth Schedule of the Constitution of Malaysia. Theoretically, any matter not set out in the Ninth Schedule can be legislated on by the individual states. However, legal scholars generally view this as a "pauper's bequest" because of the large scope of the matters listed in the Ninth Schedule. The courts themselves have generally favoured a wide interpretation of the language of the Ninth Schedule, thus limiting the number of possible subjects not covered. The Ninth Schedule specifically lists the following matters as those that can only be legislated on by the states: land tenure, the Islamic religion, and local government. The 13 states are based on historical Malay Kingdoms. 9 of the 13 states, known as the Malay States, retain their royal families. The Federal King (titled "Yang di-Pertuan Agong") is elected (de facto rotated) among the nine rulers to serve a 5-year term. The nine "Malay States" have a hereditary Ruler as titular Head of state and an executive Chief Minister or "Menteri Besar" as politically responsible Head of government. The rulers of Johor, Kedah, Kelantan, Pahang, Perak, Selangor and Terengganu are styled Sultans (typically Islamic). Only Negeri Sembilan's elective ruler holds the rare, autochthonous Malay title of "Yang di-Pertuan Besar", whereas only the Ruler of Perlis is titled "Raja
Jagadguru Ramanandacharya Swami Rambhadracharya (better-known as Jagadguru Rambhadracharya or Swami Rambhadracharya) is a Hindu "guru", Sanskrit scholar, writer, poet, play writer, composer, singer, philosopher and "Katha" artist. He is living in Chitrakoot, India. His works includes poems, plays, lectures, commentaries, religious speeches, and musical works of his works. He has written more than 90 works, including published books and unpublished hand written books, and four epic poems, a Hindi commentary on Tulsidas' Ramcharitmanas, a rhythmic Sanskrit commentary on the Ashtadhyayi, and Sanskrit commentaries on the Prasthanatrayi sacred books. Many of his audio and video recordings have been released. He writes in Sanskrit, Hindi, Awadhi, Maithili, and many other languages. He is blind. "Śrībhārgavarāghavīyam" is his most famous work. He won many awards for it, like the Sahitya Akademi Award for Sanskrit. He has also been given many other honors and titles as a writer and poet, like "Mahakavi" and "Kavikularatna". His important literature works and musical works, grouped by their type, are listed below. Text. Sanskrit commentaries on the Prasthānatrayī. Rambhadracharya made Sanskrit commentaries named "Śrīrāghavakṛpābhāṣyam" on the Prasthanatrayi – Brahma Sutra, the Bhagavad Gita, and eleven Upanishads. These commentaries were released on 10 April 1998 by the then Prime Minister of India, Atal Behari Vajpayee. He made "Śrīrāghavakṛpābhāṣyam" on Narada Bhakti Sutra in 1991. Rambh
Artyom Alexandrovich Anoufriev (born in October 4, 1992) and Nikita Vakhtangovich Lytkin (born in March 24, 1993 – died in November 30, 2021) () are two serial killers from Irkutsk, Russia. On April 5, 2011, Anoufriev and Lytkin were arrested in connection with a series of six murders and attacks on local residents in Akademgorodok of Irkutsk. The attacks, which involved a mallet and knife, began in December 2010. Anoufriev and Lytkin were arrested after a video recording showing the dead body of a woman being mutilated with a knife was found on a camera belonging to Lytkin's uncle, who had become suspicious. According to media reports, the youths had been influenced by reading about the Alexander Pichushkin and Dnepropetrovsk maniacs (Igor Suprunyuck and Viktor Sayenko) on the Internet. Also, Anoufriev took part in a Russian neo_Nazi march. A psychiatric examination found them to be sane, and they told doctors that they had chosen weak and drunk people as their victims. On 2 April 2013, Anoufriev was sentenced to life imprisonment and Lytkin to 24 years.
Enrico Fermi's paradox wonders why, with the age and size of the universe and billions of stars and planets that have existed for billions of years, we have not detected any other alien civilizations. There have been attempts to resolve the Fermi paradox by finding evidence of alien civilizations, along with thoughts that such life could exist without humans knowing. The physicist Enrico Fermi first asked the question in an informal discussion in 1950. A paper by Michael H. Hart in 1975 made scientists more curious and they began to study the question in more detail. This is why some people call it the Fermi–Hart paradox. Other common names for the same phenomenon are "Fermi's question" ("Where are they?"), the "Fermi Problem", the "Great Silence", and "silentium universi" (Latin for "the silence of the universe"; the misspelling "silencium universi" is also common). Why interstellar communication is difficult. Space is deep. Extraterrestrial life might exist, but humans may not know about it. To send signals across long distances in our galaxy, and the universe, is difficult. This is because the power output needed to project the signal would be very large. Coherent (laser-like) signals travel at the speed of light, but our own galaxy is 100,000 light years across. Alien civilizations may not be able to detect the signal, or they may not understand the communication or the method used to communicate.  Space is dusty. Space is full of dust clouds and magnetic fields, which would disturb or eliminate even a coherent (laser-like) beam of electromagnetic radiation. Thousands of tons of cosmic dust are thought to reach the Earth's surface every year. A signal would face much interference in any long-distance travel across space. If it is difficult or impossible for us, it may also be difficult for other forms of life. As for other galaxies, the Andromeda galaxy is 2.5 million light years away.  Time. In our Galaxy, the time it takes for signals to travel is very large. Vast eras of time would pass before a reply could be received. There are theories about
In 1961, Frank Drake wrote down an equation for the chance of a contactable alien civilization from another planet in the Milky Way Galaxy. This is known as the Drake Equation (sometimes called the Green Bank equation or the Green Bank Formula). Carl Sagan mentioned the Drake equation so often that it has been mistaken for the 'Sagan equation'.  The equation. The Drake equation states that: formula_1 where: "N" = the number of civilizations in our galaxy with which communication might be possible; and "R"* = the average rate of star formation per year in our galaxy "f""p" = the fraction of those stars that have planets "n""e" = the average number of planets that can potentially support life per star that has planets "f"ℓ = the fraction of the above that actually go on to develop life at some point "f""i" = the fraction of the above that actually go on to develop intelligent life "f""c" = the fraction of civilizations that develop a technology that releases detectable signs of their existence into space "L" = the length of time for which such civilizations release detectable signals into space. Solving it. We don't know the solution to the equation.  Although written as an equation, Drake's formulation is not particularly useful for getting a value of formula_2. The last four parameters, formula_3 and formula_4 are not known. They are very hard to guess, with values ranging over many orders of magnitude. Therefore, the SETI League says the importance of the Drake equation is not in solving it, but in thinking about it. It may be more useful to think of it as a series of questions framed as a numbers game.  References.
The Voyager Golden Records are records that contain sounds and images chosen to show the life and culture on Earth. They show photographs of life on earth, including nature, cities, people and animals. They also have greetings recorded in 55 languages, songs from around the world, and non-musical sounds. The record gives specific instructions and distance measurements that can be used to pinpoint Earth's location as well. The record was designed by a team headed by Carl Sagan to communicate with extraterrestrial life. These records which were sent in Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 (both launched in 1977), are for alien life forms to see. The outside of the record is designed so that aliens could understand, with instructions and images about how to play the record. However, the records can be seen as a symbol rather than a serious attempt to contact alien life forms.
Pope Urban IV (; c. 1195 – October 2, 1264), born Jacques Pantaléon, was a French cleric of the Roman Catholic Church. He was the 183rd Pope from 1261 to 1264. Early life. Pantaléon was the son of a cobbler of Troyes in France. He studied theology and common law in Paris. He served the church as a canon, as a deacon and as an archdeacon. Bishop. Pope Innocent IV made Pantaléon the Bishop of Verdun in 1253. In 1255, Pope Alexander IV made him Patriarch of Jerusalem. Cardinal. He was not a cardinal. There were several Popes who were not Cardinals. Some of these were Pope Urban V and Pope Urban VI. Pope. Patriarch Pantaléon was on August 29, 1261. He chose to be called Urban IV. As pope, he was deeply involved in the conflict between Guelphs and Ghibelines in Italy. After his death. He was buried in the cathedral at Perugia.
A midget is a word that is used to describe people who are quite short. A midget is "not" somebody with dwarfism; a midget is a person that has the same proportions of body parts as an averaged-sized human being. The word "midget" can also sometimes be used as an insult. Sometimes, the word is used for people a foot below the normal height of a person."]"
Ginger Rogers (born Virginia Katherine McMath, July 16, 1911 - April 25, 1995) was an American actress, dancer and singer. She was born in Independence, Missouri.  During her long career, she made a total of 73 films, collaborating with Fred Astaire as a romantic lead actress and dancing partner in a series of ten Hollywood musical films that revolutionized the genre.  She achieved great success on her own in a variety of film roles and won the Academy Award for Best Actress for her performance in "Kitty Foyle" (1940). She ranks #14 on the AFI's 100 Years...100 Stars list of actress screen legends. She also appeared on numerous television programs. She died of a heart attack in Rancho Mirage, California. 1933–1939: Astaire and Rogers. Rogers was most famous for her partnership with Fred Astaire. Together, from 1933 to 1939, they made nine musical films at RKO and one at MGM. They revolutionized the Hollywood musical, introducing dance routines of unprecedented elegance and virtuosity, set to songs specially composed for them by the greatest popular song composers of the day. Films with Astaire. "Flying Down to Rio" (1933)  "The Gay Divorcee" (1934) "Roberta" (1935)  "Top Hat" (1935)  "Follow the Fleet" (1936)  "Swing Time" (1936)  "Shall We Dance" (1937)  "Carefree" (1938) "The Story of Vernon and Irene Castle" (1939) "The Barkleys of Broadway" (1949)
Independence is a city in the northwest part of the US state of Missouri, not far from Kansas City. In 2020, about 123,011 people lived there. History. Independence was created on March 28, 1827. It was an important place for the Oregon Trail. This is because the trail started here. Independence had two battles in the American Civil War. One is the on August 11, 1862. The other is the on October 21-22, 1864. President Harry S. Truman lived in Independence for a long time. The Harry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museum is in Independence. People. 2020 Census. The 2020 census said that there were 123,011 people living in Independence. There were 51,139 households, and 34,305 households with more than one person. Of the households, 60.4% owned their home and 39.6% rented their home. Children under age 18 lived in 27.2% of the households. Of the people, 72.6% were White, 8.7% were Black, and 1.2% were Asian. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 12.2% of the people. 2010 Census. In 2010, there were 116,830 people, 48,742 households, and 30,165 families living in Independence. The people were 85.7% White, 5.6% African American, 0.6% Native American, 1.0% Asian, 0.7% Pacific Islander, 3.2% from other races, and 3.2% from two or more races. 7.7% of the people were Hispanic or Latino. 23% of the people were under 18 years old; 8.6% of the people were between 18 and 24 years old; 24.9% of the people were between 25 and 44 years old; 27.4% of the people were between 45 and 64 years old; 16.1% were 65 years old or older. 52% of the people were women, and 48% of the people were men.
Lucius Annaeus Seneca was a Roman philosopher, poet and politician. He was born about 4 BC in Córdoba in Hispania (which is now in Spain). Seneca's father was a writer known as Seneca the Elder. Seneca's mother was called Helvia. Seneca often lived in the city of Rome. He died by suicide in year 65. During the reign of Roman emperor Claudius, Seneca was sent in exile to the island of Corsica for nine years. This act was caused by Messalina who was the wife of Claudius. In 49 AD Claudius married his own niece Agrippina, and she called Seneca back to Rome to be a tutor for her son Nero. Nero became emperor in 54 AD, and Seneca helped him to rule the Roman Empire for the next five years. After 59 AD, Nero became like a tyrant, and Seneca lost control over him. In 65 AD Nero accused Seneca of helping the people in the Pisonian conspiracy who wanted to kill Nero. Seneca was probably innocent, but Nero forced Seneca to kill himself. Writings. Seneca was a very famous writer. He wrote books on philosophy, and he also wrote plays. Most of his books still exist. His philosophy books were about Stoicism. These books include his "Letters to Lucilius" and his "Essays" (or "Dialogues"). Seneca wanted to find the right way for people to be happy, so he wrote about ethics. He believed that some emotions, including anger and grief, are bad and should be avoided. He wrote about the shortness of life, and he wrote about favours, mercy, friendship, and the need to help other people. His plays are tragedies. They are based on Greek mythology, and have titles such as: "Hercules", "Trojan Women", "Phoenician Women", "Phaedra", and "Oedipus".
FatRat is a free and open-source extensible download manager for Linux. It is built on top of the Trolltech Qt 4 library in C++. Developing of this program was started in November 2006. FatRat provides few advanced features such as speed limiting, segmented downloads. It supports a lot of download and file exchange protocols, such as HTTP, Proxy/SOCKS5, FTP, BitTorrent (through libtorrent). Internationalization of interface is carried out with the help of Qt Linguist. FatRat also has RSS feed and podcasts support, and it can work with RapidShare web-storage service and with Dropbox and OpenSubtitles. Available as a package of the most popular Linux repositories, such as Debian, Ubuntu, Fedora. Main features. Features and characteristics:
Pope Urban VIII (; 5 April 1568 – 29 July 1644), born Maffeo Barberini, was an Italian cleric of the Roman Catholic Church and the 236th Pope from 1623 to 1644. Early life. Maffeo Barberini was born in 1568 into the Barberini family of Florence in Italy. His studies led to a doctorate of law from the University of Pisa in 1589. Bishop. In 1604, Pope Clement VIII appointed Barberini Archbishop of Nazareth. He was transferred by Pope Paul V who made him the Bishop of Spoleto in 1608. Cardinal. In 1606, Paul V raising Barberini to be Cardinal of "S. Pietro in Montorio". Pope. Cardinal Barberini was elected pope on August 6, 1623; and took the name Urban VIII. Pope Urban was involved in Italian and European political disputes. During his reign, the papal palace at Castel Gandolfo was built. Pope Urban caused the baldachin to be built over the central alter in St. Peter's Basilica.
was a Japanese samurai and diplomat. He was the first diplomat from Japan to visit Spain, France, Italy, and the Vatican. The Roman Senate made Hasekura a citizen and a patrician of Rome. Early life. Hasekura was a retainer of Date Masamune, who was the daimyo of Sendai. Keichō Embassy. Hasekura headed a diplomatic mission from Japan to the Vatican. The trip lasted from 1613 to 1620 and is called the . Hasekura was the first Japanese ambassador in the Americas and in Europe.  Hasekura traveled with a group across the Pacific Ocean to Mexico. They sailed across the Atlantic Ocean to Europe. Hasekura returned to Japan by crossing Mexico from east to west in 1618. The Japanese sailed from Acapulco for the Philippines. From Manila, they sailed north to Japan in 1620. The story of Hasekura was unknown in Japan until the 19th century. His early diplomacy not included in official histories written in Japan in the 17th and 18th centuries. Hasekura was a subject of interest in Europe. In 1615, Scipione Amati published a book about Haskeura's historic journey. In 1616, a book about the Japanese diplomats was published in French in Paris. Legacy. In 1873, Japanese diplomats traveled to Europe and were surprised to learn about Hasekura. His diplomacy was forgotten because of sakoku, Japan's isolationist policy. There are statues of Hasekura in Japan, Cuba, Spain, and Italy. Many people in Coria del Río, Spain, have the surname "Japón" and are descendants of the Japanese travelers. Comet. A minor comet, 11514 Tsunenaga, was named after Hasekura in 1991. Memory of the World Programme. Spanish and Japanese archives have documents from the Hasekura mission. The letter carried by Hasekura to the King of Spain is in Seville, Spain. The paper proving Haskura's Roman citizenship is in Sendai, Japan. Those bits of history are proposed for UNESCO's Memory of the World Programme.
Maria Owings Shriver, (born November 6, 1955) is an American author and journalist. Early life. Shriver was born on November 6, 1955 in Chicago, Illinois. Her parents were Sargent Shriver and Eunice Kennedy. Her uncles were John F. Kennedy, Robert F. Kennedy, and Ted Kennedy. Her cousins are Robert F. Kennedy, Jr., Caroline Bouvier Kennedy and John F. Kennedy Jr. Journalism career. She was co-anchor of NBC News and covered 1988 Summer Olympics. She has won many Emmy Awards. Personal life. In addition, she is former First Lady of California when her husband Arnold Schwarzenegger was governor. They divorced in 2021.
The Mexican Revolution was brought on by a major armed struggle in Mexico that started in 1910 by an uprising led by Francisco I. Madero against the long dictatorship of Porfirio Díaz. Under his rule, power was concentrated in the hands of a select few, and the people had no power to express their opinions or to select their public officials. Wealth was likewise concentrated in the hands of the few, and injustice was everywhere in the cities and the countryside alike The revolution was characterized by several socialist, liberal, anarchist, populist, and agrarian movements. Over time, it changed from a simple revolt against the established order to a multi-sided civil war. There was less fighting after 1920, when Álvaro Obregón, the most important revolutionary leader who was still alive, became the president of Mexico.
Estée Lauder Companies are an organization that manufactures, markets and sells perfume, skin care, hair care and cosmetics. This company was named after a person called Estée Lauder.  Overview. It was established in 1946 in New York City.  In 1960, the office in London was opened. In 1964, Aramis fragrance for men was presented. In 2010, the company bought Smashbox Beauty Cosmetics, Inc.
A tanning bed is a device that emits ultraviolet radiation to give people a tan (make their skin darker). Like the sun, a tanning bed can also cause a sunburn if the person stays in too long. There are many kinds of tanning beds, but most look like the one in the photo. History. Tanning beds became popular in Europe and America because of the work of Friedrich Wolff around 1979. He patented his design and charged others to use his ideas. His company, "Wolff Systems" does not build the tanning beds, they research and design for the tanning lamp. Some of the early adopters of the Wolff technology include ETS, Inc., SCA, Sun Industries, Inc., Montego Bay, Sunal. Later, Friedrich sold Wolff Systems to his brother Jorg Wolff, who was the founder of Cosmedico, Ltd., another pioneer in the tanning industry. Design. Tanning beds use a special fluorescent lamps (16 to 32 per tanning bed) that creates visible light and ultraviolet light. Like all fluorescent lights, they use a ballast system to limit the electricity going to each lamp, which is most often 100 watts per lamp. The tanning beds use a special acrylic, or clear shield over the lamps. Most clear plastics will block ultraviolet, but this special type of plastic lets most of the ultraviolet light pass through. Most tanning beds also have a cooling fan system, to cool the electronics inside the tanning bed and keep it from getting too hot. All tanning beds have a timer, a device to limit the amount of time the person is exposed to the ultraviolet light. After a few minutes, the timer makes the bed turn off. Benefits and risks. Unlike the sun, tanning beds do not help the body produce vitamin D as their bulbs emit mostly UVA light. The human body needs UVB light to produce vitamin D. Both the sun and tanning beds can damage your skin if you stay exposed for too long. Getting too much UV, or many sunburns can cause skin cancer, including melanoma, which can be deadly. There is a lot of controversy due to the risks. Most countries have many laws and rules that regulate tanning beds.
Herman Wouk (May 27, 1915 – May 17, 2019) was a Pulitzer Prize winning American writer. He was from New York City, New York. Wouk had written many books including "The Caine Mutiny". He won Pulitzer Prize award in 1952. Wouk was Orthodox Jewish. He was known for his defence of religion, tradition, American patriotism and the Military. Wouk died in his sleep at his home in Palm Springs, California on May 17, 2019, ten days before his 104th birthday.
The Quirinal Palace (known in Italian as the Palazzo del Quirinale or simply Quirinale) is a historical building in Rome, Italy. It is the official residence of the President of the Italian Republic.  The palace is on the Quirinal Hill, the tallest of the seven hills of Rome. It housed thirty popes, four kings and eleven presidents of the Italian Republic. History. The current site of the palace has been in use since Roman times. The Quirinal is the highest hill in Rome. The palace, on the "Via del Quirinale" and facing onto the "Piazza del Quirinale", was built beginning in 1573 by Pope Gregory XIII  Pope Paul V commissioned the completion of the work on the main building of the palace. The palace was a papal residence until 1870. In 1871, the palace became the official royal residence of the Kings of Italy. In 1946, the palace became the official residence and workplace for the Presidents of the Italian Republic.
A Killie pie or Kilmarnock pie is a type of pie which was made famous as it is sold at Rugby Park, the home ground of association football team Kilmarnock F.C.. It can also be found in shops and chip shops. It is a steak pie. History. It won the award for best pie in football two years running in 1998 and 1999, and attracted quite a reputation amongst away fans for its quality. It is made by Brownings, The Bakers of Kilmarnock.