ejaasaari/simplewiki-2025-04-01 huggingface dataset:
An algorithm is a list of steps that can be followed to solve a problem using a limited number of steps. For example, a recipe is an algorithm to prepare a dish in a limited amount of time. The words 'algorithm' and 'algorism' come from the name of a Persian mathematician called Al-Khwārizmī (Persian: خوارزمی, c. 780–850). In computing, an algorithm is a precise list of operations that could be done by a Turing machine. For the purpose of computing, algorithms are written in pseudocode, flow charts, or programming languages. Comparing algorithms. There is usually more than one way to solve a problem. There may be many different recipes to make a certain dish which looks different but ends up tasting the same when all is said and done. The same is true for algorithms. However, some of these ways will be better than others. If a recipe needs lots of complicated ingredients that you do not have, it is not as a good as a simple recipe. When we look at algorithms as a way of solving problems, often we want to know how long it would take a computer to solve the problem using a particular algorithm. When we write algorithms, we like our algorithm to take the least amount of time so that we can solve our problem as quickly as possible. In cooking, some recipes are more difficult to do than others, because they take more time to finish or have more things to keep track of. It is the same for algorithms, and algorithms are better when they are easier for the computer to do. The thing that measures the difficulty of an algorithm is called "complexity". When we ask how complex an algorithm is, often we want to know how long it will take a computer to solve the problem we want it to solve. Sorting. This is an example of an algorithm for sorting cards with colors on them into piles of the same color: Sorting by numbers. These are examples of algorithms for sorting a stack of cards with many different numbers, so that the numbers are in order. Players start with a stack of cards that have not been sorted. First algorithm. This algorithm goes through the stack of cards,
John Caesar (1764 – 15 February 1796), known as Black Caesar, was the first Australian bushranger. He was also the first black person with an African background to come to Australia. He was the first bushranger to have a reward offered for his capture. Early life. Caesar was most likely born in Madagascar, in about 1763. He was a slave on a sugar plantation (farm) in the West Indies. He ran away and went to London. On 17 March 1786, he was in court at Deptford, Kent for stealing 240 shillings. He was sent to the new country called Australia as a convict for seven years. He left on the Alexander, a convict transport ship in the First Fleet, in May 1787 and arrived in Botany Bay in January 1788. Convict life for Black Caesar. On 29 April 1789, he was caught stealing food. Two weeks later he escaped into the bush, taking food, an iron cooking pot, and a musket (gun) taken from a sea army officer (Marine) named Abraham Hand. He could not catch enough animals to eat, and he began to steal food from the settlement. On 26 May, he stole food from a brick making gang at Brickfield Hill and was nearly caught. On June 6 he tried to steal food from Zachariah Clark, who was the assistant in charge of the new colony's food supplies. Caesar was caught by a convict named William Saltmarsh. In July 1789, David Collins, the colony's Judge-Advocate, said that John Caesar was the hardest working convict in the new colony. He said that he was a large man with a lot of muscles, but he was always hungry. He would eat food meant to last two days in one meal, and would then need to steal more food from others. All his thefts were about getting more food. After he was captured, Collins said Caesar was a "wretch" (a miserable person) who did not care if he died. Caesar told Collins that he would make it if was hanged, he would turn into a joke by playing a trick on
SliTaz GNU/Linux is a software project started by Christophe Lincoln in 2006. It is one of the smallest desktop Linux distributions available It can be loaded entirely into RAM or be installed to a hard drive. History. SliTaz 1.0 was released on March 22, 2008. SliTaz shares many common goals with Damn Small Linux, but is smaller and based on the more recent Linux 2.6 kernel.
A musket is a muzzleloading, smoothbore firearm, which is meant to be fired from the shoulder.  The musket is the weapon that replaced the arquebus, and was then replaced by the rifle. But the word "musket" is also used to describe a number of different weapons including: Muskets were made for use by infantry. A soldier armed with a musket was called a musketman or musketeer. In the 1500's, soldiers armed with a heavy arquebus, called a musket, supported the arquebusiers and the pikemen. By the start of 1700's, a lighter type of musket took over from the arquebus. When the bayonet was added, there was no longer a need for pikemen, and almost all infantry soldiers became musketeers. The first musket made in the united States was the Springfield Model 1795 Musket. In the 1800's, better ammunition and ways of firing the gun, meant that rifling was practical for military use, and the rifled musket became common. A few years later, the use of cartridges, breechloading, and multiple rounds of ammunition meant the "rifled musket" gave way to the rifle, and "muskets" were no longer used. Musket calibres ranged from to . A smoothbore musket, firing at a single target, was only accurate to about to . Rifled muskets in the 1850's were much better, able to hit a man sized target at up to . The advantage of this longer distance was shown at the Battle of Four Lakes, where Springfield Model 1855 rifled muskets killed Indian warriors before they could get close enough with their smoothbore muskets. However, in the Italian War of 1859, French forces were able to defeat the longer range of Austrian rifle muskets by quick, small attacks and bayonet attacks at close range.
The ALPHA Collaboration is a group of physicists from about 11 universities who work together (or "collaborate") to try to trap neutral antimatter. The neutral antimatter they are working to trap is antihydrogen. This is the antimatter version of hydrogen, the first atom in the periodic table. Antihydrogen, like hydrogen, has two oppositely charged particles. Hydrogen has a proton and an electron, and so antihydrogen would have an antiproton and a positron. A positron is the common name for the antielectron. CERN. The ALPHA collaboration has its experiment at CERN in Geneva in Switzerland. CERN is the only place in the world that can provide "slow" antiprotons that can be easily captured by ALPHA. ALPHA then brings these antiprotons into contact with positrons and form antihydrogen.  Antihydrogen has, like many atoms and especially hydrogen, a small magnetic dipole moment. A dipole moment is another way of saying that the atom behaves a bit as if it was a tiny magnet with a north and a south pole. Normally such small magnets are attracted to other magnets. However, some atoms in some states behave such that they are repelled by magnetic fields. This means that the atoms could possibly be trapped in space by making a minimum of the magnetic field. ALPHA is trying to do just that with antihydrogen. By a clever arrangement of magnets, ALPHA has a so-called magnetic minimum trap, in which antihydrogen may be trapped.  This is a difficult process. The magnetic forces on these atoms are quite weak, so the trap can only contain antihydrogen atoms of very low motional (kinetic) energy, that is at very low temperature. The current state-of-the-art ALPHA trap can contain antihydrogen atoms in their ground state if they are colder than about 0.5 Kelvin (i.e. 0.5 degrees above absolute zero). ALPHA is currently working on making such cold antihydrogen.
Forestle was a search engine, or website for finding all kinds of information on the internet. Forestle gave money to save the rain forest and reduce the total carbon dioxide (CO2) production. It also offered special features, for example a preview of the websites found during a search. It was invented in 2008. Forestle was discontinued and redirected to a similar search engine Ecosia on January 1, 2011. Helping the environment. Forestle saved 0.1 square meters (about 0.1 square yards) of rain forest per search. It earned money from showing advertisements along with the websites found, and Forestle guarantees to donate 90% of this money to buy areas of rain forest through its partner organization The Nature Conservancy. As of October 2009, about 1,991,055 square meters of rain forest have been saved. For searching the web using Forestle was also essentially CO2-neutral: Of course the server computers used by Forestle, the connection network, and the computer of the searching users need electric energy and thus create emissions of carbon-dioxide; but Forestle purchased an equivalent amount of renewable energy certificates. The certificates are purchased from a part of the 10% of money left after buying rain forest. This makes Forestle one of the few web search sites that are "green certified". The number of search requests on Forestle.org grew significantly: There were 4000 search requests per day on average in December 2008, about 10000 per day in January 2009 and as of March 6, 2009 there were more than 20000 requests per day. Forestle thus offered a simple alternative form of searching the web in a way that helps the environment. How large the effects of using such a 'green' search method actually are is discussed. Special properties. Forestle offered a website preview that showed small versions of the websites found in each search. The search page offered by Forestle was very simple and only contains a window to type in words to be searched for, the search results, and a few links to check related services (for example Google Maps) as well as explanations about how Forestle works. Forest
The Hebrew Wikipedia () is the Hebrew-language edition of Wikipedia. This edition was started in July 2003. By February 2012, it had over 130,000 articles, over 534,000 pages and 33,500 files uploaded. As of October 2015, it is the 39th largest edition of Wikipedia by number of articles.
Dextromethorphan (DXM or DM) is a drug. It is used to prevent coughs in many over-the-counter cold and cough medicines. Dextromethorphan can also be used for pain relief or for psychological conditions. It is sold in syrup, tablet, and lozenge forms, manufactured under several different brand names and generic labels. In its pure form, dextromethorphan is a white powder. Turning on the Sigma-1 receptor is believed to be how dextromethorphan helps with a cough. Dextromethorphan also prevents serotonin and norepinephrine from being absorbed again in the brain. When too much is inside a person's body or when they have been using it as a recreational drug, it can cause dissociative hallucinations, make a person feel good, change how you feel things, and other things. It does this by doing the things said before but also by blocking glutamate from turning on NMDA receptors in the brain, much like how Ketamine and Phencyclidine work as well.
Roman à clef (said like it rhymes with "a don a day") means "novel with a key" in French. It is a phrase used for talking about literature and movies. A roman à clef is a type of story that's true for the most part except for details like the name of the main character. The "key" part of the meaning–what someone needs to unlock the real story–changes from book to book. For some books it is knowing that the main character is really a famous person. For others it is knowing that the main character is really the author. Authors usually write these types of stories (instead of telling the whole truth) to talk about a controversy or what happened during a crime so that the people involved can't sue them. A couple of movies that are written like this are Citizen Kane (a movie about a man a lot like William Randolph Hearst) and Dreamgirls (a movie about a Motown group a lot like The Supremes). Because it comes from French, the plural of roman à clef is "romans à clef".
Ernst Kaltenbrunner (4 October 1903 in Ried im Innkreis, Austria - 16 October 1946 in Nuremberg, Bavaria, Germany) was a high-ranking Austrian-German SS officer and Nazi official. He was found guilty at the Nuremberg Trials and executed for his participation in the Holocaust. Early life. Ernst Kaltenbrunner was born on 4th October 1903 in Ried im Innkreis. He never volunteered military service in the Austro-Hungarian Army because he was too young. He joined the Nazi Party and the Schutzstaffel/SS in 1931. He also joined the Gestapo in the 1930s.  Nazi career. During the Nazi Era and World War II, Kaltenbrunner was a powerful Nazi Party official. He was the head of the Reichssicherheitshauptamt (Reich Security Head Office) and Interpol. When Nazi officer Reinhard Heydrich was assassinated in 1942, Kaltenbrunner took his place. In June 1934 he was involved in the Night of the Long Knives to kill Ernst Röhm, the head of the SA. He was also involved in Kristallnacht (Night Of The Broken Glass) in 1938.  In 1942, after Reinhard Heydrich was assassinated, Kaltenbrunner took his place as head and Chief of the Gestapo of the German SS. He held this position until 1945, when he was captured by the Allies. From 1942-1945, Kaltenbrunner was the Reich Protector of Bohemia and Morovia. He was also SS-Obergruppenführer from 1942-1945. He lost these positions in 1945, when the Allied forces liberated Czechoslovakia (freeing it from Nazi control). Trial and execution. Kaltenbrunner was the highest-ranking senior SS and police officer charged at the Nuremberg Trials. He was found guilty of war crimes and was executed by hanging.
Prince Augustus Frederick, Duke of Sussex was born (27 January 1773 – 21 April 1843), was the sixth son of George III and his consort, Queen Charlotte. He was the only son of the King and Queen to not pursue an army or navy career, but he did consider becoming a cleric in the Church of England. Marriages. Augustus Frederick married twice, but neither was legal in the United Kingdom because under the Royal Marriages Act he should have asked permission from the King first.
Princess Mary of the United Kingdom (25 April 1776 – 30 April 1857) was the fourth daughter and eleventh child of George III and Queen Charlotte. She was the last living child of George III, dying in 1857.
Egbert (also spelt Ecgberht) (–839) was King of Wessex from 802 until 839. In the 780s Egbert was forced into exile by King Offa of Mercia and King Beorhtric of Wessex, but on Beorhtric's death in 802 Egbert returned and took the throne. He was the father of King Athelwulf of Wessex. Early career. Egbert was the son of Ealhmund, King of Kent. He was descended from Ingeld, brother of King Ine of Wessex. In 786 he made a bid for the throne of Wessex after the death of King Cynewulf of Wessex. Offa of Mercia however, made Beorhtric king instead. As a youth, Egbert was seen as a problem for Beorhtric who didn't want Egbert in England. While Beorhtric was negotiating to marry Offa's daughter he asked that Egbert be handed over to him. While Offa was considering doing just that, Egbert fled Mercia and at some point left England. He appears to have been welcomed at the court of Charlemagne for at least three years, but possibly up to thirteen years. This is at the time when Frankish ports were closed to English ships and trading because in 789, Charlemagne made an agreement with Offa to marry his son Charles to one of Offa’s daughters, but Offa made it a condition that his son Ecgfrith should marry one of Charlemagne’s daughters. Charlemagne was so offended by this he suspended trade relations with England.  While at the Frankish court Egbert married a noblewoman, Redburga. She was possibly a close relative of Charlemagne. Egbert and Redburga had a son born in Francia, Athelwulf, in about 795. In 802 Beorhtric died and Egbert returned to become King of Wessex, probably with military aid from Charlemagne. King of Wessex. His first few years as king are not well recorded. It is very probable
The axilla (also known as the armpit, underarm, or oxter) is the area on the human body right under where the joint where the arm connects to the shoulder. The axilla is one of the four places where a medical thermometer can be used to measure human body temperature. The other places are the rectum, mouth, and ear canal. What is in the area of the axilla. In the area where the axllia is, the body parts that are found are the axillary vein, axillary artery, brachial plexus, lymph nodes, and fat. Hair of the axilla. During puberty, hair will grow in the underarms. Many women choose to shave or remove this hair because it gives a neater and cleaner look when wearing some types of clothes, however some women do not shave and choose to have a natural look for cultural or symbolic reasons. Body odor. Body odor occurs in the axilla due to microorganisms. Due to this, many companies make deodorants to help remove the bad odor. What the axilla is known for. Many people think of the axilla as being a ticklish spot. Other words for axilla. In the U.K., the axilla is called the oxter. Underarm, another word for axilla, only is the outside of the axilla. Armpit, like underarm, refers to the axilla, but also means an object or place that is smelly or greasy.
Asyut is a city in Egypt. It is the capital of the current Asyut Governorate. There is an old city close by the newer city of Asyut. Twin towns. The following are the twin towns of Asyut:
The Ganz (Ganz vállalatok, "Ganz companies") electric works in Budapest is best known for making tramcars. It was also one of the first to use three-phase alternating current on electric railways. Ganz also made / makes: ships (Ganz Danubius), steel bridges (Ganz Acélszerkezet), high voltage electrical equipment (Ganz Transelektro). Famous engineers employed by Ganz were Kálmán Kandó and Ottó Bláthy. The company is named after Ábrahám Ganz.
Tetraphobia is a fear of the number 4. It is a superstition found most often in East Asian areas, for example China, Japan, Korea, and Taiwan. The Chinese word for "four" (, pinyin: sì, jyutping: sei3), sounds very similar to the word for "death" (, pinyin: sǐ, jyutping: sei2). Chinese people take care not to use the number 4 during important holidays, or if someone in the family is sick. Numbers such as 14, 24, and so on, are not used because they also have the number 4 in them. Buildings sometimes do not have floors with these numbers, apartments and hotels do not have rooms with number 4, 14, 24 and so on. Table number 4, 14, 24, may be often left out in wedding dinners or other social activities in these countries. Where there are a lot of apartment buildings, buildings that should be 4, 14, 24, are called 3A, 13A, 23A, and so on. In Hong Kong, some apartments such as Vision City and The Arch do not have the floors from 40 to 49. Immediately above 39/F is 50/F, leading many who do not know about tetraphobia to think that some floors are missing. The Chinese start numbering their military aircraft with the number 5, such as the fighter plane "Shenyang J-5". The Taiwanese and the South Korean navies do not use the number 4 when giving flag numbers to their ships. In cities where East Asian and Western cultures come together, like Hong Kong and Singapore, it is possible in some buildings that both 13 and 14 are left out as floor numbers, along with all the other 4s. In Korea, tetraphobia is not as important, but the floor number 4 is almost always left out in hospitals. In other buildings, the fourth floor is sometimes named "F" (Four) instead of "4" in elevators. Apartment numbers with a lot of the number 4 (such as 404) are hard to sell, and often they are not worth as much money.
The Palace of Whitehall was the main home of the English kings and queens in London, from 1530 until 1698, when all except Inigo Jones's 1622 Banqueting House was destroyed by fire. Before the fire, it was the largest palace in Europe, with over 1,500 rooms (at one time it was the largest building in the world). The palace gives its name—Whitehall—to the road on which many of the buildings of the UK government now stand. The word "Whitehall" can also refer to the central government itself.  History. It became an official royal palace in 1530 when Henry VIII was the king of England. He also included a recreation centre with a bowling green, tennis courts, a pit for cock fighting (now the site of 70 Whitehall) and a tiltyard for jousting. It is estimated that over £30,000 (approaching £11 million in 2007 values) were spent during the 1540s, 50% more than the construction of the entire Bridewell Palace. Henry VIII married two of his wives at the palace—Anne Boleyn in 1533 and Jane Seymour in 1536. It was also at the palace that Henry died. It was a lesser used palace during the reign of the next few monarchs.  Fire. The palace of Whitehall was destroyed by fire in 1698. Many of the palace's wooden structures were destroyed in the fire. Michelangelo's "Cupid" is to believed to have been destroyed in the blaze. After this the remaining structures were torn down. Now Whitehall has government buildings on it.
The Romanian Wikipedia () is the Romanian-language edition of Wikipedia. This edition was started in June 2003. It has . This makes it the 30th largest edition.
Norbert Wiener (November 26, 1894 – March 18, 1964) was an American theoretical and applied mathematician. He was a child prodigy. His father was a teacher of languages. Wiener founded cybernetics, the science of control and communication in animals and machines. It is a field that uses the notion of feedback, and is important for engineering, systems control, computer science, biology, philosophy, and the organization of society. The name of the science comes from his book, "Cybernetics: Or the Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine" (1948). "Information is information, not matter or energy". – Norbert Wiener, "Cybernetics" (1948, 155) Wiener was born in Columbia, Missouri. He died in Stockholm, Sweden.
Erich Johann Albert Raeder (24 April 1876 in Wandsbek - 6 November 1960 in Kiel) was a naval leader in Germany before and during the Second World War.  In 1939 he was made a "Großadmiral", the highest rank in the navy. (In English, this title means "Grand Admiral" and is equal to Admiral of the Fleet). Navy career. Born in 1876 in Hamburg, Germany, Raeder joined the Imperial German Navy in 1894, rising through the ranks. He played a significant part in planning naval strategy during World War I.  After the war, he advocated for a powerful German navy and for submarine warfare. He played a key role in the buildup of the Kriegsmarine.  Raeder fell out of favor with Adolf Hitler later in World War II. In 1943 he was replaced by Karl Dönitz in his position as head of the German Navy. Trial and imprisonment. Raeder was arrested by the Allies in 1945 and was convicted of war crimes at the Nuremberg Trials. He was sentenced to life in prison, but this sentence was reduced to 10 years.  Raeder was released in 1955 for health reasons and died in 1960.
The Invasion of Grenada, codenamed Operation Urgent Fury, was an invasion of the nation of Grenada ordered by President Ronald Reagan. Grenada is an island in the Caribbean Sea, 100 miles north of Venezuela, and over 1,500 miles south east of the United States. It was invaded by the combined force of troops from the United States (nearly 10,000 troops), Jamaica and members of the Regional Security System (RSS) (approximately 300 troops). Grenada had gained independence from the United Kingdom in 1974. The communist New JEWEL Movement seized power in a nearly bloodless coup in 1979 under Maurice Bishop suspending the constitution and detaining several political prisoners.  The Reagan administration mounted a US military intervention following receipt of a formal appeal for help from the Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States. President Reagan stated that he felt compelled to act due to "concerns over the 600 U.S. medical students on the island"