ejaasaari/simplewiki-2025-04-01 huggingface dataset:
Robert Curthose (–1134), sometimes styled Robert II or Robert III, was the Duke of Normandy from 1087 until 1106. He was also Count of Maine. His reign as Duke is noted for the conflicts he had with his brothers in England. This led to the dukedom of Normandy being reunited with crown of England. Early career. Robert was the eldest son of William the Conqueror, the first Norman king of England, and Matilda of Flanders. Robert was born . As a child he was to Margaret, the heiress of Maine. But she died before they could be wed. Robert didn't marry until he was in his late forties. Robert was brought up among William's . As a result, he became a skilled warrior. But unlike his father he expected to live a life of pleasure and luxury. In 1063, his father made him the count of Maine when he was contracted to marry Margaret. But Robert had no authority. The county was actually run by his father until 1069 when the county revolted and reverted to Hugh V of Maine. Still, he had been made his father's heir. Twice the barons had taken an oath of fealty to him as their future leader. In 1077 Robert got into an argument with his father. He demanded to rule Normandy which he had on at least on occasion while William was in England. William was not able to reason with his son and Robert left angry. The next day Robert and his followers attempted to seize Rouen. The siege failed. After rebelling against his father all he could do was go into exile.  Robert first went to Chateauneuf-en-Thymerais. He then fled to Flanders to the court of his uncle Robert I, Count of Flanders.  In the spring of 1080 Robert was back on good terms with his father. He again made Robert his heir for Normandy in the presences of his barons. Later that summer or early fall Robert went with his father to England. William placed Robert in charge of a large army to march north and deal with King Malcolm III of Scotland. Malcolm had been raiding the north of
October is the second album by Irish rock band U2. It was released on 12 October 1981. The album is about spirituality. It got mixed reviews and it was not played much by radio stations. Recording. After touring for Boy, U2 began to write new songs. The band started recording in the studio in July 1981. Then Bono lost his notebook with the lyrics after a show in Portland, Oregon. He had to make up the words to songs as he was singing on the microphone. His lost notebook was returned many years later, in 2004. Bono said its return was "an act of grace". Reception. When it was released, "October" got more mixed reviews than their first album, "Boy". Dave McCullough of "Sounds" magazine praised the album. He said: "A kind of zenith pop then, no half measures. It all breathes fire... 'Gloria' being possibly Their Finest Moment and 'Tomorrow', low and muted, gently oozing emotion". McCullough also said, "This "October" will last forever". Adam Sweeting of "Melody Maker" also gave a good review. He said: "Their whole musical sensibility is shaped by a strong emotional bond to their homeland and its traditions. It gives them a completely different frame of reference from most groups... But, "NME" gave a negative review. Barney Hoskyns talked about the "excessive plaintiveness of Bono's voice and the forced power of U2's sound". He also said: "Obviously rock doesn't expire just because groups run out of ways to change it... U2, I guess, will continue to 'move' in live performance, but they will only move on the lightest surface. Their music does 'soar'... But then 'God' knows, there are other religions". Track listing. All of the songs were written by U2, and all of the lyrics were written by Bono.
Alavus () is a city in Finland. As of 31 May 2013, 12,349 people lived there. Nearby municipalities are Alajärvi, Kuortane, Seinäjoki, Virrat and Ähtäri.
The Battle of Shiloh was a battle in the American Civil War. It was fought on April 6 and April 7, 1862, in Tennessee. It was one of the bloodiest battles of the Civil War. Background. The Union Army of the Tennessee was commanded by Ulysses S. Grant. Grant had captured Fort Henry and Fort Donelson in western Tennessee during the early months of 1862. This forced the Confederate Army to leave Kentucky, western Tennessee, and central Tennessee. Grant wanted to capture the city of Corinth, Mississippi, next. But his superior, Henry W. Halleck, didn't want Grant to go any further south until other Union soldiers joined him. So Grant moved his army to a place called Pittsburg Landing, which was on the Tennessee River. There was a church near the landing called Shiloh Church. His army stayed there for several weeks. General Albert Sidney Johnston commanded the Confederates. Johnston's second-in-command was P. G. T. Beauregard. Beauregard came up with a plan to recapture western Tennessee. Confederate soldiers from all over the Western theater gathered in Corinth. Then, starting on April 3rd, they marched north toward Grant's army. The Confederate Army was ready to attack on the morning of the 6th. The Battle. The battle started around dawn on April 6th. The Confederates surprised the Union Army. After fighting all day, Grant's army retreated back to Pittsburg Landing. Johnston was killed during the battle, and Beauregard took over the Confederate Army. More Union soldiers arrived at the battlefield during the night. They were part of the Army of the Ohio, commanded by Don Carlos Buell. Grant attacked the Confederates the next morning. The two armies fought all morning and during the afternoon. By 4 p.m., Beauregard decided to retreat back to Corinth. Aftermath. The Confederates lost 10,698 casualties during the battle. Union soldiers buried the Confederate dead on the battlefield. The Union Army lost about 14,500 casualties during the battle.
The Panavia Tornado is a twin-turbojet attack and electronic warfare aircraft. It was built by three European countries: Germany, Italy, and the United Kingdom. Its first flight was in 1974. Its introduction was in 1979. The Royal Air Force used it in the Gulf War, war in Afghanistan, and war in Libya. Saudi Arabia also uses this aircraft. The Tornado ADV is a fighter variant.
Brunel University London (BUL) is a public research university in London, England. It is named after Isambard Kingdom Brunel. In June 1966, Brunel College of Advanced Technology was given a royal charter and eventually became Brunel University London. The university is often described as a British plate glass university. Brunel University London is sorted into three colleges. It is this way because of a major internal reorganization in September 2014. The University has over 16,150 students and 2,500 staff. They had a total income of £237 million in the 2019–20 school year. 30% of this income came from grants and research contracts. Brunel University London has three constituent academic colleges: The College of Business, Arts and Social Sciences; The College of Engineering, Design and Physical Sciences; and The Colleges of Health, Medical, and Life services. Brunel University London is part of the Association of Commonwealth Universities, the European University Association, and Universities UK.
Sarah Alice (Addams) Haldeman (June 5, 1853 – March 19, 1915) was a United States craftswoman, banker and philanthropist. She was the sister of social activist Jane Addams. She was born in Cedarville, Illinois. Haldeman died from pneumonia. She outlived her husband and managed his bank after his death.
Charles Brenton Huggins (September 22, 1901 – January 12, 1997) was a Canadian-born American physician, physiologist, and cancer researcher at the University of Chicago specializing in prostate cancer. He was awarded the 1966 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for discovering that hormones could be used to control the spread of some cancers. Huggins was born on September 22, 1901 in Halifax, Nova Scotia. He studied at Acadia University and at Harvard University. Huggins died on January 22, 1997 in Chicago, Illinois from natural causes, aged 95.
Hugh Dempster (August 3, 1900 – April 30, 1987) was a British theatre and movie actor. Dempster was born on August 3, 1900 in London, England.  He starred in "Vice Versa", "Anna Karenina", "The Winslow Boy", "The Fan", "Scrooge", "The House Across the Lake", and in "The Ghost Train".  Dempster died from pneumonia on April 30, 1987 in Chicago, Illinois, aged 86.
James Bolesworth Bradwell (April 16, 1828 – November 30, 1907) was an American lawyer, judge, and a representative from Illinois. Bradwell was born April 16, 1828, at Loughborough, England to American parents. He was raised in Utica, New York and in Jacksonville, Illinois. In 1852, he married Myra Colby. They had four children. Bradwell died on November 30, 1907 in Chicago, Illinois from pneumonia, aged 79.
Thomas Reed (1817–1878), was a Danish architect. He was born in the 19th century in the Saint Croix Island (in the time when it was a dependent territory of the Kingdom of Denmark) in 1817. He studied in Germany and England, and arrived to Colombia in 1847. In Bogotá he was contracted to build the Colombian National Capitol by the president Tomás Cipriano de Mosquera. He also designed the Panopticon prison which was adapted in 1975 for the Colombian National Museum. Reed died in 1878 in Guayaquil, Ecuador, aged 61.
Jacqueline Ruth "Jacki" Weaver (born 25 May 1947) is an Australian theatre, film, and television actress. Career. Weaver played in many movies, TV productions and theater performances since the 1970s. In 1971, she got an "Australian Film Institute Award" for her performance in the movie "Stork" as "Anna". She got an award in the category supporting role for her performance in "Caddie" in 1976. In 2010, she was best known for her role as "Janine Cody" in "Animal Kingdom". She got many prizes for it, including the Australian Film Institute, the "National Board of Review Award", the "LAFCA-Award" and the "Satellite Award" in the category supporting actress. In 2012, she played in the movie "Silver Linings Playbook". For this performance, she got an Academy Award nomination in the category supporting actress.
Glasnost () was a policy that called for increased openness in government institutions and activities in the Soviet Union. It was introduced by Mikhail Gorbachev in the second half of the 1980s. Glasnost is often paired with Perestroika (restructuring), another reform instituted by Gorbachev at the same time. The word "glasnost" has been used in Russian at least since the end of the 18th century. The word was often used by Gorbachev for policies he believed might reduce corruption at the top, and moderate the abuse of power by the Central Committee. Russian human rights activist and dissident Lyudmila Alexeyeva explained glasnost as a word that "had been in the Russian language for centuries. It was in the dictionaries and lawbooks as long as there had been dictionaries and lawbooks. It was an ordinary, hardworking, nondescript word that was used to refer to a process, any process of justice of governance, being conducted in the open". Glasnost can also refer to the specific period in the history of the USSR during the 1980s when there was less censorship and greater freedom of information.
The nerve cord is a bundle of nerve fibres which run the length of an animal's body. In invertebrates it runs along the ventral side under the gut. In chordates it runs along the dorsal side above the gut. In vertebrates it runs inside the backbone, and is called the spinal cord.
Ion Creangă (1 March 1837, Humulești, Romania – 31 December 1889, Iași) was a Moldavian writer. He wrote all kinds of stories including his autobiography "" (English: "Childhood memories").
Tower of Saviors is a video game which is developed in Hong Kong. Since July 2013, this game has been downloaded over 5,000,000 times. Seventy-five percent of players are Taiwanese. Copying issue. The gameplay and characters are similar to "Puzzle &amp; Dragons", a Japanese game. The person in charge said that the game has referenced other games, such as "Puzzle &amp; Dragons".
An interest rate is how much interest is paid by borrowers for the money that they borrow. It is usually a percentage of the sum borrowed. So, a simple 10% interest means that if one borrows $100, one pays back $110.  Interest rates in a country are usually guided by a base rate set by its central bank. The interest rate to businesses and citizens is always above the base rate .
John Preston Amis (17 June 1922 – 1 August 2013 ) was a British broadcaster, classical music critic, music administrator, radio and television personality, and writer. He was a writer for "The Guardian" and to BBC radio and television music programming. Amis was born on 17 June 1922 in Dulwich, London, England. He studied at Dulwich College. Amis was the cousin of Kingsley Amis. In 1949, he married the violinist Olive Zorian. The marriage was dissolved in 1955 and Zorian died in 1965. Amis died on 1 August 2013 from natural causes, aged 91.
The General Atomics MQ-1 Predator is an American unmanned aerial vehicle. It is used by the US Air Force and the CIA for reconnaissance and as light attack aircraft. It is a single-engine aircraft. It was used in Afghanistan and Iraq. Its main weapon is the AGM-114 Hellfire light missile. Italy, Morocco, and UAE are foreign operators.
Pica d'Estats (Catalan and Spanish: "Pica d'Estats", French: "Pic d'Estats") is a 3,143-m-high mountain in the Montcalm Massif, Pyrenees. on the Spanish–French border. In France, it is the highest point in the Department of Ariège. In Spain, it is the highest point of the autonomous community of Catalonia and of the province of Lleida. Geography. The summit of this mountain is on the border of the Regional Natural Park of the Pyrenees of Ariége (). The Pica d'Estats is in a group of mountains that forms the "Massif du Montcalm", and is the highest of the mountains in the East-Central Pyrennes. The summit has three peaks, all very close to each other: The group of three peaks runs north-northwest to southeast along the Spanish–French border. Geologie. The summit of Pica d'Estats is made of granite. Climate. Even with its altitude, the Pica d'Estats does not have much snow. History. The first ascent of this peak was made by Corabœuf &amp; Jean-Jacques Testu in 1827. Henry Russell climbed this peak in June 1864.
The Treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte was signed in the autumn of 911. It was a treaty between Charles the Simple and Rollo, one of the leaders of the Vikings living in Neustria. It was to protect Charles' kingdom from any new invasion by the "Northmen. In 911, a group of Vikings lead by Rollo Paris and Chartres. After a victory near Chartres on 26 August, Charles decided to try to reach an agreement with Rollo. The talks were led by Hervé, the Archbishop of Reims. The result was the Treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte. The treaty granted Rollo all land between the river Epte and the sea in exchange for his fealty. In addition, the treaty granted Rollo Brittany "for his ". At the time, Brittany was an independent region which France had not been able to control. In exchange, Rollo promised the king his loyalty, which involved military assistance for the protection of the kingdom. As a token of his good will, Rollo also agreed to be baptised and marry Gisela a daughter of king Charles. The territory covered by the treaty is nearly the same as today’s Upper Normandy down to the Seine river. It would later extend west beyond the Seine to form the Duchy of Normandy, named for the northmen who ruled it. The treaty was entered into after the death of Alan I, King of Brittany and at the time another group of Vikings occupied Brittany. Around 937 Alan I's son, Alan II returned from England to expel those Vikings from Brittany. This happened in 939. During this period the Cotentin Peninsula was lost by Brittany and gained by Normandy.
The Epte is a river in Seine-Maritime and Eure, in Normandy, France. It is a tributary of the river Seine. It begins in Seine-Maritime department in the Pays de Bray, near Forges-les-Eaux. The river empties into the Seine not far from Giverny. In 911, the Treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte established the river as the historical boundary between Normandy and Île-de-France. This divided the traditional county of the Vexin into two parts. The Norman Vexin became a part of Normandy while the French Vexin remained a part of the Île-de-France. A series of castles were built on both banks of the Epte to guard this frontier.  Claude Monet lived at Giverny near the river for more than forty years. In his garden, by diverting a branch of the Epte, he established a water garden with its famous water-lily pond and a Japanese-style bridge. The river appears in several of his works, including "Peupliers au bord de l'Epte" (Poplars on the Banks of the Epte).
Puzzle &amp; Dragons is a Japanese mobile game. It was developed by GungHo Online Entertainment. There is a role-playing game at the top where the player gets to fight dragons and other monsters. The lower part of the screen is a puzzle game. Players have to replace the gems and connect three gems of the same color.
An electrostatic loudspeaker is a design of speaker. The sound is generated by force placed on a membrane suspended in an electrostatic field. The electrostatic loudspeaker is almost like magnetostatic loudspeaker but it does not use high currents, it uses high voltages. The membrane (a thin film) is controlled by voltage, and it moves between metal plates which are full of small holes. The sound quality from modern models of electrostatic loudspeaker is good.
Amazing Alex was a puzzle game developed by Rovio Entertainment. It is one of the first Rovio games to not be in the "Angry Birds" series since the original "Angry Birds" game. Reception. On Google Play, this game is rated as 4.3 out of 5 stars. Harry Slater of Pocket Gamer a player of this game, prefers "Angry Birds" to "Amazing Alex". He said, "That's not to say that "Amazing Alex" isn't an addictive experience - it's just that compared to "Angry Birds", there's less excitement involved. You rarely feel like throwing your arms in the air when you've completed a puzzle, for example, and the absence of any kind of antagonist reduces the stakes slightly."
Todmorden is a town and civil parish in Calderdale, West Yorkshire, England. In 2011 there were 15481 people living in Todmorden. The town hall is found in the middle of the settlement overlooking the main market area. The market attracts many visitors. Wednesday, Friday and Saturday are the main days to find traders on the outdoor stalls. However, the indoor market is open six days a week. There is also a park that usually has two ice-cream vans. There are seven primary schools in Todmorden. In Todmorden there are three churches, but only one is still functional. There are many monuments in Todmorden, including Stoodley Pike, the John Fielden Statue and The Lucky Dog. The Lucky dog sits in the left hand back corner of what used to be the old Todmorden Hospital that was used in the war to treat injured soldiers and citizens.
William "Clito" (1102–1128), was the Count of Flanders and Duke of Normandy. His "Clito" was a Latin term meaning the same as the Anglo-Saxon "". Both "Clito" and "Atheling" signified a "man of royal blood", or the modern term "prince". History and family. Youth. William was the son of Robert Curthose, Duke of Normandy, and his wife Sybilla of Conversano. She was the daughter of Geoffrey, Count of Conversano (in southern Italy). His father, the Duke of Normandy was defeated and captured by his brother Henry I of England at the Battle of Tinchebrai in (1106). Robert Curthose went with Henry I to Falaise where Henry met his nephew the young William Clito for the first time. Henry placed his nephew in the custody of Helias of Saint Saens, Count of Arques. Helias had married a daughter of Duke Robert, his friend and lord. The boy William stayed under the care of Helias until August 1110. At that time the king suddenly sent agents to demand the boy be handed over to him. At the time Helias was away from home. But his servants hid the boy and smuggled him to their master. Helias fled to safety among Henry's enemies. First Norman Rebellion, 1118–19. William’s first refuge was with King Henry’s great enemy, Robert de Bellême, who had extensive lands south of Normandy. When Robert of Bellême was captured in 1112, William and Helias fled to the court of the young Count Baldwin VII of Flanders who was another of William’s cousins. In 1118 a number of Norman counts and barons were tired enough of King Henry to ally with Count Baldwin. They took up William Clito’s cause and started a dangerous rebellion. The Norman border counts and Count Baldwin were too powerful for the king to fight. They seized much of the north part of Normandy. But the campaign quickly ended when count Baldwin was injured at the siege of Arques (September 1118). The next year the cause of William Clito was taken up by
Alajärvi is a city in Southern Ostrobothnia, Finland. As of January 2014, about 10,250 people lived there. Nearby municipalities are Alavus, Kuortane, Kyyjärvi, Lappajärvi, Lapua, Soini, Vimpeli and Ähtäri. Alajärvi means also a lake, lake Alajärvi. The former municipality of Lehtimäki was merged with Alajärvi on 1 January 2009.
Jakobstad () is a city in Ostrobothnia, Finland. As of January 2014, almost 20,000 people lived there. The municipalities next to it are Larsmo, Pedersöre, and Nykarleby. Kokkola is also nearby. Jakobstad was established in 1652. The people speak two languages: Finnish and Swedish.
Geoffrey V (1113–1151), called the Handsome () and Plantagenet (), was the Count of Anjou, Touraine, and Maine from 1129. He was the Duke of Normandy from 1144. By his marriage to the Empress Matilda, daughter and heiress of Henry I of England, Geoffrey had a son, Henry Curtmantle, who succeeded to the English throne. Geoffrey was the founder of the House of Plantagenet, so named for his nickname. Early career. Geoffrey was the elder son of Fulk V, King of Jerusalem and his wife Ermengarde of Maine. She was the daughter of Elias I of Maine. Geoffrey, born 24 August 1113, was named after his great-grandfather Geoffrey II, Count of Gâtinais. He received his nickname, Plantagenet, from the yellow sprig of broom blossom ("genêt" is the French name for the "planta genista", or broom shrub) he wore in his hat. King Henry I of England sent his royal to Anjou to arrange a marriage between Geoffrey and his daughter, Matilda. Consent was given by both parties. On 10 June 1128 King Henry I knighted the fifteen-year-old Geoffrey. Marriage. In 1128 Geoffrey married Empress Matilda, the daughter and heiress of King Henry I of England and widow of Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor. The marriage was meant to seal a peace between England/Normandy and Anjou. She was about eleven years older than Geoffrey, and very proud of her status as an Empress (as opposed to being a mere Countess). Their marriage was a stormy one with frequent long separations, but she bore him three sons and survived him. Count of Anjou. The year after the marriage Geoffrey's father left for Jerusalem to marry the heiress of the Kingdom of Jerusalem. Geoffrey became the sole count of Anjou. When King Henry I died in 1135, Matilda at once entered Normandy to claim her inheritance. The border districts submitted to her, but England chose her cousin Stephen of Blois for its king