ejaasaari/simplewiki-2025-04-01 huggingface dataset:
Allometry is the study of the relationship of body size to shape. In particular, it refers to the rate of growth of one part of the body compared to other parts.  In most cases, the relative size of body parts changes as the body grows. Most allometric relationships are adaptive. For example, organs which depend on their surface area (such as the intestine) grow faster as the body weight increases. Also, there are changes in allometry as a clade evolves. Allometry is an important way to describe changes in gross morphology (body shape) during evolution. Changes in time of development in an evolutionary series or clade are very common. The trend is known as heterochrony. Allometry was first outlined by Otto Snell in 1892, D'Arcy Thompson in 1917, and Julian Huxley in 1932. The relationship between two measured quantities is often expressed as a power law:  formula_1  or in a logarithmic form:   formula_2 where formula_3 is the scaling exponent of the law. On being the right size. J.B.S. Haldane's 1926 essay "On being the right size" gives an overview of the way size interacts with body structure. Haldane's thesis is that sheer size very often defines what bodily equipment an animal must have: ""Insects, being so small, do not have oxygen-carrying bloodstreams. What little oxygen their cells require can be absorbed by simple diffusion of air through their bodies. But being larger means an animal must take on complicated oxygen pumping and distributing systems to reach all the cells"." Many of his examples are based on the square-cube law. If an animal's length is doubled, its surface area will be squared and its weight cubed. This alone causes allometric changes in any evolutionary lineage where successive species get larger or smaller. There are many such lineages.
Keiko Tanaka-Ikeda (田中-池田 敬子, born Keiko Tanaka; November 11, 1933 – May 13, 2023), is a Japanese amateur athlete, coach, university professor and sports administrator. She is best known as a gymnast who competed in the 1956 Summer Olympics, in the 1960 Summer Olympics, and in the 1964 Summer Olympics. She won a gold medal on the balance beam at the 1954 World Gymnastics Championships. She is the only Japanese woman to win a gold medal in this international competition. Tanaka-Ikeda died from brain cancer at a nursing home in Kawasaki, Kanagawa, on May 13, 2023, at the age of 89.
Abhinav Bindra (born September 28, 1982, in Dehradun) is an Indian amateur athlete and businessman. He is best known as the current World and Olympic champion in the 10 m Air Rifle event. At the Beijing Olympic Games, he became the first Indian to win an individual Olympic gold medal. Early life. He was born in Punjab. He became interested in shooting a gun as a sport when he was in school in Chandigarh
Lake Mackay (Pintupi: "Wilkinkarra") is a large salt lake in central Australia. It stretches across the border between Western Australia and the Northern Territory. All around it is desert. The Great Sandy Desert is to the northwest, the Tanami Desert is to the northeast, and the Gibson Desert is to the south. There are hundreds of salt lakes along this border area, and Lake Mackay is the largest. It has a surface area of , and is about long from east to west and north to south. It is the second-largest lake in Australia. The lake was named after the first European to visit it, Donald George Mackay. The lake is most often dry, because of quick evaporation. Salt and other minerals float on the surface. Lake Mackay is a central place in dreamtime stories for several Aboriginal groups, especially the Pintupi. The lake forms the centre of the Pintupi ancestral lands. Many sacred paths and tracks come together at the shores of the lake. According to mythology, the lake was formed after a fierce bushfire that ruined the land around it.
Papunya is a small community in central Australia. It is about northwest of Alice Springs in the Northern Territory. The people who live there are Aboriginal people who were forced off their traditional country during the 1930s and 1940s. They are mainly from Pintupi- and Luritja-speaking groups. In the 2006 census, Papunya had a population of 299. The town is now on private Aboriginal land. People visiting or travelling through need a permit. During the late 1950s, a Lutheran mission was set up at Papunya. In the 1970s, many of the people living here moved back to their homelands as part of the outstation movement. The Pintupi moved back west, closer to their homeland around Lake Mackay. They set up the town of Kintore in 1981, about west of Papunya. During this time, local painters were slowly forming a new style of art. By the mid-1980s, it became internationally known as Papunya Tula.
William Thomas Stead (5 July 1849 – 15 April 1912) was a British writer and journalist. He was a pioneer of investigative journalism, and one of the most controversial figures in British journalism during the Victorian era. His death occurred during the sinking of RMS Titanic.
Kintore (Pintupi: "Waḻungurru"; ) is a remote town in the Northern Territory of Australia. It is about west of Alice Springs and close to the border with Western Australia. Almost all the people who live there are Aboriginal, and most are Pintupi. Kintore was founded in 1981. Many Pintupi people who lived in the community of Papunya (to the east) decided to move back to their own country. They had been forced to leave these lands decades before because of weapons testing at Woomera in South Australia. Kintore is a major centre for the Western Desert art movement, which began at Papunya during the 1970s. The paintings made here are visual descriptions of dreamtime stories. They have gained fame around the world. A number of members of the Aboriginal art school Papunya Tula live at Kintore.
Thomas Daniel "Tim" Conway (December 15, 1933 – May 14, 2019) was an American actor, comedian, writer and director. He has worked in sitcoms, comedy sketches, and in movies. Conway is best known for "McHale's Navy" as Ensign Charles Parker. He also voiced Barnacle Boy in "SpongeBob SquarePants". Early life. Conway was born Thomas Daniel Conway in Willoughby, Ohio on December 15, 1933. His mother was Romanian. He was raised in Chagrin Falls, Ohio. Conway went to Bowling Green State University. Personal life. Conway was married twice: His first marriage was to Mary Anne Dalton in 1961. Conway and Dalton had six children. One of them is radio host Tim Conway, Jr.. Conway and Dalton divorced in 1978. Conway's second marriage was in 1984 to Charlene Fusco. Conway and Ernest Borgnine were good friends until Borgnine's death in 2012. Conway died on May 14, 2019, at the age of 85 from complications of normal pressure hydrocephalus.
Cillian Murphy (born 25 May 1976) is an Irish actor and producer. Murphy is known for his roles in Christopher Nolan movies such as Scarecrow in "The Dark Knight Trilogy" (2005–2012). He also appeared in "Inception" and "Dunkirk". He also plays Tommy Shelby in the BBC drama television series "Peaky Blinders". He was nominated for a Golden Globe Award in 2005 for his role as Patrick/Patricia "Kitty" Braden in "Breakfast on Pluto".  In 2023, he played physicist J. Robert Oppenheimer in the Christopher Nolan movie "Oppenheimer" for which he won a Golden Globe Award, a Screen Actors Guild Award, a BAFTA Award and the Academy Award for Best Actor. Early life. Murphy was born on 25 May 1976 in Douglas, County Cork, Ireland. He was raised in Ballintemple, a suburb of Cork. His father, Brendan Murphy, worked for the Irish Department of Education. His mother is a French teacher. He went to University College Cork. Career. Murphy started his career as a rock musician. After he turned down a record deal, he started his acting career in a play in Disco Pigs in 1996. He went on to star in a British and Irish movie and stage production in the late 1990s and early 2000s. His first worldwide role was in 2003 as the hero in the horror movie "28 Days Later". Murphy's best-known roles were villains in two blockbusters: Scarecrow in the superhero movie "Batman Begins", and as Jackson Rippner in the thriller movie "Red Eye". He also played the Scarecrow in the next two Batman movies: "The Dark Knight" and "The Dark Knight Rises". He played the orphan teen in the 2005's "Breakfast on Pluto". For that role, he was nominated for a Golden Globe Award. He played a 1920s Irish revolutionary in "The Wind That Shakes the Barley". He has also played the main protagonist, Thomas Shelby, in the BBC drama "Peaky Blinders". In
Edward Thomas "Tom" Hardy, CBE, (born 15 September 1977) is an English movie, television, stage, voice actor and screenwriter. He is a leading actor in "tough guy" roles on screen and stage. He is known for his roles in Black Hawk Down, ', "RocknRolla", "Bronson", "Inception", "Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy", "This Means War", and the television series '. For his work in "Stuart" he earned a nomination for a BAFTA Award for Best Actor. He also played Freddie Jackson in Martina Cole's "The Take". That was a television movie based on Cole's novel of the same name. He played Bane in Christopher Nolan's 2012 movie "The Dark Knight Rises". Hardy also played Max Rockatansky in "" and as Venom in the 2018 movie "Venom". Hardy appeared as Farrier in the 2017 Nolan movie "Dunkirk".  Hardy created, co-produced, and took the lead in the eight-part historical fiction series "Taboo" (2017) on BBC One and FX. He was born on 15 September 1977 in Hammersmith, London. and is an only child. His parents were Anne (née Barrett) and Edward "Chips" Hardy. He was raised in East Sheen, London. Hardy went to Reed's School, Tower House School, and the Drama Centre London. Hardy married Sarah Ward in 1999. They divorced in 2004. He has a son with ex-girlfriend Rachael Speed, Louis Thomas Hardy (born 8 April 2008). Hardy proposed to actress Charlotte Riley, after a year of dating. They were married in 2014. He was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 2018 Birthday Honours for services to drama.
Marion Cotillard (born September 30, 1975) is a French stage and movie actress, and singer. Career. She made her career well known by roles in such movies as in "La Vie en Rose", "My Sex Life...or How I Got Into an Argument", "Taxi", "Furia", "Jeux d'enfants" and "A Very Long Engagement". She has also appeared in movies like "Big Fish", "A Good Year", "Public Enemies", "Nine", "Inception", "Midnight in Paris", "Contagion", "The Dark Knight Rises" and "Rust and Bone". In 2007, Cotillard starred as a French singer in Édith Piaf in "La Vie en Rose". For that role she won the Academy Award, the BAFTA Award, the César Award, and the Golden Globe Award for best actress. She made movie history by becoming the first person to win an Academy Award for a French language performance. In 2010 she received a Golden Globe nomination for her performance in the musical "Nine". Early Life and Family. Cotillard was born in Paris, France on September 30, 1975 to Jean Claude-Cotillard who is an actor, former mime, and a Molière Award-winning director. Cotillard's mother Monique (known as Niseema) Theillaud, is also an actress and a drama teacher. She has two younger twin brothers, Quentin and Guillaume. Guillaume is a screenwriter and director. She began acting during her childhood, appearing on stage for her father's plays. Personal life. Cotillard currently lives with her partner Guillaume Canet. Many reports say the couple prefers to live a simple lifestyle, and they are often spotted in cafes and shopping together in Paris. Neither of the two discusses their relationship with the media, although photos of the couple regularly surface in the European tabloids. On May 20, 2011, the couple had their first child called Marcel. Filmography. Voice work. Cotillard has dubbed several films and documentaries in France and in the U.S., and also dubbed in French all of her roles in English-language films.
Matthew Avery Modine (born March 22, 1959) is an American actor, activist, director, producer, writer and cinematographer.  His movie roles include Private Joker in Stanley Kubrick's "Full Metal Jacket", the title character in Alan Parker's "Birdy", high school wrestler Louden Swain in "Vision Quest", football star turned spy Alec McCall in "Funcky Monkey" and the oversexed Sullivan Groff in "Weeds". He appeared in Christopher Nolan's "The Dark Knight Rises" as Officer Peter Foley. He also played Dr. Martin Brenner in Netflix's "Stranger Things". He unsuccessfully ran for National President of the SAG-AFTRA two times in 2019 and in 2021. Modine played Vannevar Bush in the 2023 Christopher Nolan movie "Oppenheimer". Personal life. Modine was born on March 22, 1959 in Loma Linda, California. He is the son of Dolores (née Warner), a bookkeeper, and Mark Alexander Modine, who managed a drive-in theater. He was educated at Brigham Young University. He was raised in Salt Lake City, Utah. Modine is married to Caridad Rivera since 1980 and have two children. His daughter, Ruby Modine, is an actress and dancer.
A dacquoise is a dessert cake. It is made with layers of almond and hazelnut meringue and whipped cream or buttercream. The name comes from the French word "", meaning "of Dax". (Dax is a town in southwestern France.) It is usually served chilled with fruit. One form of dacquoise is "marjolaine". "Marjolaine" is long and rectangular and combines almond and hazelnut meringue layers with chocolate buttercream. A classic "dacquoise" is made of two layers of a meringue filled with an egg-yolk-based buttercream. Often, the layers are of a meringue "japonais". (Meringue "japonais" means there are ground nuts added.) The nuts can be blanched almonds or hazelnuts. While this "dacquoise" is based on layers of meringue "japonais", it is held together with a mix of sour cream and milk and dark chocolates.
is a Japanese women's field hockey player who competed in the 2004 Summer Olympics and in three Summer Olympic Games. Early life. Komazawa was born in Sennan, Osaka. As a schoolgirl, she became interested in field hockey. At Tenri University, she played on the school's field hockey team.
The Arjuna Awards were established by monkey the government of India in 1961. The honour recognizes "outstanding achievement in sports and games". The award includes a cash prize. The Arjuna Awards recognise the achievements of the country’s sportsmen. The symbol of the award is a small bronze statue of Arjuna with his bow. International competitions. The Indian government confers Arjuna Award on selected athletes who take part in Olympic Games, Asian Games, Commonwealth Games, World Cup Championships and sports for the physically challenged.
Karnam Malleswari (born June 1, 1975) is an Indian athlete. She is best known as a weightlifter who won a bronze medal in the 2000 Summer Olympics at Sydney. She became the first Indian woman to stand on an Olympic victor's podium, and she was the only Indian to win a medal in the 2000 olympic games. In 1992, Malleswari was the first Indian woman to win a world title in any sport.
Rajyavardhan Singh Rathore (born January 29, 1970) Jaisalmer, Rajasthan is an Indian athlete. He is best known for shooting in the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens. In the 2004 games, Rathore finished second in the men's double-trap shooting event. He was the first Indian to win an individual silver medal.
Sir Bradley Marc Wiggins, CBE (born 28 April 1980) is a British cyclist. He was born in Ghent, Belgium. He grew up in Kilburn and Maida Vale, London. His mother Linda is English; his father was Australian cyclist Gary Wiggins (1952-2008).  Wiggins won a bronze medal at the 2000 Summer Olympics, a gold medal, silver medal and bronze medal at the 2004 Summer Olympics, two gold medals at the 2008 Summer Olympics and a gold medal at the 2012 Summer Olympics. He won the 2012 Tour de France.
David William Kelly (July 11, 1929 – February 12, 2012) was an Irish actor. He acted in several movies and television shows from the 1950s until his death in 2012. Kelly is known in Ireland as Rashers Tierney in "Strumpet City". In Britain, he is known as Cousin Edna in "Me Mammy" and as the builder Mr. O'Reilly in "Fawlty Towers". In the United States, Kelly is known as Grandpa Joe in Tim Burton's "Charlie and the Chocolate Factory". He is also known as Michael O'Sullivan in "Waking Ned". Kelly was born on July 11, 1929 in Dublin, Ireland. He went to The Abbey School of Acting. Kelly was married to Laurie Morton from 1961 until his death in 2012. They had two children; David Kelly, Jr. and Miriam Kelly. Kelly died on February 12, 2012, his cause of death was pneumonia complicated by lung cancer in Dublin, Ireland. He was 82 years old. Kelly was buried at the Mount Jerome Cemetery &amp; Crematorium.
Jonathan Frid (John Herbert Frid; December 2, 1924 – April 14, 2012) was a Canadian stage, radio, voice, television, and movie actor. He was best known for playing the role of vampire Barnabas Collins on the Gothic American television show "Dark Shadows".  Frid was born on December 2, 1924 in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. He had Scottish, English, German, and Danish ancestry. He learned how to become an actor in Ontario, New York City, and London. Frid was not married.  Frid died in the early hours of April 14, 2012 at the Juravinski Hospital in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. He died from complications of pneumonia due to a fall he had several days before, he was 87 years old. Frid had a nephew David Howitt, who confirmed his death.
is a Japanese athlete. He is best known as an equestrian rider who participated in three Summer Olympic Games. Hoketsu is the oldest Olympian to compete for Japan. He is the second oldest Olympian after Oscar Swahn who was a 72-year-old Swedish shooter who won bronze medal at the 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp.
Francis Michael Gough (23 November 1916 – 17 March 2011) was an English character actor who as appeared in over 150 movies. He is perhaps best known world wide for his roles in the Hammer Horror Films from 1958, and for his work as Batman's loyal butler Alfred Pennyworth in "Batman", "Batman Returns", "Batman Forever", and "Batman &amp; Robin". Gough and actor Pat Hingle are the only two actors to appear in all 4 Batman movies directed by Tim Burton or Joel Schumacher. Gough has also been in some other Tim Burton movies, "Sleepy Hollow", "Tim Burton's Corpse Bride", and "Alice in Wonderland". Early life. Gough was born on 23 November 1916 in Kuala Lumpur, British Malaya. His parents were Frances Atkins (née Baillie) and Frances Berkely Gough. Personal life. Gough was married four times; first to Dinan Graves they divorced. Second to Anne Leon in 1950 through 1964. Third to Anneke Wills in 1962 until they divorced in 1979. Lastly to Henrietta Lawrence in 1980 until his death in 2011. Gough had 3 children; Emma, Simon, and Jasper. Death. Gough died on 17 March 2011 in his home in Salisbury, Wiltshire from pneumonia complicated from prostate cancer. He was 94 years old. He was cremated. Michael Keaton who played Batman in the first two Batman films, said "To Mick - my butler, my confidant, my friend, my Alfred. I love you. God bless. Michael (Mr. Wayne) Keaton.". Gough was cremated and his ashes were rest at sea.
The 2012 Aurora shooting took place in Aurora, Colorado, United States, on 20 July 2012. Gunman James Eagan Holmes shot dead 12 people and wounded 58 others at "The Dark Knight Rises" premiere at a movie theater. He was arrested a few minutes later.  Holmes was convicted in 2015 of twenty-four counts of first-degree murder, 140 counts of attempted first-degree murder, one count of possessing explosives and a sentence enhancement of a crime of violence. He was sentenced to life in prison without possibility of parole.
Martin Patterson "Pat" Hingle (July 19, 1924 January 3, 2009) was an American actor. He played Commissioner James Gordon in the Tim Burton/Joel Schumacher Batman films: "Batman", "Batman Returns", "Batman Forever", and "Batman &amp; Robin". Hingle and Michael Gough are the only two actors to appear in all 4 Batman movies. Hingle worked from 1954 through 2006. Personal life. Hingle was born on July 19, 1924 in Miami, Florida. His parents were Marvin Louise (née Patterson), a schoolteacher and musician, and Clarence Martin Hingle, a building contractor. Hingle enlisted in the U.S. Navy in December 1941, dropping out of the University of Texas. He served on the destroyer "USS Marshall" during World War II. He returned to the University of Texas after the war ended and earned a degree in radio broadcasting. He learned to act at the Actors Studio. Hingle was married two times; first to Alyce Faye Dorsey in 1947 until they divorced in 1972. He was married to Julie Wright from 1979 until his death in 2009. Hingle had 3 children with Dorsey; Jody, Billy, and Molly. With Wright, he had two children. Hingle graduated from Weslaco High School in Weslaco, Texas in 1942. Near death experience. In 1960, he had been offered the title role in "Elmer Gantry", but Burt Lancaster filled the part because Hingle had been in a near fatal accident. He was caught in his West End Avenue apartment building in an elevator that had stalled between the second and third floors. He crawled out and sought to reach the second floor corridor but lost his balance and fell fifty-four feet down the shaft. He fractured his skull, wrist, hip, and most of the ribs on his left side. He broke his left leg in three places and lost the little finger on his left hand. He lay near death for two weeks, and his recovery required more than a year. Death. Hingle died on January 3, 2009 in Carolina Beach, North Carolina from Myelodysplastic syndrome, he was 84 years old. Hingle was cremated and his ashes were scattered into the Atlantic Ocean.
Bernard Hill (17 December 1944 – 5 May 2024) was a British actor. His career began in 1970.  Career. Hill was known for playing Yosser Hughes in the British television drama "Boys from the Blackstuff". He is also known for the roles in movie blockbusters films such as Captain Edward Smith in "Titanic", King Theoden in "The Lord of the Rings movie series", and as the Warden of the San Quentin Prison in Clint Eastwood's "True Crime". For his roles in "Titanic" and "The Lord of the Rings", Hill had roles in two of the three movies with the most Academy Awards of all time. He is the only actor to appear in two movies with a record 11-Academy Award win. Personal life. Hill was born in Blackley, Manchester, England in 17 December 1944. He attended at Xaverian College although back then it was called "The Xaverian School", and then to the Manchester Polytechnic School of Drama at the same time as Richard Griffiths. He graduated with a diploma in theatre in 1970. He was married to Marianna Hill and had a son named Gabriel Hill. In his commentary on "" (2002) Extended Edition DVD, he admits that during the course of shooting he first broke his sternum, then had his ear slashed open by a sword. Hill died on 5 May 2024 in Reydon, Suffolk, England at the age of 79.
The optic nerve, also known as cranial nerve II or simply as CN II, is one of twelve cranial nerves but is also considered to be part of the central nervous system. It sends information from the retina (the outermost part of the eye) to the brain. The brain forms a picture using the information so that you can see things. The retina sees the image upside-down and the optic nerve sends it to the brain so it turns it back into normal.
Aaron Edward Eckhart (born March 22, 1968) is an American movie, television, stage, and voice actor. Eckhart became known world-wide in such films as in "Erin Brockovich" (2000), and gained a Golden Globe Award nomination for Best Actor for his role in "Thank You for Smoking" (2006). He is also known for his role as Two-Face in the 2008 summer blockbuster "The Dark Kinght" (2008). Eckhart alongside Nicole Kidman worked in a movie called "Rabbit Hole" (2010) Eckhart was born in Cupertino, California on March 22, 1968. He was raised in Los Angeles, California. Eckhart studied at the American Community School and at the American International School of Sydney. He was once engaged to actress Emily Cline. They separated in 1998. Eckhart now lives in Beverly Hills, California.