ejaasaari/simplewiki-2025-04-01 huggingface dataset:
Endemism is an ecological word meaning that a plant or animal lives only in a particular location, such as a specific island, habitat type, nation or other defined zone. For example, many species of lemur are endemic to the island of Madagascar.  There are two types of endemism - paleoendemism and neoendemism. "Paleoendemism" means that a species used to live in a large area but now lives only in a smaller area. "Neoendemism" means that a species has recently appeared which is closely related to the main species or one that has formed following hybridization and is now classified as a separate species. This is a common process in plants especially those which exhibit polyploidy. The opposite of endemism is cosmopolitan distribution. Endemic types are most likely to develop on islands because they are isolated. This includes remote island groups, like the Hawaiian Islands, the Galápagos Islands, and Socotra. Endemism can also occur in areas which are separated from other similar areas like the highlands of Ethiopia, or large bodies of water like Lake Baikal. Endemics can easily become endangered or extinct because of only living in a small area. They are also vulnerable to the actions of people, including the introduction of new organisms. There were millions of both Bermuda petrels and "Bermuda cedars" (actually junipers) in Bermuda when it was settled at the start of the 17th century. By the end of the century, the petrels were thought to be extinct. Cedars, whose numbers were low as a result of centuries of shipbuilding, were nearly made extinct in the 20th Century by the introduction of a parasite. Both petrels and cedars are very rare today, as are other species endemic or native to Bermuda. Endemic organisms are not the same as indigenous organisms — a species that is indigenous to somewhere may be native to other locations as well. An introduced species, also known as a naturalized or exotic species, is an organism that is not indigenous to a given place or area. Ecoregions with high endemism. According to the World Wildlife Fund, the following ecoregions have the highest percentage of endemic plants: Threats to highly endemistic regions. Some of the principal threats to these special ecosystems are:
The namtap or spectacled dormouse ("Graphiurus ocularis") is a species of rodent in the Gliridae family, and one of the four Dormouse species which are endemic to South Africa. The namtap has a bushy tale like a squirrel, a fairly short muzzle (the part of the Dormouse's head which includes the nose, mouth and jaws), small ears and soft fur. Its face has white and grey marks, with dark rings (like spectacles) around its eyes. Its cheeks, underparts and the upper surfaces of its paws are white. Its tail is usually has a white tip. It is only found in western South Africa. It can usually be found in rocky habitats, as well as in trees and outbuildings. It is nocturnal and it is good at climbing. It mainly eats seeds, other plant material and invertebrates.
Michael Rogers Oldfield Thomas (usually known as "Oldfield Thomas") FRS (February 21, 1858 – June 16, 1929) was a British zoologist. Thomas worked at the Natural History Museum in their mammals department. He described about 2,000 new species and sub-species for the first time. He was given a job in the Museum Secretary's office in 1876. In 1878 he moved to the Zoological Department. In 1891 Thomas married a woman who was an heiress to a large amount of money. Having this money allowed him to hire mammal collectors and to give their specimens to the museum. In 1896 when William Henry Flower took control of the Department he hired Richard Lydekker to rearrange the exhibitions. This gave Thomas the time to concentrate on these new specimens. He committed suicide in 1929 when he was 71 years old. This was not long after the death of his wife.
The twin paradox in physics is a thought experiment in special relativity. It involves identical twins, one of whom makes a journey into space in a high-speed rocket and returns home to find that the twin who remained on Earth has aged more.  The paradox depends upon the unspoken idea that the passage of time is the same in all circumstances. But this is not correct. Time is relative and the speed of light through a vacuum is the only constant. And the universe is relativistic, not Newtonian. Every single test which has been made has shown this.
The centriole is a cytoplasmic structure in most eukaryote cells. It is involved in cell division and in the formation of cilia and flagella. Centrioles are not found in vascular plants and in most fungi. Most centrioles are nine sets of microtubule triplets, arranged in a cylinder. A pair of centrioles, arranged perpendicularly and surrounded by a mass of dense material makes up the centrosome.
In cell biology, the centrosome is an organelle that is the main place where cell microtubules are organized. Also, it regulates the cell division cycle, the stages which lead up to one cell dividing in two.  The centrosome was discovered by Edouard Van Beneden in 1883, and was described and named in 1888 by Theodor Boveri.  The centrosome has apparently only evolved in animal cells. Fungi and plants use other structures to organize their microtubules. Although the centrosome has a key role in efficient mitosis in animal cells, it is not necessary. A centrosome is composed of two centrioles at right angles to each another. They are surrounded by a shapeless mass of protein. Roles of the centrosome. The centrosome is copied only once per cell cycle. Each daughter cell inherits one centrosome, containing two centrioles. The centrosome replicates during the interphase of the cell cycle. During the prophase of mitosis, the centrosomes migrate to opposite poles of the cell. The mitotic spindle then forms between the two centrosomes. Upon division, each daughter cell receives one centrosome.  Centrosomes are not needed for the mitosis to happen. When the centrosomes are irradiated by a laser, mitosis proceeds with a normal spindle. In the absence of the centrosome, the microtubules of the spindle are focused to form a bipolar spindle. Many cells can completely undergo interphase without centrosomes. It also helps in cell division. Although centrosomes are not needed for mitosis or the survival of the cell, "they are needed for survival of the organism". Cells without centrosomes lack certain microtubules. With centrosomes the cell division is much more accurate and efficient. Some cell types arrest in the following cell cycle when centrosomes are absent, though this doesn't always happen.
A vesicle is a bubble of liquid in a cell. More technically, a vesicle is a small membrane-enclosed sac that stores or transports substances in a cell. Vesicles form naturally because of the properties of lipid membranes. Vesicles can fuse with the plasma membrane, and release their contents outside the cell. Vesicles can also fuse with other organelles within the cell.  A vesicle is sometimes formed when the cell is doing endocytosis. Endocytosis is how a cell's membrane takes in a particle from the outside and brings it inside the cell with a vesicle around it. Vesicles are also more commonly known as nuclear membranes, because they're very similar to the cell membrane.  They can be found in animal cells.
The cytoskeleton is a kind of scaffolding present in all cells. It is made of protein. It keeps cell shape, protects the cell and enables cells to move (using structures such as flagella and cilia). It helps transport inside the cytoplasm (the movement of vesicles and organelles, for example), and in cell division. The concept and the term ("cytosquelette", in French) was introduced by French embryologist Paul Wintrebert in 1931. Eukaryote cells contain three main kinds of cytoskeletal filaments, which are "microfilaments" (actin filaments), "intermediate filaments", and "microtubules". They give the cell structure and shape. Cytoskeletal elements interact closely and often with the cell membrane and the endoplasmic reticulum.
The woolly dormouse ("Dryomys laniger") is a species of rodent in the Gliridae family. It is endemic to Turkey.
The Chinese dormouse or Sichuan dormouse ("Chaetocauda sichuanensis") is a species of dormouse that lives in subalpine mixed forests in northern Sichuan, China.  Only two female specimens have even been caught. These were both caught in the Wanglang Natural Reserve and was first described by Wang Youzhi in 1985. Corbet and Hill (1991, 1992) relisted it under a new genus as "Chaetocauda sichuanensis". It is the only member of the genus Chaetocauda. The two specimens had the following measurements: Cjaetocauda is nocturnal (it is awake at night) and arboreal (lives in trees). It nests in trees about above the ground and the two specimens were found at an altitude of more than above sea level. It is classified as endangered by the IUCN as of the 2004 Red List due to its small isolated habitat.
The forest dormice, genus Dryomys, are a genus of dormouse found throughout much of Eurasia. They are usually found in forests or thickets.  The length of the head and body is , and the length of the tail is . The animals weigh . Natural history. These dormice hibernate in tree hollows or in burrows. At night they nest in low branches or shrubs. They spend most of their lives in trees. They are nocturnal animals.  They are omnivorous feeding on seeds, acorns, buds, invertebrates, eggs, and baby birds.  Forest dormice in southern areas breed from March to December. Forest dormice in northern areas breed from May to August. Gestation takes 21-30 days and 2-5 young are born at a time.
Eliomys is a genus of rodent in the Gliridae family. It contains the following species:
The Asian garden dormouse ("Eliomys melanurus") is a species of rodent in the Gliridae family. It is found in Algeria, Egypt, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Tunisia, and Turkey. Its natural habitats are temperate forests, subtropical or tropical dry shrubland, Mediterranean-type shrubby vegetation, and rocky areas.
Johann Andreas Wagner (21 March 1797 – 17 December 1861) was a German palaeontologist, zoologist and archaeologist. Wagner was a professor at the University of Munich. He was also the curator of the Zoologische Staatssammlung (the German State Zoology Collection). He was the author of "Die Geographische Verbreitung der Säugethiere Dargestellt" (1844-46).
The garden dormouse ("Eliomys quercinus") is a rodent in the dormouse family. Features. Garden Dormice are usually in length, with the tail adding another . It weighs . The coat is gray or brown and it is white underneath. The garden dormouse has black eye marks, large ears (for a rodent), short hair, and a white tassel at the end of the tail. Range and habitat. The garden dormouse's "main" habitat is the forest (and not usually gardens), though it can also be found in fruit-growing regions. It is very common in southern Europe, but its range (the area in can be found) goes up to the north of Europe. Garden dormice are often found in the Alps, in the Bavaria Forest, and in the Ore Mountains. The species can also be found in northern Germany, but the population there is low. In the Netherlands, it is nearly extinct. In 2007 only nine animals were found in two woods in Limburg. It used to be very common in this area. Scientists think that his is because the landscape has changed. They also think that climate change might be a reason, because it interrupts the Dormice's hibernation. How the dormice live. Garden dormice are mostly nocturnal. They sleep in spherical nests in trees during the day. At night they look for food like larger insects (grasshoppers and beetle), snails, eggs, baby birds, small mice, and spiders. They also eat berries, fruit, and nuts (like acorns and beechnuts). While omnivorous, the diet of dormice contains a bit more animal protein than vegetation. The mating period is from April to June. To show that she is ready for mating, the female squeaks loudly. The babies are usually born in litters of three to seven, after a gestation period of 23 days. The babies are blind and have no fur when they are born. They open their eyes after about eighteen days. They are nursed until they are one month old. When they are two months old, they live on their own. They become ready to mate when they are a year
Myomimus is a genus of dormouse in the Gliridae family.  It contains the following species:
Charles Spence Bate, or Spence Bate, FRS (March 16, 1819 – July 29, 1889) was a British zoologist and dentist, who lived in Swansea and Plymouth. He was an expert on the crustacea. He often wrote to Charles Darwin, mainly about their shared interest in barnacles. He wrote "A history of the British sessile-eyed Crustacea" with J. O. Westwood. A number of species are named after him:
The desert dormouse ("Selevinia betpakdalaensis") is a species of rodent in the dormouse family Gliridae. When it was first found, the species was placed in its own family, the Seleviniidae, but now it is considered to be a dormouse. It is the only species in the genus "Selevinia". It is endemic to Kazakhstan.
Glirinae is a subfamily of dormice ("Gliridae"). It contains two genera, "Glirulus" and "Glis". These genera have one species each: "Glirulus japonicus" (the Japanese dormouse) and "Glis glis" (the edible dormouse).
The Japanese dormouse ("Glirulus japonicus") is a species of rodent in the Gliridae family. It is the only species in the genus Glirulus. It is endemic to Japan.  Its natural habitat is temperate forests. In Japanese it is called "Yamane" (山鼠). It has the special ability of running at great speed upside down, underneath branches. Its main food is nectar or pollen, although nursing females will eat small insects.
Heinrich Rudolf Schinz (March 30, 1777 - March 8, 1861) was a Swiss physician and naturalist. Schinz was born at Zurich and studied medicine at Würzburg and Jena. In 1798 he returning to Zurich to work as a doctor. In 1804 he became a teacher at the medical school. In 1833 he became professor of natural history at the University of Zurich. Schinz was also curator of the Natural History Society of Zurich. He also wrote a lot of important zoological books between 1824 and 1852. These included "Das Thierreich" (1821-4), "Naturgeschichte und Abbildungen der Reptilien" (1833-4), and "Europäsche Fauna" (1840). Karl Joseph Brodtmann made the pictures for these books.
This is a list of colonial administrators in The Gambia from when Fort James was created by the United Kingdom in 1815 until The Gambia's independence in 1965. Lieutenant Governors of The Gambia (1829–1843). In 1821, The Gambia became a British colony. A lieutenant governor was appointed in 1829. They reported to the Governor of Sierra Leone. Governors of The Gambia (1843–1866). Between 1843 and 1866, a governor was appointed who was independent of the Governor of Sierra Leone. Administrators of The Gambia (1866–1901). In 1866 the job of governor was replaced with that of an administrator who reported to the Governor of Sierra Leone. Governors of The Gambia (1901–1965). In 1901, an independent governor was again created. In 1965, The Gambia achieved independence from the United Kingdom. After independence, the viceroy in The Gambia was the Governor-General of the Gambia.
This is a list of colonial administrators in Sierra Leone from the establishment of the Province of Freedom by the Committee for the Relief of the Black Poor in 1787 until Sierra Leone's independence in 1961. Administrator (1787). On 14 May 1787, the Province of Freedom was founded by the Committee for the Relief of the Black Poor for freed slaves. Governor (1787-1789). On 22 August 1788, the Province of Freedom and the land along the Freetown peninsula was given to Captain John Taylor of the HMS "Miro". In 1789, it was abandoned. Agent (1791-1792). In January 1791, Granville Town was taken back by the St. George Bay Company. Superintendent (1792). In 1792, Freetown was founded as the main town of the newly established Colony of Sierra Leone Governors (1792-1827). On 5 July 1799, the Province of Freedom was renamed Sierra Leone. On 1 January 1808, Sierra Leone (including the coastal area) becomes a Crown colony of the United Kingdom, and the Sierra Leone Company stopped being in charge. On 17 October 1821, Sierra Leone territory became part of British West African Territories. Its Governorship was held by the Governor (from 1827 until 1837 Lieutenant governor) of Sierra Leone. Governors (1837-1961). On 13 January 1850, Sierra Leone becomes a separate crown colony again. On 19 February 1866, Sierra Leone territory becomes part of the British West African Settlements. Its Governorship was held by the Governor of Sierra Leone. On 17 December 1874, British West African Settlements became known as British West Africa Settlements. On 28 November 1888, the Sierra Leone became a separate crown colony again. On 24 August 1895, the land by the coast of Sierra Leone became a British protectorate, and the crown colony was renamed as the Sierra Leone Colony and Protectorate. In 1961, Sierra Leone achieved independence from the United Kingdom. After independence, the viceroy in Sierra Leone was the Governor-General of Sierra Leone.
This is a list of colonial heads of the Bahamas. The first English settlement in the Bahamas was on Eleuthera. In 1670, the king gave the Bahamas to the Lords Proprietors of the Province of Carolina, but the islands were left alone. The local pirates proclaimed a 'Privateers' Republic' with Edward Teach ("Blackbeard") as chief magistrate in 1703. In 1717, the Bahamas became a British crown colony, and the pirates were moved out. During the American War of Independence, the Bahamas were occupied by both the American and Spanish armies. In 1964, the Bahamas achieved self-governance. In 1973 the Bahamas were given full independence. Hugh Wentworth was the 1st governor of the Bahamas . Proprietary Governors of the Bahamas (1670–1706). On November 1 1670, the Bahamas were granted to the Lords Proprietors of the Province of Carolina: The islands were mainly left alone, but the Lords Proprietors appointed Proprietary Governors to administer them: In 1684, a joint French and Spanish fleet destroyed Charles Town (now called Nassau). Pirate Rule (1706–1718). From 1706 until July 26 1718, the Bahamas were ruled by the anarchic "Privateer's Republic", including: Governors of the Bahamas (1717–1969). In 1717 the Bahamas became a British crown colony. The pirates were driven out in 1718 by Woodes Rogers, the colony's first governor. Governors of the Commonwealth of the Bahama Islands (1969–1973). In 1969, the crown colony became the Commonwealth of the Bahama Islands. On July 10 1973, the Bahamas achieved independence from Britain. Following independence, the viceroy in the Bahamas was the Governor-General of the Bahamas. List of heads of state of Bahamas List of presidents of Bahamas
This page contains a list of viceroys in Barbados from when Great Britain started a colony in 1627 by England until Barbados received independence in 1966. From 1833 to 1885, Barbados was part of the colony of the Windward Islands, and the Governor of Barbados represented the monarch in all the Windward Islands. In 1885 Barbados became an independent colony again. Governors of Barbados and the Windward Islands (1833–1885). In 1833, Barbados became part of the new colony of the Windward Islands and the Governor of Barbados became viceroy over the new colony as well. Governors of Barbados (1885–1966). In 1885, Grenada took over responsibility for the Windward Islands instead of Barbados. On 29 November 1966, Barbados achieved independence from the United Kingdom. For a list of viceroys in Barbados after independence, see Governor-General of Barbados.
The centromere is a special region of a chromosome, usually near the middle. It is where the two identical sister chromatids stay in contact as the chromosome attaches to the spindle in mitosis. The region contains specific types of DNA, which are tandem repetitive sequences (satellite DNA). These sequences bind specific proteins called "cen"-proteins. During mitosis the centromeres can be seen during the "metaphase" stage as a constriction at the chromosome. At this centromeric constriction the two halves of the chromosome, the sister chromatids, are held together until late metaphase.
The phrase Grand Cross is used to describe the highest grade in many types of knighthood. Sometimes the person with the highest grade are called "knights grand cross" or just "grand crosses". Sometimes the actual medallion or ribbon is called "the grand cross" and not the person. In some orders, the highest grade may be called the "grand cordon", "grand collar" or something like this. In those cases the rank of grand cross may come after another rank, but before the highest grade. As an example:
Rhizobia are Gram-negative soil bacteria which grow inside the root nodules of legumes (the pea family: Fabaceae).  The growth of this bacteria is beneficial to their plant host. They fix (absorb and chemically change) nitrogen from the air and convert it into the chemical ammonia (through the help of enzymes). The host plant breaks down this ammonia and uses it for growth.  In return, the plants provide the bacteria with nutrients for growth from products of plant photosynthesis.  Rhizobia require a plant host; they cannot independently fix nitrogen. As this relationship is beneficial for both plant and bacteria involved, it is a classic example of symbiosis and mutualism which are found in all Rhizobia. Rhizobia is very important in aiding plant growth in soils with low Nitrogen concentrations and is classed as a fertiliser for soil. History. Rhizobia was discovered by Martinus Willem Beijerinck in 1888. The word rhizobia comes from the Ancient Greek "ῥίζα" (rhiza) for root and "βίος" (bios) for life.
Paul Steinitz (born Chichester, 25 August 1909; died Old Oxted, Surrey, 21 April 1988) was an English conductor and organist. He was one of the first musicians in the 20th century to make a careful study of the way that music by Johann Sebastian Bach should be performed so that it would sound like it used to in Bach’s day, in the early 18th century. He started a choir called the London Bach Society and a group of instrumentalists called the Steinitz Bach Players. He conducted them in lots of concerts. During the space of 25 years he performed all the cantatas of J.S. Bach in London. There are over 200 of them. Life. Paul Steinitz was born in Chichester, West Sussex, in the south of England in 1909. His father was an Anglican clergyman. He became a student at the Royal Academy of Music, studying under George Oldroyd. He was a very good organist and got his FRCO diploma in 1930. In the 1930s he was Director of Music at the church of St. Mary's Ashford, Kent. There he became very interested in the music of Bach while studying for his Doctorate  In 1946, he started the London Bach Society. Then he became Director of Music and organist at the Priory Church of St. Bartholomew-the-Great in London, which was a very old church, a lecturer at University of London and a Professor at the Royal Academy of Music. London Bach Society. When Paul Steinitz founded the London Bach Society he wanted them to perform Bach’s music. Most musicians in those days played Bach in an exaggerated, romantic style, using large choirs and orchestras, playing with lots of vibrato, and with lots of changes of speed which Bach would not have done. Steinitz wanted to show people how Bach’s works should sound. From 1950, he performed them in German. When more musicians started to learn how to play period instruments he started to use these. In 1952, he conducted the first performance in Britain of