ejaasaari/simplewiki-2025-04-01 huggingface dataset:
The Southern Railway (SR), was one of the Big Four British railway companies from 1923 to 1948. It was established under the Railways Act 1921. The railway was formed by the amalgamation of smaller companies. The largest of these were the London and South Western Railway, the London, Brighton and South Coast Railway, and the South Eastern and Chatham Railway.  The SR contained notable examples of civil engineering, linking London with the Channel ports, South West England and Kent. Construction of what was to become the Southern began in 1838 with the opening of the London and Southampton Railway, which was renamed the London and South Western Railway.
An electric multiple unit or EMU for short, is a type multiple unit train consisting of many carriages using electricity as the motive power.  EMU trains are generally used on rapid transit lines, such as the Singapore MRT and the Melbourne rail network. As a result of this, EMU's usually lack features such as toilets, on-board food and comfy seats.
This page lists every locomotive allocated a TOPS classification and all modern traction (e.g. diesel, electric, gas turbine, petrol) stock used on the mainline network since 1948 (i.e. British Railways and post-privatisation). Diesel locomotives. The 1955 diesel locomotive classes are given in brackets where applicable. A large number of different shunter types were purchased by British Rail and its predecessors, many of which were withdrawn prior to the introduction of TOPS. The tables below attempt to list the different types and the different classifications used to describe them as clearly as possible: Small shunters: under 300 hp. Shunter classes are listed by 1955 class, which puts TOPS classes in ascending order, and generally puts 1948 and 1962 classes in ascending order. Unclassed shunters are placed at the start of the table; TOPS class 07 has been placed so its 1962 class is in the logical place. Type 2 locomotives: 1001 - 1499hp. Locomotive class are listed by TOPS class. Locomotives for TOPS classes 24 and 26 have their original sub-classes shown, as each wholly comprised locomotives from a distinct 1962 class. Miscellaneous locomotives. Class 99. When British Rail implemented the TOPS system for managing their operating stock, part of their shipping fleet was incorporated into the system as Class 99, in order to circumvent some of the restrictions of the application software. Builders' demonstrators. These were locomotives built and owned by private firms, but used by British Rail to test them. Unbuilt locomotives. A number of TOPS class numbers were allocated to proposed locomotives, both diesel and electric, which for many reasons were not proceeded with.
This is a list of British Rail diesel multiple unit classes. First generation "Heritage" DMUs. TOPS classes
This page lists every electric-powered multiple unit allocated a TOPS classification or used on the mainline network since 1948 (i.e. British Railways and post-privatisation). British Rail operated a wide variety of electric multiple units for use on electrified lines. AC EMUs and dual-voltage EMUs. Modern Generation. These use electrical switching devices (thyristors and transistors) and have electronic power control. DC EMUs. Southern Region units. The Southern Railway and its successor, the Southern Region of British Rail, used three letter codes to classify their DC EMU fleets, as shown after the TOPS class numbers. Other DC units. The 500 series classes were reserved for DC (third/fourth rail) EMUs not from the Southern Region. This included the DC (third/fourth rail) lines in North London, Merseyside and Greater Manchester. The DC electric network around Tyneside had been de-electrified by the time TOPS was introduced, and the stock withdrawn or transferred to the Southern Region. TOPS classes Pre-TOPS classes Battery electric multiple unit (BEMU). This was a one-off unit, withdrawn before the introduction of TOPS.
The 900 series classes were reserved for multiple units in departmental stock, most of which were converted from old passenger units. In broad terms, classes 930-935 were allocated to Southern Region multiple units (ex-200 and 400 series), 936 &amp; 937 to other EMUs (ex-300 and 500 series) and 960 to other DMUs (ex-100 series). In recent years, this has been less rigidly adhered to. Electric multiple units. The original use for the Southern Region (SR) classes are included in brackets; these designations have been less rigidly applied in recent years.
Pacer trains were railbuses built by British Rail between 1980 and 1987. There were several classes of them: 140, 141, 142, 143 and 144. They were diesel multiple unit trains, meaning each carriage had its own diesel engine. Pacers were built as a stopgap because British Rail did not have enough normal trains at the time and could not get new ones quickly enough. They were not supposed to be used for more than 20 years, but it actually took nearly 35 years to replace them. Most Pacer trains were put out of use in 2020. Two things finally made this happen. The first is that it is difficult for people with disabilities to climb onto Pacer trains. The Rail Vehicle Accessibility Regulations require that all public passenger trains must be made easy to use for disabled people by 2020 - but they made an exception for the Pacer trains until the end of 2020. Only one Pacer (the modernised 144e) follows this rule right now. The second is that the Transport Secretary made a decision in 2015 to retire the Pacers by 2020 for the then-new Northern service, arguing that it would be bad for the economy in the north to keep using "these uncomfortable and low-quality vehicles". At the start of 2020, 138 Pacer units were still being used or stored by three National Rail operators: Northern Trains, Great Western Railway and Transport for Wales. Northern Trains retired its last Pacer unit on 27 November 2020, and so did Great Western Railway in December 2020. Transport for Wales kept using their Class 143s into the first part of 2021 until May 2021. Features. The Pacer series were made to keep building and running costs low, so all of the Pacer units use: Background. At the beginning of the 1980s British Rail (BR) needed to make new trains to replace its old first generation diesel multiple units (DMUs) which had been built between the mid-1950s and early-1960s. These old trains had helped replace steam and were popular with the public at the time.
Coradia is the name given to the range of diesel and Electric multiple unit inter-city and regional trains manufactured by Alstom. There are a number of variants of this series, used in several countries.
A diesel multiple unit or DMU is a multiple unit train consisting of multiple carriages powered by one or more on-board diesel engines. They may also be referred to as a railcar or railmotor, depending on country. Transmission. The diesel engine drives the train through a transmission system. The transmission system may be:
British Rail 18100 was a prototype main line gas turbine-electric locomotive built for British Railways in 1951. It was built by Metropolitan Vickers, Manchester. It was ordered by the Great Western Railway in the 1940s, but construction was delayed by World War II. It spent its working life on the Western Region of British Railways, operating express passenger services from London Paddington station. Rebuilding. It was rebuilt as an electric locomotive in 1958 and became British Rail Class 80. It was scrapped in 1973.
British Rail 18000 was a prototype mainline gas turbine-electric locomotive built for British Railways in 1949. It was built by Brown, Boveri &amp; Cie. It was ordered by the Great Western Railway in 1940, but construction was delayed by World War II. It spent its working life on the Western Region of British Railways, operating express passenger services from London Paddington station. Preservation. The locomotive is preserved at Didcot Railway Centre.
LNER Class Y11 was a class of petrol powered 0-4-0 locomotives built by Motor Rail &amp; Tram Car Company Limited under their "Simplex" brand and introduced in the years 1919–1925 for the London and North Eastern Railway (LNER). Their British Railways numbers were 15097–15099.
The British Rail Class 97/6 0-6-0 diesel shunting locomotives were purpose-built for departmental duties by Ruston &amp; Hornsby at Lincoln in 1953 (97650) or 1959 (97651-654). There are minor technical differences between 97650 and the 1959 batch.
The British Rail Class ES1 was a class of two electric locomotives commissioned by the North Eastern Railway in 1902. They were of steeplecab design. History. There was a short railway from Trafalgar Yard in Manors East to Newcastle Quayside that was opened in 1870. Shaped like a horseshoe, it had tight corners, small tunnels and steep slopes. As steam locomotives and their crews found it hard, the NER wanted this railway electrified. Thus, on 5 June 1905, electric operations started. For this purpose, two electric locomotives were built. They were able to operate on both overhead wires and third rail. This is because third rail is dangerous for workers in yards to walk over, and the small tunnels did not have room for the overhead wires. Train crews found these electric engines too cold during early work shifts. This was because crews were used to the heat from steam locomotives. To fix this problem, heaters were added to the cab in 1906. The nose-fitted bow collector was changed to the roof-mounted pantograph sometime after the First World War. In 1945, both engines were properly known as class ES1. They were simply known as numbers 1 and 2 until then. The London and North Eastern Railway changed numbers for both locomotives to 6480 and 6481 in 1946. This was changed again by British Railways in 1948, this time to 26500 and 26501. In June 1961, number 26500 was recoloured from black to bright green. 26501 also received this same colour in March 1962. Both locomotives had this colour when built in 1904. On 29 February 1964, British Railways stopped using electric operations on the Quayside Branch. Class 03 diesels were used instead, until the line was closed on 16 June 1969. The two ES1 locomotives were then put aside at Hellifield sheds in January 1965. Number 26501 was thrown away and recycled in April 1966. 26500 ended up in the Leicester museum, which was closed in 1975. It was then moved to the National Railway Museum in York. It is on display at the Locomotion Museum in Shildon since October 2004 when the venue opened.
The Class EF1 ("Electric Freight 1") was a class of electric locomotives used by the North Eastern Railway. They were also classified as EB1 for a short period, although only a single locomotive was modified to "EB1" condition. History. In 1913, the NER decided to electrify the line from Shildon to Newport near Middlesbrough. That railway was used to transport coal from the mines near Shildon to the port of Newport. Wires were brought up in stages in 1915 and 1916. As part of the plan, ten locomotives were built at Darlington Works. Siemens provided the electrical equipment. The first of these engines were delivered in 1914. They were numbered 3 to 12, following the two ES1 locomotives. At their best, the electrics were only a slight improvement over steam locomotives. On empty trains, they could haul 800 tons, 100 more than the steam engines. The need to renew the electrical infrastructure and declining coal traffic were becoming a problem. These were the reasons the London and North Eastern Railway decided to pull down the wires in 1935. The electric engines, now useless but still had potential, were put into store at Darlington. In 1945, all ten engines were classified as EB1. Only one, number 11, was actually modified for banking duties. The other nine were reclassified as EF1 in 1949. The EF1s were all discarded in 1950. Meanwhile, the sole EB1 was used as a shunter at Ilford depot in 1949. By then it was renumbered 26510. It was then transferred to departmental stock (as No. 100) in 1959. It was eventually  thrown away in 1964.
The British Rail Class EE1 was an electric locomotive commissioned by the North Eastern Railway in 1922. Ownership passed to the London and North Eastern Railway in 1923 and to British Railways in 1948. History. Background. The main line between York and Newcastle upon Tyne was the North Eastern Railway's primary route. It was so busy that upgrades to the line were necessary. Doubling it would meet some challenges, so electrification was the solution. Electric traction presented a 26% cost decrease compared to steam locomotives. Additionally, the NER stated that five electric engines can do the work of 13 steam engines. Construction and career. The design for a 1,800 hp locomotive was made in 1920. A year later, construction was ordered. In May 1922, locomotive No.13 emerged from Darlington Works. Metropolitan Vickers provided the electrical parts. The locomotive's body shape was similar to that of the EF1s working on the Shildon coal railway. Plans for the electrification of the York-Newcastle line was shelved in 1923. This was due to economic problems, and 's little enthusiasm in carrying on the project. With no use found for number 13, it was put into storage at Darlington Works. It was recoloured green for the centenary of the Stockton and Darlington Railway in 1925. The locomotive was sometimes brought out for a select few railway events as an exhibit. Eventually, the engine ended up at South Gosforth car sheds in 1947. Number 13 was not identified as class EE1 until 4 October 1945. In May 1946, the engine's number was changed to 6999. British Railways changed the number again to 26600 in 1948. On 21 August 1950, British Railways made its decision to throw away the sole EE1. The locomotive was towed by a steam locomotive to Rotherdam on 15 December. It was where the electric engine was scrapped.
The BB 22200 is a class of electric locomotives in service with the French railways SNCF, built by Alstom between 1976-1986. They are a polycurrent version (1500 CV direct current and 25 kV 50 Hz AC) of the BB 7200 and BB 15000 classes, with which it shares the exterior appearance. Thanks to this characteristic they can run in all French electrified lines.
Southampton Corporation Tramways No. 45, or Southampton 45, is an open-top tramcar. It was built in 1903 by Hurst Nelson. At first it had a three window saloon, before being rebuilt by Southampton Corporation Tramways with a four window one. The tram looks out of proportion as it had to pass through the very low Bathgate Arch in the centre of Southampton. A normal sized tram would not have been able to have passed underneath the arch. The tramcar operated from 1903 until the Southampton system closed in 1949. At an enthusiasts' tour of the system, the Museum Committee of the Light Railway Transport League bought the tram for £10. This price included a refurbished truck and a full repaint. This act began the entire preservation movement of British tramways. After it had been purchased the tram travelled the country as there was not yet a museum set up that could store the tram. By 1955 the tram was being stored at Marton depot in Blackpool. It was soon given to the Tramway Museum Society (TMS) and moved to the National Motor Museum at Beaulieu, Hampshire. It was placed next to Newcastle 102, another preserved tramcar. Both of the trams were in an open-air display. The tram moved to Crich Tramway Village in October 1960, and has been there ever since. It is in regular use during the summer months and is the museum's only operational open-top tramcar.
The Acanthocephala (Greek "akanthos", thorn + "kephale", head) are a group of parasitic worms. They are modified rotifers. They may be known as "acanthocephales", "thorny-headed worms", or "spiny-headed worms". They have an evertable proboscis, armed with spines, which they use to pierce and hold the gut wall of the host. Acanthocephalans have no gut and absorb nutrients directly from the host’s gut.  Acanthocephalans have complex life cycles, with various hosts, including invertebrates, fishes, amphibians, birds, and mammals. The juveniles are parasitic in crustaceans and insects. Adults live in the digestive tract of vertebrates, especially fish. About 1150 species have been described. The Acanthocephala were thought to be a separate phylum. Recent genome analysis has shown that they are closely related to rotifers. Since all parasites are derived from free-living forms, the Acanthocephalans are modified rotifers. This is an example of molecular phylogenetics. In due course, spiny-headed worms will probably be placed in a taxonomic rank below phylum, such as sub-phylum or class.
Second Polish Republic was name of Polish state from 1918 (end of WWI) through 1939 (start of WWII). When its borders were fixed in 1922 after several wars, it had borders with Czechoslovakia, Weimar Republic (Germany), Free City of Danzig, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania and Soviet Union. Józef Piłsudski was the leader during most of the state's existence. WW2. The Second Polish Republic, in 1939, refused to make territorial changes towards Germany. The Invasion of Poland (1939) brought the occupation of Poland by the German Reich and the Soviet Union 39 days later. The government fled to the United Kingdom and became the Polish government-in-exile, while based in London. It continued its existence in Poland as the Polish Underground State until 1945 when Poland was released but made a Communist satellite state of the Soviet Union. The pre-war government remained in exile until the collapse of Communism in 1990. Afterwards, it dissolved and handed its roles over to the current Polish State.
Ze (З, з) is the eighth letter in the Cyrillic alphabet. It sounds like [z]. It looks like a "3" and can be mixed up with Э. It came from the Greek letter zeta and corresponds to the Roman letter Z.
I (И, и) is the ninth letter in the Cyrillic alphabet. It sounds like [i] or [ee]. It looks like a backwards N. The lowercase и's italic looks like a "и". Its old name was "izhe". It came from the Greek eta and stands for the Roman I. There is another letter, the decimal I ("І", "і"), that sounds the same as И. Russian, Macedonian, Serbian and Bulgarian languages use only И; and Church Slavonic and Ukrainian uses both И and і. To tell the letters apart, И is sometimes called "octal I" because was eighth in the Cyrillic numeral system.
Noritada Saneyoshi (born 19 October 1972) is a former Japanese football player and football manager. He has played for Gamba Osaka. Managerial statistics.  Manager statistics
Nobuyuki Furo (born 1 January 1980) is a Japanese football goalkeeping coach. He coaches for Cerezo Osaka.
is a former Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team. Biography. Sogahata was born in Kashima on August 2, 1979. He joined J1 League club Kashima Antlers based in his local from youth team in 1998. He debuted against Avispa Fukuoka on May 8, 1999 and played several matches until 2000. Although he could not play many matches behind Japan national team player Daijiro Takakuwa until 2000, Sogahata played in semifinals and final at 2000 J.League Cup and Antlers won the champions. He was also selected "New Hero Awards". In 2001, he became a regular goalkeeper instead Takakuwa and Sogahata played as regular goalkeeper for long time. Antlers won the champions in 2001 J1 League for 2 years in a row. In 2002 season, he was selected Best Eleven award. Antlers also won the champions in 2002 J.League Cup. In 2007, Antlers won the champions in J1 League for the first time in 6 years. Antlers also won the champions in 2007 Emperor's Cup. Antlers won the champions in J1 League for 3 years in a row (2007-2009). From 2010 season, Antlers won the champions 2010 Emperor's Cup, 2011 and 2012 J.League Cup. He also played all matches from 2008 season to 2014 season. He played for 244 consecutive matches until last match in 2014 season which is J1 League record. In 2015, although he could not play all matches in J1 League, Antlers won the champions in J.League Cup. In 2016, Antlers won the champions in J1 League and qualified for 2016 Club World Cup as host country champions. At Club World Cup, he played all 4 matches and won the 2nd place. In 2017, Antlers gained new goalkeeper Kwoun Sun-tae and Sogahata battles for the position with Kwoun Sun-tae
Justice Longs Christopher (24 December 1981 – 9 March 2022) was a Nigerian football player. He played for Nigeria national team. Christopher died on 9 March 2022 in Jos, Nigeria at the age of 40.
Haruna Babangida (born 1 October 1982) is a Nigerian former football player. Source: Honours. Olympiacos
Guus Hiddink (born 8 November 1946) is a Dutch football player turned manager. Russia. Hiddink is better known as a trainer. He is a very successful trainer. He trained the Russia national team, and Zenit St. Petersburg club. He also coached the Netherlands national team (Oranje, Orange) and won several tournaments. He is generally considered one of the greatest football trainers of all time. After he made the Russian National team almost World Champion (even defeating the renowned Dutch team) he became a national Russian hero. He got a statue in Moscow and several newborn boys in Russia were given "Guus" as a first name to honour him. South Korea. Hiddink has coached the Korea Republic national team in the early 2000s. He managed to get the team in the semi-finals for the first time in South Korean football history. For this, the South Koreans built a stadium in his honour. It was build in the cityn of Gwangju and was named ""Guus Hiddink Stadium". Chelsea. Hiddink coached the British club Chelsea in 2009. He succeeded their former coach Luiz Felipe Scolari. He did a much better job and thanks to Hiddink Chelsea made many victories. Commentators said that Hiddink: "had rejuvenated Chelsea following Scolari's departure"". Hiddink won the FA Cup with Chelsea that year, beating Everton 2-1 in the final. Honours. Player. De Graafschap San Jose Earthquakes Manager. PSV Eindhoven Netherlands Real Madrid South Korea Russia Chelsea Individual
is a former Japanese football player and manager. He played for the Japan national team. Biography. Hara was born in Nasushiobara on October 19, 1958. After graduating from Waseda University, he joined Japan Soccer League club Mitsubishi Motors (later "Urawa Reds") in 1981. The club won 1981 JSL Cup and 1982 Japan Soccer League. He played as a regular player from first season and played in all matches in the league until 1987/88 season. After that, club performance was not good and also played in Division 2. He retired in 1992. He played 192 games and scored 65 goals in the league. On November 19, 1978, when Hara was a Waseda University student, he debuted for the Japan national team against Soviet Union. He also played at 1978 Asian Games and 1982 World Cup qualification in 1980. From 1983, he played in Japan's all matches until 1987. He played 75 games and scored 37 goals for Japan until 1987. After the retirement, Hara started coaching career at Urawa Reds in 1992. He served as an assistant coach until 1997. In 1998, he was promoted to a manager. However he was sacked for poor performance in summer 1999. In 2002, he signed with FC Tokyo. He led the club to win the 2004 J.League Cup which was first major title in the club history. He resigned end of 2005 season. In 2007, he managed FC Tokyo in one season again. In February 2009, He was appointed by Japan Football Association as its new technical director. After 2010 World Cup, he managed Japan national team as caretaker in 2 matches until Alberto Zaccheroni became a new manager. Statistics. 192||65 192||65 !Total||75||37