ejaasaari/simplewiki-2025-04-01 huggingface dataset:
After World War II Nazi Germany west of the Oder-Neisse line was divided into four occupation zones. This had been agreed in London in September 1944. They were occupied by the allied powers who defeated Germany (the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom and the United States) and by France. This was done for administrative purposes during the period 1945-1949. In the closing weeks of fighting in Europe the American forces had actually pushed beyond the previously agreed upon occupation zone boundaries, sometimes by as much as 200 miles. After about two months of holding certain areas meant to be in the Soviet zone, the American forces withdrew during July 1945.
Topaz is a silicate mineral. Along with silicate, it includes the chemical elements aluminium and fluorine with the chemical formula Al2SiO4(F,OH)2. Color and varieties. Pure topaz is colorless and transparent but they usually have colors made by small impurities. The typical topaz is wine, yellow, pale gray, reddish-orange, or blue brown. It can also be made white, pale green, blue, gold, or pink (rare). "Orange topaz", also known as precious topaz, is the traditional November birthstone, the symbol of friendship, and the state gemstone for the US state of Utah. "Imperial topaz" is yellow, pink (rare, if natural) or pink-orange. Some imperial topaz stones can fade if they are exposed too much in the sunlight. "Blue topaz" is the US state Texas' gemstone. "Mystic topaz" is colorless topaz which has been artificially coated, making it rainbow-colored.
Beautiful is a song from Christina Aguilera's fourth album "Stripped". It was written by Linda Perry. Aguilera sings about how people should not be ashamed to show pride in their differences. It was released late in 2002. It was the second single from "Stripped". "Beautiful" won a Grammy Award for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance. In 2004, the character Damian sang the song at the school's talent show in "Mean Girls". It is in the key of E-flat Mixolydian.
The fundamental theorem of algebra is a proven fact about polynomials, sums of multiples of integer powers of one variable. It is based on mathematical analysis, the study of real numbers and limits. It was first proven by German mathematician Carl Friedrich Gauss. It says that for any polynomial formula_1 with the degree formula_2, where formula_3, the polynomial equation formula_4 must have at least one root formula_5, and not more than formula_2 roots altogether. Some remarks:
R.E.M. is an American rock band. It was formed in Athens, Georgia in 1980. R.E.M. was one of the first popular alternative rock bands. R.E.M. released its first single, "Radio Free Europe" in 1981. The lead singer of the band was Michael Stipe. During the 1980s, R.E.M. were one of the most important rock bands in the campus radio movement. They became successful internationally in 1987, when they released the songs, "The One I Love" and "It's The End Of The World As We Know It (And I Feel Fine)". They were very popular in the early 1990s and broke-up in 2011. They have been inducted in to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Associated with. R.E.M. has been associated with many different bands within the years. Most of them from different parts of the world.
Israel (), officially the State of Israel (), is a country in southwestern Asia on the eastern side of the Mediterranean Sea. Its capital city is Jerusalem. Israel's population is around 9.8 million people. This includes around 7 million Jews. Most of Israel's other citizens (1.2 million) are Arabs and include Muslims, Christians, and Druze. Israel is approximately 470 kilometers (290 miles) long and 135 kilometers (85 miles) wide at its widest point, making it a relatively small country in terms of land area.  According to the Democratic Index, Israel and Cyprus are the only full democracies in the Middle East. Israel has has a relatively high standard of living and life expectancy. Almost all of its people can read and write. There is a long history of conflict between Israel and Palestine. History. Israel's history begins thousands of years ago, in ancient times. Two major world religions, Judaism and Christianity, began here. The Jewish nation and religion first grew in this region.  Jews and Christians call Israel the Holy Land because many events described in the Bible happened there, and because some commandments of Jewish law can be accomplished only on its soil. Before the Common Era (BCE). Canaanites and other Semitic peoples first populated the area around four thousand years ago. According to the Bible, the first Jewish patriarch, Abraham, lived at this time. Around 1400 BCE, another Semitic people called the Hebrews settled in Canaan under the leadership of Moses and . They were named the “Children of Israel” or “Israelites”, and were divided into 12 tribes.  A few centuries later, the Hebrews made Saul their leader. The next king, David, began the Kingdom of Israel in about 1000 BCE and made Jerusalem its capital city. His son, Solomon, built the first Temple for the worship of their God.  Solomon died around 928 BCE, and his kingdom broke into two countries. The northern country kept the name "Israel". The southern country, called "Judah", kept Jerusalem as its capital. The Assyrians conquered the Kingdom of Israel in 732 BCE. Then, in 586 BCE, the Babylonians conquered
Lake Champlain is a natural freshwater lake in North America along the borders of New York and Vermont and partially across the United States-Canada border in the province of Quebec. The lake was named for the French explorer Samuel de Champlain, who came there in 1609. A region of large freshwater lakes. Lake Champlain is one of a large number of large lakes spread in an arc from Labrador through the northern United States and into the Northwest Territories of Canada. Although it is much smaller than the Great Lakes of Ontario, Erie, Huron, Superior, or Michigan, Lake Champlain is a large body of fresh water. The lake is about in area. It is about long. At its widest point, it is about wide. The maximum depth is about . It contains about 80 islands, including the entirety of Vermont's Grand Isle County. Colonial America and the Revolutionary War. In the colonial times, Lake Champlain gave an easily blocked water (or, in winter, ice) passage between the Saint Lawrence and the Hudson Valleys. Boats and sledges were usually preferable to the unpaved and frequently mud-bound roads of the time. The northern tip of the lake at Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, Quebec (St. John in colonial times) is a short distance from Montreal. The southern tip at Whitehall (Skenesborough in colonial times) is a short distance from Saratoga, Glens Falls, and Albany, New York. Forts at Ticonderoga and Crown Point (Fort St. Frederic) controlled passage of the lake in colonial times. Important battles were fought at Ticonderoga in 1758 and 1777. A important naval battle was fought in 1776 at Valcour Island: in the Battle of Valcour Island, Benedict Arnold delayed British ships enough to prevent the fall of these forts until the following year, allowing the Continental Army to grow stronger and allowing the later victory at Saratoga.
is a Japanese athlete. She is best known as a figure skater. She is a five-times Japanese National Champion, three-times World Championships medalist, and 2003-2004's Grand Prix Final Champion. Profile. Suguri is expressive, her program is called "Suguri World". Her younger sister Chika Suguri is figure skater likewise, too. She was first Japanese skater to win the ISU Grand Prix Final in 2003, and got more Four Continents Championships titles in 2005, and got more World Championships medals than other Japanese figure skaters in 2006.
The United States Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) is an agency of the United States Department of Labor. It was created by Congress under the Occupational Safety and Health Act and was signed by President Richard M. Nixon, on December 29, 1970. Its mission is to prevent work-related injuries, illnesses, and deaths by making and enforcing rules (called standards) for workplace safety and health.
Arsenio Hall (born February 12, 1956) is an American actor and comedian. He hosted his own television talk show, "The Arsenio Hall Show", from 1989 to 1994 on the Fox network. He also had his own sitcom on ABC titled, "Arsenio". Hall co-starred with Eddie Murphy in the movies "Coming to America" and "Harlem Nights". After his own television series ended, Hall sometimes guest-starred on "The Tonight Show" with Jay Leno. Hall was born in Cleveland, Ohio.
Bezenye is a village in the north-west of Hungary. It is very close to the border with Slovakia and only 9 km from the Slovakian capital city Bratislava. The population is about 1600. Archaeologists have found things under the ground which show that the first people to lived there were Old Germanic tribes. Later, Hungarian (Magyar) people lived there. Then troops from Turkey destroyed a lot of the village and the people fled. New people came to live in the area: Croatians and Germans. The Croatians called the village "Bizonja" and the Germans called it "Palersdorf". "Bezenye" is the Hungarian name. It comes from a Slav word "baza" meaning an elderberry tree. After World War II many of the poorer Germans had to go and live in Germany. New Hungarian families from Slovakia came to live in Bezenye. Today Bezenye is not a typical Hungarian village. The people speak a mixture of Hungarian, Croatian, Slovak and German. The Roman Catholic church of the Blessed Virgin Mary has services in Hungarian and Croatian.
The Royal Proclamation of 1763 was issued October 7, 1763, by King George III after Great Britain gained French territory in North America after the end of the French and Indian War/Seven Years' War. The purpose of the Proclamation was to organize Britain's large North American empire, and to make relations with Native Americans better and more stable by controlling trade, settlement, and land purchases on the western frontier. Parliament also wished to gain trust from the natives so they could place forts there.  The war had brought large new western territories to the British Empire but the Proclamation stated that American colonists could not settle or buy land west of a line along the Appalachian Mountains. This angered colonists. Settlers continued to flow into the Ohio River Valley, and Great Britain was unable to provide adequate protection for them. Also, the Proclamation gave Great Britain a monopoly in land bought from Native Americans. The later Quebec Act, 1774 extended the rights of French Catholics, thus further angering English Protestant settlers.
Inkscape is a vector graphics (pictures made from lines instead of dots) drawing program published under the GNU General Public License. Its stated goal is to become a really good drawing tool while being able to fit in with standards for SVG graphics. Inkscape was first made for Linux, but now it is cross-platform and runs on Microsoft Windows, Mac OS X, and other Unix-like operating systems. As of 2007, Inkscape is actively being made better, and new features are added all the time. History. Inkscape began in 2003 as a fork (break-off) of the Sodipodi project. Sodipodi, developed since 1999, was itself based on Raph Levien's Gill (Gnome Illustration Application).
A land grant is a gift of real estate - land or privileges - made by a government or other authority as a reward for services to an individual, especially as rewards for military service. Grants of land are also awarded to individuals and companies to help develop unused land in relatively unpopulated countries. Roman soldiers were given rewards at the end of their service including cash or land ("praemia"). Augustus fixed the amount in AD 5 at 3000 denarii and by the time of Caracalla it had risen to 5000 denarii. In old California, the King of Spain frequently gave land to people he liked, or who helped him.
Pope Leo XIII (; , March 2, 1810 — July 20, 1903), born Vincenzo Gioacchino Raffaele Luigi Pecci, was an Italian priest of the Roman Catholic Church and the 257th Pope from 1878 until his death. Monsignore. Pope Gregory XVI granted Pecci the title Monsignore. In 1903, there were Golden Jubilee celebrations which recalled the 50 years since he was named a cardinal. In 1846, he visited London where he had an audience with Queen Victoria. Bishop. Pecci was Bishop of Perugia for thirty-two years, from 1846 to 1878. Cardinal. In the consistory of 19 December 1853, Pope Pius IX appointed the then Archbishop-Bishop of Perugia to the college of Cardinals thus, assigning him to the Priestbyterial Title of San Crisogono, Archbishop Pecci was one of the two prelates who at that time were elevated the other one was Abp. Camillo di Pietro (later Dean of the College of Cardinals). Pope. In 1878, Cardinal Pecci was elected Pope. After his election, Pope Leo never went outside the gates of the Vatican. Pope Leo was in office until the age of 93. He was the oldest pope and had the second longest papal reign before Pope John Paul II. He is known as the "Pope of the Working Man." Age age 93, the pope died from pneumonia and old age. After his death. The pope lay in State in St. Peter's Basilica. His final resting place is the Basilica of St. John Lateran, which is the official seat of the Bishop of Rome.
Mother Teresa (26 August 1910 – 5 September 1997), was an Albanian Roman Catholic nun who started the Missionaries of Charity and won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1979 for her humanitarian work. For over forty years, she cared for poor, sick, orphaned, and dying people in Calcutta (Kolkata), India. She was guided in part by the ideals of Saint Francis of Assisi. She was born in Skopje, Macedonia, and died in Calcutta. As the Missionaries of Charity grew under her leadership, they expanded their ministry to other countries. By the 1970s Mother Teresa was well known internationally as an advocate for the poor and helpless. This was due in part to a movie and book called "Something Beautiful for God" by Malcolm Muggeridge.  Mother Teresa strongly opposed abortion. She once said: "The greatest destroyer of peace is abortion because if a mother can kill her child, what is left for me to kill you and you to kill me?". Following her death, Pope John Paul II first beatified Mother Teresa. Then on 4 September 2016, in a ceremony at Saint Peter's Church in Vatican City, he named her a saint. He also gave her the title Blessed Teresa of Calcutta.  Saint Mother Teresa received many awards for her work. These included the Nobel Peace Prize in 1979 and the Bharat Ratna (India's highest civilian award) in 1980.  Criticism. Both before and after her death, Mother Teresa received criticism, especially in recent years as debate about abortion grew.  In 1995 Christopher Hitchens wrote a very critical book about Mother Teresa called "The Missionary Position". In the book, he argued that instead of trying to help the poor, Mother Teresa encouraged them to endure pain and continue suffering. He also suggested that she opposed ending poverty and raising women's social status. Later, in a 2003 article for "Slate", Hitchens wrote: "Mother Teresa was not a friend of the poor. She was a friend of poverty. She said that suffering was a gift from God".
Joanna Noëlle Levesque (born December 20, 1990 ), known by her stage name JoJo, is an American singer, songwriter, actress and record producer. She was born in Brattleboro, Vermont and raised in Keene, New Hampshire and Foxborough, Massachusetts. She releases music under the R&amp;B, pop, hip hop and soul music genres. She released her first album, "JoJo", in June 2004. The album's first single "Leave (Get Out)" was number one on the US "Billboard" Pop Chart.
Angela Aames (February 27, 1956 in Pierre, South Dakota – November 27, 1988 in West Hills, California) was an American actress. She was famous for her role in the movie "Bachelor Party". She died of heart problems at the age of 32.
Willie Aames (born Albert William Upton 15 July 1960 in Los Angeles, California), is an actor famous for the roles of Buddy Lembeck on "Charles in Charge", Tommy Bradford on "Eight is Enough" and the voice of Hank on "Dungeons &amp; Dragons", the cartoon. He also hosted a game show "The Krypton Factor" from 1990–91.
William Alexander "Bud" Abbott (October 2, 1897 – April 24, 1974) was an American comedian, actor and producer. He was best known as the straight man half of the comedy duo Abbott and Costello.
Kareem Abdul-Jabbar (born Ferdinand Lewis Alcindor, Jr. on April 16, 1947) is an American former professional basketball player and current assistant coach. He was known as Lew Alcindor before changing his name in the fall of 1971, several years after converting to Islam. He is considered one of the greatest players of all time. He has also had numerous television and movie appearances. Early life. Ferdinand Lewis Alcindor, Jr., was born in Harlem, New York City, on April 16, 1947. His family was not poor: his father was a graduate of the famed Juilliard School of Music in virtuoso trombone. He attended Power Memorial High School in New York. College. Alcindor went to college at UCLA. When he played on the freshman team, it beat the UCLA varsity team that had won two national championships. When he played on the varsity team, it won three national championships. When Alcindor was at UCLA, the NCAA did not allow the dunk, so he developed a hook shot called the skyhook. Alcindor also got a degree in history. Professional basketball career. Alcindor was drafted by the Milwaukee Bucks in the 1969 NBA Draft. He lead the league in scoring twice with the Bucks. He also won three MVP awards with them. In 1975, Abdul-Jabbar was traded to the Los Angeles Lakers. He won three more MVP awards with them, as well as five championships. Abdul-Jabbar played in the NBA until 1989. When he left, he had scored 38,387 points. He was also one of the ten most accurate players, and blocked the third-most shots. Abdul-Jabbar was placed in the Basketball Hall of Fame in 1995. Outside of basketball. Abdul-Jabbar studied martial arts with Bruce Lee, and appears in the Lee movie "The Game of Death". He is also in the movie "Airplane!". Abdul-Jabbar has written several books. Some of them are on basketball, but he has also written a book about the Harlem Renaissance. His book was later made into a documentary movie. Abdul-Jabbar has also been an assistant coach for several NBA teams. Usually, he has helped tall players play better. Abdul-Jabbar has had leukemia since 2009. He accepted Islam after the game. He became an assistant coach after he retired.
Jacob Allen "Jake" Abel (born November 18, 1987 in Canton, Ohio) is an American actor. He is best known for his roles in movie "Go Figure" as Spencer, and in "Threshold". He also played Kirk in an episode of "The Suite Life of Zack and Cody".
Baudrecourt is a village in the Grand Est region of France. It is about half way between Metz and Nancy. The TGV high-speed line from Paris to Strasbourg currently ends there. In 1999, 172 people lived there.
Hayden Lesley Panettiere (born August 21, 1989) is an American actress, singer and a Grammy Award nominee. She first appeared on TV as a baby in commercials, and had her first role at the age of four in the TV show "One Life To Live". She is also well known for her work in trying to stop whaling. In January 2008, Panettiere spoke at an anti-whaling meeting in Washington D.C., and later spoke to representatives from Norway, Iceland and Japan. Her brother is actor Jansen Panettiere.
Amber is the common name for fossil resin. It occurs in different colours, and is widely used for making jewellery and other ornaments. Although not mineralized, amber is sometimes considered as a gemstone. Most of the world's amber is in the range of 30–90 million years old. Semi-fossilized resin or sub-fossil amber is called copal. Baltic amber was called 'Freya's tears' by the Norse and the 'tears of the Heliades' by the ancient Greeks. Amber consists of several resinous bodies that can mostly dissolve in alcohol, ether and chloroform, associated with a bituminous substance that does not dissolve. Amber in geology. Amber is formed from resin coming out of certain trees. It is not tree sap or gum. The resin soon becomes sticky, and later fossilises as amber. The amber can look different depending on its origin, and its later geological history. To end up as amber, the starting resin must resist decay. Many trees produce resin, but usually it is broken down by physical and biological process. Exposure to weather tends to disintegrate resin, assisted by microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi. For resin to survive long enough to become amber, it must resist such forces, or be produced under conditions that exclude them. Baltic amber (historically called Prussian amber) is found as irregular nodules in a marine sand, known as "blue earth," in the Lower Oligocene strata of Sambia in Kaliningrad Oblast, where it is now systematically mined. "Agathis" amber comes from the conifer "Agathis", a tree that used to grow over a much wider area. Amber from America and Africa often comes from the "Hymenaea protera", a genus of legume tree. Amber inclusions. The resin can contain, in addition to the beautifully preserved plant-structures, remains of insects, spiders, annelids, frogs, crustaceans and other small organisms that became trapped while it was fluid. In most cases the organic structure has disappeared, leaving only a cavity, with perhaps a trace of chitin. Locations and use. Amber can be found on all continents of
Resin is a mixture of organic compounds secreted by many plants, especially coniferous trees. Plants evolved many complex chemicals as defences against herbivores. That may be the origin of these resins, which are certainly not good to eat. Plants secrete resins for their protective benefits in response to injury.  The resin protects the plant from insects and pathogens. Resins confound a wide range of herbivores, insects, and pathogens. The volatile phenolic compounds may attract benefactors, that is, parasitoids or predators of the herbivores which attack the plant. Humans also value resins for their many uses. They are used in varnishes, adhesives, as raw materials for organic synthesis, or for incense and perfume. Fossilized resins are the source of amber. The term is also used for synthetic substances with similar properties. Resins contain chemicals composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur. Synthetic resins are used in laminates, adhesives, flooring, linings, etc.  Rosin. Rosin, (also called 'colophony' or 'Greek pitch') is a solid form of resin. It is got from pines and some other plants, mostly conifers. Heating fresh liquid resin vaporizes light volatiles like terpenes.  Rosin is semi-transparent and yellow to black in colour. The term "colophony" comes from "colophonia resina" or "resin from the pine trees of Colophon", an ancient Ionic city. Uses. Rosin has hundreds of uses, of which only a few can be mentioned here. These uses fall into groups, such as: The exit of the resin from the tree. In each type of wood, the resin comes out in a different way. There are trees in which the resin comes from the "trunk" and there are types of trees in which the resin comes out of the "tree branches". Resin Harvesting. Some countries in the world also have wood resin harvesting: The Agricultural Research. There is still no extensive agricultural research regarding the tree resins and also, the exact benefit of the resin production by the tree
Varnish is a transparent, hard, protective finish or film primarily used in wood finishing but also for other materials. Varnish is traditionally a combination of a drying oil, a resin, and a solvent. Resin. Most resin or "gum" varnishes are made of a natural substance dissolved in a solvent. The two main types of natural varnishes are "spirit varnish" (which uses alcohol as a solvent) and turpentine or petroleum-based varnish. Some resins are soluble in both alcohol and turpentine. Shellac is a very widely used single component resin varnish that is dissolved in alcohol. It is not used outdoors or where it will touch water several times, such as around a sink or bathtub. insects in South Asia make it.