ejaasaari/simplewiki-2025-04-01 huggingface dataset:
Messier 82 (also known as NGC 3034, Cigar galaxy or M82) is the nearby starburst galaxy about 12 million light years away in the constellation Ursa Major. It is five times brighter than the whole Milky Way and one hundred times brighter than our galaxy's center. In 2005, the Hubble Space Telescope revealed 197 young massive clusters in the starburst core. The average mass of these clusters is around 2 "M"⊙, hence the starburst core is a very energetic and high-density environment. Throughout the galaxy's center, young stars are being born 10 times faster than they are inside our entire Milky Way Galaxy. Messier 81 triggering starburst. M82 is being physically affected by its larger neighbor, nearby spiral M81. Tidal forces caused by gravity have deformed M82, a process that started about 100 million years ago. This interaction has caused star formation to increase tenfold compared to "normal" galaxies. Recently, M82 has undergone at least one tidal encounter with M81. This resulted in a large amount of gas being funnelled into the galaxy's core over the last 200 million years (myr). The most recent such encounter is thought to have happened around 2–5 years ago and resulted in a concentrated starburst together with a marked peak in the cluster age distribution. This starburst ran for up to ~50 myr at a rate of ~10 "M"⊙ per year. Two subsequent starbursts followed, the last of which (~4–6 myr ago) may have formed the core star clusters. Unknown object. In April 2010, radio astronomers at the Jodrell Bank Observatory of the University of Manchester reported an unknown object in M82. The object started sending out radio waves, and the emission did not look like anything seen anywhere in the universe before. There have been several theories about the nature of this unknown object, but currently no theory entirely fits the observed data. The object is several arcseconds from the center of M82. It has an apparent motion of four times the speed of light relative to the galaxy centre.
The Baby boom galaxy is a starburst galaxy 12.2 billion light years away. It was discovered by NASA's Spitzer Science Center at the California Institute of Technology. The galaxy is the new record holder for the brightest starburst galaxy in the very distant universe, its brightness being a measure of its extreme star-formation rate. The Baby boom galaxy has been called "the extreme stellar machine" because it is seen producing stars at a surprising rate of up to 4,000 per year. Our Milky Way galaxy turns out an average of just 10 stars per year. At its rate, the galaxy needs only 50 million years to grow into an equivalent of the most massive galaxy ever observed. The discovery challenges the accepted model for galaxy formation. This has most galaxies slowly bulking up by absorbing pieces of other galaxies, rather than growing internally. Another unusual aspect is the fact that scientists are observing this galaxy at a time when the universe was only a little over 1.4 billion years old. Evidently, the galaxy was doing this when the universe was still in its infancy. "This galaxy is undergoing a major baby boom, producing most of its stars all at once", said Peter Capak of NASA's Spitzer Science Center. To that, the principal investigator of the Cosmic Evolution Surveyor, Nick Scoville of Caltech responded: "We may be witnessing, for the first time, the formation of one of the most massive elliptical galaxies in the universe". Multi-wavelength. The different colors in the figure of the Baby boom galaxy refers to different wavelengths. The red color refers to new born stars in the galaxy. Interfered lights are giving off as the warm dust is heated by the stars.
The Pontic Greek genocide was the killing of Greek people who lived in the Pontus region of Ottoman Empire in what is the northeast of modern Turkey. The genocide took place between 1914 and 1923. The Young Turks and Kemalists killed or deported Pontians through the Syrian desert. The estimates of the number of people that were killed vary. Most historians say between 350,000 and 353,000 were killed. The genocide ended with the deportation of survivors to Greece during the population exchange between Greece and Turkey in 1923. The agreement to allow this exchange of people was signed after the Second Greco-Turkish War. The Pontic genocide is part of the Greek genocide. It is often seen as separate because of the geographic separation of Pontus and the political and historical features.  Background. Since 700 BC, Pontic Greeks lived near the southern coast of the Black Sea in the Pontus region. They had a strong culture with many important Greek philosophers and writers. In the 11th century, the Turks started moving to central Anatolia in an area that is now Turkey. They moved into the Pontus region. Under the Byzantine Empire (395 CE-1453), the two groups got along well with each other. However, from the start of the Ottoman Empire (1299-1922), the Pontic Greeks were not equal to the rest of the population because they were a Christian minority in a Muslim empire. Many Christian Greeks had better education and a higher economic position in the empire, which made many Muslims angry. Religion was a sign of loyalty in the Ottoman Empire, but most Pontics did not want to change their religion to Islam, which made them be seen as a danger to the empire. The Young Turk Revolution was the main event that changed the lives of Pontic Greeks in Anatolia. The political idea of the Young Turks was to "Turkify" the Ottoman Empire. The movement wanted to bring together everyone who shared the same language, history, and culture. That also meant that everyone who was not part of the group would have to leave. The people in the Ottoman Empire were scared that Christian groups like the Pontic Greeks would try to separate the Muslim
Passion Fish is a 1992 American drama movie written and directed by John Sayles. The movie stars Mary McDonnell, Alfre Woodard, Vondie Curtis-Hall, David Strathairn, Leo Burmester, and Angela Bassett. It tells the story of a soap opera star (Mary McDonnell), who after getting paralyzed in a car accident, is forced to return to her family home and rely upon a series of nurses, forcing each of them to leave her employment until one nurse (Alfre Woodard) shows up guaranteed to stay. The movie is set and was filmed in the Acadiana region of Louisiana in May 1992. The movie premiered in cinemas in the United States on December 9, 1992. The reviews from movie critics were very positive. Mary McDonnell received an Academy Award nomination for Best Actress and Alfre Woodard won an Independent Spirit Award for Best Supporting Female.
Kamoya Kimeu (born c. 1940), a Kamba tribesman, is one of the world's most successful fossil collectors. With paleontologists Meave Leakey and Richard Leakey, he found some of the most significant paleoanthropological discoveries. Kimeu found a "Homo habilis" skull known as KNM ER 1813, and an almost complete "Homo erectus" skeleton known as Turkana Boy or Nariokotome boy. He has two fossil primates named after him: "Kamoyapithecus hamiltoni" and "Cercopithecoides kimeui". Kimeu began to work in paleoanthropology as a labourer for Louis Leakey and Mary Leakey in the 1950s. He was recruited for Mary Leakey's team when she took over as head of excavations at Olduvai. She preferred to hire Kamba men rather than Kikuyu, whom Louis preferred. In 1963 he joined with Richard Leakey's expeditions, accompanying him to the Omo River and Lake Rudolf (now Lake Turkana) in 1967.  He quickly became Richard Leakey's right-hand man, controlling field operations in Leakey's absence. In 1977 he became the National Museums of Kenya's curator for all prehistoric sites in Kenya. Kimeu was awarded the National Geographic Society's LaGorce Medal by the US President Ronald Reagan in a ceremony at the White House.
John Turner (c.1590 – winter of 1620/21) was a passenger on the historic "Mayflower" voyage with his two sons. Turner was also one of the signers of the Mayflower Compact. English Origins. Turner probably came from Great Yarmouth in the county Norfolk, where there were several Turner families at that time. Life in Leiden. Turner was a member of the Separatist church. That was a religion that was not allowed in England. Turner was one the original group who moved to Leiden Holland in 1610 to escape religious persecution with William Bradford and William Brewster. Turner was a merchant and a (political official) of Leiden.  Many of these people lived in Middelburg, Holland. This is located in Zeeland. Turner also delivered mail to the Separatists from their family and friends in England. Turner also brought cargoes of English pewter from London to Holland. He also carried letters between people in Leiden and London. On June 10, 1620, Turner carried information to the congregation on the progress of their planned trip to the New World. On the "Mayflower". According to William Bradford, John Turner traveled on the "Mayflower" with his two sons.  Turner left Plymouth, England on 16 September 1620. There were 102 passengers and 30–40 crew. On 19 November 1620, the "Mayflower" reached land at Cape Cod hook. They landed on November 21. They wrote the Mayflower Compact, which made rules on how they would live and treat each other. John Turner signed the Mayflower Compact. The "Mayflower" was supposed to land in Virginia Colony, but the ship was too damaged and they were forced to land at Cape Cod now called Provincetown Harbor. In Plymouth. After they landed, Turner was part of the group who went out on exploratory trips to look for permanent places to live. Turner was one of the "Mayflower" passengers who would make first contact with the Indians. Turner also had a daughter Elizabeth, who stayed in Leiden. She would have been one year old. Elizabeth Turner married and travelled to
Christopher Martin (15821621) was a merchant by trade. He along with his family traveled on the "Mayflower" in 1620. Martin, wife Mary, son Nathaniel and step-son Solomon all came from Billericay in Essex England. The family did not believe in the Church of England. In 1612, Martin and his wife would not take Holy Communion. Another time, Nathaniel and Solomon made the Church Vicar angry with during a service. Martin got into trouble because he would not give church officials the financial accounts he kept. Martin and his family joined a Separatist church. They all wanted to go to the New World. Martin sold his property and bought passage on the ship. The people asked Martin to help them by buying supplies. He did not spent the money wisely. He purchased things like beer, wine, salted beef and pork, dried peas, fishing supplies, muskets, armor, clothing, tools, and other things to trade with the Native Americans. One thing he purchased, the screw-jack, would be very useful to keep the "Mayflower" from sinking. Voyage. There were two ships going to Virginia Colony, the "Speedwell" and the "Mayflower". Martin was assigned to be the leader of the passengers on the "Speedwell" but the ship needed repairs. A fellow passenger and official of the trip, Robert Cushman said, that Martin will not listen to them, nor allow them to go ashore in case they should run away. Some of the passengers quit the voyage to return to London and lost much or all of their money. Others boarded the "Mayflower" which became very crowded. Christopher Martin left on "Mayflower" in company with his wife Mary, his servant John Langmore and his stepson Solomon Prower. Nathaniel Martin stayed in England. The Mayflower left Plymouth, England on 16 September 1620. There were 102 passengers and 30–40 crew. On 19 November 1620, the "Mayflower" spotted land. The "Mayflower" was supposed to land in Virginia Colony, but the ship was damaged and they were forced to land at Cape Cod
In Norse mythology, Aegir is the god of the seas. He is the king of all the oceans. Aegir was feared by sailors, for this god would sink ships and take cargo. Aegir was worshiped by sailors who were afraid of him and sailors who were not. He has a wife named Ran and with her, they had nine daughters called the "waves". They had a son with Odin, Heimdall.
Cycle of abuse is the name of a theory that was developed to explain certain patterns in an abusive relationship, and in domestic violence. Lenore Walker developed the theory in the 1970s, after she had observed that there is a pattern that repeats in such relationships: Walker's cycle of abuse theory was regarded as a revolutionary and important concept in the study of abuse and interpersonal violence. However, researchers have occasionally criticised Walker's methodology, preconceptions or findings.
Roy Rockwood is the pseudonym created by the Stratemeyer Syndicate for the team of ghostwriters who wrote the syndicate's boys' adventure books. The name is best remembered for the Bomba the Jungle Boy and the Great Marvel series. Series. In addition to Garis and Duffield, some of these books were also written by Leslie McFarlane and W. Bert Foster. Edward Stratemeyer had earlier used the pseudonym "Roy Rockwood" for the book "The Wizard of the Sea; or a Trip Under the Ocean", published by the Mershon Company in 1900.
Cockburn Town is the capital city of the Turks and Caicos Islands. Geography. Cockburn Town is in the Grand Turk Island, the largest island in the Turks Islands archipelago. Historic 18th and 19th century Bermudian architecture can be seen on Duke and Front Streets in the town. The town is known for its long, narrow streets and old street lamps. The closest area where ships can come near the city is Hawk's Nest Anchorage, which, though protected from the wind, should only be entered in good light because of reefs near the entrance. History. The seat of government ever since 1766, Cockburn Town was the first permanent settlement on any of the islands, founded in 1681 by salt collectors who arrived in the Turks and Caicos Islands. The city supposedly lies on the place where Juan Ponce de León first landed on the island. Main sights. National Museum. Cockburn Town is home to the Turks &amp; Caicos National Museum, which is housed in the colonial-era Guinep House, on Front Street. The house is believed to be over 180 years old and is named after the large and old Guinep tree that is in front of the building. The site was donated to the Museum in 1990. Some of the exhibits detail the history of the Lucayans (the original people of the islands), the Space Race, Turks and Caicos postage stamps, slavery and the history of the slave trade, the sisal and salt industries, royal events, as well as a general history of the islands. The museum also maintains a garden, which is adjacent to the Guinep House. Also of interest are the museum's research projects, including its "Message in a Bottle" Project, recording nearly 40 years' worth of messages found in bottles on the beaches of Grand Turk.
Abdullah Gül (born 29 October 1950) is a Turkish politician. He was the President of Turkey, He served from 2007 to 2014. He was Prime Minister from 2002 to 2003, and Minister of Foreign Affairs from 2003 to 2007. Gül was born on 29 October 1950 in Kayseri, Turkey. He studied at Istanbul University and at the University of Exeter. Gül has been married to Hayrünnisa Gül since 1980. They had three children.
Turgut Özal (October 13, 1927 – April 17, 1993) was Prime Minister of Turkey (1983–1989) and President of Turkey (1989–1993). As Prime Minister, he transformed the economy of Turkey by paving the way for the privatization of many state enterprises. Özal was born on October 13, 1927 in Malatya, Turkey. He studied at Istanbul Technical University. Özal was married to Ayhan İnal from 1952 until they divorced a few months later in 1952. Then he was married to Semra Özal from 1954 until his death in 1993. He had three children. Özal died on April 17, 1993 in Ankara, Turkey from a suspected heart attack. He was 65 years old. Many people thought that his death was an assassination. Then in 2012, experts later performed an autopsy and was confirmed that poison was found in his body. The current cause of his death is a heart attack. A trial charging retired general Levent Ersöz with his murder began in September 2013.
Süleyman Gündoğdu Demirel, better known as Süleyman Demirel (1 November 1924 – 17 June 2015), was a Turkish politician. He was Prime Minister of Turkey seven times. He was the ninth President of Turkey from 1993 to 2000. Demirel was born on 1 November 1924 in İslamköy, Atabey, Isparta. He studied at Istanbul Technical University. Demirel was married to Nazmiye Demirel from 1948 until her death in 2013. He died after suffering from a lung infection in Ankara, aged 90.
Abdalá Jaime Bucaram Ortiz (born February 20, 1952) is an Ecuadorian politician and lawyer who was President of Ecuador from 10 August 1996 to 6 February 1997. As President, Abdalá Bucaram was nicknamed "El Loco" ("the crazy one"). During his presidency, Bucaram didn't fix anything in Ecuador. This led to many people saying that he was not a good leader. Many members of congress thought he was crazy. Almost six months into his presidency, Bucaram was removed from office after being declared mentally unfit to rule by the National Congress of Ecuador. Early life. Bucaram was born on February 20, 1952 into a tough neighborhood in Guayaquil, Ecuador. Presidency. Abdalá Bucaram was President from August 10, 1996 to February 6, 1997. His cabinet was put together by the Vice President Rosalía Arteaga. Within months, Bucaram was accused of stealing millions of dollars of public funds. After he took office, Bucaram tried to fix the state, which included trying to fix the stock process started by Osvaldo Hurtado (1980, Popular Democracy Party), and supported by the next three presidents: León Febres Cordero (1984, PSC), Rodrigo Borja Cevallos (1988, Democratic Left) and Sixto Durán Ballén (1992, ex-PSC). In 1996, he invited Lorena Bobbitt who had been acquitted of crimes relating to her cutting her husband's penis in the United States, to an official dinner. The two later became godparents to each other's children. The constitutional court said the congressional resolution to be anti-constitutional and rejected it. The congress ignored the constitutional court decision and continued to confirm Fabian Alarcon as acting president. Personal life. He was exiled from Ecuador as a punishment for his crimes in Ecuador.
Rodrigo Borja Cevallos (born 19 June 1935) is an Ecuadorian politician. He was President of Ecuador from 10 August 1988 to 10 August 1992. He focused on Ecuador's economic problems during his presidency, and he increased collaboration with other countries in the Americas. Cevallos was born on 19 June 1935 in Quito, Ecuador. He is a direct descendant of Pope Alexander VI.
León Esteban Febres-Cordero Ribadeneyra (9 March 1931 – 15 December 2008) was an Ecuadorian politician. He served as President of Ecuador from 1984 to 1988. Early life. Cordero was born León Esteban Febres-Cordero Ribadeneyra on 9 March 1931 in Guayaquil, Ecuador. He studied at the Stevens Institute of Technology in New Jersey. Cordero married María Eugenia Cordovez in 1958. Their marriage would last until his death in 2008. Presidency. He was known in the Ecuadorian media as LFC or by his surname (Febres-Cordero). He was President of Ecuador of Ecuador for a four-year term. He was inaugurated on 10 August 1984. He succeeded Osvaldo Hurtado. During his Presidency he sought to introduce market-oriented reforms, and also led a security crackdown on a guerilla group, ¡Alfaro Vive, Carajo!. He was known for being a close ally to President of the United States Ronald Reagan. In 1987 Febres Cordero was kidnapped for 11 hours by members of the air force demanding the freedom of General Frank Vargas Pazzos, who had been imprisoned after leading two uprisings in March 1986, aimed at toppling the Minister of Defense. Congress approved a resolution granting Vargas amnesty, but Febres Cordero refused to publish the resolution, thus denying it the force of law. It was only after his January 1987 kidnapping that he signed the amnesty and released Vargas. Cordero's presidency ended in 10 August 1988. He was succeeded by Rodrigo Borja Cevallos. Mayor of Guayaquil. Shortly after his presidency, Cordero became Mayor of Guayaquil. He was inaugurated on 10 August 1992. Cordero succeeded Harry Soria Lamán. His term would last until his retirement in 10 August 2000. He was succeeded by Jaime Nebot. Personal life. Cordero lived in Guayaquil. He had four children with his wife
Lupe Rosalía Arteaga Serrano de Fernández de Córdova (born December 5, 1956) is an Ecuadorian politician. She was the country's first female president for only two days in 1997. Arteaga became president when Abdalá Bucaram left office. Arteaga was born in Cuenca, Ecuador.
José María Velasco Ibarra (March 19, 1893 – March 30, 1979) was an Ecuadorian politician. He was seen by many to be a dictator, He was elected five times to the post of president of Ecuador: 1934–1935, 1944–1947, 1952–1956, 1960–1961, and 1968–1972. But only once (1952–1956) did he complete the constitutional mandate. Early life. Ibarra was born on March 19, 1893 in Quito, Ecuador. He studied at Central University of Ecuador. Ibarra was married to Corina Parral de Velasco Ibarra until his death in 1979. Presidency. In 1933, he stood in the Ecuadorian presidential election and received 80% of the votes cast, the highest in Ecuadorian history. Velasco Ibarra traveled through several Latin American countries, including Peru, and restored Ecuador's global image. His first presidency began on September 1, 1934, but he was ousted in August 1935 by the military. In May 1944, because of the May 28 "Glorious Revolution", he was named Supreme Chief of the Republic and was later named Constitutional President by the Constituent Assembly. In August 1947, he was again deposed by the military. Three defense ministers perpetuated the coup against Velasco Ibarra; among them was minister Mancheno, who later was his successor. In 1952, he again won the presidential election, and began his third term as president on September 1, 1952. This time, he served his entire term, which ended on August 31, 1956. His third term was a time of progress for Ecuador: 311 schools were constructed, with another 104 in progress. More than 1359 km of roads were constructed, and 1057 km more were improved. In 1960, he was elected president for the fourth time and was removed on November 7, 1961. In 1960, he null
Jorge Jamil Mahuad Witt (born July 29, 1949) is an Ecuadorian lawyer and politician and the 51st President of Ecuador from August 10, 1998 to January 21, 2000. Mahuad was born on July 29, 1949 in Loja, Ecuador. He studied at Harvard University.
Luis Alfredo Palacio González (born January 22, 1939) served as President of Ecuador from April 2005 to January 2007. From January 15, 2003 to April 20, 2005, he served as vice president, after which he was appointed to the presidency when the Ecuadorian Congress removed President Lucio Gutiérrez from power following a week of growing unrest with his government. Palacio was born on January 22, 1939 in Guayaquil, Ecuador. He studied at Case Western Reserve University. Palacio was married to María Beatriz Paret.
Lucio Edwin Gutiérrez Borbúa (born March 23, 1957) served as President of Ecuador from January 15, 2003 to April 20, 2005. He unsuccessfully ran for president again in the 2021 election. Gutiérrez was born on March 23, 1957 in Guayaquil, Ecuador. He was married to Ximena Bohórquez.
José Eloy Alfaro Delgado (June 25, 1842 – January 28, 1912) served as President of Ecuador from 1895 to 1901 and from 1906 to 1911. He became one the strongest opponents of pro-Catholic conservative President Gabriel García Moreno. For his central role in the Liberal Revolution of 1895 and for having fought conservatism for almost 30 years, he is known as the "Viejo Luchador". Alfaro was born on June 25, 1842 in Montecristi, Ecuador. He was married to Ana Paredes y Arosemena until his death in 1912. On January 28, 1912, a mob broke out and busted into the prison cell where Alfaro was held at. They dragged him along the streets of Quito, Ecuador. Alfaro was killed during the attack, aged 69.