ejaasaari/simplewiki-2025-04-01 huggingface dataset:
Daniel Hale Williams (January 18, 1856 – August 4, 1931) was an African-American surgeon. In 1893, he became the first surgeon to perform a cardiac surgery. Early life. Daniel Hale Williams III was born on January 18, 1856, in Hollidaysburg, Pennsylvania, to Sarah Price Williams and Daniel Hale Williams II, who was a barber. The couple had several children. Williams III started as a shoemaker apprentice. Later he worked with the Equal Rights League, which was a black civil rights organization active during the Reconstruction era. He went to Chicago Medical college.  Public life. In 1891, Williams opened Provident Hospital and Training School for Nurses. It was the first hospital with an interracial staff. In 1893, Williams was the first surgeon to perform open-heart surgery in the United States. The following year, he became chief surgeon at Freedmen's Hospital.
Frederick McKinley Jones was an African-American inventor who is known for the development of refrigeration equipment used during World War II. Early life. Jones was born in Cincinnati, Ohio on May 17, 1893. When he was 9 years old, both of his parents died. After his parent's death, he went to live with a priest in Kentucky. He stayed there for two years. At the age of 11, Jones returned to Cincinnati. There he found a small job working as a janitor. He served in World War I. Jones had talent for and interest in mechanical work. He read extensively on the subject. In addition to his daily work, he educated himself in his spare time. When the town decided to fund a new radio station, Jones built the transmitter needed to broadcast its programming. Public life. Jones designed a portable air cooling unit for trucks carrying food. He started a company called Thermo Control Company in the 1930's. He received more than 60 patents.  Death. Unfortunately, Jones died of lung cancer in Minneapolis, Minnesota on February 21,1961. However, he won a National Medal of Technology after he died. Not to mention that he was inducted into the Minnesota a Inventors Hall of Fame in 1977.
James Edward Maceo West is an African-American inventor and professor who developed a microphone component that is used in ninety percent of the microphones used today. Early life. West was born on February 10, 1931. From an early age, West liked to take things apart. After an accident with a radio he had tinkered with, he became very interested in the concept of electricity. West attended Temple University. Public life. In 1960, West teamed up with a fellow scientist Gerard M. Sessler. They developed an inexpensive, compact microphone. It relied on their invention of electric transducers and became the industry standard. West was appointed president-elect of the Acoustical Society of America in 1997. He joined the National Academy of Engineering in 1998. West retired in 2001
Edward Alexander Bouchet became the first African American to earn a doctoral degree. Early life. Bouchet was born in New Haven, Connecticut in 1852. He graduated from Hopkins School. Bouchet earned his bachelor degree from Yale University in 1874. At the time, there were few opportunities for African Americans seeking higher education. Public life. Bouchet is best known for becoming the first African American to earn a doctoral degree in the United States in 1876. After getting his Ph.D. bouchet could not land a college professorship due to his race. With this accomplishment, Bouchet joined a selected group of academics. He taught at the school for Colored Youth in Philadelphia for more than 25 years. Death. Bouchet died in 1918. In 1998 Yale University honored Edward Bouchet by establishing the Edward Alexander Bouchet Graduate Honor Society in his name, including the Bouchet Leadership Award to academics who helped advance diversity in higher education.
Gerald Anderson "Jerry" Lawson (December 1, 1940 – April 9, 2011) was an American electronic engineer. He was known for his work in designing the Fairchild Channel F video game console. Early life. Jerry Lawson was born on December 1, 1940. His father was a longshoreman. His mother worked for New York City and as a member of a PTA. He had one brother, Michael. To earn money, Lawson dabbled in electronics. He repaired televisions. Lawson attended Queen College, which is part of City University of New York. Public life. Lawson was a member of the Silicon Valley Homebrew Computer Club in the 1970s. He met many of the pioneers of personal computing, like Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak, the founders of Apple Computer. In 1976. Lawson was the director of engineering and marketing at Fairchild Semiconductor. At that time, he developed a video game console called Fairchild Channel F. The console was the first which could play multiple games instead of one, marking his name permanently in history.  Death. On Mountain View, California, At the age of 70, Lawson died from Guillain-Barré syndrome.
Lewis Howard Latimer (September 4, 1848 – December 11, 1928) was an African-American inventor and draftsman. He was born in Massachusetts in America.  Early life. Latimer's family were slaves in Virginia when a local minister led them to freedom. When he was 10 Latimer attended Phillips Grammar School. When he was 16 Latimer lied about his age to join the U.S Navy.  Public life. Latimer started working at Crosby and Gould, a patent law firm. He learned to draw diagrams. While at the law firm, Latimer invented an improved railroad car bathroom and an early air conditioning unit. Later, Latimer helped Alexander Graham Bell by drawing diagrams for his patent for the first telephone. Latimer also helped Thomas Edison with his patent for the light bulb, and invented a better way to make carbon filaments for light bulbs. Death. Latimer died on December 11, 1928 in Flushing, Queens, New York at the age 80.
Elijah J. McCoy (May 2, 1844 - October 10, 1929) was an African American inventor who is best known for inventing lubrication devices to make trains run better. He was born in Colchester, Ontario and died in Detroit, Michigan. He was born May 2, 1844. He was an engineer and inventor, initially employed as a railroad fireman and oiler and fudger.
Octavia E. Butler was an American science fiction writer. She won many awards including for her short stories. She won the Hugo and Nebula awards more than once. She won the MacArthur Fellowship in 1995. Early life. Butler was born in Pasadena, California on June 22, 1947. She lost her father at a young age. Butler was raised by her mother, who worked as a maid. Butler started creating her own stories early on. Butler was dyslexic but she didn't let it challenge her from developing a love of books. She decided to make writing her life's work at the age of ten. As a child Butler was known for her shyness and her impressive height. She attended many colleges. She earned her associates degree at Pasadena City College. She also went to California State University, and University of California at Los Angeles. Public life. Butler studied fiction with Harlan Ellison and became an author of books for both children and adults. She was a very good science fiction writer. Important books she wrote were Pattermaster and Mind of My Mind. She won the 1984 Best Short Story for "Speech of Sounds," and she won the Nebula Award. Octavia was known for African American Spiritrualism. Death. Butler died at her home of a stroke in Seattle, Washington on February 24, 2006.
Granville Tailer Woods (Columbus, Ohio, April 23, 1856 – January 30, 1910) was an African-American inventor who was awarded more than 50 patents. One of his best know inventions was the Multiplex Telegraph, a device that sent messages between train stations and moving trains. Granville Woods worked for Springfield, Jackson and Pomeroy Railroad Company in 1878. Woods' first patent was for an improved steam boiler furnace. He later developed the telephone transmitter. Woods developed what would become trolley's. Woods registered nearly 60 patents in his lifetime. Woods died in 1910 from a cerebral hemorrhage.
The World Needs a Hero is the ninth studio album by American thrash metal band, Megadeth. "The World Needs a Hero" was released on May 12, 2001 through Sanctuary Records. It is Megadeth's last album to feature original bassist David Ellefson until he returned in 2010. It is also the only Megadeth album to feature Al Pitrelli on lead guitar and the last of two studio albums to feature drummer Jimmy DeGrasso. The album peaked at #16 on the "Billboard" 200 and at #20 on the Canadian Albums Chart.
Benvenuto Cellini (; 3 November 1500 – 13 February 1571) was an Italian goldsmith, sculptor, draftsman, soldier and musician, who also wrote a famous autobiography. He was one of the most important artists of Mannerism. He was born in Florence, and died there.
Häagen-Dazs is a brand of ice cream shops and ice cream franchises. They specialize in ice cream cones, ice cream cups, and ice cream shakes. They have franchises in the United States and many other countries around the world. Häagen-Dazs was created in 1961 by Reuben and Rose Mattus in The Bronx, New York. They opened their first store on November 15, 1976 in Brooklyn. The "Häagen-Dazs" name was invented by Mattus since it was "Danish-sounding". He used it as a tribute to Denmark's good treatment of Jews during World War II. An outline of Denmark was also used on their early labels. The name is not Danish. In 1983, Häagen-Dazs was bought by Pillsbury. Pillsbury was then bought by General Mills in 2001.
The word fistula comes from a Latin word that means tube or pipe. In medicine, a fistula is an abnormal connection between two hollow spaces. This can be blood vessels, intestines, or other hollow organs. Fistulas are usually caused by injury or surgery. But they can also result from an infection or inflammation. Fistulas are generally a disease condition, but doctors may create fistulas by surgery for medical reasons. Treatment. Treatment for fistula depends on the reason for the fistula and on how serious it is. Doctors often treat fistula with surgery and antibiotics. The first step in treating a fistula is usually an examination by a doctor. The doctor determines the size and "path" that the fistula takes in the body.
Tha Dogg Pound is an American gangsta rap duo. The group was founded in 1992. They were originally signed to the record label Death Row. They made their first appearance on the Dr. Dre album "The Chronic". They were also on Snoop Dogg's album "Doggystyle". Their first album, "Dogg Food" came out in 1995. During 1993–94, the group assisted MC Hammer on his "The Funky Headhunter" album along with Suge Knight.
Jas Hennessy &amp; Co. is a company that makes cognac. Its headquarters are in Cognac, France. The company sells more than 50 million bottles a year worldwide. It is the world's largest Cognac maker. It is owned by Moët Hennessy, which is co-owned by LVMH (66%) and Diageo (34%).  History. Hennessy was established in 1765 by Irishman Richard Hennessy. His son James created the brand Hennessy and named the company Jas Hennessy &amp; Co. He greatly expanded his father's business. While an Irishman, he served in the French Navy. He set up the distillery on the Charent River in Cognac. The company has been run by eight generations of Hennessys. Their master distillers have been seven generations of the Fillioux family. In 1971 in a merger with champagne maker Moet et Chandon, Kilian Hennessy changed the company name to Moet Hennessy. International sales. In 1795 they sold theory cognac in North America. In 1840 Hennessy set up an agency in London for their products. In 1868 they exported to Japan followed by China in 1872. In 1992 Hennessy celebrated their 200th anniversary. They chartered a sailing ship and named it the “Spirit of Hennessy”. In 2009 Hennessy produced a limited edition of Hennessy VS in honor of US President Barack Obama. In gold lettering the bottles are marked “In Honour of the 44th President”. Currently their biggest market is China.
Perpetuum mobile means, two different things in music. One is a kind of piece of music, which is usually played in a fast tempo, and which consists of many short notes. The other is a piece of music that is played over and over. Composers who used this name include Niccolò Paganini, Carl Maria von Weber and Felix Mendelssohn.
Sexting is the act of sending sexually suggestive electronic messages, mainly between mobile phones. The term became popular during the early 21st century. The term is a portmanteau of "sex" and "texting". The term was first used in print in 2005 in Australia. A naked picture that you make of yourself is sometimes called a nelfie, a mix of the words naked and selfie. If adults exchange such pictures, this is not a problem as long as both consent. The problem starts when children do this: The image of a teenager or child with little clothes may be child pornography. Many countries have laws against child pornography. This usually includes penalties for owning or spreading such images.
Antoine Valois-Fortier (born March 13, 1990) is a Canadian former athlete. He is best known as a judoka. History. He was the winner of the Canadian National Judo Championship in the -81 kg category in 2010. Valois-Fortier won a bronze medal at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London, defeating Travis Stevens of the United States in the men's 81 kg half-middleweight judo. It was the Canada's first medal in Olympic Judo since 2000 when his coach Nicolas Gill won a silver medal at the 2000 Summer Olympics. On December 2, 2021, Valois-Fortier announced that he was retiring and was going to become a coach for the Canadian national team.
Germanwings Flight 9525 (4U9525/GWI9525) was a scheduled international passenger flight flying from Barcelona, Spain to Düsseldorf, Germany, operated by the Lufthansa-owned low-cost airline Germanwings.  On 24 March 2015, the Airbus A320-200 jetliner crashed around northwest of Nice, in the French Alps, killing all 144 passengers and 6 crew member. This crash was a murder-suicide planned and acted out by 27-year old co-pilot Andreas Lubitz. Overview. The plane, which had taken off at 10:01 a.m. from the Barcelona-El Prat airport, disappeared from the radars at 10:39 a.m., when it was at an altitude of 2,000 meters above the department of Alpes de Alta. Provence, in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region. Telemetry data indicated that, before disappearing from radar, the A320 would have started to fall at 10:31 a.m. and would have lost about 4,000 meters of altitude in four minutes. At first it was thought that the pilots had issued an emergency signal at 10:47, when the plane was at an altitude of 1,500 feet and in an abnormal situation, but it was actually sent by the controllers. In the words of the President of the French Republic, François Hollande, the conditions of the incident suggest that there would be no survivors. Hollande also initially stated that the plane was carrying German, Spanish and Turkish passengers, without specifying whether there were more victims of other nationalities. The main hypothesis for the cause of the aircraft crash is that co-pilot Andreas Lubitz deliberately caused it to crash. The recording of one of the black boxes of the destroyed Airbus allows us to verify that Lubitz activated the closing of the cockpit door and deliberately began the descent of the plane over the mountains. His breathing at the time of descent was normal and he ignored the captain's instructions to open the door, even when the latter tried to knock it down with an ax to regain control of the aircraft. It shall also be noted that before, he was deemed mentally unfit to fly, but still continued to fly aircraft. Crew and passengers. Opera singers Oleg Bryjak and Maria Radner were passengers on the plane.
Walter Burkert (; born 2 February 1931, Neuendettelsau, Bavaria; died 11 March 2015, Zurich) was a German scholar of Greek mythology and cult. A professor of classics at the University of Zurich, Switzerland, he taught in the UK and the US. He has influenced generations of students of religion since the 1960s. During his career he taught poets, historians, and philosophers. He was elected a member of the Academia Europaea in 1995.
Gandhism is a set of ideas that describes the inspiration, vision, and the life work of Mohandas K. Gandhi. It is especially connected with his contributions to the idea of nonviolent resistance, sometimes also called civil resistance. The word "Gandhism" also includes what Gandhi's ideas, words, and actions mean to people around the world and how they used them for guidance in building their own future. However, Gandhi did not approve of the term "Gandhism". As he explained: Without a "Gandhism" approved by Gandhi himself, there is a way of thinking that one has to get what Gandhism stands for, from his life and works. One such deduction is a philosophy based on "truth" and "non-violence" in the following sense. First, one should recognize and accept the truth that people are different at all levels ("truth"). Second, one should never resort to violence to settle built-in differences between human beings at any level: from between two people to two nations to two races or two religions ("non-violence").
Maria Friderike Radner (7 May 1981 – 24 March 2015) was a German contralto and internationally renowned opera singer. After studying at the Robert Schumann Hochschule in Düsseldorf, she appeared internationally in opera and concert. In January 2013, she played the Schwertleite in "Die Walküre" at the Teatro Comunale Florence, Italy under Zubin Mehta, and in March the Erda at the Grand Théâtre de Genève, conducted by Ingo Metzmacher. Her debut at the Metropolitan Opera in 2012 in "Götterdämmerung" was part of the documentation of the production in the film "Wagner's Dream". Radner died on 24 March 2015 along with her husband Sascha Schenk and their infant son Felix, and colleague Oleg Bryjak, in the Germanwings Flight 9525 crash, which occurred near Prads-Haute-Bléone, Alpes-de-Haute-Provence, France. She and Bryjak were returning from performances of Richard Wagner's "Siegfried" at the Gran Teatre del Liceu in Barcelona.
Almu'tasimu Billahi Muhibbuddin Tuanku Alhaj Abdul Halim Mu'adzam Shah Ibni Almarhum Sultan Badlishah, (28 November 1927 – 11 September 2017) was the 14th Yang di-Pertuan Agong (supreme head of state) of Malaysia. He was the 27th Sultan of Kedah. He retired as Yang di-Pertuan Agong in 12 December 2016. He previously served as the fifth Yang di-Pertuan Agong from 1970 to 1975. He is the first person to hold the position twice, as well as the oldest elected to the office. He is a week older than the world's longest reigning monarch, King Bhumibol Adulyadej of Thailand. Halim died on 11 September 2017 at the age of 89 at his palace on Istana Anak Bukit around 2.30 p.m. (MST).
Moshe Arens (27 December 1925 – 7 January 2019) was an Israeli aeronautical engineer, researcher and former diplomat and politician. He was a member of the Knesset between 1973 and 1992 and again from 1999 until 2003. Arens was a member of Likud. He served as Minister of Defense three times and once as Minister of Foreign Affairs. Arens also served as the Israeli ambassador to the U.S. and was professor at the Technion in Haifa. Arens was born in Kaunas, Lithuania. He studied at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and at the California Institute of Technology. Arens died at his home in Savyon, Israel on 7 January 2019 at the age of 93.
Marmande is a commune in southwestern France, in the region of Nouvelle-Aquitaine. It is a sub-prefecture of the Lot-et-Garonne department, capital of the "arrondissement" of Marmande. It is also the capital of 2 "cantons" in the department: Marmande-1 and Marmande-2. Geography. Marmande is on the right side of the Garonne river, at about to the northwest of Agen and to the southwest of Bordeaux. It has an area of and its average altitude is ; at the city hall, the altitude is . Marmande is surrounded by the "communes" Beaupuy, Mauvezin-sur-Gupie, Escassefort, Virazeil, Saint-Pardoux-du-Breuil, Fourques-sur-Garonne, Montpouillan, Gaujac and Sainte-Bazeille. Climate. The climate of Marmande is an oceanic climate (Köppen climate classification Cfb), with mild winters and warm summers. Population. The inhabitants of Marmande are known, in French, as "Marmandais" (women: "Marmandaises"). With a population of 17,748, Marmande has a population density of inhabitants/km2. Evolution of the population in Marmande Administration. Marmande is a subprefecture of the Lot-et-Garonne department since 1790. It is also the capital of the "arrondissement" of Marmande and the administrative centre () of 2 cantons: It is part of the intercommunality "Val de Garonne" (). Twin towns. Marmande is twinned with:
Nérac () is a commune in Nouvelle-Aquitaine in south-western France, sub-prefecture of the Lot-et-Garonne department. It is also the capital of the "arrondissement" of Nérac and of the Canton of L'Albret. Geography. The "commune" is in the "Pays d'Albret", a natural region of Gascony, in the southern part of the Lot-et-Garonne department. It has an area of and its average altitude is ; at the city hall, the altitude is . Nérac is surrounded by the "communes" Lavardac, Feugarolles, Espiens, Calignac, Fieux, Lasserre, Fréchou, Andiran, Réaup-Lisse and Barbaste. The Baïse river flows through the city of Nérac. The Gélise river, a tributary of the Baïse, is on the western border of the "commune". Population. The inhabitants of Nérac are known, in French, as "Néracais" (women: "Néracaises "). With a population of 7,085, Nérac has a population density of inhabitants/km2. Evolution of the population in Nérac Administration. Nérac is a subprefecture in the Lot-et-Garonne department since 1800. It is also the capital of the "arrondissement" of Nérac and the administrative centre () of the Canton of L'Albret, formed by 22 "communes" and with 16,859 inhabitants (2014). Twin towns. Nérac is twinned with:
Gender performativity is a term first used by the feminist philosopher Judith Butler in their 1990 book "Gender Trouble". They argue that being born male or female does not determine behavior. Instead, people learn to behave in particular ways to fit into society. The way we fit into gender is an act, or performance. This act is the way a person walks, talks, dresses, and behaves. They call this acting "gender performativity." What society regards as a person's gender is just a performance made to please social expectations and not a true expression of the person's gender identity. The way we behave is not because of our gender, it is because of the ideologies set by ourselves and also by the society. Performativity is also used by Butler to refer to the opposite, of a social change in gender. They argue that when language changes about gender or sex, the society around us also changes. By appearing, speaking, or acting in certain ways, society changes to reflect those new ideas.
"Angel of Death" is a song by American thrash metal band Slayer. It is the opening song to their third studio album, "Reign in Blood". The song was released on October 7, 1986. The song is based on Nazi physician Josef Mengele who worked at the Auschwitz concentration camp and did human experiments. Both the lyrics and music were written by guitarist Jeff Hanneman.  "Stylus Magazine"'s Clay Jarvas said that the song "smokes the asses of any band playing fast and/or heavy today. Lyrically outlining the horrors to come, while musically laying the groundwork for the rest of the record: fast, lean and filthy." "Angel of Death" caused controversy and led to accusations that Slayer were Nazi sympathizers. Hanneman said about the controversy: "I know why people misinterpret it – it's because they get this knee–jerk reaction to it. When they read the lyrics, there's nothing I put in the lyrics that says necessarily he was a bad man, because to me – well, isn't that obvious? I shouldn't have to tell you that."