ejaasaari/simplewiki-2025-04-01 huggingface dataset:
Poison gas is any gas that is a poison. There are many different poison gases and each has own properties. Many toxic liquids are also evaporate easily at normal temperatures and their vapors are poison gas. "Poison gas" can refer to poisons in chemical weapons, but most of them are in fact liquids, for example mustard gas and VX are sticky liquids that are spread out into fine mists. In small amounts, corrosive poison gases (gas that can damage people or objects) usually cause irritation, and may have a smell, but this is not always the case. There are several gases that can kill sneakily, without a warning smell or irritation. All gases other than oxygen can take over air, and cause death by asphyxiation. This does not make them poison gases. Nitrogen and carbon dioxide are two common examples. This has to be taken into account in handling of any compressed or liquified gas. Gases can be also dangerous because they are flammable (easily bursting into flame). Poison gases can cause injury more easily than solid or liquid poisons because they diffuse (move) in the air, exposing skin, and are easily breathed in. Immediate contact with corrosive gas leads to chemical burns of the skin and lungs. When taken into the inside of the human body and into the blood, either by breathing in or through skin, several poison gases cause a poisoning. In a poisoning, medical help is often needed; simply removing the victim from the gas is not enough to prevent symptoms. Poison gases are used in industry as chemical reagents. The chemical reactions they can be used for are more important than their toxicity. Today, chemists try to avoid the use of poisonous gases, but it is often not possible. Examples of large-volume industrial poisonous gases are hydrogen sulfide, cracked from oil, chlorine, in diverse chemical uses and to disinfect drinking water, and ammonia, which is a valuable fertilizer itself and can be converted into a range of other fertilizers, in addition to chemical uses. Some fumigants (chemicals used to kill pests) are also poison gases, for example phosphine, which is used to kill pests living in grains. The advantage of a gas
Timothy Alan Dick (born June 13, 1953), known professionally as Tim Allen, is an American actor and comedian. Allen's films include "Jungle 2 Jungle" (1997), "Galaxy Quest" (1999), "Joe Somebody" (2001), "Big Trouble" (2002), "Christmas with the Kranks" (2004), "The Shaggy Dog" (2006), "Wild Hogs" (2007), "The Six Wives of Henry Lefay" (2009) and "Crazy on the Outside" (2010). He has voiced Buzz Lightyear for the "Toy Story" franchise and played Scott Calvin and Santa Claus in "The Santa Clause" franchise (1994–present).  In television, he is known for playing Tim "The Toolman" Taylor on the ABC sitcom "Home Improvement" (1991–1999) and Mike Baxter on the ABC/Fox sitcom "Last Man Standing" (2011–2021). Personal life. Allen married Laura Deibel on April 7, 1984. Their daughter, Katherine, was born in December 1989. He and Deibel legally separated in 1999 and finalized their divorce in 2003. Allen married actress Jane Hajduk on October 7, 2006, in a small private ceremony in Grand Lake, Colorado. They had been dating for five years. Their daughter, Elizabeth, was born in March 2009. Allen considers himself an "intellectual Christian" since his childhood, but chooses to only rarely discuss his beliefs in public. He has stated: "On a philosophical level, I'm very religious. I call myself an intellectual Christian. I've been seeking answers and information about Christianity, as well as Judaism, Islam and Hinduism, since my father died [when I was a kid], trying to explain life and death."
The AND gate is a logic gate that outputs 1 (true) only when both of its inputs are 1 (true). Since 0 is false, AND outputs the product (result of multiplication) of its inputs. That means that if either or both of its inputs are 0, the output will be 0 (zero multiplied by any real number is zero). Symbols. There are three symbols for the AND gate:
F major (or the key of F) is a musical major scale starting on F. Its key signature has one flat. Its relative minor is D minor and its parallel minor is F minor. F major is the home key of the English horn, the basset horn, the horn in F, the trumpet in F and the bass Wagner tuba. This means that if you want these instruments to sound in F major, you have to write in C major. Most of these sound a perfect fifth lower than written, except the trumpet in F which sounds a perfect fourth higher. (The basset horn also often sounds an octave and a fifth lower.) Of the six Overtures Francesco Maria Veracini wrote for Prince Friedrich Augustus in Dresden, most are in either F major or B-flat major because the prince's orchestra had a lot of wind instruments that played best in these keys.
E minor (Em, Mim) is a minor scale based on the note E, with the pitches E, F, G, A, B, C, D, and E. Its key signature has one sharp, F . Its relative major is G major, and its parallel major is E major. A lot of classical guitar music is in E minor, because this key is very suited for the instrument. When it is tuned normally, four of the instrument's six strings are part of the tonic chord. The key is also very popular in heavy metal music, because the lowest note on a guitar, E, can be used a lot. E minor was one of the most-often used keys by Felix Mendelssohn.  Famous classical music in this key. See also: List of symphonies in E minor
B major or B-flat major is a major scale starting on B-flat. Its key signature has two flats. It has the pitches of B♭, C, D, E♭, F, G, A, and B♭. Its relative minor is G minor, and its parallel minor is B minor. B-flat major is the home key of many wind instruments, such as clarinets, trumpets, saxophones, and flutes in B-flat. This means they can be played the most easily in this key. Because of this, many works for concert bands (those you might have played in while you were at school) are written in this key or a closely related one such as F major or E-flat major. Haydn's Symphony No. 98, which had both trumpet and timpani, is known as the first symphony that anyone had written in that key. Actually, his brother Michael Haydn had written one earlier. However, Joseph Haydn still gets credit for writing the timpani part at actual pitch with an F major key signature (instead of transposing with a C major key signature), something that made things easier and made more sense. Five of Mozart's piano concerti are in B-flat major.
G minor is a minor scale based on G. Its relative major is B-flat major. G minor is one of two flat key signatures that needs a sharp for the seventh note (the other is D minor). During the Baroque period, music in G minor was usually written with a one-flat key signature. Mozart's use of G Minor. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart thought that G minor was the most suitable key for showing sadness and tragedy, and many of his minor key works are in G minor, such as the Piano Quartet No. 1 and the String Quintet in G minor. G minor is the only minor key he used as a main key for his numbered symphonies (No. 25, and the famous No. 40). In the Classical period, symphonies in G minor almost always used four horns, two in G and two in B-flat alto. G minor symphonies like Mozart's No. 25 often used E flat major for the slow movement, including Haydn's No. 39 and Vanhal's G minor symphony from before 1771 (Bryan Gm1). Famous classical music in G minor. See also: List of symphonies in G minor. Variations. There are many variations of G minor.
D major is a major scale based on D. Its key signature has two sharps. Its relative minor is B minor. D major is good for violin music because of the structure of the instrument, which has its four strings tuned to G D A E. The open strings resonate with the D string, producing a special rich sound. Because of this, many classical composers chose to write violin concertos in D major. Examples include Mozart's (No. 2, 1775, No. 4, 1775); Ludwig van Beethoven's (1806); Paganini's (No. 1, 1817); Brahms's (1878); Tchaikovsky's (1878); Prokofiev's (No. 1, 1917); Stravinsky's (1931); and Korngold's (1945). It is also suitable for guitar music, with drop tuning for the lowest string making two Ds as open strings. For some beginning wind instrument students, however, D major is not a very good key, because it transposes to E major for B flat instruments. E major has four sharps, which is harder for new learners to play. Still, the clarinet in B-flat is often used for music in D major. It is probably the key with the most sharps that it can play well. However, when some composers write a piece in D minor with B-flat clarinets, they change to clarinets in A if the music changes to D major. Most tin whistles are in D, because they are often used in music with fiddles. In the Baroque period, D major was seen as "the key of glory"; so many trumpet pieces were in D major. Examples include concertos by Fasch, Gross, Molter (No. 2), Leopold Mozart, Telemann (No. 2), and Giuseppe Torelli; sonatas by Corelli, Franceschini, Purcell, Torelli; and "The Trumpet Shall Sound" and the "Hallelujah" chorus from Handel's "Messiah". After the valve trumpet was invented,
B minor is a minor scale based on B. The harmonic minor raises the A to A. Its key signature has two sharps. Its relative major is D major, and its parallel major is B major. In Baroque times, people thought that B minor was the key of passive suffering. Christian Friedrich Daniel Schubart (1739-1791) said that it was a key that was complaining gently and quietly, something that matches Bach's use of the key in the St. John's Passion. By Beethoven's time, B minor had changed in people's minds: Francesco Galeazzi wrote that B minor was not suitable for music in good taste, and Beethoven labelled a B minor melodic idea in one of his sketchbooks as a "black key". The chord was famously used as the first chord in Pink Floyd's 1979 hit "Comfortably Numb". The second movement of Rodrigo's Concierto de Aranjuez, one of the most famous compositions for the classical guitar, is in B minor.
C minor is a minor scale based on C. Its pitches are C, D, E, F, G, A, B, and C. Its key signature has three flats. Its harmonic minor raises the B to B. When written in jazz notation, its short form is Cm. Its relative major is E-flat major, and its parallel major is C major. Use in classical music. In the Baroque period, music in C minor was usually written with a two-flat key signature. When this music is printed today, sometimes it is still printed in the same way. C minor has had the meaning of heroic struggle from Beethoven's time and the composer wrote many of his most emotional, dramatic works in this key. This has also been done by many others, following Beethoven's style. These are just a few of the well-known works to be written in C minor:
A major (or the key of A) is a major scale with a base note of A. Its key signature has three sharps. Its relative minor is F-sharp minor. The key of A-major is the only key where a Neapolitan sixth chord on formula_1 needs both a flat and a natural accidental. There are not as many symphonies in A major as in D major or G major, but more than other sharp keys. Beethoven's Symphony No. 7, Bruckner's Symphony No. 6 and Mendelssohn's Symphony No. 4 are almost all the symphonies in this key in the Romantic era. Mozart's Clarinet Concerto and Clarinet Quintet are both in A major. Mozart used clarinets in A major often. In chamber music, A major is used a lot. Johannes Brahms, César Franck, and Gabriel Fauré wrote violin sonatas in A major. Peter Cropper said that A major "is the fullest sounding key for the violin.", when he was talking about Beethoven's Kreutzer Sonata. According to Christian Friedrich Daniel Schubart, A major is a key that is good for "declarations of innocent love, ... hope of seeing one's beloved again when parting; youthful cheerfulness and trust in God." When music for orchestra is in A major, the timpani are normally set to A and E a fifth apart. In most other keys, they are set a fourth apart.
F-sharp minor is a minor scale based on F sharp. Its key signature has three sharps.  Its relative major is A major. Many people think it is a melancholy and key. Harry Farjeon says that F sharp minor is "light red", and that it is the key Mendelssohn uses when he is being passionate. Johann Mattheson wrote that 'F minor, although it leads to great distress, nevertheless is more and love-sick than lethal. Moreover, it has something abandoned, singular, and about it.' Famous music in this key. Very few symphonies are written in this key. Haydn's "Farewell Symphony" is one famous example. George Frederick Bristow and Dora Pejačević also wrote symphonies in this key. Many piano pieces have been written in F-sharp minor. Mozart's only composition in this key is the second movement to his Piano Concerto No. 23 in A major. 2 of Chopin's 52 mazurkas, and 1 of his nocturnes are in this key, though he seems to have liked the related key C-sharp minor better. Scriabin's Piano Sonata No. 3 is also in this key, and the 3rd movement of Beethoven's "Hammerklavier" Piano Sonata is too. Both Reger's and Tippett's second string quartets are in this key, and so is Shostakovich's seventh string quartet.
A major or A-flat major is a major scale that starts on A-flat. It has the pitches of A♭, B♭, C, D♭, E♭, F, G, and A♭. Its relative minor is F minor and its parallel minor is A-flat minor. A-flat major is a key that sounds peaceful. It was used often by Franz Schubert. Twenty-four of Frédéric Chopin's piano pieces are in A-flat major, more than any other key. Charles-Marie Widor considered A-flat major to be the second best key for flute music. Beethoven chose A-flat major as the key of the slow movement for most of his C minor works. This was also followed by Antonín Dvořák in his only C minor symphony and Anton Bruckner in his first two C minor symphonies.  Since A-flat major was not often chosen as the main key for orchestral music of the 18th century, passages or movements in the key often kept the timpani tuned the same way as they were in the movement before it. For example, Beethoven's Symphony No. 5 in C minor has the timpani set to C and G for the first movement. With hand-tuned timpani, there is no time to retune the timpani to A flat and E flat for the slow second movement in A flat. In Bruckner's Symphony No. 1 in C minor, however, the timpani are retuned between the first movement in C minor and the following in A-flat major. Edward Elgar's Symphony No. 1 in A-flat major is one of the best-known symphonies in that key. Arnold Bax's last symphony is also in the same key. A-flat major is the major key with the most flats that Domenico Scarlatti used in his keyboard sonatas, though he used it only twice– in K. 127 and K. 130. Felix Mendelssohn and John Field each wrote one piano concerto in A-flat.
F minor is a minor scale based on F. The harmonic minor raises the E to E. Its key signature has four flats. It has the pitches of F, G, A♭, B♭, C, D♭, E♭, and F. Its relative major is A-flat major, and its parallel major is F major. F minor is a key that people often link with passion. Some famous pieces in the key of F minor are Beethoven's "Appassionata Sonata", Haydn's Symphony No. 49 in F minor, "La Passione", and Vivaldi's The Four Seasons. In the Baroque period, music in F minor was usually written with a three-flat key signature. Some modern printings of such music keeps it written that way. E-sharp minor. The enharmonic equivalent of F minor is E-sharp minor. It is a minor scale based on the musical note E♯. Its key signature has six sharps and one double sharp. Due to its use of more accidentals, E-sharp minor is considered impractical to use. It is usually replaced with F minor.
E major is a major scale with a base note of E. Its key signature has four sharps. It has the pitches of E, F♯, G♯, A, B, C♯, D♯, and E. Its relative minor is C-sharp minor and its parallel minor is E minor. E major is hard for wind instruments to play. A violin is fit for playing in E major, because two of the open strings are A and E, the tonic and subdominant notes of this scale. Other orchestral string instruments can play well in E major, as can a guitar. When writing in E major, clarinets in A are easier to play than clarinets in B-flat. This is because clarinets are transposing instruments. Symphonies in E major are quite rare, but the key is often used for concertos. One of them is Felix Mendelssohn's Violin Concerto. The bells of the Clock Tower in London's Palace of Westminster are tuned to the key of E major.
C-sharp minor or C minor is a minor scale based on C. Its key signature has four sharps. It has the pitches of C♯, D♯, E, F♯, G♯, A, B, and C♯. Its relative major is E major, and its parallel major is C-sharp major. Classical music in this key. There are very few symphonies written in this key. One of them is by Joseph Martin Kraus, but he later rewrote it in C minor. Another two are Mahler's Symphony No. 5 (though only the first movement is in C-sharp minor, and the finale is actually in D major) and Prokofiev's Symphony No. 7. Shostakovich's Violin Concerto No. 2 is also in C-sharp minor. This key occurs more often in piano music. Domenico Scarlatti wrote two keyboard sonatas in C-sharp minor, K. 246 and K. 247. But after Beethoven's famous "Moonlight Sonata", the key became more popular for piano. Beethoven used this key again in the outer movements of his String Quartet No. 14 (Op. 131, 1826). However, Johannes Brahms rewrote his C-sharp minor Piano Quartet to be published as Piano Quartet No. 3 in C minor, Op. 60. One of the most famous pieces in this key is Chopin's "Fantaisie-Impromptu". Other works include Chopin's Nocturnes No. 7 (Op. 27, No. 1) and No. 20 (Op. posth.), and his "Raindrop" Prelude in D-flat major (Op. 28, No. 15). Waltz in C-sharp minor (op.64 No.2) is another well known musical piece from Chopin that uses this particular key (along with the D flat minor key). Another very famous example of a work in C-sharp minor is Rachmaninoff's Prelude in C-sharp minor (Op. 3, No. 2).
B minor or B-flat minor is a minor scale based on B♭. Its key signature has five flats. It has the pitches of B♭ , C, D♭, E♭, F, G♭, A♭, and B♭. Its relative major is D-flat major, and its parallel major is B-flat major. Its enharmonic equivalent is A-sharp minor. B-flat minor is often seen as a "dark" key. Tchaikovsky said that the oboe solo in B-flat minor in the second movement of his Symphony No. 4 was "the feeling that you get when you are all alone". The old valveless horn could not play easily in B-flat minor. In fact, the only example found in 18th century music is a modulation in the first minuet of Franz Krommer's Concertino in D major, Opus 80.
B major is a major scale based on B. Its key signature has five sharps. B major's relative minor is G-sharp minor, its parallel minor is B minor, and its enharmonic equivalent is C-flat major. The key signature for B major is the least sharp key signature with three "lines" of sharps. In the treble clef, putting the sharp for A where it looks like it should be, next to the sharp for G, would mean that a ledger line would have to be used. In the bass clef it would be possible to do this without a ledger line, but because sight reading is easier when both staves look the same, it is not usually done in piano music. In the alto clef, used in orchestral music, the B major key signature is usually written in just two "lines" of sharps. Although B major is usually thought of as a "far away" key because it has many sharps and is quite far from C major in the circle of fifths, Frédéric Chopin thought that it was the easiest scale of all to play, as its black notes fit the natural positions of the fingers well. Because of this, it was often the first scale he taught to beginning piano students, leaving the scale of C major till last because he thought it was the hardest to play. While B major is not too difficult to play on keyboard instruments and guitar, the key of C-flat major is easier when writing music for the harp, as it is that instrument's home key.
G-sharp minor is a minor scale based on G. For the harmonic minor, the F is raised to F. Its key signature has five sharps. Its relative major is B major. The melodic and harmonic versions of the scale are written in with accidentals as necessary. G-sharp minor is usually not used in orchestral music except to modulate, but it is more common in keyboard music, like Scriabin's sonatas. For orchestration of piano music (writing it so an orchestra can play it), sometimes the music is transposed to G minor or A minor. If G-sharp minor must be used, B-flat wind instruments should have their part written in B-flat minor, not A-sharp minor.  In a few scores, 5-sharp key signatures in the bass clef are written with the sharp for the A on the top line.
G-flat major is a major scale based on G-flat. Its key signature has six flats. Its relative minor is E-flat minor, and its parallel minor is G-flat minor. This is usually replaced by F♯ minor because G♭ minor's two double-flats make it generally impractical to use. Its enharmonic equivalent is F-sharp major, whose key signature also has six accidentals. In writing music in E major for B-flat instruments, it is preferable to use a G-flat rather an F-sharp key signature. G-flat major is sometimes used as a main key for piano works, such as the impromptus of Chopin and Schubert, but rarely for orchestra. Austrian composer Gustav Mahler liked to use G-flat major in his symphonies.
E minor or E-flat minor is a minor scale based on E-flat. Its key signature has six flats. Its relative major is G-flat major, and its parallel major is E-flat major. Its enharmonic equivalent is D-sharp minor. This key is not used much in orchestral music, and usually only to modulate. It is used in some keyboard pieces and has been most popular in Russian pieces. If piano music in this key must be arranged for orchestra, some people recommend transposing it into D minor or E minor. In book 1 of the "Well-Tempered Clavier" by Johann Sebastian Bach, Prelude No. 8 is written in E-flat minor while the following Fugue is written in D-sharp minor. In book 2, both movements are in D-sharp minor. One of the few symphonies written in this key is Prokofiev's Symphony No. 6. A few other Soviet composers also wrote symphonies in this key, such as Eshpai, Janis Ivanovs (fourth symphony "Atlantis", 1941), Ovchinnikov and Myaskovsky. Rachmaninov's "Elegie", Op. 3 No. 1 is in E-flat minor, as is his Études-Tableaux Op. 39 #5. These pieces are noted for being dark and mysterious, a mood this key has. This mood is shown even in the later jazz music "'Round Midnight" and "Take Five", which are also in the key. The second movement to Gustav Mahler's Eighth Symphony has a long orchestral and choral introduction in E-flat minor. The dark orchestral introduction to Beethoven's only oratorio, Christ on the Mount of Olives, is also in this key.
F-sharp major is a major scale based on F-sharp. Its key signature has six sharps. Its relative minor is D minor, and its enharmonic equivalent is G major. Use of this key. This key is not used often in orchestral music except to modulate. It is used more often in piano music, like Scriabin's sonatas. When piano music in this key needs to be arranged for orchestra, sometimes it is better to change it to F or G major. If F-sharp major needs to be used, transposing instruments in B flat should have their music written in A-flat major, not G-sharp major. The Presentation of the Rose scene in Act Two of Richard Strauss's opera Der Rosenkavalier is written in F-sharp major. F-sharp major is the key of Beethoven's Piano Sonata, Op. 78, of Chopin's Barcarolle, of Liszt's Hungarian Rhapsody No. 2, of Mahler's unfinished Tenth Symphony, Erich Korngold's Symphony Op. 40, and Scriabin's Fourth Sonata. In a few scores, the F-sharp major key signature in the bass clef is written with the sharp for the A on the top line.