ejaasaari/simplewiki-2025-04-01 huggingface dataset:
Lactic acid bacteria are bacteria which make lactic acid. This is an end product of carbohydrate fermentation. The bacteria change carbohydrates to lactic acid and energy.  The bacteria are the order "Lactobacillales." Most of them are anaerobic: they do not need oxygen. Usually, they can live well in acidic environments. They are either rod-shaped, or spherical. They are found in decomposing plants and milk products.  Lactic acid bacteria are important, and they are common. There are about 40 genera. Some species occur in the gut of animals, including humans. Several lactic acid bacteria are pathogens: they cause infectious diseases. Lactic acid fermentation has been used since the Stone Age. It makes food last longer, and be easier to digest. Lactic acid fermentation is used in the production of cheese and yogurt. Adult humans originally could not digest milk products. Then, all humans were lactose intolerant (as, for example, cats are after weaning). "Lactase persistence" is the phenotype where genes prolonging the activity of lactase beyond infancy. Humans are unusual in having lactase persistence. We know it evolved fairly recently (in the last 10,000 years) among some populations. Still, "most people worldwide are lactase nonpersistent". They cannot digest lactose products after weaning. The evidence is that lactose persistence grew in human groups who herded cattle. To them it was a great advantage: they could digest milk throughout life.
Rattan (from the Indonesia/Malay "rotan") is the name for about 600 species of old world climbing palms. They belong to the subfamily Calamoideae.  Rattan is also known as "manila", or "malacca", after the ports of Manila and Malacca City, and as "manau" (from the Indonesia/Malay "rotan manau", the trade name for "Calamus manan" canes in Southeast Asia).  The climbing habit comes with a flexible woody stem, got from a secondary growth. This makes rattan a liana rather than a normal or true wood. It grows much faster than most tropical wood. Rattan canes are one of the world's most valuable non-timber forest products.  'Dragon's blood' is a red resin used in dyes, varnishes and incense. It can come from the fruit of a rattan. Furniture is probably the most widespread use. Many types of weapons and cane for caning have been made from rattan.
Stucco is a kind of plasterwork used to decorate ceilings and other parts of buildings. It is made of aggregates, binder and water. These days its main constituent is Portland cement, sand, inorganic lime (a hydroxide mineral, not the fruit) and water. It is applied wet and dries hard. The same substance is often called plaster and sometimes mortar. It has been used for hundreds of years in many cultures round the world.
Group 10 is a group of elements in the periodic table. Group 10 has nickel (Ni), palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt) and darmstadtium (Ds). Group 10 is in the transition metals section. It is worth noting that darmstadtium has unknown chemical properties, but is probably a transition metal.
Group 7 is a group of elements in the periodic table. Group 7 has manganese (Mn), technetium (Tc), rhenium (Re) and bohrium (Bh). Group 7 is in the transition metals section.
Muslihan Diding Sutrisno (4 August 1946 – 6 December 2020) was an Indonesian military official and politician. He was born in Bengkulu, Indonesia. He was a member of the People's Conscience Party. DS was Regent of Rejang Lebong from 1994 to 1999 and of North Bengkulu from 2001 to 2006. DS died on 6 December 2020 in Bengkulu of COVID-19 at the age of 74.
The Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series is an award which is given every year by the Academy of Television Arts &amp; Sciences (ATAS). It is given in honor of an actress who has delivered an outstanding performance in a leading role on a television drama series for the primetime network season. The award was first given at the 6th Primetime Emmy Awards on February 11, 1954. Zendaya is the current and youngest recipient of the award. She received an award for her work on "Euphoria".
Peter Alliss (28 February 1931 – 5 December 2020) was an English former professional golfer, television presenter, commentator, author and golf course designer. He was born in Berlin. In 2012 he was inducted into the World Golf Hall of Fame in the Lifetime Achievement category. Between 1952 and 1969, Alliss won 20 professional tournaments, including three British PGA Championships, in 1957, 1962 and 1965. He had five top-10 finishes in the Open Championship. Alliss played on eight Ryder Cup teams between 1953 and 1969 with a record of 10 wins, 15 losses and 5 halved matches.  Allis died on 5 December 2020 at the age of 89.
This is a list of presidents of France. List of presidents. Directory. The Directory was officially led by a president, as stipulated by Article 141 of the Constitution of the Year III. An entirely ceremonial post, the first president was Jean-François Rewbell, who was chosen by lot on 2 November 1795. The Directors conducted their elections privately, with the presidency rotating every three months. The last President was Louis-Jérôme Gohier. The leading figure of the Directory was Paul Barras, the only director to serve throughout the Directory. After the Coup of 18 Brumaire (9 November 1799), Barras, Ducos, and Sieyès resigned.Moulin and Gohier, refusing to resign, were arrested by General Moreau. French Fourth Republic (1946–1958). Political Party:
The French Third Republic (, sometimes written as ) was the system of government created in France from 1870, when the Second French Empire collapsed during the Franco-Prussian War, until 10 July 1940 after France's defeat by Nazi Germany in World War II led to the creation of the Vichy government in France. It was formed in 1870 during the Franco-Prussian War from 1870-1871. After France was defeated Napoleon III was exiled from France. In 1914 France declared war on the German Empire led by Kaiser Wilhelm II until Germany became the Weimar Republic Era in 1918 after World War 1.  In 1940 after Nazi Germany started World War 2 the French surrendered. Southern France became Vichy France and France’s Colonies in North Africa surrendered while the Empire of Japan took French Indochina before Japan Attacked Pearl Harbor in 1941 .
The French Fourth Republic () was the republican government of France between 1946 and 1958, governed by the fourth republican constitution.  It was in many ways a revival of the Third Republic that was in place from 1870 during the Franco-Prussian War to 1940 during World War II, and suffered many of the same problems.
The Fifth Republic (), France's current republican system of government, was created by Charles de Gaulle under the Constitution of the Fifth Republic on 4 October 1958.  The Fifth Republic was created after the collapse of the Fourth Republic, replacing the former parliamentary republic with a semi-presidential (or dual-executive) system that split powers between a prime minister as head of government and a president as head of state.
The Consulate (French: "Le Consulat") was the top-level Government of France from the fall of the Directory in the coup of Brumaire on 10 November 1799 until the start of the Napoleonic Empire on 18 May 1804.  During this time, Napoleon Bonaparte, as First Consul ("Premier consul"), created himself as the head of a more authoritarian, autocratic, and centralized republican government in France while not declaring himself sole ruler.  Napoleon brought authoritarian personal rule which has been viewed as military dictatorship.
The Executive Commission of 1848 was a short-lived government during the French Second Republic. It was chaired by François Arago. It lasted from 9 May 1848 to 24 June 1848. It replaced the Provisional Government of 1848 and was in turn replaced by the Cabinet of General Cavaignac. The members of the Commission acted as joint head of state.
Louis-Eugène Cavaignac (; 15 October 1802 in Paris – 28 October 1857) was a French general. He was Chief of the Executive Power between June 1848 to December 1848. He also was Prime Minister of France at the same time. Cavaignac was notorious for his brutal suppression of a workers’ uprising in 1848, which led to the deaths and executions of thousands of people. Ironically, despite his crushing of the worker insurgents, and his hostility to the socialists, Cavaignac nevertheless understood the plight of the workers. Under his government numerous interventionist economic measures and social reforms were carried out.
Ruth Williams Khama is the first first lady of the Republic of Botswana since it gained its independence in 1966. She was a British citizen. Her love life with the first president of Botswana, Sir Seretse Khama was filled with controversies. They got kicked out of the country because the bangwato tribe believed Khama broke the laws by marrying a white woman. Controversies spiked because the bangwato had grudges over the whites, claiming they were killers and manipulators. With many negotiations, the Khamas, Ruth and Seretse were able to return and eventually became the first president and first lady of Botswana.
The Order of Isabella the Catholic () is a Spanish civil order in which membership is given to honor services that benefited the country.  The Order was created on 14 March 1815 by King Ferdinand VII in honor of Queen Isabella I.
The Independent Republicans (, RI) were a liberal-conservative political group in France founded in 1962. It became a political party in 1966 known as the National Federation of the Independent Republicans ("Fédération nationale des républicains et indépendants", FNRI). Its leader was Valéry Giscard d'Estaing. In 1977 it became the Republican Party which joined the Union for French Democracy (UDF) the following year.
The Union for French Democracy (, UDF) was a centre-right political party in France. It began in 1978 as an alliance to support President Valéry Giscard d'Estaing against Gaullist power over the political right in France.  This name was chosen due to the title of Giscard d'Estaing's 1976 book, "Démocratie française". The party brought together Christian democrats, liberals and radicals.
Democratic Convention ("Convention démocrate", CD) is a centrist-liberal political party in France led by Hervé de Charette. It is the continuation of the Popular Party for French Democracy, started in 1995. The Popular Party for French Democracy ("Parti populaire pour la démocratie française", PPDF) began in July 1995. It replaced Perspectives and Realities Clubs and supported the Union for French Democracy (UDF).
Henri Marie Edmond Valéry Giscard d'Estaing (born 17 October 1956) is a French businessman. He was the son of former French President Valéry Giscard d'Estaing. Giscard was born in Paris. Giscard d’Estaing joined the resort company Club Med in 1997 as chief operating officer in charge of finance, development and international relations. He became chief executive officer in 2001 and chairman in 2002.
Les Trente Glorieuses (, 'The Glorious Thirty') was the thirty years from 1945 to 1975 following the end of the Second World War in France. The name was first used by the French demographer Jean Fourastié. Fourastié created the term in 1979 with the publication of his book "Les Trente Glorieuses, ou la révolution invisible de 1946 à 1975" ('The Glorious Thirty, or the Invisible Revolution from 1946 to 1975').  The term is comes from "Les Trois Glorieuses" ('The Glorious Three'), the three days of revolution on 27–29 July 1830 in France.
The Convention on the Future of the European Union, also known as the European Convention, was a body created by the European Council in December 2001 as a result of the Laeken Declaration.  It was inspired by the Philadelphia Convention that led to the creation of the United States federal Constitution. The goal was to create a constitution for the European Union for the Council to finalise and adopt.  The Convention finished its work in July 2003 with their Draft Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe.
The Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe (TCE; commonly referred to as the European Constitution or as the Constitutional Treaty) was an unapproved international treaty meant to create a constitution for the European Union (EU).  It would have replaced the European Union treaties with a single text. The Treaty was signed on 29 October 2004 by representatives of the then 25 member states of the European Union. It was later ratified by 18 member states. However French and Dutch voters did not approve the treaty thus not passing it.
Olivier Giscard d'Estaing (30 December 1927 – 13 September 2021) was a French politician. He was chairman of the Committee for a World Parliament. He was the brother of French President Valéry Giscard d'Estaing. Giscard d'Estaing died in Vierzon, France on 13 September 2021, aged 93.
Alexandre Parodi (1 June 1901 – 15 March 1979) was a French diplomat. He was the first ambassador of France to the United Nations. Parodi was a member of the State Council. From 1944 to 1945, Parodi was the Minister of Work and Social Security. From 1945 to 1960, Parodi worked as a French diplomat.
The Inspectorate General of Finances or Inspection générale des finances (IGF) is a supervisory body in France. In the recent years, the IGF has been at the head of the movement of modernization of the state. It is currently run by Marie-Christine Lepetit. It is placed under the joint responsibility of the Ministry for Economy, Finance, and Industry and the Ministry for Budget, Public Accounts and State Reform.
The Helsinki Final Act, also known as Helsinki Accords or Helsinki Declaration was the document signed at the closing meeting of the third part of the Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe held in Helsinki, Finland, during 30 July – 1 August 1975.  All then-existing European countries as well as the United States and Canada, altogether 35 participating states, signed the Final Act in an attempt to improve the détente between the Soviet bloc and the West.
Opération Lamantin (French for manatee) was a December 1977 – July 1978 military operation by France with the help of the Mauritanian government, in its war against Sahrawi guerrilla fighters of the Polisario Front. It supported independence for Western Sahara.  Airstrikes were launched in the provinces, but the results of the operation were not significant. France used Jaguar combat aircraft from Dakar Airbase. The bombings were targeted in the rail mines in Zouérat to the coast of Nouadhibou, which were blocked by Polisario.
The diamonds affair, known in France as "l'affaire des diamants", was a major political scandal in the 5th French Republic.  In 1973, the Minister of Finance, future president Valéry Giscard d'Estaing, was offered two diamonds from the Emperor of the Central African Empire Bokassa I. The affair was revealed by satiric newspaper "Le Canard Enchaîné" on October 10, 1979, towards the end of Giscard's presidency. Many believe this was the reason for Giscard losing his 1981 reelection bid.
Francisco Suárez of Toledo Vázquez of Utiel and González of the Tower, known like Doctor Eximius (Granada, 5 January 1548-Lisbon, 25 September 1617), went a theologian, philosopher and jurist jesuita Spanish. One of the main figures of the movement of the Philosofic School of Salamanca, was considered one of the best scholastic His work considers a turning point in the history of Segundo escolasticismo, that marks the transition of the Renaissance to the modern philosophy. According to Christopher Shields and Daniel Schwartz, "figures so distinct between yes in the place, the time and the philosophical orientation like Leibniz, Grocio, Pufendorf, Schopenhauer and Heidegger found reasons to quote it like source of inspiration and influence
The Hôpital Européen Georges-Pompidou (HEGP) ("Georges Pompidou European Hospital") is a French hospital located in Paris. It opened in 2001. In 2013, French Professor Alain Carpentier created the first 100% artificial heart, using biomaterials and electronic sensors. The device was successfully implanted by a team at the hospital on 18 December 2013.
The Group of the European Liberal Democrat and Reform Party (, ELDR) was a liberal political group of the European Parliament between 1976 and 2004.  The group made up of the European Liberal Democrat and Reform Party.
Atomium – European Institute for Science, Media and Democracy (EISMD) – formerly known as Atomium Culture AISBL - is an international non-profit organisation based in Brussels.  The Institute meets at European universities.
The AEI World Forum is an annual meeting of business and financial executives, heads of government, government officials, and educators. It happens every spring in Sea Island, Georgia. It is supported by the American Enterprise Institute (AEI) and the Vail Valley Foundation, and it features a number of AEI scholars and fellows. In 1976, U.S. president Gerald Ford hosted the second G7 summit in San Juan, Puerto Rico.  During his presidency, Ford became close friends with three of the other heads of government present at the summit: British prime minister James Callaghan, French president Valéry Giscard d'Estaing, and German chancellor Helmut Schmidt.  Ford and Giscard d'Estaing started the forum.
Presidential elections happened in France on 24 April and 8 May 1988. In 1981, the Socialist Party leader, François Mitterrand, was elected President of France and the Left won the legislative election.  However, in 1986, the right regained a parliamentary majority.
SAARC Literary Award is an annual award conferred by the Foundation of SAARC Writers and Literature (FOSWAL) since 2001 Shamshur Rahman, Mahasweta Devi, Jayanta Mahapatra, Abhi Subedi, Mark Tully, Sitakant Mahapatra, Uday Prakash, Suman Pokhrel and Abhay K are some of the recipients of this award.  Nepali poet, lyricist and translator Suman Pokhrel is only writer to get this award twice. Award Recipients. The year wise list of the award recipients are as follows:
Gaullism () is a French political term of people who support the ideas and presidency of World War II French Resistance leader General Charles de Gaulle. Gaullism cannot be seen within a political ideology, meaning it is not left or right. It is more of how the President of France should use their power. "Neo-Gaullism" has been used to describe a movement after the death of de Gaulle in 1970 from people who are economic liberal than both traditional and social Gaullism. Gaullist political parties. The following is a list of Gaullist political parties and their successors:
The Royal and Distinguished Spanish Order of Charles III, originally Royal and Much Distinguished Order of Charles III (, originally ) was created by the King of Spain Carlos III with the motto "Virtuti et mérito".  It honors people for their actions benefiting Spain and the Crown. Since its creation, and second to the Order of the Golden Fleece, it has been the most distinguished civil award that can be given in Spain.
Giscard d'Estaing is a French surname. Notable people with the surname include: &lt;onlyinclude&gt;*Anne-Aymone Giscard d'Estaing (born 1933), former First Lady of France
Sofema (Société française d’exportation de matériel militaire et aéronautique) is a French company which works in the renovation, marketing and maintenance of first generation land, sea and air equipment for the French Armed Forces. The company is based in Paris. Technical facilities are in La Teste (Gironde - in the south west of France) and Châteauroux (Indre).
Bronisław Malinowski (April 7, 1884 - May 16, 1942) was a well known British sociocultural anthropologist. He is most famous for his work on the Trobriand Islands, creating a formal ethnographic process, and for coming up with the idea of functionalism. Early life. Malinowski was born in Kraków, Poland on April 7th, 1884. He was raised in an aristocratic family. His father, Lucjan, was a professor of philosophy at a Polish university and a linguist who worked on Polish folklore. His mother, Jozefa, was also a linguist. Most of Malinowksi’s early education was learned at home. He traveled around the Mediterranean region with his mother when he was a teenager.  Academic career. In 1908, Malinowski received his PhD in physics and mathematics from the Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Poland. In 1910, Malinowski moved to England to study anthropology at the London School of Economics (LSE). At LSE, Malinowski was taught by Charles Seligman, a British physician and ethnologist who did fieldwork in New Guinea. He was also taught by Edward Westermarck, a Finnish philosopher and sociologist who studied exogamy and the incest taboo. In 1916, Malinowski received a D.Sc. in anthropology from the University of London.  Fieldwork. Malinowski began his fieldwork in 1914, when he traveled to New Guinea to study the Mailu. His first ethnographic report on this fieldwork, "The Native of the Mailu", was written in 1915. Malinowski had trouble working with the Mailu because he could not speak their language and did not live with them, which limited his understanding of their culture. Because of this, Malinowski started new fieldwork in the Trobriand Islands in 1915.  From 1915-1916 and 1917-1918, Malinowski did intense fieldwork on the Trobriand Islands, which helped him collect enough information to write multiple ethn
Sindhi Cultural Day (, ), also known as 'Aekta jo ddihaarro', is widely celebrated day by Sindhi people in whole world, with enthusiasm to spotlight the centuries-old rich culture of Sindh, its traditions and history.  The day is celebrated all over Sindh, and amongst the Sindhi diaspora around the world. Cultural day is the celebration, demonstration of culture of Sindh, Sindhis in Sindh and Sindhi diaspora all over the world celebrate this day to demonstrate the peaceful identity of Sindhi culture and to show their culture to world. On this jubilation people gather in all major cities of Sindh at Press Clubs, Schools, College and in universities and other places and arrange various activities of literary (poetic) gatherings, Mach Katchehri (gathering in a place and sitting round in a circle and the fire on sticks in the center), musical concerts, seminars, lecture programs and rallies, everyone wearing Sindhi traditional clothes, the Ajrak, Sindhi topi and Sindhi patko (turban) are very popular among Sindhi men, and for women and girls clothes with Sindhi embroideries, mirrorwork and local made fabrics like Bandhanis, Soossi, Maleers etc. It is also a symbol of the ancient Indus Valley Civilization.
Tropical Storm Bertha was a unusual tropical storm that did not last very long. It hit South Carolina on the same day it formed, and dissipated the day after that. However, it was unusual because of the time it formed. It formed very near to the coast, and on May 27.
Casus belli is a Latin phrase for an event or a situation that directly provokes a war. The plural of the phrase is the same as its singular. In an aggression in the sense of international law, a country is allowed to start a war in self-defence. It is common to provoke an aggressor to be able to start a war legally. Suspected examples are the "Arrow" incident, which started the Second Opium War, and the "Maine" incident, which led the United States to take Puerto Rico and the Philippinesand to occupy Cuba from the Spanish Empire. The Iraq War was started by the US and its allies on the pretext that Saddam Hussein had weapons of mass destruction. Years after the war, it turned out that there were none in Iraq. Another example is the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria starting World War I.