ejaasaari/simplewiki-2025-04-01 huggingface dataset:
Windows 1.0 is a graphical personal computer operating environment developed by Microsoft. Microsoft had worked with Apple Computer to develop applications for Apple's January 1984 original Macintosh, the first mass-produced personal computer with a graphical user interface (GUI) that enabled users to see user friendly icons on screen. Windows 1.0 was released on November 20, 1985, as the first version of the Microsoft Windows line. It runs as a graphical, 16-bit multi-tasking shell on top of an existing MS-DOS installation. It provides an environment which can run graphical programs designed for Windows, as well as existing MS-DOS software. Its development was spearheaded by the company founder Bill Gates after he saw a demonstration of a similar software suite known as Visi On at COMDEX. Despite positive responses to its early presentations and support from a number of hardware and software makers, Windows 1.0 was received poorly by critics. Critics felt Windows 1.0 did not meet their expectations. In particular, they felt that Windows 1.0 put too much emphasis on mouse input at a time when mouse use was not yet widespread; not providing enough resources for new users; and for performance issues, especially on systems with lower computer hardware specifications. Despite these criticisms, Windows 1.0 was an important milestone for Microsoft, as it introduced the Microsoft Windows line. Windows 1.0 was declared obsolete and Microsoft stopped providing support and updates for the system on December 31, 2001. History. Microsoft began developing a graphical user interface (GUI) in 1981. The development of Windows began after Microsoft founder Bill Gates saw a demonstration at COMDEX 1982 of VisiCorp's Visi On, a GUI software suite for IBM PC compatible computers. In 1983 Microsoft learned that Apple's own GUI software—based in part on Xerox PARC technology–was much more sophisticated, and decided that its own product would be different. Microsoft first presented Windows to the public on November 10, 1983. Requiring two floppy disk drives and 192 KB of RAM, Microsoft described the software as a device driver for MS-DOS 2.0. By supporting
Hewlett Packard (HP) is a computer technology company. It was created in 1939 by Bill Hewlett and Dave Packard, in a garage in California. It is based in Palo Alto, California. They are best known for making computers and computer hardware such as inkjet printers, laser printers, all-in-one printers, scanners and digital cameras. In 2002, HP bought Compaq and re-branded together as one company that is stylized as "hp". The letters in the latest logo are lower case.
Marshall Bruce Mathers III (born October 17, 1972), known professionally as Eminem, is an American rapper, songwriter, record producer, and actor. He became popular in 1999 with the release of the album "The Slim Shady LP", which won the Grammy Award for Best Rap Album that year. His next work, "The Marshall Mathers LP", became the best-selling solo album in U.S. history. This made him known around the world. He helped publicize his record label, Shady Records, and the group D12. "The Marshall Mathers LP" and his fourth album, "The Eminem Show", also won the Grammy Awards. This made him the first artist to win the Best Rap Album of the Year award three times in a row. In 2003, he won an Oscar for Best Original Song with "Lose Yourself." That song was featured in a movie called "8 Mile". "Lose Yourself" would become the single that for the longest time occupied the top spot of the hip hop charts. In 2004, rumors about the end of his career were announced after the release of "Encore." Those rumors were ended with the release of his album "Relapse" on May 19, 2009. According to Nielsen SoundScan, Eminem was the best selling artist of the 2000s in the United States and was the 30th best selling artist of all time in 2010, according to the ranking of the RIAA, with estimated sales of 220 million records worldwide. In 2010, he released "Recovery". "Recovery" was the best-selling album worldwide of 2010. Eminem was voted #79 on VH1's "100 Greatest Artists of All Time" list. He was ranked 82nd by Rolling Stone magazine. Including work with D12, Eminem has nine albums at the top of the Billboard Top 200, seven solo (6 studio, 1 compilation) and two with D12. He has 13 singles in the top position worldwide. He was recognized by the "Billboard" as the Artist of the Decade (2000-200
Bratwurst is a dish of German origin. It is a type of sausage. It is composed of pork or beef, and sometimes veal.  Where the word comes from. "Bratwurst" is a sausage in German cuisines, from Old High German "brätwurst", from "brät" which is a derivative of the Old High German word "brato". "Brato" originally meant "hacked meat", "intestine"s. The other part of the word is "wurst" which means sausage. Where the sausage comes from. Though originally Celtic in origin, the German "Bratwurst" comes from Franconia, specifically Weißenburg-Treuchtlingen.  Major Types of German Bratwurst. There are many different kinds of these sausages. All are special in their own way: A "Bratwurst meal" often is eaten with sauerkraut, mashed potatoes and roasted onions. Sometimes, it is also served with a potato sauce, or a potato salad. How the sausage is prepared. Today, most kinds of Bratwurst are prepared by roasting them. Depending on the kind of Bratwurst, it may have been cooked beforehand. Sausages that use raw meat, and that are not roasted or cooked before they are eaten are usually not called Bratwurst.  How people eat the sausage. The sausage is usually eaten with a hot or sweet German mustard or sliced and eaten as Currywurst. Sometimes, some hot French mustard is served as well. Bratwurst is almost always served with a hard German roll and usually accompanied by a beer. It is a popular snack in German-speaking countries, where it is sold at various fast food outlets and is often consumed while standing. Bratwurst in the US. In the United States, bratwurst are usually eaten with bread (a hot dog bun or a hardroll, for example) and topped with mustard and/or many of the other condiments often eaten with hot dogs, including onions (grilled and/or raw), relish, sauerkraut, etc. The bratwurst is
1909 (MCMIX) was a common year starting on Friday in the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Thursday in the Julian calendar.
Guatemala is a country in Central America. Its culture is a mix of both Mayan and Spanish cultures from the colonial period. Guatemala has many languages, a total of 23. Because of its natural beauty, it is a popular tourist destination. Its weather changes often because of the mountain range which crosses the center of the country.  The capital of Guatemala is Guatemala City. Guatemala is the world's largest producer and exporter of cardamom. Its neighbors are Belize, Mexico, El Salvador and Honduras. Population. Guatemala has the largest population in Central America. More than fourteen million people live in the 22 Guatemalan departments. Most of the population is made up of mestizo (mixed race) people, who are a combination of Native and European people. Mestizo are 40% of the population. Native Mayan people are 49% of the population, while 9% are direct descendants of Spanish and German people. Black people are 2% of the population. History. The capital was moved several times because of natural disasters. The first city was destroyed when the volcano Volcan de Agua erupted, forcing the move to what today is called Antigua Guatemala. This city was destroyed by earthquakes. Finally, the capital was moved to Guatemala City. &lt;br&gt;
Tenochtitlan was the capital city of the Aztec Empire. The Aztecs built Tenochtitlan around 1325, right on a lake called Lake Texcoco. As the Empire grew, so did Tenochtitlan. By the early 1500s, at least 200,000 people lived in the city. This made Tenochtitlan the largest city in the Americas before Christopher Columbus arrived. Center of the Aztec Empire. Tenochtitlan was the center of the Aztec government and religion. It was also a very big trading center. When the Spanish arrived in 1519, they guessed that 60,000 people came to the market in Tenochtitlan every day. People bought and sold many things there, including slaves (prisoners of war from states the Aztecs had taken over). The entire city was decorated with art, architecture, and stone sculptures. The Great Temple. The city had a huge pyramid called the Templo Mayor (Great Temple). At the top of the Temple, there were two small rooms. In these rooms, the Aztecs sacrificed people to two of their most important gods: "Huitzilopochtli", the god of war and the sun, and "Tlaloc", the rain god. The Aztecs believed that if they did not feed their gods blood, the gods would wither and die, causing the end of the world as they knew it. Agriculture. The Aztecs had created canals all across the city. By bringing water to Aztec crops, these canals made it possible for the Aztecs to grow much more food than they normally could have. The Aztecs had also made levees to protect the city from flooding, and reservoirs for fresh water. The Aztecs also built chinampas (small rectangular crops floating on lake beds) so that they could create more food to feed the thousands of people who lived around Tenochtitlan. In addition, they built waterways and dams so that they could receive fresh water, and block out the salty brackish water. Fall of Tenochtitlan. In 1519, Spanish conquist
The Eurovision Song Contest (sometimes shortened to ESC or simply Eurovision) is an international song contest held every year by the European Broadcasting Union since 1956. Each year, different singers representing countries in Europe perform a song and the winner is decided through voting. Between 160 million and 200 million people watch every year. This makes it the largest music competition in the world. Eurovision has had many famous winners in the past including ABBA, Céline Dion, Sandie Shaw, Bucks Fizz, Alexander Rybak, Conchita Wurst, Netta Barzilai, Duncan Laurence and Måneskin. Other famous contestants that did not win include Olivia Newton-John, Bonnie Tyler, Blue, Jedward, Engelbert Humperdinck and Rosa Linn. Creation. Eurovision started on 24 May 1956. The Eurovision Song Contest was created by the European Broadcasting Union to experiment live television and broadcasting across multiple countries. It was inspired by RAI's Sanremo Music Festival. The first contest was held in 1956 with the aim of uniting the countries of Europe following World War II. Seven countries took part in the first contest, which was hosted in Lugano. It was won by Lys Assia, who was representing Switzerland. Expansion of the contest. More countries began to join very quickly. In the 1970s, countries from outside Europe began to participate (such as Israel). Morocco also participated once (and is the only African country to do so). The early 1990s saw the fall of both the Soviet Union and Yugoslavia, with both split into multiple countries (all in Eastern Europe). All of these new countries wanted to join so the 1993 contest had a separate contest held beforehand between seven new Eastern European countries. The three winners of the contest would participate in the actual Eurovision Contest. Relegation system (1994—2003). The 1994 contest introduced a relegation system. This meant that each year, the countries that ranked lowest would not be allowed to participate the following year in order to allow other countries to enter. Eurovision 1999 introduced a new rule where the United Kingdom, Spain,
Malleability is a substance's ability to deform under pressure (compressive stress). If malleable, a material may be flattened into thin sheets by hammering or rolling. Malleable materials can be flattened into metal leaf. One well-known type of metal leaf is gold leaf. Many metals with high malleability also have high ductility. Some do not; for example lead has low ductility but high malleability. Malleability is a physical property of matter, usually metals. The property usually applies to the family groups 1 to 12 on the modern periodic table of elements. It is the ability of a solid to bend or be hammered into other shapes without breaking. Examples of malleable metals are gold, iron, aluminum, copper, silver, and lead. Gold and silver are highly malleable. When a piece of hot iron is hammered it takes the shape of a sheet. The property is not seen in non-metals. Non-malleable metals may break apart when struck by a hammer. Malleable metals usually bend and twist in various shapes. Zinc is malleable at temperatures between 100 and 200 °C but is brittle at other temperatures. How is malleability measured? There are two ways to measure it. The first is to measure the pressure or compressive stress that a material withstands before it breaks. The other test involves measuring the thickness of a metal sheet before it breaks.
Gay is a word used to describe someone who is homosexual. Today, the word usually means a person who is sexually attracted to people of the same sex. Often that person is also romantically interested in people of the same sex. A gay person can be a male who likes other males or a female who likes other females.  A person that is attracted to people only of the opposite sex is heterosexual. While a person attracted to people of the same sex and the opposite sex is bisexual. The word "gay" can mean any homosexual person, but sometimes it is used just for homosexual men. In that case, homosexual women are called "lesbian" instead. Sometimes, people use the word "queer" to mean the same thing as "gay" when talking about sexuality.  In the early 20th century and before, "gay" used to mean 'happy' or 'carefree', but now people use it to define sexuality or to offend people.
Potsdam (Low Sorbian: "Podstupim") is a small German city which is right next to Berlin. In fact it touches the border of Berlin, and is about 26 km southwest of Berlin's centre. It is the capital of the state of Brandenburg. Potsdam has a small population: about 176,000 people lived in this city in 2017.  On the other hand, it is the largest World Heritage site in Germany. Potsdam was a residence of the Prussian kings and the German Kaiser until 1918. It was planned in the Age of Enlightenment with a careful balance of architecture and landscape. Potsdam was intended as "a picturesque, pastoral dream" which would remind its people of their relationship with nature and reason.  Around the city there are a series of lakes and cultural landmarks. The parks and palaces of Sanssouci are the centre of the World Heritage Site. The Soviet Union did not return many of the Potsdam art treasures, and they remain to this day in Russia. The library of Frederick the Great was returned, but only 36 oil paintings. The Potsdam Conference in 1945 was held at the palace Cecilienhof.
Bremen is a city in north Germany. It is the capital of the State of Bremen. About 545,000 live in Bremen. It has an oceanic climate ("Cfb" in the Koeppen climate classification). It is the 11th largest city in Germany.  The city's official name today includes the name "Hansestadt" (Hanseatic city) in memory of its history, where it has been important part in the Hanseatic League. The architecture of the city and the region as well is influenced by this historic period. Other Hanseatic cities today are: Hamburg, Rostock, Wismar, Stralsund, Lübeck, Greifswald and Demmin. History. People have lived in the area of Bremen's marshes since around 12,000 BC.  In 1871, Bremen was made part of Prussia by the German Empire.  Bremerhaven became a major port for emigration from Germany and Central Europe to the Americas. During the Second World War, Bremen was the location of nine camps of the Neuengamme concentration camp, for French, Polish, Soviet and Jewish people. After the Second World War, Bremen and Bremerhaven were occupied by the United States.  Geography. The river Weser flows through Bremen, which goes to the North Sea through the city's exclave, Bremerhaven.  Politics. Bremen is currently administered by a mayor from the SPD party, Carsten Sieling.  Population. About 545,000 people live in Bremen and it is the 11th largest city in Germany.  Transport. Bremen is served by an international airport. Bremen is also served by Deutsch Bahn at its main train station. Bremen's public transport infrastructure also includes a bus service and a light rail service. Sports. Werder Bremen is a major football team of Bremen.
Wiesbaden (; Hessian: "Wisbade", Latin: "Aquae Mattiacae") is a German city near Frankfurt am Main. It is the capital of the federal state of Hesse. Wiesbaden is on the right (north) bank of the Rhine (German: "Rhein"), near the city of Mainz (about away from Wiesbaden centre) the opposite side of the river, and a short distance, about , from Frankfurt am Main, to the east. About 274,000 people live in the city (2005). Wiesbaden has an oceanic climate ("Cfb" in the Koeppen climate classification).  Wiesbaden is the capital of the state Hesse, which is located in middle of Germany.
Hanover () is a German city. It is the capital of the federal state of Lower Saxony. Hanover has 535,932 inhabitants (31 December 2021). In Hanover there are some big industry companies like Volkswagen (Cars and Vans), Continental (tyres), Varta (batteries) and TUI (tourism). Hanover has a very modern zoo and an international airport. There are some very big fairs in Hanover like the CeBIT - "Ce"ntre of "O"ffice, "I"nformation and "T"elecommunication (B is for Büro that means office) and the traditional Hanover fair that shows classical industrial products. In the year 2000 the Expo-2000 was in Hanover. Hanover has a large forest near the inner city, it is called the "Eilenriede". There is also a lake (the "Maschsee") of about three km length and 500 m width near the city centre. The famous gardens of Herrenhausen (Herrenhäuser Gärten) are also in Hanover. The gardens were heavily destroyed in WWII, but they are currently under reconstruction. People in Hanover get around town by using the Hannover Hauptbahnhof, which has been around since 1843. The mayor of the city is Belit Onay. He is a member of the party Alliance 90/The Greens. The city has been administered by social democratic city councils since the 1950s. The (new) town hall is one of the famous buildings in the city, others are the Marktkirche (market church), the old (medieval) town hall, some castles like the "Leineschloss" and the "Welfenschloss". Hanover is located at the river Leine. Some internationally famous inhabitants of the town are: The classic rock band "Scorpions", the former German chancellor Gerhard Schröder and the association football player Per Mertesacker. Key employers in the region are Volkswagen, Continental, Talanx, Hannover Re, Nord LB and VHV. Climate. Hanover has an Ocean
Düsseldorf (, , ; Low Franconian and Ripuarian: "Düsseldörp" ; archaic , Latin: "Dusseldorpium") is a German city. It is on the east bank of the river Rhine. It is the capital of the state of North Rhine-Westphalia. Düsseldorf has about 600,000 inhabitants. About 1.3 million people live in the city and surrounding areas. The city has one international airport, a university, and the headquarters of many international companies. History. In the 7th or 8th century there was a fishing or farming settlement at the place where the little river Dussel (which gave the name to the city) flows into the Rhine. Kaiserswerth is the first part of the city to be mentioned in writing. This was in 1135. Kaiserswerth became part of Düsseldorf in 1927. In 1186 the Counts of Berg got to rule Düsseldorf and they made it their residence in 1280. On 14th of August 1288 there was a great battle between the Archbishop of Cologne and the Duke of Limburg against the Duke of Brabant and the Count of Berg. The Duke of Brabant won and the Archbishop of Cologne became a prisoner of the Count of Berg. So he could not do anything against Düsseldorf getting the status of a city. So Düsseldorf became a city with full City Rights in 1288. The Counts of Berg became more and more powerful and Düsseldorf became the capital of the Duchy of Berg-Mark-Kleve-Jülich in 1380. in 1680 the Dukes of Berg-Kleve-Mark-Jülich died out and after some struggles the Earls of Palatine (they were Prince-Electors) became the new rulers of Düsseldorf. The most important duke of this line was Johann Wilhelm II. (1690-1716), called Jan Wellem. After Johann Wilhelm the Dukes moved to their new seat in Heidelberg, because they also got to rule the Duchy of Bavaria. In the Napoleonic Wars the French won the
Mainz ( or "Meenz", () is a German city. It is the capital of the state of Rhineland-Palatinate. Mainz is on the left side of the river Rhine, on the right side is the city Wiesbaden. Mainz has about 203,000 people. Its main economic product is wine. It has an oceanic climate ("Cfb" in the Koeppen climate classification). Education. Mainz has some universities:
Frankfurt is the name of two cities in Germany: Historical territories and entities, centered in Frankfurt am Main: Historical territories and entititie, centered in Frankfurt (Oder): There is a city with a similar spelling: Franfurt is the family name of:
Fred McFeely Rogers (March 20, 1928 – February 27, 2003) was an American television personality, musician, puppeteer, writer, producer, and Presbyterian minister. He was the creator, producer, head writer, and host of the children's television show "Mister Rogers' Neighborhood" from 1968 until he left in 2001. He also wrote the music for the show.  In the 1950's, Rogers was not happy with the television shows that children were watching. He began to write and perform shows for children near the city of Pittsburgh. In 1968, a television company called Eastern Educational Television Network began distributing Rogers's new show, "Mister Rogers' Neighborhood," across the United States on the TV channel WQED. For thirty years, Rogers was a television icon of children's entertainment and education. Rogers supported many public causes. In the Betamax case, the U.S. Supreme Court used what Rogers said before a lower court to support fair use television recording. Rogers also spoke before a U.S. Senate committee to support government money for children's television. In August 2001, Rogers retired from recording "Mister Rogers' Neighborhood". In October 2002, doctors told him he had stomach cancer. He died from the disease a few months later on February 27, 2003. He was 74 years old. President George W. Bush honored Rogers with the Presidential Medal of Freedom. Rogers was also given forty honorary degrees and a Peabody Award. He was added to the Television Hall of Fame. He was number 35 on the "TV Guide"'s "Fifty Greatest TV Stars of All Time". The Smithsonian Institution has one of his sweaters as a "Treasure of American History". Rogers inspired many creators of children's television shows. His shows helped people understand sad and tragic events, even after he died. Early life. Rogers was born in Latrobe, Pennsylvania to James Rogers and Nancy McFeely. His father was a businessman. His mother came from a rich Pittsburgh family and also was a hospital volunteer during and after World War II. His grandfather from his mother's side, Fred McFe
Sri Yukteswar Giri (May 10, 1855 - March 9, 1936) was an Indian guru and swami. His real name was Priya Nath Karar and was born in Serampore, West-Bengal, India. He is one of the famous people who appears on the cover of the Beatles' Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band.  He became known through "Autobiography of a Yogi" as the guru of the author Paramahansa Yogananda.  George Harrison, the beatle, was initiated in kriya yoga in USA in Self-Realization Fellowship, an organization created by the known writer and great spiritual master in the west Paramahansa Yogananda.