ejaasaari/simplewiki-2025-04-01 huggingface dataset:
Leonid (Les) Stepanovych Tanyuk (, August 7, 1938 – March 18, 2016) was a Ukrainian theatre and movie director. He was a dissident and the head of the Club of Creative Youth. After 1991's Ukrainian independence Tanyuk became a multiple re-elected member of the Ukrainian parliament. Tanyuk died on March 18, 2016 in Kyiv, Ukraine from stomach cancer at the age of 77.
The 2012 Democratic presidential primaries and caucuses is how voters of the Democratic Party chose the candidate for United States presidential election, 2012. The incumbent president, Barack Obama, won the primaries and caucuses after winning 88.87% of the popular vote, and all of the states and territories. No other candidates could challenge Obama. Candidates. Barack Obama was the only candidate who was on the ballot in all 50 states.
The Twenty-seventh Amendment to the United States Constitution (Amendment XXVII) has to do with the salaries paid to members of the United States Congress.  Congress is made of two "Houses," and the members of each House serve different terms (amounts of time in office). Members of the United States Senate serve six-year terms, and members of the United States House of Representatives serve two years each. The Twenty-seventh Amendment says that no law can change Congresspeople's salaries until a new two-year term for Representatives starts. As of 2024, the Twenty-seventh amendment is the last amendment that has been added to the Constitution. It took longer for the states to ratify this amendment than any other in history. The 1st United States Congress sent the suggested amendment to the states for their approval on September 25, 1789. It was not until May 7, 1992, that enough states ratified the amendment for it to be added to the Constitution. The ratification process had taken 202 years, 7 months, and 12 days the longest in United States history. Text. When Congress first proposed the amendment in 1789, this is the text they suggested: History. On September 25, 1789, the first United States Congress gave a group of 12 amendments to the states for their approval. Written by James Madison, these were the first 12 Constitutional amendments ever written. One of them was an amendment about salaries for Members of Congress. Madison wanted to protect against Congresspeople being able to give themselves raises whenever they wanted to, while they were in the middle of their terms and the people could not vote them out. In 1791, the states ratified ten of the 12 suggested amendments. These ten amendments became the Bill of Rights. However, the states did not ratify the other two amendments out of the 12 including the one on limiting pay for Congresspeople. Proposal and ratification. Proposal by Congress. James Madison first proposed this amendment in the United States House of Representatives on June 8, 1789. On August 24, 1789, the House passed the suggested amendment and sixteen others. The proposals went next
Vajiralongkorn (born 28 July 1952), also known as Rama X, is King of Thailand, reigning since 2016. Vajiralongkorn was the only son of King Bhumibol Adulyadej and Queen Sirikit. He was proclaimed Crown Prince of Thailand in 1972 at the age of 20. When his father passed away on 13 October 2016, it was expected that he would immediately succeed to the throne. However, he postponed the ascension to the throne to give people time to mourn his father. On 1 December 2016, he was invited to the throne. However, the Thai government counted his reign back to the date of his father’s death. Since he was 64 years old on the day of his ascension to the throne, he was the oldest Thai monarch on the day of his ascension to the throne. Vajiralongkorn held his father's royal cremation ceremony on 26 October 2017 and his coronation ceremony took place on 4–6 May 2019. Early Life. Vajiralongkorn was born at Amphorn Sathan Residential Hall, Dusit Palace in Bang Kok, He is second child and only son of King Bhumibol Adulyadej and Queen Sirikit, He has three sisters in the family, He studied at Chitralada School, Preparatory school and first at a prep school, King's Mead, Seaford, Sussex, and then at Millfield School, in Somerset in United Kingdom, He completed his high school in Summer 1970. He attended a five-week military training course at The King's School, in Sydney, Australia. Vajiralongkorn start study the military training by the Australian Army at Royal Military College, Duntroon in Canberra and a bachelor's degree course under the auspices of the University of New South Wales. He graduated in 1976 as a new lieutenant with a liberal arts degree. In 1982, Vajiralongkorn was completed his second bachelor's degree in law, with second-class honors at Sukhothai Th
Lyubka Vasileva Rondova, Ljubka Rondova or Lubka Rondova () (24 September 1936 – 15 March 2016) was a Bulgarian folk singer. She best known for performing and recording many of the traditional song from Macedonia as a folklore region. She was born in Sidirochori, Greece to Bulgarian parents. She was awarded the highest Bulgarian order Stara planina, First Degree in 2002. Rondova died in Sofia, Bulgaria at the age of 79.
Robert Henry "Bob" Michel (pronounced "Michael"; March 2, 1923 – February 17, 2017) was an American Republican Party politician. He was a member of the United States House of Representatives for 38 years. He represented central Illinois' 18th congressional district, and was the GOP leader in Congress during the Ronald Reagan, George H. W. Bush and Bill Clinton presidencies from 1981 through 1995. He as Minority Leader from 1981 through 1995. He was also Minority Whip for 6 years from 1975 through 1981. Michel was born and raised in Peoria, Illinois. He studied in Bradley University. Michel died on February 17, 2017 in Arlington, Virginia from pneumonia, aged 93.
Joe Santos (born Joseph John Minieri, Jr.; June 9, 1931 – March 18, 2016) was an American movie and television actor. He was born in The Bronx, New York. He played Sergeant Dennis Becker in "The Rockford Files", and Lt. Frank Harper in the TV series "Hardcastle and McCormick". He appeared on "The Sopranos" as Angelo Garepe in seven 2004 episodes. Santos suffered a heart attack on March 14, 2016, according to his son. He died four days later in Santa Monica, California at the age of 84.
José Luis Artetxe Muguire (26 June 1930 – 19 March 2016) was a Spanish footballer who played as a striker. He was born in Algorta, Spain. His career began in 1947. Artetxe played for Getxo from 1949 through 1950, for Athletic Bilbao from 1950 through 1965 and for Spain national football team in 1953 and again from 1954 through 1959. He retired in the 1960s. Artetxe earned six caps for Spain, during five years. His debut came on 17 March 1954 in a 2–2 draw against Turkey for the 1954 FIFA World Cup qualifiers. He scored the game's first goal in Rome. Artetxe died in Bilbao, Spain from complications of Alzheimer's disease at the age of 85.
The Titles of Nobility Amendment is a proposed amendment to the United States Constitution. It was approved by the 11th Congress on May 1, 1810, and submitted to the state legislatures for ratification. It would strip United States citizenship from any citizen who accepted a title of nobility from a foreign country. On two occasions between 1812 and 1816, it only needed ratifying by two states to become a valid part of the Constitution. Congress did not set a time limit for its ratification, so the amendment is still pending before the states. Now, since the number of states has increased, ratification by an additional 26 states would be needed for this amendment to be adopted. Background. This proposed amendment would amplify both , which prohibits the federal government from issuing titles of nobility or honor, and , which prohibits the states from issuing them. There is speculation that the Congress proposed the amendment in response to the 1803 marriage of Napoleon Bonaparte's younger brother, Jerome, and Betsy Patterson of Baltimore, Maryland. She gave birth to a son for whom she wanted aristocratic recognition from France. The child, named Jérôme Napoleon Bonaparte, was not born in the United States, but in Great Britain on July 7, 1805. Nevertheless, he would have held U.S. citizenship through his mother. In turn, his son, Charles Joseph Bonaparte, was born in 1851 and died 1921. He graduated from Harvard Law School, and became Secretary of the Navy and then, in the Theodore Roosevelt Administration, Attorney-General – and created the FBI. Another theory is that his mother actually desired a title of nobility for herself. She is referred to as the "Duchess of Baltimore" in many texts written about the amendment. The marriage had been annulled in 1805. This was well before the amendment's proposal by the 11th Congress. Nonetheless, Representative Nathaniel Macon of North Carolina is recorded to have said that "he considered the vote on this question as deciding whether or not we were to have members of the Legion of Honor in this country."
The First United States Congress, consisting of the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives, met from March 4, 1789, to March 4, 1791. This was during the first two years of George Washington's presidency. Congress met first at Federal Hall in New York City and later at Congress Hall in Philadelphia. With the initial meeting of the First Congress, the United States federal government officially began operations under the new (and current) frame of government established by the 1787 Constitution. The apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives was based on the provisions of of the Constitution. Both chambers had a Pro-Administration majority. Twelve articles of amendment to the Constitution were passed by this Congress and sent to the states for ratification. The ten ratified as additions to the Constitution on December 15, 1791 are collectively known as the Bill of Rights (Amendments one through ten). Major legislation. Session 1. Held March 4, 1789, through September 29, 1789, at Federal Hall in New York City Session 2. Held January 4, 1790, through August 12, 1790, at Federal Hall in New York City Session 3. Held December 6, 1790, through March 3, 1791, at Congress Hall in Philadelphia Party summary. There were no political parties in this Congress. Members are informally grouped into factions of similar interest, based on an analysis of their voting record. Details on changes are shown below in the "Changes in membership" section. Senate. During this congress, two Senate seats were added for North Carolina and Rhode Island when each ratified the Constitution. House of Representatives. During this congress, five House seats were added for North Carolina and one House seat was added for Rhode Island when they ratified the Constitution.
On 13 March 2016, three gunmen opened fire at a beach on Grand-Bassam, Ivory Coast. They attacked the Étoile du Sud hotel which was occupied at the time. 19 people were killed. Thirty-three people were injured. It had been the third attack on a tourism resort in West Africa for four months. Attack. The attack started when three armed assailants attacked the Étoile du Sud hotel. Agence France-Presse writes that it was occupied by numerous expatriates at the time. According to officials, 15 civilians and three special forces soldiers were killed. The attackers were described as Africans. The had grenade belts and Kalashnikov rifles. They were dressed in casual clothes and balaclavas.  A shootout started between the attackers and police when the assailants reached the La Paillote Hotel. Army personnel evacuated local residents and tourists from the beach to nearby hotels. The hotels were placed on lockdown by that time. Government officials as said that security forces had killed six armed men. The terrorists shouted "Allahu Akbar".  An American embassy delegation was at Grand-Bassam on the date of the attack. But the US Embassy in Abidjan said on Twitter that there is "no evidence that U.S. citizens were targeted". French authorities had warned Ivory Coast and Senegal weeks earlier of the danger of a terrorist attack. After the attack. Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM) and al-Mourabitoun claimed responsibility for the attack. AQIM released the names of the attackers: Hamza al-Fulani and Abu Adam al-Ansari from al-Mourabitoun and Abderrahmane al-Fulani from the "Emirate of the Desert" on 17 March.
Republicanism in the United States is a set of ideas that guides the government and politics. These ideas have shaped the government, and the way people in the United States think about politics, since the American Revolution. The American Revolution, the Declaration of Independence (1776), the Constitution (1787), and even the Gettysburg Address (1863) were based on ideas from American republicanism. "Republicanism" comes from the word "republic." However, they are not the same thing. A republic is a type of government (one where the people can choose their leaders). Republicanism is an ideology set of beliefs that people in a republic have about what is most important to them. Definition. Republicanism in the United States grew out of some very old ideas. It includes ideas from ancient Greece, ancient Rome, the Renaissance, and England. Some of the most important ideas of republicanism are that: Republicanism is different than other forms of democracy. In a "pure" democracy, the majority rules. If a majority of the people voted to take rights away from a certain group, that is what would happen. Alexis de Tocqueville, a famous French political thinker, called this the "tyranny of the majority." He meant that a pure democracy could still turn into an unfair, unequal, corrupt society if the majority of the people decided to take away others' rights. However, republicanism says that people have "unalienable" rights that cannot be voted away. Republican governments are different than "pure" democracies, because they include protections to make sure people's rights are not taken away. In a true republican government, one group - even if it is a majority - cannot take another group's unalienable rights away. The American Revolution. American republicanism was created and first practiced by the Founding Fathers in the 18th century. For them, "republicanism represented more than a particular form of government. It was a way of life, a core ideology, an uncompromising commitment to liberty, and a total rejection of aristocracy." Republicanism shaped what the Founders thought and did during the American Revolution, and after. Creating American republicanism. The leaders
Defence Intelligence (DI) is part of the United Kingdom "intelligence Community", with the SIS, GCHQ, and the Security Service.  It is not a stand-alone organisation, but a part of the Ministry of Defence (MOD). The organisation employs civilian and military staff. The organisation was formerly known as the Defence Intelligence Staff or DIS, but changed its name in 2009. Defence Intelligence gets information from many sources. This information is used to support military operations, planning, and defence policy. It notes politico-military, scientific and technical developments which may affect the UK. DI's assessments support the work of the Joint Intelligence Committee (JIC), other Government departments, and international partners such as NATO and the European Union.  It is this 'all-source' information which distinguishes Defence Intelligence from other organisations such as SIS and GCHQ. They focus on the collection of 'single-source' human intelligence (HUMINT) and signals intelligence (SIGINT) respectively.
The Corwin Amendment is a proposed amendment to the United States Constitution. It was passed by the Congress on March 2, 1861 and sent to the state legislatures for ratification. Senator William H. Seward of New York introduced the amendment in the Senate. Representative Thomas Corwin of Ohio introduced it in the House of Representatives. It was one of several bills considered by Congress in an unsuccessful attempt to attract the seceding states back into the Union and to convince border slave states to stay. Technically still pending before the states, it would, if ratified, shield "domestic institutions" of the states (which in 1861 included slavery) from the constitutional amendment process and from interference by Congress. Ratification history. The Corwin Amendment was ratified by: In 1963, more than a century after the Corwin Amendment was sent to the state legislatures by the Congress, a joint resolution to ratify it was introduced in the Texas House of Representatives by Dallas Republican Henry Stollenwerck. The joint resolution was sent to the House's Committee on Constitutional Amendments on March 7, 1963, but received no further consideration. Possible impact if adopted. The Corwin Amendment, when viewed through the lens of the plain meaning rule ("literal rule"), would have made institutionalized slavery unable to be affected by the amendment process. As a result, the later Reconstruction Amendments (Thirteenth, Fourteenth and Fifteenth) would not have been allowed, as they abolish or interfere with the domestic institution of the states. A competing theory, however, suggests that a later amendment conflicting with an already-ratified Corwin Amendment could either explicitly repeal the Corwin Amendment (as the Twenty-first Amendment explicitly repealed the Eighteenth Amendment) or be inferred to have partially or completely repealed any conflicting provisions of an already-adopted Corwin Amendment.
The Child Labor Amendment is a proposed and still-pending amendment to the United States Constitution that would specifically authorize Congress to regulate "labor of persons under eighteen years of age". The amendment was proposed in 1924 following Supreme Court rulings in 1918 and 1922 that federal laws regulating and taxing goods produced by employees under the ages of 14 and 16 were unconstitutional. The majority of the state governments ratified the amendment by the mid-1930s. However, it has not been ratified by the required three-fourths of the states according to Article V of the Constitution. None of the states have ratified it since 1937. There was not much interest in the amendment after the passage of the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938, which implemented federal regulation of child labor with the Supreme Court's approval in 1941. Because Congress did not set a time limit for its ratification, the amendment is still technically pending before the states. Currently, ratification by an additional ten states would be necessary for this amendment to become law. Background. With the Keating–Owen Act of 1916, Congress had attempted to control interstate commerce involving goods produced by employees under the ages of 14 or 16, depending on the type of work. The Supreme Court found this law unconstitutional in "Hammer v. Dagenhart" (1918). Later that year, Congress attempted to levy a tax on businesses with employees under the ages of 14 or 16 (again depending on the type of work), which was struck down by the Supreme Court in "Bailey v. Drexel Furniture". It became apparent that a constitutional amendment would be necessary for such legislation to overcome the Court's objections. Legislative history. The amendment was offered by Ohio Republican Congressman Israel Moore Foster on April 26, 1924, during the 68th Congress, in the form of House Joint Resolution No. 184. The text of the proposed amendment reads: Ratification history. Having been approved by Congress, the proposed amendment was sent to the state legislatures for ratification. It was ratified by the following states: The following fifteen state legislatures rejected the Child Labor Amendment and did not ratify it:
The District of Columbia Voting Rights Amendment was a proposed amendment to the United States Constitution that would have given the District of Columbia full representation in the United States Congress, full representation in the Electoral college system, and full participation in how the Constitution is amended. It was proposed by Congress on August 22, 1978. It was ratified by only 16 states by the time it expired on August 22, 1985. It was 22 ratifications short of the needed 38 in order for the proposed amendment to have been adopted. Legislative history. Representative Don Edwards of California proposed House Joint Resolution 554 in the 95th Congress. The United States House of Representatives passed it on March 2, 1978, by a 289–127 vote, with 18 not voting. The United States Senate passed it on August 22, 1978, by a 67–32 vote, with 1 not voting. With that, the District of Columbia Voting Rights Amendment was submitted to the state legislatures for ratification. The Congress included in the text of the proposed amendment that included the requirement that ratification by three-fourths (38) of the states be completed within seven years following its passage by the Congress (i.e., August 22, 1985) in order for the proposed amendment to become part of the Constitution. By placing the ratification deadline in the text of the proposed amendment, the deadline could not be extended, as had been done regarding the Equal Rights Amendment. Ratification history. Ratification by the legislatures of at least 38 of the 50 states by August 22, 1985 was necessary for the District of Columbia Voting Rights Amendment to become a part of the Constitution. During the seven-year period specified by Congress it was ratified by only 16 states and so failed to be adopted. The amendment was ratified by the following states: Effects if it had been adopted. If it had been adopted, this amendment would have given Washington, D.C. full representation in both houses of the Congress. It would have repealed the Twenty-third Amendment. The Twenty-third Amendment does not allow Washington, D.C. to have more electoral votes "than the least populous State,"
Belaid Abdessalam () (20 July 1928 – 27 June 2020) was an Algerian politician. He served as Prime Minister of Algeria. He served as minister from 8 July 1992 until he resigned in 21 August 1993. Abdessalam was born in Dehemcha, near Sétif, Algeria on 20 July 1928. He died on 27 June 2020, aged 91.
Marcia Carolyn "Marcy" Kaptur (born June 17, 1946) is an American politician. He is the U.S. Representative representing Ohio. She has served since 1983. She is a member of the Democratic Party.  Kaptur endorsed Bernie Sanders for Democratic nomination in 2016.