ejaasaari/simplewiki-2025-04-01 huggingface dataset:
Criticism of hadith is the critique of hadith (attributed reports about what the Islamic prophet Muhammad said and did). Not all Muslims believe the hadith are the words of Muhammad. Muslims who criticise the hadith are known as "Hadith rejectors", and are distinguished from "Hadith advocates", such as Sunnis and Shias who believe in traditional hadiths. Groups who have rejected the hadith include "Ahl al-Kalām", "Mu'tazilites", some sects of the Kharijites, modernist Muslims, and Quranists. Historically, "Ahl al-Kalām", who have been described as the forerunners of the "Mu'tazilites", rejected the authority of the hadith on the grounds that its corpus was "filled with contradictory, blasphemous, and absurd" reports, and that in jurisprudence, even the smallest doubt about a source was too much. Thus, they believed, the true legacy of Muhammad was to be found elsewhere, i.e. in the Sunnah, which is separate from the hadith. Similarly, some sects of the Kharijites also rejected the hadith; there were some who opposed even the writing down of the Hadith itself for fear that it would compete, or even replace the Qur'an.  Like Ahl al-Kalām, Mu'tazilites also rejected the hadiths as the basis for Islamic law, while at the same time accepting the Sunnah and Ijma. For Mu'tazilites, the basic argument for rejecting the hadiths was that "since its essence is transmission by individuals, [it] cannot be a sure avenue of our knowledge about the Prophetic teaching unlike the Qur'an about whose transmission there is a universal unanimity among Muslims". Quranists also reject the hadith, who view them as un-Quranic; they believe that obedience to the Islamic prophet Muhammad means obedience to the Qur'an; some further claim that most hadiths are fabrications (pseudepigrapha) created in the 8th and 9th century AD, and which are falsely attributed to Muhammad
Wesley Paul William Streeting (/ˈstritɪŋ/; born 21 January 1983) is a British Labour Party politician who has been the Secretary of State for Health and Social Care since 2024, and Member of Parliament for Ilford North since 2015. He served as Shadow Secretary of State for Child Poverty from May to November 2021, as Shadow Minister for Schools from 2020 to 2021, and as Shadow Exchequer Secretary to the Treasury from April to October 2020. He was also president of the National Union of Students, and Deputy Leader of Redbridge London Borough Council.
The National Union of Students (NUS) is an organisation of student unions in the United Kingdom. Around 600 student unions are in it. That is more than 95% of all higher and further education unions in the UK. Although the National Union of Students is the central organisation for all affiliated unions in the UK, there are also the devolved national sub-bodies NUS Scotland in Scotland, NUS Wales ("UCM Cymru") in Wales and NUS-USI in Northern Ireland (the latter being co-administered by the Union of Students in Ireland). NUS is a member of the European Students' Union. It was started in 1922.
Patrick Bosco McFadden (born 26 March 1965) is a British Labour politician serving as the Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster since 2024. He has served as the Shadow Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster, Shadow Minister for the Cabinet Office and Labour National Campaign Coordinator from September 2023 until 2024. He was Shadow Chief Secretary to the Treasury between 2021 and 2023. A member of the Labour Party, he has been Member of Parliament for Wolverhampton South East since 2005. McFadden attended the Cabinet of Prime Minister Gordon Brown as Minister of State for Business, Innovation and Skills from 2009 to 2010, deputy to Secretary of State for Business, Innovation and Skills Peter Mandelson. He was Minister of State for Employment Relations and Postal Affairs from 2007 to 2009, and Parliamentary Secretary for the Cabinet Office from 2006 to 2007. Before his election to Parliament, he was Political Secretary to Tony Blair. In opposition, he served as Shadow Secretary of State for Business, Innovation and Skills in the first Shadow Cabinet of Harriet Harman from May to October 2010. He was appointed Shadow Minister for Europe by Ed Miliband in 2014 and re-appointed by Jeremy Corbyn in 2015. McFadden was sacked from the front bench by Corbyn in 2016, and remained on the back benches until he was appointed Shadow Economic Secretary to the Treasury in 2020 by Keir Starmer. He was promoted to the shadow cabinet in 2021 as Shadow Chief Secretary to the Treasury.
Nicklaus Thomas-Symonds FRHistS (born 26 May 1980) is a British academic, barrister and politician who has been Shadow Minister without Portfolio since 2023. A member of the Labour Party, he has been Member of Parliament for Torfaen since 2015. He was Shadow Home Secretary from 2020 to 2021, and held several junior shadow portfolios from 2015 to 2020. Before his election to Parliament, he was a commercial barrister at Civitas Law. He has written books on Clement Attlee, Nye Bevan and Harold Wilson.
Shabana Mahmood (born 17 September 1980) is a British politician and barrister who has been the Member of Parliament for Birmingham Ladywood since 2010. She is currently serving as the Secretary of State for Justice since 2024. A member of the Labour Party, she has served in the Shadow Cabinet of Keir Starmer as Shadow Secretary of State for Justice from September 2023 until July 2024. She previously served as Campaign Co-ordinator from 2021 to 2023, and briefly as Shadow Chief Secretary to the Treasury in 2015.
John Healey (born 13 February 1960) is a British politician who has served as the Member of Parliament for Wentworth and Dearne, formerly Wentworth, since 1997. A member of the Labour Party, he has been Secretary of State for Defence since 2024. Healey was Minister of State for Housing and Planning in the Brown Government. Following the 2010 general election, he was elected to the Shadow Cabinet and was appointed Shadow Secretary of State for Health. He stood down from the role in October 2011 and was succeeded by Andy Burnham. He also served as Shadow Secretary of State for Housing from 2016 to 2020 under Jeremy Corbyn, and worked alongside Andrew Gwynne, the Shadow Secretary of State for Communities and Local Government. After Labour's victory in the 2024 general election, Healey returned to government and was appointed Secretary of State for Defence by Prime Minister Keir Starmer on 5 July.
Louise Margaret Haigh (/heɪɡ/) (born 22 July 1987) is a British politician serving as Shadow Secretary of State for Transport since 2021. A member of the Labour Party, she was elected as the Member of Parliament for Sheffield Heeley at the 2015 general election, as the youngest Labour member of that parliament. She served as Shadow Secretary of State for Northern Ireland from 2020 to 2021.
Thangam Elizabeth Rachel Debbonaire ("née" Singh; born 3 August 1966) is a British Labour Party politician, serving as Shadow Secretary of State for Culture, Media and Sport since 2023. She was previously the Shadow Secretary of State for Housing from 2020 to 2021 and Shadow Leader of the House of Commons from 2021 to 2023. She was elected Member of Parliament for Bristol West at the 2015 general election, when she defeated the incumbent Liberal Democrat MP Stephen Williams. She was appointed shadow Arts and Culture Minister in January 2016, but resigned on 27 June 2016 owing to her lack of confidence in the Labour Party Leader, Jeremy Corbyn. She rejoined his frontbench team as a whip in October that year, before being made Shadow Brexit Minister in January 2020. Before becoming an MP, she was a classical cellist, including for the Royal Liverpool Philharmonic Orchestra. She has co-authored two books, and a number of papers, about domestic violence.
Anneliese Jane Dodds (born 16 March 1978) is a British Labour and Co-operative politician and public policy analyst. She has been Secretary of State for Women and Equalities, and Minister of State for Development and Africa since 2024.  She was president of Oxford University Student Union in 1999.
Steven Mark Ward Reed OBE (born 12 November 1963) is a British politician who has been Secretary of State for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs since July 2024. A member of the Labour and Co-operative Party, he has been Member of Parliament for Croydon North since a 2012 by-election. He was Shadow Secretary of State for Communities and Local Government from 2020 to 2021 and Shadow Secretary of State for Justice from 2021 to 2023. Before his election to Parliament, he was leader of Lambeth London Borough Council from 2006 to 2012. Reed is gay, and married his partner in July 2022.
Peter Kyle (born 9 September 1970) is a British politician serving as Shadow Secretary of State for Science, Innovation and Technology since 2023. A member of the Labour Party, he has been Member of Parliament for Hove since 2015. A former charity sector executive, he previously served as a Shadow Justice Minister from 2020 to 2021 and a Shadow Education Minister in 2021. Kyle has dyslexia. He is openly gay. For eight years he was in a relationship with Czech man Vlastimil Tiser, until Tiser's death in 2012.
Darren Paul Jones (born 13 November 1986) is a British Labour politician serving as the Chief Secretary to the Treasury since 2024. Before, he was the Shadow Chief Secretary to the Treasury from 2023 to 2024. He previously served as Chair of the House of Commons Business and Trade Select Committee from 2020 to 2023. He has been the Member of Parliament for Bristol North West since 2017. He was a lawyer specialising in technology law, and worked at Womble Bond Dickinson LLP, before becoming an in-house counsel with BT, advising on data, privacy, cyber-security, telecommunications and consumer law.
Carin "Sophie" Adlersparre, also known as Esselde (born Leijonhufvud; July 6, 1823 – June 27, 1895), was an important figure in the 19th-century women's rights movement in Sweden. She started and edited the first women's magazine in Scandinavia, "Home Review" ("Tidskrift för hemmet"), from 1859 to 1885. Additionally, she started Friends of Handicraft ("Handarbetets vänner") in 1874, established the Fredrika Bremer Association ("Fredrika-Bremer-förbundet") in 1884. She became one of the first two women to serve on a state committee in Sweden in 1885. Life. Sophie Adlersparre, born in the Leijonhufvud family, was the daughter of army officer Baron Erik Gabriel Knutsson Leijonhufvud and Sofie Emerentia Hoppenstedt. She took her education at home and later joined the popular Bjurström Pension ("Bjurströmska pensionen") finishing school in Stockholm. In 1869, she married the noble commander Axel Adlersparre (1812–1879) and became the stepmother of his five children. Her husband supported her in her social reform efforts. Fredrika Bremer influenced Adlersparre's views and she became involved in feminist activites through her friendship with Rosalie Roos. Roos returned to Sweden in 1857 after several years in the United States with a strong interest in women's rights. Their activism was further improved by public discussions about women's rights in Sweden following the publication of Fredrika Bremer's novel "Hertha" in 1856. As a result of this debate, unmarried women were granted legal majority and guardianship was abolished (1858–1863). Additionally, the first state school for women, the Royal Advanced Female Teachers' Seminary ("Högre lärarinneseminariet"), was established in 1861. "Home Review". In 1859, Adlersparre and Rosalie
The Barelvi movement (Urdu: بَرَلَوِیْ جَمَاَعَتْ) also known as Ahle Sunnat Wal Jamaat is a revivalist movement in the Sunni Islam in South Asia. It is influenced by Sufism and named after Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi, a Hanafi Islamic scholar from Bareilly district of Uttar Pradesh. People connected with the movement follows Hanafi and Shafi’i schools of jurisprudence and Maturidi and Ash’ari school of theology. Beliefs. Barlevis believe in the calling upon saints and prophets for help. They also believe that the Prophet Muhammad was made out of light (in a literal sense). Barlevis also make takfir on large groups of people who disagree with their ideals.
Kathi Also called Kathi Darbar or Kathi Rajput is a caste found in the peninsular Kathiawar (now called Saurashtra) region of Gujarat, western India who are now living in Madhya Pradesh under the name of Katiya caste.
"Diva" is a 2009 song by Beyoncé and is third single from her third studio album "I Am... Sasha Fierce" (2008), along with "Halo". It went to number 1 in Brazil, number 19 in the United States, number 26 in New Zealand, number 40 in Australia, number 50 in Ireland, number 60 in South Korea, number 72 in the United Kingdom and number 73 in the Netherlands.
"I Care" is a 2012 song by Beyoncé. It was taken from her fourth studio album "4" (2011). It went to number 16 in Portugal and number 35 in South Korea. The song is an R&amp;B power ballad. It also has elements of soul and rock.
"Bad Liar" is a 2018 song by American pop rock band Imagine Dragons and is the fourth single from their fourth studio album "Origins". It topped the single charts in the Czech Republic. It went to the top 10 in Belgium, Finland, Lithuania, Poland, Slovakia and Switzerland and went to the top 20 in Australia, Austria, Germany, Italy, New Zealand, Norway, Portugal, Singapore and Sweden. It charted poorly in Canada and the United States. The music video was released on January 24, 2019. It was directed by Ryan Reichenfeld and was filmed in Nevada.
Linda Martín Alcoff is a Latin American philosophy professor at Hunter College in New York City. She studies how knowledge, identity, and power are connected. Her areas of interest include feminism, race, and the ideas of philosopher Michel Foucault. Alcoff wrote or edited multiple books, including "Visible Identities: Race, Gender, and the Self" (2006), "The Future of Whiteness" (2015), and "Rape and Resistance" (2018). Her works on public philosophy have appeared in The Guardian and The New York Times. Alcoff wants more people from different backgrounds to be involved in philosophy. She thinks their ideas can create new ways of studying things, like how feminism changed philosophy. She is a leader in philosophy. She held a top position in a big philosophy group and now helps run a magazine all about feminist philosophy. Early life and education. Alcoff was born in Panama, the younger of two daughters to an Irish mother, Laura, and Panamanian father, Miguel Angel Martín, who met while studying at Florida State University. Her father became a professor of history at the Universidad de Panama. When her parents separated, Alcoff moved with her mother and sister to Florida when she was three. In 1980 she got a degree in philosophy from Georgia State University and in 1983 an MA, also in philosophy. She did her doctoral work at Brown University, completed her dissertation under the direction of Ernest Sosa, Martha Nussbaum, and Richard Schmitt and got her PhD in 1987. Career. Positions held. Alcoff was an assistant professor of philosophy at Kalamazoo College for a year, then moved to Syracuse University. There, she taught for the next ten years. She became associate professor in 1995 and full professor in 1999. She worked in several jobs at Cornell University (1994–1995), Aarhus University (November 1999), Florida Atlantic University (Fall 2000), and Brown University (Spring 2001). She took a position as professor of philosophy and women's studies at Stony Brook University in 2002. In 2009 she became
Carol Begay Green developed the Navajo Braille System in 2015. She developed Navajo Braille with the help of a researcher from Rice University in 2015. The Navajo Braille Code was approved in 2015 by the Navajo Nation Department of Diné Education.  Early life. Green was born into the Tó’Aheedlí-Íníí clan. Her grandmother taught her the Navajo language and culture. Green lost sight in her left eye at age 13. She had cataract surgery in her right eye which led to a further decrease in her vision in 2000. Green graduated from Northern Arizona University in 1991. She studied Navajo language at Northern Arizona University. She taught Navajo until she went to New Mexico State University. She received a Master’s degree in Special Education from New Mexico State University. Green found out from the Braille Authority of North America that there was no existing Navajo Braille Code in 2013. Career. Green joined the Farmington Municipal School District as a teacher for the visually impaired in 2010. She taught at Red Mesa Elementary School and Nataani Nez Elementary School before 2010.  In 2013, Begay Green went to the "Getting in Touch with Literacy" conference in Providence, Rhode Island. She asked the Braille Authority of North America if there was a braille code for Navajo. There was not any Navajo version of Braille. She worked with a researcher to develop Navajo Braille. The Navajo Nation Department of Diné Education approved the Navajo Braille Code in 2015. Green teaches the Navajo Braille Code and culture to people aged 3-21. Green was a semifinalist for the 2018 Holman Prize for Blind Ambition.
Dana Tanamachi is an American typographer and artist. She is a designer of fonts. She has designed for Nike, Michelle Obama, Google, Instagram, Target, "O The Oprah Magazine", Ralph Lauren, and Time Magazine. She designed postage stamps for the United States Postal Service. HOW Magazine says she is a "Young Creative to Watch" and she won the Art Director's Club Young Gun award. "Print" Magazine named her "queen of hipster graphic design."  Tanamachi is famous for using chalk to make her designs and fonts. Early life. Tanamachi was born in Houston in 1985. Her grandmother was put in an internment camp for Japanese Americans during World War II. She did a lot of art while she was in the camp and Tanamachi loved her artworks. Tanamachi took drawing and design classes in college. She graduated from University of North Texas in 2007 with a design degree. She moved to New York a few months after graduation.  Career. She started working for SpotCo, an advertising company. There, Tanamachi designed logos, posters, and billboards for Broadway shows.  One day, she was at a friend's house and drew a picture on their chalkboard. Many people took pictures of it. She started drawing on that chalkboard for every party her friends had. People liked her drawings so much that Desiron, a furniture store in New York City, hired her to draw a design for them. Her next job was designing for Google. In 2010, she went to work for Louise Fili Ltd. There, she designed for Ralph Lauren.  Tanamachi left Louise Fili Ltd. to start Tanamachi Studio. In 2013, she designed the logo for the Nike women's marathon in San Francisco. She also designed logos for the Nike “Youthful Authentic, Celebration, We Run”. She has also designed for West Elm, Tanamachi collaborated with MiiR to create a line of reusable mugs that celebrated the world being strong enough to overcome COVID-19. She also worked for Michelle Obama. Tanamachi worked with two very famous designers, Louise Fili and Steven Heller, to write the book "Scripts: Elegant Lettering From Design's Golden Age." She also was the judge for "Print" Magazine's Typography &amp; Lettering Awards.
Elena Loshuertos Zelayeta was a blind Mexican-American chef who wrote many bestselling cookbooks, starred in her own cooking program, and owned a popular restaurant. She popularized Mexican food in the United States.  Early life. Zelayeta was born in Mexico, which is where she learned to cook. Her mother taught her to cook at the hotel they owned. She then immigrated to the United States of America at age eleven. Zelayeta got scarlet fever when she was an infant. That gradually affected her eyesight, eventually rendering her blind at the age of 37. As she was becoming blind, she was also expecting a second child. She fell into a state of depression after two years of being blind. Zelayeta got so deep into her depression that she attempted to end her life. However, her husband Lorenzo caught her before she could do it. Zelayeta then began to teach herself to cook again.  Career. Zelayeta opened a restaurant in her house. It was later reopened to Union Square with the name "Elena’s Mexican Village." She wrote four cookbooks, a self-help book, and a memoir. She started her own frozen food brand. She had a fifteen minute cooking show called "It’s Fun to Eat with Elena." She utilized her sense of touch and smell to help her re-learn cooking.
Zubeida Begum Dhanrajgir (born in 1911) was a Muslim-Indian actress. Her work helped create more opportunities for women in film. She was the first talkie actress in Indian cinema. Early life. Begum was born in Surat, Gujrat. When she was 12 years old, she entered the film industry starting with the movie "Kohinoor". Her mother, Fatima, and her sister Sultana were part of the film industry. Her mom was a director for the movie, "Bulbul-e-Paristan." Sultana and Zebeida both acted in this film. Career. She debuted on screen when she was 12 for her first film "Kohinoor". She was important in many films like "Veer Abhimanyu", "Kalyan Khajina, Bulbul-e-Paristan, Laila Majnu, Devdasi, Nanand Bhojai, Kala Chor, and Cul-e-sonobar, Zarina." Her last film was "Nirdosh Abla" in 1949. She received awards for acting in the first walkie-talkie film, "Alam-Ara." She passed away on September 21st, 1988.
Carol Chomsky (July 1, 1930-December 19, 2008) was an American linguist and education specialist.  Career. Chomsky was a linguist and education specialist. She wrote the book, "The Acquisition of Syntax in Children from 5 to 10" in 1969. She focused on how hearing language helped children develop language skills. She explained how older kids learn different syntactic structures, meaning how they learn to arrange words and phrases in a specific order. Chomsky found that children develop a lot of syntactic understanding after the age of five, when they enter school. However, most of the understanding comes from hearing and using language, not from studying it in school.  In the late 1970s, she experimented on repeated reading as a way for children to learn. She found that the more often adults read to a child, and the more complex the text they read was, the better the child's language development was, too. She focused on making software that helps with skills like reading comprehension. Chomsky also studied how children learn spelling. In order for children to get better at reading and spelling, they need to learn that words might be related, even if they sound different from each other. Learning what words are related will make understanding and spelling words easier. Learning to look for patterns in words as we read is even more important. So, even though the "c" in "medicine" sounds like "s," but sounds like "k" in "medication", recognizing that the words are related – and that we can recognize other related words, too, is important to developing language skills. She graduated from the University of Pennsylvania in 1951 with a bachelor’s degree in French. She received a linguistics Ph.D. from Harvard University in 1968. Chomsky then worked at Harvard Graduate School of Education from 1972 to 1997.  Personal life. She was born in Philadelphia, USA. She married her husband, Noam Chomsky in 1949. They both studied linguistics. They each studied a different kind of linguistics. Noam Chompsky was about to be jailed in the 1960s. Carol Chomsky then decided to continue her education by studying for a Ph. D. at Harvard.  She passed away from cancer in 2008.