ejaasaari/simplewiki-2025-04-01 huggingface dataset:
Marcel-François Lefebvre (29 November 1905 – 25 March 1991), better known as Archbishop Marcel Lefebvre, was a French Roman Catholic bishop. For a long time, he worked as a missionary in Africa with the Holy Ghost Fathers. After returning, he started to be against the changes within the Church. These changes were introduced after the Second Vatican Council. In 1970, Lefebvre founded the Society of St. Pius X (SSPX), which is still the world's largest Traditionalist Catholic priestly society. In 1988, Lefebvre made four new bishops to continue his work with the SSPX. He took this step against the orders of Pope John Paul II. Because of this, the Holy See announced the following day that he had been excommunicated from the Catholic Church. Those who supported Lefebvre think, this declaration was not valid. Lefebvre died from cancer on 25 March 1991 at the age of 85 in Martigny, Switzerland.
The Second Ecumenical Council of the Vatican, or Vatican II, was the twenty-first Ecumenical Council of the Roman Catholic Church. An Ecumenical Council is a meeting of the bishops of the Church to discuss matters of Church doctrine and practice. Pope John XXIII started Vatican II in 1962 and it lasted until 1965, when Pope Paul VI ended it. Four future popes took part in the council's opening session: Cardinal Giovanni Battista Montini, who on succeeding Pope John XXIII took the name of Paul VI; Bishop Albino Luciani, the future Pope John Paul I; Bishop Karol Wojtyła, who became Pope John Paul II. Father Joseph Ratzinger, who was only 35 at the time, was there as a theological consultant. More than forty years later, he became Pope Benedict XVI.  Different things were discussed. These aimed at modernising the church, and opening a dialogue with other religions. Many people see these meetings as the most important event in the Catholic Church in the 20th century. They let Mass be said in different languages, instead of just Latin.
Veronica Guerin (5 July 1959 - 26 June 1996) was an Irish journalist who was born in Dublin. Death. On June 26, 1996, Guerin was shot to death by Irish drug dealers. Her assassination made many Irish people angry, which brought down many drug dealers on the island. The criminal John Gilligan was later convicted of her murder and sentenced to 28 years in prison, though Gilligan said in High Court that it was his friend John Traynor who murdered Guerin.
The Grand Mosque of Damascus, also known as the Umayyad Mosque (Arabic: جامع بني أمية الكبير, transl. "Ğām' Banī 'Umayyah al-Kabīr"), is one of the largest and oldest mosques in the world.It is in one of the holiest sites in the old city of Damascus. It is also very important because of its architecture. The mosque holds a shrine which is said to contain the head of John the Baptist (Yahya), honored as a prophet by Muslims and Christians alike. The head was supposedly found during the excavations for the building of the mosque. The tomb of Saladin stands in a small garden adjoining the north wall of the mosque. In 2001, Pope John Paul II visited the mosque, primarily to visit the relics of John the Baptist. It was the first time a pope paid a visit to a mosque.
The Orthodox Church of Alexandria () is one of the Eastern Orthodox Churches.  It is sometimes called the Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria to distinguish it from the Coptic Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria. In Egypt, members of the Greek Orthodox Patriarchate were also known as Melkite, because they remained in communion with the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople after the schism that followed the Council of Chalcedon in 451.
Lourdes () is a town and commune in the southwest of the Hautes-Pyrénées department. It is in the first Pyrenean foothills in the Occitanie region, in southwestern France. Lourdes was originally a small unremarkable market town lying in the foothills of the Pyrenees. At that time the most prominent feature was the fortified castle which rises up from the centre of the town on a rock. Following the claims that there were apparitions of Our Lady of Lourdes to Bernadette Soubirous in 1858, Lourdes has developed into a major place of Christian pilgrimage. Today Lourdes has a population of around 15,000 inhabitants but is able to take in some 5,000,000 pilgrims and tourists every season. Lourdes has the second greatest number of hotels in France after Paris with about 270 establishments. It is the joint seat of the diocese of Tarbes-et-Lourdes. Geography. Lourdes is overlooked from the south by the Pyrenean peaks of Aneto, Montaigu, and Vignemale (3,298m), while around the town there are three summits reaching up to 1,000 m, which are known as the Béout, the Petit Jer and the Grand Jer. It has an area of and its average altitude is ; at the city hall, the altitude is . Population. The inhabitants of Lourdes are known, in French, as "Lourdais" (women: "Lourdaises"). Lourdes has a population, in 2014, of 14,361, and its population density is of inhabitants/km2.
A palindromical prime number is a prime number that reads the same when reversed. Palindromical prime numbers include: 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 101, 131, 151, 181, 191, 313, 353, 373, 383, 727, 757, 787, 797, 919, 929, 10301, 10501, 10601, 11311, 11411, 12421, 12721, 12821, 13331, 13831, 13931, 14341, 14741, 15451, 15551, 16061, 16361, 16561, 16661, 17471, 17971, 18181, 18481, 19391, 19891, and 19991. Out of the above list, 2 is the only number that is not an odd number. Almost all palindromic numbers are composite, for any base. 11 is the only palindromic prime with an even number of digits because all palindromic numbers with an even number of digits can be divided by 11, which means they are not primes. The palindromic prime numbers have an infinite number, one of them can be created based on Smarandache function, and, etc. The known biggest palindromic prime so far is 101888529 - 10944264 - 1. with 1,888,529 digits, found on 18 October 2021 by Propper and Batalov.
A shrine is a holy or sacred place with something important inside it, such as the tomb or relic of a religious person. Shrines are built in the surroundings of the grave of pious men. These are built to show respect and love for the one who died. People visit the shrines to pray for themselves and also for the dead. Shrines are common in Muslim countries. However other countries also have shrines; in Japan, Shinto 'Jinja' are called shrines in English. Originally, the word "shrine" referred to a container, usually made of gold or silver and was used to store relics. The most famous type of shrines are the Buddhist shrines
An embargo is when a government refuses to trade with a country or a certain part of a country. This is usually because of a political problem inside the country. It differs from a blockade in not requiring a state of war or obliging other countries to stop trading.  As with other economic sanctions, an embargo stops trade between countries. This means that the countries in question will get poorer. The hope is that the problem within the country will stop.
Havelland is a district in Brandenburg, Germany. History. The district was established in 1993 by joining the old districts of Nauen and Rathenow. Havelland is the name for the regions on the banks of the Havel river between the city of Berlin and the Elbe river. This region also includes the cities of Brandenburg and Potsdam, that are not part of the district. The Havelland district mainly consists of the areas north of the Havel river.
Knock ("An Cnoc" in Irish, meaning "The Hill" – but now more generally known in Irish as "Cnoc Mhuire", "Hill of (the Virgin) Mary") is a small town in east County Mayo in Ireland. Knock's notability comes from the Knock Shrine Apparition of 1879. At 8:00PM on 21 August 1879, it was reported that the Virgin Mary, together with St Joseph and St John the Evangelist, appeared to local people. In the 20th century it became one of Europe's major Roman Catholic Marian shrines, alongside Lourdes and Fatima. One and a half million pilgrims visit Knock Shrine annually. It was visited by Pope John Paul II, a supporter of devotion to the Virgin Mary, in 1979 to commemorate the centenary of the apparition.
Licheń Stary is a village. 1,200 people live there. It is on the Lichen Lake in the Greater Poland Voivodeship, 15 km north of Konin, Poland. It is often referred to as simply Licheń. Legends trace the name to the ancient Slavic pagan deity Licho, whose sanctuary was allegedly located nearby. It is the home of the famed Sanctuary of Our Lady of Licheń hosting Our Lady of Sorrows, Queen of Poland.
Märkisch-Oderland is a "Kreis" (district) in the eastern part of Brandenburg, Germany. Geography. Much of the district is mainly agricultural land, but there is a swampy area along the Oder called the "Oderbruch". The Oderbruch is about in length and in width. It was partially drained in the 18th century, and people started to live in the new area. History. The districts of Lebus and Oberbarnim were both created in 1816. In 1952, the districts were split into three parts, the districts Bad Freienwalde, Seelow and Strausberg. In 1993 the three parts were joined to form the current district.
Oberhavel is a "Kreis" (district) in the northern part of Brandenburg, Germany. The district was formed on 6 December 1993 by joining the old districts of Gransee and Oranienburg.
Oberspreewald-Lausitz (Low Sorbian: "Wokrejs Górne Błota-Łužyca") is a "Kreis" (district) in the southern part of Brandenburg, Germany. Geography. The Spree river runs through the district; along its banks there is the Spreewald, a wooded area and home of several rare animals. The district is part of the historic region of Lusatia. History. The district was made in 1993 by joining the old districts Calau and Senftenberg and small part of the district Bad Liebenwerda.
Oder-Spree is a "Kreis" (district) in the eastern part of Brandenburg, Germany. The district is named after the two major rivers in the district - the Spree, and the Oder river which is the eastern border. History. The district was created in 1993 by joining the districts of Eisenhüttenstadt, Beeskow and Fürstenwalde, and the independent city Eisenhüttenstadt.
Cockburn Island is an island in the Canadian province of Ontario, found in the Manitoulin District. It has the least number of people living in it while still being a municipality of Canada. Its population was counted as 16 people in 2021. However, more people live on the island during the summer. There was an Indian reservation, or place where Indians live, on Cockburn Island.
Ostprignitz-Ruppin is a "Kreis" (district) in the northwestern part of Brandenburg, Germany. The modern district was made in 1993 by joining the old districts Kyritz, Neuruppin and Wittstock. The district roughly covers the same territory as the two historic districts Ostprignitz and Ruppin.
Thomas Morley (born at Norwich?, 1557 or 1558; died at London, October 1602) was an English composer, music theorist and organist. He was the most important English composer of madrigals. He studied the madrigals by Italian composers and created the tradition of the English madrigal, a tradition that became extremely popular, but which only lasted about 30 years. Life. Morley’s father was a brewer who lived in Norwich, so it is likely that Morley was born there. He may have been a choirboy in Norwich Cathedral. We know that in 1583 he got the job of organist there. In a book he published later in his life he said that William Byrd was his master. If this means that he had lessons from Byrd he must have travelled away from Norwich. In 1588 he got a degree from Oxford, and soon afterwards he became an organist at St. Paul's Cathedral in London. In 1588 Nicholas Yonge published a book called "Musica transalpina". It was a collection of Italian madrigals with words translated into English. Soon after this Morley started to publish his own madrigals. In 1592 he became a Gentleman of the Chapel Royal. In London Morley lived near Shakespeare. We do not know whether the two men worked together, but Morley did set Shakespeare’s words "It was a lover and his lass" from "As You Like It". We do not know whether it was ever used in a performance of Shakespeare's play. It is quite possible, because Morley was well-known. From 1593 onwards Morley published a great deal of music and also made a lot of money out of music publishing, both of his own and other composers’ music. It is thought that Morley died in October 1602. His music. Morley wrote sacred music as well as madrigals. His church music is strongly influenced by William Byrd.  His madrigals are his most important works. They are often very lively and have tunes that are easy to sing. One of his best known madrigals is called "
Sebald Beham (1500–1550) was a German printmaker who did his best work as an engraver. He also designed woodcuts, painted and worked as a miniaturist. He is one of the most important of the "Little Masters", a group of German artists making old master prints in the generation after Albrecht Dürer. His name is often given as Hans Sebald Beham, although there is no documentary evidence that he ever used this additional forename. Life. Beham was born in Nuremberg in 1500 into a family of artists. In 1525, he and his brother were banished from Nuremberg because they were thought to have not accepted the Churches ideas (heresy) and blasphemy. They came back to the city in 3 months, but Beham was banished again in 1528 for publishing a book which was plagiarised from an unpublished manuscript by Albrecht Dürer. From 1532 he lived mostly in Frankfurt until he died in 1550. Most people know him as "Sebald Beham". However, he signed some of his prints before 1532 with "HSP". After he moved to Frankfurt, he signed his prints with "HSB". Work. Beham made about 252 engravings, 18 etchings and 1500 woodcuts. He worked on small, very detailed engravings (sometimes as small as a postage stamp). This makes him part of the German printmaking school called the "Little Masters", since their works were so small. He created and published his works himself, but his larger works were mostly commissioned work to be sold. He also made prints to be used as cards, wallpaper, coats of arms, designs for other artists and designs for stained or painted glass. He also painted a table top (now in the Louvre ) for Cardinal Albrecht, Archbishop of Mainz. Beham mostly engraved pictures of peasants and scenes from myths or history, sometimes with erotic scenes as well. Since he was working at the same time as Dürer, the most recognised artist at the time, one of his early wood
Potsdam-Mittelmark is a "Kreis" (district) in the western part of Brandenburg, Germany. The district was created in 1993 by joining the old districts Belzig, Brandenburg-Land and Potsdam-Land.
John Wilbye (pronounce: “WIL-bee”), (born Diss, Norfolk, baptised 7 March 1574; died Colchester, between September and November 1638), was an English composer who was famous for his madrigals. Wilbye was the son of a tanner. He was supported financially by a rich family called Kytson. The Kytsons were very musical and had lots of musical instruments and sheet music in their house. It is thought that he went with Elizabeth Cornwallis to Hengrave Hall near Bury St. Edmunds in around 1594 when she married Sir Thomas Kytson the Younger. When Elizabeth died, Wilbye moved to Colchester where he lived with Elizabeth’s youngest daughter with whom he had a long friendship. When Wilbye died he was quite rich. His music. A book of madrigals by him appeared in 1598 and a second in 1608. It is often called the finest book of English madrigals. There were a total of 64 madrigals in these two books. Wilbye was influenced by Morley’s madrigals, and also learned directly from the madrigals of Italian composers such as Alfonso Ferrabosco. He wrote many madrigals which have become extremely popular, including "Weep, weep o mine eyes" and "Draw on, sweet night". He was very good at making his music match the meaning of the words. He often used a mixture of major and minor modes.
Prignitz () is a "Kreis" (district) in the northwestern part of Brandenburg, Germany. The present district was formed in 1993 by joining the old districts of Pritzwalk and Perleberg and some municipalities from the district of Kyritz. The westernmost part of the district was a part of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, and changed to be part of Brandenburg on August 1, 1992.
Spree-Neiße (Lower Sorbian: "Wokrejs Sprjewja-Nysa") is a "Kreis" (district) in the southern part of Brandenburg, Germany.  The district-free city of Cottbus is completely surrounded by the district. To the east is Poland. The district was started in 1993 by joining the old districts Cottbus-Land, Forst, Guben and Spremberg.
Shurat Islam (Arabic: شُرَُیَعَتْ اِسْلَاَمْ), formerly known as Kharijites (Arabic: عَلْخَوَاَرِجْ), was a branch of Islam. It was one of the three main branches of Islam, along with Shia Islam and Sunni Islam. Though, the branch has no followers today, the Ibadi movement is seen as a moderate current demonization of Shurat Islam. However, Ibadis reject themselves being Shuratis. Initially, Muslims were divided into two groups, Sunni Muslims and Shia Muslims. After caliph Uthman's death, Ali and Muawiya I were warring. At this time, the Shurati Muslims emerged, who did not pledge allegiance to Ali or Muawiya I. Rather than allegiance, Shurati Muslims decided to attack Ali and Muawiya I's followers and takfir them. Sometimes, the term "Kharijite" (or "Neo-Kharijite") is also used for some Islamic militant groups. Examples of such groups are the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria, or the Takfir wal-Hijra in Egypt.
Thomas Weelkes (baptised in Elsted, Sussex on 25 October 1576; died London, buried 1 December 1623) was an English composer and organist. He is one of the greatest composers of madrigals of his time as well as great composer of church music. Life. Thomas Weelkes was baptised in the little village church of Elsted in Sussex on 25 October, 1576. His father, John Weeke may have been the rector at that church. There is no information about Weelkes' childhood. We know that in 1597 he published his first volume of madrigals, and that he was a young man then. After working for a short time at the house of Edward Darcye, he got the job of organist at Winchester College in 1598. He was paid 13s 4d (almost 67p in modern money) per quarter (i.e. every three months), but was given food and somewhere to live. He stayed there for three or four years.  During his time in Winchester, Weelkes composed two more volumes of madrigals, published in 1598 and 1600. He got his Bachelor of music degree from New College, Oxford in 1602, and moved to Chichester to take up the job of organist and choir master at the Cathedral. He was also a lay clerk at the Cathedral, and was paid £15 2s 4d (£15.11 in modern money) in addition to having food and lodgings. The next year he married Elizabeth Sandham, who came from a rich family. They had three children. Weelkes' fourth and final volume of madrigals, published in 1608, has a title page where he says that he was a Gentleman of the Chapel Royal. However, his name does not appear in the records at the Chapel Royal, so it is likely that he was only there for a short time until someone else was found for the job. In later years Weelkes got into trouble with the Chichester Cathedral authorities because of his heavy drinking and bad behaviour. In
Teltow-Fläming is a "Kreis" (district) in the southwestern part of Brandenburg, Germany. The district was made in December 1993 by joining the old districts of Luckenwalde, Jüterbog and Zossen, but also including small parts from other former districts such as Luckau. "Fläming-Skate" is a 160 km long route specially for inline skating, the only such route in Germany. Curiously, the town of Teltow is not a part of the district Teltow-Fläming, just as the town of Dahme is not a part of the district of Dahme-Spreewald.
Uckermark is a "Kreis" (district) in the northeastern part of Brandenburg, Germany. The district is the largest district in Germany. The current district Uckermark was made in 1993 by joining the old districts of Angermünde, Prenzlau and Templin and the city of Schwedt.
A black knight is a character fictional stories. They are soldiers or knights who do not have a lord, or the lord is secret. They do not have any heraldic standards or have painted them over with black paint. In these stories, black knights are usually evil knights that are good at fighting and usually work alone.  In Arthurian legend Black Knight was a magical knight summoned by Sir Calogrenant. The Black Knight never told his name. He defeated Sir Calogrenant. Later The Black Knight was killed unfairly by Yvain in a act of revenge for his cousin, Sir Calogrenant.
A paladin or paladine was a person with a lot of power in many countries during the medieval and in early modern Europe. The word paladin was first used in Ancient Rome for a chamberlain of the Emperor, and also for the imperial palace guard, called the Scholae Palatinae by Constantine. In the early Middle Ages, the meaning changed and the word was used for one of the highest officials of the Catholic Church in the pope's service and also for one of the big nobles of the Holy Roman Empire, who was then named Count Palatine. The word paladin was also used in 19th century Hungary and in the German Empire and United Kingdom during the early 20th century. In medieval literature, the paladins or Twelve Peers were known in the Matter of France as the retainers of Charlemagne. Because of the way that this word was used in books, paladin was then known to be a knight with honor. History. Ancient Rome. The paladins of the imperial guard were named after the Scholae Palatinae. In the beginning, the word paladin was applied to the Chamberlains and to some soldiers guarding the palace of the Roman emperor. In Constantine's time, the word was also used for the best infantry of the army, the Praetorian Guard, that might guard the Roman Emperor during wars. Holy Roman Empire. After the Middle Ages, the word palatine was put onto many different people of power across Europe. The most important of these was the "comes palatinus", the count palatine, who in Merovingian and Carolingian times, was an official of the lords' household and court of law. During the 800s, Carolingean rule came to an end and the title of Holy Roman emperor with it. About a century later, the title was made alive again by Otto I, though the new empire was now centered in Germany rather than France. The term palatine is found again under Charles IV, but they were less powerful than the previous palatines. Modern usage. In the early days of England, the word "palatinate", or
The IC50 is a measure of how effective a drug is. It indicates how much of a particular drug or other substance is needed to inhibit a given biological process (or component of a process, i.e. an enzyme, cell, cell receptor or microorganism) by half. In other words, it is the half minimal (50%) inhibitory concentration (IC) of a substance (50% IC, or IC50). It is commonly used as a measure of antagonist drug potency in pharmacological research. Sometimes, it is also converted to the pIC50 scale (-log IC50), in which higher values indicate exponentially greater potency. According to the FDA, IC50 represents the concentration of a drug that is required for 50% inhibition in vitro. It is comparable to an EC50 for agonist drugs. EC50 also represents the plasma concentration required for obtaining 50% of a maximum effect "in vivo".