ejaasaari/simplewiki-2025-04-01 huggingface dataset:
The spined pygmy shark ("Squaliolus laticaudus") is one of the smallest sharks in the world. It is only seven to eight inches long on average. Spined pygmy sharks are dark gray or black on top. Their bellies glow in the dark. These sharks live very deep in the water (down to 6,500 feet) but they migrate up to about 650 feet at night, to hunt. Spined pygmy sharks are harmless to humans.
The nurse shark ("Ginglymostoma cirratum") is a bottom-dwelling shark, and is the only known species in the genus Ginglymostoma. They range in length from , and weigh . Nurse sharks feed on crustaceans, mollusks, sea snakes, fish, coral, and tunicates. The Nurse shark is common in the coastal tropical and subtropical waters of the eastern Pacific and the Atlantic Ocean. Nurse sharks are nocturnal, and are very sluggish and are harmless unless bothered. Description. Nurse sharks have two spineless, rounded dorsal fins, with the first dorsal fin being much larger than the second, and they have one anal fin. The first dorsal fin is located over the pelvic fins. The caudal fin is more than one quarter of the total shark's length. The sub-terminal mouth is placed well in front of the eyes, the spiracles are small, and there are long barbels on the mouth. The Nurse shark has nasoral grooves, but there is no perinasal groove. Adult Nurse sharks are usually light yellow to dark brown in colour. The young that are up to 60 cm (24 inches) long have small black spots, with an area of lightness surrounding each spot, covering the entire body. Larger young which are 70-120 cm long (28-47 inches) are capable of limited colour changes. Studies show that Nurse sharks kept out of sunlight become slightly lighter in colour, as compared to Nurse sharks which are exposed to sunlight. Nurse sharks with unusally colours (such as brilliant yellow or milky white) have been reported several times. Nurse sharks have the simplest type of tooth arrangement found in sharks. This means that there is no overlapping between the teeth, and that forward movements of teeth leading to shedding does not depend on other teeth. With sharks that have many overlapping teeth, the replacement of teeth cannot take place until the outer blocking teeth are lost. Young Nurse sharks can replace their teeth quicker than adults. Also, teeth replacing occurs faster in summer, when water temperatures are higher. Averaging 2.2-2.7 metres (7.2-9 feet) in total length, and weighing 75
The spiny dogfish ("Squalus acanthias") is one of the most common and well known species of dogfish. It is a small species of shark, with an average length of 28-39 inches (70–100 cm), and reaching a maximum weight of 9.8 kg. The dogfish is found in the Atlantic and Pacific Ocean, and can be found from the surface to depths as deep as 1,460 metres. The spiny dogfish feeds mainly on pelagic fish such as herring, menhaden, capelin, sand lance, and mackerel. Description. The spiny dogfish has a slim, long body and a flattened head. The snout is narrow, with a pointed tip. The eyes of this species are quite large. The first dorsal fin is located about halfway between the pectoral fins and the pelvic fins. The second dorsal fin is about two-thirds the size of the first one and is located behind the pelvic fins. On the front of each dorsal fin there is a sharp spine attached to them, giving the spiny dogfish its name. The first spine is about half as long as the second spine. The pectoral fins form nearly perfect equilateral triangles, with rounded rear tips, and slightly concave rear margins. The pelvic fins are closer to the second dorsal fin than to the first dorsal fin. One the caudal fin, there is no notch on the upper lobe and the lower lobe is not well-developed. There is no anal fin on the Spiny dogfish. The dorsal surface of the dogfish is slate-coloured and may have a brownish cast. There are rows of white spots along each side, from above the pectoral fins to above the pelvic fins. These spots are more visible on immature spiny dogfish, and they fade as the shark matures. With some individuals, the spots completely disappear. The edges of the dorsal fins and the caudal fin have a dusky-colour at birth, but this colour quickly fades. The ventral surface of the dogfish ranges from pale grey to pure white. The average length of the spiny dogfish is
The tiger beetles are a large group of beetles in the family Carabidae. About 2,600 species and subspecies are known, with the richest diversity in the Oriental (Indo-Malayan) region, followed by the Neotropics. All tiger beetles are predators.  They are known for their aggressive predatory habits and running speed. The fastest species of tiger beetle can run at a speed of 9 km/h (5.6 mph), which, relative to its body length, is about 22 times the speed of an Olympic sprinter, the equivalent of a human running at .  Tiger beetles live everywhere in the world except the Antarctic and Tasmania. They have powerful jaws, called mandibles, which they use to hold and crush their prey. They have long legs, big eyes, and a wide head. All are colourful. Their elytra are usually bright and have bold markings.
Robert Fripp (born 16 May 1946, Wimborne Minster, Dorset, England) is an English guitarist, songwriter and record producer. He was ranked 42 on "Rolling Stone" magazine's 2003 list of the "100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time". He is founder member of rock band King Crimson. Fripp has been married to Toyah Willcox since 1986. His uncle was Alfie Fripp.
Nico (born Christa Päffgen; 16 October 1938 – 18 July 1988) was a German singer, songwriter, actress, and Warhol Superstar. She is featured on the first album by the New York rock band The Velvet Underground, "The Velvet Underground &amp; Nico". She was born in Cologne. She grew up in Brandenburg and Berlin. She made seven studio albums. She died on holiday in the Spanish island of Ibiza, of a cerebral hemorrhage while riding her bicycle. Nico was born Christa Päffgen. When she was 16 the photographer Herbert Tobias gave her the name Nico. Nico moved to Paris and began working for Vogue, Tempo, Vie Nuove, Mascotte Spettacolo, Camera, Elle, and other fashion magazines.
Schooling and shoaling is a kind of collective animal behaviour by fish. Any group of fish that stays together for social reasons is said to be shoaling, and if the shoal is swimming in the same direction together, it is schooling.p365 About one quarter of fish shoal all their lives, and about one half of fish shoal for part of their lives. Fish get many benefits from shoaling. These include defence against predators: if fish swim in schools, it is less likely any one of them will be eaten. Also, it may help a fish find food, and a mate. The school may even swim faster than a lone fish. Fish generally prefer larger shoals, shoalmates of their own species, shoalmates similar in size and appearance to themselves, healthy fish, and kin (when recognized). Any shoal member which stands out in appearance may be targeted by predators. This is called the oddity effect. This may explain why fish prefer to shoal with individuals which look like themselves.  Schooling. Some fish spend most of their time schooling. Tuna, herring and anchovy, spend all of their time shoaling or schooling, and become agitated if separated from the group. Others, such as Atlantic cod, school only some of the time. Cod and tuna are, in nature, large fish which can look after themselves. Still, they do shoal. Shoaling fish can shift into a disciplined and coordinated school, then shift back to an amorphous shoal within seconds. Such shifts are triggered by changes of activity from feeding, resting, travelling or avoiding predators. When schooling fish stop to feed, they break ranks and become shoals. Shoals are more vulnerable to predator attack. The shape a shoal or school takes depends on the type of fish and what the fish are doing. Schools that are travelling can form long thin lines, or squares or ovals or amoeboid shapes. Fast moving schools usually form a wedge shape, while shoals that are feeding tend to become circular. Small fish are preyed on by larger fish, seabirds and marine mammals (Cetacea). Small fish form schools, and may swim with their mouths open to
Ohio. Route 40 is a federal highway from Park City, Utah to Atlantic City, New Jersey. It is 2,286 miles long and passes through twelve states. It used to go from Park City to Reno, Nevada and San Francisco, California, but that route is now part of Interstate 80. Much of the eastern part of U.S. Route 40, from Vandalia, Illinois to Cumberland, Maryland (or from St. Louis, Missouri to Baltimore) was part of the National Road. This part has been around since 1839. Part of U.S. Route 40 was also called the "Lincoln Highway". U.S. Route 40 passes or passed through many cities. Some of these are: The current capitals are Denver, Topeka, Indianapolis, and Columbus. Vandalia was a former capital of Illinois, Zanesville was a former capital of Ohio, and Wheeling was a former capital of West Virginia.
Physical chemistry uses physics to study chemical systems. It studies them at macroscopic, atomic, subatomic, and particulate levels. It looks at concepts like motion, energy, force, time, thermodynamics, quantum chemistry, statistical mechanics and dynamics. Physical chemistry is not the same as chemical physics. Physical chemistry is mostly a macroscopic or supra-molecular science. The majority of physical chemistry concepts relate to bulk properties rather than to molecular/atomic structure alone. These include chemical equilibrium and colloids. Some of the relationships that physical chemistry tries to resolve include the effects of: History. The term "physical chemistry" was first used by Mikhail Lomonosov in 1752. He presented a lecture course with the title "A Course in True Physical Chemistry" to the students of Petersburg University.  Modern physical chemistry was developed in the 1860s to 1880s with work on chemical thermodynamics, electrolytes in solutions, chemical kinetics and other subjects. In 1876, Josiah Willard Gibbs wrote an article called, "On the Equilibrium of Heterogeneous Substances". This paper introduced many of the main parts of physical chemistry, such as Gibbs energy, chemical potentials, Gibbs phase rule. Other important discoveries include Heike Kamerlingh Onnes' work on enthalpy and macromolecular processes.  The first scientific journal about physical chemistry was the German journal, "Zeitschrift für Physikalische Chemie". It was founded in 1887 by Wilhelm Ostwald and Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff. The two chemists and Svante August Arrhenius were the leading men in physical chemistry in the late 19th century and early 20th century. All three were awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry. Important discoveries were made in the 20th century. These include applying statistical mechanics to chemical systems and Irving Langmuir's work on colloids and surface chemistry. In the 1930's, Linus Pauling and others applied quantum mechanics to develop quantum chemistry. Chemical theories have grown with new experimental discoveries. New forms of spectroscopy started in the 20th century including: infrared spectroscopy, microwave spectroscopy, EPR spectroscopy and
The Mojo Blues Band is a blues band from Austria which was formed in 1977 by guitarist Eric Trauner and pianist Joachim Palden. The name of the band is derivated from "mojo", a talisman in the voodoo cult. Band history. The founders of the band played before 1977 in clubs of Vienna. In 1977 Palden won a boogie woogie contest. The first prize was a record contract. They decided to form a band, which they named "Mojo Blues Band". The line up was: Being the only blues band in Vienna they were often booked as backing band for blues artists who were touring in Austria. They played for example with Johnny Shines, J. B. Hutto, Charlie Musselwhite, Louisiana Red, Sunnyland Slim, Champion Jack Dupree, Homesick James, Honeyboy Edwards, Leon Thomas, Katie Webster, Hal Singer, Jan Harrington and Eddie Clearwater. They also played together with Axel Zwingenberger. This is documented on CDs. In 1980 they teamed with Dana Gillespie and changed their style more to Rhythm ´n Blues. At the early 1990s their song Alligator Walk became a hit in the US Shag 8 a special dance) scene. Following this they toured North- and South Carolina. 1989 they visited Chicago and came back with 16 hours material they have recorded with musicians from Chicago. The CD "The Wild Taste of Chicago" was made out of this tapes. 1993 Christian Dozzler left the band to form his own group. So Eric Trauner had to learn playing the harp. 2001 the band played her last concert consisting of: Peter Müller founded the label Styx Records. But soon Trauner formed the band again. Members are:
Ozone is a Gas that is present in the ozone layer in the stratosphere of the Earth. There, it absorbs almost all ultraviolet light which is harmful to many organisms. The term Ozone depletion can refer to a number of distinct, but related phenomena: Causes. The details of polar ozone hole formation differ from that of mid-latitude thinning, but the most important process in both is catalytic destruction of ozone by atomic halogens. The main source of these halogen atoms in the stratosphere is photodissociation of man-made halocarbon refrigerants (CFCs, freons, halons.) These compounds are transported into the stratosphere after being emitted at the surface. Both types of ozone depletion were observed to increase as emissions of Halocarbons increased. CFCs and other substances contributing to this effect are referred to as ozone-depleting substances (ODS). Since the ozone layer prevents most harmful UVB wavelengths (280–315nm) of ultraviolet light (UV light) from passing through the Earth's atmosphere, observed and projected decreases in ozone have generated worldwide concern. As a result, the Montreal Protocol has been adopted. The treaty bans the production of CFCs, halons as and other ozone-depleting chemicals such as carbon tetrachloride and trichloroethane. The biological consequences of this change in ozone levels may include increases in skin cancer, cataracts, damage to plants, and the reduction of plankton populations in the ocean. Regeneration of the ozone hole. Estimates of how quickly the ozone layer will regenerate vary by about two decades. NASA estimated in 2006, that it will take to 2068 for the ozone layer in Antarctica to recover to the level before human-induced thinning. According to the World Meteorological Organization, the state of the ozone layer over Antarctica will not change noticeably in the next twenty years. The state before 1980 will be reached between 2060 and 2075, 25 years later than predicted in 2002. Over the Arctic, there will be bigger losses in ozone over the next fifteen years, especially in cold winters. For the Arctic regions, the state before 1980 will be reached around 2050.
Photodissociation, photolysis, or photodecomposition is a chemical reaction in which a chemical compound is broken down by photons. One or more photons interact with the target molecule. Photodissociation is not limited to visible light. Any photon with sufficient energy can affect the chemical bonds of a chemical compound. Since a photon's energy is inversely proportional to its wavelength, electromagnetic waves with the energy of visible light or higher, such as ultraviolet light, x-rays and gamma rays are usually involved in such reactions. One example where this is used is the Light-dependent reaction of photosynthesis. Far more enegetic photons of ultraviolet light (240 nm and shorter) can break the bonds of oxygen molecules. The newly independent oxygen atoms create ozone in the ozone layer.
The 2008 UEFA European Football Championship (or the Euro 2008) was the 13th UEFA European Championships. It was hosted by Austria and Switzerland during June 7 and June 29, 2008. The winners were Spain, defeating Germany 1-0. Spain was also the first team since Germany in 1996, to win undefeated. Greece, the UEFA Euro 2004 champions, recorded the worst finish in the UEFA Euro 2008. They got the least amount of money, and no points for the Group Stage. Qualified Teams. The teams that qualified were:
Juan Esteban Aristizábal Vásquez (born 9 August 1972), known as Juanes, is a one-time Grammy Award-winning and nineteen-time Latin Grammy Award-winning Colombian singer, songwriter, instrumentalist, record producer. He was a member of heavy metal band Ekhymosis and is now a solo artist. Juanes has sold more than 15 million albums worldwide. Raised in Medellín, Colombia, Juanes began playing guitar at age seven.
A vector field is a function that assigns to every point in space a vector. It can be imagined as a collection of arrows, each one attached to a different point in space. For example, the wind (the velocity of air) can be represented by a vector field. This is because in every point one can write an arrow showing the direction of the wind and its strength.  Vector calculus is the study of vector fields. Physical examples. In everyday life, gravity is the force that makes objects fall down. More generally, it is the force that pulls objects towards each other. If we describe for each point in space the direction and strength of the earth's pull, we will get a gravity vector field for the Earth.  The theory dealing with electricity and magnetism in physics is called electromagnetism. One of the basic assumptions is that there are two vector fields in all space which govern electric and magnetic forces. One is the electric field, which is often written as formula_1 and the second is the magnetic field, which is often written as formula_2. Atmospheric circulation can be represented by a vector field. The more precisely the vector field describes the actual flow, the better the resulting weather forecast.
In calculus, multivariable calculus or multivariate calculus is the extension of regular, one-dimensional calculus to more than one dimension. Most of the concepts from calculus, such as continuity and chain rule, still work in more than one dimension, though sometimes with greater complexity and counter-intuitive result.  Special multivariable uses include "partial derivatives", or differentiation with only one dimension at a time, and "multiple integration", or integrating over more than one dimension. The gradient operator formula_1, defined in terms of partial derivatives, is used to define higher concepts such as Laplace operator, divergence and curl. By integrating a multivariable function over several variables, one can define an integral over an area, surface or volume as well.
Hockenheim is a German town in northwest Baden-Württemberg, about 20 km south of Mannheim. It is in the Upper Rhine valley on the tourist routes of the "Baden Asparagus Route" () and the "Bertha Benz Memorial Route". The town is known for its motor racing circuit, the Hockenheimring. Hockenheim is one of the six largest towns in the Rhein-Neckar-Kreis district. Since 1999, the population has exceeded the 20,000, and Hockenheim received the status of a regional central town () in 2001. Geography. Location and environment. Hockenheim is in the Upper Rhine valley. It is on an old trade route that ran from Frankfurt to Basel. The river Kraichbach flows through the town, and divides Hockenheim in an eastern and a western area. Hockenheim covers 34.84 km². About 28.2 percent is used for settlement and transportation. About 47.5 percent is used for agriculture. About 2.3 percent of the area are waterways, and 21.1 percent are forests. The town is divided into two large natural areas. The "Rheinaue" to the west and the "Niederterrasse" to the east. The "Hockenheimer Rheinbogen" is an area of the Rhine. 656 hectares of the area is a nature conservation. Town structure. The central urban area forms one unit. It is divided into five districts for statistical reasons. History. In 1984, an old brick kiln was found during an excavation in Hockenheim. The kiln had stamped bricks inside it from the Roman Empire. The Roman Legio XIV Gemina was near Mainz from 71 AD until 92 AD. The bricks indicate an early settlement in the Hockenheim area. Hockenheim was first mentioned 769 as "Ochinheim" in a document of the Lorsch Codex (a list of early monastery gifts). The name "Hockenheim" was first used in official documents
The leopard seal ("Hydrurga leptonyx"), also known as the sea leopard, is the second largest species of seal in the Antarctic (after the Southern Elephant Seal). It is most common in the southern hemisphere along the coast of Antarctica and on most sub-Antarctic islands, but can also be found on the coasts of southern Australia, Tasmania, South Africa, New Zealand, Lord Howe Island, Tierra del Fuego, the Cook Islands, and the Atlantic coast of South America. It can live twenty-six years, possibly more. Killer whales, and large sharks are the only natural predators of leopard seals. They eat Crabeater seals, consuming 80% of their young. They are large and strong. They have a dark grey back and a light grey stomach. Its neck is a little bit white with black spots, which is the pattern of a leopard's coat. That is how it got its name. Leopard seals are carnivores. It eats penguins, seagulls, fish, squid, octopuses, krill, shrimps, crabs and even other seals. They are the only species of seals who eat warm-blooded prey. They are the most formidable hunters of all the seals and the only ones that feed on warm-blooded prey. Leopard seals hunt alone, and they are ferocious solitary animals. They do not do well with other leopard seals and usually end up in a fight.  They are very aggressive, and their only predator is the killer whale. Their mouths can open 160° and clamp down with incredible force and can quickly emerge from the water to snatch prey, such as penguins on the ice's edge. Leopard seals can easily rip penguins and baby seals to shreds by jerking their heads from side to side. They have incredibly long teeth, up to one inch long. Also, they have spotted grey skin and are 10-12 feet long and have a slender bodies. They can hold their breath for 15 minutes and are the second-largest type of seal in Antarctica and the third-largest worldwide. Leopard seals can even sing and smile underwater! They communicate by using clicking or trilling noises. When interacting with humans in the water,
Loudoun County ( ) is a county in the U.S. state of Virginia. It is part of the Washington Metropolitan Area. The 2020 U.S. Census said 420,959 people live there. Its county seat is Leesburg. The number of people grew 84 percent from 2000 to 2010, and 34 percent from 2010 to 2020. As of 2022, Loudoun County has the highest median household income of any county in the United States ($170,463). This is higher than nearby Falls Church, Virginia ($164,536).
FC Saturn Ramenskoye (, or English: State-Owned Enterprise of the Moscow Region Football Club Saturn Moscow Region) is a Russian football team near the Moscow area of Ramenskoye. It was also known as FC Saturn Moscow Region. In 2006, the club broke the record for the most draws in a Russian Premier League season, 16 draws. The club closed down in 2011, as there were bad financial problems. However, it was revived on the base of their former farm club FC Saturn-2 Moscow Region. The club's past names were Krylya Sovetov (1946-1957), Trud (1958-1959) and Saturn Ren-Tv (2002-2004).
FC Rubin Kazan (Russian: Футбольный клуб Рубин Казань, or English: "A Ruby") is a Russian football team from Kazan. Rubin only won the Russian Premier League in 2008 and 2009. Rubin was previously called Iskra (1958 - 1964) and Rubin-TAN (1992 - 1993). Rubin never played in the Soviet Top League, but went to the Russian First Division in 1992, and then went to Russian Second Division in 1994. The mayor of that time, purchased the team, and the on the same year Rubin won the Second Division in 1997. Rubin then went back to Russian First Division and the games went on until Rubin was promoted to the Russian Premier League in 2003.