ejaasaari/simplewiki-2025-04-01 huggingface dataset:
Vanuatu was first at the Olympic Games in 1988. They have been in every Summer Olympic Games since then. The nation has never been in the Winter Olympic Games. As of 2011, no ni-Vanuatu athlete has ever won an Olympic medal. The National Olympic Committee for Vanuatu was formed in 1987 and recognized by the International Olympic Committee the same year.
New Zealand at the Olympics is a history which began in 1908. The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for New Zealand is NZL. History. A team from New Zealand was first at the Olympic Games in 1908. They have been in every Summer Olympic Games since then. For their first two Games in 1908 and 1912, New Zealand was with Australia in a combined "Australasia" team. New Zealand first sent an independent team in 1920. New Zealand has been in most Winter Olympic Games since 1952, missing only the 1956 and 1964 Games. New Zealand athletes have won a total of 103 medals at the Summer Games. The most successful sport is athletics. New Zealand has only won a single medal at the Winter Games. The silver medal won by Annelise Coberger in alpine skiing at the 1992 Winter Olympics was the first medal won at the Winter Games by a Southern Hemisphere nation. National Olympic Committee. The New Zealand Olympic Committee (NZOC) is the National Olympic Committee for New Zealand. The NZOC was formed in 1911, and recognized by the IOC in 1919. Participation. Being in the remote South Pacific, New Zealanders had to take long sea voyages to attend the early Olympics. It wasn’t until 1920 that New Zealand sent its first team. Before that three New Zealanders won medals for Australasian teams in 1908 and 1912. As of 1111 athletes have represented New Zealand at the Olympic Games. Medal tables. Medals by Summer Games. The total (NZ) does not include the medals won by New Zealanders as part of the combined Australasia team (ANZ) at the 1908 Summer Olympics and 1912 Summer Olympics:
Austria has been at most of the Olympic Games. The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Austria is AUT. History. The Austrian team missed the 1920 Summer Olympics due to its role in World War I. The nation has twice hosted the Games in Innsbruck for the 1964 Winter Olympics and again for the 1976 Winter Olympics. Austrian athletes have won a total of 86 medals at the Summer Olympic Games. They have 185 medals at the Winter Olympic Games. Austria has won more medals in alpine skiing than any other nation. The National Olympic Committee for Austria is the Österreichisches Olympisches Comité. It was formed in 1908 and recognized in 1912.
Azerbaijan first took part in the Olympic Games as an independent nation in 1996. They have taken part in all summer and winter Olympics since then. Before Azerbaijani athletes were part of the Soviet Union at the Olympics from 1952 to 1988. In 1992 they were part of the Unified Team. Azerbaijani athletes have won a total of twenty-six medals at the Summer Olympic Games. The nation has not won any medals at the Winter Olympic Games. The National Olympic Committee of the Azerbaijani Republic was formed in 1992 and recognized by the International Olympic Committee in 1993.
In navigation, the word bearing is used for different methods that try to find out the angle between an object used for this purpose, and a reference direction. There are different systems of reference that can be used for this. A system of reference that is commonly used is that of Cardinal directions, as they can be found with a compass. The direction a ship is pointed can also be the reference. Points that can easily be determined, and that move very little, can be taken as reference. Such points include stars, mountains, the sun, and beacons. Beacons come in the form of lighthouses on the coast, but also as electric beacons or other sea marks on the open sea.  Bearings can be measured different ways. Optical bearings rely on visual information, other systems rely on radar for tools.
Belgium has been in most Olympic Games. The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Belgium is BEL. History. Athletes from Belgium competed for the first time was at the 1900 Games. The nation was host to the 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp. Belgian athletes have won 142 medals at the Summer Olympic Games, and another five at the Winter Olympic Games. The National Olympic Committee for Belgium was formed and recognized in 1906.
Bosnia and Herzegovina were first at the 1992 Summer Olympics. Independence from Yugoslavia was in 1991. No athletes have won a medal. The Olympic Committee of Bosnia and Herzegovina was formed in 1992 and recognized in 1993.
or NACT is a museum in Roppongi, Minato, Tokyo, Japan. NACT is a unique art museum. It does not have a permanent collection. Instead, it is a large for changing art exhibitions. NACT has 14,000 square meters of exhibition space and an Art Library. It also has educational programs.  History. The National Art Center building was completed in May 2006. Kisho Kurokawa was the architect. The museum opened in 2007.
Treyarch is an American video game developer company. Peter Akemann and Doğan Köslü started the company in 1996. Activision bought it in 2001. It is in Santa Monica, California. In 2005, Gray Matter Interactive and Treyarch became one company. As part of the 2007 Leipzig Games Convention, Activision announced that Treyarch would be one of three developers making their first James Bond game, "Quantum of Solace". The game started to be sold on 31 October 2008 in Europe and 4 November 2008 in North America. Beenox and Vicarious Visions made the PC and handheld versions of the game. Treyarch also plays an important part in developing the "Call of Duty" series. They have made ', "Call of Duty 3", ', and "". ' had the record for the biggest entertainment release ever for any kind of entertainment. It broke the record during the first day it was sold Sales from the game worldwide reached US $650 million within five days after its release.' later broke the record again.
Roderick MacKinnon (born 19 February 1956) is a professor of Molecular Neurobiology and Biophysics at Rockefeller University. He won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry together with Peter Agre in 2003 for his work on the structure and operation of ion channels. Biography. Early life and education. MacKinnon was born in Burlington, Massachusetts and initially attended the University of Massachusetts Boston. MacKinnon then transferred to Brandeis University after one year, and there he received a bachelor's degree in biochemistry in 1978, studying calcium transport through the cell membrane for his honors thesis in Christopher Miller's laboratory. It was also at Brandeis where MacKinnon met his future wife and working-colleague Alice Lee. After receiving his degree from Brandeis, MacKinnon entered medical school at Tufts University. He got his M.D. in 1982 and received training in Internal Medicine at Beth Israel Hospital in Boston. He did not feel satisfied enough with the medical profession, so in 1986 he returned to Christopher Miller's laboratory at Brandeis for postdoctoral studies. Career. In 1989 he was appointed assistant professor at Harvard University where he studied the interaction of the potassium channel with a specific toxin taken from scorpion venom. He learned how to purify proteins and to use X-ray crystallography. In 1996, he moved to Rockefeller University as a professor and head of the Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology and Biophysics. There, he started to work on the structure of the potassium channel. These channels are of particular importance to the nervous system and the heart. The channels enable potassium ions to cross the cell membrane. Scientific contributions. Potassium channels demonstrate a strange activity. They permit the passage of potassium ions, but they do not allow the passage of the much smaller sodium ions. Before MacKinnon's work, the detailed molecular architecture of potassium channels and the exact means by which they conduct ions was unknown. In 1998, despite barriers to the structural study of integral membrane proteins that had stopped most attempts for decades, MacKinnon and colleagues determined the three-dimensional molecular structure of a potassium channel
Gamophobia (prounced 'ga-me-PHO-bia', from the Greek 'gamo' meaning 'marriage') is the fear of getting married, being in a relationship, or commitment. The opposite of 'gamophobia' is 'anuptaphobia'-it is the fear of not being in a relationship (to be single or alone). A person who has gamophobia may like or love a person, but when he or she finds out about that person liking them back and attempting to be together, there is a possibility that their would change to hate. Rather than a phobia, such behavior is linked to a number of personality disorders and neuroses. The majority of phobias are socially created, and are not found in any DSM Psychology manual. The inability to allow oneself to be vulnerable and show their 'bad parts' has a personality disorder. When the individual displays reaction formation (love to hate) this is a neurotic defense mechanism. This can also be known as commitment phobia.
Cluny Abbey is a Benedictine abbey in Cluny. It was built in Romanesque style and its three churches date rom the 10th to the 12th century. It was founded by William I of Aquitaine in the year 910. Soon the place was noted because it followed the Rule of St. Benedict more strictly than the place where the rule was developed, that is Subiaco in Italy. Cluny became the leader of a movement called monasticism. The abbey also started the Cluniac Reforms, and was subject only to the pope, Sergius III at the time. The Benedictine order was very important for the stability of European society at the time. In 1790, during the French Revolution, the abbey was sacked, and mostly destroyed. Today, only very little of the original remains.  Dating around 1334, the abbots of Cluny had a townhouse in Paris known as the Hôtel de Cluny, what is now a public museum since 1833. Apart from the name, it no longer possesses anything originally connected with Cluny.
The Irish rebellion of 1798 was an uprising of Irish people against British rule in Ireland. It was led by Wolfe Tone and consisted primarily of a secret society called the United Irish. It was aided by Republican France. However, it never gained much traction due to its alliance with anti-Catholic France, because Ireland was primarily Catholic. Despite the British government's anti-Catholicism, most Irish Catholics supported the Crown as the lesser of two evils because of the issue of Revolutionary France's involvement. The uprising lasted several months. A group called the United Irishmen were the main driving force in the rebellion. They were influenced by revolutions taking place in America and France around the time. The uprising is also known as United Irishmen Rebellion. Between 10.000 and 50.000 people died as casualties on the Irish side, between 500 and 2000 on the English side.
A volcanic winter is a climate cooling caused by an extremely large volcanic eruption. Such an eruption releases ash and sulfur dioxide in huge quantities. They form aerosols of sulfuric acid. When they reach the stratosphere more sunlight is reflected, and some is absorbed by the stratosphere. These reactions heat up the stratosphere, but lead to a drop in the temperature on the ground. The Siberian Traps, Emeishan Traps, and Deccan Traps are huge flood basalt provinces caused by volcanism. They are the cause, or part of the cause, of several mass extinctions, especially the Permian–Triassic extinction event. Nuclear winter is a theory of similar effects which might be caused by a large-scale nuclear war. Recent events. The effects of recent volcanic eruptions on winters are modest in scale but historically their effects have been significant. Most recently, the 1991 explosion of Mount Pinatubo, a stratovolcano in the Philippines, cooled global temperatures for about 2–3 years. In 1883, the explosion of Krakatoa (Krakatau) created volcanic winter-like conditions. The next four years after the explosion were unusually cold, and the winter of 1887 to 1888 included powerful blizzards. Record snowfalls were recorded worldwide. The 1815 eruption of Mount Tambora, a stratovolcano in Indonesia, occasioned mid-summer frosts in New York State and June snowfalls in New England and Newfoundland and Labrador in what came to be known as the "Year without a Summer" of 1816. A paper written by Benjamin Franklin in the 1780s blamed the unusually cool summer of 1783 on volcanic dust coming from Iceland. The eruption of Laki volcano had released enormous amounts of sulfur dioxide, resulting in the death of much of the island's livestock and a catastrophic famine which killed a quarter of the population. Temperatures in the northern hemisphere dropped by about 1 °C in the year following the Laki eruption. In 1600, the Huaynaputina in Peru erupted. Tree ring studies show that 1601 was cold. Russia had its worst famine
4Minute () was a five-member South Korean K-pop girl group. Its members are Nam Ji-hyun, Heo Ga-yoon, Jeon Ji-yoon, Kim Hyun-ah and Kwon So-hyun. They belonged to Cube Entertainment. Far Eastern Tribe Records in Universal Music Japan is responsible for 4minute's labels in Japan. Their official fan club name is 4Nia. This is a combination of "4Minute" and "mania". They debuted through the M.net M! Countdown on June 18, 2009, with their song "Hot Issue". The name "4minute" has two meanings. One means that each of its member will attract audiences in 4 minutes and this is why all of their songs are shorter than 4 minutes. The other meaning is that they will do their best for a minute (for every moment). Kim Hyun-ah already released two singles. She used to be a member of Wonder Girls and Kwon So-hyun was a member of girl group "Orange". Nam Ji-hyun is best in dance, Heo Ga-yoon in drama, Jeon Ji-yoon in music and Kim Hyun-ah is best in the Department of Theater and Film.  In December 2010, it released its first Japanese album, Diamond. In 2011, the group released its first Korean full-length album, 4Minutes Left with the title track "Mirror Mirror" and the following years they have promoted 2 more mini albums and 2 chart topping hits "Volume Up" and "What's Your Name" The group received the Bonsang Award at the 20th Seoul Music Awards, and the Kpop New Artist Award at the 2010 Billboard Japan Music Awards. The Group disbanded in 2016 after 4 of the 5 members left Cube Entertainment.
Tristania is a gothic metal band from Norway. The band was created by Morten Veland.  Style. The album "Widow's Weeds" (1998) is a mix of gothic rock, gothic metal and doom metal. The album "Beyond the Veil" (1999) is a mix of gothic metal and doom metal. The album "World of Glass" (2001) is a mix of gothic rock, gothic metal, alternative rock, symphonic metal and folk metal.
The cosmic distance ladder (also known as the extragalactic distance scale) is the way astronomers measure the distance of objects in space. No one method works for all objects and distances, so astronomers use a number of methods. A real "direct" distance measurement of an astronomical object is possible only for those objects that are close enough to Earth (within about a thousand parsecs). It is the larger distances which are the problem. Several methods rely on a standard candle, which is an astronomical object that has a known standard luminosity. The ladder analogy arises because no one technique can measure distances at all ranges encountered in astronomy. Instead, one method can be used to measure nearby distances, a second can be used to measure nearby to intermediate distances, and so on. Each rung of the ladder provides information that can be used to determine the distances at the next higher rung. Direct measures. Astronomical Unit. The astronomical unit is the mean (average) distance of the Earth from the Sun. This we know quite accurately. Kepler's Laws tell the ratios of the distances of planets, and radar tells the absolute distance to inner planets and artificial satellites in orbit around them. Parallax. Parallax is the use of trigonometry to discover the distances of objects near to the solar system. As the Earth orbits around the Sun, the position of nearby stars will appear to shift slightly against the more distant background. These shifts are angles in a right triangle, with 2 AU making the short leg of the triangle and the distance to the star being the long leg. The amount of shift is quite small, measuring 1 arcsecond for an object at a distance of 1 parsec (3.26 light-years) This method works for distances up to a few hundred parsecs. Standard candles. Objects of known brightness are called "standard candles". Most physical distance indicators are standard candles. These are objects which belong to a class that has a known brightness. By comparing the known luminosity of the latter to its observed brightness, the distance to the object can be computed using the inverse-square law.  In astronomy, the brightness of an object is given in terms of its absolute magnitude. This quantity is derived from the logarith
The V-1 flying bomb (also called the Buzz Bomb or Doodlebug) was a World War II weapon.  It was a flying bomb, an early cruise missile. Its jet engine made it travel at 350 mph (600 kmph). The Luftwaffe aimed it at London, and also Antwerp in Belgium. V-1s destroyed nearly as many houses as the Blitz did but killed fewer: 22,892 people were killed by the weapon.  The Allies tried to stop these attacks by bombing their launching places, by shooting at them in the air, and by flying fast planes close to them and nudging them off course using their wings. They had a fairly crude guidance system. Overall, only about 25 per cent of V-1s hit their targets. Most were lost lost by defensive measures, mechanical unreliability or guidance errors.
Young Dracula is a British children's fantasy television series. It is shown on CBBC. The series is based on "Young Dracula AND Young Monsters", a children's book by Michael Lawrence. The series is directed by Joss Agnew. It was first broadcast in 2006. "Young Dracula" was nominated for Best Children's Drama in the 2008 BAFTA Awards. A fourth series is now being filmed.
The Sagittarius Window Eclipsing Extrasolar Planet Search, or SWEEPS, was an astronomical survey. It was carried out in 2006. SWEEPS used the Hubble Space Telescope to look at 180,000 stars for seven days to find extrasolar planets. Area looked at. The stars that SWEEPS monitored were all in the Sagittarius-I Window. This is a rare transparent look at the huge group of closely packed stars at the Milky Way's centre (central bulge), in the Sagittarius constellation. Our view to most of the stars in the centre of the galaxy is blocked by lanes of dust. These stars are about 27,000 light years from Earth. Planets discovered. Sixteen planets were discovered by SWEEPS. They took from 0.6 to 4.2 days to go around the Sun. Planets which took less than 1.2 days to go around the sun have not been detected yet; these have been called "ultra-short period planets" (USPPs) by the search team. USPPs were discovered only around stars with a low mass. This means that larger stars might have destroyed any planets orbiting so closely, or that planets could not move as far inward around larger stars. SWEEPS-4 and SWEEPS-11 orbited stars that were very different to other stars close by. This made it possible for these to be looked at again using the radial velocity method. Their masses could then be found.
was a after "Enpō" and before "Jōkyō." This period started in September 1681 and ended in February 1684. During this time, the emperor was . The "nengō" "Tenna" means "Peace of Heaven". Events of the "Tenna" era. In Tenna, the first book was written about the coins of Japan. The work was entitled "Classified Collection of Coins" ("Kwacho Kuien").
Brown asbestos, also called grunerite or amosite, is one of the six types of asbestos. It has the chemical formula Fe7Si8O22(OH)2. It is less common than white asbestos but can be found in some construction materials. Like other types of asbestos, being exposed to it can cause mesothelioma and asbestosis.
was a after "Tenna" and before "Genroku." This period started in February 1684 and ended in September 1688. During this time, the emperors were and . Events of the "Jōkyō" era. The new era of was created by the Imperial court. After 1684, the power to create a calendar shifted to the shogunate. The Tokugawa astrology bureau developed a calendar which was independent of Chinese almanacs.
The Data Encryption Standard is a 56-bit cipher that was once recommended by the U.S. Government. In 1998, it was defeated by a machine built by the Electronic Frontier Foundation. It has been replaced by the Advanced Encryption Standard in most uses. 3DES. After DES was cracked, the NIST, the US institution for technology and also cryptography, developed "3DES". It has 3 times more bits, but is otherwise the same as DES. Theoretically, 3DES should provide 168 bits of security. But because of the design, the NIST later said it only provides 80 bits of security. That can be broken by a modern computer and thus the cipher should be considered broken.
The Geneva Protocol of 1925 (The Protocol for the Prohibition of the Use in War of Asphyxiating, Poisonous or Other Gases, and of Bacteriological Methods of Warfare) was a law that made it illegal to fight with chemical or biological weapons in interstate war. The Geneva protocol was signed on June 17, 1925 and the protocol was entered into force on January 8, 1928. Before, it was signed by some countries like the United Kingdom and France originally. Any country who has signed this Protocol must follow it. After World War I, the Geneva Protocol was made from the treaties signed with Austria, Hungary and Bulgaria. The use of chemical weapons began in WWI when one million deaths resulted from chemical weapons. After signing the treaty, some countries wanted to change it so that they would not have to follow it if the country fighting them did not follow the treaty. Because of this, many countries like France and United Kingdom withdrew from it. Others, like the United States still follow it but with this extra condition.
Fledge is the stage in a young bird's life when the feathers and wing muscles become developed enough for flight. It also describes the act of a chick's parents raising it until it is fully grown. A young bird that has recently fledged but still needs care and feeding is called a fledgling. In ornithology, fledging has many meanings, depending on species. Birds are sometimes considered fledged once they leave the nest, even if they still cannot fly.
Rat snakes are medium to large snakes that can be found mostly in the northern hemisphere. They feed primarily on rodents and birds and, with some species being over 3 m (10 feet), they are on the top levels of some food chains. Many species make attractive pets and one, the corn snake, is one of the most popular reptile pets in the world. Other species can be very sensitive and sometimes aggressive, but the bites are not dangerous. Rat snakes were long thought to be completely nonvenomous, but recent studies have shown that some do have harmlessly small amounts of venom in them. When frightened, rat snakes may freeze, which is why a lot has been killed in traffic. Their diet consists of rodents, birds, and eggs. They adapt their diet according to availability and sometimes eat lizards, frogs, and other small mammals. Rat snakes in captivity. Rat snakes are commonly kept as pets. The corn snake especially is one of the most popular pet reptiles, and belongs to the rat snake family.