ejaasaari/simplewiki-2025-04-01 huggingface dataset:
The Pioneer plaques were a pair of plaques that were launched into deep space on Pioneer 10 and Pioneer 11, and information about our place in the galaxy are drawn in case any aliens find it. The same image is on both plaques. The image is made up of many parts.  There is a drawing of a nude human female and a nude human male. Behind them is the Pioneer spacecraft to compare their sizes.  There is a diagram of the change in spin of the electron of a hydrogen particle. This diagram is meant to set up a universal unit of length and a universal unit of time for the rest of the image.  There is a map of our solar system showing a spacecraft leaving the third planet, Earth. There have been negative reactions about the arrow showing the trajectory of the spacecraft. Alien species may not understand the human concept of a line and arrow.  There is pattern of lines that looks like a star burst design. This is a map. There are 15 lines. 14 of the lines have a long binary number engraved along it. The binary numbers are distances. The distances are not in meters or kilometers, but in the universal unit of distance given by the hydrogen particle diagram. The 14 lines give the distance from the sun to 14 pulsars. The 15th line gives the distance from the sun to the center of the galaxy.
Clube Atlético Mineiro is a Brazilian football club. Atletico Mineiro was founded in 1908 in the city of Belo Horizonte, where the team plays. The team has "Galo" (rooster) as its mascot, for this reason the club is also known simply as Galo.  Atletico Mineiro is one of the most traditional football clubs in Brazil, being the first champion of the modern version of the Brazilian Football Championhsip. The most important achievement of the club was the Copa Libertadores de America in 2013, which is regarded as the most important tournament in South America.  In the last five years, Atletico Mineiro is probably passing through the most victorious period in its history, since in the last five years the team has played five out of the nine Copa Libertadores editions the team has ever disputed.
Clube de Regatas do Flamengo (; English: "Flamengo Rowing Club"), commonly referred to as Flamengo, is a Brazilian sports club based in Rio de Janeiro, in the neighbourhood of Gávea, best known for their professional football team. Flamengo is the only team in the World to have 40 million fans within its country, therefore, it is the most popular club in the Americas. Football honours.  Undefeated champion
Coritiba Foot Ball Club is a football club which plays Curitiba in Paraná state, Brazil. It was founded in 1909 and currently plays in Campeonato Brasileiro Série A. Coritiba was founded on October 12, 1909. History. The team had many state, national and international titles. The highest moment in Coritiba history was in 1985, when it was champion of Brasileirão. Other sports. Although best known for football, Coritiba is first team in South Brazil which supports American Football. Coritiba and Barigui Crocodiles founded Coritiba Crocodiles. Coritiba Crocodiles is a four-time state champion and two-time champion of the south conference. Stadium. Couto Pereira Stadium is Coritiba's home stadium. The stadium was founded as Belfort Duarte. Couto Pereira was the president of the club. He was responsible for the stadium being built. When he died in 1977, the stadium name was changed to Couto Pereira. Rivals. Coritiba's biggest rivals are Atlético Paranaense and Paraná Clube. They are from the same city. The games between Coritiba and Atlético-PR are called "Atlé-Tiba". The games between Coritiba and Paraná is called "Para-Tiba". Club. Symbols. Colors. The team colors are green and white. These are the colors of the flag of Paraná state. Founded on October 12, 1909, Coritiba was the oldest "green and white" team in Brazilian soccer, and one of the oldest of world. The logo. The club's logo is a green globe with the initials CFC in white on the center, along with twelve white stylized pine seeds. Coritiba's first logo was very simple: a white background inside a green circle, with the initials CFC in green. The team kit. Coritiba's first kit was used from 1909 to 1916, and was composed of green and white vertical stripes. Coritiba's second kit, used from 1916 to 1976
Botafogo F.R. is a football club which plays in Brazil, in South America.
Joseph Karl Stieler (1 November 1781 — 9 April 1858) was a German painter. He was born in Mainz. His family were engravers and die-cutters. He received some artistic training from his father, August Friedrich Stieler (1736-1789). He began his career as a painter of miniatures. In 1810, Stieler traveled through Italy and  painted a portrait of Letizia Ramolino Bonaparte, mother of Napoleon I.  In 1816, he traveled to Vienna and painted portrait of Emperor Francis I of Austria. Between February and April 1820, he worked on his portrait of Beethoven, which is probably the most well-known representation of the composer today.
New Mills is a town in Derbyshire, England. It is eight miles from Stockport. It is by the rivers Goyt and Sett. It is very near the county of Cheshire. It has a population of 10,000. History. New Mills most known employer is Swizzels Matlow, who make children's sweets. The company transferred to New Mills from London during the Blitz. Famous brands include "Parma Violets", "Refresher" chews, "Drumstick" lollies and - perhaps most famously - "Love Hearts"
Guido Westerwelle (27 December 1961 – 18 March 2016) was a German politician. He was Foreign Minister and Vice-Chancellor of Germany. Westerwelle was born in Bad Honnef, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. He was an attorney before he became a politician. From 1994 to 2001 he was secretary general of the German liberal party, the Freie Demokratische Partei (FDP). In 2001 he became the leader of the party. Westerwelle was also the leader of the FDP parliamentary group and from 1999 to 2005 head of the opposition in the German Bundestag. In June 2014, he announced that he had acute myeloid leukemia. He died of the disease on 18 March 2016 in Cologne, Germany at the age of 54. He was openly gay and was in a civil partnership with sports manager Michael Mronz.
Vancouver is a city just north of the Columbia River in the U.S. state of Washington. It is directly north of Portland, Oregon, and south of Vancouver, British Columbia. Both cities were named for George Vancouver, a British explorer and sea captain. The city includes Fort Vancouver, which was begun by the British Hudson's Bay Company in 1824. It was made part of the United States on June 15, 1846, as part of the Oregon Treaty. It is the fourth-largest city in Washington State. History. The Vancouver area was home to Native Americans before the arrival of Europeans. Chinook and Klickitat tribes called this area "land of the mud turtles" before 1775. Disease killed most natives before the Hudson's Bay Company came in the 1820s. The Hudson's Bay Company built Fort Vancouver to trade in beaver skins, which were used to make top hats. Workers at Fort Vancouver came from England, the Sandwich Islands (now Hawaii), Scotland, and Canada. Many trappers had native wives and lived outside Fort Vancouver. Americans began to arrive from the Oregon Trail. John McLoughlin was head of Fort Vancouver and helped the Americans with tools and seed. Fort Vancouver closed in the 1840s. The city of Vancouver was incorporated in 1857 and had grown to be over three times by 1909. In 1917, the first bridge connecting Oregon to Washington over the Columbia River was built from Vancouver. In 1982, another bridge was built a few miles east for the I-205 freeway. Columbia Barracks became Vancouver Barracks and was larger than any other US military base in Oregon, Washington, or Idaho for many years. During World War I, the Vancouver Barracks had a lumber mill to cut spruce wood to make biplanes. Another ship yard built ships for World War II. Shipyard workers came, and Vancouver grew from 18,000 to over 80,000 people. Vancouver grew again and in 1997 became almost its present size. About half as many people live just north of Vancouver as live inside the city. About one in three Vancouver workers work in Portland, Oregon. Geography. Vancouver is located at
Radiant heating occurs when a hot surface warms other objects around it. Radiant heating has a long history of use in buildings by the Romans and the Koreans, and is much more efficient than standard ways of heating the air in a building. Underfloor radiant heating is the most common type of radiant heating used in buildings, but wall and overhead radiant heating systems are also used. Radiant heating can also be used to heat outdoor areas.  History of Radiant Heating. The Romans were the first people to use underfloor radiant heating systems. These systems were based on hypocausts, and used warm air for heat. The floor was set on top of many brick piles, leaving room for the hot air and steam produced by a furnace to pass underneath the floor. The hot air then went up chimneys on the sides of the walls, so the hot air and steam never actually went into the living rooms. These systems were very expensive to build and maintain, so only the rich could afford them.  In Korea, radiant underfloor heating has been in use for about 2000 years. Ondol, which means "warm stone," involves the use of stones and underground ducts to help transport warm air from the kitchen to the rooms in the house. Most homes and buildings in Korea still use ondol, although they now use hot water and electric systems. The American architect Frank Lloyd Wright discovered ondol in the early 1900s and used it in many of his building designs. Wright also invented hot water underfloor systems. Types of Radiant Heating. Underfloor heating. The most common kind of radiant heating is underfloor heating. There are three types of underfloor heating: hot air systems, hot water systems and electric systems.  Hot air systems. Hot air systems use hot air to heat the floor, similar to the Romans' systems. However, air does not hold heat very well, and these systems aren't recommended for residential use.  Hot water systems. Hot water systems are the most popular and cost-effective systems for cold climates. In this type of system, water is heated by a boiler and pumped through pipes laid underneath the floor. Hot water systems can also be combined with solar thermal
Top Gear is a television show on the BBC. The show is all about cars and other vehicles. They test new cars to see how fast they go. They also test really old cars and do crazy stuff with them. They usually rate cars that the normal person wouldn't be able to afford. The show started as a regular car show but has changed over time to what it is now. It uses comedy to attract viewers which are now estimated to be 350 million. Segments. Races. The show often has long distance races. They usually race a fast car against a different form of transportation like trains and boats. They are called 'epic' races. They also have smaller races where they match up cars of different times to see which one outperforms the other. Challenge. The challenge part of the show is about different stunts of the most ridiculous things the show can come up with. One time they jumped a bus over a row of motorcycles (instead of the motorcycle jumping over buses). Recently, the show has started using the phrase "How hard can it be?" for the challenge segment. They put themselves in different situations that a normal person probably wouldn't get a chance to experience. Star in a Reasonably-Priced Car. Once during every episode (except some specials) they bring a celebrity on stage. They show footage of the celebrity driving an average car around a racetrack. They put the time it took for them to complete a lap of the track on a board with the names of all of the other celebrities who drove the same course. Power laps. Power laps are one lap around the Top Gear Test Track. They will take any car that can drive and will see how fast it can make it around the track. The vehicles must be cars and they must be road legal.
Backpacking is hiking in the outdoors with a backpack full of all your food, clothing, water, and shelter. Usually, backpackers hike in groups to stay safer, in case of illness, injury, extreme weather and dangerous animals. They must think to bring first aid supplies, sleeping bags, tents, rain gear, stoves, food and other camping supplies. Backpacking may be done on short or long trips. Sometimes, backpacking groups begin at a trail head with a parking lot and hike over a weekend until they work their way back to the vehicle. On longer trips, groups may settle in at a base camp and hike for weeks or even months if they are more experienced and prepared. When following certain rules, backpackers have the chance to leave the outdoors better than they found them. There are certain practices such as "Leave No Trace" that teach backpackers and hikers to pack out all waste and help conserve nature in every way possible such as not building fires in dry areas, saving water, and protecting the environment. When backpackers use these skills, they help preserve nature while getting to explore themselves while outside the influence of the rest of the world.
Châlons-en-Champagne is a "commune" in the Marne department in the Grand Est region in northeastern France. It is the "préfecture" (capital) of the department. Even if Châlons-en-Champagne is the capital of the department, it is only the second largest city in population after Reims. It should not be confused with Chalon-sur-Saône, a city in the Saône-et-Loire department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region. History. Formerly called Châlons-sur-Marne, the name of the city was changed to Châlons-en-Champagne in 1995 but it was rejected in 1997. But, finally, this change was accepted in 1998. Geography. Châlons-en-Champagne is in the centre of the Marne department. The Marne river flows through the western part of the city. It has an area of . Its average altitude is ; at the city hall, the altitude is . The distances from Châlons-en-Champagne to other cities are: The "commune" of Châlons-en-Champagne is surrounded by the "communes" L'Épine, Saint-Memmie, Sarry, Compertrix, Fagnières and Saint-Martin-sur-le-Pré. Climate. The Köppen climate classification type for the climate at Châlons-en-Champagne is an "Oceanic climate" (also known as Maritime Temperate climate) and of the subtype "Cfb". The average temperature for the year in Châlons-en-Champagne is . The warmest month, on average, is July with an average temperature of . The coolest month, on average is January, with an average temperature of . The average amount of precipitation for the year in Châlons-en-Champagne is . The month with the most precipitation on average is July with of precipitation. The month with the least precipitation on average is February with an average of . Population. The inhabitants of Châlons-en-Champagne are known,
The Schulze method is a way of voting that is used to fill a single vacant position in an election. It was developed in 1997 by Markus Schulze. It is also known as Schwartz Sequential Dropping (SSD), Cloneproof Schwartz Sequential Dropping (CSSD), Beatpath Method, Beatpath Winner, Path Voting, and Path Winner. It is used by several organizations including Debian, Gentoo, BerryTube, and the KDE team. Wikimedia used to use it before switching to the simpler score voting. How it works. Voters rank the candidates in the order from the one that they most want to win to the one they least want to win. The same preference (how much the voters want the candidate to win or lose) can be given to more than one candidate, and candidates can be given no number (they are interpreted as the worst). Next, for every pair of two candidates, the two are compared: ignoring all other candidates, which of the two in the pair is preferred by most voters? How many voters agree with the majority decision is noted. More calculations take place. Given two candidates A and K, A is said to beat K with strength "t" if "t" voters prefer A to B, "t" voters prefer B to C, and so on, and "t" voters prefer J to K. The winner W is the candidate which beats any other candidate X with strength "t", but X does not beat W with strength "t". References. Markus Schulze, A new monotonic, clone-independent, reversal symmetric, and condorcet-consistent single-winner election method , Social Choice and Welfare, volume 36, number 2, page 267–303, 2011. Preliminary version in "Voting Matters", 17:9-19, 2003.
The Man from Earth is a 2007 movie written by Jerome Bixby. The movie tells the story of John Oldman. All of the movie takes place in a small house and its porch, where Oldman tells his friends that he is a 14,000 year old Cro-Magnon caveman. Plot. The movie begins with the protagonist John Oldman packing up his belongings onto his truck. John Oldman is getting ready to move to a different place to live. This is when his friends come over to give him a farewell party. From their conversations we learn that John Oldman and his friends are all professors in a university. After a bit of conversation, the group of friends moves into John Oldman’s house. John’s friends keep asking why he decided to “run off” so quickly. John Oldman does not answer clearly at first, but gradually becomes drawn to telling his friends what is really on his mind. He begins to tell his friends about who he really is, a 14,000 year old Cro-Magnon caveman who has survived until the present. His friends aren’t convinced, but rather constantly question John Oldman in order to prove him wrong. The talk goes on as John Oldman’s friends try to prove him wrong, in biological, historical, and religious terms. The conversations are driven by John Oldman’s claims of his past. His claims include the following: Reception. Liberal online magazine Fadewblogs included the film in their list of must-watch films for atheists. IGN gave it an 8 out of 10 score.
The Shaolin Monastery or Shaolin Temple is a temple at Song mountain of Dengfeng, near Zhengzhou City, Henan Province, China. Now it is led by abbot Venerable abbot Shi Yǒngxìn. It was founded in the 6th century and became the Holy Ground of Kung Fu. Now it is the Mahayana Buddhist monastery perhaps best known to the Western world.
The Egyptian vulture ("Neophron percnopterus") is a small Old World vulture. It is found from southwestern Europe and northern Africa to southern Asia. It is the only living member of the genus "Neophron", and there are three subspecies. In Southern Asia this species is called the scavenger vulture. When they feed on the eggs of other birds, they break larger ones by tossing a large pebble onto them. The use of tools is rare in birds, but Egyptian vultures also use twigs to roll up wool for use in their nest.
Henan is a province of the People's Republic of China. It is in the central eastern part of China. The name Henan means "south of the Yellow River." The capital of Henan is Zhengzhou. Its major cities are Anyang, Hebi, Jiaozuo, Kaifeng, Luohe, Luoyang, Nanyang, Pingdingshan, Puyang, Sanmenxia, Shangqiu, Xinxiang, Xinyang, Xuchang, Zhengzhou, Zhoukou and Zhumadian. Henan is now the province of China with the most people.  The abbreviation of Henan is Yu (豫) to remember a kingdom from history that was in the area, and also because another province also has "He" (河) in its name, Hebei (河北).
Soju is a distilled drink. Soju literally means "burned liquor".  This kind of distilled beverage was first found in Persia, where the distillation methods of producing alcoholic beverage originated from. But through a Mongolian who contacted Islamic culture did this kind of alcoholic beverage and the distillation techniques of making such a drink come about to the East. As soju became prevalent throughout Won Dynasty of China, it eventually spread throughout Korea Kingdom, where it became so popular that numerous kinds of soju were created. Because soju created at that time were made from pure grains, it was very tasty and clean. It was also not so strong. However, it was very expensive simply because it was distilled. Nowadays, soju is very popular in South Korea. Koreans enjoy drinking soju as a means of promoting friendship and getting closer to each other. Usually, people drink it with "anju", a side dish, so as to moderate its bitterness.
Goguryeo is a dynasty of ancient Korea which was begun by Jumong () in 37 BC. It was started in the area near the Dongga River, a branch of the Abrok River. Jolbon was the capital city founded by Jumong. The legend of the nation's birth is that Jumong was born out of an egg and brought up by King Geumwa () of East Buyeo. The name, Jumong, means a person who is good at archery. Because of his archery skills, Prince Daeso () envied him. So, Jumong felt death threats and decided to escape from East Buyeo with three friends. He went to Jolbon Buyeo and married Sosuno () who was the princess of the nation. Jumong succeeded the king and changed the nation's name to Goguryeo after his surname. Since the first king, King Dongmyeong (), Goguryeo had been invaded by several enemies such as the Chinese Han Dynasty, and Xianbei. But, by 11th king's reign, Goguryeo had succeeded in taking control over Liadong. Until the 24th king's period, it had had its golden age, expanding the range of the nation and driving away all the attacks from outside. The most famous king was King Gwanggaeto the Great (). However, when it was under the control of 27th king, Youngryou (), Goguryeo was becoming a vassal of the Tang Dynasty. Because of this, the king was killed by Yoen Gaesomoon () and a new king, Bojang () succeeded. After Yoen Gaesomoon died, the people did not cooperate with the nation well and while its control got weak, it was destroyed by the allied forces of Tang and Silla. The Goguryeoan slave girl Yusu tried to poisoned Guo Zhengyi, a Tang dynasty official, after she was taken as a slave by him during the Tangn dynasty conquest, but she was caught along with another Goguryeoan and executed.
Friedrich Wilhelm Reinhold Pieck (3 January 1876 in eastern Guben (today Poland) - 7 September 1960 in Berlin) was an (East) German communist politician. He was a member of the Spartacus League. He was joint founder, and from 1946 to 1950 co-chairman of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany (SED, together with Otto Grotewohl), and from 1949 to his death in 1960 the first and only president of the GDR. During the Weimar Republic he was a member of the Landtag of Prussia from 1921 to 1928, and afterwards a member of the Reichstag from 1928 to 1933, both on behalf of the Communist Party of Germany (KPD).
Beth Elamen is the only Jewish cemetery in Beirut, capital of Lebanon. Its spelling in Hebrew is "", meaning: "House of Cemetery".  The cemetery is very close to Sodeco Square. It can also be reached using the Damascus Expressway.
Overcharge is an economic term used in legal discourse about price fixing violations. An overcharge is the difference between what a buyer or seller "actually" paid for a good purchased from a cartel and what the buyer or seller "would have" paid in the absence of a price-fixing cartel. The total amount of the overcharges paid by customers of a cartel is the major component of damages that can be recovered by plaintiffs in private antitrust suits. Under U.S. federal antitrust law, buyers injured by cartel overcharges are entitled to triple the overcharges that they are able to prove in court. The overcharge has a one-to-one relationship to the Lerner Index, the most common measure of market power in economics. Both measures employ the same numerator (PM - PC), where PM is the observed market price and PC is the competitive benchmark price, but use different denominators. The overcharge ratio is (PM-PC)/PC, whereas the Lerner Index is (PM-PC)/PM. Both ratios are zero when a market is perfectly competitive or a cartel is ineffective in raising prices. The Lerner Index has an upper limit of one when the pure monopoly price is charged in a market. The overcharge has no upper limit.