ejaasaari/simplewiki-2025-04-01 huggingface dataset:
Jerzy Popiełuszko (pron. jɛʐɨ popʲɛwuʂko) (Okopy, 14 September 1947 - Włocławek, 19 October 1984) was a Polish presbyter, killed by officers of the ministry of the interior of the People's Republic of Poland. He is treated with great respect and honored as blessed by the Catholic Church. Life. Born in Okopy, a lone village near Suchowola, his parents were farmers, and in this simple environment became grown into his vocation. He was ordained priest on 28 May 1972 in Warsaw by cardinal Stefan Wyszyński. Until 1980 he was a priest in his home village, occupying himself mainly with the education of children and boys, since that moment began to near the movement of Polish workers and to subjects of social justice. In his pastoral activity, he took his work near the workers of steelworks, celebrating a solemn mass in the factory during a strike of the metallurgiacal workers. Next, he joined the workers of the independent trade union Solidarność (Solidarity), adverse to the communist system of government. He was an anticommunist sure of his faith, and in his preachings launched criticisms of the system and invited the people to contest the system of government. The challenge to the system of government. During the period of the martial law (1981 - 1983) the Catholic Church was the only force that could have a certain possibility of criticism, through the preachings during the celebration of the masses. The homilies and the preachings of Father Popiełuszko were regularly transmitted by Radio Free Europe, which gave him a certain popularity also in other countries. He was initially threatened and ordered to silence by the Polish Ministry of the Interior. On 13 October 1984, he was involved in a traffic accident from which however he went out whole. Murder. On 19 October 1984, on return from a pastoral service, he was taken away illegally and killed by three officers of the Ministry of the Interior, and his body was found on 30 October in the waters of the
Alphonse Gabriel "Al" Capone (January 17, 1899 – January 25, 1947) was an Italian-American organized crime leader. He was born in 1899 in Brooklyn, New York; moved to Chicago, Illinois in 1920; and died in 1947 on Palm Island in Miami Beach, Florida. Capone controlled organized crime in Chicago from 1925 to 1931. He led the Chicago Outfit (also called The Chicago Mafia or the Chicago Mob). At the time, he was perhaps the most famous gangster in the country. He was once named "Public Enemy Number One." In 1931 Capone was arrested, convicted, and imprisoned for not paying income taxes to the federal government. He was released early from federal prison in 1939 and died in 1947. Early life. Capone's parents were Italians who migrated from Naples to the United States in 1893. They had nine children (Al was the fourth) and lived in Brooklyn, New York City. Capone dropped out of school in the sixth grade at age 14, after hitting a teacher. After that:He worked a variety of odd jobs—as a candy store clerk, a bowling alley pinboy, a laborer in an ammunition plant, and a cutter in a book bindery—all the while serving in the South Brooklyn Rippers and Forty Thieves Juniors, two “kid gangs”—that is, bands of delinquent children known for vandalism and petty crime that were common in New York at the time. Criminal activities. In New York City. Capone then joined the powerful Five Points Gang in Lower Manhattan and became a racketeer. While working at the Harvard Inn (a bar and dance hall in Coney Island), Capone unintentionally insulted a woman. Her brother, Frank Galluccio, slashed Capone on the left side of his face three times with a knife. The attack left scars and the press gave Capone the nickname "Scarface" (which he hated). After the attack, Capone tried to hide the scarred left side of his face any time he was photographed. He claimed the injuries were wounds he got fighting
Tama-Plaza Station (たまプラーザ駅,たまぷらーざえき) is a railway station of Tokyu Corporation in Aoba-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan.  Tōkyū Den-en-toshi Line Express, Semi-Express, Local Saginuma - Tama-Plaza - Azamino
Gloria María Milagrosa Fajardo García de Estefan, known mostly as Gloria Estefan (born September 1, 1957) is a Cuban-born American singer, songwriter, actress and entrepreneur. She is known as the "Queen Of Latin Pop". Estefan has won multiple Grammy Awards. The singer was a member of Miami Sound Machine in the 1980s. She is in the top 100 best selling music artists with over 100 million albums sold worldwide. Currently, she is the most successful crossover performer in Latin music. Early life. She was born Gloria Fajardo on September 1, 1957, in Havana, Cuba. As a toddler, Estefan fled Cuba with her family when Communist dictator Fidel Castro rose to power. Her father, Jose Manuel Fajardo, had been a Cuban soldier and bodyguard of former President Fulgencio Batista. Her maternal grandfather, Leonardo García, immigrated to Cuba from Pola de Siero, Asturias, Spain. He married Gloria's maternal grandmother in Pola de Siero, Asturias, Spain. Her maternal grandmother is originally from Logroño, Spain. After coming to the United States, Fajardo was recruited into the 2506 Brigade, a Central Intelligence Agency-funded band of Cuban refugees that was involved in the unsuccessful 1961 Bay of Pigs invasion. After President John F. Kennedy negotiated the release of the captured soldiers, Fajardo rejoined his family. He eventually joined the U.S. Army and served for two years in Vietnam. As a child Estefan liked to write poetry, and though she took classical guitar lessons, she found them tedious. She had no idea that she would some day become a popular music star, but music played a very important role for her as a teenager. After her father's return from Vietnam, he was diagnosed as having multiple sclerosis, possibly as a result of having been exposed to the herbicide Agent Orange while serving in the army. Estefan's mother, who had been a teacher in Cuba, worked to support the family during the day and attended school at night. Young Gloria was left to take care
Loretta Lynn "Lorrie" Morgan (born June 27, 1959) is an American singer. Her first single was put out in 1978. But it was not until 1989 that she began going up in the United States country charts. Morgan was born in Nashville, Tennessee. Her albums include "Something in Red" and "Watch Me". Morgan has made over forty chart entries on the United States "Billboard" Hot Country Songs charts. Those include three #1 singles: "What Part of No", "I Didn't Know My Own Strength" and "Five Minutes." She has eleven other top ten hits. At age 13, Morgan made her first performance on the Grand Ole Opry. In that performance, she sang the song "Paper Roses."
Lee Ann Womack (born August 19, 1966) is an American country music singer and songwriter. Womack has won a number of music awards for her music and singing. Her 2000 single, "I Hope You Dance" was a major crossover music hit. It reached #1 on the Billboard Country Chart. It made the Top 15 of the Billboard Hot 100.
Cerebral palsy (CP) is the name given to a number of motor problems (trouble moving the body). CP is usually caused by damage done to the brain during early childhood. It is called "cerebral palsy" because the part of the brain that is damaged is the cerebrum. CP cannot be cured. It is treated with therapies.  CP was first identified by an English surgeon called William Little in 1860. There are several types of cerebral palsy. The most common type is spastic cerebral palsy.  Today, 1 in every 400 children in the UK has cerebral palsy.  Symptoms. People with CP often have trouble standing or walking. They may also be partly paralysed.  While the main problem of cerebral palsy is problems with moving, difficulties with having thoughts, learning, feeling, talking and behaviour often come with cerebral palsy. Of children with cerebral palsy, 3 out of 4 children have pain, 1 out of 2 have intellectual disability, 1 out of 3 children cannot walk, 1 in 3 have a hip displacement, 1 in 4 cannot talk, 1 out of 4 children have epilepsy, 1 in 4 have behaviour disorders, 1 out of 4 children have trouble controlling their bladder, 1 in 5 have trouble with sleep (sleeping too much or not enough), 1 out of 5 children dribble, 1 out of 10 are blind, 1 out of 15 need to be fed through a tube, and 1 in 25 are deaf. Most people with cerebral palsy live for as long as people without CP. 5-10% of children with CP die before growing up. Treatment. Over time, the way to take care of cerebral palsy has changed from fixing a person's physical problems such as spasticity in one leg or arm. Now, the way to take care of cerebral palsy is about making therapies for the body part of a larger purpose of making the person's quality of life better, helping them have choice and make their own decisions about looking after themselves, and helping them be part of society. Much of children's therapy is about helping them walk better. Roughly 60% of people with CP are able to walk by themselves or with mobility aids when they become grown up. Mobility aids may help people with CP move around more easily.
Nathanael Greene (August 7, 1742 - June 19, 1786) was a general in the Continental Army during the American Revolution. He was from Rhode Island and was a Quaker. Before the war, he was a blacksmith and a delegate to the Rhode Island General Assembly. During the war, he commanded a fort in Boston and a part of Washington's army during the New York, New Jersey and Philadelphia campaigns. Late in the war, Greene commanded an army in the South. After the war, he moved to Georgia, where he died of sunstroke.
Mark Rutte (born 14 February 1967) is a Dutch politician who has been the 14th Secretary General of NATO since 2024. He was the Prime Minister of the Netherlands from 2010 to 2024. He was leader of the conservative liberal People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD) from 2006 to 2023. In July 2023, Rutte and his government announced their resignations.  Political career. In 2010, Rutte won the elections with his party. He did not gain a majority in parliament, he won 31 out of 150 seats. Before he could form his government, there were four weeks of negotiations with the Christian-democratic CDA and the right-wing PVV of Geert Wilders. Wilders was not in the government, but he was supporting the government on several issues. These issues were discussed in those four weeks. When he was sworn in on 14 October 2010, he became the first liberal Prime Minister in the Netherlands since 1918.  The First Rutte cabinet, consisting of VVD, CDA, and PVV, lasted from 2010 to 2012. The Second Rutte cabinet, consisting of VVD and PvdA, lasted from 2012 to 2017. The Third Rutte cabinet, consisting of VVD, D66, CDA, and CU, lasted from 2017 to 2022. On 15 January 2021, Rutte announced his resignation and that of his government because of a child welfare scandal. Rutte has been leading the Fourth Rutte cabinet, consisting of VVD, D66, CDA, and CU, since 10 January 2022. On 7 July 2023, Rutte announced his government's resignation after his coalition failed to agree on how to handle increasing migration. His government will take on a caretaker role until the next general election. Rutte said that he will be leaving domestic politics all together. Rutte announced his candidacy to replace Jens Stoltenberg as Secretary General of NATO in October 2023, and his bid received public support from the governments of the
Peter Clay Carroll (born September 15, 1951, in San Francisco, California) is the head coach of the Seattle Seahawks, a National Football League team. He used to coach for the New York Jets, New England Patriots and the University of Southern California football team. In his time at USC, the Trojans went to two BCS Bowl games, winning the National Championship in 2004 and winning the Pacific-10 Conference football title seven years in a row from 2002 to 2008. The 2004 BCS title was taken away from the team in 2010, but USC kept its 2003 and 2004 AP National Championships. Early life. Carroll went to Redwood High School in Larkspur, California. Carroll played in three sports: football (playing quarterback, wide receiver and defensive back), basketball and baseball. Carroll won the school's Athlete of the Year award in 1969. College. After high school, Carroll went to junior college (a two-year college) at College of Marin, where he played football for two years before changing schools to the University of the Pacific. At Pacific, Carroll played the free safety position for two years. After graduation, Carroll tried out for the Honolulu Hawaiians of the World Football League, but did not make the team because of shoulder problems. To make money, he found a job selling roofing materials in the Bay Area, but he found he was not good at it and soon moved on; it would be his only non-football-related job.
Polychlorinated biphenyls (often shortened to PCBs) are organic chemical compounds that contain chlorine atoms. They were used in industrial chemistry, and to make certain transformers, capacitors, and cooling fluids. The Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants declared them to be among the worst chemical pollutants. Their use has been banned worldwide, since 2001. The mode of action of these substances is similar to that of dioxin.  Polychlorinated biphenyls were widely used, and they can be found in the atmosphere, the soil, and the bodies of water anywhere on the earth. In the short term, these substances are not very toxic, but they accumulate in the body. They are teratogens, and may cause cancer.
A teratogen is a material that can cause birth defects. Teratogens include some chemicals, medications, and infectious diseases. The name goes back to Ancient Greek "theras", which can be translated as "monster". About 75% of all birth defects are caused by teratogens.p. 23-3 Types of teratogens. Alcohol and illegal drugs. Alcohol is the most common cause of congenital disorders that can be prevented. Alcohol is poisonous to a fetus and can cause brain damage. Drinking alcohol while pregnant can cause the fetus to get fetal alcohol syndrome. Illegal drugs, like heroin and cocaine, are also poisonous to the fetus and can cause many different congenital problems. For example, cocaine use during pregnancy can cause microcephaly (a smaller head size than usual) and problems with the way the fetus's urinary system and genitals grow. Medications. Some medications can also hurt the fetus if its mother takes them while she is pregnant. For example:p. 23-6 Before the 1960s, many countries did not have rules about testing medications for their effects on fetuses. This changed partly because of thalidomide. This medication was given to pregnant women for nausea in the 1950s and 1960s. Between 1956 and 1962, more than 10,000 children in 46 different countries were born with birth defects, like arms and legs that had not grown. Thalidomide had not been tested well enough before it started being prescribed. Now, many countries require more testing before a medication can be said to be safe during pregnancy. Infections. If a woman gets an infection while she is pregnant, sometimes the infection can affect her fetus. The placenta protects the fetus from many different viruses, bacteria, and other pathogens that cause infections. However, some pathogens can get through the placenta and infect the fetus. This is called vertical transmission. Some of these infections can cause birth defects. Examples of infections that can cause birth defects include: Chemicals. Some chemicals can cause birth defects, if a pregnant woman is exposed to enough of them. For example: Other things. High levels of ionizing radiation can cause birth defects.p. 23-8 Things that are not teratogens. Examples of things that do not cause birth defects include:
In a group of hills or mountains, a pass is a path for crossing a mountain. It is usually a saddle point between two higher areas. Many of the world's mountain ranges have always made travel difficult so passes have been important throughout history in trade, war and migration. A pass has the general form of a saddle between two mountains. They are often found just above the source of a river, making a sort of "bridge" over to the headwaters of another river. Passes may be very short, with steep slopes to the top of the pass, or valleys of many kilometers. Roads and railways have been built through passes. Some high and rugged passes may have tunnels dug underneath to let traffic move faster. The top of a pass is often the only flat ground in the area so it is often a good site for buildings. For countries whose borders lie on a mountain range, the pass is often part of the border. As well as making travel easy between valleys, passes also provide a route between two mountain tops so it is common for tracks to meet at a pass; this often makes them good routes even when travelling between a summit and the valley floor. Some of the best known passes are Great St Bernard Pass at in the Alps, the Khyber Pass at between Afghanistan and Pakistan, and the Khardong La Pass at in Jammu and Kashmir, India.
Albrecht Böttcher (born 29 December 1954 in Oberwiesenthal, Saxony, Germany) is a German mathematician. His field of research is functional analysis. Between 1971 and 1973, Böttcher was in an elite class for mathematics at the Chemnitz University of Technology. In 1973, he won a silver medal at the International Math Olympiad in Moscow. He studied mathematics from 1975 to 1979 in Chemnitz. In 1980, he went to Rostov on Don to study and earned a PhD there in 1984. The topic of his dissertation was "The finite section method for the Wiener-Hopf integral operator". After this he worked as scientist assistance at the university of Chemnitz. Since 1992, he is professor for "harmonic analysis and Operator theory" at the Chemnitz University of Technology. As of 2012, he is the author of nine books and about 180 papers.
Aromatherapy is a type of alternative medicine that uses the part of plants known as essential oils. Some people think that aromatherapy helps to change a person's mind, mood or health but this has not been proven scientifically. Some essential oils like tea tree do have an anti-microbial effect, so they may be useful for the treatment of infections. Evidence that aromatherapy works in treating disease and other conditions is poor. Ways of using aromatherapy. The ways of using aromatherapy oils include:
Sodium tellurite is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is Na2TeO3. It contains sodium and tellurite ions. Properties. Sodium tellurite is a colorless solid. The tellurite ion can react with water to make sodium hydrogen tellurite, NaHTeO3. It dissolves in water easily. It is a weak oxidizing agent (can be reduced to tellurium) and a weak reducing agent (can be oxidized to tellurates). It is part of the process in making tellurium.  Preparation. It is made by reacting tellurium dioxide with sodium hydroxide, or by heating a telluride in air with sodium carbonate.  Uses. Sodium tellurite is used in making tellurium. It is also used to make electroplated nickel corrosion-resistant. It can also be used to add a bluish coating to steel. It can be used to isolate certain types of bacteria that it is not toxic to.
Telluride is an ion. Chemical compounds containing this ion are called tellurides. Examples are sodium telluride and hydrogen telluride. The chemical formula is Te2-. Tellurides are strong reducing agents. Some tellurides are impure, making them weaker reducing agents. Tellurides are the main source of tellurium in the ground. It only exists at very high pH. At lower pH's, hydrogen telluride, HTe-, is made. When it is acidic (very low pH), hydrogen telluride gas is made.
Tellurate is an ion. Its chemical formula is TeO42- or TeO66-. Chemical compounds having the tellurate ion in them are called tellurates. Tellurates are strong oxidizing agents. They are similar to selenates. Tellurates react with acids to make telluric acid.  An example is sodium tellurate (Na2TeO4). It is made by reacting telluric acid with sodium hydroxide. It can also be made by oxidizing sodium tellurite. It is similar to sodium selenate.
Hydrogen telluride, also known as hydrotelluric acid, tellane, or tellurium hydride, is a chemical compound. It is also an acid. Its chemical formula is H2Te. It contains hydrogen and telluride ions. Properties. Hydrogen telluride is a toxic reactive gas. It easily decomposes to hydrogen and tellurium. It also burns in air to make tellurium dioxide and water. It has a very bad smell of decayed garlic. It is almost as acidic as phosphoric acid. It reacts with some metals and metal oxides to make tellurides. Preparation. It is made by adding a strong acid to a telluride, such as sodium telluride. Uses. Hydrogen telluride does not have many uses because it is very toxic and unstable.
Sodium telluride is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is Na2Te. It contains sodium and telluride ions.  Properties. It is a white solid when pure. It reacts with air to make a mixture of tellurium and tellurides, which would make gray or purple colors. It eventually turns into sodium carbonate and tellurium when in air. It is a powerful reducing agent. It reacts with strong acids to make hydrogen telluride. It reacts with water to make sodium hydrogen telluride, NaHTe. Preparation. Sodium telluride is made by reacting tellurium and sodium in liquid ammonia.  Uses. Sodium telluride is used to make organic tellurium compounds. It also can act as a reducing agent.
Tellurium(II) bromide, also known as tellurium dibromide, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is TeBr2. It contains tellurium and bromide ions. The tellurium is in the +2 oxidation state. Properties. Tellurium(II) bromide is a green brown crystalline solid. It absorbs water from the air.  Preparation. It is made when tellurium(IV) bromide is heated in air. It can also be made by careful reduction of tellurium(IV) bromide.
Tellurium(IV) bromide, also known as tellurium tetrabromide, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is TeBr4. It contains tellurium and bromide ions. The tellurium is in the +4 oxidation state. Properties. Tellurium(IV) bromide is a yellow-orange solid. It conducts electricity when molten. It decomposes to bromine and tellurium(II) bromide when heated strongly.  Preparation. It is made by reacting tellurium with bromine. Uses. Tellurium(IV) bromide can be used to make complexes with organic molecules.
Cadmium telluride is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is CdTe. It contains cadmium and telluride ions. Properties. Cadmium telluride is a black solid. It reacts with acids to make toxic cadmium compounds and toxic hydrogen telluride gas. It does not dissolve in water. Uses. Cadmium telluride is used to make electricity in solar cells. It is one of the best things. It can be mixed with mercury to make mercury cadmium telluride, good in infrared detectors.
Lead telluride, also known as lead(II) telluride, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is PbTe. It contains lead and telluride ions. The lead is in the +2 oxidation state. Properties. Lead telluride is a gray crystalline solid. It reacts with strong acids to make toxic hydrogen telluride and toxic lead salts.  Preparation. It may be made by melting lead and tellurium together. Uses. It is used as a semiconductor and an infrared detector.
A model rocket is a miniature rocket. They are not launched by the government or a space program. They are used by people interested in rockets. They are normally made of light (not heavy) materials. Even though it seems dangerous, it is quite safe and is a way many people start getting interested in rockets and space exploration. Rocket motors come in many different sizes, and they are shown below.