ejaasaari/simplewiki-2025-04-01 huggingface dataset:
James Hadley Billington (June 1, 1929 – November 20, 2018) was an American academic. He was the 13th Librarian of the Library of Congress. He was appointed by President Ronald Reagan. Billington served as librarian from September 14, 1987 until his resignation on September 30, 2015. Early life. Billington born in Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania on June 1, 1929. He was raised in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Billington studied at Princeton University and at Balliol College, Oxford. Career. Early career. Billington first began as a professor in Harvard University. From 1973 to 1987, Billington was director of the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, the nation’s official memorial in Washington, D.C. to America’s 28th president. As director, he founded the Kennan Institute for Advanced Russian Studies at the Center and seven other new programs as well as the "Wilson Quarterly". Librarian of Congress (1987-2015). Billington was sworn in as the Librarian of Congress on September 14, 1987. He is the 13th person to hold the position since the Library of Congress was established in 1800. His appointment was unanimously confirmed by the Senate. Billington has championed the Library’s American Memory National Digital Library (NDL) Program, which makes freely available on-line over 24 million American historical items from the collections of the Library and other research institutions. These unique American Memory materials and the Library’s other Internet services, which include the congressional database, THOMAS, the on-line card catalog, exhibitions, information from the U.S. Copyright Office and a web site for children and families called America’s Library, handled more than 2.6 billion transactions last year. Billington resigned in early September 2015 because of his age. His resignation became effective on September 30, 2015. Personal life. Billington was married to the former Marjorie Anne Brennan. They had four children: Dr. Susan Billington Harper, Anne Billington Fischer, the Rev. James Hadley Billington Jr., and Thomas
George Soros ( or ; ; born August 12, 1930, as Schwartz György) is a Hungarian-American business magnate, investor, and philanthropist. He is the chairman of Soros Fund Management. He is known as "The Man Who Broke the Bank of England" because of his US$1 billion in investment profits during the 1992 Black Wednesday UK currency crisis. Soros is one of the founders of 2024 pro-palestine movements behind the Columbia University encampment. Early life. Soros was born on August 12, 1930 in Budapest, Hungary, where he was raised. He emigrated to London by himself at 17, and later to New York. He survived the Nazi occupation of Budapest, before moving to London and studying at the London School of Economics. Career. Soros is a well-known supporter of progressive-liberal political causes. Between 1979 and 2011, Soros gave away over $8 billion to causes related to human rights, public health, and education. He played a significant role in the peaceful transition from communism to capitalism in Hungary (1984–89) and founded Europe's Central European University in Budapest, providing the initial endowment to open the first campus. Soros is also the chairman of the Open Society Foundations. Personal life. Soros was married to Annaliese Witschak from 1960 until they divorced in 1983. They had three children. Then, Soros was married to Susan Weber Soros from 1983 until they divorced in 2005. They had two children. Soros is now married to Tamiko Bolton since 2013. Soros is a supporter of the Democratic Party. Soros is a donates annual high sums for FC Bayern Munich.
Chaim Topol (; September 9, 1935 – March 8, 2023), sometimes known as Topol, was an Israeli theatrical and movie performer, actor, writer, singer and producer. Topol was born in Tel Aviv, British Mandate of Palestine (now Israel). Topol is known for his role as Tevye the milkman in the 1971 movie "Fiddler on the Roof". He has been nominated for an Oscar and a Tony Award. He has won two Golden Globes Awards. Some of Topol's other notable movie appearances were the title role in "Galileo" (1975), Dr. Hans Zarkov in "Flash Gordon" (1980), and as Milos Columbo in the James Bond movie "For Your Eyes Only" (1981). Topol was married to Galia Topol until his death. He retired from movie acting in 1998 and only did stage acting until his full retirement in 2015. Death. In June 2022, Topol's son, Omer, said that his father was suffering from Alzheimer's disease since 2015. Topol died in the early hours of March 9, 2023 in Tel Aviv at the age of 87. The previous day, his family released a statement in preparation of "what seem to be his last hours", at his home surrounded by his children and grandchildren. Before his burial at Kvutzat Shiller on March 10, a memorial was held at Cameri Theater in Tel Aviv on March 9. President Isaac Herzog, Prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu and former prime minister Yair Lapid praised Topol after his death was announced.
The headquarters of the United Nations is a group of buildings in New York City. The complex has served as the official headquarters of the United Nations since its completion in 1952. It is located in the Turtle Bay neighborhood of the borough of Manhattan, on spacious grounds overlooking the East River. Its borders are First Avenue on the west, East 42nd Street to the south, East 48th Street on the north and the East River to the east. Turtle Bay is occasionally used as a metonym for the U.N. headquarters or for the U.N. as a whole. The building was designed by many architects across the world including Brazilian Oscar Niemeyer.
Sings the Ballads of the True West is a concept album by country singer Johnny Cash. It was his 22nd album. It was released on Columbia Records in 1965. It contains 20 individual songs, including ballads and other songs on topics related to the history of the American Old West. The only single from the album was "Mr. Garfield". This song is about the shock of the American people after the assassination of President James Garfield. Other songs on the album include "The Ballad of Boot Hill", written by Carl Perkins; and "Streets of Laredo", a traditional folk song. One of the songs, "25 Minutes to Go" was later be performed at Folsom Prison and appeared on Cash's famous "At Folsom Prison" recording in 1968. Songs. Bonus songs. "Sings the Ballads of the True West" was re-released in 2002 with two extra tracks. The second of these is an instrumental version of the song "Stampede" as recorded on the original version. Charts. Singles - Billboard (North America)
Coming Soon is a 1999 romance-comedy movie. It is about three rich high school seniors. Yasmine Bleeth plays Mimi, Mia Farrow is Jody, Ashton Kutcher is Louie and Ellen Pompeo is the Upset Girl. This movie was released on April 17, 1999 in the United States. "Coming Soon" was controversial because officials of the MPAA marked it with an NC-17. The movie, however, was trimmed and re-rated R.
Ned Arnel Mencía (born October 22, 1967) is an American stand-up comedian, actor, singer, and voice artist. Mencia lives with his wife Amy, whom he married in 2003, in Los Angeles, California. They have two children: Lucas Pablo Mencia (born December 14, 2006) and Nicholas Mencia.
Ceolwulf (29 May 561 – 26 March 611) was the King of Wessex from 567 until his death in 611. The second son of Cutha who was the son of Cynric, Ceolwulf succeeded his older brother Ceol in October 597. As Ceol's son, Cynegils was young to become king, Ceolwulf took the throne in order to maintain stability and security in the kingdom as back then, young kings were considered very weak. When Ceolwulf ascended to the throne, the majority of the kingdom mainly Middlesex was very decentralised. However, he implemented policies which centralised power which made the kingdom more powerful even though he continued to have litte power in Middlesex. He also fought the Britons, the Celts and the Picts even though there's a lack of evidence that the Saxon Army went up north as far as modern-day Scotland. However, there was allegedly a conflict in Chester when it wasn't under Anglo-Saxon yet. In 607, Ceolwulf lost Middlesex to Mercia after a year-long conflict and also fought a battle with Sussex even though the outcome is unknown. In March 611, Ceolwulf died of dysentery and was succeeded by his nephew, Cynegils. He was buried at Winchester Cathedral three days later. His reign was largely successful as he reestablished hegemony in the kingdom and also saved it from the brink. He was also seen as a powerful warrior who fought tremendous battles. Birth &amp; Early Life. Ceolwulf was born on 5 March 561 in Winchester, Wessex. He was the son of Cutha who was the son of Cynric, grandson of Cerdic and the younger brother of Ceawlin. Ceolwulf was also the younger brother of his predecessor, Ceol. Not much was known in Ceolwulf's early life but we do know that he grew up in Winchester &amp; lived in the Castle at that time since he was of course a part of the royal family at that time.  Becoming King of Wessex. On
Titration is a type of quantitative chemical analysis. It is used to work out the unknown concentration of a known compound. Procedure. It makes the use of two main chemical apparatus namely, pipette and burette. External indicators, such as phenolphthalein, methyl orange, and internal indicators like potassium permanganate (KMnO4) are used to mark the end point of titration. A known concentration and volume of a reagent, called the "titrant" or "titrator", is added to a known volume of another reagent, the "analyte" or "titrand". This is done slowly from a burette until the end point is reached. The volume added before the end point is reached is noted. Because one of the solutions, the titrant, has a known concentration, that of the other, the titrand, can be calculated. pH testing. Professionals now use a pH meter, which is potentiometer with an electrode whose potential depends on the amount of H+ ions in the solution. The pH of the solution is measured throughout the titration, more accurately than with an indicator. At the endpoint there is a sudden change in the measured pH. Since volume measurements play a key role in titration, it is known as "volumetric analysis" as well as "quantitative analysis".
The Wikipedia Revolution: How A Bunch of Nobodies Created The World's Greatest Encyclopedia is a 2008 book by Andrew Lih. It is a book about the history of the internet encyclopedia Wikipedia. It covers the period from the start of Wikipedia in early 2000 to early 2008. It has biographies of Jimmy Wales, Larry Sanger, and Ward Cunningham. Wales and Sanger started Wikipedia, while Cunningham started the first online wiki. It also talks about events in Wikipedia's history such as the Essjay controversy. The book has a foreword (a short piece of writing found at the beginning of a book) by Wales, and an afterword (a short piece of writing found at the end of a book) by volunteers of an online wiki who talk about the problems and opportunities in Wikipedia's future.
The Diderot effect is a phenomenon from sociology, which was named after Denis Diderot, who first described it in an essay. In the essay, Diderot talked about a robe he used to wear in the bathroom: The old robe was a little shabby, but useful. When he was given a new robe, the new robe was more shiny, and nicer, but it did not fit well with the other clothes.  "Regrets on Parting with My Old Dressing Gown": I was absolute master of my old dressing gown,” Diderot writes, “but I have become a slave to my new one … Beware of the contamination of sudden wealth. The poor man may take his ease without thinking of appearances, but the rich man is always under a strain. Instead of feeling grateful for his new robe, Diderot descended into a cycle of dissatisfaction. He lamented the absence of coordination and beauty in his life, as the new robe clashed with his modest belongings. This prompted him to acquire more, leading to an overwhelming excess, luxury, debt, and ultimately, deeper dissatisfaction. So, the Diderot effect describes that people often show a tendency to buy more goods after they bought one item. It is said that they do this to restore the general perception they had about their belongings.
Game Freak, Inc. is a Japanese video game company that makes video games for Nintendo game consoles. It is most well known for developing the "Pokémon" series of role-playing video games. "Game Freak" was originally a gaming magazine created by Satoshi Tajiri and Ken Sugimori in the 1980s. On April 26, 1989, Tajiri and Sugimori started a video game company with the same name.
Christina Georgina Rossetti (5 December 1830 – 29 December 1894) was born in Charlotte Street (now 105 Hallam Street), in London. She was an English Victorian poet. She wrote a variety of romantic, devotional, religous, and children's poems.  She also oppose slavery, prostitution and cruelty to animals for humanitarian thought. Works. She is known for her poem "Goblin Market", the "Remember" and her sonnets. She also wrote the words of two Christmas carols well known in the British Isles: "In the Bleak Midwinter", later set to music by Gustav Holst and by Harold Darke, and "Love Came Down at Christmas", also set by Harold Darke and by other composers.  Her father Gabriele Rossetti was also a poet and a political exile from Vasto, Abruzzo, since 1824 and her mother Frances Polidori was the sister of Lord Byron's friend and physician, John William Polidori.  She had two brothers and a sister: Dante Gabriel became an influential artist and poet, and William Michael and Maria both became writers. Christina was the youngest child in the family, she was a lively child and she dictated her first story to her mother before she had learned to write.
A gyre is a large system of ocean currents moving in a circle. Gyres are caused by the Coriolis effect. Because the Earth is rotating, ocean currents in the northern hemisphere tend to move in a clockwise direction and currents in the southern hemisphere move in an anti-clockwise direction.  The Coriolis force acts most strongly on the wind, and the wind then creates a torque that tends to spin the ocean currents. The Earth rotates from the west towards the east, and the Coriolis effect becomes more intense toward the poles. Because of this, gyres form strong currents on the western side of oceans, so they are pushed against the eastern coast of continents. The vorticity (the strength of the torque force) is balanced out by frictional surface currents, which normally act against the spin of the water. However, in the middle of the ocean, the effects of friction are very weak. The term "gyre" can be used to mean any type of vortex in the air or the sea, but it is most used in oceanography for the major ocean current systems. Major gyres. These are the five largest gyres: Other gyres. Tropical gyres. Tropical gyres tend to be mostly east-west with minor north-south extent. Subtropical gyres. The centre of a subtropical gyre is a high pressure area, which the ocean moves around. The high pressure in the centre is due to the westerly winds on the northern side of the gyre and easterly winds on the southern side of the gyre. These cause frictional surface currents towards the latitude at the centre of the gyre. Subpolar gyres. Subpolar gyres form at high latitudes (around 60°). The ocean moves around a low pressure area. Surface currents generally move outward from the centre of the system.
Goderich is a town in the Ontario, Canada. It is the county seat of Huron County. The town was founded by William Dunlop in 1827. It is named after Frederick John Robinson, 1st Viscount Goderich. The town was officially incorporated in 1850. The population of Goderich is 7,521 in 2011. The area of the town is 7.91 square kilometers. Goderich is located on the eastern shore of Lake Huron, at the mouth of the Maitland River. Queen Elizabeth II said that Goderich was "the prettiest town in Canada." But no reigning monarch has ever visited the town. Tourism is important to the local economy. Tourists come for the sunsets over the lake. Historic sites. Goderich contains many places that are listed on the Canadian Register of Historic Places (CRHP). The Huron Historic Gaol is a National Historic Site. It served as the prison of Huron County from its opening in 1842 until 1972.
The Davy lamp is a safety lamp for use in mines. It was invented in 1815 by Sir Humphry Davy.  It is a wick lamp with the flame enclosed inside a mesh screen. It was created for use in coal mines, where explosions happened in the presence of methane and other flammable gases. Those gases, called "firedamyp" or "minedamp", did not ignite a shielded flame. The wire mesh put flames out. The lamp also warned the men of carbon dioxide or methane. The flame would burn higher, and with a blue tinge. Modern versions of the lamp are still used to test mine gases, but the light for working is now electric.
Substance abuse, or drug abuse, happens when a person uses a drug over and over again, in ways that hurt their health. The person is using the drug to change their mood or to feel better, not for any health reason. Sometimes when the person uses the drug for a long time, they will start to act differently. Some of the drugs are illegal to have or use, or can have certain limits that the person does not follow. Addiction is when people are used to taking a substance, and they feel bad when they are unable to get it. Very often, such people will also change their lives, so they can get the substance or drug they need more easily. Is it substance abuse? Substance abuse can have different symptoms in different people. “Drug abuse” is not used in the DSM or ICD. In the DSM, the term “substance abuse” is used instead to mean the misuse of one of ten different types of drugs.  A person can also become dependent on drugs. Repetitive use of a drug can cause dependence as well as tolerance. Tolerance happens when it takes more of a drug to produce the same effect than a previous time. The term “drug misuse” is sometimes used when the drug being used is a prescription medication that is classified as sedatives (medicines that make someone calm), anxiolytics ( make someone less worried or anxious), analgesics (medicines that reduce pain), or stimulants (medicines that give someone more energy). Someone who abuses their drugs may have to illegally buy them from someone who gets them from a doctor. Not everyone agrees on the definition of substance abuse. Different countries have different rules for what is a drug and what drugs are illegal. People also do not agree about what is abuse. In most Western countries, one glass of wine is acceptable, but drinking more than one bottle at once is abuse. To some people, any drinking can be seen as abuse. In the United States, any use of marijuana What causes people to abuse substances? In many cases, when a person is using drugs, their thinking and behaviors change. Sometimes, they commit crimes while using drugs. They may do things that are
Ella Marija Lani Yellich-O'Connor (born 7 November 1996), known by her stage name Lorde, is a New Zealand singer-songwriter. She was signed to Universal Music at the age of 13. Lorde's first album, "Pure Heroine", was released in September 2013. It was followed by "Melodrama" in 2017. Career. Her first single, "Royals", was released on Republic on 8 March 2013. It reached number one on the US "Billboard" Hot 100, in Canada, the United Kingdom, and New Zealand and number two in Australia. It made her the first solo artist from New Zealand to have a number one in the US. "Royals" also made her the youngest person (age 16) to have a US number one in 26 years. A controversial article on Feministing by Veronica Bayetti Flores described the song 'deeply racist'. Music and culture critic Ed Hightower has offered an appraisal of Lorde's song that rejects Flores' accusation. The song has been covered by Pixie Lott, Neon Jungle, and Mutya Keisha Siobhan. Her second single "Tennis Court" did not reach the Hot 100. It was a number one in NZ in its first week of release. It made her the first New Zealand artist to have four songs in the top 20 at once. Her third single "Team" was leaked and then released on 13 September in the US. It reached number 6 on the Hot 100 and number 3 in the NZ top 40. It is one of the songs on "Pure Heroine" that Lorde wrote on her own. She has released three other promo singles, "Bravado", "Buzzcut Season", and "Ribs". "Million Dollar Bills", "Swingin' Party", and "The Love Club" have also charted. Her first album "Pure Heroine" was released by Universal Music on 30 September 2013 in the US. Virgin Records released it in the UK in October. It got good reviews from music critics. It reached number one
The Britons (also called Brythons) were the people who spoke a Celtic language known as Common Brittonic. They lived in Great Britain during the Iron Age, Roman Britain and the Sub-Roman period following the Romans' departure from Britain. Following the arrival of the Anglo-Saxons, who occupied most what is now the country of England, some of the Britons migrated to Wales, Cornwall and southern Scotland, while others moved to Armorica and renamed it Brittany. Those who remained were absorbed into Anglo-Saxon society. Name. The name of the Britons in the modern English language is borrowed in part from , and in part from the French language of the Middle Ages (). During Roman Britain, the Latin word and its plural, , took the place of the Romans' earlier word for a person from Britain, , and its plural, the . The people of Roman Britain (the Romano-British population) named themselves in Latin. Other people also named the Britons this way: the work of the Roman historian Procopius names them as and in Ireland, the Britons were named the . Some modern Celtic languages also use this form for Britain was well: and . The Anglo-Saxon historian Bede, writing in Latin, used the name , with the plural "". The "e" vowel in this spelling could be taken from the Anglo-Saxon language's word for the Britons: , also spelled "Britt-", "Bryt", "Brytt"-, "Bret", and "Brit". The Anglo-Saxons probably took this name from the Romano-British. The was a word used in Britain from the 5th century. Whether the Anglo-Saxons took the name "Brett" from the Latin name or from a British word of the same meaning is unknown. The Anglo-Saxons must have started using the word "Brett" by the 6th century. If they had copied the British word at a later time, the word would have had -"th"- instead of -"t"-, like the . In that case, the Old English copy would have had -"þ"- or -"ð"- in the place of
Tenant farming is when the person who works the farmland does not own the land themselves. The farmer pays rent to the landowner, either with cash or with a portion of the produce. When the rent is a share of the crop, it is sharecropping. Many freed slaves during the Reconstruction of the United States who owned no land became tenant farmers, renting land from a great landowner.
Hope Springs is a 2012 American romantic comedy-drama movie directed by David Frankel and written by Vanessa Taylor. It stars Meryl Streep, Tommy Lee Jones, Mimi Rogers, Jean Smart, and Steve Carell.  The movie was released on August 8, 2012. It received generally positive reviews and the cast was praised for their performances. It was nominated for a Golden Globe Award, and won a People's Choice Award.