ejaasaari/simplewiki-2025-04-01 huggingface dataset:
SIMATIC is the name of an automation system which was developed by the German company Siemens. The automation system controls machines used for industrial production. This system makes it possible for machines to run automatically. Depending on the needed function of the machine you have to upload the right program on your Simatic unit. This unit is kept in a control cabinet near the machine. Function. Simatic is similar to a digital computer which can store and run programs. The Simatic also has some inputs and outputs. The running program on the Simatic controls these inputs and outputs. Both are connected by electrical wires with the machine. That makes a communication between the Simatic and any machine possible. As the case may be the inputs and outputs are set on a “High” signal or on a “Low” signal by the program. These are different electrical definitions. Finally these signals are important if an action in the machine happens or not.  Example for different signals at the output to a motor: Example for different signals at the input coming from a thermometer in the machine: Communication. There are basically two ways of communication: From the machine to the Simatic. In the machine, there are sensors. A sensor gives information about different situations in the machine. For example, how fast the motor rotates, what the temperature is or when the current action is completed. All this information is necessary for the program. The sensors give out an electrical signal, each signal goes by wire on an input of the Simatic unit. So the program knows what´s going on in the machine. This is very important, because now the program can perform the next correct step in its sequence. For example, if the temperature of the motor is too high, the program has to know it. Now the program will switch off the motor. From the Simatic to the machine. In the machine, there are actuators. They cause a wanted motion, action or forming. Examples for actuators are a motor, a heater or a light. If the program says that it´s time to switch on the light in the machine, the right output of the Simatic unit will be set. That means that an electrical signal at the output goes by wire to the machine and switches on
A register, in linguistics, is the way people use different words, spelling or grammar—talk or write differently—to different people, in different situations. They might be more polite to strangers, for example. Or they will be more respectful to their boss at work. This chart shows the words or phrases that one would use depending on different registers:
In linguistics, a stratum, or strate, is a language that changes another language or is changed by another language. A substratum is the language which is changed, and a superstratum is the language that changes it. An adstratum is two languages changing each other at the same time.
Code-switching is an ability when a person mixes more than one language or lect when they talk, depending on who they’re talking to.
Digraphia means the use of more than one writing system for the same language.  The standard examples are Hindustani and Turkish. With Hindustani there is at the same time an Urdu version written in the Urdu script, and a Hindi version written in Devanagari. Japanese can use kanji, which is based on logograms, or hiragana or katakana, which are syllabic. The Romanization of Japanese also exists. Moldovan is written in the Roman alphabet because it is almost the same as Romanian. But in parts of Moldovia, the Cyrillic script is used instead. The written languages are identical but use different scripts.
Japanese uses the Roman alphabet as well as kanji, hiragana, and katakana. Romanized text being used for Japanese words, for example for computers, is called "romaji" ("ローマ字").  Differences among romanizations. This chart shows in full the three main systems for the romanization of Japanese: Hepburn, Nihon-shiki and Kunrei-shiki: This chart shows differences, which can be clearly seen among them:
Language death is a when language is no longer being used as a first language (also called mother language or native language) or a second language and so it becomes an extinct language. It should not be confused with a dead language, such as Latin, which is still spoken as a second language. Language revival, a dead language becoming a living language again. The only widely-known example of a language being revived is Hebrew.
FreeOTFE is a free, open source, computer program used to automatically encrypt and decrypt information stored on a hard disk. FreeOTFE was originally written for Microsoft Windows and was later copied to Windows Mobile (FreeOTFE4PDA). It can encrypt information using a large number algorithms including AES (aka Rijndael), Blowfish, CAST6, MARS, RC6, Serpent and Twofish. Sarah Dean is the developer of FreeOTFE.
A natural language is the kind which we use in everyday conversation and writing. For example English, Hindi, Chinese. Natural languages are always very flexible, and people speak them in slightly different ways. There are some natural languages which are simplified, such as Basic English and Special English. An artificial language is quite different, as it is built for some special purpose. They are always very precise, and must be used according to pre-set rules. Symbolic logic, mathematics, programming languages.
Windows Mobile is a discontinued operating system that came with basic applications for mobile devices. It is designed to look like desktop versions of Microsoft Windows. The first version was Pocket PC 2000, released in April 2000. It was based on the kernel of Windows CE 3.0 (Handheld PC 2000). Then came Pocket PC 2002, released about two weeks before Windows XP. It was similar to 2000, having full compatibility with Windows CE. Windows Mobile 2003, released in April 2003, was the first version called Windows Mobile. It was software-compatible with Windows CE 3.x and 4.x. Windows Mobile 5 was released around July/August 2005. It was similar to WM2003, except for a few new additions. Windows Mobile 6.0 was released in February 2007 and had a kernel powered by Windows CE 6.x. 6.1 in 2008 was much the same, and 6.5, released in 2009/2010, was the last version. It was discontinued in March 2010 and replaced by Windows Phone. Microsoft ended sale of Windows Mobile devices on June 13, 2010 and ended all support of it on August 21, 2010. Two months later, Windows Phone was released.
A Shoot is something in professional wrestling that is completely real and is not scripted. In other words, broken kayfabe. A shoot rarely happens. Worked shoot. On the scripted level, a Worked shoot is a scripted segment that takes place in a show with elements of reality being exposed, such as an off-screen incident between wrestlers being used as fuel for an on-screen rivalry between them. It can also be a segment that fans are meant to believe is a shoot, but is not.
Biofuels are fuels from plant materials. They could reduce the price of oil. Some biofuels can supply sustainable energy. Development of biofuels will help economic prospects in Africa, Latin America and Asia. Biofuel options. Biofuels, such as ethanol and biodiesel, are produced from the products of conventional food crops such as the starch, sugar and oil feedstocks from crops that include wheat, maize, sugar cane, palm oil and oilseed rape. Any major switch to biofuels from such crops would create a direct competition with their use for food and animal feed, and in some parts of the world we are already seeing the economic consequences of such competition. Biofuels are now being produced from the cellulose in energy crops (perennial grasses such as switchgrass and Miscanthus giganteus), forestry materials, the co-products from food production, and domestic vegetable waste. Advances in the conversion processes will improve the sustainability of biofuels, through better efficiencies and reduced environmental impact of producing biofuels, from both existing food crops and from cellulosic sources. Lord Ron Oxburgh suggests that responsible production of biofuels has several trade-offs: Produced responsibly they are a sustainable energy source that need not divert any land from growing food nor damage the environment; they can also help solve the problems of the waste generated by Western society; and they can create jobs for the poor where previously were none. Produced irresponsibly, they at best offer no climate benefit and, at worst, have detrimental social and environmental consequences. In other words, biofuels are pretty much like any other product.  According to the Rocky Mountain Institute, sound biofuel production practices would not hamper food and fibre production, nor cause water or environmental problems, and would enhance soil fertility. The selection of land on which to grow the feedstocks is a critical component of the ability of biofuels to deliver sustainable solutions. A key consideration is the minimization of biofuel competition for prime cropland. Plants used as sustainable biofuel. Jatropha in India and Africa. Crops like Jatropha, used for biodiesel, can thrive on marginal agricultural land where many trees and crops will
The Montreal Screwjob was an incident that happened on November 9, 1997, at the World Wrestling Federation (WWF)'s Survivor Series professional wrestling show. It happened in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. It is called a screwjob, because in real life, the way the match would end was changed without one of the wrestlers knowing about it. The wrestler who was screwed was Bret Hart. The people who took part in the screwjob were Hart's opponent Shawn Michaels, WWF's owner Vince McMahon, and referee Earl Hebner. Why the screwjob happened. Bret Hart had wrestled in the WWF for 14 years, since 1983. He was popular, wrestling alone or as part of a tag team. He became WWF Champion five times. He was WWF Champion when the screwjob happened. In 1996, he signed a contract that lasted 20 years. The contract was meant to last until he retired as a wrestler, and let him be part of WWF's backstage plans. This meant he would be paid a lot of money.  At the same time World Championship Wrestling (WCW), another professional wrestling company, was getting more popular. WCW had become popular using wrestlers who left WWF, like Hulk Hogan, Scott Hall, and Kevin Nash. They were now more popular than WWF. This meant WWF could not make as much money. WWF had signed a 20-year contract with Hart because they did not want him to leave, go to WCW, and make them even more popular. But now they found it hard to pay Hart, so they had to promise to pay him later because they were in danger of running out of money. Bret Hart and Shawn Michaels did not like each other. Hart took professional wrestling very seriously, whilst Michaels liked to party. This meant they would argue a lot. One time, when Michaels said that Hart was cheating on his wife with Sunny, a woman wrestler, the two had a fight backstage. Michaels said that if he were champion, he would not agree to lose to Hart, even though Hart had agreed to lose to Michaels on any occasion except Survivor Series. The Survivor Series show took place in Canada, which
Animism is a belief common in many different religions and philosophies. An animist is a person who believes or practices animism. Animism is the belief that there is more in nature than the physical things that can be seen and touched. The part that is not physical can be called a soul, life force, or spirit. Physical things come in two types: things that are alive and things that are not alive. Animals and plants are alive. Most animists believe animals and plants have a spirit. Some animists also believe some non-living parts of nature have spirits. These non-living parts of nature include the wind, the rain, and geographic features like mountains and rivers. The word "Animism" looks like the words of other belief systems with the suffix "-ism." However, it is not like other belief systems. Animism is not organized on purpose. Animists did not come up with the word "Animism." Animists did not apply the word to themselves. Instead, Animism is an idea of European anthropologists. The first anthropologist who described Animism was Edward B. Taylor. Taylor was trying to describe what was similar among many groups all over the world. The word "Animism" is very new: it was first used in 1832. In contrast, the ideas described by "Animism" are very old. The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy claims that Animism "has been the dominant religious tradition across all human societies since our ancestors first left Africa." The kind of "spirit". The word "animism" is based on the word "anima" from Latin. "Anima" means breath, life, or spirit. However, these are English words. The ideas of animism are often not from people who speak English. This means there is not one definition of spirit. The definitions are different in different animist groups. The following definitions are from the Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Some groups believe that nature moves and interacts because of the spirit in things. Other groups believe that nature has more than just a spirit of movement. They believe that spirits in nature are persons like humans are persons. They believe that persons of nature can have a "social relationship" with other
WrestleMania X-Seven was the seventeenth yearly WrestleMania professional wrestling pay-per-view made by the World Wrestling Federation (WWF). It happened on April 1, 2001 at the Reliant Astrodome in Houston, Texas. The event was the first WrestleMania held in the state of Texas. The amount of people who went to the event broke the record for total number of people attending at the Reliant Astrodome. The total number of people was counted at of 67,925. It resulted in total receipt of $3.5 million. The event is often cited as the end of The Attitude Era. The main event was a No Disqualification match between Steve Austin and The Rock for the WWF Championship. During the match, Austin turned heel after he told Vince McMahon, a man that he had called his nemesis, to give him a chair. Austin hit The Rock with sixteen chair shots, which lead to Austin pinning The Rock and becoming the new WWF Champion. The PPV ended with Austin and McMahon shaking hands and sharing beers. The main matches on the undercard featured Triple H vs. The Undertaker, the second TLC match for the WWF Tag Team Championship, and Vince McMahon versus Shane McMahon in a Street Fight.
Central Florida is the central region of the United States state of Florida, on the East Coast. The region enjoys a hot but stormy climate, with many thunderstorms, and hurricanes threatening often. The exact boundary of the area may be in dispute. Central Florida tends to be thought of as the area around metropolitan Orlando, including Orange, Osceola, Seminole, Lake, Brevard, and Volusia counties. Polk and Sumter counties are considered by some, including the local media, to be part of Central Florida. Although geographically in the central part of the state, usually the west central coast, including Hillsborough, Pinellas, Pasco, and Hernando counties, is considered the Tampa Bay area or the Suncoast, rather than a part of Central Florida. This area is known as the I-4 corridor. In 2020, the total population of the Central Florida area was about 8 million people. Central Florida is a mix of deep south and typical Floridian culture. This is what makes the area unique. The largest cities in Central Florida are Orlando, Palm Bay, Lakeland, Melbourne, Deltona, Daytona Beach, Kissimmee, Altamonte Springs and Sanford.  The region has grown over the last two decades. A lack of growth management has led to massive urban sprawl in the area. Outdated and unplanned building has led to an overload of vehicle traffic. Local governments, in dispute with each other over growth, have now started taking a more regional approach and several transportation programs.
Emil von Behring (Emil Adolf von Behring), born Emil Adolf Behring (15 March 1854 – 31 March 1917), was a German doctor. He won the 1901 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, for making a serum to stop people getting the disease diphtheria Biography. Behring was born on March 15, 1854, in Hansdorf, Deutsch-Eylau. He was the oldest son in a large family of 13 children. Because his family couldn't afford to send him to a university, he joined the Army Medical College in Berlin in 1874. This allowed him to study medicine without financial burden but required him to serve in the military for several years after graduating in 1878 and passing his state exams in 1880. He was then sent to work in Poland, where he studied diseases and the effects of iodoform, discovering it could neutralize toxins from bacteria. In 1882, he published his findings. Recognizing his talent, the military health department sent him to Bonn for further training. In 1888, he returned to Berlin to work at the Institute of Hygiene under Robert Koch, where he collaborated with other scientists like Paul Ehrlich. In 1894, Behring became a professor of hygiene in Halle and later moved to a similar position in Marburg in 1895.
Robert Koch (11 December 1843 - 27 May 1910) was a German doctor. He won the 1905 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, for studying tuberculosis. The Royal Prussian Institute for Infectious Disease started in 1891, is now called the Robert Koch Institute. Koch's postulates. Koch developed a system to check whether a microorganism caused a disease. The system was four questions, known as Koch's postulate. Koch's postulates are the following: The postulates are still useful. Many variations have been developed.
Kanata is a large suburban area in the western part of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. It has a population of 90,000 and is growing very fast. It is just west of the Greenbelt. It is an important area for Hi-tech Businesses. It was an independent town from 1978 to 2000. History. Kanata was originally part of the Township of March. It was settled by Europeans in the early 19th Century. It was mainly agricultural(Farms) until the 1960s when it became the site of a lot of construction. Modern Kanata is largely the creation of Bill Teron, a developer and urban planner who purchased over 3,000 acres (12 km2) of rural land and set about building a model community. It was planned to have a mix of offices, residential(Housing) area, and green area. Kanata was divided into a number of communities. Each was intended to have its own Business Center and unique culture. These include Beaverbrook, Glen Cairn, Bridlewood, Katimavik, Hazeldean, Morgan's Grant, and Kanata Lakes. Kanata grew Rapidly. In 1978 the Province of Ontario made Kanata a city separate from the Township of March. Kanata remained a city intil 2001 when it was merged with the city of Ottawa, along with many other cities. The city became an important hi-tech centre. DEC was one of the pioneer technology companies in Kanata. The DEC campus has been successively Digital, Compaq, and is now HP. Kanata remains home to many of the major hi-tech employers of Ottawa, such as Mitel, March Networks, Alcatel-Lucent, Dell Canada, Hewlett-Packard, Smart Technologies, Norpak, Nortel, MDS Nordion, Breconridge, AMCC, and Cisco Systems, Inc.. The hi-tech industry is clustered along March Road, in the Kanata North Business Park and Kanata Research Park, and along Eagleson Road, in the Kanata South Business Park. Location. Kanata is in the Ottawa Valley. It is about 22 km southwest of Downtown Ottawa.
Santiago Ramón y Cajal 1 May 1852 18 October 1934) was a Spanish doctor. He shared the 1906 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Camillo Golgi for their work on the anatomy of the nervous system. Ramón y Cajal worked on thin slices of brain tissue which were laid on microscope slides and stained with silver. The stain was invented by Golgi, who shared the Nobel Prize with him. Ramón y Cajal's investigations of the microscopic structure of the brain were original: he is considered by many to be the father of modern neuroscience. He was skilled at drawing, and hundreds of his illustrations of brain cells are still used for educational purposes today.
Robert James Douglas (born 24 April 1972) is a Scottish former professional footballer and current coach for Arbroath who played as a goalkeeper. Honours. Livingston Dundee Celtic
The Phasianidae is a family of birds which includes the pheasants, partridges, grouse, junglefowl (including chicken). These are terrestrial species, variable in size but generally plump, with broad relatively short wings. Many have a spur on their legs.  Males of the larger species are often brightly coloured. The typical diet is seeds with some insects and berries.
Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov (16 May 1845 – 16 July 1916) was a Ukrainian zoologist of (partly) Jewish descent (his mother was Jewish). He won the 1908 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, with Paul Ehrlich, for finding out how immunity fights disease. Mechnikov was a protozoologist who became better known for the discovery of macrophages in 1882. He discovered how they dealt with germs by phagocytosis. Macrophages are found in virtually all tissues, and patrol for potential pathogens by amoeboid movement. He is also credited with coining the term gerontology in 1903, for the emerging study of ageing and longevity. He was born in Kharkov (now Kharkiv), Russian Empire (now Ukraine)
Paul Ehrlich (14 March 1854 – 20 August 1915) was a German doctor of Jewish descent. He won the 1908 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, with Ilya Mechnikov, for finding out how immunity fights disease. Ehrlich directed a research program which discovered the first treatment for syphilis which worked. It was a compound of arsenic which went by the trade name of "Salvarsan". He studied trypanosomiasis and other protozoal diseases. He produced trypan red, which was (as his Japanese assistant Shiga showed) effective against trypanosomes. He invented a staining system for bacteria (before Gram staining). He did a complete survey of all the cell staining techniques then known. He showed how to tell the difference between different kinds of white blood cells, and discovered mast cells. He discovered that methylene blue, which stains bacteria and cell nuclei, could put the malarial parasite, "Plasmodium", into recession (the fever drops). He also made a decisive contribution to an antiserum against diphtheria, and developed a method for standardizing therapeutic serums and chemotherapy. His co-worker got a sole Nobel Prize for the joint work on diphtheria.
Aberdeen is a city in the state of Idaho in the United States. It is in Bingham County. In 2020, there were 1,756 people living there. Location. The United States Census Bureau says that the city is . All of this is land. There are no rivers, lakes, or other kinds of standing water in Aberdeen. The city is at (42.943405, -112.839322). It has an elevation (height) of above sea level. Demographics. In the 2020 United States Census, there were 1,756 people living in Aberdeen. They made up 592 households. The population density was 1,807.9 people per square mile (696.5 people/km²). The people of Aberdeen were 39.6% white, 0.2% black or African-American, 1.7% Native American, 0.2% Asian, 45.0% other races, and 13.3% were two or more races. 63.3% of the people said they were Hispanic or Latino. Transportation. The city of Aberdeen owns the local airport. The Aberdeen Municipal Airport is about southwest of the central business district of Aberdeen. Pocatello Regional Transit runs a shuttle bus between Aberdeen and Pocatello. The bus runs three times a day on weekdays and two times a day on weekends. Education. Aberdeen Public Schools are part of the Aberdeen School District #58. The Aberdeen schools are:
Acequia (pronounced "ah-SEE-kwa") is a place in Idaho, United States. The population was 158 according to the 2020 census. Geography. Acequia has a total area of .6 square miles.
Atomic City is a settlement in Idaho in the United States. History. Atomic City was once called Midway. This might have been because the town is halfway between the towns of Blackfoot and Arco. The town had a bigger population when the nearby DOE site was bigger.