ejaasaari/simplewiki-2025-04-01 huggingface dataset:
Simultaneous multithreading, acronym SMT, is a technique for improving the overall efficiency of superscalar CPUs with Hardware multithreading. SMT permits multiple independent threads of execution to better utilize the resources provided by modern computer architectures. Multithreading is similar in concept to multitasking but is implemented at the thread level of execution in modern superscalar processors. In processor design, there are two ways to increase on-chip parallelism with less resource requirements:  There are many ways to support more than one thread inside a chip, namely: The key factor to distinguish them is to look at how many instructions the processor can issue in one cycle and how many threads from which the instructions come.
In computer engineering, out-of-order execution, OoOE, is a technique used in most high-performance microprocessors to make use of cycles that would otherwise be wasted by a certain type of costly delay. Most modern CPU designs include support for out of order execution. The key concept of OoO processing is to allow the processor to avoid a class of delays (termed: "stalls ") that occur when the data needed to perform an operation are unavailable. OoO processors fill these "slots" in time with other instructions that are ready, then re-order the results at the end to make it appear that the instructions were processed as normal. The way the instructions are ordered in the original computer code is known as program order, in the processor they are handled in data order (the order in which the data, operands, become available in the processor's registers). Fairly complex circuitry is needed to convert from one ordering to the other and maintain a logical ordering of the output; the processor itself appears to be running the instructions in random order. The benefit of OoO processing grows as the instruction pipeline expands and the speed difference between main memory (or cache memory) and the processor increases. On modern machines, the processor runs many times faster than the memory, so during the time an in-order processor spends waiting for data to arrive, it could have processed a large number of instructions. In earlier In-order processors, the processing of instructions is normally done in these steps: Out-of-order processors breaks up the processing of instructions into these steps: In the examples outlined above, the OoO processor avoids the stall that occurs in step (2) of the in-order processor when the instruction is not completely ready to be processed due to missing data.
In computer science, speculative execution is the execution of code, before being sure if the result will be needed. The technique is used in most high-performance microprocessors to execute a complete instructions or parts of instructions before being sure whether this execution is required In the context of functional programming, the term "speculative evaluation" is used instead.
In computer architecture, a branch predictor is the part of a processor that determines whether a conditional branch (jump) in the instruction flow of a program is likely to be taken or not. This is called branch prediction.  Branch predictors are important in today's modern, superscalar processors for achieving high performance. They allow processors to fetch and execute instructions without waiting for a branch to be resolved. Almost all pipelined processors do branch prediction of some form, because they must guess the address of the next instruction to fetch before the current instruction has been executed.  Many earlier microprogrammed CPUs did not do branch prediction because there was little or no performance requirements; for this reason there is no need for altering the flow of the instruction stream.
Key exchange is any method in cryptography by which cryptographic keys are exchanged between users, allowing use of a cryptographic system. If two parties wish to exchange encrypted messages, each needs to know how to decrypt received messages and to encrypt sent messages. The information they require to do so depends on the encryption technique they might use. If they use a code, both will require a copy of the same codebook. If they use a cipher, they will need appropriate keys. If the cipher is a symmetric key cipher, both will need a copy of the same key. If an asymmetric key cipher with the public/private key property, both will need the other's public key. The key exchange problem is how to exchange whatever keys or other information needed so, in such a way, that no one else can obtain a copy. Usually, this required trusted secure channel. With the arrival of (public key / private key) cipher algorithms, the encrypting key (aka, the public key) could be made public, since (at least for "high quality" ciphers) no one without the decrypting key (aka, the private key) could decrypt the message. In principle, then, the only remaining problem was to be sure that a public key actually belonged to its claimed owner, this is not a problem easy to solve; specially when the two users involved have never met and know nothing about each other. In 1976, Whitfield Diffie and Martin Hellman published a cryptographic protocol, (Diffie-Hellman key exchange), which allows users to establish secure channels in order to exchange keys, even if an attacker is monitoring that communication channel. However, Diffie-Hellman key exchange did not address the "identity authentication" problem of being sure of the actual identity of the person or an entity. Public key infrastructures have been proposed go around the problem of "identity authentication". In their most usual implementation, each user applies to a "certificate authority" for a digital certificate which serves for other users as a correct (termed: non-tamperable) authentication of identity. In contrast, the web of trust system, which do not use central "certificate authority" at all. Each user is responsible for verifying any certificate
In cryptography, a secure channel is a way of transferring data that is very difficult (called r"esistant") to overhear or copy (called "interception") and understand (called "decrypt") or change (called "tampering"). A confidential channel is a way of transferring data that is resistant to interception, but may not be resistant to tampering and may not be resistant to impersonation by someone else (called "spoofing"). An authenticatable channel is a way of transferring data that is resistant to spoofing but may not be resistant to interception or tampering.
Terminology is the study of terms and their use. Terminology studies the "labelling or designating of concepts" in one or more subject fields or areas of human activity. Terms are words and compound words that are used in specific contexts. Terminology studies among other things how such terms of art come to be and their interrelationships within a culture. Overview. Work on terminology consists mainly of:
Apt is a commune of 11,229 people as of (2006). It is in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.
The national flag of Oman () has three stripes (white, green and red) with a red bar on the left that contains the national emblem of Oman. The white stands for peace and prosperity, the green for fertility and the Green Mountains, and the red for battles against foreign invaders. The red is also the colour of the former flag of the nation when it was known simply as the Sultanate of Muscat and Oman. Until 1970, Oman used the plain red banner of the indigenous people, the Kharijite Muslims. In 1970, the Sultan introduced a complete new set of national flags. Bands of green and white were added to the fly, and the national emblem, the badge of the Albusaidi Dynasty, was placed in the canton. This shows crossed swords over a Gambia, a traditional curved dagger. White has been associated historically with the Imam, the religious leader of Oman and at times the political rival to the ruling Sultan. It also symbolizes peace. Green is traditionally associated with the Jebel al Akhdar, or "Green Mountains," which lie toward the north of the country. Red is a common color in Gulf state flags. The national emblem is said to date back to the 18th century. A curved dagger is fastened over a pair of crossed swords. An ornate horsebit links the weapons.
Malemort-du-Comtat is a commune of 1,203 people (1999). It is in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France. During the time of the Roman Empire, the village was called "Calvia." The name Malemort means "bad death" and was probably used after the destruction of the village by the Franks. Comtat means "county", the land belonging to a count. Wine making has been carried out in region for at least 2,400 years. When wine making started again in medieval times, the Archbishop of Carpentras gave his monks a vineyard in Malemort du Comtat in 882. The village is in the mountains, surrounded by olive and cherry trees. The city was protected by high walls and eleven towers which were built in the 12th century. Three of the gateways in the wall are still standing. The church, Notre Dame de l’Assomption, was built in the 13th century.
Mérindol is a commune of 1,923 people (2006). It is in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France. The town has a Mediterranean climate with hot and dry summers and mild winters. It does not rain very often and snow is rare. Protected by the Luberon, a mountain range, the town is sheltered from the mistral, a cold dry wind that blows from the north. The town was first built on a hill which was easy to defend. After the town was destroyed in 1545, it was rebuilt on the plain, near the river. History. A ferry was in use to cross the Durance River in the year 1240. Mérindol was abandoned, probably because of plague, in the 15th century. In the late Middle Ages, Louis II of Provence sold the land to the lords of Abacus-Cental and Rocca Sparviera. They moved in farming families from Piedmont. The farmers were followers of Pierre Vaudes (Peter Waldo). They were part of a group, known as the Vaudois or Waldensians, who had separated from the Catholic Church in 1170. They believed in a simple life based on a line in the Gospel of Matthew. This put them in opposition to the rich and powerful church. In 1530, a Dominican priest, Jean de Roma, began a campaign against the Vaudois because he said they were heretics. His gangs attacked the town and burnt many houses and killed many of the people. In 1540, de Roma arrested a flour miller from Mérindol, took his mill, and then burned the man at the stake. On November 18 1540, 19 more people were sentenced to death by burning at the stake, and the town was ordered to be completely destroyed. A group from the town went to the king to save the people and the village. He gave them until 1545 AD to give up their religion and rejoin the Catholic Church. On April 18 1545, the village was completely burned and about 12 of
Voice over Internet protocol (or VoIP) is a term used for a number of protocols that are used to carry "voice data" over packet switched networks. Before, telephony used a dedicated line that was only for calls. This was known as PSTN (or "public switched telephony network"). Using VoIP will reduce costs, as the "dedicated line" for telephony (and fax) is no longer needed. There are a number of technical problems that must be solved first, though: The vast majority of VoIP systems rely on two main protocols: SIP :- SIP, or also known as session initiation protocol, has become the standard for multimedia sessions on the internet. The Engineering Task Force thinks of this protocol as the standard for audio, video and even instant messaging solutions. This task force is simply a large, international community, composed of anyone involved in the networking evolution online. SIP is modular, meaning that it can be changed around in whatever way needed. Depending on the type of data your business is wishing to transmit, your SIP deployment will need to be designed specifically for this. With that being said, VoIP and IM communications will need to work around these aspects, and be designed for one total approach.  H.323 :- This protocol has become the international standard for all communication over packet-switched networks. This includes LAN, WAN and even the general internet networks we all connect to. H.323 is considered an umbrella that includes all types of standards, which is what the internet is based on. H.323 focuses on voice, video, and data communications, designed specifically to operate over IP networks. At this point, this protocol has become the world market leader for voice and voice communications over IP networks. H.323 was developed by the international telecommunications union, which is the organization responsible for building the public telephone network.
The Vaucluse () is a department in the southeast of France in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region. Its prefecture is Avignon. It is named after a famous spring, in the "commune" Fontaine-de-Vaucluse. The name Vaucluse comes from the Latin "Vallis Clausa" ("closed valley") as the valley here ends in a cliff from which rises a spring. History. Vaucluse was not one of the 83 French departments made during the French revolution, on 4 March 1790. It was created on 12 August 1793 with four districts: Apt, Orange, Ouvèze (Carpentras), Vaucluse (Avignon); its capital was Avignon. In 1800, with the creation of the "arrondissements" in France, the districts were changed into "arrondissements": Avignon, Apt, Carpentras and Orange. After the Battle of Waterloo (18 June 1815), the department was occupied by the Austrian army from June 1815 to November 1818. On 10 September 1926, the "arrondissement" of Orange was eliminated and the subprefecture of Apt was moved to Cavaillon but went back to Apt in 1933. Geography. Vaucluse is part of the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region, in southeast France, with an area of . The department has an exclave to the north, the canton of Valréas, surrounded completely by Drôme department. The department borders with 3 regions and 6 other departments: The are several chains of mountains in the Vaucluse department, mainly in the eastern half; from northeast to southeast, they are: The highest mountain in the department is "Mont Ventoux" () that is high. It stands alone to the north of the Luberon range, separated by the Vaucluse Mountains, and just to the eastern base of the Dentelles de Montmirail. There are several valleys and plain in the department. The main important plain is the plain of Comtat where is most
The Diffie-Hellman key exchange (sometimes called an Exponential key exchange) is a protocol used to secretly share information with keys. Background. In 1976, Whitfield Diffie and Martin Hellman invented a way for people to encrypt data and send it over an open channel. The idea was based on a concept by Ralph Merkle. Diffie and Hellman wanted to make Transport Layer Security (TLS), a secure way of computers communicating, more safe to perform. For example, while you can use a password to keep a file safe, if you need to tell the password to somebody there is a risk of the password being seen by third parties. Diffie-Hellman key agreement itself is an "anonymous" (non-"authenticated") key-agreement protocol: people involved in the trade do not need to prove who they are, but both people need to use their secret keys to fully decrypt the data.  Basic Example. Alice and Bob both start at the same number ("10") and both do half of a sum, which means they both get the same result without seeing what the other person added (15 and 30). This is useful in cryptography because Alice and Bob do not share their private numbers, which means a third party cannot spy on the result (55) unless they can find both private numbers; even if a third party knows Alice sent "10" + 15 = 25, they don't know the result is 55 unless they also know Bob sent 30. Since only Alice and Bob know their private numbers, this is a good way of sending secure information if the numbers are very big and the calculations are difficult. Since computers can use very complicated math to encrypt things, this stops people from trying a brute force attack to guess the numbers until it works. One example of how big calculations are made this way is the original version of Diffie-Hellman, which used both multiplicative group of integers modulo n and primitive root modulo n. Risks. While very useful, Diffie-Hellman is at risk of a man-in-the-middle attack. Alice and Bob do not need to prove who they are to swap their information, which means there is a risk that Charlie can
The British royal family are the people who are relatives (family) of the monarch, currently Charles III, of the United Kingdom. They often attend events and help the monarch carry out their duty. Members. King Charles III and Queen Camilla &lt;br&gt; The Prince and Princess of Wales Prince George of Wales Princess Charlotte of Wales Prince Louis of Wales The Duke and Duchess of Sussex Prince Archie of Sussex Princess Lilibet of Sussex The Princess Royal  The Duke of York  Princess Beatrice Princess Eugenie The Duke and Duchess of Edinburgh The Duke and Duchess of Gloucester The Duke and Duchess of Kent Princess Alexandra, The Honourable Lady Ogilvy Prince and Princess Michael of Kent
Cher is a department in the centre of France in the Centre-Val de Loire region. It is named after the Cher river, the most important river in the department. Its prefecture is Bourges. History. The department is one of the 83 French departments made during the French revolution, on 4 March 1790. The department was created from part of the former province of Berry. The new department had seven districts: Aubigny, Sancerre, Sancoins, Saint-Amand, Châteaumeillant, Bourges and Vierzon. The capital (now prefecture) was Bourges. In 1800, with the creation of the "arrondissements" in France, the seven districts were changed into three "arrondissements": Bourges, Saint-Amand-Mont-Rond and Sancerre. On 10 September 1926, the "arrondissement" of Sancerre was eliminated. In 1984, a new "arrondissement" was created: Vierzon. Geography. Cher is part of the Centre-Val de Loire region. It has an area of . The highest point of the department is "Le Magnoux" (), in the south end of the department in the "commune" of Préveranges, and that is above sea level. The department is bordered by 6 departments in 4 regions: The main rivers are: Climate. The Köppen climate classification type for the climate at Bourges is an "Oceanic climate" (also known as Marine West Coast Climate) and of the subtype Cfb. The average amount of precipitation for the year in Bourges is . The month with the most precipitation on average is November with of precipitation. The month with the least precipitation on average is February with an average of . The average temperature for the year in Bourges is . The warmest month, on average, is July with an average temperature of . The coolest month on average is January, with an average temperature of . Administration. The department is managed by the "Departmental Council of the Cher" in Bourges. Cher is part of the region of Centre-Val de Loire
Corrèze () is a department in south-western France, named after the Corrèze river. It is in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region and its capital is the city of Tulle. History. Corrèze is one of the 83 French departments made during the French revolution, on 4 March 1790. It was created from parts of the old province of Limousin (the "Bas Limousin"). The new department had four districts: Uzerche, Ussel, Tulle and Brive. The capital (now prefecture) was Tulle. In 1800, with the creation of the "arrondissements" in France, the four districts were changed into three "arrondissements": Tulle, Brive and Ussel. On 10 September 1926, the "arrondissement" of Ussel was eliminated but, on 6 December 1943, it became again an "arrondissement". Geography. Corrèze is part of the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region; it is to the west of the Massif Central. It has an area of . The department is surrounded by 6 departments in 3 regions: The highest point of the department is the Mont Bessou, high; the lowest point is in the valley of the Vézère river and is high. The main rivers in the department are the Dordogne, the Vézère and the Corrèze that gives its name to the deparment. Climate. The climate in Brive-la-Gaillarde is an oceanic climate with template summers, Cfb (Marine West Coast Climate) in the Köppen climate classification. The annual rainfall in Brive-la-Gaillarde is . The month with the most precipitation on average is October with of precipitation. The month with the least precipitation on average is February with an average of . The average temperature for the year in Brive-la-Gaillarde is . The warmest month, on average, is July with an average temperature of . The coolest month on average is January, with an average temperature of . Administration. The department is managed by
In computer science, runtime or run time describes the operation of a computer program, the duration of its execution, from beginning to termination. The term runtime can also refer to a virtual machine to manage a program written in a computer language while it is running. Run time is sometimes used to mean runtime library, a library of basic code that is used by a particular compiler but when used in this fashion, runtime library is more accurate. A runtime environment is a virtual machine state which provides software services for processes or programs while a computer is running. Runtime activities include loading and linking of the classes needed to execute a program, optional machine code generation and dynamic optimization of the program, and actual program execution. For example, a program written in Java calls for services from the Java Runtime Environment by issuing commands from which the expected result is returned by the Java Runtime. By providing these services, the Java Runtime Environment is considered the runtime environment of the program. Both the program and the Java Runtime Environment request services from the operating system. The operating system kernel provides services for itself and all processes and software running under its control. The Operating System may be considered as providing a runtime environment for itself.
A Java virtual machine (JVM) is a set of computer software programs and data structures which use a virtual machine model for the execution of other computer programs and scripts. The model used by a JVM accepts a form of computer intermediate language commonly referred to as Java bytecode.  Java virtual machines operate on Java bytecode, which is normally (but not necessarily) generated from Java source code; a JVM can also be used to implement programming languages other than Java.  The JVM is an important component of the Java Platform. Because JVMs are available for many hardware and software platforms, Java can be both middleware and a platform in its own right – hence the expression "write once, run anywhere." The use of the same bytecode for all platforms allows Java to be described as "compile once, run anywhere", as opposed to "write once, compile anywhere", which describes cross-platform compiled languages.
The Station-to-Station (STS) protocol is a cryptographic (information-hiding) key agreement scheme based on the classic Diffie-Hellman key exchange that provides mutual key and entity (party) authentication. In addition to protecting the established key from an attacker, the STS protocol uses no timestamps and provides perfect forward secrecy. It also requires two-way explicit key confirmation, making it an "Authenticated key agreement with Key Confirmation" (Acronym: AKC) protocol. STS was originally presented in 1987 in the context of ISDN security , finalized in 1989 and generally presented by Whitfield Diffie, Paul C. van Oorschot and Michael J. Wiener in 1992.