ejaasaari/simplewiki-2025-04-01 huggingface dataset:
Pennsylvania State University is a university in the state of Pennsylvania. The main campus is in the city of State College, Pennsylvania and it has branch campuses around the state. It was founded in 1855. In 1863, the Pennsylvania state legislature picked the school to be the state's only land grant college. Its purpose is to do teaching, research, and public service. It teaches undergraduate, graduate, professional and continuing education students both in classrooms and online. Penn State University Park is ranked among the top-fifteen public universities in the United States. Annual enrolment at the main campus is more than 44,000 graduate and undergraduate students, making it one of the largest universities in the United States. It has the world's largest dues-paying alumni association. The university's total enrolment in 2009–10 was about 94,300 across its 24 campuses and online through its World Campus. The university offers more than 160 majors among all its campuses Penn State has a US$1.52 billion (as of April 30, 2010) endowment. The university's research budget was more than $765 million for the 2009-2009 fiscal year. In fiscal year 2008, the National Science Foundation ranked Penn State 11th among U.S. universities in research income. It is a school known for its football team. It is a member of the Big Ten Conference. Organization and administration. It is a "state-related" university, part of Pennsylvania's Commonwealth System of Higher Education. It receives money from the Commonwealth. The state appoints 10 out of 32 people on its board of trustees. It is independent and not subject to the state's direct control. For the 2006–2007 fiscal year, the university received 9.7% of its budget from the state. As Pennsylvania's land grant college, the state and federal governments provide matching funds for research and cooperative extension in agriculture, home economics and related fields. The board of trustees selects a president of the University. The president controls the university, including day-to-day management. In practice, the president gives power to other departments of the administration, to the faculty, and to the
A social interaction or social relation is the way people talk and act with each other. It may include interactions in a team, family or bureaucracy. It includes any relationship between two or more individuals. It is a source of socialization and it characterizes all types of social relationships. According to Gish and N.P, " Social interaction is the reciprocal influence human beings exert on each other through inter stimulation and response."
Interstitial fluid is a type of fluid in the body. It is found in the interstitial spaces or tissue spaces - the fluid-filled areas that surround cells. It makes up about 3/4 of all extracellular fluid. Its main purpose is provide cells with nutrients and assist the cells in waste removal. Some components of interstitial fluid are plasmatic, lymphatic, intraocular, synovial, pericardial, intrapleural, peritoneal, and digestive fluids.
Fairness is the concept in sociology, law and generally in society, that something should be equal and not be a contradiction to accepted standards. It's related to justice in both the legal and sociological sense. Fairness is also treating others equally or in a way that is considered right or reasonable. Fairness can mean sameness where everything is kept equal by being the same. Fairness can also mean "deservedness" meaning a person gets what they deserve. People who are successful by working hard get what they deserve. People who are lazy and do not work hard get less. Fairness can also be based on need. Those who have more should give more to help others. This is based on the concept that people have obligations to each other. Judges, lawmakers, referees and teachers are among those expected to be fair in their decisions. Fairness is keeping decisions free from any form of discrimination. In the United States fairness has long been a battle between equality and equity. Equality is the idea everyone should have an equal opportunity. If all the horses in a race start from the same point, the horse that wins is the fastest. Equity is the idea that adjustments need to be made to make things fair for both entities. One should get more than the other because that would be fair in this sense. For example, in the game of golf, when playing a skilled golfer, a less skilled golfer may be given a "handicap" (less points) at the start of the game. This is to help make the final score fair for both players.
Evolutionary psychology is a branch of psychology that investigates behavior which has evolved. It is similar in this respect to ethology, which has always used ideas from evolutionary biology. Abstract. This field seeks to identify which human psychological traits are evolved adaptations, that is, functional products of natural selection or sexual selection. Evolutionary psychology usually focuses on behavior most people share. Sex and social behavior are some of the more common areas that evolutionary psychology focuses on. Events like violent behavior need explanation in evolutionary terms. Evolutionary psychology is related to other fields of science like sociobiology, social psychology, and sociocultural anthropology. Evolutionary psychologists argue that much of human behavior is the result of adaptations that evolved to solve recurrent problems in human ancestral environments. The adaptationist approach is steadily increasing as an influence in the general field of psychology. Evolutionary psychologists hold that behaviors or traits that occur universally in all cultures are good candidates for evolutionary adaptations. This includes our ability to infer others' emotions, discern kin from non-kin, identify and prefer healthier mates, and cooperate with others. They report successful tests of theoretical predictions related to such topics as infanticide, intelligence, marriage patterns, promiscuity, perception of beauty, bride price and parental investment. "The recognition that psychological mechanisms are evolved adaptations connects evolutionary biology to psychology in the strongest possible fashion, allowing everything we know about the study of adaptations to be applied to the study of psychological mechanisms".
The "University of Waterloo" is in the Southwest of Ontario. This university is marked the 5th best university in Canada. This university is very large. It was founded in 1957.  Contests. The University of Waterloo holds many contests in mathematics for students in high school. Some contests let you choose the correct answer out of many wrong answers ( multiple choice ), and for other contests one must write the whole answer and how it was found. Anybody in Canada can take these contests. Each contest is named after famous mathematicians, such as Galois or Fermat.
Tarja Turunen (b. August 17, 1977 near Kitee) is a Finnish singer and songwriter. She is a mezzo and lyric soprano and has a vocal range of three octaves. People know her for her work with symphonic metal band Nightwish. She was the first singer of the band. She was dismissed from the band in the end of 2007, due to musical differences. and started making her own music. Because of her soprano voice, she even sings heavy metal songs in a classical way. She was one of the first singers to do this, which made other people want to make similar music. In 2006 she made a wonderful Christmas album, called "Henkäys Ikuisuudesta". In November 2007, she came out with her first metal album, "My Winter Storm", which had a lot of different music types on it like rock and heavy metal. In 2010 she made "What Lies Beneath", her second metal album without Nightwish. She played some concerts in Europe, and was in well known heavy metal festivals. She made a whole tour for these two albums. In August 2013, she made her third metal album, "Colours in the Dark", which is a very optimistic album and in August 2016, she made her fourth metal album, "The Shadow Self", which is also very optimistic. In December 2017, she made her second magical Christmas album, called "From Spirits and Ghosts (Score for a Dark Christmas)".
Ageism is when a person is treated badly only because of their age and a highly damaging social construct. Ageism can be bias and discrimination by one person or by a part of society as a group. Discrimination is when a person is left out or abused by somebody who does not like something about them. For example, their facial features, their height or their skin. There have been many issues at the British broadcasting company, BBC, dealing with people saying that they have issues with ageism. Ageism is often common in the entertainment industry and journalism where what a person looks like is felt by many to be important, although ageism can be directed at people working in their industry even in their private life. There are two targets for age discrimination: old people (also called senior citizens) and young people. Discrimination against old and young people can happen at places like job interviews. For example, a company might hire a worker who is about 30 years old instead of someone who is about 50 years old, or someone who is around 20 years old, regardless of skill level. Another common example of ageism is not allowing "minors", or young people, to vote, drive, work, marry, or give sexual consent. Age discrimination is the result of actions taken to deny or limit opportunities to people based on age. These are usually actions taken as a result of one's ageist beliefs and attitudes. Age discrimination occurs on both a personal and institutional level. On a personal level, an older person may be told that they are too old to engage in certain physical activities, like an informal game of basketball between friends and family. They may also be told (most common in today's Western society) that they are too old to date or to be sexually attractive to much younger people and to have a much younger partners, or encounter prejudices against age-differences in general, whether the relationship is sentimental/sexual or even platonic (this particular form of ageist bigotry and discrimination is even more relevant today or in recent times on social media). A relevant example of the latter case is the infamous "Half your age plus seven rule". Although this relatively recent theory supposedly originated in the West is recognized as bigoted,
Technocracy is a government by scientific method and controlled by technical people. These people include engineers, (who make, build, and maintain engines, machines, public works, and other technologies). "Technocrats" want to improve social and political problems based on technical and "scientific" (technological) solutions. They promise to help solve these problems concerning industries (big business), trade, and how to create and distribute wealth using scientific management. A method of study that uses time and motion to work out the most efficient ways to do something, mainly repeated, routine motions. The man that made the theory of Scientific Management was named Frederick W. Taylor.  However, Scientific Management was still trying to fix social and political problems with technical solutions. Many of the technological solutions may have solved one problem, while creating many more. Technocrats believed that management could replace politics. Administration is based on the application of rules that make certain outcomes, there are too many different points of view for the management approach to work.
Potassium nitrate is a chemical compound. It has the chemical formula KNO3. It contains potassium and nitrate ions. It is often called saltpeter.  Properties. Potassium nitrate is a colorless solid. It dissolves in water. It is a common source of the nitrate ion. Potassium nitrate is a strong oxidizer. It decomposes to potassium nitrite and oxygen when heated. Its pH is almost neutral. It burns with a lilac flame. Production. It can be made by reacting ammonium nitrate with potassium hydroxide. It can also be made by reacting potassium chloride with ammonium nitrate. It might be made by reacting potassium hydroxide or potassium carbonate with nitric acid.  Occurrence. Saltpeter is a mineral form of potassium nitrate. It is only found in very dry areas. It is one of the few minerals that have nitrogen in them.  Uses. Potassium nitrate is used in explosives. Oxygen from the air is the most common chemical that is used for oxidation, which is how most fires and explosions happen. Some explosions will use up oxygen so quickly, though, that there is not enough to finish the reaction, and the explosion is not very strong. Potassium nitrate replaces the need for oxygen and takes up much less space, which lets the explosion be stronger and faster. It is a main ingredient of gunpowder. Potassium nitrate is also used in rocket fuel for the same reason as in explosives, except that the goal is to let the fuel burn longer, not faster. Potassium nitrate is used as a fertilizer, to help plants grow faster and grow in more places where it might be hard for them to grow otherwise. It can also be used to decay tree stumps. Safety. Potassium nitrate is a poison and will cause permanent injury when improperly handled. It also can start fires and explosions easily.
Endoxa was a concept Aristotle talked about. It refers to the opinion not of individuals (which he contrasts by naming that 'doxa') but the consensus of the population and wise people with a supposed more valid opinion than that of the individual. Aristotle employs a detailed and distinctive approach to clarify the relationship between incontinence, continence, and related conditions in relation to virtue and vice. He examines the prevailing beliefs about these states to discern what is right and wrong.
Pluralism is a concept used in many fields and mostly means that things are done in many parts or ways. That is unlike monism, which has a single way or thing in a system, or dualism, which has two. In political science, pluralism supports more than either one political party or two major dominant parties and considers even very minor parties as important. In philosophy it contrasts with monism and has multiple ideas that possibly form a structure, rather than a reduced number of entities.
Video game journalism is a branch of journalism that covers the reporting and discussion of video games. Usually, it covers the revealing of new games, preview of new games, and the reviewing of new games. There has been a large growth in new online gaming websites and blogs. History of print based gaming magazines. The first video gaming magazine that is still in publication is the industry-oriented (made for people who make video games) Play Meter magazine. The first consumer (made for players of video games, not the people who make them) magazine specializing in video gaming was the U.K. magazine Computer and Video Gaming. It began in November, 1981. Two weeks later the first U.S. magazine, Electronic Games Magazine, was started. The oldest consumer gaming magazine still sold today is Computer Gaming World. History of web based gaming magazines. The first regularly published web based magazine was either Game Zero Magazine which went online in November 1994 or Intelligent Gamer Online (individual issues were downloadable in 1993 but the site was not online until April 1995). Online gaming magazines and websites have many advantages over print-based magazines. New information on future releases can be placed on online publications immediately, but the publishers have to wait until the next issue to put new information in print based magazines. Ethics. There have been many criticisms of the ethical standards of the video game journalism industry. Reviews from a publication that receives advertising money from a game developer or attends a large 'press day' party are usually considered to be suspicious. Reviews by 'official' console magazines, such as Nintendo Power, Official Playstation Magazine, or Official Xbox Magazine, are considered to be biased toward games on their own console, and toward first-party games. One industry and marketing magazine, MCV, was accused of requiring developers to pay protection money for positive coverage in 2008. Developers often do not give exclusive material or advertising money to magazines that do not give good reviews to their games or follow other wishes. Getting a complete sense of a game can take far more than one playthrough. Many games, such as RPGs and strategy games, can take hundreds of hours to play. However, journalists often do not have much time to finish their reviews. In March
Kleptocracy ('klepto' meaning 'theft' in Ancient Greek) is the ruling of possibly any kind of government that uses its power to steal from its people. This rarely-applied word was used by Charles Krauthammer, the nationally syndicated Washington Post columnist and political commentator on Fox-TV, on Saturday, March 2, and Sunday, March 3, 2014. He referred to Russia as a "kleptocracy" in a TV panel discussion about its influence in the revolution in the neighboring Ukraine in late February. His political column added another derivation of this word: "kleptocratic". "Kleptocratic" is used by Krauthammer in the following quote: "But surely the West has more financial clout than Russia's kleptocratic extraction economy that exports little but oil, gas and wisky." Former Malaysian Prime Minister Najib Razak had $731 million in his bank accounts when his party, Barisan Nasional, lost the 14th election to Pakatan Harapan, led by Mahathir Mohamad. The loss was partly due to allegations of Najib's involvement in the 1MDB scandal.
Fairfield is a town of Sauk County in the state of Wisconsin, United States. About 1,000 people lived in Fairfield as of 2020. Fairfield is the place where the "sand farm" was bought by Aldo Leopold in 1935. Fairfield has an area of 35.6 square miles.
The Riemann hypothesis is a mathematical question (conjecture). Finding a proof of the hypothesis is one of the hardest and most important unsolved problems of pure mathematics. Pure mathematics is a type of mathematics that is about thinking about mathematics. This is different from trying to put mathematics into the real world. The answer to the Riemann hypothesis is "yes" or "no". The conjecture is named after a man called Bernhard Riemann. He lived in the 1800s. The Riemann hypothesis asks a question about a special thing called the Riemann zeta function. If the answer to the question is "yes", this would mean mathematicians can know more about prime numbers. Specifically, it would help them know how to find prime numbers. The Riemann hypothesis is so important, and so difficult to prove, that the Clay Mathematics Institute has offered $1,000,000 to the first person to prove it. What is the Riemann hypothesis? What is the Riemann zeta function? The Riemann zeta function is a kind of function. Functions are things in mathematics like equations. Functions take in numbers and give you other numbers back. This is like how you get an answer back when you ask a question. The number you put in is called an "input". The number you get back is called a "value". Every input you put into the Riemann zeta function gives you a special value back. You mostly get a different value for each input. But each input gives you the same value every time you use it. Both the input you give, and the value you get, from the Riemann zeta function are special numbers called complex numbers. A complex number is a number with two parts, a real part and an imaginary part. The imaginary part is called imaginary because you would have to "imagine" such a number as formula_1 that when multiplied by itself is equal to formula_2. Because based on the rules of arithmetic formula_3 and formula_4 no such number could exist, it would have to be imagined. Imaginary numbers have vast use in mathematics; without them a lot of technologies would not be
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, or RPI is a private university in Troy, NY. It was made in 1824 by Stephen Van Rensselaer because he wanted there to be schools that taught science and engineering. It is the oldest engineering school in America. Lots of students from RPI get jobs that pay a lot of money after they leave RPI. Some people who went to RPI have started big companies like NVIDIA, John Wiley and Sons, and Texas Instruments. George Low, an American who helped get spaceships into space, went to RPI. What RPI focuses on has changed a lot since it was first made. There still is a lot of engineering at the school, but now there is growing arts and social studies teaching at the school. A big concert hall called EMPAC was opened in 2008 at RPI. Most of RPI's sports teams play in NCAA Division III, which does not allow athletic scholarships. The men's and women's ice hockey teams play as Division I teams in ECAC Hockey. The hockey teams are can award scholarships because of a special NCAA rule.
The Jack Russell Terrier is a small dog with a white coat that can be smooth or rough-coated. Some have a broken coat that is also called "wire-haired". This terrier is good at fox hunting. History. The Jack Russell terrier were originally bred in England by the Reverend John Russell from about 1819. The Jack Russell is sturdier than the standard terrier. It is a fast runner, has a great nose and can hunt the fox even when it goes underground. It can also be used as a work dog. "Difficulty in telling the terrier from the creature it was bolting out of its den brought about the desire for a more white-bodied dog. In all probability the English Black and Tan Terrier was crossed with the Old English White Terrier (both now extinct) to achieve the type of coat and colouring we have today in our Jack Russell Terriers". Variants. As with other domesticated animals, there are numerous variations. Differences in naming were caused by the different regulations of different kennel clubs. Some dog clubs make a difference between what they call "Parson Jack Russell Terriers", which are over 12" (inches) at the shoulders, and "Jack Russell Terriers" which are under 12" in height. Other clubs do not. They are broadly the same type of dog. It is easy to change the height of dogs by selective breeding, and the reason working dogs come in different sizes is to make them better at a particular job. Taller terriers were used for hunting foxes, and smaller terriers were used for hunting rabbits and rodents. "So historically the Jack Russell and the Parson are the same breed with their breed standards written by different groups of enthusiasts in different countries. Today, the only actual difference is leg length".