ejaasaari/simplewiki-2025-04-01 huggingface dataset:
Caligula (Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus Germanicus, 31 August 12 – 24 January 41) was the third Roman Emperor. He reigned from AD 37. After only four years, he was assassinated by members of his bodyguard and the Roman Senate. During his reign, many innocent people were killed without fair trials. Even with all that, he was popular with the Roman public in his time. Life. Caligula's father Germanicus was the nephew and adoptive son of emperor Tiberius. He was a very successful general. He was one of Rome's most beloved public figures. When Germanicus died at Antioch in 19 AD, his mother Agrippina the Elder returned to Rome with her six children. She had a bitter feud with Tiberius. That eventually led to the destruction of her family. Caligula was the only male survivor. In 31, he joined the emperor on the island of Capri. Tiberius had gone there five years earlier. When Tiberius died in 37, Caligula became emperor. There are few surviving sources on Caligula's reign. He is described as a noble and moderate ruler during the first two years of his rule. After this, the sources focus upon his cruelty, extravagance, and sexual perversity, presenting him as an insane tyrant. Caligula worked to give more authority to the emperor. He put a lot of his effort into ambitious construction projects and luxurious dwellings for himself. He started the construction of two new aqueducts in Rome: the "Aqua Claudia" and the "Anio Novus". During his reign, the empire took over the Kingdom of Mauretania and made it into a province. In early 41, Caligula was assassinated. There was a conspiracy involving officers of the Praetorian Guard, members of the Roman Senate and members of the imperial court. After Caligula's death, the conspirators' tried to bring back the Roman Republic, but they were unsuccessful. The Praetorian Guard declared Caligula's uncle Claudius emperor in his place. Insanity? There are stories about
Silver is the color of the metal silver. It is a grayish-white color. The first written use of "silver" as a color name in English was in 1481.
Pyromania is a psychological disorder. It is an "impulse control disorder" with an obsession with fire and explosives. Pyromaniacs often set fire to things. They get pleasure or relief from seeing things burn. Pyromaniacs are often convicted of arson. When children have pyromania, later in life they usually are diagnosed with a mental disorder. Pyromaniacs set fire to relieve stress and it gives them pleasure and relief. Someone with this disorder deliberately and purposely sets fires on more than one occasion. Before the act of lighting the fire the person usually has tension and an emotional buildup. When around fires, a person with pyromania shows intense interest or fascination and may also get pleasure, gratification or relief.
San Salvador Island, also known as Watling Island, is an island in The Bahamas, that is said to have been found by Christopher Columbus during his first trip to the New World. It has a population of about 1,000 people, and it is a popular tourist spot.
Alb-Donau (Alemannic German: "Alb-Donau-Krois") is a rural district or county (Landkreis) in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. History. The history of the region is linked with the history of Ulm and the Swabian Alb. The district of Alb-Donau was established in 1973 by joining the former districts of Ulm and Ehingen. Geography. The city of Ulm is surrounded by the district. The government of the county is in Ulm, even though Ulm is not a part of the districztIt is the administrative seat of the Alb-Donau district, although it is not part of the district. The district is named after the Danube River (German "Donau") and the Swabian Alb ("Schwäbische Alb") mountains. The Danube enters the district in the southwest, runs through the southern parts of the district and leaves eastwards to Ulm. North of the Danube banks the hills of the Swabian Alb rise. The hill chain extends from southwest to northeast parallel to the course of the Danube River and is continued on either side of the district. An affluent of the Danube, the Iller River, forms the southeastern border of the Alb-Donau district, before it meets the Danube in Ulm.
Freddy "Boom Boom" Cannon (born December 4, 1936) is an American singer. He was most famous in the early 1960s. His hit records include "Abigail Beecher", "Tallahassee Lassie", and "Way Down Yonder In New Orleans". One of Cannon's hits, "Palisades Park", was written by Chuck Barris, who later created "The Dating Game" and "The Gong Show". Cannon also appeared in the movies "Just for Fun" and "Village of the Giants".
The Hudson Bay is a bay that goes into East-central Canada. It is the fourth largest sea in the world with an area of 316,000 square miles (819,000 square kilometres). The northern and western shores belong to Nunavut, the southern shore is split between Manitoba and Ontario, and the eastern shore belongs to Quebec. It is connected with the Atlantic Ocean through the Hudson Strait, which is in the northeast of the bay, and with the Arctic Ocean through the Foxe Channel in the north part of the bay. It was named for the English explorer Henry Hudson, who, in 1610 on the ship "Discovery", found the bay and claimed it for England.
The Kayes Region is in eastern Mali. Cercles. Kayes is divided into 7 cercles:
The Kidal Region is a region in Mali. Cercles. Kidal Region is divided into 4 cercles that contain 11 municipalities:
The Mopti Region is a region in Mali.  Cercles. Mopti is divided into 8 cercles that contain a total of 108 municipalities:
The Sikasso Region is a region in Mali. Sikasso is the capital of the region. It is the second largest city in Mali. Because of people fleeing the violence in Côte d'Ivoire the city is growing quickly. Other important towns are Bougouni and Koutiala.
Toni Morrison (born Chloe Ardelia Wofford; February 18, 1931 – August 5, 2019) was an African-American author. She was the second child in her working-class family.  She normally wrote about racial discrimination (racism, mainly the dislike of blacks). She won awards for writing some books and she changed African-American history. She was perhaps the most successful mainly story-writing African woman in the world.  She was a famous writer and she got her good writing by the people she looked up to. They were B.W.Jones and A.I.Vinson. Her first novel ("The Bluest Eyes") is the story of a girl ruined by a racist society and its violence and she had son named slade who she wrote this book with dreaming emmett. One of her books, "Beloved", was made into a movie in 1998. This movie starred Oprah Winfrey. Morrison died at a hospital in The Bronx, New York City on August 5, 2019, from problems caused by pneumonia, aged 88.
Jacques Arcadelt (also called Jacob Arcadelt) (born probably in Liège, 1504 or 1505; died Paris, 14 October 1568) was a Franco-Flemish composer in the Renaissance period. He was an extremely popular composer of madrigals and chansons.  We know hardly anything about his early life, but we know he was living in Rome by 1539 when he was made a member of the Julian Chapel. Soon he joined the Sistine Chapel, where he had the job of "magister puerorum" (director of the boys choir), and later he became choirmaster. In the same year he published four of his total of six books of madrigals for four voices. Probably around 1553 he moved to France, where he spent the rest of his life. He wrote a very large number of chansons (French songs). He also wrote some masses. Arcadelt's music became extremely popular because it was quite simple and easy to sing with beautiful melodies that people could remember. One very famous madrigal is called "Il bianco e dolce cigno" ("The white and gentle swan"). The style of Arcadelt’s music influenced the next generation of madrigal composers.
The Sarah Jane Adventures was a science fiction television series, that started in 2007 and ended in 2011, due to Elisabeth Sladen's death. It was a spin off from the British cult series "Doctor Who." The series starred Elisabeth Sladen as the journalist Sarah Jane Smith, who was a companion of the Third and Fourth Doctor in the classic "Doctor Who" series. Sladen played the original part of Sarah Jane from 1973 until 1976. Sarah Jane was considered the most popular companion of the Doctor and appeared in the new series episode "School Reunion" along with her robot dog, K-9. Unlike the other spin off of "Doctor Who", "Torchwood", the target audience for "The Sarah Jane Adventures" was children as it is shown on CBBC. Connections to "Doctor Who". The series featured many connections to "Doctor Who". The Slitheen family, who first appeared in the "Doctor Who" episode "Aliens of London" appeared in two stories in the first series, and the Sontarans, who first appeared in the "Doctor Who" story "The Time Warrior" featured in two stories in the Second series. The character Doctor Who also appeared in the episodes "The Wedding of Sarah Jane Smith" (played by David Tennant) and "Death of the Doctor" (played by Matt Smith). "Doctor Who" also used ideas from "The Sarah Jane Adventures". In the "Doctor Who" episode "Turn Left", the Doctor makes a reference to the Trickster - an enemy who had only featured in "The Sarah Jane Adventures". Sarah Jane also appeared with her son Luke Smith in the "Doctor Who" episodes "The Stolen Earth" and "Journey's End". Episodes. Special (2007). The first episode was a 60-minute special, and served as a basic introduction to the series. Series 1 (2007). The first series featured five stories. Each story was made up of two episodes. Series 2 (2008). The second series featued six stories. As with the first series, each story was made up of two episodes Comic Relief Special (2009). A short,
Francesca Lia Block (born January 3, 1962 in Los Angeles, California) is the writer of many books for teenagers. She is best known for the Weetzie Bat series of books. Block wrote her first book, "Weetzie Bat", while she was a student at UC Berkeley. Harper Collins published it in 1989. She is known for her use of imagery, or ability to paint pictures with words. This is best seen in describing the city of Los Angeles. Block was born in Los Angeles to a poet and a painter. The creativity they gave Francesca was a big influence on what she wrote. Another influence was her love of Greek mythology and fairy tales when she was a child. Block belongs to the Authors Guild, Authors League of America, and the Writers Guild of America.
Merzig-Wadern is a "Kreis" (district) in the northeast of the Saarland, Germany. History. The district was created in 1816 when the area became the property of Prussia. After World War I the Saar area was under special government of the League of Nations, which did split the district into two parts. The area around Wadern stayed Prussian, while the Merzig area became part of the Saargebiet area. In 1935 the Saar area rejoined Germany, however it took till after the World War II that the two district parts were reunited in 1946. Geography. The Saar River flows through the district, the Moselle River forms the boundary in the west to Luxembourg.
S.K. Rapid Wien is an Austrian football club. Rapid Wien was founded in 1898 and is one of the major clubs in Austria. The club plays in Vienna. Rapid is Austria's most successful team with 32 championships wins. Rapid also won a German title in 1941 when the country was part of Germany.  History. The club was founded in 1898 as First Workers' Football Club of Vienna but was renamed in S(port) K(lub) Rapid Wien on 8 January 1899. The first coulors were red and white. The teams uses these colours in away matches today.  During the years before World War II, Rapid was one of the most successful clubs in Europe. Before the Second World War, Rapid won the Viennese championship 16 times. In these years there was no nationwide championship because professional football teams only played in Vienna. In 1930 Rapid won the Mitropacup against Sparta Praha (2:0; 3:2) ("La Coupe de l'Europe Centrale"), one of the first international competitions in Europe. Around this time, the rivalry with the other great club of Vienna, FK Austria, started and continues today. Rapid was the club of the working class, while supporters of FK Austria were more middle class. After the annexation of Austria through Nazi-Germany in 1938 Rapid played in the Gauliga Ostmark. Rapid won the Tschammerpokal (Cup) in 1938 with a 3–1 victory over FSV Frankfurt. 1941 they won the Championship versus Schalke 04 (4-3). Almost since the beginning of the club's history, the fans announce the last 15 minutes with clapping of their hands, the "Rapidviertelstunde".  SK Rapid only won the Austrian championship twice since 2000. The greatest success in recent years was the victory over the Premier League club Aston Villa in the last qualifying round for the UEFA Europa League 2009 and 2010. They played in the group stage twice, but they did not reach the next round. Rapid last reached the group stage of the UEFA Champions League in 2005–06. They finished last in their group and lost all their matches.
Neunkirchen is a Kreis (district) in the middle of the Saarland, Germany. History. In 1974 the districts of Saarland were reorganized. The capital of the district was moved to Neunkirchen. The name of the district was changed to Neunkirchen as well. Neunkirchen city had first tried to become cspital of the district in 1866. Some parts of the administration remained in Ottweiler.
The Regionalverband Saarbrücken is a "Kommunalverband besonderer Art", that is, it is a special mix of a rural district and a district free city. It is located in the south of the Saarland, Germany. History. The district Saarbrücken was originally created in 1816. In 1974 the district and the district-free city Saarbrücken were merged, and the new administrative body was named "Stadtverband Saarbrücken". Although it's not a district like others, most of its administrative tasks are same as those of a district. Geography. The Saar River flows through the district, through the city Saarbrücken in the centre of the district.
Saarlouis is a Kreis (district) in the middle of the Saarland, Germany. History. The district was part of the Holy Roman Empire. After the Napoleonic wars the area went to Prussia, which in 1816 created the district as part of its Rhineland province. From 1936-1945 it was called "Saarlautern", when the Nazi government tried to exchange the French name for a German one. Geography. The main river in the district is the Saar.
Saarpfalz ("Saar-Palatinate") is a Kreis (district) in the south-east of the Saarland, Germany. Neighboring districts are (from west clockwise) Saarbrücken, Neunkirchen, Kusel, Südwestpfalz, district-free Zweibrücken, and the French "département" Moselle. History. When after World War I the Saar area went under special government of the League of Nations, the Palatinate area, then part of Bavaria, was split in two parts. The part which went into the Saar became commonly known as Saarpfalz, and was administered by the two "Bezirksamt": St. Ingbert and Homburg. The district Saarpfalz was created in 1974 when the two districts of Saint Ingbert and Homburg were joined. Since 1997 the district has a partnership with Henrico County, Virginia.
Sankt Wendel is a Kreis (district) in the north of the Saarland, Germany. Neighboring districts are Trier-Saarburg, Birkenfeld, Kusel, Neunkirchen, Saarlouis, Merzig-Wadern. History. The district was created in 1834 when Prussia bought the Lichtenfeld area from Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. After World War I the Saar area came under special rulership of the League of Nations, and the Sankt Wendel district was split into two parts. The northern part, the "Restkreis Sankt Wendel", was merged into the district Birkenfeld, the southern part stayed in the Saarland in its smaller size. Geography. The district is located in the "Saar-Hunsrück" natural area, a hilly area with elevations between 200 and 600 meters. The main river in the district is the Nahe. The "Bostalsee" is the biggest tourist lake in the south-west of Germany, covering an area of about 1.2 km2.
"For the biochemical process, see respiration" The respiratory system, also called the gas exchange system, is the body getting rid of carbon dioxide and taking in oxygen. Carbon dioxide, a waste product, goes out of the body. Oxygen, which the body needs, comes in. In humans the lungs are the main organ to do this. In other words, the way oxidation of organic compounds happens in cells and energy is released is called the respiratory system.  The first step is breathing in air, or inhaling (inspiration). Inhalation means bringing air rich in oxygen into the body. Exhalation means giving out air rich in carbon dioxide from the body. The second step is gas exchange in the lungs where oxygen is diffused into the blood and the carbon dioxide diffuses out of the blood. The third step is cellular respiration, which makes the chemical energy that the cells in the body need, and carbon dioxide. Finally, the carbon dioxide from cellular respiration is breathed out of the body from the lungs. Breathing. Breathing is the first step in the process of respiration. For respiration to happen, the body needs a constant supply of oxygen, which is done by breathing. Inhalation is the breathing in of air. To inhale, the lungs expand, decreasing the air pressure in the lungs. This is caused by two actions. The diaphragm (a sheet of muscular tissue that separates the lungs from the abdomen) is pulled downward. Also the muscles between the ribs contract to expand the chest. Both of these actions expand the lungs. To fill the enlarged lungs, air from outside at higher pressure comes rushing into the area of low pressure in the lungs. Air first passes through the nose and mouth, then through the larynx (voice box), then down the trachea (windpipe), and into the lungs. The lungs are made of many tubes or branches. As air enters the lungs, it first goes through branches called the bronchi, then through smaller branches called bronchioles, and finally into the air sacs. Gas exchange occurs in the air sacs where oxygen is exchanged with carbon dioxide.  The carbon dioxide in the air sacs now needs to be ex
An internal combustion engine is an engine in which combustion, or the burning of fuel, occurs on the inside. This differs from external combustion engines where the fire is outside the engine, such as a steam engine. There are many kinds of internal combustion engine but the term often means the machine that Niklaus Otto invented. In this kind, fire makes pressure increase inside a cylinder. The pressure pushes a piston which is attached to a wheel by a crank. The rod pushes the wheel and makes it spin around. The spinning wheel is attached to other wheels. The engine is very strong and can make all the wheels move. Engine layouts. There can be many kinds of internal combustion engines such as the single piston engine, the inline engine, the flat engine, the V engine, the VR engine, the W engine, the X engine, the U engine, the H engine, the horizontal K engine, the opposed piston engine, the delta engine, the Wankel or rotary engine and the radial engine which is commonly used in planes. Common layouts. The most common layouts among these engines are the V layout, and the inline layout. In the V engine, the pistons are aligned in a V shape. There can be V twin engines, with 2 pistons, V3 engines, V4 engines, V6 engines, V8 engines, up to V24 engines. The VR layout is the same as a V layout except the angle between the V shape is smaller making the overall drive smoother. In inline engines, the pistons are aligned in a straight line. There can be inline 1 engines, also called a singular piston engine, all the way up to a straight 14 which was mainly used in older models of cars. Flat engines are the same as inline engines but are aligned horizontally. W, X, U, H, Horizontal K, Delta and opposed piston engines all have different layouts. In the W engine, the pistons are aligned in a W shape if looked at from the front. The Bugatti Chiron, one of the fastest cars in the world, features a W engine. The pistons in a X are aligned to look like an X from the front. In the U engine, there a
Mass media are media like radio, television, internet or other things that reach many people. Television is most used. We can see and hear news from around the world. Radio also brings music and news. Books supply older and more detailed material. The internet is also important. We can search for all the news and information. Websites like Wikipedia and about.com give information about many things. Libraries are also important. In libraries we can read books and listen to music. The term was coined in the 1920s with the advent of nationwide radio networks, mass-circulation newspapers and magazines, although mass media (like books and manuscripts) were present centuries before the term became common.
Kublai Khan (23 Sept. 1215 - 18 Feb. 1294) was a Mongol khan, or military ruler, who brought the Mongol Empire to its greatest height. He finished the invasion of China and was also the founder of the Yuan Dynasty. He lived during the 13th century AD. Kublai Khan was the grandson of the great Mongol king Genghis Khan. Kublai Khan was born to Tolui Khan, and his wife Sorghaghtani. While growing up, he participated in campaigns with his father, until he was 17 when his father died. He had also participated in campaigns with his older brother. When his brother died in 1259, Kublai had to fight against his younger brother to become Great Khan even though he was next in line to rule.  Kublai led armies against the Song Dynasty and took over most of China and much of Asia. As the first foreigner to rule all of China, he established the Yuan Dynasty, which had Chinese ideas but Mongolian roots.
Guitar Hero is a popular series of music video games that allows players to pretend they are a rock star by playing a controller shaped like a guitar. The player has to play rock songs from the 1960s to present. There are 18 in the series, and the last one is 2010's "". Since Guitar Hero World Tour, it has added different rock instruments, such as drums and microphone. "Guitar Hero" games can be played on most game consoles (which is the device it is played on, like the Xbox 360,the PlayStation 3 and the Wii. Many people around the world play this popular game. After "Guitar Hero: Warriors of Rock" did not sell well, Activision (the company that owns the "Guitar Hero" series) stopped making "Guitar Hero" games until 2015. "Guitar Hero Live" came to stores in October of that year.
Horse racing is a sport in which a race is held between racehorses (horses bred for racing). Racehorses are most often thoroughbreds. The Kentucky Derby is a major horserace that is held at Churchill Downs in Louisville, Kentucky every year. The Kentucky Derby is part of the Triple Crown, which includes two other races. Yonkers, New York is a major venue for harness racing. Important races outside the US include Longchamp near Paris, the Dubai Gold Cup and the Melbourne Cup, held every year in Australia on the second Tuesday of November. Heralded as "the race that stops the nation," this one race alone keeps hatmakers in the city of Melbourne in business for an entire year. Every year, during the cup, over 11 million people from Australia and New Zealand tune in to listen to the race, starting at 3:00pm. Racing is also popular in the UK and Ireland. Major races include Ascot, Newmarket and the Grand National. Racing also takes place at Epsom, Chepstow, Goodwood, York, Cheltenham and Punchestown, County Kildare. In the Far East Japan, Hong Kong, Macau and Singapore are major race centres. People often gamble on horse races. They will bet money on a particular horse.  Cheltenham horse racing is a major event in the United Kingdom's horse racing calendar, taking place annually at Cheltenham Racecourse in Gloucestershire. The festival, most famous for the Cheltenham Gold Cup, spans four days in March and features several high-profile races. It attracts the best of British and Irish trained horses and is a significant occasion for racing enthusiasts, combining top-tier competition with a festive atmosphere.