ejaasaari/simplewiki-2025-04-01 huggingface dataset:
Boxer briefs are men's underwear. They are tight like briefs but still have long legs like boxer shorts. They are popular and are worn by lots of teenagers and young men. They are sometimes called retropants, retros or retro shorts. They are are fashionable men's underwear that, unlike boxer shorts, are not cut wide, but rather fit snugly on the skin. That keeps the penis and testicles from moving and bouncing a lot, which some men find uncomfortable. The name retros is used because the cut or style comes from underwear styles from the 1950s or even earlier. Boxer briefs reversed the trend from the 1960s through the 1980s in which the popular cuts (styles) of underwear and swimwear became smaller and smaller, especially for teenagers and younger men.  Boxer briefs are usually made of soft material and can be made in different colours. Some boxer briefs have an opening with buttons on the front. Others just have an elastic waistband and can be pulled on or off like briefs. The waistband is often a separate piece of elastic and is sometimes in a color. Some boxer briefs have elastic at the end of the legs, and stitching across the bottom. Waistband elastics with the brand name in large letters are sometimes worn with pants (trousers) hanging lower on the hips than the elastic so that the brand name is showing. Pants (trousers) that hang lower on the hips than the underwear elastic are called saggers and the style is called sagging or, in some countries, "low-riding". Having the elastic showing was a style some boys, teenagers and young men liked. It started in the late 1980s but sometimes came back into fashion in later decades.  Some looser styles of boxer briefs offer a compromise or middle option between very snug boxer briefs and lightweight, loose-fitting boxer shorts.
was a coming after "Keichō" and before "Kan'ei." This period started in July 1615 and ended in February 1624. During this time, the emperor was . The "nengō" "Genna" means "Commencement of Concord".
Spanking is hitting the buttocks or cheeks or similar of another person to cause them pain as corporal punishment. Spanking usually means hitting the buttocks of another person with an open hand. Some parents spank children and teenagers to punish them.  In some countries, spanking is no longer allowed. But the practice continues elsewhere and a large number of children are still spanked illegally even where spanking is against the law.  Parents often hope that spanking will make the children obey them. Historically and at present, adults have spanked boys more than they have spanked girls. Another motivation for parents to spank their children comes from the Bible. Proverbs 23:13-14 states:  "Don't hesitate to discipline children. A good spanking won't kill them. As a matter of fact, it may save their lives." When a parent spanks their child, they usually strike the child's buttocks with their open hand. Sometimes they use other objects such as a belt or a wooden spoon. At times, the child's buttocks may be clothed. At other times, they may be bare. A parent might spank a child over clothing to preserve the child's privacy. But they might spank on a bare bottom to make the spanking hurt more or to see the impact of the swats. Often the parent makes the child lie across their lap. At other times, a parent might tell a child or teenager to bend over or lie face down across a bed.  Parents spank on the buttocks because there is less chance of physical injury than striking other parts of the body. But slapping hands or applying a switch - a thin flexible stick - to the upper legs are other common means of physical discipline.  When children are asked how they feel when their parents spank them, many say that it makes them feel sad, angry, and afraid. Some young children in the United Kingdom whose parents spanked them said things like, "“it feels like someone banged you with a hammer”" and "“it hurts and it’s painful inside – it’s like breaking your bones”". But other children may feel that spanking helps them to learn right from wrong or atone for
Ragunan Zoo is a 140-hectare (350-acre) zoo in Pasar Minggu, South Jakarta, Indonesia. It was founded in 1864. The zoo has over 295 species of animals, 171 species of flora and 3,122 animal specimens including birds. Ragunan Zoo is a combination of a zoo and park, so it is also known as Ragunan Zoological Park. It holds a lot of Indonesian species such as komodo dragon, orangutan, tapir, anoa, sumatran tiger, Javan Hawk-eagle and various colored birds like the southern cassowary. Other popular animals are sumatran elephant, kangaroo, giraffe, and zebra.
Green chemistry (or sustainable chemistry) is a type of chemical research and engineering. It supports the design of products and processes that use as little dangerous substances as they can.  Environmental chemistry is the chemistry of the natural environment and of pollutant chemicals in nature. But green chemistry wants to reduce and prevent pollution at its source. In 1990, the Pollution Prevention Act was passed in the United States. This law sought original and new ways to handle pollution. It aims to avoid problems before they happen. Green chemistry applies organic chemistry, inorganic chemistry, biochemistry, analytical chemistry and even physical chemistry. While green chemistry seems to focus on just industrial applications, it does apply to any chemistry choice. Green chemists reduce the hazards and increase the efficiency of any chemical choice. It is distinct from environmental chemistry which focuses on chemical phenomena in the environment. The 12 principles of green chemistry. 1. Prevent waste Create products without or with minimal wastes so that the wastes do not need to be taken care of afterwards. 2. Design safer chemicals and products Design chemicals to have little or no toxicity, without affecting effectiveness. 3. Design less hazardous chemical synthesis Design a way of synthesising products without it being toxic to humans or the environment. 4. Use renewable raw materials Use renewable raw materials, like plant materials, other than depleting ones, such as Fossil fuels. 5. Use catalysts, not stoichiometric reagents Use of catalysts because of their ability to be able to be reused and that they are less harmful than reagents. 6. Avoid chemical derivatives Chemical derivatives generate wastes that can be avoided. 7. Maximize atom economy Make sure that a greater percentage of the atoms present in the reactants of a chemical reaction are used in the products that are also usable. 8. Use safer solvents and reaction conditions Avoid using harsh solvents, but if that cannot be avoided, then use benign chemicals. 9. Increase energy efficiency Use the normal ambient temperature and pressure wherever possible. 10. Design for degradation Design materials to breakdown into benign substances by bacterial or other environmentally sound ways. 11. Analyse in real time to prevent pollution Monitor and control the formation of by-products during a reaction. 12. Minimize the potential for accidents Design chemicals to minimize the potential for accidents.
Toastmasters International is a global educational organization which helps to improve English speaking skills and communication. In each club, members are led by the Toastmasters Manual to speak in front of an audience fluently, to think quickly and to react confidently. History. The first Toastmasters club opened on October 22, 1924, at Santa Ana, California, United States by Ralph C. Smedley. It was called Smedley Club Number 1. Today there are over 13,000 clubs in 116 countries. Clubs, meetings and membership. A typical Toastmasters club is made up of 20 - 30 people who gather weekly throughout the year. The club meetings last for about two hours and there are many roles. The meetings generally consist of the following: Anyone age 18 and above and who pays a fee can join the club and improve his/her speaking and communication skills. Roles: Competent Communication Manual. The Competent Communication Manual is a basic manual for Toastmasters. Members follow it to present ten speeches. Each of the ten topics is dedicated to improving one of the speaker’s basic skills. The skills are: After completing all ten speeches the member gets a globally recognized certificate and he/she can continue strengthening his/her skills with the Advanced Communication Manuals.
A memristor, or memory resistor, is described as one of the basic elements (resistor, capacitor, inductor) of electronic circuits, because it can’t be replaced by any combination of these elements.  A memristor can change its resistivity according to the voltage, but even after disconnection it remembers resistivity for unlimited time. It can work like analog memory or a resistive switch, which can have an infinite number of states. History. Professor Leon Chua mathematically described this element in 1971. In 2008 scientists from HP labs described a material that appeared to be a good candidate to construct the hypothetical memristor. How it works. The fourth element can change its conductivity by the voltage, and after power interruption the amount of the resistivity stays the same. No combination of the other three circuit elements can replace a memristor. Only the memristor allows reconfiguring properties so it allows changing a whole electronic circuit. Analogy behaviour is similar to synapses in the brain. Future usage. Memristors have great potential for use in computers. For example, computers today have to boot from hard drives because the data is erased from operating memory immediately after shutting down the computer. The process of booting takes much time and energy. Memristors could be used for loading data quicker because it remembers data even after power interruption. Therefore, Memristors could be used to speed the booting process. The first products using Memristor technology are expected to become available in 2013.
A geostationary orbit (or Geostationary Earth Orbit - GEO) is a type of geosynchronous orbit directly above the Earth's equator (0° latitude). Like all geosynchronous orbits, it has a period (time for one orbit) that is 24 hours. This means it goes around the Earth as fast as the Earth spins, and so it appears to stay above the same spot all the time. A person watching from Earth sees a satellite in a geostationary orbit as not moving, at a steady place in the sky. Satellites in geostationary orbit. Communications satellites and weather satellites often use these orbits, so that the satellite antennas that communicate with them do not have to move to track them. The ground atennas can be pointed permanently at a fixed position in the sky. This is cheaper and easier than having a satellite dish that is always moving to track a satellite. Each one stays above the equator at a set longitude (distance east or west). The idea of a geosynchronous satellite for communication was first published in 1928 (but not widely so) by Herman Potočnik. The idea of a geostationary orbit became well known first in a 1945 paper called "Extra-Terrestrial Relays — Can Rocket Stations Give Worldwide Radio Coverage?" by the British science fiction writer Arthur C. Clarke, published in "Wireless World" magazine. The orbit, which Clarke first described as good for broadcast and relay communications satellites, is sometimes called the Clarke Orbit. Named after the author, the Clarke Belt is this part of space above the Earth - about above sea level, over the equator, where near-geostationary orbits may be implemented. The Clarke Orbit (another name for a geostationary orbit) is about around. Details of the orbit. The satellite orbits in the direction of the Earth's rotation, producing an orbital period equal to the Earth's period of rotation, known as the sidereal day (very nearly 24 hours). The orbit needs to be above the equator. Since all orbits are around the center of the Earth, if it was tipped above the equator (so that the satellite
Weevils are herbivorous beetles. They have a long 'snout' at the front of their head, called a "rostrum". Weevils are a family, the Curculionidae, which may be the largest beetle family, with about 45,000+ named living species. That makes it the largest family in the animal kingdom. In addition, the superfamily Curculionoidea has ten more families of closely related weevil-type beetles. Damaging pests. The family has some pests which damage plants of interest to humans. The most famous weevil is the boll weevil, which ruins cotton crops. The "Ips" genus, feeding on Ponderosa pine, introduces a fungus to the tree. The fungus blocks resin canals, which leaves the weevil free to eat. Resin would normally wash the insects out; it is a defence mechanism. The fungus often kills the tree, and groups of dead trees are a focus for forest fires. In this way the insect is indirectly responsible for serious fires. The maize weevil, "Sitophilus zeamais", is a major pest. It attacks both standing crops and stored cereal products, including wheat, rice, sorghum, oats, barley, rye, buckwheat, peas, and cottonseed. New species. Over 100 new species of weevil have been found on the Indonesian island of Sulawesi.
4D, meaning the common 4 dimensions, is a theoretical concept in mathematics. It has been studied by mathematicians and philosophers since the 18th century. Mathematicians who studied four-dimension space in the 19th century include Möbius, Schläfi, Bernhard Riemann, and Charles Howard Hinton. In geometry, the fourth dimension is related to the other three dimensions of length, width, and depth by imagining another direction through space. Just as the dimension of depth can be added to a square to create a cube, a fourth dimension can be added to a cube to create a tesseract. By analogy, the universe of a 2D (two dimensional) being is a plane, but this plane can be said to be in a 3d space. This means there’s an extra direction the 2d being cannot move in or see. One dimension higher, a 3d space could be in a 4d world, and that 4d world would have a direction that cannot be seen or touched. Like with the 2d case, this is because the new direction is not anywhere in the 3d creature’s 3d space.  Going into theoretical physics, if we look with high energies, we may be able to see higher dimensions that are looped. The LHC and other particle colliders have tried to do that, but haven’t found any extra dimensions. 4D is also an important idea in physics, developed in the 20th century. In physics, it refers to the idea of time as a fourth dimension, added to the (3D) spatial dimensions. Albert Einstein developed the idea of spacetime by connecting space and time together. The difference is that spacetime is not a Euclidean space, but instead is called "Minkowski spacetime", because distances with time are different. 4d also has a new way to turn things, named double rotations. A double rotation is a way to turn all parts of a 4d shape except a single dot. Another completely new thing in 4d related to double rotations are isoclinic rotations, which can turn a 3-sphere kinda like turning a 2d circle. Everywhere on a 3-sphere would move at the same speed, like with the circle.
Profiling is collecting information about someone in order to describe them and/or predict their behaviour and actions. It is often used for criminals or people believed to behaving illegally. More recently used on employees in the work place to improve success Three main types of criminal profiling. A basic profile consists of an all points bulletin (APB). It is a visual description based on eyewitness information.  A psychological profile is created in the absence of eyewitness information, or in addition to, using evidence to create a picture of the suspect and help the police force to understand how the suspect is behaving. Predictive profiling attempts to predict which people might commit crimes in the future. Criminal profiling – criminal profiling is a tool used by police forces to create a picture or idea of a suspect based on eyewitness information and any other evidence they have. Concerns about Profiling. Some people fear profiling is taken too far by police forces and can lead to harassment and arrest based on skin colour, religious beliefs, culture, nation of origin, or any social type or group that can be stereotyped by characteristic behaviour.  Profiling in Business. Behavioural profiling is used in business to help recruit the right person for a job, to understand how to improve morale and to drive down staff turnover, pinpoint who is ready for development and in precisely which areas; and boost people management abilities.
Kula is a traditional trade method that takes place in the Milne Bay Province of Papua New Guinea. The Kula ring. The Kula Exchange takes place on eighteen islands, including the Trobriand Islands, and involves thousands of people. The traders involved travel by canoe over hundreds of miles to exchange their Kula valuables. These valuables can be in the form of red shells that are traded to the North of the Islands, or in the form of white-shell armbands, which travel to the South of the Islands. Therefore creating a ‘ring’ of moving valuables throughout the islands. The terms of trade change in different regions. For example, some traders have to exchange a white armband for a necklace or must trade a red shell for a white shell armband. There are also differences on who can take part in the trading process such as in the Trobriand Islands their chiefs mainly take part in the exchange process, whereas in Dobu, anyone can take part.  Trade relationships. The Kula valuables are mainly traded for social status and recognition in the Island region. The people that an individual trades with become trusted trade partners, creating a strong, potentially life-long relationship between the exchange parties. These relationships need trust to be provided on both sides of the trade and also a mutual agreement of safety and support for each other.  Trade methods. Kula valuables are usually passed on to their trade partners after a certain amount of time, therefore the valuables are always moving around the Kula Ring. The person who originally owned the valuable has full ownership and rights over the item, so he can keep it, sell it or even break it. Every person who therefore receives the item, does not fully own it, as there is always a true owner. This creates a sense of responsibility over how the object is handled by other traders toward the original owner. However, the original owner is sometimes unknown, lost in the Kula Ring. The rules of the Kula. The ability to take part in the Kula Exchange is not immediately given to just anyone. An individual must “buy” into the system by getting involved in lower trade circles than the Kula.  The
In Samoa, androphilic males (males sexually attracted to men) are referred to as fa’afafine. Translated into English, fa’afafine means “"in the manner of a woman".” Most self-identify as fa’afafine, not as men. There are myths outside of Samoa that Fa'afafine are selected to be raised as females when a family does not have enough sons, however evidence shows they are recognised for their feminine behavior early in their lives. Evidence indicates that Fa'afafine are the equivalent to feminine androphilic men in the west (typically these are gay men in western culture). Gender roles. They take on the role of both male and female in the society e.g. teaching, construction and also domestic work. They tend to have sexual intercourse with masculine males, however rarely with another fa’afafine.
Maslenitsa is one of the most popular and cheerful religious holidays in Russia. It originated from pagan times before Russia was converted to Christianity. At first, this holiday was a symbol of the spring solstice but nowadays it is considered a Christian holiday which goes right before the Great Lent. During Maslenitsa people enjoy almost any food, except meat. Usually Maslenitsa lasts for seven days and on the last day of this holiday people burn a doll which is made of branches and straw and dressed in bright clothes. This doll is called “Maslenitsa” and it symbolizes the cold and severe winter. By burning “Maslenitsa” people say goodbye to winter and greet a warm spring. Celebration. Every day of Maslenitsa plays a great role. On Monday people greet the holiday with games such as sledding, snowballs, riding on swings and so on. Russian people believe that happiness and joy which they feel during this day will accompany them throughout a year. On Tuesday people play games and bake pancakes which are called "blini". Blini are the most popular food which is made during this holiday. These pancakes have a round form and symbolize the Sun and warmth. On Wednesday people usually visit their friends and relatives and treat each other with blini. On Thursday by tradition people try to drive away winter by riding on horses around the village or around the places they live. Friday is usually called “Mothers’-in-law evenings” because sons-in-law come to visit their mothers-in-law. On merry Saturday everyone goes to visit their relatives. All people drink and eat as much as they want and play different games. Sunday is the last day of the holiday. It is also called the "Sunday of forgiveness" because on this day everyone asks forgiveness from relatives and friends for offences and mistakes committed against them. The most appropriate answer is “God will forgive”. After that people usually sing songs, dance and at the end of the day they burn the doll. Wedding superstition. Maslenitsa is also considered as a family holiday because spring is a symbol of new life. People who marry during this time are considered as very strong and happy couples who will give a birth to many children. During Maslenitsa some people even “punish” those who did not marry yet by throwing them into snow.
The Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II is a family of single-seat, single-engine, fifth generation multirole Fighter aircraft. It can perform ground attack, reconnaissance, and air defense missions with stealth capability. The F-35 was developed from the Joint Strike Fighter Program. The X-35 made by Lockheed Martin and the F-32 made by Boeing were the two prototypes aircraft that were evaluated in this program. Although both designs exceeded the required metrics the X-35 was seen as superior and was selected to be developed into this new fighter. The development of the F-35 was very controversial. Many people felt like the US Air Force has been spending too much money on the F-35 project, and that the government should halt all development of the project. However in 2011 the F-35 entered production and was formally accepted into the United States air force. It was also introduced at later times to the United States Navy, Marine Corps and Air National Guard. An export model called the F35B was delivered to the royal air force in 2012. Over 148 F35A are operational. Airframes. F-35A - Land Based, Stealth. F-35B-STOVL (Short Takeoff Vertical Landing), Stealth, External Hardpoints (Optional) F-35C - Carrier Based, Stealth, External Hardpoints (Optional)