ejaasaari/simplewiki-2025-04-01 huggingface dataset:
W and Z bosons are a group of elementary particles. They are bosons, meaning they have a spin of 0 or 1. Both had been found in experiments by the year 1983. Together, they are responsible for a force known as "weak force." Weak force is called weak because it is not as strong as the strong force. There are two W bosons with different charges, the normal W+, and its antiparticle, the W –. Z bosons are their own antiparticle. Naming. W bosons are named after the weak force that they are responsible for. Weak force is what physicists believe is responsible for the breaking down of some radioactive elements, in the form of Beta decay. In the late '70s, scientists managed to combine early versions of the weak force with electromagnetism, and called it the electroweak force. Creation of W and Z bosons. W and Z bosons are only known to be created under Beta decay, which is a form of radioactive decay. Beta Decay. Beta decay occurs when there are a lot of neutrons in an atom. Simplified diagram hints that neutron corresponds to one proton and one electron. When there are too many neutrons in one atom nucleus, one neutron will split and form a proton and an electron. The proton stays where it is, and the electron will be launched out of the atom. Resulting Beta radiation is harmful to humans. Weak force is believed to be able to change the flavor of a quark. For example, when it changes a down quark in a neutron into an up quark, the charge of the neutron becomes +1, since it would have the same arrangement of quarks as a proton. The three-quark neutron with a charge of +1 is no longer a neutron after this, as it fulfills all of the requirements to be a proton. Therefore, Beta decay will cause a neutron to become a proton (along with some other end-products). W boson decay. When a quark changes flavor, as it does in Beta decay, it releases a W boson. On average, W bosons only last for 3x10-25 seconds before themselves dec
J/ψ mesons (pronounced jeɪ/saɪ, English jay/sigh) are subatomic particles made of one charm quark and one charm antiquark. Mesons are a family of composite particles which are made of one quark and one antiquark. It was discovered by Burton Richter and Samuel C. C. Ting. The discovery of J/ψ mesons was huge because it revealed the existence of the fourth known quark of the time, the charm quark. J/ψ mesons were used in an attempt to learn more about quark-gluon plasmas, but no conclusive results were found. The name J/ψ comes from the chosen names from the two labs that found them, one of which chose the letter J, while the other chose the Greek letter ψ (psi).
Toxic shock syndrome or TSS is a non-common, deadly infection caused by toxins from bacteria. Toxic shock syndrome is usually caused by "Staphylococcus" bacteria, but it can also be caused by "Streptococcus" bacteria. Symptoms. Symptoms of toxic shock syndrome can show up suddenly. The disease can be very deadly. The symptoms are different when it is caused by different bacteria. When it is caused by "Staphylococcus aureus", the symptoms are generally high fever, low blood pressure, confusion, and malaise. If the disease is not treated, someone with toxic shock syndrome caused by "Staphylococcus aureus" can go into a coma. When toxic shock syndrome is caused by "Streptococcus pyogenes", it usually is a rash that was already there getting worse. People with toxic shock syndrome caused by "Streptococcus pyogenes" have pain where the rash is, then the following symptoms happen very quickly:  The symptoms of toxic shock syndrome include: Causes. Toxic shock syndrome can be caused by many things. The most common reasons are injuries to the skin that allow bacteria to get into the bloodstream, and tampons. Treatment. Many people with toxic shock syndrome have to stay in the hospital. If it is very bad, they might have to go to the intensive care unit. If the reason that they have toxic shock syndrome is because of tampon use, doctors will make sure that they take the tampon out. If the reason that they have toxic shock syndrome is an injury (an abscess or other infection), the injury has to be drained. Antibiotics like cephalosporin, penicillin, and vancomycin are used to stop the bacteria from growing. Clindamycin and gentamicin stop the toxins from being produced. Tampons and toxic shock syndrome. In 1978, Procter and Gamble (a United States company that sells many different products) started selling tampons called Rely. Rely tampons could be left in for a whole menstrual cycle, which is from 2 to 8 days. Women who used Rely tampons sometimes got toxic shock syndrome because of
Charly B (born Charles Blanvillain, 28 September 1981) is a French reggae artist, author, composer, and interpreter, performing internationally. Biography. Early life. Born in Rome, Italy from a family of musicians, he is from French, German and Armenian origins. At the age of 4 he moved to Geneva (Switzerland) where he spendt most of his childhood. Music is then everything to him, and he discovered reggae at the age of 15, when he spent one year in Jamaica at IONA High School, hosted in a Jamaican family, having obtained a scholarship from the American Field Service. Later on, after passing his international baccalaureate, he studied sound techniques at the School of Recording Arts, Canada and at the Sound and Audio Engineering School in Geneva, Switzerland. At the age of 15, he composed his first song. His musical studies in Canada, long stays in Jamaica, and time spent living in France near the Swiss border form his artistic vision. He has been singing with legends of dancehall like Capleton, Kiprich, De Marco and Anthony B. Career. In 2002, at the age of 21, he won the first prize for the best Geneva Singjay In 2003, he wrote a song for the movie Destination Jamaica by George Tait (Jungle George) In 2004, his song "My Queen" appeared in the DVD sold with the Austrian surfers' magazine Methodmag, published in 60,000 copies. In 2005 he won the 1st prize for best Singjay in Switzerland organized by Giddeon Productions Unfortunately, he cannot take advantage of the prize, a concert in Italy, as he is expected in Jamaica that summer, and therefore gives his prize to the number 2 in the competition, Elijah. In 2007, Eliane Dambre from the Ateliers du Funambule sponsored by Michel Fugain, whose studios are based in Nyon, decided to present his candidacy for the Eurovision for Switzerland, against DJ Bobo to represent Switzerland, but his candidacy was too late. In 2009, he won the
Henry &amp; June was a 1990 American movie. It is based on a book by French writer Anaïs Nin. The movie is about Nin's relationship with American writer Henry Miller and his wife June. The movie stars Fred Ward, Uma Thurman, and Maria de Medeiros. It was the first movie to be given the MPAA's rating of NC-17. The movie was released during the autumn of 1990.
John Ford (February 1, 1894 – August 31, 1973) was an American movie director. He is best known as a director of western movies. He was born in Cape Elizabeth, Maine. The Navy. Ford was a soldier in World War II. He served for the United States Navy as the leader of the photography division. On D-day, Ford and his soldiers crossed the English Channel. The soldiers arrived at Omaha Beach and watched the first boats land on the shore. Ford went on to the beach and filmed the battle take place. Directing career. Ford started directing movies in 1917 after he moved to California. His first movies were made during The Silent Era, an era where there was no recorded sound in any movies. In 1956, Ford finished making a popular movie called "The Searchers". The movie starred John Wayne as the hero. "The Searchers" is widely known today for its cultural and historical significance. Death. In the early 1970s, Ford broke his hip and had to be put in a wheelchair. Ford died on August 31, 1973 at his home Palm Desert, California from stomach cancer, aged 79.
is the day before the beginning of Spring in Japan. Custom. Setsubun is a traditional event in Japan and it celebrates the end of winter and the beginning of spring. It takes place on February 2, 3, or 4 and there are a lot of ways to celebrate the day. People take part in a traditional "mame-maki" ceremony. People throw roasted soybeans ("mame") and shout ‘‘"Oni wa Soto Fuku wa Uti"’’(Get out Ogre! Come in Happiness!). After the ceremony, each person eats the number of beans of their year of age in order to get happiness in the coming year. Another traditional custom is putting a head of a sardine and "hiiragi" on the door to get rid of "Oni" (ogre). In addition, people living in the "Kansai" area eat "Nori Maki" (a special "sushi" roll) while facing the ‘’lucky direction’’ and not saying a word . Origin. Setsubun means “division of the seasons” in the literal sense. In ancient times the beginning of each season was called Setsubun. On the Setsubun day, various rituals were conducted to drive away devil’s sprits. Nowadays, however, Setsubun only refers to "Risshun" (beginning of spring) because the day is the most important than the other Setsubun day since the day is a new year’s day in lunar calendar.It is said that both of beans and rice have spiritual power in it, and to throw these things is a good way to drive demons from our own and our house. People used to throw rice in ancient time, but people started to throw beans instead of rice since Chinese folkway was introduced. Since then, people throw beans to drive demons on Setsubun day. As we said above, people usually eat an "Ehomaki", which is a kind of "makizushi", on Setsubun. "Makizushi" means “call over happiness”. It is usually eaten without being cut because if it is cut, it implies “break up”. People
The Komodo National Park is a national park in Indonesia. It is on several islands in the Lesser Sunda Islands. The park is in the area between the East Nusa Tenggara and West Nusa Tenggara provinces. The park includes three larger islands: Komodo, Padar and Rincah. It also includes 26 smaller ones for a total area of 1,733 km² (603 km² of it land). The national park was founded in 1980 to protect the Komodo dragon. This animal is the world's largest lizard. Later it began protecting other species, including some in the ocean. In 1991 the national park was named a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Geography and climate. The park is spread over several islands. It includes part of western coast of Flores, the three larger islands of Komodo, Padar, Rincah, and 26 smaller islands. It also includes ocean areas such as the Sape Straights. The islands of the national park are volcanic. The land is generally rugged, with some rounded hills to 735m. The climate is one of the driest of Indonesia. Each year between 800mm and 1000mm of rain falls in the park area. Temperatures in the dry season from May to October are around 40 °C. Plants and animals. The Park is hot and dry. There are many savannah plants that make it a good place for the Komodo dragon. Cloud forests are in only a few areas above 500 metres. These forests are good places for some local plants. There are mangrove forests in some of the quiet bays of the three larger islands. Large and complex coral reefs are along the north-east coast of Komodo. The park has many animals that live in the ocean, including whale sharks, ocean sunfish, manta rays, eagle rays, pygmy seahorse, false pipefish, clown frogfish, nudibranchs, blue-ringed octopus, sponges, tunicates, and coral. Conservation. The island of Padar and part of Rinca were made nature reserves in 1938. Komodo Island became a nature
is a noodle from Yamanashi, Japan. It is made by stewing flat udon noodles and vegetables in miso soup. Though "hōtō" is a type of "udon", locals do not consider it to be an "udon" dish because the dough is prepared like dumplings rather than noodles.  Hoto of other prefectures. The adjoining prefectures, Nagano, Shizuoka and Gunma have similar noodle dishes with soy sauce. They are called "Okkirikomi", "Niboutou" etc. More recently, such Hoto culture has been promoted to encourage profit from tourism. History. There are many different stories about the history of Hoto. In the old days, in Yamanashi, rice fields were replaced by mulberry fields, to grow silkworms. Then, cultivation of wheat become popular and dishes which use flour developed. In all of the dishes, Hoto was economical because it used many vegetables and stock. Also, its taste was good. Therefore, Hoto spread throughout Yamanashi. How to cook. First, knead flour with a little water in a bowl. Then spread the dough with a stick. Fold the dough and cut widely. You do not need to let it sit, or add salt. Nowadays, you can buy Hoto noodles around Yamanashi prefecture. The soup tastes like soybean paste. Adding pumpkin paste into the soup is popular. The stock is made from dried small sardines. The main ingredient is vegetables. In summer, leeks, onions, potatoes and so on are used. In winter, pumpkins, taro, carrots, napa cabbage and so on are used. Sometimes pork or chicken are used.
A pion, π meson, or pi meson is a type of meson, made of one up quark (u) and one down antiquark (d̅). Mesons are a category of subatomic particles, which are composed of one quark, and one antiquark.  There are six types of quarks (called "flavours") but only two "flavours" go together to make a pion. These flavours are called up and down. Quarks have charge, so two quarks of the same flavour (both up or both down) make a neutral pion. But when the two quarks have different flavours (up and down), the pion will have a charge. This charge is positive when an up quark pairs with a down antiquark. The charge is negative when a down quark pairs with an up antiquark. Pions do not exist for a long time. (On average, charged pions exist for around 26 nanoseconds; neutral pions last a tiny fraction of this). Pions are significant to our lives because they are one of the ways for strong force interactions to take place between nucleons like the protons and neutrons of ordinary matter. These interactions hold the nucleus together. Pions are the lightest hadrons (particles made up of quarks) and pions with a positive or negative charge are the mesons with the longest "mean lifetime" (the average time that passes before they "decay" into leptons). Three Types of Pions. The three types of pion have the Greek letter pi in their symbols:  π+ for the positively charged pion π– for the negatively charged pion, and  π0 for the neutral pion.  The (superscript) +, –, or 0 simply refers to the (electromagnetic) charge of the pion. Up quarks have a charge of + and down antiquarks have a charge of +, so π+ has charge of +1 (like a proton). Antiparticles have charge opposite to their particles, so up antiquarks have a charge of − and down quarks have a charge of −. This means
Labyrinthodont is a term which was used for fossil amphibia. Although it is no longer a formal term in taxonomy, it is still useful as an evolutionary grade, a kind of catch-all term. "Labyrinth" mean a maze and "dont" means tooth. Labyrinthodonts are often called Temnospondyls. The Labyrinthodontia is not a clade, because it is not monophyletic. It has been replaced in the classification by more correct terms. The labyrithodonts were some of the dominant animals from the Devonian to the Lower Triassic (about 390 to 210 million years ago). The group is an evolutionary grade (a polyphyletic or paraphyletic group) of species which look rather similar. The name describes the pattern of infolding of the dentine and enamel of the teeth, which often fossilise. They are also have a heavily armoured skull roof (so they also have an even older name "Stegocephalia"), and complex vertebrae. Characteristics. The labyrinthodonts flourished for more than 200 million years. Although there was much variation, these traits make their fossils distinct and easy to recognise: Fishapods. Early tetropods are now classified as lobe-finned fish (Sarcopterygii). This is because we now know they were aquatic when the limbs first evolved (see Tetrapod). The informal term "fishapods" is often used for this group of Devonian animals. A more formal term, used by Clack, is "stem-group tetrapods".
Puntland is an Autonomous state of Somalia in the Horn of Africa. Officially it is called the Puntland State of Somalia. Its capital is Garowe. To the east of Puntland is Khatumo. To the south is Galmudug. The economy is centered around the city of Bosaso. Livestock, fishing, and frankincense are major businesses. The province covers about a third of Somalia, and about a third of the population of Somalia live there. Puntlanders want some degree of autonomy, but Puntlanders also want to stay within Somalia, and find a solution for the whole country.  Although it is a federal state, Puntland politicians often call themselves a government. The people inside Puntland are called Puntites or Puntlanders. The area of Puntland is part of the areas of Waqooyi meaning north or Bari meaning east. The president is usually of the Majeerteen clan and the vice-president is usually of the reer darawiish tribe. Puntland plans to introduce regional currency in 2025.
Frauzio was a comic book Brazil floor monthly, created in 2001 by Marcatti distributed by Publisher SCALE. Was launched with a circulation of 30 thousand copies and distributed at newsstands around the Brazil, became the first magazine underground to be published in an industrial scale worldwide. In 2003, published four editions of the magazine Misadventures of Frauzio by Publisher PRO-C. In the same year the album special edition is published by Frauzio Opera Graphica. The book, under the titleQuestion of paternity, brings a Frauzio adventure inspired by the book Lolita of Nabokov.
Daddy G, (born Grantley Evan Marshall, , Bristol, UK), is an English musician and a founding member of the band, Massive Attack. Music. Marshall joined the Bristol music scene as a member of the DJ group The Wild Bunch in the 1980s, which included two other Massive Attack members, Robert Del Naja and Andrew Vowles. In 1986, The Wild Bunch dissolved. Del Naja, Vowles, and Marshall then formed the trip-hop group Massive Attack, which is considered to have pioneered the "Bristol Sound" along with Portishead and Tricky. In addition to appearing on Massive Attack's albums, Marshall has also mixed a for the "DJ-Kicks" mix series.
Tau (τ) leptons (aka tauons, tau particle) are one of the very small elementary particles. This means that they are believed to be so small that they can not be divided any more. Tau leptons can be thought of as very heavy electrons, as they are both leptons. This is because they have about 3,500 times as much mass as electrons, and about 17 times as much mass as muons. Since they only live for 2.9x10–13 seconds, they do not have a significant role in the regular world. However, they are very important in the decay of subatomic matter. Like the other two basic leptons, tauons have a neutrino named after them (the tau neutrino). Tau have a charge of -1, and can be written as τ–. Since antimatter has the opposite of charge of regular matter, anti-tauons have a charge of +1, and can be written as τ+. Tauons themselves are unstable, and can decay. Also, τ+ and τ– can annihilate each other in a form of decay. When a single tauon decays, it is the only lepton that can decay into hadrons (things made of quarks). τ+ and τ– can be formed by an electron-positron (antielectron) pair combining. The two tauons then decay into an electron and a positron or a muon and an antimuon, and four of the various neutrinos. However, a single tauon decays differently than a tauon and an antitauon. A τ– will quickly decay into a tau neutrino and a W boson. The W boson will exist for 3x10–25 seconds, before it decays into an electron and an electron antineutrino, a muon and a muon antineutrino, or a down quark and an up antiquark.
Thallium(I) bromide, also known as thallous bromide, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is TlBr. It has thallium and bromide ions in it. The thallium is in its +1 oxidation state. Properties. Thallium(I) bromide is a yellow-white solid. It is similar to silver bromide. It gets darker when light shines on it. It is very toxic, like all thallium compounds. It does not dissolve in water. Preparation. Thallium(I) bromide is made by reacting thallium and bromine or by reacting sodium or potassium bromide with any thallium compound. Uses. It is used in semiconductors and gamma ray and X-ray detectors.
Thallium(III) hydroxide, also known as thallic hydroxide, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is Tl(OH)3. It has thallium and hydroxide ions in it. The thallium is in its +3 oxidation state. Properties. Thallium(III) hydroxide is a weak base. It is a white solid. It is highly toxic. It is also an oxidizing agent. It breaks down to thallium(III) oxide when heated. If it is heated more, it breaks down to oxygen and thallium(I) oxide.
Julian Paul Assange (born 3 July 1971) is an Australian computer programmer, publisher and journalist.  In June 2024, he was released from the British justice system; He was put on an airplane. He went to the island of Saipan (in the Pacific Ocean). He stood in front of a judge in the "District Court for the Northern Mariana Islands", and was released. He came (back) to Australia in June. He is a spokesman and editor-in-chief of WikiLeaks, which is a website that posts news leaks. He started the website in 2006. He was born in Townsville, Queensland. He also made a program called Rubberhose (file system) to hide secret information in a specific way that protects against torture. Assange was the Readers' Choice for Time Person of the Year in 2010 after getting the most Internet votes.  Time in Britain (2012–2024). In 2012, facing extradition to Sweden, he took refuge at the Embassy of Ecuador in London and was granted political asylum by Ecuador. On 11 January 2018, it was announced that Assange had held Ecuadorian citizenship since 12 December 2017. Ecuadorian President Lenín Moreno said on 27 July 2018 that he had begun talks with British authorities to withdraw the asylum for Assange. On 11 April 2019, Ecuador withdrew Assange's asylum and he was arrested by the Metropolitan Police shortly afterwards. His lawyers said they will fight extradition to the United States. In November 2019, it was reported that Assange is in bad health, has depression and "could die in prison" if not hospitalised. As of 2024's second quarter, Assange's extradition case [was still] under appeal, in the British justice system. Earlier (4 February 2020), the extradition to the United States hearing (a pre-trial discussion in a court) for Assange began in London. On 26 March 2024, London’s High Court gave "the U.S. government three weeks to provide "satisfactory assurances" Assange will receive a fair trial; have his first amendment free speech rights protected; and will not face the death penalty if he is extradited from the U.K. to the United States". In June 2024, he was released from the British justice system; He was put on an airplane that went to Saipan (in the Pacific Ocean).