ejaasaari/simplewiki-2025-04-01 huggingface dataset:
The Grand and General Council () is the unicameral legislative body of the Republic of San Marino. It is one of the oldest parliamentary bodies in the world, dating back to its establishment in 1243. The Council consists of 60 members who are elected by the citizens of San Marino every five years through proportional representation. Composition and structure. The Grand and General Council is made up of 60 members elected through proportional representation. Members are elected for a five-year term, with the aim of representing the interests of the citizens in the governance of the republic. The council is responsible for enacting laws, approving the budget, and overseeing the administration of the government. The Council operates under a multi-party system, with members from various political factions representing the diverse interests of San Marino’s population. Leadership. The Grand and General Council is presided over by two Captains Regent ("Capitani Reggenti"), who are appointed as the heads of state and serve a six-month term. The Captains Regent are responsible for ensuring that the council functions smoothly and that the legislative process is upheld in accordance with San Marino’s constitutional principles. The current Captains Regent are Filippo Tamagnini and Gaetano Troina, who assumed office on April 1, 2023. Election system. Members of the Grand and General Council are elected through a system of proportional representation, which ensures fair representation for multiple political parties. Elections are held every five years, with citizens voting for representatives who align with their political preferences. This proportional representation system allows for a multi-party system within the Council, fostering a diversity of perspectives in the legislative process. Historical background. The origins of the Grand and General Council date back to the early 13th century, with its establishment traditionally traced to 1243. As one of the oldest legislative bodies in the world, the Council has played a central role in preserving San Marino’s independence and democratic values. Over the centuries, the council has evolved to adapt to the changing political landscape while maintaining its commitment to democratic governance and the sovereignty of San Marino. Location. The Grand and General Council meets at the Palazzo Pubblico, the historic town hall located in the City of San Marino. The Palazzo Pubblico is a symbol of the republic’s independence and houses various government offices, including the meeting chambers of the council.
The Constitution of San Marino consists of a series of legal documents and statutes developed over centuries. It forms the legal and political foundation of the Republic of San Marino. It is regarded as one of the world’s oldest constitutions still in effect. The foundational document, known as the "Statutes of 1600," codifies various laws and principles that are essential to the governance of the republic, some of which date back to as early as the 13th century. Historical background. The development of San Marino’s constitution began in the 13th century when the republic started formalizing its governance through a series of statutes and laws. The primary legal document, known as the "Statutes of 1600," was ratified as a comprehensive framework to govern the republic. These statutes outlined San Marino’s commitment to independence, justice, and democratic values, principles that continue to guide the country’s governance today. San Marino’s constitution has evolved through amendments and additional laws, but its core principles remain rooted in historical statutes. This legal continuity is seen as one of the reasons behind the country’s political stability and independence.
The Guarantors' Panel on the Constitutionality of Rules (Italian: "Collegio Garante della Costituzionalità delle Norme") is the constitutional court of the Republic of San Marino. Established in 2002, this judicial body is tasked with overseeing the constitutionality of laws and regulations to ensure they align with the constitutional principles of San Marino. History. The Guarantors' Panel on the Constitutionality of Rules was established in 2002, following constitutional reforms aimed at enhancing the judicial oversight within San Marino. Prior to this, there was no dedicated court to review the constitutionality of the legislation in San Marino. Structure and function. The Guarantors' Panel is composed of judges appointed by the Grand and General Council of San Marino. The panel serves as the guardian of constitutional legality, with the authority to review laws, decrees, and regulations to ensure compliance with the Constitution of San Marino. Its rulings are binding and cannot be appealed, making it the final arbiter on matters of constitutional law in San Marino. Notable cases. The Guarantors' Panel has ruled on several landmark cases, setting important precedents in constitutional law. These decisions have reinforced the rights of individuals and clarified the boundaries of government powers under the Constitution.
The Politics of San Marino takes place within the framework of a unitary, parliamentary republic that emphasizes both democratic representation and a unique dual head of state system. The Republic of San Marino, one of the world’s oldest republics, maintains a strong commitment to its democratic traditions through its distinctive institutions and practices. Government structure. San Marino’s government is structured around three branches: the executive, legislative, and judiciary, which function within a constitutional framework that blends both written and customary laws. Executive branch. The executive power is vested in the "Congress of State", which serves as the government of San Marino. The Congress of State is responsible for implementing laws, managing public policy, and overseeing administrative functions. It is led by a group of secretaries who manage different portfolios, including foreign affairs, finance, and health. Captains Regent. The "Captains Regent" serve as the dual heads of state in San Marino. Elected every six months by the Grand and General Council, the Captains Regent are responsible for representing San Marino and presiding over government meetings. This practice dates back to the medieval period and symbolizes San Marino's longstanding tradition of shared leadership. Legislative branch. The "Grand and General Council" is San Marino’s unicameral legislature. Composed of 60 members elected through proportional representation, the council holds legislative power, approves the budget, and has the authority to enact laws. It also appoints the Captains Regent, who serve as the ceremonial heads of state. The council members serve five-year terms and represent various political parties in San Marino. Judiciary. San Marino’s judiciary operates independently of the executive and legislative branches. The legal system is partially derived from customary law, but it has been modernized over the years. The "Guarantors' Panel on the Constitutionality of Rules" acts as the constitutional court, ensuring that all laws comply with the constitutional principles of San Marino. The judiciary also includes a network of lower courts that address civil and criminal matters. Political parties and elections. San Marino has a multi-party system characterized by coalition governments. Elections to the Grand and General Council are held every five years, and members are elected through a proportional representation system. The largest parties include the
A flying inflatable boat is a light craft consisting of an inflatable boat with a self-propelled delta wing. These boats, also called zodiacs, use inflatable rubber tubes for buoyancy and are very popular for their ease of transport and storage, as well as their versatility in different bodies of water. Characteristics. Motorized Hang Glider. The most recent innovation in inflatable boat design is the incorporation of a delta wing, allowing the boat to fly. This flying craft is capable of combining aquatic navigation with flight, significantly expanding its capabilities and applications. Safety and Regulations. Like any air or water vehicle, these vessels require proper training for safe operation. In addition, they must comply with national and international regulations for navigation and aviation.  Detected cases in the Canary Islands. Recently, the Civil Guard in the Canary Islands has detected several cases of inflatable boats with flight capacity that are not approved in Spain. These vessels, although innovative, present significant risks if not used correctly and do not comply with established safety regulations.
Numitor Silvius was a legendary king of Alba Longa, an ancient city in central Italy and an ancestor of the founders of Rome, Romulus and Remus. He was known for his just rule and is celebrated in Roman mythology as the grandfather of the legendary twins who went on to establish Rome. Numitor was the eldest son of Procas, who reigned before him as king of Alba Longa. Life and reign. Numitor inherited the throne of Alba Longa from his father, Procas. His reign, however, was disrupted by his younger brother, Amulius, who seized the throne in a violent coup. Amulius sought to ensure his power by forcing Numitor's daughter, Rhea Silvia, into becoming a Vestal Virgin, which would prevent her from bearing any children who might challenge his rule. Despite this, Rhea Silvia gave birth to the twins Romulus and Remus, fathered by the god Mars, according to legend. Deposition by Amulius. After taking control, Amulius feared that any descendants of Numitor might reclaim the throne. To eliminate any potential threat, he ordered that Romulus and Remus be abandoned in the Tiber River. The twins, however, were miraculously saved and raised by a she-wolf ("lupa") and later by a shepherd named Faustulus. When they grew older and learned of their royal heritage, Romulus and Remus gathered support, overthrew Amulius, and restored Numitor to the throne. Restoration and legacy. Numitor’s reign was restored following the defeat of Amulius by Romulus and Remus. Numitor’s support and blessings were instrumental in the establishment of Rome. Romulus, with Numitor's approval, went on to found the city of Rome, marking the beginning of Roman civilization. Numitor’s legacy continued through the founding of Rome, with his descendants considered among the city's first royal lineage. Mythological significance. Numitor's story represents themes of loyalty, justice, and divine destiny, as he is seen as a rightful king restored to power through his grandsons. His lineage ties the origins of Rome to the ancient kings of Al
Amulius was a mythological king of Alba Longa, known for his role in the story of Romulus and Remus, the legendary founders of Rome. He was the younger son of Procas, the king of Alba Longa, and is infamous for his usurpation of the throne from his elder brother, Numitor, and for his attempt to prevent the birth of future claimants to the throne. Background and usurpation of the throne. Amulius was born into the royal family of Alba Longa, part of the line descended from Aeneas, the Trojan hero. Upon the death of Procas, the kingship was meant to pass to the elder son, Numitor, but Amulius seized the throne by force. He exiled Numitor and took control of the kingdom. To prevent Numitor’s line from challenging his rule, he took drastic measures to eliminate any heirs. Rhea Silvia and the birth of Romulus and Remus. Amulius feared that any descendants of Numitor might one day attempt to reclaim the throne. To ensure this, he forced Numitor’s daughter, Rhea Silvia, to become a Vestal Virgin, which legally required her to remain celibate and childless. However, according to myth, Rhea Silvia was visited by the god Mars and bore twin sons, Romulus and Remus. When Amulius learned of the birth of Romulus and Remus, he ordered the infants to be thrown into the Tiber River, hoping to eliminate any threat to his rule. However, the twins survived and were eventually raised by a she-wolf ("lupa") and later by a shepherd named Faustulus. Downfall and death. As young men, Romulus and Remus learned of their true heritage and gathered a band of supporters. They attacked Alba Longa, overthrew Amulius, and restored their grandfather Numitor to the throne. In most versions of the myth, Amulius was killed during the uprising, bringing his rule to a violent end. Legacy and role in Roman mythology. Amulius’s story is central to the myth of Rome’s founding, embodying themes of
Makoto Nagao (October 4, 1936 – May 23, 2021) was a Japanese computer scientist. He worked in machine translation, natural language processing (NLP), and digital libraries. Early life and education. Nagao was born in Mie Prefecture, Japan. He studied at Kyoto University. Career. Nagao worked on machine translation, which helps computers change text from one language to another. He also worked on NLP, which helps computers understand human language. He made tools like KNP and Juman for the Japanese language. Nagao also worked on image processing and pattern recognition. Nagao was the 23rd president of Kyoto University from 1997 to 2003. He was the director of the National Diet Library from 2007 to 2012. Awards. Nagao received many awards, including: Legacy. Nagao's work in computer science, especially in machine translation and NLP, has had a lasting impact. He mentored many students who became notable in the field.
Alba Longa was a legendary ancient city in Latium, central Italy, traditionally located in the Alban Hills southeast of Rome. According to Roman mythology, it was the birthplace of the twins Romulus and Remus, the founders of Rome, and was established by Ascanius, the son of the Trojan hero Aeneas. Foundation and mythological origins. Alba Longa is said to have been founded by Ascanius, who led a group of Trojan exiles to Latium after the fall of Troy. According to Roman myth, Ascanius founded Alba Longa to establish a long-term settlement for his people after initially living in Lavinium. The city was located on the ridge of the Alban Hills, which provided a strategic and defensible position. Tradition holds that Alba Longa was the mother city of Rome, with a line of kings who descended from Ascanius. Among these rulers were Procas, Numitor, and Amulius, with the latter's tyrannical rule leading to the birth of Rome's founders, Romulus and Remus. Historical background. While the city's exact historical reality is uncertain, Alba Longa was likely a significant Latin settlement in the Iron Age. Archaeological evidence from the Alban Hills indicates the presence of a Latin community with religious and cultural practices that later influenced Rome. Historians believe that the city may have been part of a loose confederation of Latin tribes. Alba Longa is also considered to have been the primary city among the Latin League, a federation of Latin communities that united for religious and military purposes. Over time, Rome grew in power, and according to legend, eventually destroyed Alba Longa, absorbing its people and traditions into Rome. Destruction and absorption into Rome. According to the historian Livy, Rome destroyed Alba Longa in the 7th century BC during the reign of Tullus Hostilius, the third king of Rome. Tullus sought to consolidate Roman control over Latium, and Alba Longa was a natural rival. Following Alba’s destruction, its people were reportedly relocated to Rome, where they contributed to the Roman population and brought religious and cultural traditions, particularly the worship of
The Alban Hills (Latin: "Albanus Mons") are a group of volcanic hills located about 20 kilometers southeast of Rome, in the region of Latium, central Italy. This area, known for its rich history and natural beauty, was considered a sacred location in Ancient Rome, home to significant religious sites and settlements. The ancient city of Alba Longa, a significant Latin settlement, was traditionally located in the Alban Hills. Geology. The Alban Hills are part of a dormant volcanic complex that formed approximately 600,000 years ago. It is composed of several volcanic peaks, with Monte Cavo being the highest at 949 meters. Though currently inactive, the complex last erupted around 5,000 years ago. The volcanic activity created fertile soil, making the region ideal for agriculture, and contributing to its importance in ancient Latium. The Alban Hills region features calderas that have filled with water over time, forming lakes such as Lake Albano and Lake Nemi, which are popular for recreation and scenic beauty. Historical and cultural significance. The Alban Hills were historically significant as the center of the ancient Latin League, a confederation of Latin cities. The annual festival of the Latin League, known as the "feriae Latinae", was held on the Alban Mount, a central peak where the Latin people gathered to worship Jupiter Latiaris and celebrate their shared heritage. The region is also associated with the legendary city of Alba Longa, considered the mother city of Rome. According to myth, Romulus and Remus, founders of Rome, descended from the kings of Alba Longa. During the Roman Republic and Roman Empire, the Alban Hills remained a religious and cultural center. Roman elites built villas here to escape the heat of Rome, attracted by the area’s cooler climate, scenic landscapes, and proximity to the capital. Emperor Domitian even constructed an imperial villa in the region, and remains of ancient Roman roads and villas are still visible today. Modern significance. Today, the Alban Hills are a popular tourist destination, known for their natural beauty, historic towns, and cultural heritage. The area includes several charming hill towns such as Castel Gandolfo, which serves as the summer residence of the Pope, Frascati, and Nemi. The region is also famous for its vineyards and winemaking traditions, especially the production of Frascati wine.
The Castelli Romani ("Roman Castles") refers to a group of picturesque hill towns located in the Alban Hills, southeast of Rome in the region of Lazio, Italy. Known for their scenic landscapes, historical significance, and culinary traditions, the Castelli Romani towns have long been a favorite retreat for Romans looking to escape the heat and bustle of the city. Today, the area is popular with both local and international tourists for its rich cultural heritage, wines, and festivals. Geography. The Castelli Romani area is situated on the slopes of the volcanic Alban Hills, an ancient volcanic complex. The area is dotted with small towns and lakes, including Lake Albano and Lake Nemi, which are remnants of volcanic craters. The region's elevation and fertile volcanic soil make it suitable for vineyards, olive groves, and orchards, contributing to its reputation for high-quality wine and food. History. The Castelli Romani towns have ancient origins, with settlements dating back to the Latins, the early Italic tribes who were later incorporated into the Roman Republic. The area was historically significant as the center of the Latin League and the location of religious festivals dedicated to Jupiter at Monte Cavo. Over the centuries, the Alban Hills became a retreat for Roman elites, who built villas and estates there. During the Middle Ages, many of these towns were fortified by noble families and came to be known as "castelli" (castles), a term that reflects their defensive structures. By the Renaissance, these towns became popular among wealthy Romans and popes, who established summer residences there to escape the hot climate of Rome.  Wine and cuisine. The Castelli Romani area is renowned for its culinary traditions and winemaking, particularly the production of white wines such as Frascati. The area's volcanic soil and temperate climate make it ideal for vineyards, producing wines that are enjoyed both locally and abroad. Many towns hold annual food festivals celebrating local products, with Marino's famous grape festival drawing large crowds each October. Tourism and culture. The Castelli Romani has long been a popular tourist destination for its natural beauty, historical sites, and culinary offerings. The area features numerous trails, parks
Frascati is a historic white wine from the Lazio region in Italy, specifically produced in the Castelli Romani area around the town of Frascati. Known for its light, refreshing taste, Frascati has been popular since Ancient Rome and is one of Italy's most iconic wines. The wine achieved DOC status in 1966 and was elevated to DOCG status in 2011 for select varieties. Frascati is primarily enjoyed as a dry white wine but is also produced in sweet and sparkling versions. History. The Frascati area has a long tradition of winemaking, with origins tracing back to ancient Rome. Roman writers such as Pliny the Elder and Horace mentioned the wines of the Alban Hills, which were enjoyed by emperors and the elite. During the Middle Ages and Renaissance, Frascati continued to be celebrated for its wine. Its proximity to Rome made it a convenient and popular choice for the papal court and nobility, who established villas in the area. Tasting notes. Frascati is known for its light, crisp taste with notes of citrus, green apple, and subtle floral undertones. The wine’s minerality reflects the volcanic soil of the Castelli Romani, and it has a mild acidity that makes it refreshing, especially when served chilled. The DOCG "Superiore" version tends to have more body and complexity, suitable for aging. Serving and pairing. Frascati is best served young and chilled. It is a versatile wine that pairs well with Mediterranean cuisine, especially pasta dishes, seafood, and light appetizers. In the Lazio region, it is traditionally paired with local dishes like "porchetta" (roast pork) and "spaghetti alla carbonara". Frascati’s lightness and acidity also make it suitable as an aperitif. Cultural significance. Frascati holds a special place in Italian culture and history. The wine is celebrated each year at the "Sagra del Vino" (Wine Festival) in Frascati, attracting visitors from around the world. It has also been a traditional choice for the Roman nobility and the Catholic clergy.
A digital library (also called an online library or an internet library) is a place where digital objects are kept. These objects can be text, images, audio, video, or other digital media. Digital libraries can be accessed through the internet. History. The idea of digital libraries has roots in the 1960s and 1970s, when early efforts were made to digitize library collections and make them accessible electronically. The term "digital library" was popularized by the NSF/DARPA/NASA Digital Libraries Initiative in 1994. Features. Digital libraries store digital content. This content can be digitized (scanned from physical items) or created digitally. They help people find and use information easily. Digital libraries can be very large or small and can be managed by individuals or organizations. Examples. Some well-known digital libraries are: Benefits. Digital libraries have many benefits: Challenges. Digital libraries also face challenges:
Govia Thameslink Railway is a train operating company in the United Kingdom. They operate the Thameslink, Great Northern, Southern, and Gatwick Express brands. Thameslink and Great Northern services. Thameslink services. &lt;section end="service-table-off-peak" /&gt; Great Northern services. &lt;section begin="service-table"/&gt; The Great Northern services as of June 2024 are: &lt;section end="service-table"/&gt; Southern and Gatwick Express services. As of May 2023, the Monday-Saturday services are: On Sundays, Gatwick Express operates a half-hourly shuttle service between London Victoria and Gatwick Airport only. &lt;section end="service-table" /&gt; Southern services. &lt;section begin=service-table/&gt; The services as of June 2024 are: &lt;section end=service-table/&gt; Rolling stock. Future fleet. On 12 March 2024 it was announced that Great Northern would lease the full 30-unit fleet of Class 379 units. Past fleet. Former units operated by Thameslink, Southern and Great Northern include: