ejaasaari/simplewiki-2025-04-01 huggingface dataset:
Kumho Tire Co. v. Carmichael is a 1999 United States Supreme Court case. It applied the "Daubert" standard to expert testimony from non-scientists. Facts of the case. Patrick Carmichael was driving his minivan on July 6, 1993, when the right rear tire blew out. One of the passengers in the vehicle died, and others were severely injured. Three months later, the Carmichaels sued the manufacturer of the tire, claiming that the tire was defective and the defect caused the accident. The Carmichaels' case rested largely on testimony from a tire failure expert. The tire failure expert relied on features of tire technology that the manufacturer did not dispute, as well as background facts about the particular tire on the Carmichaels' van. The expert's conclusion that a defect in the tire caused the accident rested on certain observations about the tire that Kumho Tire vigorously disputed. Kumho also disagreed with certain aspects of the tire expert's methodology, and asked the federal district court hearing the case to exclude it under Rule 702 of the Federal Rules of Evidence. The district court took its cue from Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, which had given power for trial judges in admitting expert testimony. Under Daubert, certain factors contribute to the reliability, and hence the admissibility, of expert testimony, one of which is the general validity of the expert's methods. The district court found the tire expert's methods not to be scientifically valid, and hence excluded his testimony. This meant that Kumho Tire would prevail. The Carmichaels appealed to the Eleventh Circuit. The Eleventh Circuit reversed the district court's ruling in favor of Kumho Tire. It reasoned that Daubert was expressly limited only to scientific expert testimony and did not apply to "skill- or experience-based observation." The tire expert's testimony rested on observation and experience, and so the Eleventh Circuit reasoned the district court should have made a different ruling based on Rule 702 without the Daubert gloss. Kumho Tire asked the Supreme Court to review whether Daubert applied solely to scientific evidence.
Silesia (; ; ; Silesian: "Ślůnsk") is a historical region of Poland. From 1742 to 1945, it was a province in the east of Prussia and later Germany. In 1945, all of Poland was occupied by the Soviet Red Army. In the following years, the communist occupant enacted laws that in effect chased away all of the remaining owners. Geography. Silesia is along the upper and middle Oder River, upper Vistula River, and along the Sudetes and the Carpathian Mountains. The highest point of Silesia is the Śnieżka, in the Sudetes. Cities. Here is a list of cities in Silesia with a population of over 20,000 in 2015: Famous people. There are many famous people who were born in Silesia:
Levon Mkrtchyan, (, ; born 25 February 1953, in Gyumri) is an Armenian movie director known for his documentaries "The Muses", "Paruyr Sevag", "Hovhannes Shiraz", "Mashtoc", "And There Was Light", "A Transcript for Independence", and many more.  He studied in the Directing Department of the Yerevan Fine Arts and Theater Institute. In 1978, he released his debut short movie "The Muses". In 1984, he graduated from the Directing Department of VGIK in Moscow. Since 1978, he has shot thirty-three documentaries. He filmed and has an incredible archive about well known Armenians, including the only film footage on Hovhannes Shiraz, incredible footage on Charles Aznavour visiting Armenia after the 1988 earthquake, the funeral of William Saroyan. Levon Mkrtchyan continues his contribution to the Armenian people by making more documentaries about the well known Armenians.1993 The Armenian Kingdom of Kilikia Footage includes the President of France - Francois Mitterand The President of Armenia - Levon Ter-Petrosyan.  “Hayk” Studio of Documental movies is currently working on a documentary about William Saroyan, dedicated to the renowned Armenian American writer’s 100th Anniversary.  The director of the movie is Levon Mkrtchyan, an accomplished and famous Armenian movie director who is known for his biographical documentaries about people who have had a great impact in the history of the Armenian nation (Jansem, Hovhannes Shiraz, Davit Anhaght, "My Komitas"). The filming will take place in the United States where William Saroyan was born and has lived most of his life. Additional filming will take place in France, Turkey, Russia and Armenia. Mr. Mkrtchyan already has an original footage from William Saroyan’s funeral ceremony which has taken place in Armenia. The narration of the movie is going to be offered to Al Pacino. “Hayk” Studio of Documental movies will collaborate with producers in the United States, to bring
Galicia or Galiza is a nationality in Spain that became a Spanish autonomous community in 1978. It is in the northwest of the Iberian Peninsula. It shares borders with Portugal to the South and the communities of Castile and León and Asturias to the east. History. Galicia is a green country with Celtic features. Since re-gaining autonomy in 1978, Galicia has been governed by the Xunta de Galicia (government of Galicia). Galicia was strictly governed from 1990 until 2005, during the Manuel Fraga years. The Xunta de Galicia was then under a socialist president Emilio Perez Touriño, who had made Galicia more liberal than ever before, until 2009. From March 2009 Partido Popular (right-wing party) won power and the new president is Alberto Núñez Feijoo, who won a second term as president in 2012. Language. Galicia has one main language:"Galician" "galego". It has many similarities with Portuguese. Galego and Portuguese have the same origin. Spanish is also spoken in Galicia, but mainly as a second language. Cuisine. Galicia is very famous for its fishing industry and seafood remains an important part of its cuisine. A very popular dish in Galicia is "polbo á feira", ("polbo" means octopus). There are many restaurants that serve seafood in Galicia.
Nelly Kim Furtado (born December 2, 1978) is a Portuguese-Canadian singer-songwriter. Music. She can also play many musical instruments. She learned to play the trombone and the ukulele at the age of four. In later years, she learned to play the guitar and keyboard. She has released five albums. The first album was released in 2000 and was called "Whoa! Nelly". She become famous worldwide because the album was very popular. The first single released was "I'm Like a Bird" which earned her a Grammy Award. Her second album was "Folklore" released in 2003. It was not as popular as the previous album. Her third album in 2006 was "Loose" which spawned many hit songs including "Promiscuous", "Maneater", "Say It Right" and "All Good Things (Come to an End)". She then released a Spanish language album in 2009 titled "Mi Plan" and in 2010 released a greatest hits album. Her next English language album "The Spirit Indestructible" was released in 2012. Furtado's parents are Portuguese immigrants. She sings in English, Spanish and Portuguese. Family. On September 20, 2003, she gave birth to a daughter, Nevis. Biography. Her parents named her Nelly Kim in reference to Kazakh gymnastics champion Nellie Kim who won 5 gold medals (3 in 1976 and 2 in 1980) and 1 silver (in 1976) at the Olympic Games. She learned to play trombone, guitar and ukulele at the age of 9 and the synthesizer at age 11. Passionate about music from an early age, she knows from the age of 4 that she wants to become a singer. Nelly sang with her mother in a choir, especially during Portugal's National Day. As a teenager, she began to write songs and was part of a Portuguese fanfare. During this time, she listened to R &amp; B, hip-hop, alternative rock, alternative hip-hop, trip hop, fado, boss
Anna Jurkiewicz (born February 9, 1984 in Oświęcim, Poland) is a Polish figure skater. As a young girl, she was one of the best young skaters in the world. Then she had some health problems and was not able to skate. She returned in 2006 and has been competing internationally since autumn 2006.
Exmoor is a national park in England. The border of two counties, Devon and Somerset, runs through it. It is an area of sandstone hills which form tall cliffs on its north coast. The high ground of Exmoor is mostly rough grassland, but there are small woodlands on its lower slopes. In Exmoor is an important water reservoir, Wimbleball Lake. It is also famous for the Exmoor Pony.
Tiverton is a town in Mid Devon, Devon, England. In 2001, it had a population of 18,621. It was once a centre of lace making, but this industry has now declined. People have lived around the area since the Stone Age. There is a hillfort on a hill above the town. Roman fortifications have been found nearby.
Torbay is a Unitary authority in England. 120,000 people live there. It is on the south coast and has over 20 beaches. Tourism is very important to the local economy. Torbay is not a town. Rather, it contains three towns (Torquay, Paignton and Brixham) and a few villages, the largest of which is Galmpton. Torbay was first created as a county borough in 1967, uniting the urban districts of its three towns. In 1974 it became a borough of Devon, its surrounding county. Then in 1993 It was given unitary authority status, having the powers of both a borough and a county. In 2007 a referendum led to the adoption of a directly elected Mayor.
Willard Mitt Romney (born March 12, 1947), usually called Mitt Romney, is an American politician and businessman. Romney was the United States senator from Utah from January 3, 2019 to January 3, 2025. He was the 70th Governor of Massachusetts serving from 2003 to 2007. He ran for the Republican Party nomination in the 2008 election, but lost the nomination to United States senator John McCain of Arizona. Romney would run again for the nomination in the 2012 election, only this time winning the nomination beating former Pennsylvania Senator Rick Santorum and former Speaker Newt Gingrich. His running mate was U.S. Representative Paul Ryan of Wisconsin. He ran against the incumbent President Barack Obama. He lost the election winning 206 of the electoral college to Obama's 332. In the aftermath of the election, Romney remained low in politics and in the 2016 presidential election, Romney was a critic of Donald Trump and would endorse former Governor Gary Johnson of the Libertarian Party. After the election of Trump, it was thought that Trump would pick Romney as Secretary of State, but the position went to businessman Rex Tillerson. After Utah Senator Orrin Hatch retired on February 16, 2018, Romney became a candidate for the United States senate in the 2018 election. In June 2018, Romney won the Republican nomination for the Senate seat. He won the general election in a landslide victory replacing retiring Senator Orrin Hatch. Early life. Romney was born in Detroit. His father, George Romney, was an auto executive and Governor of Michigan and his mother Lenore Romney, was an actress and politician. When Mitt was young, he served a Mormon mission in France. Romney graduated from Brigham Young University, in 1971, and later went to Harvard Business School and Harvard Law School. In the 1980s, Romney was one of the leaders of Bain Capital, a company that bought other companies and tried to make them more profitable. In 1994, Romney ran for the United States Senate against Ted Kennedy, but lost. Romney was in charge of the Salt Lake Organizing Committee, which helped run the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt
Laboratory glassware refers to various items which are usually made of glass and used for scientific work in chemistry and biology laboratories. Some of these items are now made of plastic which is less expensive and more convenient. Pipettes, petri dishes, and test tubes are examples of laboratory glassware. These items are used to store materials, to measure their volume, to mix and prepare solutions, or to contain a chemical reaction.
Mulatto is a word referring to a person who is born to one black parent and one white parent. The term may be considered offensive or rude to some, because of its origin. The term is also used to refer to a light brown color, because of a mulatto's skin color. Many people prefer terms such as "biracial" and "of mixed race" over "mulatto". In some cultures, such as in Cuba, there are a number of terms describing skin colour, and "none of them is taken as evaluative". There are simply descriptive terms. And in the Spanish language the term mulata would be used for females of mixed race. There are other descriptive terms which are used in the Caribbean and Latin America, without their being regarded as racial in the pejorative sense.
Water polo is a sport played in water with a ball. It has similarities to basketball and soccer, although players are in the pool. Players try to get the ball into the goal more times than the opposing team, without using goggles. Outline. Water polo is a team game. Two teams play a match. Each match has four periods called "quarters". The length of each period is usually between 5 and 8 minutes. Because the amount of time spent on fouls or out throws is not counted in the quarter time, an average quarter really lasts around 12 minutes. Each team has six field players and one goalkeeper. Water polo players need to be good at swimming and ball handing. They need good reflexes and awareness. Players must keep floating in a game. Players may not stand on the bottom of the pool. Water polo is played in a pool : depth is above 2 m, a vertical line is 30 m and width is 20 m. Equipments. To play water polo, you need swimwear, caps, mouth guards, a ball and a goal. The caps' design is unique. They are designed to protect head and ears. History. The rules of water polo were originally developed in the mid-nineteenth century in Great Britain by William Wilson. The game originated as a form of rugby football played in rivers and lakes in England and Scotland with a ball constructed of Indian rubber, probably from the 1850s onwards.
Fishsticks or fish fingers are a type of food probably invented in the United Kingdom. They are made of a whitefish like cod that is battered and breaded. They are often eaten with tartar sauce, or ketchup. "Fishsticks" are popular with children and their parents as an easy-to-prepare finger food that is somewhat healthy for kids. History. Fishsticks first came about as a result of the invention of the plate froster in 1929, the first quick freezer. For rapid freezing, food needed to be in slim rectangular slabs. A suitable candidate for this freezing method was fishsticks, slivers (small, thin pieces) cut from large fish and dipped in bread crumbs for frying. In Britain in the 1950s, most of the herring catch was pickled and exported to other North European countries. To make herring more appealing on the home market, companies tried to present it in a new way, creating herring fishsticks called “herring savouries”. They were tested on the market against a bland control product of cod sticks, sold as “fish fingers.” Shoppers in Southampton and South Wales, preferred the cod. Cod fishsticks were first produced in Great Yarmouth and introduced in Britain on 26 September 1955. They became very popular after television advertising began in 1956.  Production. On modern production lines, headless fish are processed through a machine that removes a fillet from each side of the backbone. The fillets then pass over a wheel and a blade that separates the skin from the flesh. Machine filleting leaves a few pin-like bones in the fillet, so the flesh containing the bones is cut out. Fillets are formed into frozen blocks. A conveyor sends the blanks through batter and breadcrumbs, doubling the thickness of the fishstick. Then each is passed through a hot vegetable oil bath for about one minute to seal the coating and allow the fishstick to be grilled or fried. Then the fishstick is frozen again, with the center reaching -4 °F/-20 °C in less than 20 minutes. After packaging, it is stored at -18 °F/-28 °C, ready for distribution.
Cornell Iral Haynes Jr. (born November 2, 1974) is an American rapper, singer, and actor better known by his stage name Nelly. He won three Grammy Awards in 2003 and nine Billboard Music Awards. Nelly's first five studio albums all reached the top three of the Billboard 200.
A boy band is a type of musical group with three or more young male singers. Usually, the singers are able to perform as dancers as well. Most singers in boy bands do not play musical instruments. Boy bands usually perform pop or R&amp;B music. Best-selling boy bands. Despite negative critical reception, boy bands continue to be generally successful, with some notable ones managing to sell tens of millions of records, placing them among the world's best selling music artists. The best-selling boy bands based on sales figures are: "For a full list, see " Examples. Some of the most popular boy bands include the following:
In musical performance, a solo is a piece or a section of a piece that is played or sung by a single performer. This performer is called a "soloist". A soloist can be a singer or an instrumentalist. Solos are common in classical music and jazz. In popular music, a "solo" is an improvised melody played by a single performer, such as a guitar solo. In the country music genre a solo is known as a "ride".
Antarctic krill ("Euphausia superba") is a species of krill that lives in the Antarctic waters of the Southern Ocean. They are shrimp-like and belong to the invertebrates.  They live in large groups, called swarms. Sometimes these swarms have a density of 10,000–30,000 individual animals per cubic meter.  They feed directly on very small phytoplankton, so they can use the energy that the phytoplankton originally got from the sun in order to sustain their life in the open ocean. They grow to a length of 6 cm, weigh up to 2 g, and can live for up to six years. They are a key species in the Antarctic ecosystem and are, in terms of biomass, probably the most successful animal species on the planet (approximately 500 million tonnes). In aquaria, krill have been observed to eat each other.
The cubic metre (symbol m³) is the SI unit of volume. It is a cube with a length, height, and width of one metre, with 1,000 litres of space. In the many places it is spelled "cubic meter". Other names are stère and kilolitre or kiloliter. Conversions. 1 cubic metre equals: A cubic metre of pure water at the temperature of maximum density (3.98 °C) and standard atmospheric pressure (101.325 kPa) has a mass of 1000 kg, or one tonne. At 0 °C, the freezing point of water, it is slightly less, 999.972 kg. It is sometimes abbreviated ', ', ', ', , when superscript characters or markup are not available/accessible (i.e. in some typewritten documents and postings in Usenet newsgroups). Abbreviated CBM in the freight business and MTQ (or numeric code 49) in international trade. the volume of a cube of side length one decametre (10 m) equal to a megalitre 1 dam3 = 1,000 m3 = 1 ML the volume of a cube of side length one hectometre (100 m) equal to a gigalitre 1 hm3 = 1,000,000 m3 = 1 GL the volume of a cube of side length one kilometre (1,000 m) equal to a teralitre 1 km3 = 1,000,000,000 m3 = 1 TL the volume of a cube of side length one decimetre (0.1 m) equal to a litre 1 dm3 = 0.001 m3 = 1 L the volume of a cube of side length one centimetre (0.01 m) equal to a millilitre 1 cm3 = 0.000001 m3 = 10-6 m3 = 1 mL the volume of a cube of side length one millimetre (0.001 m) equal to a microlitre 1 mm3 = 0.000000001 m3 = 10-9 m3 = 1 µL
The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations that leads international efforts to defeat hunger established on 16 October 1945. It serves both developed and developing countries and acts as a neutral form where all nations meet as equals. FAO is also a source of knowledge and information, and helps developing countries and countries in transition modernize and improve agriculture, forestry and fisheries practices, ensuring good nutrition and food security for all.
A colorimeter is a device used for measuring colours, or colorimetry. It measures the absorbance of different wavelengths of light in a solution. It can be used to measure the concentration of a known solute. Different chemical substances absorb different wavelengths of light. When the concentration of the solute is higher, it absorbs more light in a specific wavelength. This is known as the Beer-Lambert law. Different parts. The most important parts of a colorimeter are: Filters. Different filters are used to select the wavelength of light which the solution absorbs the most. This makes the colorimeter more accurate. Solutions are usually placed in glass or plastic cuvettes. The usual wavelengths used are between 400 and 700 nanometers. If it is necessary to use ultraviolet light (below 400 nanometers) then the lamp and filters must be changed. Output. The output of the colorimeter may be shown in graphs or tables, by an analogue or digital meter. The data may be printed on paper, or stored in a computer. The output may be shown as transmittance (a linear scale from 0-100%) or as absorbance (a logarithmic scale from zero to infinity). The useful range of the absorbance scale is from 0-2 but it is desirable to keep within the range 0-1 because, above 1, the results become unreliable due to scattering of light. A Transmittance-Absorbance conversion table may be seen here.
Butterfield, Missouri is a village in Missouri, United States. According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 1.1 km² (0.4 mi²), all land. Demographics. As of the census of 2020, there were 378 people living in the city, organized into 135 households. This is a population loss of 92 persons, or 19.6%, when compared to the 2010 census. The median age is 34.5 years for all persons (34.7 for females, 34.2 for males). Of the total population, 11.1% are at least 65 years old, 25.9% are under the age of 18, with the remaining 63.0% of the population being from 18 to 64. Males comprise 48.9% and females make up 51.1% of the total population. Whites (non-Latino) make up 63.5% of the total population, Hispanics or Latinos make up 28.8%, Asians make up 2.1%, and Native Americans represent 1.1% of the population. 4.5% of the population identifies itself as "Two or more races", non-Latino. Of the total 135 households, 92 are considered "Family households", and 53 have children under 18. The average household size is 2.80 persons. There are 152 total housing units, of which the 135 are households, for an occupancy rate of 88.8%. Of these households, 72.6% are owner-occupied, while 27.4% are renters. As of 2022, the median (middle) income for a household in the city was about $52,375, and the median income for a family was $57,500. The per capita income for the city was $18,774. 15.3% of families and 13.5% of the population are below the poverty line. Out of the total population, 8.6% of those under the age of 18 and 16.3% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line.