ejaasaari/simplewiki-2025-04-01 huggingface dataset:
Pérotin (lived around 1200), was a medieval composer. He was probably French. Nothing is known about his life except that he worked in or around Paris in the late 12th century to early 13th century. People have tried to find out who he was by studying the archives of Notre Dame Cathedral, but his name has not been found there. He probably had another name, and used the name Pérotin for his compositions.  Pérotin worked on a very important collection of polyphonic music called "Magnus Liber" (meaning: Big Book). The composer Léonin had written a lot of this music. He may have been Pérotin's teacher, but we do not know. He seems to have written music for four voices which are settings of words for the Feast of the Circumcision and St Stephen's Day. He wrote three and four voice music of a type called organum. It was a very important development in the history of Western music. He wrote music in a polyphonic style. Often he took a tune and arranged it so that one voice sang it incredibly slowly while another voice sang something much faster on top. It is difficult to work out any dates for his works because of the way the music was written. Often it is not even clear what mode they are in. Pérotin's music has been an influence on some 20th century composers who wrote minimalist music such as Steve Reich.
Stratford station is a railway station in Stratford, Newham, East London. It is on National Rail, London Underground, London Overground and Docklands Light Railway (DLR) lines. It is served by the Underground Central and Jubilee lines, and by London Overground, Abellio Greater Anglia, TfL Rail and c2c. It is in Travelcard Zone 3. To distinguish the station from Stratford-upon-Avon this station is called Stratford (London) by National Rail, and is sometimes referred to as Stratford Regional to distinguish it from Stratford International station away. Amenities. Goods facilities. There were three primary goods facilities in the Stratford area in the steam age, although the nearby Stratford Works and engine shed generated their own traffic. A short distance to the north of Stratford station (on the line to Cambridge) there were marshalling yards at Temple Mills. There was a small goods yard north of the station on the east side of the line which occupied a constrained site. The mainstay of traffic was domestic coal although shortly before closure in the 1960s the site was used as a reception point for concrete components for the building of tower blocks in Newham. There was a small depot at Carpenters Road about a quarter of a mile south of Stratford station. Opened in 1900, the depot consisted of four long sidings and primarily dealt with coal and building materials. It was closed on 7 December 1964. There was a large depot at Stratford Market railway station. All of these three facilities were operated by the Great Eastern Railway up until 1923 before being taken over by the London &amp; North Eastern Railway until nationalisation in 1948 when they became part of British Railways Eastern Region. There was also a goods terminal at Bow operated by the Midland Railway which is still open today mostly for building materials. This yard operated as the terminal for building materials for the adjacent Olympics site. Between Stratford and Maryland stations Windmill Lane cattle pens existed on the down side of the line whilst four private sidings belonging to Young &amp; Martens were located on the up side. During the
Dmitri Kabalevsky (born Saint Petersburg, 30 December 1904; died Moscow, 18 February 1987) was a Russian Soviet composer. Kabalevsky is particularly well known as a composer of children's music. He wrote a lot of piano music. Many of these pieces are short pieces for children who are learning the piano. He also wrote larger works such as concertos for the piano and violin. In 1918, his family moved to Moscow, where he had formal lessons in music at the Scriabin Musical Institute. He was known for attempting to get children involved in music. In 1925 he began his training at the Moscow Conservatory, studying composition with Catoire and later with Miaskovsky, also continuing piano studies with Goldenveyzer.
Symphony No. 5 in C minor, Op. 67 is a symphony by Ludwig van Beethoven. It is the fifth of his nine symphonies. It was written between 1804 and 1808. This symphony is one of the most popular and well-known works of classical music. There are four movements: an opening sonata allegro, a slower andante, and a fast scherzo which leads straight in to the finale.  The symphony was first performed in Vienna's Theater an der Wien in 1808. His Sixth Symphony was also performed for the first time at the same concert. The Fifth Symphony soon became recognized as one of the most important musical works. The music. The symphony begins with a four-note "short-short-short-long" motif which is heard twice (slightly lower the second time):  The opening of the symphony is so famous that it has often been quoted. Other composers have used it in their compositions, e.g. Sergei Rachmaninoff in his song "Fate". It has often been used in popular culture, from disco to rock and roll, and in film and television. During World War II, the BBC used the four-note motif to introduce its radio news broadcasts because "short-short-short-long" spells the letter "V" in Morse code. The "V" meant "Victory". It was played very quietly on a drum.  The third movement of the symphony uses this rhythm sometimes as an accompaniment.  When Beethoven wrote this symphony he was in his mid-thirties. He was becoming more and more deaf. He found this terribly hard to bear. He thought that he, of all people, should have perfect hearing. He felt very depressed, but he decided not to commit suicide, but to stay alive and write down all the music he had in his head. He wrote about this in a letter called the Heiligenstadt Testament. The opening of the Fifth Symphony sounds very bold and heroic. The whole symphony sounds like a struggle which starts from those four notes. People have often said that those four notes represent fate knocking at the door. By the time we get to the last movement (the finale) the music has become major instead of minor. It sounds as if Beethoven has overcome his depression. The fourth movement of this symphony is one of the first times a trombone or a piccolo is used in a symphony.
Homotopies are studied in a branch of mathematics known as Algebraic Topology. A homotopy is a deformation (change of form) of one thing into another without cutting it. For example, if we imagine a stretchy object, then all the shapes we can stretch or twist it into are "homotopy equivalent". One famous example is the homotopy equivalence of a coffee cup and a donut. To a topologist, these two shapes are the same. The first example of a homotopy that a topology student is introduced to is a homotopy between functions. A homotopy between two functions "f" and "g" provides a collection of functions that start at "f" and eventually become "g". What this means is that this homotopy takes a parameter and gives a function, and there is a possible parameter that gives "f" and one that gives "g". Typically, we choose the interval "[0, 1]" because this has a starting and ending point, and numbers are allowed to vary smoothly within "[0, 1]". To output a function, this means that the homotopy takes a second parameter, which is the argument of the output function. That is, if "f" takes a number in the interval and outputs pairs of real numbers, the homotopy takes a number in the interval as the parameter and another number in the interval for "f". The homotopy then outputs the interpolated function evaluated at the given pair. That is, if "H" is a homotopy from "f" to "g", then we know formula_1where formula_2and formula_3.
A music school or conservatoire teaches music in all its aspects. It may be called a college of music, or academy of music or conservatory (American English) or a conservatorium (Australian English). Music schools exist at different levels: The term conservatory is often used for specialized university-grade schools that train people who want a career as a music artist, dance or theatre performer. The students learn how to play musical instruments, singing, composition, musicology, music history and music theory. Several high schools also offer an education in music. In these high schools, the subjects are integrated into a normal school curriculum. The third type of music school is independent of the other education a child or adults gets. These schools are often organised as associations, or they are run by a theatre. Pupils can learn music and other performing arts outside a context of regular schooling.
Turandot is an opera in three acts by Giacomo Puccini, set to a libretto in Italian by Giuseppe Adami and Renato Simoni. When Puccini died he had not finished the opera. It was later finished by Franco Alfano. It was first performed at the Teatro alla Scala in Milan on 25 April 1926, conducted by Arturo Toscanini. This performance included only Puccini's music and not Alfano's additions. The first performance of the opera as completed by Alfano was conducted by Ettore Panizza. The most famous song from the opera is the aria "Nessun dorma". This aria was sung by the three tenors Luciano Pavarotti, Placido Domingo and José Carreras, and used as the theme tune for the 1990 Soccer World Cup. This made Nessun dorma probably the best known of all opera arias.
The Marsupial lion, Thylacoleo, is an extinct carnivorous marsupial which lived in Australia from 1,600,000 to 46,000 years ago. It was the largest marsupial carnivore to have lived in Australia. Fossil remains on the dry Nullarbor Plain show that humans and climate change probably caused the extinction of the Australian megafauna about 45,000 years ago. The animal was robust with powerfully built jaws and very strong forelimbs. It had retractable claws, unique among marsupials. This allowed the claws to remain sharp by protecting them from wear when walking. The claws were well-suited to holding prey and for climbing trees. The first digits ("thumbs") on each hand were semi-opposable and bore an enlarged claw. Palaeontologists believe that this would have been used to grapple with its prey, and gave a sure footing on tree trunks and branches. The hind feet had four functional toes, the first digit being much reduced in size but possessing a roughened pad similar to that of possums. It may have assisted with climbing. It is unclear whether the marsupial lion had syndactyly (fused second and third toes) like other diprotodonts. It had strong claws and very powerful jaws. Biologists estimate that it had the most powerful bite of any animal, alive or extinct. It was able to hunt animals like the giant kangaroo and the giant wombat, but its big jaw would have made it hard for it to hunt and kill small animals. The marsupial lion could weigh up to . It was about long, and stood about tall. Fossils and other evidence. Fossil bones of the marsupial lion have been found in caves on the Nullabor Plain. Scientists have estimated their age at between 400,000 and 800,000 years old. Cave paintings of marsupial lions in northwest Australia, discovered in 2006, depict them with a striped back, tufted tail and pointed ears. In 2009, after a long drought in southeast Victoria had dried out many lakes, a farmer near Ballarat discovered fossil footprints and a jawbone of a marsupial lion preserved in limestone in a dry lake bed.
Jill Tracy Jacobs Biden (born June 3, 1951) is an American educator who served as the first lady of the United States from 2021 to 2025 as the wife of Joe Biden, the 46th U.S. president. Before becoming first lady, she was the second lady from 2009 to 2017 when her husband was vice president. She has a bachelor's degree in English and a doctoral degree in education from the University of Delaware, as well as master's degrees in education and English from West Chester University and Villanova University. Biden taught English and reading in high schools for thirteen years and instructed teens with emotional disabilities. She is the founder of the Biden Breast Health Initiative, a non-profit organization. She is also the co-founder of the Book Buddies program and the Biden Foundation and active in Delaware Boots on the Ground. With Michelle Obama, she is the co-founder of Joining Forces. Biden has written a memoir and two books for children and has been socially active in the Beau Biden Foundation. Biography. Early life and education. Jill Tracy Jacobs was born on June 3, 1951, in Hammonton, New Jersey, to Bonny Jean Godfrey Jacobs and Donald Carl Jacobs. The oldest of five daughters, Jacobs grew up in Willow Grove, Pennsylvania, just outside of Philadelphia. Jacobs graduated from Upper Moreland High School in 1969, then graduated from the University of Delaware with a bachelor's degree in English in 1975. Career. In 1976, Jacobs began teaching English at St. Mark’s High School in Wilmington, Delaware. She then became a reading specialist at Claymont High School. At that time, she was also pursuing a Master of Education with a specialty in reading from West Chester University. Jacobs completed her first master's degree in 1981. Biden taught English at Rockford Center psychiatric hospital while also earning a Master of Arts in English from Villanova University. In 1993, she started teaching at Delaware Technical Community College. During that same year, Biden's began advocating for cancer and education. After four of her friends were diagnosed with breast cancer, she launched the Biden Breast Health Initiative to educate high school girls about
Leo Wilden (3 July 1936 – 5 May 2022) was a German football player. He played for West Germany national team. Wilden died on 5 May 2022 in Cologne, Germany at the age of 85. Club career statistics. 277||5 277||5 International career statistics. !Total||15||0
Horst Szymaniak (29 August, 1934 – 9 October, 2009) was a German football player. He played for West Germany national team. Club career statistics. 157||11 91||8 0||0 12||1 260||20 International career statistics. !Total||43||2
Willi Koslowski (17 February 1937 – 11 July 2024) was a German professional football player. He played for West Germany national team. Club career statistics. 140||40 140||40 International career statistics. !Total||3||1
Johann "Hans" Schäfer (19 October, 1927 – 7 November 2017) was a German football player. He played for West Germany national team. Club career statistics. 404||243 404||243 International career statistics. !Total||39||15
Hans Nowak (9 August 1937 – 19 July 2012) was a German football player. He played for West Germany national team. He died on 19 July 2012. Club career statistics. 196||31 196||31 International career statistics. !Total||15||0
Jürgen Kurbjuhn (26 July 1940 – 15 March 2014) was a German football player. He played for West Germany national team. Club career statistics. 318||11 318||11 International career statistics. !Total||5||0
Jürgen Werner (15 August 1935 – 28 May 2002) was a German football player. He played for West Germany national team. Club career statistics. 63||9 63||9 International career statistics. !Total||4||2
Willi Giesemann (2 September 1937 – 4 October 2024) was a German football player. He played for West Germany national team. Giesemann died on 4 October 2024, at the age of 87. Club career statistics. 188||23 188||23 International career statistics. !Total||14||0
Hans Sturm (3 September 1935 – 24 June 2007) was a German football player. He played for West Germany national team. Club career statistics. 423||104 423||104 International career statistics. !Total||3||0
Engelbert Kraus (30 July 1934 – 14 May 2016) was a German football player. He played for the West Germany national team. Kraus played in one match at the 1962 FIFA World Cup. Club career statistics. 330||116 330||116 International career statistics. !Total||9||3
Günther Herrmann (1 September, 1939 – 22 July, 2023) was a German football player. He played for West Germany national team. Herrmann died in July 2023, at the age of 83. Club career statistics. 249||46 81||7 330||53 International career statistics. !Total||9||1
Heinz Strehl (20 July 1938 - 11 August 1986) was a German football player. He played for the West Germany national team. Club career statistics. 261||127 261||127 International career statistics. !Total||4||4
Heinz Vollmar (26 April 1936 - 12 October 1987) was a German football player. He played for West Germany national team and Saarland national team. Club career statistics. 23||3 23||3 International career statistics. !Total||4||4 !Total||12||3
Günter Sawitzki (22 November 1932 – 14 December 2020) was a German football player. He played for West Germany national team. Sawitzki died on 14 December 2020 at the age of 88. Club career statistics. 146||0 146||0 International career statistics. !Total||10||0
Wolfgang Fahrian (31 May 1941 – 13 April 2022) was a German football player. He played for West Germany national team. Fahrian died on 13 April 2022 from pneumonia in Cologne, Germany at aged 80. Club career statistics. 416||2 416||2 International career statistics. !Total||10||0
Josef "Sepp" Herberger (28 March 1897 – 28 April 1977) was a German football player and manager. Honours. As a player. VfR Mannheim As a manager. West Germany
Han Solo is a fictional character in Star Wars played by Harrison Ford. He appears for the first time in "" as a pirate and smuggler with his Wookiee friend, Chewbacca. He was voted as the second greatest "Star Wars" character, behind Darth Vader. At first, Solo and his companion Chewbacca are hired by Jedi Luke Skywalker and Obi-Wan Kenobi to get Skywalker and Kenobi aboard the Death Star to save Princess Leia. While Solo seems to be interested only in being paid at first, he comes back to save Luke. Solo later falls in love with Leia. In "", it is revealed that Solo and Leia have a son called Ben Solo (known as Kylo Ren) who falls to the First Order. Solo is killed by Ren towards the end of the movie after being stabbed by a lightsaber through the chest and falling to a deep shift. A was released in 2018.
was a Japanese singer and actress. The style of music she sang was enka. She received many awards, among them living national treasure. In Japan she is regarded as one of the greatest singers of all time. She was the first woman in Japan to receive the "People's Honour Award", which was awarded for her notable contributions to the music industry. Hibari Misora was also one of the most commercially successful music artists in the world. At the time of her death, she had recorded around 1,200 songs, and sold 68 million records. After her death, consumer demand for her recordings grew significantly, and she had sold more than 80 million records by 2001. Her swan-song is often performed by artists and orchestras in her honour. Artists who recorded this song include The Three Tenors, Teresa Teng, Mariachi Vargas de Tecalitlan, and the Twelve Girls Band. Biography. Life and career. Hibari Misora was born Kazue Katō in Isogo-ku, Yokohama, Japan. Her father was Masukichi Katō, a fishmonger, and her mother Kimie Katō, a housewife. Misora showed musical talent from an early age after singing for her father at a World War II send-off party in 1943. When he saw this, he used much of his family's savings to allow his daughter to start a musical career. In 1945, she gave her first performance in a concert hall in Yokohama, at the age of eight. She used the name Kazue Misora, which was her mother's idea. A year later she appeared on a NHK broadcast, and impressed the Japanese composer Masao Koga with her singing skill. He thought she was a prodigy with the courage, understanding, and emotional maturity of an adult. In the next two years, she became an accomplished singer and was touring notable concert halls to sold-out crowds. Her recording career began in 1949 at the age of twelve, when she changed her stage-name to Hibari Misora and starred in the film "Nodojiman-kyô jidai". The film brought her nationwide recognition.
Angel Road railway station was a station in the London Borough of Enfield at Edmonton in north east London. It was in Travelcard Zone 4, on the Tottenham Hale branch of the Lea Valley Lines. The station and all trains serving it were operated by Abellio Greater Anglia. It was partially located beneath the A406 road (which is named "Angel Road" at that point). Due to reconstruction of the A406 in the mid-1990s (involving grade-separation), the only access to the station was via a footpath running south from "Conduit Lane" to the north, instead of on "Angel Road". The station was unstaffed. Angel Road closed on 31 May 2019. It was replaced by Meridian Water station, 580m south of Angel Road. It opened on 3 June 2019.
Snorks is an American-Belgian animated television series produced by Hanna-Barbera Productions, and created by Belgian comics Freddy Monnickendam. Story. The Snorks are a race of small, colorful, fictional beings that live happily in the underwater world of Snorkland. They have snorkels on their heads, which are used to propel them swiftly through the water. As evidenced by the cartoon series, when a Snork becomes excited their tube makes a "snork" sound. Like the Flintstones or the Smurfs, they have much of the same technology as contemporary humans, adapted to their own aquatic environment. The Snorks use clams as currency, a reference to the slang word "clam", meaning "dollar." According to the Snork back-story, a few ventured to the surface (which the Snorks believe is "outer space") in 1643, and watched a Royal Navy ship being attacked by pirates. The captain wound up in the water, and that was the first contact between the species when the Snorks saved his life, to which the captain then expressed his gratitude by writing a book about the Snorks, although very few humans believe in the existence of the Snorks. Since then, Snorks have adopted several human habits, such as wearing clothes.
First Lady is an unofficial title used for the wife of a non-monarchical head of state or chief executive.  Some countries have a title, official or unofficial, that is or can be translated as "first lady". The title is not normally used for the wife of a head of government who is not also head of state. First Gentleman is used where the head of state's spouse has been a man, such as the Philippines or Malta. While there has never been a male spouse of a U.S. President, "First Gentleman" is used in the United States for the husband of a governor. First Spouse, a rare version of the title, can be used in either case where the spouse of a head of state is male or female. This term is used to promote gender equality and gender neutrality.
Ponders End railway station is in the London Borough of Enfield in northeast London at Ponders End, and is in Travelcard Zone 5, on the Tottenham Hale branch of the Lea Valley Lines, 16 km (10 miles) north of London Liverpool Street. The station, and all trains serving it, are operated by Abellio Greater Anglia. It is at .
Enfield Lock railway station is in the London Borough of Enfield in north east London, and is in Travelcard Zone 6, on the Tottenham Hale part of the Lea Valley Lines, on the West Anglian Railway. The station and all trains using it are run by Abellio Greater Anglia. Enfield Lock was the main station for the Royal Small Arms Factory until it was closed in the late 1980s, and now it is used by the large housing development on the site known as Enfield Island Village and the Innova Science and Business park.
Waltham Cross railway station, opened in 1840, is a railway station that serves Waltham Cross in Hertfordshire, England. It is also the closest railway station to Waltham Abbey, Essex, England. It is on the West Anglia Main Line, and train services are provided by Abellio Greater Anglia. During the 2012 Summer Olympics, Waltham Cross station (along with Cheshunt, the next northbound station) served as the main access point for the Broxbourne whitewater canoe and kayak slalom.
Fritz Herkenrath (9 September 1928 – 18 April 2016) was a German football player. He played for West Germany national team. Club career statistics. 364||0 364||0 International career statistics. !Total||21||0