ejaasaari/simplewiki-2025-04-01 huggingface dataset:
Meat is animal flesh which is used for food. Most often, it is used to describe skeletal muscles and fats that are found with it. Types of meats include beef, veal from cattle, pork, ham, bacon from pigs, mutton from sheep, "venison" from deer, fish, insects, poultry from chickens, ducks, turkeys. The word meat is also used for sausages made from ground meats and for non-muscle organs which are used for food, for example liver, brain, kidneys. In the meat processing industry, the word "meat" can be used to mean only the flesh of mammalian specieses such as pigs, cattle, etc. But does not include fish, insects, poultry.  Red meat refers to meat that is obtained from mammals, particularly beef, pork, lamb, veal. It is characterized by its reddish color, primarily due to the presence of myoglobin, a protein responsible for oxygen storage in muscle tissues.  Animals such as members of the cat family that mainly eat animals are called carnivores. Health. Meat is an important part of the diet of many people, because it has the highest amount of proteins. Proteins help in the growth and healing of the body and gives the highest nutrient energy. Meat is a high protein food, but costs more than other foods like bread and vegetables. Meat is also the source of the highest amount B vitamins. People who cannot afford meat, or who do not like to eat it, need to find other ways to get enough proteins in their diet. Beans and certain nuts are also somewhat high in proteins, but plant proteins are as not high as animal proteins. People that choose not to eat meat are called vegetarians, and those who do not eat any animal products are known as vegans. Red meat is darker-coloured meat (usually from mammals), different from white meat such as chicken or fish. There is a greater risk of diseases and parasites when eating raw meat, but there are some special dishes which are made from raw meat. Examples are steak tartare, sushi, oysters. The meat used in these dishes are usually of high quality. Types of meat. According to the National Health
Anders Celsius (27 November 1701 – 25 April 1744) was a Swedish astronomer. Celsius was born in Uppsala in Sweden. Much of his work was in what was later called Geodesy.  He is more famous for developing the Celsius temperature scale when he worked on meteorology (a science about weather conditions). It later became an the international standard. One of his good friends Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit invented the Fahrenheit scale for the thermometer.
Tuvalu is a small island country in the Pacific Ocean. In the past, it was the Ellice Islands. It was part of Gilbert and Ellice Islands with Kiribati. It is a monarchy. Tuvalu is getting smaller. If the sea level keeps rising at the same rate, this country will be covered by water in about 50 years. The most important languages spoken in Tuvalu are Tuvaluan and English. The United States and Tuvalu signed a treaty of friendship in 1979, when the US gave up their claim to Tuvalu for the islands of Funafuti, Nukefetau, Nukulaelae, and Nurakita. History. Prehistory. Before the Europeans showed up, a lot of people rode canoes between the nearer islands. These include Samoa and Tonga. Eight of the nine islands of Tuvalu had people on them. This explains the origin of the name Tuvalu, which means "eight standing together" in Tuvaluan. Possible evidence of man-made fires in the Caves of Nanumanga says that humans may have been there for thousands of years. An important creation myth in Tuvalu is the story of "te Pusi mo te Ali" (the Eel and the Flounder), who are said to have created the islands of Tuvalu. "Te Ali" (the flounder) is believed to have made the flat atolls of Tuvalu and "te Pusi" (the eel) is the model for the coconut palms that are important to Tuvaluans. The stories of the ancestors of the Tuvaluans change from island to island. On Niutao, Funafuti and Vaitupu, the founding ancestor is said to be from Samoa. On Nanumea, the founding ancestor is said to be from Tonga. Early contacts with other cultures. Tuvalu was first seen by Europeans on 16 January 1568, during the voyage of Álvaro de Mendaña from Spain. He sailed past Nui and named it "Isla de Jesús" (Spanish for "Island of Jesus") because the day before was the feast of the Holy Name. Mendaña talked
Java () is one of the Sunda Islands of Indonesia.  The area is 132,000 square km. It is the world's 13th largest island. Around 140 million people live there, which is half the people in Indonesia and more than on any other island in the world. Most of them speak the Javanese language and many also speak other languages.  The Java Sea is to the north, the Indian Ocean south. The capital city of Indonesia, Jakarta, is in Java. The center is an east-west chain of volcanic mountains. Climate. Most of Java has a tropical monsoon climate (Am in the Koeppen climate classification). The northern coast of the island is low-lying. The soil is fertile, because the island was made by volcanoes. It is an important area for growing crops in Indonesia. Religion. The majority religion in Java island is Islam. Majority of the Javanese are Muslim and they follow the branch of Sunni Islam.
James Watt (19 January 1736 25 August 1819) was a Scottish mathematician and engineer. He did not invent the first steam engine, but he did modify it to work better. There were other patented steam engines (such as the Savery and Newcomen steam engines) in use by the time Watt started his work on them. His major contribution is in developing the modern form of the steam engine. The Watt steam engine is credited for driving the Industrial Revolution of the 18th and 19th centuries. James Watt was a brilliant engineer and he also transformed the Newcomen engine. The modern unit of power, the watt, is named after him. It replaced the horsepower invented by Watt. Biography. James Watt was born on 19 January 1736 in Greenock, Renfrewshire. His father was a shipwright, ship owner and contractor, and served as the town's chief baillie. His mother, Agnes Muirhead, came from a distinguished family and was well educated. Both were Presbyterians and strong Covenanters. Watt's grandfather, Thomas Watt, taught mathematics and was a baillie to the Baron of Cartsburn. Watt did not go to school every day. At first, he was mostly schooled at home by his mother but later he attended Greenock grammar school. He exhibited great skill with his hands and a natural ability for mathematics, although Latin and Greek failed to interest him. He also absorbed the legends and lore of the Scottish people. The centrifugal governor. One of Watt's many improvements was the invention of a "centrifugal governor" to regulate automatically the speed of the engine. This is most obvious on steam engines where it regulates the admission of steam into the cylinder(s). It is also found on internal combustion engines and variously fueled turbines, and in some modern striking clocks. A centrifugal governor is a homeostatic device which controls the speed of an engine by regulating the amount of "intermediate substance" (steam) which drives the machine. This keeps a near constant speed whatever the load or fuel supply conditions. It uses the principle of proportional control: this means the stopping of (in this case) steam
Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni (6 March 1475 – 18 February 1564), known as Michelangelo, was an Italian Renaissance painter, sculptor, architect, poet, and engineer. Along with Leonardo da Vinci, he is often called a "Renaissance Man" which means that he had great talent in many areas.  Michelangelo lived an extremely busy life, creating a great number of artworks. Some of Michelangelo's works are among the most famous that have ever been made. They include two very famous marble statues, "the Pieta" in Saint Peter's Basilica and "David" which once stood in a plazza in Florence but is now in the Accademia Gallery. His most famous paintings are huge frescos, the Sistine Chapel Ceiling and the "Last Judgement". His most famous work of architecture is the east end and dome of Saint Peter's Basilica. A lot is known about Michelangelo's life because he left many letters, poems and journals. Because he was so famous, he became the very first artist to have his biography (story of his life) published while he was still living. His biographer, Giorgio Vasari, said that he was the greatest artist of the Renaissance. He was sometimes called "Il Divino" ("the divine one"). Other artists said that he had "terribilità", (his works were so grand and full of strong emotion that they were scary). Many other artists who saw his work tried to have the same emotional quality. From this idea of "terribilità" came a style of art called Mannerism. Biography. Childhood. Michelangelo was born on 6 March 1475 in Caprese near Arezzo, Tuscany. His father was Lodovico di Leonardo di Buonarroti di Simoni, and his mother was Francesca di Neri del Miniato di Siena. The Buonarrottis were a banking family from Florence. They claimed they were descended from the noble Countess Matilda of Canossa. Michelangelo's father had lost most of the bank’s money, so he worked for the local government
Leonardo Da Vinci (15 April 1452 – 2 May 1519) was an Italian polymath who lived during the Renaissance. He is famous for his paintings. He was also a scientist, mathematician, engineer, inventor, anatomist, sculptor, architect, botanist, musician, and writer. Leonardo wanted to know everything about nature, and wanted to know how everything worked. He was very good at studying, as well as designing and making all sorts of inventions. The art historian Helen Gardner said that no one has ever been quite like him because he was interested in so many things that he seems to have had the mind of a giant, and yet what he was like as a person is still a mystery. Leonardo was born in Vinci, a small town near Florence, Italy. He was trained to be an artist by the sculptor and painter Verrocchio. He spent most of his life working for rich Italian noblemen. In his last years, he lived in a expensive home given to him by the King of France. Two of his paintings are among the best-known in the world: the "Mona Lisa" and "The Last Supper". He did many drawings. His best-known drawing is "Vitruvian Man". Leonardo often thought of new inventions. He kept notebooks with notes and drawings of these ideas. Most of his inventions were never made. Some of his ideas were a helicopter, a tank, a calculator, a parachute, a robot, a telephone, evolution, and solar power. Life. Childhood, 1452–1466. Leonardo was born on the 15th of April, 1452, in the Tuscan hill town of Vinci, in the valley of the Arno River. His grandfather, Antonio da Vinci, wrote down the details of the birth. Leonardo's parents were not married. His father was a Notary, Ser Piero da Vinci. His mother, Caterina, was a servant. She may have been a slave from the Middle East, or from China. His father later took custody of Leonardo, and his mother remarried and had 5 more children. Leonardo's full name was "Leonardo di ser Piero
1902 (MCMII) was a common year starting on Wednesday in the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Tuesday in the Julian calendar.
Platinum is a soft, heavy, white metal. It is a precious metal. In the past it cost more than gold, but since the late 2010s, gold cost more. In chemistry, platinum is element number 78, and its atoms have an atomic weight of 195 a.m.u.. The symbol for platinum is Pt, from Spanish "platina" meaning "little silver". Platinum is very malleable and ductile, which means it can be hammered into thin sheets and it can be pulled into wire. Platinum is very stable. Acids do not affect platinum. Several other metals are similar and are called the "platinum group". The most common use of Platinum is in a vehicle's catalytic converter.
List. Sorted by name; initial letter means Igneous, Sedimentary or Metamorphic rocks. I Andesite – an intermediate volcanic rock M Anthracite – a form of hard coal S Banded iron formation – a fine grained chemical sedimentary rock composed of iron oxide minerals  S Bauxite – the main ore of aluminium. It is mostly aluminium oxide. I Basalt – grey/black fine-grained rock from lava which cooled on the surface of the Earth. S Blue Lias – a formation of rocks, part of the Jurassic Coast World Heritage Site. S Breccia – a sedimentary or tectonic rock composed of fragments of other, broken rocks S Chalk – a fine grained carbonate rock composed mainly of coccoliths S Chert – a fine grained chemical sedimentary rock composed of silica S Clastic rock – composed of fragments, or "clasts", of pre-existing rock.  S Claystone – a sedimentary rock formed from clay  S Coal – a sedimentary rock formed from peat  S Concretion – a concretion is a rock in which a mineral cement fills the spaces between the sediment grains. S Conglomerate – a sedimentary rock composed of large rounded fragments of other rocks S Coquina – a sedimentary carbonate rock formed by accumulation of abundant shell fossils and fragments I Dacite – a felsic to intermediate volcanic rock with high iron content  S Diatomite – a sedimentary rock fromed from diatom fossils  I Diorite – a coarse grained intermediate plutonic rock S Dolomite – a carbonate rock composed of calcium magnesium carbonate: CaMg(CO3)2 I Dunite – a rock made mostly of olivine Evaporite – a chemical sedimentary rock formed by accumulation of minerals after evaporation S Flint – a form of chert  I Foidolite – a plutonic igneous rock composed of &gt;90% feldspathoid minerals I Gabbro – a coarse grained plutonic rock chemically equivalent to basalt. Plutonic = magma cooled below surface of the Earth.  M                                  I Granite – a coarse grained plutonic rock composed
Minerals are substances that are formed naturally in the Earth. Minerals vary in composition, from pure elements and simple salts to very complex silicates with thousands of known forms. In contrast, a rock sample is a random aggregate of minerals and/or mineraloids, and has no specific chemical composition. Most of the rocks of the Earth's crust have quartz (crystalline SiO2), feldspar, mica, chlorite, kaolin, calcite, epidote, olivine, augite, hornblende, magnetite, hematite, limonite and a few other minerals. Some minerals, like quartz, mica or feldspar are common, while others have been found in only a few places in the world. The largest group of minerals by far is the silicates (most rocks are ≥95% silicates), which are made largely of silicon and oxygen, also with ions of aluminium, magnesium, iron, calcium and other metals. Rocks are made of minerals. Minerals are usually solid, inorganic, have a crystal structure, and form naturally by geological processes. The study of minerals is called mineralogy. A mineral can be made of single chemical element or more usually a compound. There are over 4,000 types of known minerals. Two common minerals are quartz and feldspar. Characteristics of minerals. A mineral is a substance that usually One recent definition is: "A mineral is a homogeneous (which means composed of parts or elements that are all of the same kind) naturally occurring substance with a definite but not necessarily fixed chemical composition. Most minerals are solids with an ordered atomic arrangement, and most are inorganic in the chemical sense of that word". Alternatively, a mineral is one listed as such by the International Mineralogical Association. Minerals and rocks. Minerals are different from rocks. A mineral is a chemical compound with a given composition and a defined crystal structure. A rock is a mixture of one or several minerals, in varying proportions. A rock has only two of the characteristics minerals have–it is a solid and it forms naturally. A rock usually contains two or more types of minerals. Two samples of the same type of rock may have different kinds of minerals in them
Craft or handicraft is about making things with one's own hands and skills. The different types of crafts can be put in groups according to the material being used. In the Middle Ages the most common materials were metal, wood or clay. A craftsman is a person who has the knowledge and skills of a craft. When they have a lot of experience they may be called a "master craftsman". If they are young people learning a craft they are called an "apprentice".
Kim Jong-il, birth name Yuri Irsenovich Kim (according to the Soviet Union's records) (, 16 February 1941 – 17 December 2011) was the Supreme Leader of Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea) from the time of his father's death in 1994 until his own death in 2011. He was the son of Kim Il-Sŏng. Official North Korean propaganda said that Jong-il was born on Mount Paektu (a holy mountain in Korea); but most historians think that he was born near Chabarowsk in the Soviet Union. The North Korean laws made him permanent ruler of North Korea for life. He was sometimes referred to as the "Dear Leader", but this was not an official title. His official title was "Chairman of the National Defense Commission of North Korea", "Supreme Commander of the Korean People's Army" and "General Secretary of the Workers' Party of Korea". Many people in North Korea were imprisoned or killed for speaking out against the Kim regime. Almost everyone in North Korea wore a small pin with a picture of Kim Jŏng-Il or Kim Il-Sŏng on it. The North Korean government told people of his death through the state media on 19 December 2011. It was said that he had died two days earlier of "physical and mental over-work". Early life. Kim Jong-il was born as Yuri Irsenovich Kim on 16 February 1941 or 1942 in either Korea or the USSR . He was the son of Kim Il-Sung is was responsible for the Korean War in 1950-1953 . Leader of North Korea. Rising through the ranks. In 1974 Kim Il-sung designated Kim Jong-il as his successor, solidifying the leadership transition within North Korea. Kim Jong-il's rise to power was marked by his gradual ascent within the North Korean political hierarchy. He began his official political career in the mid-1970s, holding various positions in the ruling Workers' Party of Korea. Over the years, he consolidated his influence and took on key roles in military and propaganda departments. By 1994, he succeeded his
Silver (symbol Ag) is a chemical element. In chemistry, silver is element 47, a transition metal. It has an atomic weight of 107.86 a.m.u. Its symbol is Ag, from the Latin word for silver, "argentum". Properties. Physical properties. Silver is a soft metal. It is also a precious metal. When it is used in money or in jewellery, it is often alloyed with gold or some other metal to make it harder. It is bluish-white. Among metals, it is the most reflective and the best conductor of electricity and heat. It is considered a precious metal. It is very malleable and ductile, which means it can be pulled into wire or hammered into thin sheets. Silver is one of the few words in the English language that does not rhyme with any other word. Silver coins and bars can be bought and sold at coin shops around the world. Chemical properties. Silver is less reactive than most other metals. It does not dissolve in most acids. Nitric acid dissolves it, though, to make silver nitrate. It does react with strong oxidizing agents like potassium dichromate or potassium permanganate. It does not corrode easily. It only corrodes when there is hydrogen sulfide in the air. Then, it forms a black coating known as tarnish.  Silver exists in two main oxidation states: +1 and +2. The +1 is much more common. A few compounds exist in the +2 oxidation state, but they are very strong oxidizing agents. Silver compounds can be brown, black, yellow, gray, or colorless. Silver compounds are disinfectants. Silver(I) compounds are oxidizing agents. They are more common. Most of them are very expensive. Silver(II) compounds are powerful oxidizing agents and rare. Occurrence. Silver can be found as a native metal. Most silver is found with copper, lead, or gold in rocks. The rocks are found mostly in Canada, Mexico, Peru, and the United States. Peru produces the most silver, mostly in mines that are operated for copper and zinc. Silver is also in chemical compounds.  Acanthite is a
"This article is about Popes in general. For the current Pope, see Pope Francis." The Pope is the head of the Roman Catholic Church in religious contexts, and politically of the Papal States and later Vatican City State. His official title is the Bishop of Rome. The current Pope is Pope Francis.  Popes are elected by Cardinals of the Catholic Church. Once they are elected, they hold the position until they die or resign. The Pope can’t be an organ donor. Usually they do not resign, though; Pope Benedict XVI is the only Pope to resign in the last 500 years. A newly elected Pope chooses a regnal name. Everyone is told this new name when the Habemus Papam is read out. The current pope (Francis) was called Jorge Bergoglio before he became a pope. The name "Pope" comes from the Greek word "pappas", meaning "father". Catholic doctrine holds that when making statements "ex cathedra", that is official statements teaching about faith and morals, the Pope is "infallible" - which means God will not allow his followers to be misled by allowing their leader to make a wrong statement. Only two of any Pope's statements have been "ex cathedra".  Popes today travel to many countries around the world preaching as well as one of the two ways to represent the Holy See, the other being through the presence of an apostolic nuncio on some Catholic-related events serving as the Pope's representative or spokesperson to a country.  The Pope and the Bishop of Urgell of Andorra are the only Catholic religious figures in the world who both leads the church and government. Like the bishops, archbishops, and cardinals of the Catholic Church, he wears a big hat called a mitre and holds a staff called a crosier.  As head of the Holy See having governance over the Catholic Church and Vatican City, the pope is protected by Swiss Guards and Vatican Gendarmerie every time he made public appearances within Vatican and around the world to protect him from assassinations and other events that are against the Holy See, making him the only Catholic religious figure with security guards for protection. Recent popes
The San Andreas Fault is a right-moving ('dextral') strike-slip fault. It marks the boundary between the North American Plate on the east and the Pacific Plate on the west. The fault was the cause of the 1906 San Francisco earthquake. It first appeared about 20 million years ago.  The San Andreas Fault is a zone several miles wide with multiple strands. The main active strand runs both on and off-shore between Cape Mendocino and the Sea of Cortez. From Cape Mendocino, it runs offshore to Tomales Bay. Then it goes southward through Bolinas Lagoon, just west of the San Francisco Peninsula, to come onshore again at Daly City, through the hills of the Peninsula. Crystal cum reservoir is formed by the fault itself.  In the Santa Cruz mountains, it bends slightly eastward. This is the site of the 1989 Loma Prieta Earthquake. The fault continues south through the historic mission at San Juan Bautista and through the town of Hollister (where active creep can be seen to offset sidewalks and even houses). The Transverse Ranges north of Santa Barbara are formed by compression. Strands of the fault snake under the Los Angeles Basin. From there it connects into the active spreading under the Sea of Cortez. The San Andreas fault was discovered by Professor Andrew Lawson in 1895, who climbed into the faulted serpentinite well where the south tower of the Golden Gate Bridge was being poured. In spite of the extreme deformation of the serpentinite, Lawson declared the bridge perfectly safe. The events of the 1906 San Francisco earthquake would seem to support his conclusion: the ruptured strand was not the one he observed in the footprint of the bridge.