ejaasaari/simplewiki-2025-04-01 huggingface dataset:
The Kingdom of Romania (or 'Romania' after 1969) was a constitutional monarchy which existed between 13 March 1881 and 30 December 1947, specified by the First (in 1866), and respectively, the Second Constitution of Romania. Thus, the Kingdom of Romania began with the reign of King Carol I of Romania and later replaced by Michael I of Romania . It's Prime minister was Ion Antonescu who was prime minister from 1940-1944 . He was later executed in 1946, 2 years after the defeat of Nazi Germany, Italy, Hungary, Croatia, Romania, Bulgaria and Japan, which were the countries in the Axis Powers who were defeated in 1945. From 1859 to 1877, Romania evolved from a personal union of two vassal principalities (Moldavia and Wallachia) to a full-fledged independent kingdom. During 1918-20, at the end of World War I, Transylvania, Eastern Moldavia (Bessarabia), and Bukovina were united with the Kingdom of Romania. In 1940, Bessarabia, Northern Bukovina, Northern Transylvania and Southern Dobruja were ceded to the Soviet Union, Hungary and Bulgaria. In 1947 the last king was compelled to abdicate from throne. The socialist republic, ruled by the Romanian Communist Party replaced the monarchy after Joseph Stalin occupied Romania in 1945.
The Treaty of Trianon was a peace agreement signed on June 4, 1920, and took effect on July 26, 1921. It ended the war between Hungary and most of the Allied Powers, which had started during World War I. The treaty was signed at the Grande Trianon Palace in Versailles and was one of several agreements made at the Paris Peace Conference. The treaty required Hungary and its neighbors—Czechoslovakia, Romania, Yugoslavia, and Austria—to recognize their common borders. Most of the Trianon treaty terms were changed or became irrelevant by the end of the interwar period. However, Hungary's borders set by the Trianon treaty were confirmed again by the 1947 Paris Peace Treaty. The Trianon treaty required Hungary to give up control of 70 percent of its pre-1914 territory. But in reality, the Hungarian government in Budapest had lost control of most of these areas by late 1918 to mid-1919. The only region Hungary actually had to give up after the treaty was Burgenland, which went to Austria in late 1921. On the other hand, the treaty allowed Hungary to regain some control over certain areas. Before the treaty was signed, the Romanian army left the left bank of the Tisza River, and in August 1921, Hungarian forces took back the mining areas of Pecs after Serbian troops withdrew. The treaty also required Hungary to pay reparations and limited its military, but it provided trade benefits with Austria and Czechoslovakia, coal supplies from Czechoslovakia and Poland, and legal protection for Hungarian property and citizens abroad. The partition brought irredentism, since many people in the lost lands were Hungarian and wanted to continue being part of Hungary. Hundreds of thousands of people from the lost territories sought refuge in Hungary. References
The Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye was signed on 10 September 1919 by the winning Allies and the new Republic of Austria on the other. Austria lost large amounts of territory to the Allies after it lost World War I. Like the Treaty of Versailles with Germany, the treaty contained the Covenant of the League of Nations and so the United States did not ratify either of them.
Bessarabia is part of Eastern Europe between Romania and Ukraine. It shares borders with Dniester River on the east and the Prut River on the west.  During the 19th century it was sometimes part of Romania and sometimes in the Russian Empire. It was again part of Romania most of the first half of the 20th century. The Soviet Union occupied the region after 1944. Today, most areas of Bessarabia belong to the Republic of Moldova.
The Battery Electric Multiple Unit was an experimental two-car battery electric multiple unit (BEMU), built at the same time and in the same style as the prototype Derby Lightweight Diesel multiple units.
Dobruja or Dobrudja (; or "Dobrudža"; , ; ) is a region between Bulgaria and Romania. It is found between the Danube and the Black Sea. It is divided between Northern Dobruja in Romania and Southern Dobruja in Bulgaria.  The Romanian part of Dobruja, Dobrogea, is made up of the counties of Constanţa and Tulcea. The Bulgarian part of Dobruja, Dobrudzha, is made up of the provinces of Dobrich and Silistra. Major cities in Dobruja include Constanța, Tulcea, Medgidia and Mangalia in the Romanian part and Dobrich and Silistra in the Bulgarian part. Geography. Dobruja is a mainly hilly area except for the marshy Danube Delta. It has an average altitude of about 200–300  metres. Its highest point is the Țuțuiatu (Greci) Peak in the Măcin Mountains, with a height of 467 m. The Romanian part of Dobruja is covered mostly by the Dobruja Plateau. The Bulgarian part has the Ludogorie Plateau. Lake Razelm is one of the most important lakes in Northern Dobruja. Dobruja has a continental climate. Dobruja is a windy region known for its windmills. There is wind during about 85–90% of all days. It usually comes from the north or northeast. The average wind speed is about twice higher than the average in Bulgaria.
In 1937 the London and North Eastern Railway (LNER) received a fleet of articulated electric multiple units for use on the Tyneside Electric lines. These lines linked the English city of Newcastle upon Tyne with the coast at North Shields and South Shields. They were in service until electric services stopped in 1967. History. Construction. In June 1935, the LNER ordered 132 cars from Metro-Cammell to replace the old trains from the early 20th century. 64 two-car sets were made from 128 cars. The remainder were two luggage vans and two parcel vans, both single units. The traction motors were sourced from . Westinghouse supplied the electrical control equipment. The new Tyneside units were the only articulated EMUs to be in regular service in Britain, until the Eurostar trains appeared in 1993. Service. The new trains entered service on 30 July 1937. Round trip times were shortened from 63 minutes to 53. The trains were originally painted red and cream. During the Second World War, they were recoloured blue and off-white. This was made to make enemy planes harder to spot the trains. In the post-war times, British Railways recoloured the trains again to green. Towards the end of their service life, some trains had some yellow on their front. When built, the trains had some first-class seating. This was changed on 4 May 1959, when British Railways decided to make all of the seats second-class. Demise. During the 1960s, less people took the trains. The South Tyneside service had 2.5 million passengers in 1961, which was less than 3.5 million in 1956. This may have been caused by the increase in automobile usage, housing development away from railways, and bus competition. In March 1962, Dr. made a speech at Newcastle. He noted about the falling finances on both the North and South Tyneside electric services. In addition, the cost of renewing the electrical infrastructure was becoming too expensive. The South Tyneside line was the first to be de-electrified on 6
The Golaniad was a protest in Bucharest, Romania. It started in April 1990.
The Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway (L&amp;YR) electrified urban railway lines in Liverpool and Manchester in order to improve the service offered against the competition being put up by new electric trams. Liverpool. Liverpool to Southport. The line between Liverpool and Southport began using electric multiple units (EMUs) on 22 March 1904. Power was supplied from a third rail at 625 Volts direct current. Liverpool Overhead Railway. Connections were built with the Liverpool Overhead Railway (LOR) at Seaforth &amp; Litherland railway station to a new station beside LOR's Seaforth Sands station. Also from the North Mersey Branch route to Aintree. From 2 July 1905 LOR trains began to run through to Seaforth and Litherland. In 1906 the L&amp;YR electrified the line to Aintree. Liverpool to Ormskirk. Electrification to Ormskirk was completed in 1913. Manchester. Bury to Holcombe Brook. From 1913 an experimental electric service operated between Bury and Holcombe Brook. The equipment was provided by Dick, Kerr &amp; Co. of Preston, which was developing its products for export. The system used was 3,500 Volts DC from overhead lines. In 1918 the line was converted to the 1,200 V DC system chosen for the Manchester to Bury line. Manchester to Bury. After the Holcombe Brook service, the L&amp;YR decided to electrify the Manchester to Bury line. The system used was 1,200 V DC from a side-contact third rail. The purpose of this unusual arrangement was to prevent the service being affected by ice forming on the live rail. Sixty-six cars were built at Newton Heath works. The electrical equipment was supplied by Dick, Kerr &amp; Co. The first public services ran on 17 April 1916,
The Duchy of Courland and Semigallia was a duchy in the Baltic region. It existed from 1562 through 1795. It was a vassal state of Grand Duchy of Lithuania and later of Poland-Lithuania. It became independent in 1791, but was annexed by Russian Empire in 1795 during Third Partition of Poland. It was ruled by the dukes from the House of Kettlerwith the exception of Ernst Johann Biron and his son Peter von Biron. It had its own empire. One of its colonies was modern day Trinidad and Tobago.
Carol II of Romania (15 October/16 October 1893 – 4 April 1953) was the king of Romania from 8 June 1930 until 6 September 1940. Carol died in Estoril, on the Portuguese Riviera in 1953.
Ion Victor Antonescu (15 June 1882 – 1 June 1946) was a Nazi-allied Prime Minister of Romania, who called himself "Conducător" and ruled from 4 September 1940 until 23 August 1944, when he was toppled in a coup. He was executed for war crimes in 1946. Role in the Holocaust. When he was in charge of Romania and southern Ukraine, he actively facilitated the Holocaust for Nazi Germany. As many as 400,000 Jewish deaths could be attributed to his orders. Particularly, some considered the Odessa massacre, which killed as many as 100,000 Jews and reduced Odessa's Jews by 98.7%, as the worst massacre of Jews in the Romanian-occupied zone during WWII. The Holocaust in Romanian-occupied zone only stopped after he was toppled in a coup led by King Michael I of Romania on 23 August 1944.
Ablon is a commune. It is found in the Normandy region in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.
Acqueville is a former commune. It is found in the Normandy region in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2019, it was merged into the new commune of Cesny-les-Sources.
Agy is a commune. It is found in the Normandy region in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.
Aignerville is a former commune. It is in Normandy in the Calvados department in northwest France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune of Formigny La Bataille.
Airan is a former commune. It is found in the Normandy region in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune Valambray.
Amayé-sur-Orne is a commune. It is found in the Normandy region in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.
Amayé-sur-Seulles is a commune. It is in the Normandy region in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.
Amblie is a former commune. It is found in the Normandy region in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune Ponts sur Seulles.
Amfreville, Calvados is a commune. It is in the Normandy region in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.
Anctoville is a former commune. It is found in the Normandy region in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune Aurseulles.
Angerville, Calvados is a commune. It is in the Normandy region in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.
Angoville is a former commune. It is found in the Normandy region in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2019, it was merged into the new commune of Cesny-les-Sources.
Anguerny is a former commune. It is found in the Normandy region in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Colomby-Anguerny.
Anisy is a commune. It is found in the Normandy region in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.
Annebault is a commune. It is found in the Normandy region in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.
Arganchy is a commune. It is found in the Normandy region in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.
Argences is a commune. It is found in the Normandy region in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.
Arromanches-les-Bains is a commune. It is found in the Normandy region in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.
Asnelles is a commune. It is found in the Normandy region in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.
Asnières-en-Bessin is a commune. It is in the Normandy region in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.
Auberville is a commune. It is found in the Normandy region in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.
Aubigny, Calvados is a commune. It is in the Normandy region in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.
Aunay-sur-Odon is a former commune. It is found in the Normandy region in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune Les Monts d'Aunay.
Auquainville is a former commune. It is found in the Normandy region in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Livarot-Pays-d'Auge.
Authie, Calvados is a commune. It is found in the Normandy region in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.
Auvillars is a commune. It is found in the Normandy region in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.
Avenay is a commune. It is in the Normandy region in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.
Balleroy is a former commune. It is in the Normandy region in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Balleroy-sur-Drôme.
Banneville-la-Campagne is a commune. It is in the Normandy region in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.
Banneville-sur-Ajon is a former commune. It is in the Normandy region in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Malherbe-sur-Ajon.
Banville is a commune. It is found in the Normandy region in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.
Barbery, Calvados is a commune. It is in the Normandy region in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.
Barbeville is a commune. It is found in the Normandy region in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.
Barneville-la-Bertran is a commune. It is found in the Normandy region in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.
Baron-sur-Odon is a commune. It is found in the Normandy region in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.
Barou-en-Auge is a commune. It is found in the Normandy region in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.
Basly is a commune. It is found in the Normandy region in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.
Basseneville is a commune. It is found in the Normandy region in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.
Bauquay is a former commune. It is found in the Normandy region in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune Les Monts d'Aunay.
Bavent is a commune. It is found in the Normandy region in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.
Bayeux is a commune. It is found in the Normandy region in the Calvados department in the Northwest of France. The town is famous for its tapestry. It is one of the oldest complete tapestries in the world. The inhabitants are called "Bajocasses" ou "Bayeusains". Bayeux is a "sous-préfecture" of the Calvados department. History. Origin. Bayeux is the capital of "the Bessin" which was called Bajocasses before. Bessin was a province of France before the French Revolution. The name of the city comes from the Celtic tribe which lived in the Bajocasses region. Middle Ages. The Vikings distroyed the town in 890, but it was rebuilt by Bothon at the beginning of the 10th century. The bishop Hugues II, and his successor, Odon de Conteville (Guillaume le Conquérant's half brother) insisted the town needed a new cathedral. In 1077, a new one was built. However it is around that time that the town lost a lot of influence. Guillaume le Conquérant decided to make Caen his capital, in 1050. The Bayeux Tapestry was made around that time The Renaissance didn't really mark the town. The most notable building from that period is the Saint-Patrice Church. It was built between 1544 and 1548. Second World War. Bayeux was the first city in France to be liberated after the Battle of Normandy. On 16 June 1944, General Charles de Gaulle made his first major speech in Bayeux. The buildings were not damaged much during the Battle of Normandy as the German forces were defending Caen at the same time. The Bayeux War Cemetery is the largest British cemetery dating from the Second World War in France. There are 4648 graves: 3935 are British and 466 are German. Geography. Location. Bayeux is seven kilometres from the English Channel and the D-Day Landing Beaches. It is about 30 kilometres northwest of Caen. The
Bazenville is a commune. It is found in the Normandy region in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.
Beaufour-Druval is a commune. It is found in the Normandy region in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.
Beaulieu, Calvados is a former commune. It is in the Normandy region in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Souleuvre-en-Bocage.
Beaumais is a commune. It is found in the Normandy region in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.
Beaumesnil, Calvados is a commune. It is in the Normandy region in the Calvados department in northwest France.
Beaumont-en-Auge is a commune. It is found in the Normandy region in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.
Bellengreville, Calvados is a commune. It is in the Normandy region in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.
Bellou is a former commune. It is found in the Normandy region in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Livarot-Pays-d'Auge.
Benerville-sur-Mer is a commune. It is found in the Normandy region in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.
Bernesq is a commune. It is in the Normandy region in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.
Bernières-d'Ailly is a commune. It is in the Normandy region in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.
Bernières-le-Patry is a former commune. It is in the Normandy region in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Valdallière.
Bernières-sur-Mer is a commune. It is found in the Normandy region in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.
Beuvillers, Calvados is a commune. It is found in the Normandy region in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.
Beuvron-en-Auge is a commune. It is found in the Normandy region in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.
Billy, Calvados is a former commune. It is found in the Normandy region in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune of Valambray.
Bissières is a former commune. It is found in the Normandy region in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune of Méry-Bissières-en-Auge.
Biéville-Beuville is a commune. It is found in the Normandy region in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.
Biéville-Quétiéville is a former commune. It is found in the Normandy region in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune of Belle Vie en Auge.
Blainville-sur-Orne is a commune. It is in the Normandy region in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.
Blangy-le-Château is a commune. It is found in the Normandy region in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.
Blay is a commune. It is found in the Normandy region in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.
Blonville-sur-Mer is a commune. It is found in the Normandy region in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.
Boissey, Calvados is a former commune. It is found in the Normandy region in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune of Saint-Pierre-en-Auge.
Bonnebosq is a commune. It is found in the Normandy region in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.
Bonnemaison is a commune. It is found in the Normandy region in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.
Bonneville-la-Louvet is a commune. It is found in the Normandy region in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.
Bonnœil is a commune. It is found in the Normandy region in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.
Bons-Tassilly is a commune. It is in the Normandy region in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.
Bougy is a commune. It is found in the Normandy region in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.
Boulon is a commune. It is found in the Normandy region in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.
Bourgeauville is a commune. It is found in the Normandy region in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.
Bourguébus is a commune. It is in the Normandy region in the Calvados department in northwest France.
Branville is a commune. It is found in the Normandy region in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.
Bretteville-l'Orgueilleuse is a former commune. It is found in the Normandy region in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune of Thue et Mue.
Bretteville-le-Rabet is a commune. It is in the Normandy region in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.
Bretteville-sur-Dives is a former commune. It is found in the Normandy region in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune of Saint-Pierre-en-Auge.
Bretteville-sur-Laize is a commune. It is in the Normandy region in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.
Network SouthEast (NSE) was a train operating company in the United Kingdom. It was owned by British Rail. It ran commuter trains in London and the South East England areas. Before 1986, the sector was known as London &amp; South Eastern. Privatisation. On 1 April 1994, British Rail was privatised and Network SouthEast was split up into different train operating companies. The train operating companies would then start running the following franchises in the table below: