ejaasaari/simplewiki-2025-04-01 huggingface dataset:
Internet Key Exchange (IKE or IKEv2) is the protocol used to set up a security association (SA) in the IPsec protocol suite. IKE uses a Diffie-Hellman key exchange to set up a shared session secret, from which cryptographic keys are derived. Public key techniques or, alternatively, a pre-shared key, are used to mutually authenticate the communicating parties. IKE builds upon the Oakley protocol. History. IKE was originally defined in November 1998 by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) in a series of publications (Request for Comments) known as , , and .  IKE was updated to version two (IKEv2) in December 2005 by . IKEv2 has been further expanded by (Security Architecture for the Internet Protocol) through (DNS Security Extensions Mapping for the EPP). More RFCs are being added all the time as the need arises to further develop the features of the protocol. The parent organization of the IETF, The Internet Society (ISOC), has maintained the copyrights of these standards as being freely available to the Internet community. Other websites. The following Open Source implementations of IKEv2 are currently available:
In cryptography, a shared secret is a piece of data only known to the parties involved in a secure communication. The shared secret can be a password, a passphrase, a big number or an array of randomly chosen bytes. The shared secret is either shared before parties start to communicate; in this case it can also be called a pre-shared key. Or it is created at the start of the communication session by using a key-agreement protocol, for-instance using public-key cryptography such as Diffie-Hellman or using symmetric-key cryptography such as Kerberos. The shared secret can be used for authentication (for instance when logging in to a remote system) using methods such as challenge-response or it can be fed to a key derivation function to produce one or more keys to use for encryption and/or MACing of messages. To make unique session and message keys the shared secret is usually combined with an initialization vector (IV). An example of this is the derived unique key per transaction method.
In cryptography, a pre-shared key or PSK is a shared secret which was previously shared between the two parties using some secure channel before it is used. Such systems almost always use symmetric key cryptographic algorithms.  The characteristics of this secret or key are determined by the system which uses it; some system require that such keys be in a specific format. It can be a password like 'bret13i', a passphrase like 'Idaho hung gear id gene', or a hexadecimal string like '65E4 E556 8622 EEE1'. The secret is used by all systems involved in the cryptographic processes used to secure the traffic between the systems.  The term is used in Wi-Fi encryption such as WEP or WPA, where both the wireless access points (AP) and all clients "share" the same key.  Since one weakpoint of the crypto system is the encryption algorithm's key, the key strength is important, and since the strength of a key is in part dependent on the key length, it is important to choose a key whose length is cryptographically secure (see password strength). There are several tools available to help one choose a strong key. The Diceware method is one example.
Côte-d'Or (literally, "Slope of Gold", "Golden Slope") is a department in the eastern France. It is one of the 83 first French departments made during the French revolution and one of the eight departments of the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region. Its prefecture (capital) is the city of Dijon. The inhabitants of the department are called "Costaloriens" (women:"Costaloriennes") or "Côte-d'Oriens" (women:"Côte d'Oriennes"). History. Côte-d'Or is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on 4 March 1790. It was formed from part of the old province of Burgundy. It was divided in seven districts: Arnay-le-Duc, Beaune, Châtillon-sur-Seine, Dijon, Is-sur-Tille, Saint-Jean-de-Losne and Semur-en-Auxois. In 1800, with the creation of the "arrondissements" in France, the seven districts were changed into four "arrondissements": Dijon, Beaune, Châtillon-sur-Seine and Semur-en-Auxois. After the Battle of Waterloo (18 June 1815), the department was occupied by the Austrian army from June 1815 to November 1818. In 1926, the "arrondissement" of Montbard was made with the "arrondissements" of Châtillon-sur-Seine and Semur-en-Auxois. Origin of name. Côte-d'Or is the only French department who was not named after a geographical feature: a river, a mountain, and so on. The name was chosen by Charles-André-Rémy Arnoult, member of the National Constituent Assembly of 1789, who suggested the name, inspired by the golden hue that took the vineyards of the region in the autumn. The French word ' means, in this case, a slope that geologists usually name with the Spanish word '. Geography. Côte-d'Or is part of the region of Bourg
Côtes-d'Armor is a department found in the west of France. Its prefecture is Saint-Brieuc and its population is about 561,000 (). It is one of the 83 first French departments made during the French revolution. Côtes-d'Armor has also 3 subprefectures: Dinan, Guingamp and Lannion.
Creuse () is a department in central France in the region of Nouvelle-Aquitaine. It is named after the Creuse river that flows through the department. History. Creuse is one of the 83 French departments made during the French revolution, on 4 March 1790. It was created mainly with lands of the old province of County of La Marche. The new department had seven districts: La Souterraine, Guéret, Boussac, Évaux, Felletin, Bourganeuf and Aubusson. The capital (now prefecture) was Guéret alternating with Aubusson, but soon only Guéret remained as capital. In 1800, with the creation of the "arrondissements" in France, the seven districts were changed into four "arrondissements": Guéret, Aubusson, Bourganeuf and Boussac. On 10 September 1926, the "arrondissements" of Bourganeuf et Boussac were eliminated. Geography. Creuse is part of the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region. It has an area of . The department is surrounded by 6 departments in 3 regions: The department is in the northwestern part of the Massif Central; the "Millevaches" plateau is in the southeastern part of the department. The highest point is in "Forêt de Châteauvert" (), "commune" of Saint-Oradoux-de-Chirouze, southeastern of the department and in northeastern Massif Central; it is high; the lowest point is in the valley of the Creuse river, high. The main river in the department is the Creuse, a tributary of the Vienne river and that gives its name to this the deparment; it flows through the department from the southeast to the northwest. Administration. The department is managed by the "Departamental Council of the Creuse" in Guéret. Creuse is part of the region of Nouvelle-Aquitaine. Administrative divisions. There are 2 "arrondissements" (districts), 15 "cantons" and 258
Dordogne () is a department in the southwest of France. It is named after the Dordogne river that runs through the department. The department is in the region of Nouvelle-Aquitaine. It is between the valley of the Loire river and the Pyrenees. Its prefecture (capital) is Périgueux. History. Dordogne was formed during the French Revolution on 4 March 1790 with parts of the old province of Périgord. It was divided into nine districts: Belvès, Bergerac, Excideuil, Montignac, Montpon, Nontron, Périgueux, Ribérac and Sarlat. Bergerac, Périgueux and Sarlat-la-Canéda were alternatively the capital of the department but later it was decided that only Périgueux would be the capital. Geography. Dordogne is part of the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region. It is the third largest department of Metropolitan France, after Gironde and Landes. It has an area of . The department is bordered by seven departments in two regions: The main river in the department is the Dordogne that gives its name to the department. It runs from east to west through the department. Other rivers are the Isle and the Vézère, both tributaries of the Dordogne. The highest point in the department is the southwestern summit of the "Forêt de Vieillecour" (), in northwestern Massif Central near the border with the Haute-Vienne department, with an altitude of . The lowest point is in the valley of the Dordogne river and is high. Administration. Dordogne is part of the region of Nouvelle-Aquitaine. It is managed by the "Departamental Council of Dordogne" in Périgueux. Administrative divisions. There are 4 "arrondissements" (districts), 25 "cantons" and 520 "communes" (municipalities) in Dordogne. The following is a list of the 25 cantons of the Dordogne department (with their INSEE codes), following the French canton reorganisation
Doubs is a department in eastern France. It is in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region. It is named after the Doubs river. The largest city in the department, and its prefecture (capital), is the city of Besançon. History. Doubs is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on 4 March 1790 with Besançon as its capital. It was formed from part of the old province of "Franche-Comté". It was divided in six districts: Besançon, Baume-les-Dames, Saint-Hippolyte, Pontarlier, Quingey and Ornans. In 1800, with the creation of the "arrondissements" in France, the six districts were changed into four "arrondissements": Besançon, Baume-les-Dames, Pontarlier and Saint-Hippolyte. In 1816, the subprefecture of Saint-Hippolyte is moved to Montbéliard. After the Battle of Waterloo (18 June 1815), the department was occupied by the Austrian army from June 1815 to November 1818. On 10 September 1926, the "arrondissement" of Baume-les-Dames was eliminated. Geography. Doubs is part of the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region. It has an area of . The department borders with 3 departments of the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region (Jura, Haute-Saône and Territoire de Belfort) and 3 cantons of Switzerland (Vaud, Neuchâtel and Jura). The Doubs department is partially on the Jura Mountains, mainly the eastern part of the department on the border with Switzerland. The highest point in the department is Mont d'Or (), high; it is on the border between the "communes" Jougne and Longevilles-Mont-d'Or at about to the south of the city of Pontarlier. The lowest point is where the Ognon leaves the department, high. The main
Drôme () is a French department in southeastern France in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region and named after the Drôme river. Its prefecture is the city of Valence. History. Drôme is one of the 83 French departments made during the French revolution, on 4 March 1790; it was made with part of the old French province of Dauphiné. It was divided in 6 districts: Romans, Valence, Die, Buis, Montélimar,and Crest. The capital was Chabeuil but in the same year the capital was moved to Valence. With the creation of the "arrondissements", the 6 districts became four "arrondissements": Valence, Die, Montélimar and Nyons. In 1926, the "arrondissement" of Montélimar was eliminated. Geography. Drôme is part of the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region, in southeastern France, with an area of . The department borders with 5 other departments in 2 regions: There are 5 natural regions in Drôme; they are, from north to south: The highest point in the department is "Rocher Rond", (). It is high it is on the border with the Hautes-Alpes department. The main rivers of Drôme are: Climate. The climate of the Drôme department, in the city of Valence, is an oceanic climate, Cfb (Marine West Coast Climate) in the Köppen climate classification. The average temperature for the year in Valence, at an altitude of , is . The warmest month, on average, is July with an average temperature of . The coolest month on average is January, with an average temperature of . The average amount of precipitation for the year in Valence is . The month with the most precipitation on average is September with of precipitation. The month with the least precipitation on average is February with an average of . Administration. Drôme is part of the region of Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes. The department is managed by the "Departamental Council of the Drôme" in Valence. Administrative
Internet Protocol Security (IPsec) is a way of making Internet communications more secure and private. IPsec is a collection of protocols for securing Internet Protocol (IP) communications by authenticating (and optionally encrypting) each of a data stream. IPsec also includes protocols for establishing mutual authentication between agents at the beginning of the session and negotiation of cryptographic keys to be used during the session. IPsec can be used to protect data flows between a pair of hosts (e.g. computer users or servers), between a pair of security gateways (e.g. routers or firewalls), or between a security gateway and a host.  IPsec is an end-to-end security solution and operates at the Internet Layer of the Internet Protocol Suite, comparable to Layer 3 in the OSI model. Other Internet security protocols in widespread use, such as SSL, TLS and SSH, operate in the upper layers of these models. This makes IPsec more flexible, as it can be used for protecting all the higher level protocols, because applications do not need to be designed to use IPsec, whereas the use of TLS/SSL or other higher-layer protocols must be built-in the application. The term "IPsec" is officially defined by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). This definition includes the form of capitalization used for the term; it is often incorrectly spelled "IPSec".
Eure-et-Loir is a department in north-central France in the Centre-Val de Loire region. It is named after the two main rivers that flow through the department: Eure and Loir. Its prefecture is Chartres and there are three subprefectures: Châteaudun, Dreux and Nogent-le-Rotrou. History. The department is one of the 83 French departments made during the French revolution, on 4 March 1790. The department was created mainly from parts of the former provinces of "Orléanais" (Beauce) and "Maine" (Perche), but also parts of the old "Île-de-France". The new department had six districts: Chartres, Châteaudun, Châteauneuf-en-Thymerais, Dreux, Janville and Nogent-le-Rotrou. The capital (now prefecture) was Chartres. In 1800, with the creation of the "arrondissements" in France, the six districts were changed into four "arrondissements": Chartres, Châteaudun, Dreux and Nogent-le-Rotrou. On 10 September 1926, the "arrondissement" of Nogent-le-Rotrou was eliminated but in 1943 Nogent-le-Rotrou became again an "arrondissement" of the department. Geography. Eure-et-Loir is part of the Centre-Val de Loire region. It has an area of . The department is bordered by the 7 departments in 4 regions: The highest point of the department is the "Butte de Rougemont" (), in the "commune" of Vichères, and that is above sea level. The rivers in the department are in two watersheds: Climate. The Köppen climate classification type for the climate at Chartres is an "Oceanic climate" (also known as Marine West Coast Climate) and of the subtype Cfb. The average amount of precipitation for the year in Chartres is . The month with the most precipitation on average is November with of precipitation. The
Atlantic hurricane seasons 1780s 1790s 1800s 1810s 1820s The decade of 1800s featured the 1800–1809 Atlantic hurricane seasons. While info for every storm that happened is not available, some parts of the coastline were had enough people to give info of hurricane happenings. Each season was an ongoing event in the annual cycle of tropical cyclone formation in the Atlantic basin. Most tropical cyclone formation is between June 1 and November 30. 1800 Atlantic hurricane season. I. A minimal hurricane that passed through the Leeward Islands on August 10 moved through the Caribbean Sea and Gulf of Mexico to strike southeast Louisiana on August 18.  II. On August 27 and August 28, a hurricane struck Exuma in the Bahamas.  III. During September 9 and September 10 a hurricane impacted Bermuda. (from Beware the Hurricane) IV. Between October 2 and October 5, a hurricane lingered across South Carolina. V. The ship, Galgo, was sunk during a hurricane on October 9 over the southwest Atlantic. All 25 crew members were rescued. VI. On October 31, a hurricane struck Jamaica before moving onward to Cuba and the southwest Atlantic. During November 4 and November 5, Bermuda experienced this hurricane. A lighthouse begun in 1795 on Wreck Hill was abandoned after this storm, as it was then determined to be an unsuitable site. (from Beware the Hurricane) 1801 Atlantic hurricane season. I. Nassau, Bahamas experienced a hurricane on July 22. 120 sails were wrecked onshore. The system moved westward into the Gulf of Mexico. II. On August 15 and August 16, this hurricane made landfall near Mobile, Alabama. 1802 Atlantic hurricane season. A hurricane was spotted west of Jamaica between October 6 and October 10. 1803 Atlantic hurricane season. I. In August, a hurricane hit the West Indies. It continued through Jamaica, moved northward, and eventually hit England later in the month. It caused 121 deaths. II. A hurricane hit near the Chesapeake
Atlantic hurricane seasons 1790s 1800s 1810s 1820s 1830s The decade of 1810s featured the 1810–1819 Atlantic hurricane seasons. While info for every storm that happened is not available, some parts of the coastline were had enough people to give info of hurricane happenings. Each season was an ongoing event in the annual cycle of tropical cyclone formation in the Atlantic basin. Most tropical cyclone formation is between June 1 and November 30. 1810 Atlantic hurricane season. I. On July 30 and 31, this tropical storm impacted Jamaica. II. On August 12 a hurricane hit Trinidad, causing heavy damage. The system apparently moved to Jamaica by the 15th. III. A tropical storm hit near Charleston, South Carolina between September 11 and 13, causing minor damage. IV. A tropical cyclone impacts eastern Cuba on September 28. V. The "Salty Storm" strikes Cuba on October 24 and 25 before continuing onward into the southwest Atlantic. The pressure at Havana falls to 29.35" 1811 Atlantic hurricane season. I. A minor hurricane that impacted Cuba continued onward to Charleston, South Carolina on September 10, causing many deaths, tornadoes, and crop damage as it moved across the state. II. On October 4 a major hurricane hit near St. Augustine, Florida. Many homes were destroyed, and 35 people drowned in the sinking of a U.S. Gunboat. III. On October 11 a hurricane impacts Pensacola, Florida and Fort Stoddard, Alabama. IV. A hurricane moved through the western Caribbean west of Jamaica to Cuba between October 20 and 25. On October 26 a Spanish ship is lost at Elliot Key from a hurricane. 1812 Atlantic hurricane season. I. Between June 5 and 11, a tropical storm moved through the northwest Caribbean Sea. II. A tropical cyclone impacted Puerto Rico on July 23. III. On August 8, a tropical storm moved into South Carolina. Great Louisiana hurricane. IV. A tropical cyclone was sighted east of Jamaica on August 14. By
Atlantic hurricane seasons&lt;br&gt; 1800s 1810s 1820s 1830s 1840s The decade of 1820s featured the 1820–1829 Atlantic hurricane seasons. While info for every storm that happened is not available, some parts of the coastline were had enough people to give info of hurricane happenings. Each season was an ongoing event in the annual cycle of tropical cyclone formation in the Atlantic basin. Most tropical cyclone formation is between June 1 and November 30. 1820 Atlantic hurricane season. I. A minimal hurricane moved from Florida on September 8 northward to hit near the border of North Carolina and South Carolina on September 10. It caused only minor damage. II. A hurricane was sighted at Dominica on September 26 before moving west-northwest through Hispaniola, then across the southwest Atlantic to South Carolina on October 1. 1821 Atlantic hurricane season. I. A tropical storm moved westward across the Caribbean, from Guadeloupe on September 1 to western Cuba on September 9. II. Norfolk and Long Island Hurricane. The Norfolk and Long Island Hurricane was a deadly hurricane that rapidly moved up the Atlantic coast during the first few days of September. It included a hurricane landfall within the modern borders of New York City, the only recorded case of a hurricane eyewall moving directly over the city. It caused 200 deaths, and is estimated to have been a Category 4 hurricane. III. Later in September, from the 15th-17th, a strong hurricane hit Mississippi. This was a very large storm, bringing storm surge flooding from Mobile to what is now Wakulla and Taylor Counties, Florida. 11 of the 13 vessels in the harbor at Pensacola Bay were lost, causing 35 deaths. 1822 Atlantic hurricane season. I. A hurricane struck the central Gulf coast between July 7 and July 9. II. This hurricane moved north-northwest from the Bahamas on September 25 to hit Charleston, South Carolina on September 27. It claimed the lives of hundreds of slaves who found themselves trapped in the low-lying Santee Delta
Atlantic hurricane seasons&lt;br&gt; 1810s 1820s 1830s 1840s 1850s The decade of 1830s featured the 1830–1839 Atlantic hurricane seasons. While info for every storm that happened is not available, some parts of the coastline were had enough people to give info of hurricane happenings. Each season was an ongoing event in the annual cycle of tropical cyclone formation in the Atlantic basin. Most tropical cyclone formation is between June 1 and November 30. 1830 Atlantic hurricane season. I. A hurricane moved from Trinidad to western Cuba between August 3 and August 9. Atlantic Coast Hurricane. II. First noted in the Leeward Islands on August 11, a hurricane moved into the Caribbean in the middle of August. It moved west-northwestward, and approached the coast of Florida. It came close to present-day Daytona Beach on August 15, but recurved northeastward before landfall, although land was not spared from effects. It made landfall near Cape Fear on the 16th and went out to sea that night, eventually well to the north of Bermuda just offshore the Canadian Maritimes. The hurricane broke a three-month drought, but caused heavy crop damage in the process. III. A hurricane tracked north of the Leeward Islands on August 19 through the southwest and western Atlantic by August 26. IV. A hurricane moved from north of Puerto Rico on September 29 to well northeast of Bermuda on October 1. V. A tropical storm struck South Carolina on October 6. 1831 Atlantic hurricane season. I. A tropical storm made landfall in northeast Florida on June 10. II. A hurricane moved from south of Barbados to the Yucatán Peninsula between June 22 and June 28. Great Barbados Hurricane. III. The Great Barbados Hurricane was an intense Category 4 hurricane that left cataclysmic damage across the Caribbean and Louisiana in 1831. It left 2,500 people dead and $7 million (1831 dollars) in damage. IV. A strong tropical storm/hurricane struck western Louisiana between August