ejaasaari/simplewiki-2025-04-01 huggingface dataset:
Eldred Gregory Peck (April 5, 1916 – June 12, 2003) was an American actor who was born in La Jolla, California.  One of 20th Century Fox's most popular movie stars from the 1940s to the 1950s, Peck continued to play important roles well into the 1980s. His most famous role was that of Atticus Finch in the 1954 movie "To Kill a Mockingbird", for which he won his Academy Award. He also won five Golden Globe Awards during his career. Peck's other best known roles include "Captain Horatio Hornblower" (1951), "David and Bathsheba" (1951), "The Snows of Kilimanjaro" (1952), "Roman Holiday" (1953), "Moby Dick" (1956), "The Guns of Navarone" (1961), "Cape Fear" (1962), "The Omen" (1976), and "The Boys from Brazil" (1978).  President Lyndon Johnson awarded Peck the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1969 for his lifetime humanitarian efforts. A Democrat, Peck said that President Johnson told him had he decided to run for re-election in 1968, he would have nominated Peck to be the U.S. Ambassador to Ireland. In 1991, the American Film Institute named Peck among the Greatest Male Stars of All Time, ranking at number 12. Peck retired from acting in 2000, however he was offered the role of Grandpa Joe in the 2005 movie "Charlie and the Chocolate Factory", but died before he could accept it. The Irish actor David Kelly was then given the part. On June 12, 2003, Peck died in his sleep from bronchopneumonia at the age of 87 at his home in Los Angeles.
Sin City is the title of a number of stories by Frank Miller, written in a comic book-style and the name of a movie that is based on the books. "Sin City" movie. A movie version of the "Sin City" books was released in 2005. It starred a number of famous actors, including Jessica Alba, Brittany Murphy, Bruce Willis, and Elijah Wood. The movie was directed by Frank Miller, Robert Rodriguez, and Quentin Tarantino. The movie is based on four stories from the "Sin City" books: "The Customer is Always Right", "The Hard Goodbye", "The Big Fat Kill" and "That Yellow Bastard".
Copyleft is a name for a type of a license for free content or free software. It is not the opposite of copyright, but its purpose is the opposite of the purpose of the frequently seen copyright type of license (which uses copyright to "forbid" changing, giving, or selling something). A copyleft license uses copyright to "forbid forbidding" changing, giving, or selling something. Both copyleft and non-copyleft ("permissive") licenses for free content or free software can be used for things like documents (for example books, art, music and software); they always allow people to change the works, and to give or sell them to other people. It should be noted that, although people might think that copyleft content is not copyrighted, that's a myth. Copyleft is a form of licensing: it is not just another name for public domain. However, in a copyleft license, when a person gives or sells a work (changed or not changed) to a friend, the person must allow the friend to do the things which the author of the original work has allowed in the license to the person. This often means, for example, that if another person licensed a book under a copyleft license, and you changed it into a new book, you would have to license your new book under the same license. Some free and open copyleft licenses that are used a lot are the GNU General Public License and the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike license. Commercial copyleft licenses are the Server Side Public License and the Open Compensation Token License.
Uruguay (officially named Oriental Republic of Uruguay) is a country in South America. The language spoken there is Spanish. Its capital and largest city is Montevideo. Uruguay is bordered by two large neighbors, Brazil and Argentina. The only country in South America that is smaller than Uruguay is Suriname. The land is mostly flat, and there are many farms in the countryside.  The area around Uruguay was fought over by the Portuguese and Spanish Empires in the 18th century. In the 1810s it was the center of the Banda Oriental, a Federal League of states in the Río de la Plata region. Argentina and Brazil took the majority in wars, leaving Uruguay as independent. History. Before Europeans came to the land, no more than 10 thousand native people lived here. Spanish explorer Juan Díaz de Solís first explored the land in 1516. Departments. Uruguay is divided into 19 different Departments. Geography. The highest point in the country is the Cerro Catedral whose peak reaches to . Uruguay has 660 km of coastline. There are nine National Parks in Uruguay. Five in the wetland areas of the east, three in the central hill country and one in the west along the Rio Uruguay. Economy. Agriculture. According to FAOSTAT, Uruguay is one of world's largest producers of: soybeans (9th); greasy wool (12th); horse meat (14th); beeswax (14th); quinces (17th); natural honey (19th); cattle meat (20th). On December 20, 2013, Uruguay was the first country in the world to legalize the cultivation, sale, and use of cannabis. Demographics. Uruguayans are mostly of European origin. 88%, or 88 of 100 people, are from European descent. Sports. Football is the most popular sport in Uruguay. The Uruguay national football team has won the FIFA World Cup on two occasions.
Minnesota is a state in the Upper Midwestern region of the United States. The capital of Minnesota is Saint Paul. The largest city is Minneapolis. Over 3,000,000 people live in the two cities and the suburbs that surround it, which are separated by the Mississippi River. They are known as the Twin Cities. Minnesota borders the Canadian provinces of Manitoba and Ontario and the U.S. states of North Dakota, Wisconsin, Iowa, and South Dakota. Minnesota is divided into 87 counties. Minnesota became a state on May 11, 1858. It was the 32nd state in the United States of America. The name Minnesota is Sioux (a Native American language) for "sky-tinted water" or "cloudy water". Eagle Mountain is the highest point in Minnesota. The state bird is the Common Loon. Minnesota has a humid continental climate. The winters in Minnesota are long and severe. Hence the state has a short growing season. During the summer, the south of the state is hot; the north is warm. In the 1984 election, Minnesota was the only state that voted for Walter Mondale. Minnesota also has an exclave, the Northwest Angle, housing the northernmost point in the contiguous United States. Flag. The Minnesota state flag remained relatively the same from 1893-2024. The flag was changed to a modernistic design in 2024.
Colorado is a state in the western United States. Its capital and largest city is Denver. Other large cities are Colorado Springs and Aurora. Colorado became the 38th state admitted to the union on August 1, 1876. History. Native Americans first settled in Colorado. The prominent Colorado Native Americans are the Navajo, Ute, and Cheyenne-Arapahoe Indians. The state was named after the Colorado River by Spanish explorers. US Army officer and amateur explorer Zebulon Pike was recruited by the United States government in 1806 to find the source of the Mississippi River and to check out Spanish settlements in New Mexico. Even though his recorded location for the source of the Mississippi was extremely inaccurate and allegedly got lost in his expedition, he did explore much of what would become the American Southwest. When he reached what is now Colorado Springs, he named a mountain after himself, Pikes Peak, which remains a symbol for the city as well as the state to this day. Colorado has a long history of mining and digging for gold. It is the place where the Pike's Peak Gold Rush took place. When gold in California was becoming harder and harder to find, people came to Colorado in large numbers when gold was discovered there in 1859, ten years after the California Gold Rush began. Many mining camps set up in Colorado would later become cities, such as Denver City and Boulder City. The motto for the gold rush was "Pike's Peak or Bust". Geography. The State of Colorado is shaped like a rectangle. The borders are latitude and longitude lines. The four borders are at 37°N, 41°N, 102°03'W, and 109°03'W. (The east and west borders are 25°W and 32°W from the Washington Meridian.) Colorado, Wyoming, and Utah are the only three U.S. states that have only lines of latitude and longitude for boundaries and that have no natural borders. When government surveyors made the border markers for the "Territory of Colorado", minor surveying mistakes made many small kinks along the borders, most seen along the border with the "Territory of Utah." The tip
Cairo (, usually transliterated as Al-Qāhirah) is the capital and largest city in Egypt. The city name can be translated as "the one who won".  Cairo has 7,947,121 people. About 17,290,000 people live in its urban area. This makes it the biggest city of the Arab World. It also is the city with the biggest urban area in Africa The city is on the Nile River. Geography. Climate. The city of Cairo has a hot desert climate (BWh), meaning it has a hot, sunny and dry climate a year long. The city, however, has more humidity than other cities with the hot desert climate (BWh). History. The area around the city was an important focal point of Ancient Egypt. In 968, the Fatimids entered Egypt and they made Cairo the capital of their caliphate. The Al Azhar mosque and university was made in 972. This became the world's oldest university. It is the most widely known seminary in the Islamic world. In 1992, Cairo was devastated by a 5.8 magnitude earthquake that caused 545 deaths, injuring 6,512, and made 50,000 people homeless, the most destructive since 1847. Tourism. The great pyramids of Giza and the step pyramid of Sakkara are just outside of the city. The Egyptian Museum holds the world’s largest collection of antiquities from the time of the ancient Pharaohs. Many treasures from the tomb of King Tutankhamun are in this museum. Famous Cairenes. People from Cairo are called 'Cairenes'.
Aerospace engineering is a field of engineering that specializes in vehicles that move in fluids. This usually means working with airplanes, cars, boats, trains, or spacecraft. As with other engineering, people who work in Aerospace engineering must study. This depends on what they want to do. Aerospace engineers (who design and oversee repair of vehicles) study for years at a university or college and earn a degree. Technicians (those who repair and construct vehicles) will do a shorter course and 'on the job' training. Aerospace jobs include astronauts, pilots, and other professionals.
1805 (MDCCCV) was a common year starting on Tuesday in the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Sunday in the Julian calendar. The Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar.
Karnataka is a state in the Republic of India. It has an area of . It is bigger than Syria but smaller than Senegal. In traditional Indian geography, it is part of the Southern zone. It has 31 districts. As of the 2011 census, it has a population of approximately 61.1 million. The present Chief Minister of the state is Siddaramaiah of the Indian National Congress. Bangalore is the capital city of Karnataka. It is also known as the IT capital of India. Mysore, Mangalore, Hubli-Dharwad, Kalaburgi and Hospet are the other big cities in Karnataka. Places to see in Karnataka are Bangalore, Mysore, Hampi, Bijapur, Belur/Halebid, Shivamogga, sannati (yadgir) and Shravanabelagola. The Lalbhag Botanical Garden, Badami and the Jog water are some of the well-known tourist attractions in Karnataka. The Kannada language is the official language of the state and the most prominent language spoken by the people in Karnataka. Telugu, Tamil, Marathi, Hindi and Malayalam are also spoken in Karantaka. Kannada is declared as one of the official languages of India. It has won the most number of Gnanpith Awards - 8, which are awarded to writers. Karnataka is bordered by the Arabian Sea to the west, Goa to the northwest, Maharashtra to the north, Telangana to the northeast, Andhra Pradesh to the east, Tamil Nadu to the south and Kerala to the southwest. Topographically, Karnataka consists of the Arabian Sea Coast, Western Ghats, Deccan Plateau, and Eastern Ghats. Karnataka's history dates back to the 3rd century BC. The succession of able administrators from the Hoysalas, Chalukyas and the mighty Vijayanagara rulers, to the arrival of the Mughals in the 17th century and the British in the 18th century have contributed to the mix of culture and heritage that is as rich as it is ancient. The perambadi pass is a mountain pass located in karnataka which is connected to kannur district in kerala.
Norrland is the northernmost region of Sweden. The other two regions are Götaland and Svealand. Norrland includes the Swedish counties Gävleborg County, Västernorrland County, Jämtland County, Västerbotten County and Norrbotten County. By "Upper Norrland" people usually mean Norrbotten and Västerbotten counties. Historically parts of northern Finland have also been parts of Norrland. Even though 59% of Sweden's area is within Norrland, only 12% of its population live there. The biggest town of Norrland is Umeå. Norrland is famous for its landscape, and for phenomena such as the Midnight sun, Polar night and Aurora also called the Northern lights.
Calgary is the biggest city in Alberta, Canada, with 1,300,000 people living in it, as of 2021. However, Edmonton is the capital city. It is in the southern half of Alberta, near the Rocky Mountains. Economy. There are many oil and gas businesses in Calgary, which has many skyscrapers. Around Calgary are many farms where cows are raised. Climate. Calgary has a humid continental climate ("Dfb" in the Koeppen climate classification) and has long, cold, dry winters. The summers are warm and have moderate rainfall. Sometimes, a wind, called a chinook, blows through Calgary and can make some winter days less cold. Activities. Calgary has a famous event, the Calgary Stampede, every year. Many rides are rented, and a huge festival is there for the city to join. The Calgary Stampede is the largest rodeo in the world, and cowboys can win a lot of money there. Cowboys also race with chuckwagons, which are four-wheeled carts that are pulled by horses. In 1988, the Winter Olympics were held in Calgary. Calgary has many museum like the Glenbow Museum and the Aero Space Museum. The Calgary Flames, an ice hockey team of the National Hockey League, play in Calgary at Scotiabank Saddledome. Media. Calgary Stations CKAL Citytv CFCN CTV Television Network CICT Global Television Network CTV Two
Nova Scotia ( ); ) is a small province found on the east coast of Canada. The name "Nova Scotia" is Latin for "New Scotland". The capital and largest city is Halifax. People who live in Nova Scotia are called Nova Scotians. There are over 900,000 of them; over 400,000 of whom live in Halifax. It is a wide diverse of cultures, from not only Scotland to Germany to Asia, especially for students in education programs such as Dartmouth High School, a well known school in the Dartmouth district and for students such as Mohammad Zedan.  What is now Nova Scotia used to be controlled by the Mik'maq. The French settled among them at Port Royal after 1600, and called the land part of Acadia, with Port Royal as its capital. In 1710, after a war, the British captured Port Royal and went on to capture the rest of the peninsula. It was the first time that the British had captured and held a French colony.  On 6 December 1917, about 2,000 people were killed in the Halifax Explosion. Nova Scotia's government is a democracy. Tim Houston is the premier and Mike Savage is the lieutenant governor.
Absolute zero is the temperature at which the particles of matter (molecules and atoms) are at their lowest energy points. Some might think that at absolute zero particles lose all energy and stop moving. This is not correct. In quantum physics there is something called zero point energy, which means that even after all the energy from particles has been removed, the particles still have some energy. This is due to Heisenberg's uncertainty principle, which states that the more that is known about a particle's position, the less that can be known about its momentum, and vice versa. Therefore, a particle cannot be completely stopped because then its exact position and momentum would be known.  Some people have created temperatures very close to absolute zero: the record temperature was 100 pK (one hundred picokelvin, equal to 10−10 kelvin) above absolute zero. Even getting close to absolute zero is difficult because anything that touches an object being cooled near absolute zero would give heat to the objects. Scientists use lasers to slow atoms when cooling objects to very low temperatures. The kelvin and Rankine temperature scales are defined so that absolute zero is 0 kelvin (K) or 0 degrees Rankine (°R). The Celsius and Fahrenheit scales are defined so that absolute zero is −273.15 °C or −459.67 °F. At this stage the pressure of the particles is zero. If we plot a graph to it, we can see that the temperature of the particles is zero. The temperature cannot go down any further. Also, the particles cannot move in "reverse" either because as the movement of particles is vibration, vibrating in reverse would be nothing but simply vibrating again. The closer the temperature of an object gets to absolute zero, the less resistive the material is to electricity therefore it will conduct electricity almost perfectly, with no measurable resistance. The Third Law of Thermodynamics says that nothing can ever have a temperature of absolute zero. The Second Law of Thermodynamics says that all engines that are powered by heat (like car engines and steam train engines) must release waste heat and can not be 100% efficient. This is because the efficiency (percent of energy the engine uses up that is actually
A cylinder is one of the most basic curved three dimensional geometric shapes, with the surface formed by the points at a fixed distance from a given line segment, known as the axis of the cylinder. The shape can be thought of as a circular prism. Both the surface and the solid shape created inside can be called a "cylinder". The surface area and the volume of a cylinder have been known since ancient times. In differential geometry, a cylinder is defined more broadly as a ruled surface which is spanned by a one-parameter family of parallel lines. A cylinder whose cross section is an ellipse, parabola, or hyperbola is called an elliptic cylinder, parabolic cylinder, or hyperbolic cylinder respectively. Common use. In common use a "cylinder" is taken to mean a finite section of a right circular cylinder, i.e., the cylinder with the generating lines perpendicular to the bases, with its ends closed to form two circular surfaces, as in the figure (right). If the cylinder has a radius formula_1 and length (height) "h", then its volume is given by: formula_2 and its surface area is: Therefore, without the top or bottom (lateral area), the surface area is: formula_6. With the top and bottom, the surface area is: formula_7. For a given volume, the cylinder with the smallest surface area has formula_8. For a given surface area, the cylinder with the largest volume has formula_8, i.e. the cylinder fits in a cube (height = diameter). Volume. Having a right circular cylinder with a height formula_10 units and a base of radius formula_1 units with the coordinate axes chosen so that the origin is at the center of one base and the height is measured along the positive x-axis. A plane section at a distance of formula_12 units from the origin has an area of formula_13 square units where formula_14 or formula_15 An element of volume, is a right cylinder of base area formula_16 square units and a thickness of formula_17 units. Thus if "V" cubic units is the volume of the right circular cylinder, by Riemann sums, formula_
A vacuum is a place where there is no matter, not even air. Sound cannot move in a vacuum. No place has a perfect vacuum, because a small number of particles remain, even in outer space.  A space where only some of the air is removed is also called a vacuum. The space then has lower pressure, even though most of the air remains.  Industrial uses. Vacuum is needed for some kinds of machines used for industrial production. Vacuum pumps are used to pump air out of a vacuum chamber. It is not possible to create 100% vacuum, but some vacuum pumps are able to create 99.9999% vacuum. This is called "hard vacuum". Most industrial purposes do not need hard vacuum.  Industrial vacuums are mainly used in: Scientific experiments. Vacuum chambers are also used in many scientific experiments in laboratories. Some experiments in physics and chemistry need hard vacuum to keep any air or other gases from interfering with delicate surfaces or chemicals that can react.
Catherine Howard was Queen consort of England from 1540 until 1541, as the fifth wife of Henry VIII of England. Childhood. Catherine Howard (also spelled "Katheryn") was born in about 1521, but the exact date is unknown. She was the tenth child of Lord Edmund Howard and Joyce Culpepper. Her father was the second son of the Duke of Norfolk. She was a cousin to Anne Boleyn, who was the second wife of Henry VIII. Catherine's family was poor so they sent her to live with her step-grandmother, Agnes Tilney. Agnes Tilney, the Duchess of Norfolk, had a large household, but it was not very strict. Catherine could read and write, but she was the least-educated of Henry VIII's wives. Arrival at court. Catherine became a lady-in-waiting to Queen Anne of Cleves in 1539 or 1540, when she was about 18 years old. Anne of Cleves was the fourth wife of Henry VIII. The king did not like Anne, and said she was not as pretty as he had hoped for and also called her a Flanders mare (horse). He soon fell in love with Catherine. In July 1540, after Henry had annulled his marriage with Anne of Cleves, Henry and Catherine got married at Oatlands Palace, which is in Surrey. Marriage. Henry VIII loved his young bride and gave her lots of rich presents, such as jewels and expensive clothes. He called her his 'rose without a thorn' and the 'very jewel of womanhood'. Her motto was "Non autre volonté que la sienne" (French) or "No other wish but his". However, Catherine was not happy in her marriage. Her husband was very fat (he was about at the time), much older than she was, and had an ulcer on his legs. She started becoming acquainted with a man named Thomas Culpepper. Downfall. Rumors that Catherine was unfaithful began to be repeated at court. Then Francis Dereham told people about the affair which he had had with Catherine, and officials started to ask questions about what she was doing in private