ejaasaari/simplewiki-2025-04-01 huggingface dataset:
Le Châtelier's principle is a principle used in Chemistry and Physics to describe how a system at equilibrium reacts to external changes.  Overview. It is used to show how the point of equilibrium of a system will move to oppose a change in the conditions of the system, following Newton's third law. This is most commonly seen in reversible reactions in chemistry, where a chemical reaction has reached a point where the formation of products happens at the same rate the products decay back into reactants. This principle can then be used to increase the amount of desired products made by moving equilibrium towards that side in chemical industries. Concentration. If the concentration of reactants in a reaction increases, the point of equilibrium moves towards the products as this gets rid of the excess reactants and cancels the change. Similarly, if the concentration of products increases, the equilibrium moves towards the reactants. Pressure. If the pressure of a system increases, the point of equilibrium will shift to the side with less moles, as that side will occupy less volume and therefore will reduce the pressure. Temperature. If the temperature of a system is increased, the point of equilibrium moves towards whichever side is more endothermic as this will take in the excess energy as part of the products and so cancels the change of increased temperature. Electromagnetism. This principle is also shown by Lenz's law, which states that a changing magnetic flux will produce an opposing magnetic flux (and therefore a magnetic and electric field) in any nearby metals. This will then produce a second current in the nearby metal in the opposite direction to the original current.
The continental United States is the area of the United States that is located in the continent of North America. It includes 49 of the 50 U.S. states (48 of which are located south of Canada and north of Mexico, known as the "lower 48 states," the other being Alaska) and the District of Columbia, which contains the federal capital, Washington, D.C. The only state that is excluded is Hawaii, which is a state consisting of islands in the Pacific Ocean that are not part of North America but rather, Oceania.  "On May 14, 1959, the U.S. Board on Geographic Names issued the following definitions based partially on the reference in the Alaska Omnibus Bill, which defined the Continental United States as "the 49 States on the North American Continent and the District of Columbia..." The Board reaffirmed those definitions on May 13, 1999." Some sources incorrectly mix up the "continental United States" with the "contiguous United States," which consists simply of the lower 48 states and the District of Columbia). The contiguous United States, also known as the "United States Mainland" does not include Alaska, Hawaii, or any other territory under the control of the United States. Alaska is unique among the U.S. states since it is part of the North America since it it is attached via Canada. That makes it part of the "continental United States". However, Alaska is not part of the "contiguous United States" because it is not attached directly to the lower 48 states.
Britons, British people, or the British are people from Britain – either from the United Kingdom or the island of Great Britain. In history, the people of the British Empire, and later the British Commonwealth, were also named British or Britons. The first people to be named Britons were the people of ancient Britain, the ancient Britons. The ancient Romans named the people of Britain in . People from Roman Britain called themselves in . Bede used the spelling in , the spelling of which was possibly learned from the Old English word of the same meaning. Originally, the word Briton in the English language meant a person from one of the Brythonic languages-speaking peoples in Great Britain and northern France: mostly the people of Strathclyde, Wales, Cornwall, and Brittany. This meaning of the word was used in Middle English from the 13th century and after. In the 16th and 17th centuries, Briton could also be a name for Welsh people. The use of Britons to mean all the people of Britain was not common in the English language before the early 18th century. It became more usual after the Acts of Union 1707 joined together the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Scotland into the United Kingdom of Great Britain. The word Briton was frequently used in the 18th and 19th centuries with the suggestion of "qualities of bravery and fortitude". The rare word "Britoness" was sometimes used in the past for women from Britain. Writers like Edmund Spenser, Thomas Babington Macaulay, and Alfred, Lord Tennyson used it for strong women like the ancient British queen Boudica (who fought the Romans) and the English queen, Elizabeth I (whose Royal Navy defeated the Spanish Armada). Citizenship. To become a naturalised British citizen, many different things must be considered. Unlike some countries, a person is not a citizen of Britain just because they were born there. When they were born and the citizenship status of thieir parents can affect if the can be a citizen. Other things that may affect being a citizen of Britain include being married to a British citizen, having indefinite leave to remain (ILR) and then
The scissor-tailed flycatcher ("Tyrannus forficatus"), also known as the Texas bird-of-paradise and swallow-tailed flycatcher, is a type of bird that lives in North America, in the United States and Mexico. It eats insects. It is grey on top and light grey underneath with pink on the sides. The wings are dark and it has a long black tail. It is named "scissor-tailed" because its tail looks like a pair of scissors. The tail is shorter when it is young, and the bird is not as colorful. The scissor-tailed flycatcher is closely related to the kingbirds. It is also the state bird of Oklahoma. The common name is derived from its former Latin name-Muscivoria forficata, meaning "flying"-"scissors" and "to devour." In Oklahoma, scissortails can be found on open prairies, along tree-lined roads, and along roadsides perched on fences, limbs and in isolated trees. They consume a great number of grasshoppers, crickets, spiders, and other ground-dwelling insects making them economically important and popular with farmers and ranchers. Soon after the birds arrive in the state, the males begin their famous "sky dance," a popular site along roadsides during spring and early summer. After climbing about 100 feet in the air, the male makes a series of V-shaped flights, then plunges down in an erratic zigzag course often somersaulting while uttering a rolling, cackling call. The performance has been described as "an aerial ballet of incomparable grace." Nesting usually takes place in an isolated tree 7–30 feet above ground. Often two broods of 4-6 each are raised during the summer. Scissor-tailed flycatchers are easily identified by their long scissor-like tail, which may reach nine inches in length. During flight the bird opens its tail like a pair of scissors and folds or closes the "scissors" when perching. The nape of its neck and its back are pearl gray, and the breast is white. Wings are sooty black with
Cassowaries ("Casuarius") are a kind of large bird which cannot fly. They are in a group of flightless birds called the ratites. The ostrich, emu, moa (now extinct) and small kiwi are other ratites. The cassowary lives in the tropical rainforests of New Guinea and north eastern Australia. They are shy birds living deep in the forest. They may become aggressive, and they may attack people. This makes it hard to learn about them. A group of cassowaries is called a "shock". Species of cassowary. There are three living species of cassowary: Description. The southern cassowary is the largest forest bird in the world, and the second heaviest bird in the world after the ostrich. It is third tallest after the ostrich and emu. Females are bigger and more brightly coloured. Adult southern cassowaries are between to tall. Some females may get as big as , and weigh about . They do not have feathers on their necks. The necks are brightly colored in red, blue, purple and yellow. The southern cassowary has two wattles, loose skin, which hangs down from their neck. The northern cassowary has one wattle. The dwarf cassowary has no wattles. Cassowaries have three toes on each foot. Each has a sharp claw. The middle toe has a claw like a dagger, which is long. Because a cassowary can kick, this claw is very dangerous and can hurt or kill enemies. Scientists believe they can run up to . They can jump up to and they can swim. There have been reported attacks on people and animals by cassowaries. In April 1926, a cassowary killed a 16-year-old boy near Mossman, Queensland. The cassowary's wings are small, and their feathers are different from other birds. They are not adapted for flying. Breeding. Females lay between three and eight large, pale green-blue eggs at a time. These large eggs are about by and weigh about 600 grams. Ostrich and emu eggs are bigger. The male sits on
The Province of Belluno (; ) is a province in the Veneto region of Italy. Its capital is the city of Belluno. Geography. The province of Belluno has an area of and is the most northern of the provinces of the Veneto region, and is almost entirely occupied by mountain areas. In the eastern part of the province are the Dolomites, part of the eastern Alps, with high mountains, including the highest point of the province and of the region, the Marmolada () that is high. The province is rich in water, with the presence of the wide Piave river that flows through the province from north to south. The southern part of the province is called "Valbelluna", the widest and most populous valley of the province. The province of Belluno borders to the north with Austria (Tyrol and Carinthia), to the east with the Friuli Venezia Giulia region (Udine and Pordenone provinces), to the south with the Treviso and Vicenza provinces) and to the west and northwest with the Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol region (Trento and South Tyrol provinces). Population. , there are 206,856 persons living in the province, for a population density of inhabitants/km². Evolution of the population in the Belluno province Language minorities. In the province, there are two language minorities, which are now recognized by law: Municipalities. There are 64 municipalities (or "comuni") in the province; they are: Largest municipalities. The following shows the 10 "comuni" with the population, and the area and altitude.
The Province of Rovigo () is a province in the Veneto region of Italy. Its capital is the city of Rovigo. Geography. The province of Rovigo has an area of and is the most southern of the provinces of the Veneto region, and its territory is almost flat, without mountains. The highest point of the province is in the Bergantino "comune", to the west of the province; it is only high. The province is rich in water, with the presence of the two longest rivers of Italy: the Po and the Adige rivers. Both flow from west to east and into the Adriatic Sea and most of the territory of the province is between these two rivers: the Adige in the north of the province and the Po in the south of it. The province of Rovigo borders to the northwest with the Province of Verona. The Province of Padua and the Metropolitan City of Venice are to the north. The Province of Mantua (in the Lombardy region) is to the west. The Province of Ferrara (in the Emilia-Romagna region) is to the south. The Adriatic Sea is to the east. Population. , there are 240,540 persons living in the province, for a population density of inhabitants/km². Evolution of the population in the Rovigo province Municipalities. There are 50 municipalities (or "comuni") in the province; they are: Largest municipalities. The following shows the 10 "comuni" with the population, and the area and altitude.
A cascade is  Cascade may also mean: Places. Australia. WALES, UK Cascade, Rhymney Valley,
Dromaeosaurs are a family of bird-like theropod dinosaurs. They include the famous "Velociraptor" and "Deinonychus". They were small to medium-sized feathered carnivores which flourished in the Cretaceous period.  They are often called raptors, a term popularized by the movie "Jurassic Park". They were fast-running predators. Dromaeosaurs eventually had a world-wide distribution. Isolated teeth suggest they first appeared in the Middle Jurassic, 167 million years ago (mya). But more complete records are not found before about 124 mya in the Lower Cretaceous. They spread to all continents. The group survived until the end of the Cretaceous, 65.5 mya at the K/T extinction event. Although dromaeosaur teeth have been found in the Middle Jurassic, no dromaeosaurid body fossils have been found this early. Description. The Dromaeosaur skeleton suggests they were active, fast-running, and closely related to birds. Dromaeosaurs have a relatively large skull, serrated teeth, narrow snout, and forward-facing eyes with some degree of binocular vision. Dromaeosaurs, like most other theropods, had an S-curved neck, and their trunk was relatively short and deep. Like other maniraptorans, they had long arms, and relatively large hands with three long fingers ending in large claws. The dromaeosaur hip structure featured a large 'pubic boot' (part of the hip) projecting beneath the base of the tail. These hip bones were places muscle and tendons attached. Dromaeosaur feet bore a large, recurved claw on the second toe. Their tails were slender, and mainly used as a counterbalance. Some, and probably all, dromaeosaurs were covered in feathers, including large, vaned, wing and tail feathers. Feet. Like other theropods, dromaeosaurs were bipedal; that is, they walked on their hind legs. Other theropods walked with three toes on the ground, but fossilized footprint tracks show that most dromaeosaurs held the second toe off the
The Province of Treviso () is a province in the Veneto region of Italy. Its capital is the city of Treviso. Geography. The province of Treviso has an area of and is formed mainly by plains but there are hills in the northern part. In the border with the Belluno province, there are some mountains over high, found mainly in the Dolomites, part of the eastern Alps; the highest mountain of the province is Monte Grappa ) that is high and is on the border with the Belluno and Vicenza provinces. The province is rich in water; the main river is the Piave river that flows through the province from north to south. The province of Treviso borders to the north with the Belluno province, to the east with the Friuli Venezia Giulia region (Pordenone province), to the south with the Padua province and the Metropolitan City of Venice, and to the west with the Vicenza province. Population. , there are 885,447 persons living in the province, for a population density of inhabitants/km². Evolution of the population in the Treviso province Municipalities. There are 95 municipalities (or "comuni") in the province; they are: Largest municipalities. The following shows the 12 "comuni" with the population, and the area and altitude.
The American bullfrog ("Rana catesbeiana" or "Lithobates catesbeianus") is a semi-aquatic frog. It belongs to the family Ranidae, or 'true frogs'. Bullfrogs are native to most of North America, Canada and Mexico. The ones that live in northern America hibernate during winter. However, bullfrogs in southern US states are active all the time. Bullfrogs have been seen in South America, Asia, Western Europe and the Caribbean. These bullfrogs were brought on ships. Many people, including pet owners, have placed bullfrogs outside of their native area. They have done this: on purpose because they no longer want them, to control the pest population, or by accident by catching them in fishing nets. Bullfrogs can adapt and live almost anywhere if there is water nearby. They can eat rodents, insects, small fish, arachnids, small birds, crustaceas, small mammals, worms, and other frogs. Because of this, they have been blamed for many animal extinctions. Bullfrogs live in large bodies of water such as swamps, lakes, and ponds. They like to stay near the edge of the water. During a rainstorm, they may travel on land. They travel in search of a new habitat. Bullfrogs are prey to various birds like herons, and their life in the wild is much less than in captivity. One captive bullfrog lived almost 16 years. The name "bullfrog" was given because males roar when mating with a female. Bullfrogs can be kept as pets. Captive bullfrogs are given rodents, small fish, crickets, worms, and fruit flies as food and treats. Pet owners may add supplements on the frogs food for health. Bullfrogs can host many viruses, bacteria and parasites. They were blamed for an intraerythrocytic virus outbreak in Canada in 1997. Bullfrogs are the cause of the chytrid fungus spreading into Arizona. The fungus is one of the main reasons that there are fewer amphibians. A female
Irritator (say: "irr-irr-it-at-or") is a genus of spinosaurid theropod dinosaur that lived in what is now Brazil, in the Lower Cretaceous. Its fossils are known from the Romualdo Formation.  "Irritator" had straight and cone-shaped teeth. Its jaws were low, long and slender, with the nostrils placed well back from the front of the snout (all consistent with fish-eating). "Irritator" also had a narrow crest made of nasal bones on top of the skull. "Irritator"'s name comes from the English word "Irritation". It was given its name due to the feelings of the scientists who described it when they found that fossil dealers had added plaster to the front of the snout.
Kate Garry Hudson (born April 19, 1979) is an American actress, movie director, screenwriter and producer. In 2001 she won Golden Globe for this role in "Almost Famous" and was nominated for Oscar, but Marcia Gay Harden won. Biography. Kate is the younger child of musician Bill Hudson and Oscar-winning actress Goldie Hawn who were divorced in 1980. She has one older brother, Oliver Hudson. She also has one half-brother and three half-sisters. Career. Kate began a career as an actress in 1996. In 2000 she played Penny Lane in "Almost Famous" and won a Golden Globe for this role. She was also nominated for an Oscar for this role, but Marcia Gay Harden won. She is also a movie director, screenwriter and producer. Personal life. From 2000 to 2007 she was married to musician Chris Robinson. They had one child, Ryder Russell Robinson (born on January 4, 2004). She has been in a relationship with musician Matthew Bellamy since 2010. They have one child, Bingham Hawn Bellamy (born on July 9, 2011).
The Province of Verona () is a province in the Veneto region of Italy. Its capital is the city of Verona. Geography. The province of Verona has an area of , the second largest province in the Veneto region, after the Belluno province, and is the most western of the provinces of the region. Most of its territory is almost flat, with few mountains. The highest point of the province is "Cima Valdritta", that is high. The main river in the province is the Adige; it flows through the capital of the province. To the west of the province is the Lake Garda (), the largest lake of Italy. The climate in the city of Verona is Humid Subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification: Cfa). The province of Verona borders to the north with the Trento (Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol region), to the east with the Vicenza and Padua provinces, to the southeast with the Rovigo province, to the south and west with the Lombardy region (Mantua province) and to the northwest with the Brescia province (Lombardy region). Population. , there are 922,383 persons living in the province, for a population density of inhabitants/km². Evolution of the population Municipalities. There are 98 municipalities (or "comuni") in the province; they are: The largest "comune" is Verona, with and the smallest is Concamarise, with . The "comune" with fewest inhabitants is Ferrara di Monte Baldo, with 226 inhabitants. Main "comuni". The following shows the 10 "comuni" with more inhabitants with their population, and their area and altitude.
The Province of Vicenza () is a province in the Veneto region of Italy. Its capital is the city of Vicenza. Geography. The province of Vicenza has an area of . The southern part is largely flat (the "Pianura Padana", here known as "Pianura veneta") except for a group of small hills (the "Berici Hills"), south of the city of Vicenza. There are many high mountains in the northern part of the province. The highest is Cima Dódici, which is high and is on the border with the province of Trento (Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol region). The province is rich in water; the main rivers in the province are: The province of Vicenza borders to the north with the Trento province (Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol region), to the northeast with the Belluno province, to the east with the Treviso province, to the south with the Padua province, and to the west with the Verona province. Population. , there are 867,314 persons living in the province, for a population density of inhabitants/km². Evolution of the population in the Vicenza province Municipalities. There are 120 municipalities (or "comuni") in the province; they are: Largest municipalities. The following shows the 12 "comuni" with the population, and the area and altitude.
A petroleum product is an organic compound made in oil refineries. They result from "refining" (changing) crude oil (also called "Petroleum") into more useful products. Well-known petroleum products include: In addition, oil-refineries also sell other things that come from the refining process, most notably Some Petrochemicals, including plastics, are made from petroleum products.
Billings is a city in the U.S. State of Montana. Nearly 120,000 people live there. It was founded in 1882 as a railroad town. it is the largest city in Montana by population. Billings Logan International Airport is in the city. It is also home to ZooMontana, Pictograph Cave National Historic Landmark, Lake Elmo State Park and Four Dances Natural Area. The Yellowstone River flows through the town. Billings is also the birthplace (and hometown) of the beautiful Miss Teen USA Katie Blair.