ejaasaari/simplewiki-2025-04-01 huggingface dataset:
Medieval Estonia spans the period from the 13th century to the mid-16th century, when the territory was part of Livonia. This era began with the Northern Crusades, during which Estonia was subjugated by foreign powers, including the Danish Kingdom, the Livonian Order, and various bishoprics. Northern Crusades and Conquest. In the early 13th century, Estonia was invaded during the Northern Crusades. Local Estonians fiercely resisted but faced superior military forces and lacked centralized leadership. Key events include: By 1238, Estonia was divided among the Danish crown, the Livonian Order, and various bishoprics under the Terra Mariana confederation. Livonian Confederation. From the 13th century to 1561, Estonia was part of Livonia, a confederation comprising: Social and economic changes. Under foreign rule, Estonians became serfs, with limited rights. German-speaking elites dominated the social and political systems. Key economic activities included agriculture and trade through the Hanseatic League, with Tallinn serving as a vital port. Rebellions and decline. Local uprisings, such as the St. George's Night Uprising (1343–1345), showcased Estonian resistance to feudal oppression, but they were ultimately unsuccessful. By the mid-16th century, internal conflicts and external pressures, including the Livonian War, weakened the region, leading to its eventual partition among neighboring powers. Legacy. The medieval period shaped Estonia’s linguistic, cultural, and social structures. Many medieval castles, churches, and towns, particularly in Tallinn, remain as historical landmarks today.
The 1948-49 Austrian Football Championship was organized by the Vienna Football Association and contested by its members. In Because the league was reformed the Vienna League and several state championships of the federal state associations served as a foundation for the league. FK Austria Wien became Austrian football champions for the 3rd time this season. Mode. The nine teams that already played in the Vienna League last year were joined by the newly promoted team SC Rasenspieler Hochstädt. The team was immediately relegated. There was a first and second half of the season with nine games each. Final table. Relegationː Promotionː Champions of the Federal States. With the introduction of the Staatsliga A the championship was gradually expanded to cover the entire federal territory. With the introduction of the Staatsliga B, the Tauernliga and the Arlbergliga from the 1950/51 season on it was really possible for every champion to qualify for the top Austrian league. Champion squad. Lukas Aurednik, Rudolf Böhme, Oskar Fischer , Adolf Huber, Siegfried Joksch ,  Friedrich Kleibel, Friedrich Kominek , Otto Melchior, Ernst Melchior, Leopold Mikolasch, Friedrich Nikolai,  Ernst Ocwirk, Ferdinand Popelka, Kurt Reiter, Raimund Richter, Erich Stojaspal, Ernst Stojaspal, Josef Stroh, Coachː Heinrich Müller
Maria Alexandru (née Golopența; 30 December 1939 – 27 November 2024) was a Romanian table tennis player. From 1957 to 1980 she won several medals in singles, doubles, and team events in the Table Tennis European Championships. Between 1953 and 1979, she played in 12 World Championships, winning three gold medals in the doubles competition. She was born in Plugova, Romania. Alexandru died on 27 November 2024, at the age of 84.
Geir Thomas Hylland Eriksen (6 February 1962 – 27 November 2024) was a Norwegian anthropologist. He was known for his writings on globalization, identity, ethnicity, and nationalism. He was Professor of Social Anthropology in the Department of Social Anthropology at the University of Oslo. He was the President of the European Association of Social Anthropologists from 2015 to 2016. He was also an editor of "Samtiden" and "Journal of Peace Research". Hylland Eriksen was born in Oslo, Norway. Hylland Eriksen died on 27 November 2024 in Oslo from pancreatic cancer, aged 62.
Rut Birgitta Dahl (20 September 1937 – 26 November 2024) was a Swedish politician. She was a member of the Social Democratic Party. Dahl was a Member of Parliament from 1969 to 2002. She was Minister for Energy from 1982 to 1990 and Minister for the Environment from 1986 to 1991.  Dahl was the Speaker of the Parliament from 1994 to 2002. She was the chairman of the Swedish section of the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) between 2005 and 2011. Dahl died from heart failure on 26 November 2024 in Uppsala, Sweden at the age of 87.
The speaker of the Riksdag is the presiding officer of the national unicameral legislature in Sweden. Since 1975, the speaker, and no longer the monarch, appoints and fires the prime minister. The current speaker is Andreas Norlén, who has held the gavel since September 2018.
Karl Åke Henry Allard (21 November 1911 – 23 October 1996) was a Swedish Social Democrat politician. He was a member of the Riksdag from 1943 until 1979.
Sten Bertil Ingemund Bengtsson (30 January 1919 – 12 April 2000) was a Swedish Social democratic politician. He was the Speaker of the Riksdag from 1979 to 1988.
Thage Edvin Gerhard Peterson (born 24 September 1933) is a Swedish Social Democrat politician. He was a member of parliament from 1971 to 1998. He was speaker from 1988 to 1991. He was known for being the minister of industry from 1982 to 1988 and as minister of defence from 1994 to 1997.
Ingegerd Troedsson (5 June 1929 – 3 November 2012) was a Swedish Moderate Party politician. She was the first female Speaker of the Riksdag from 1991 to 1994. She was the deputy Minister for Social Affairs from 1976 to 1978.
Per Olof Andreas Norlén (; born 6 May 1973) is a Swedish politician. He is a member of the Moderate Party. He has been the Speaker of the Riksdag since September 2018. He has been a member of parliament (MP) for Östergötland County since October 2006.
Urban Christian Ahlin (; born 13 November 1964) is a Swedish Social Democratic Party politician. He was Speaker of the Riksdag from September 2014 to September 2018. He was a Member of the Riksdag (MP) for the Västra Götaland County East constituency from 1994 to 2018. In 2023, he became the Ambassador of Sweden to the United States.
Per Erik Gunnar Westerberg (; born 2 August 1951) is a Swedish politician. He was Speaker of the Riksdag from 2006 to 2014. He was a Member of the Riksdag from 1979 to 2014. He was Sweden's Minister for Industry and Trade from 1991 to 1994.
Björn Gustaf von Sydow (born 26 November 1945) is a Swedish politician. He was the speaker of the Riksdag from 2002 to 2006. He is a member of the Swedish Social Democratic Party. He had been Minister of Defence in Göran Persson's government between 1997 and 2002.
The Christian Kingdoms in the region of modern Indonesia emerged from the 16th century, influenced by European traders, particularly the Portuguese and Spanish. These kingdoms played a significant role in the spread of Christianity, especially in eastern Indonesia, as part of the colonial and religious efforts of European powers. Resistance and decline. The dominance of Christian kingdoms was challenged by the rise of Islamic kingdoms, as well as changing colonial priorities. Christianity remained influential, but many regions saw a decline in its dominance compared to earlier periods. Cultural and social impact. Christian missionaries introduced Western-style education, healthcare, and governance. These efforts led to shifts in local societies, including new cultural practices and a stronger colonial influence. However, the limited resources of European missionaries often left communities without sustained religious support. Legacy. The Christian kingdoms left a lasting legacy in the Nusantara, with areas like Larantuka and parts of the Maluku Islands still maintaining strong Christian traditions today. This period marked the beginning of Indonesia's multi-religious society.
Asmodeus (/ˌæzməˈdiːəs/; Ancient Greek: Ἀσμοδαῖος, "Asmodaios") or Ashmedai (/ˈæʃmɪˌdaɪ/; Hebrew: אַשְמְדּאָי, "ʾAšmədāy"; Arabic: آشماداي; see below for other variations) is a prince of demons in the legends of Solomon and the constructing of Solomon's Temple.
The 9th congressional district of Illinois covers parts of Cook, Lake, and McHenry counties as of the 2020 census. It covers many of Chicago's northern suburbs. Democrat Jan Schakowsky has represented the district since January 1999.
The Livonian-Lithuanian Union (Latin: "Unio Livoniae cum Magno Ducatu Lithuania", Latvia: "Livonijas un Lietuvas reālūnija") was a political and administrative union formed between the Livonian Confederation and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania on December 26, 1566. It was established under the Union of Grodno, during a period of political upheaval and conflicts in the Baltic region. The union made the Lithuanian Grand Duke the ruler of Livonia, creating a semi-autonomous Livonian Duchy under Lithuanian governance. Historical background. Preceding Conflicts: The 16th century saw frequent wars between Livonia, Lithuania, and Muscovy (Russia). The Livonian Order, weakened by defeats in the Livonian War (1558–1583), sought alliances to protect itself. The earlier Treaty of Vilnius (1559) laid the groundwork for integrating Livonia into Lithuania's sphere of influence. Union of Grodno (1566): The union was finalized during the Seimas (assembly) of Grodno in 1566. Under this agreement, Grand Duke Sigismund II Augustus of Lithuania became the ruler of Livonia, appointing Jan Hodekiewicz as its first governor. Livonia retained a degree of autonomy while aligning politically and militarily with Lithuania. Outcome and legacy. The Livonian-Lithuanian Union marked a turning point in Livonia's history, providing protection against Muscovy’s expansion while linking the region to the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, which would emerge in 1569. Despite its short-lived nature, the union contributed to the eventual integration of Livonia into the Commonwealth, shaping its political and cultural identity.
Vaajakoski, located in the Jyväskylä region of Finland, has a rich industrial history spanning from the early 19th century to the late 20th century. The area transformed from a rural village into a hub of sawmill and later diversified industries. Its development was closely tied to its waterways, particularly the Vaajavirta channel, and industrial enterprises such as the Central Finnish Cooperative Society (SOK) and other factories. Early development. 1800s: The first sawmills were established in Vaajakoski in the early 19th century, marking the beginning of its industrialization. Companies like T. &amp; J. Salvesen played a significant role in its early economic growth. 1916: The Central Finnish Cooperative Society (SOK) purchased significant industrial properties, including sawmills, and expanded the area’s industrial activities. Social and political changes. 1900s Politics: The early 20th century saw active labor movements, including the establishment of a socialist workers' association and a Christian workers' union. Vaajakoski was also influenced by national events like the Finnish Civil War, during which the local workforce and political affiliations were divided. Industrial expansion. Factories: SOK developed a range of factories, including furniture, matchstick, and margarine production plants. By the 1970s, Vaajakoski was a major industrial area with over 10 factories employing about 2,000 workers. Decline: By the 1980s, financial difficulties led SOK to cease its industrial operations in the region. Many of the old factory buildings were repurposed for smaller industries and cultural activities. Legacy and modern Vaajakoski. Today, Vaajakoski is known for its preserved industrial heritage and scenic environment along the Vaajavirta channel. Iconic landmarks include the old power plant and Naissaari, which is a historical and recreational site.
The BYD Destroyer 05 is a hybrid compact sedan made by BYD.  Overview. The Destroyer 05 was unveiled on Guangzhou Auto Show in November 2021, and launched on the Chinese market in March 2022. The 120 km (75 mi) pure electric range version of the Destroyer 05 supports 25 kW fast charging and charging from 30 percent to 80 percent takes 25 minutes. Destroyer 05 is powered by DM-i hybrid EHS system in two variants with two battery sizes. Both versions powered by 1,5 liter BYD476ZQA petrol engine producing 81 kW (109 hp), combined output is 177 or 194 hp.
Vahan's War was a rebellion in 481–484 CE led by Vahan I Mamikonian against the Sasanian Empire. The war was a response to Persian policies enforcing Zoroastrianism and cultural assimilation in Armenia. The rebellion ended with the Treaty of Nvarsak, which granted Armenians religious freedom and some political autonomy. Outcome. The rebellion ended in 484 with the Treaty of Nvarsak, negotiated after the death of Persian King Peroz I. This treaty ensured: Legacy. Vahan’s War reinforced the Armenian people’s commitment to Christianity and their resistance to foreign domination. Vahan Mamikonian is celebrated as a national hero for securing religious freedom and preserving Armenian identity.
Openfabric AI is a decentralized protocol designed to make Artificial Intelligence (AI) more accessible by lowering infrastructure requirements and simplifying the technical processes needed to use AI algorithms. Openfabric AI was founded in 2019 by Andrei Tara. And it is currently stationing in it's headquarters in Singapore. Purpose. Openfabric AI aims to create a platform where AI innovation can happen more quickly. It provides an ecosystem for: Openfabric functions as a decentralized marketplace where participants are rewarded for contributing intellectual property or hardware resources. Openfabric AI has been recognized for its potential to revolutionize AI and Web3 technologies. Research. The core concepts behind Openfabric AI have been peer-reviewed in academic publications. The design and functionality of the platform are further detailed in the Openfabric White-paper. The project has also garnered attention for its ability to integrate decentralized AI with modern infrastructure and financial systems. Design. The Openfabric protocol is based on two main components: 1. Decentralized Operating System (DOS): A blockchain-powered system that ensures secure and scalable operations for the ecosystem. It coordinates services using a trusted peer-to-peer (P2P) network. 2. Trusted Execution Environment (TEE): A secure execution space that uses Intel's Software Guard Extensions (SGX) to protect data and code, even in cases where the operating system or hardware may be compromised. Decentralized Operating System (DOS). The DOS coordinates resources and ensures secure governance through a dynamic consensus mechanism. This enables parallel decision-making across the network and supports the scalability of the platform. Trusted Execution Environment (TEE). The TEE ensures security through the use of SGX enclaves. This mechanism protects application data and code by encrypting memory content and verifying the integrity of the enclave. Stakeholders. The Openfabric AI ecosystem supports four key groups: Recognition. Openfabric AI has been featured in prominent publications for its contributions to AI and cryptocurrency infrastructure. It has also been included in discussions about top-performing cryptocurrencies and innovative AI projects.
Stockholm's historical pharmacies developed between the late 16th and early 20th centuries. These pharmacies not only provided medicine but also played a central role in public health and the city’s cultural history. Many of the original establishments have changed over time, with some becoming museums or modern pharmacies. Role during plagues. Several pharmacies, including "Apoteket Lejonet" and "Hvita Björnen" (White Bear Pharmacy), were designated as "plague pharmacies" during outbreaks. These provided specific medicines for pestilent diseases, although treatments were often ineffective. A notable remedy was the "Golden Egg," an expensive concoction made of herbal mixtures, though it had no real medicinal value. Pharmaceutical practices. In the 17th century, pharmacies held exclusive rights to sell medicinal spices, oils, and even luxury items like wines. The "Pharmacopoeia Holmensis" listed hundreds of required substances, ranging from minerals to unusual animal products like lion’s heart and rhinoceros horn. Over time, regulations and modern medicine phased out such ingredients. Modernization and state control. By the mid-20th century, Swedish pharmacies were nationalized under "Apoteksbolaget", a government-owned company, to ensure public access to medicine. In 2009, the market was deregulated, allowing private companies to compete. Today, many historic pharmacy names survive, but the operations are modernized.
The Sehol QX is a compact Crossover made by JAC Motors under the Sehol brand. It was introduced in 2021 and is the first new model of the Sehol brand. The car was initially known as the Sol QX before the brand name was changed to Sehol outside China the car is known as JAC JS6. History. The Sehol QX was launched at the 2021 Auto Shanghai event. During its development, it was identified with the internal code S811. The car was developed on JAC's modular platform and was assembled in Hefei, China. Additionally, in Iran, the QX was produced by KMC in Bam. Features. The Sehol QX features a 1.5-liter turbocharged engine producing 184 horsepower (137 kW) and 300 Nm of torque. It comes with front-wheel drive and offers a choice between a six-speed manual transmission or a dual-clutch transmission. Sehol QX PHEV. In 2023, JAC Motors introduced a plug-in hybrid version of the Sehol QX in China.
Nadia Loreto Galvez Pardo is a Chilean politician, member of the Independent Democratic Union Party who was Councilor and Mayor (substitute) of Yerbas Buenas between 2021 and 2024.
The historical maps of Stockholm and its surroundings date back to the early 17th century, showcasing the city's evolution through time. The earliest known map, from the 1620s, depicts Stockholm before major urban regulations were implemented. Over the centuries, cartography became essential for urban planning and military strategy in Sweden, especially during the country's era as a great power. Urban development. The maps reflect significant transformations in Stockholm’s landscape, including the extensive urban planning of Norrmalm and the preservation of medieval street patterns in Södermalm. They also document major architectural changes, such as the construction of public buildings and the development of transportation networks. Cultural and Practical Use These historical maps are now preserved in institutions like the Royal Library of Sweden and are studied for their artistic, historical, and urban significance. They provide insights into Stockholm's changing geography and the cartographic advancements of their respective periods.
The Norrala Royal Estate (Swedish: "Norrala kungsgård") is a historic royal estate located in the Norrala parish of Hälsingland, Sweden, within today's Söderhamn Municipality. During the Middle Ages, it was one of six estates in northern Sweden associated with the Uppsala öd, a network of royal properties used to support the Swedish monarchy. The estate's history dates back to the late 13th century, serving as a symbol of the Swedish crown's expanding influence over previously autonomous northern territories. The estate was strategically placed near ancient burial mounds from the Iron Age, aligning it with regional power structures and legitimizing royal authority in the area. Role in administration and defense. In the Middle Ages, the estate played an essential role in tax collection and local governance. By the 14th century, it became a center for managing Hälsingland's administrative and financial matters. Defensive structures were built near coastal inlets to protect the area. The nearby Norrala Church, one of the few saddleback churches in northern Sweden, reinforced its regional importance. Modern developments. By the 19th century, the royal estate was no longer directly associated with the crown. Over time, it transitioned into private ownership and eventually became part of the surrounding village infrastructure. Its historical legacy remains through archaeological findings and its connection to medieval governance. Cultural and historical significance. Norrala kungsgård symbolizes the integration of Hälsingland into the Swedish realm and the evolution of the monarchy's relationship with its northern territories. The site is linked to regional folklore, including beliefs about ancient small kingdoms, and is a point of interest for studying Sweden's medieval history.
The rock carvings at Holtås are Bronze Age rock carvings located in Levanger, Trøndelag, Norway. The site contains over 100 carvings, primarily depicting deer and other animals. These carvings are a significant example of prehistoric art in Scandinavia, showcasing a distinct style with outlined bodies and interior patterns of parallel lines. Some carvings include geometric figures, believed to represent tools or traps, adding to their archaeological importance. Historical significance. The carvings reflect the hunter-gatherer culture of the Bronze Age, highlighting their spiritual or practical significance. Scholars believe they might have served as ritualistic symbols, storytelling depictions, or territorial markers. One carving stands out for its detailed depiction of a deer, complete with internal features like a heart, showcasing artistic advancement. Discovery and preservation. The site was discovered in 1962 during road construction. It is located near the old Route 50 (now Fylkesvei 6854), making it accessible but not fully developed for visitors due to safety concerns. Preservation efforts have included creating a cast of the carvings for display at the NTNU University Museum in Trondheim. The site is part of a national rock art preservation program to protect it from weathering and biological decay. Modern context. Today, the carvings are part of Norway’s cultural heritage and are featured in educational and tourism initiatives like the “Rock Art Journey” project in Trøndelag. They provide valuable insights into the artistic and social practices of early Scandinavian societies.
Oskar Fischer (14 July 1929 - 26 April 2003) was an Austrian football player. He played as defender for FK Austria Wien. He also played one match for the Austrian national football team Career. Fischer started playing football in the youth department of FK Austria Wien. In 1948 he was called up to the first team squad. In total, he played 482 times for the Violets (including friendly games). By the end of his career in 1962, he and his team won five championship titles and three cup victories. International. On September 30, 1956, he played his only international match for Austria against the Luxembourg selection as part of the qualification for the 1958 World Cup