ejaasaari/simplewiki-2025-04-01 huggingface dataset:
Out of Africa is about the recent African origin of modern humans. Since the 1980s this has been supported by a study of present-day mitochondrial DNA, and other sequence analysis. There is also evidence based on the physical anthropology of archaic fossil remains. The idea is very well supported. There are differing theories on whether there was a single exodus or several. A growing number of researchers also suspect that "long-neglected North Africa" was the original home of the modern humans who first trekked out of the continent. The first truly modern humans seem to have appeared between 200,000 and 130,000 years ago. These early humans later moved out from Africa. By about 90,000 years ago they had moved into Eurasia. This was the area where earlier species of humans, (such as Neanderthals, "Homo neanderthalensis") had been living for a long time (at least 500,000 years in western Europe). By about 42 to 44,000 years ago "Homo sapiens" had reached western Europe, including Britain. In Europe and western Asia, "Homo sapiens" replaced the Neanderthals by about 35,000 years ago. The details of this event are not known. At roughly the same time "Homo sapiens" arrived in Australia. Their arrival in the Americas was much later, about 15,000 years ago. All these earlier groups of modern man were hunter-gatherers. Genetic studies and fossil evidence show that archaic "Homo sapiens" evolved to anatomically modern humans solely in Africa between 200,000 and 60,000 years ago. Members of one branch of "Homo sapiens" left Africa at some point between 125,000 and 60,000 years ago, and that over time these humans replaced earlier populations of the genus "Homo" such as Neanderthals and "Homo erectus".  The date of the earliest successful "out of Africa" migration (earliest migrants with living descendants) has generally been placed at 60,000 years ago based on genetics, but migration out of the continent may have taken place as early as 125,000 years ago according to Arabian archaeological finds of tools in the region.
Uber traded on the NYSE under the ticker (UBER) is an American-based ride-sharing company. It created the Uber mobile app and a ridesharing network. “Shared rides” are provided by Uber drivers to passengers. The passengers pay money for each ride they receive. The mobile app allows passengers to request trips and pay for the rides online. Passengers who want Uber rides “sign-up” with the Uber passenger mobile app. They provide their name, smartphone number, and a credit card number to Uber. Then they can request shared-rides through the Uber app. Uber drivers use the Uber driver mobile app to find rideshare passengers. They are first enrolled with Uber as drivers. Then they log-on to the Uber mobile app. This tells Uber they are in a certain area and can take rideshares as passengers. The Uber app looks for passengers who want a ride to a particular place. The Uber driver finds the passenger via the map. Then they pick up the passenger and drive to the destination. When they reach the destination, they drop-off the passenger. The Uber mobile app records the journey, bills the passenger, and pays the driver. Uber uses third party Internet mapping services such as Google Maps to find the location of the passenger and to navigate the driver. Uber was founded as "UberCab" in San Francisco by Travis Kalanick and Garrett Camp in 2009. Three years later, Uber started to open international offices. In 2014, it experimented with carpooling features and made other updates. In September 2018, Uber introduced a new logo.
William Gleydson MacDonald (born Allan Ginsberg; 17 June 1924 – 12 May 2015), also known as The Mutilator, was an Australian serial killer. He murdered five men, four in Sydney, New South Wales, and one in Brisbane, Queensland, between 1961 and 1962. After his murders, he lived in New Zealand for a short time. After moving back to Australia, he ran off to Melbourne, Victoria where he was arrested. MacDonald was born in Liverpool, England. In 1943, during World War II, he was in the army and apparently raped by one of his corporals. He moved from England to Canada in 1949 and then to Australia in 1955. MacDonald died from natural causes on 12 May 2015 at a hospital in Randwick, New South Wales, aged 90.
The Game is the name of a mind game. The goal is not to think about The Game itself. If someone thinks about The Game, they lose. If someone loses, they must tell someone or announce that they "lost The Game." The first known reference of The Game appeared in 1990, though no one is sure how it started, and it will never end. It has lasted for about 30 years and accumulated millions of “players” around the world. A similar game was played by Leo Tolstoy in 1840. The media has reported on The Game in many countries and has guessed the number of players to be in the millions.  &lt;ins&gt;Please note that you can stop playing the game if you want, at any time, and you are not forced to play it. After all it is just a game and should not be taken seriously.&lt;/ins&gt; Rules. Starting in the 2020s, the rules changed to one person talking about The Game and having another person ask what it is to have them forever be apart of The Game. You can never truly win The Game. Anyone who hears someone else say they lost The Game also loses The Game, because they are now thinking about The Game. After losing, you start playing again.
The European Economic Community was the predecessor of the European Union. It existed from 1957 to 1992, when the Treaty of Maastricht led to more cooperation between the countries of the European Union. France and Germany for the first time came together to revive their economy and maintain peace in the continent.
Scaptia beyonceae is a species of horse fly found in north-east Queensland, Australia. It was first recorded in 1981 but not scientifically described until 2011. The fly is named after American recording artist and actress Beyoncé. "Scaptia beyonceae" has a golden tip to its abdomen, formed by a dense patch of golden hairs. Hence its name.
The 2015 Philadelphia train derailment happened on May 12, 2015. An Amtrak "Northeast Regional" train derailed in the Port Richmond area of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Amtrak "Northeast Regional" No. 188 was on its way from Washington, D.C. to New York City. It derailed at 9:23 pm. The train went off the track. Some cars fell onto their sides. The accident killed eight people and injured more than 200 people. Investigation. The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) said that there were no signs which suggested that the derailment was related to terrorism. A team from the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) also investigated. The driver of the train, Amtrak engineer Brandon Bostian, suffered wounds to the legs and head, including a concussion, and was said to be unable to remember the incident.
Grigoriy Zakharovich Bronza (30 April 192730 January 2010) was an artist of Transnistria (Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic). He was an art restorer and an honorary member of the Transnistria Union of Artists. Bronza was a designer of postage stamps of Transnistria and Moldova. He also helped create a number of museums in the former Soviet Union. World War II. During World War II, Grigoriy Bronza served in the Red Army and was awarded the following Soviet military decorations: Postage stamps. Bronza is the author of the first stamps of Moldova issued in June 1991. He designed the first stamps of the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic issued in December 1993. Bronza designed the third definitive stamp issue of Transnistria (1997). He also created a series of stamps for the 5th anniversary of the events in Bender (1997), a series of stamps "Historical and modern coats of arms of cities of Transnistria" (1999), and the 200th anniversary of Alexander Pushkin issue (1999).
Cluses is a commune in the French Haute-Savoie department. Sister cities. Cluses is a twin town with:
Gol Transportes Aéreos, also known as "Gol Airlines", is a low-cost carrier of Brazil. It began in 2000. Its headquarters are in São Paulo. History. Gol began flights on January 15, 2000. In 2004, it began to be listed on the New York Stock Exchange. In September 2011, Aerolíneas Argentinas began an agreement. After Varig Brazilian Airlines declared bankruptcy in 2006, Gol bought some of their possessions. Varig's airport lounge was also acquired by Gol in 2013. Gol currently owns the "Varig" name. It used to painted some airplanes with that name. In 2006, a Gol airplane hit a private jet. No one was hurt or killed on the private jet. But, all 154 people on the Gol airplane died.
A garden fork, also called a spading fork or digging fork, is a tool for digging. It is used for loosening soil in gardening and farming. It is used similarly to a spade, but it can be pushed more easily into the ground. It does not cut through plant roots. Garden forks were made of wood, but now most are made of steel.  Garden forks are slightly different from pitchforks. Their tines are usually shorter and thicker and closer together.
Canadian Airlines used to be the second largest airline of Canada. It flew to all five continents. Calgary, Alberta used to be their headquarters and hub. Canadian was also a founding member of Oneworld alongside American Airlines, British Airways, Cathay Pacific and Qantas, but left the alliance in 2000. Air Canada bought the airline in 2000.
Alexander Yakovlevich Bulgakov (15 November 178117 April 1863) was a Russian diplomat, senator, and postal administrator. Biography. Alexander Bulgakov was born in 1781 in Constantinople in the family of a Russian diplomat, Yakov Bulgakov (1743–1809). At the beginning of his career, Bulgakov worked in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. He served as an official with special duties attached to the Governor General of Moscow in 1809–1832. In 1832, Bulgakov stopped his diplomatic career and was appointed to Director of Posts in Moscow. He served in this position in 1832–1856. His younger brother Konstantin Bulgakov (1782–1835) was the Director of the Saint Petersburg Post Office at that time. Because both were the top officers of the Russian Postal Service, they could freely correspond with each other. Both brothers were much respected by their staff for their effort to improve working conditions for postal workers.
Julieta Montaño (born 16 August 1946) is a Bolivian lawyer, a human rights defender, and a writer. In 2015 she won the US State Department's International Women of Courage Award. Life. Rosa Julieta Montaño Salvatierra was born 16 August 1946 in Quillacoll, Bolivia. She finished her Bachelor's degree in Humanities at the Universidad Mayor de San Simón in 1965. She finished her law degree at the same university in 1972. She finished Master's degrees in human rights and political science at the Universidad Mayor de San Simón and University of Huelva in Huelva, Spain. She finished her doctorate degree in human rights at the Universidad Pablo de Olavide in Seville, Spain.  Work. Montaño was the Vice President of the Human Rights Assembly of Bolivia and the Comptroller of Cochabamba, Bolivia. From 1997 to 2002 she was in the Chamber of Deputies representing the Cochabamba Department. In 1981, during the Bolivian Cocaine Coup, Montaño was the head of the "Union de Mujeres de Bolivia" (Union of Bolivian Women). She was arrested, and stayed in her house, under house arrest. Montaño returned to her work in 1981, after the end of the dictatorship. On 11 April 1985 Montaño started the "Oficina Jurídica para la Mujer" (Legal Office for Women) to promote women’s rights and fight violence against women. The organization has helped more than 30,000 women. It has also worked with the Bolivian legislature to make laws to protect women.
Internet of things is an idea from computer science: connecting ordinary things like lights and doors to a computer network to make them "intelligent". An embedded system or a computer connects each thing together in a network and to the internet. Some technologies used for the internet of things are RFID and mesh nets.  The connections allow each thing to collect and exchange data, and we can control them remotely or by setting rules or chains of actions. IoT improves the ease of life of humans and their daily activities. Experts estimate that the IoT will consist of almost 50 billion objects by 2020. Examples. Examples where the internet of things has become reality: History. M2M, or Machine to Machine communication, was the first iteration of the IoT back in the 1980s. Early traces of this technology are also found in SCADA, (also known as Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition). As technology has continued to develop and new devices emerged, the M2M and SCADA technology gave way to IoT and a new age of data collection and transmission. Criticism. These ideas have also been criticized. The main points of criticism are the following:
May Sabai Phyu (also May Sabe Phyu, born 5 August 1976) is an activist from Kachin state in Burma (Myanmar). She works for human rights, freedom of speech, peace, justice for Myanmar’s ethnic people. She works to stop violence against women. In 2015, she won the U.S. State Department's International Women of Courage Award. Work. In 2008, May Sabai Phyu started the Women’s Protection Technical Working Group during Cyclone Nargis. After the storm, 14 out of every 100 families were headed by women, many of them widows. Because of this, more women were in the sex trade for money or food. The Working Group helped women to find housing, sex education, and jobs. After the problems of the storm were ended, the Working Group became the Gender Equality Network. May Sabai Phyu was the Senior Coordinator. In 2012, this group helped the government write the National Strategic Plan for the Advancement of Women. The organization also works for gender equality and makes plans to stop violence against women and girls. May Sabai Phyu is a leader of the Kachin Peace Network. She led a protest against the civil war between Myanmar Government troops and the Kachin Independence Army. She spoke at Human Rights Workshops in Myanmar for human rights and for the rights of people with disabilities.
Levelland is a city in the state of Texas in the United States. It is the county seat of Hockley County. About 12,652 people lived there in 2020. In November 1957, some drivers in Levelland saw an unidentified flying object that caused automobiles to stop until it lifted. Two of the drivers were Weir Clem, Levelland's sheriff, and Ray Jones, a firefighter.
Hațeg Island was a large offshore island in the Tethys Sea during the late Cretaceous. It was in an area now around modern-day Hațeg, Hunedoara County, Romania. Upper Cretaceous fossils of small-sized dinosaurs have been found in the former island's rocks. The island was formed mainly by tectonic uplift during the early Alpine orogeny towards the end of the Cretaceous. There is no real present-day analog, but the island of Hainan (off the coast of China) is perhaps closest as regards climate, geology and topography, though still not a particularly good match. The vegetation, for example, was quite distinct from today, as was the fauna. Hungarian paleontologist Franz Nopcsa (1877–1933) had the idea that "limited resources" found on the island often have an effect of "reducing the size of animals" over the generations, producing a localized form of dwarfism. Nopcsa's theory of island dwarfism – also known as the "island rule" – is today widely accepted.
Island dwarfism, or insular dwarfism, is the reduction in size of large animals over a number of generations.  The same process can happen in evolution on a mainland: an example is the evolution of the dwarfed marmosets and tamarins among New World monkeys. The smallest member is "Cebuella pygmaea".  The main cause is their population's range being limited to a small environment, and this happens most often on islands. This process has occurred many times throughout evolutionary history. Examples include dinosaurs, like "Europasaurus", and modern animals such as elephants and their relatives.  This process may occur not only on traditional islands, but also in other situations where an ecosystem is isolated from external resources and breeding. This may include caves, desert oases, isolated valleys and isolated mountains ("sky islands"). Insular dwarfism is one aspect of the more general "island rule": when mainland animals colonize islands, small species tend to evolve larger bodies, perhaps because the island may not have key predators. On the other hand large species may evolve smaller bodies because food supplies are limited. Possible causes of island dwarfism. There are several proposed explanations for the mechanism which produces such dwarfism. One is based on the idea that a smaller territory means a smaller food supply. A process where only smaller animals trapped on the island survive, as food declines to a borderline level. Population declines and, as smaller animals need fewer resources and smaller territories, they will survive longer. Eventually food sources replenish, and the survivors flourish. Smaller size is also advantageous from a reproductive standpoint, as it leads to shorter gestation periods and generation times. Among carnivores, the main factor is thought to be the size and availability of prey resources, and competition is believed to be less important. In tiger snakes, insular dwarfism occurs on islands where available prey is restricted to smaller sizes than are normally taken by mainland snakes. Since prey size preference in snakes is generally proportional to body size, small snakes may be better adapted to take small prey. Naming. The occurrence of small species on islands is known as Foster's Rule, and was first used by van Valen in 1973.
Konstantin Yakovlevich Bulgakov (31 December 178229 October 1835) was a Russian diplomat, privy councillor, and postal administrator. Konstantin Bulgakov served as the Director of the Moscow Post Office. Since 1819 he was the Director of Saint Petersburg Post Office. Bulgakov later became the Director of the Postal Department of the Russian Empire. He and his brother Alexander Bulgakov, Director of the Moscow Post Office, could freely correspond with each other because both were the top officers of the Russian Postal Service. Biography. Konstantin Bulgakov was the son of a diplomat, Yakov Bulgakov (1743–1809). He was born in Constantinople in 1782. Bulgakov began working in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in 1797. Thanks to his linguistic skills, he served in a diplomatic capacity during Russia's wars with Turkey and France. At the Congress of Vienna in 1815, Bulgakov assisted the Russian Tsar Alexander I and the Foreign Minister. The Tsar offered him an ambassador position in Copenhagen. However, Bulgakov asked the Tsar for his appointment as Director of Posts in Moscow in February 1816. He soon succeeded in this post and was transferred to Saint Petersburg on 23 December 1819. As Director of Saint Petersburg Posts, Bulgakov worked there with Prince Golitsyn, who was in charge of the Russian Postal Department. In 1831, Bulgakov was promoted to the Director of the Postal Department and decorated. However, he suffered two strokes in 1835. That was a consequence of overwork. Bulgakov died the same year. Postal reforms. Among Bulgakov's innovations was the establishment of passenger-carrying mail-coaches between the major towns of Russia and the Baltic provinces. These services started in 1821 and worked, until they were replaced with the railway in 1868. In 1825, the first survey of post-roads in Russia was published. Begun in 1817, construction of paved roads continued and reached over 1,500 miles by the 1850s. This progress enabled Bulgakov to introduce a system of express posts ("extra" posts) between major cities
William Wallace "Bill" Guthridge (July 27, 1937 – May 12, 2015) was an American college basketball coach. Guthridge is known for serving for 30 years as Dean Smith's assistant at the University of North Carolina. Following Dean Smith's retirement in 1997, Guthridge served as head coach of the Tar Heels for three seasons. Guthridge died at his home in Chapel Hill, North Carolina on May 12, 2015 after a long-illness, aged 77.
Derek Davis (26 April 1948 – 13 May 2015) was an Irish broadcaster. He co-hosted "Live at 3". He also presented "Out of the Blue" and won "Celebrity Bainisteoir". Davis died on 13 May 2015 after a short illness, aged 67.
Dieppe is a commune in Upper Normandy. Dieppe is in the Arrondissement of Dieppe in the Seine-Maritime department in the Normandie region of northern France. The population stands at 34,000. Dieppe is in front of The English Channel.
Atari, Inc. is an American video game and home computer company. It was founded in 1972 by Nolan Bushnell and Ted Dabney. Atari was the first company to make a video arcade game in a cabinet. The company made famous games, such as Pong. Atari helped define the gaming entertainment industry and home computers from the 1970s to the mid-1980s. They made home computers until 1993.  Atari filed for bankruptcy in 2013
The Chevrolet Tracker was a subcompact SUV made in Canada. It is sold by General Motors. It was introduced in 1989 as a Geo model. It derives from Suzuki's Escudo model. The Tracker was built at CAMI Automotive which was jointly owned by GM and Suzuki til 2010.  In Canada, it was sold under various names such as GMC Tracker and Asüna/Pontiac Sunrunner. The Sunrunner was replaced in 2001 by the minivan-based Aztek CUV. In 1998 the Tracker became an official Chevrolet brand due to GM consolidating the Geo brand. The United States/Canadian version of the Tracker continued until 2004 where it was discontinued and replaced by the Chevrolet Equinox. The Tracker was still made in Mexico and Brazil until the late 2000s where it was replaced by the Chevrolet Captiva and the Chevrolet Captiva Sport. In 2015 Chevrolet introduced Trax model to the U.S. and it serves as a secondary replacement for the Tracker.
In postal history, a gallows letter was a letter with a "gallows" mark meaning "very quickly". Gallows letters were official letters or dispatches used by the Privy Council of Elizabeth I of England. To express an extreme degree of urgency of delivery, the letter had on the address panel a rough drawing of a gallows. Sometimes the picture included a hanging body. These drawings could also have repeated written directions as "haste haste", "post haste", "haste for life", "for life haste", etc. There are also modern forgeries of such letters. This is when counterfeit gallows marks have been applied onto original letters.
Europasaurus is a basal sauropod from the titanosaur clade, but very much smaller than usual. This quadrupedal herbivorous dinosaur lived during the Upper Jurassic (middle Kimmeridgian, about 154 million years ago). It was found in northern Germany. It is an example of insular dwarfism. This means it probably came from an isolated sauropod population on an island in the Lower Saxony basin. Small sauroopods with an adult body mass less than five tonnes are rare, and small sauropod bones usually come from juveniles. This species was a small adult, based on its bone histology. It was a dwarf species.  There are fossils from more than 11 individuals of 1.7 to 6.2 m in total body length. These size differences between the specimens are due to growth stages, from juveniles to fully grown individuals. The little dinosaurs must have lived on one of the large islands around the Lower Saxony basin.  A similar discovery was made in Transylvania at the start of the 20th century. A local aristocrat, Franz Nopcsa, found the fossils on his estate. He realised they might have lived on an island, because he knew that dwarf elephants had lived on islands in the Ice Age. Nopsca's estate was ruined by World War I, but his find was recorded as "Magyarosaurus".
Jon Mirena Bitor Castañares Larreategui (1925 – 5 May 2015) was a Spanish politician and economist. He was born in Bilbao. He was known for being a strong supporter of Basque nationalism. He served as mayor of Bilbao from 1979 through 1983. Castañares died in Bilbao at the age of 90.