ejaasaari/simplewiki-2025-04-01 huggingface dataset:
The Battle of Canton (December 28, 1857 - January 1,1858) was a battle of the Second Opium War. The French and British attacked the Chinese city of Canton. The city fell on January 1, 1858 and the Europeans took over. Background. The Second Opium War was a conflict between the United Kingdom and China. Other Western countries, including the Russian Empire, the United States, and the Second French Empire helped the English. The War began after an event called the ""Arrow" incident." The English used the incident as an excuse to start the war. The Second Opium War is sometimes called the "Arrow War." The British had several goals in the war. Some of these were: In 1856, the Qing Dynasty only let foreign merchants trade in certain cities. Goods like tea and silk had to be shipped to those trade cities, and were taxed on the way. The British did not want to pay the extra taxes for shipping things across China. The Chinese had executed a French missionary named Father August Chapdelaine in Guangxi province. This made the French very angry. The French joined the English in fighting the Chinese. On October 8, 1856, the Chinese arrested 12 crewmembers of a ship named "Arrow". The Chinese authorities believed that the "Arrow" was smuggling salt. The "Arrow" was owned by Chinese people, but it was registered with the British. Harry Smith Parkes was the British Consul in Canton. He sent a letter to the Chinese Imperial Commissioner (governor), Ye Mingchen. Ye replied that the "Arrow" was a Chinese ship. He claimed that Parkes and the British had no jurisdiction (no right to interfere.) Ye offered to return the arrested sailors, but Parkes refused. Parkes demanded an apology for the insult. Ye replied there was no need for an apology because there was no insult. The British decided that the Supplementary Treaty of the Bogue had been broken. On October 27, 1856, the British Royal Navy attacked Canton. Battle of Canton (1856). The first battle of Canton started on October 23, 1856. Three British warships entered the
The Brunts Academy is a secondary school in Mansfield, England. It is a performing arts college. The school teaches in drama, music and dance. It used to be a grammar School and a technical school. The school started by Samuel Brunts in 1709. One of its former students, Rebecca Addlington, won two gold medals in the 2008 Summer Olympics. History. The Brunts Academy started as primary/first school in 1687. It had funds of 100 pounds. This was a large amount of money at the time. In 1709, Samuel Brunts' will said that he wanted the local children to "learn an Honest Trade" and get a good job. This led to the Brunts' estate having up with 40 boys and girls learning reading, writing and maths by 1831. The girls also learned knitting and sewing. 60 years later, the estate and the school were combined. In 1891, the school was called Brunts Technical School. In 1830 "Brunts Charity" owned buildings and land in East Bridgford, Nottingham's marketplace and at Claypool in Lincolnshire. It was the richest of all the charitable organisations in Mansfield in 1832.  A new building was built in 1891. In 1976, Brunts Grammar School became a secondary/second school. In 2012, the name changed to The Brunts Academy. Today. The school's students come from several schools known as 'the family of schools'. They include King Edward School, Sutton Road School, St Peter's (C of E) School, High Oakham School and Newgate Primary School. The school's uniform has a green blazer/jacket. The school colours are green and gold. Its logo is a griffin with its back two legs inside a shield. The shield has "Nil Mortalibus Ardui Est" around the logo. This is the school's Latin motto. It means "nothing is impossible for humankind". In 2002, there were nearly 1500 students in the school. Only a small number of the students were aged 16 years or below. The school gained 57% A-C passes. Only a small amount of the students did not pass. This was 5% higher than the England average and 10% better than the United Kingdom average. The school is known for having a large number of white students compared with the national average. Nearly all of its students are from England.
Steve Montador (December 21, 1979 – February 15, 2015) was a Canadian professional ice hockey defenceman.  He has also played in the OHL for 5 seasons; 2 for the North Bay Centennials, 2 for the Erie Otters and 1 for the Peterborough Petes. He made his NHL debut with the Calgary Flames during 2001–02 NHL season. He went on to play 4 seasons with the Calgary Flames before he was traded to the Florida Panthers along with Dustin Johner for Kristian Huselius. During the 2007-08 offseason, he signed as a free agent with the Anaheim Ducks. He was traded by the Ducks at the trade deadline to the Boston Bruins in exchange for Petteri Nokelainen. He signed as a free agent with the Buffalo Sabres in the 2008-09 offseason and played 2 seasons with them before signing with the Chicago Blackhawks during the 2010-11 offseason. He played a season with the Blackhawks and his contract was bought out on June 28, 2013. Montador signed a one-year deal in with KHL Medveščak Zagreb of the KHL. Montador died on February 15, 2015. After his death, an autopsy revealed that Montador had been suffering from Stage 3 chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE).
The Sea Hawk is a 1924 silent drama movie that was produced and directed by Frank Lloyd. It was released on June 14, 1924 in North America. The movie is based on the book "The Sea Hawk" by Rafael Sabatini. Background. The movie is based on "The Sea Hawk", a novel by Rafael Sabatini. It premiered on June 2, 1924, in New York City. Its theatrical debut occurred twelve days later. A movie with the same title (but an entirely different story) was made in 1940. It stars Errol Flynn. The studio spliced some key battle scenes from the 1924 movie into the remake. The life-sized replicas were considered so well recreated, that Warner Bros repeatedly used them in later nautical films. The full-sized ship replicas cost the studio $200,000. The ocean scenes were shot off the coast of California's Catalina Island, with 150 tents set up on the island for housing and support of the movie's 1,000 extras, 21 technicians, 14 actors, and 64 sailors. Story. At the instigation of his half brother Lionel (Lloyd Hughes), Oliver Tressilian (Milton Sills), a rich baronet, is shanghaied and blamed for the death of Peter Godolphin (Wallace MacDonald), brother of Oliver's fiancée, whom Lionel actually has slain. At sea, Oliver is captured by Spaniards and made a galley slave, but when he escapes to the Moors he becomes Sakr-el-Bahr, the scourge of Christendom. Learning of Rosamund's (Enid Bennett) impending marriage to his half brother, he kidnaps both of them, but to avoid the risk of giving her to Asad-ed-Din (Frank Currier), the Basha of Algiers, he surrenders to a British ship. Rosamund intercedes to save his life, and following the death of Lionel they are married.
Epidemic typhus is a disease caused by the bacterium "Rickettsia prowazekii". It is one of the diseases known as Typhus, the other is endemic typhus. Sometimes it is mistaken for an unrelated disease with a similar name, Typhoid fever. The disease is spread by lice and fleas. Without treatment, as many as 60% of people who get the disease could die. Signs of the disease. The signs of epidemic typhus include:
Paratyphoid fever, also known as enteric fever, is a waterborne disease. It is caused by the bacterium "Salmonella paratyphi". It is related to typhoid fever, but like typhoid, it is unrelated to typhus. Symptoms include: The disease is rarely fatal and people usually recover in a few days, but some people can carry the bacteria for months.
Pemphigus is an extremly rare skin disease. It happens because the antibodies attack the skin cells. It is an autoimmune disease. It causes blisters and sores on the skin. There are three types of pemphigus. Pemphigus vulgaris is the most common type. It is more common in Ashkenazi Jews.
Albert "Sunnyland Slim" Luandrew (September 5, 1907 – March 17, 1995) was an American blues pianist from the Mississippi delta. He later went to Chicago where he became one of the most important piano players in Chicago's blues scene. Sunnyland Slim was one of the most important persons in Chicago blues history, but he really never became a star because he did most of his work as sideman. Life. He was born on a farm near Vance, Mississippi. He taught himself to play piano and organ and began playing in a local church when he was 14. Soon played in juke joints in the whole delta area. In 1925 he went to Memphis, Tennessee where he played with local musicians like Little Brother Montgomery and Ma Rainey. There he also got his stage name writing a song about the Sunnyland train which ran between Memphis and St. Louis, Missouri. In 1942 he went to Chicago. As the electric blues began Sunnyland Slim played with blues musicians like Muddy Waters, Howlin' Wolf, Robert Lockwood, Jr., and Little Walter. Muddy Waters partially owed his recording career at Chess Records to Sunnyland Slim who introduced him to the Chess brothers at his own birthday party. His first recording was as a singer with Jump Jackson's band on the Specialty label in September 1946 and his first recording as band leader was in 1947. Between 1948 and 1956 he recorded for Hytone, Opera, Chance, Tempo-Tone, Mercury, Apollo, JOB, Regal, Vee-Jay (unissued), Blue Lake, Club 51, Cobra. In 1988 he was awarded a National Heritage Fellowship. He went on touring and recording till his death in 1995.
This list of the most common words in English has been produced by Oxford University Press. By "words" is meant dictionary head words or lemmas. It is based on an analysis of a body of over a billion words. It represents a study done by Oxford Online, associated with the Oxford English Dictionary.  This source includes writings of all sorts from "literary novels and specialist journals to everyday newspapers and magazines and from Hansard to the language of chatrooms, emails, and weblogs", unlike some sources which use texts from only specific sources. "The Reading Teachers Book of Lists" claims that the first 25 words make up about one-third of all printed material in English, and that the first 100 make up about one-half of all written material. Note that the items listed may represent more than one actual word; they are lemmas. For instance the entry "be" contains within it the occurrences of "are", "is", "were" and "was". Note also that these top 100 lemmas listed below account for 50% of all the words in the Oxford English Corpus. Top 100 words. Source:  Parts of speech. In parentheses are their position in the overall list. Some words are not listed here because they can be used as more than one part of speech. The lists show clearly that 'function' words, like prepositions and connectives, are more common than 'content' words, like nouns, and most verbs, adjectives and adverbs. Verbs like "to be" have both content and linguistic functions.  Source:
St Bartholomew's Church ("German: St. Bartholomäuskirche") is a parish church. It is the town church of Themar in Thuringia. It is dedicated to St Bartholomew. It belongs to the most richly equipped churches of the upper valley of the Werra. It is one of the few buildings of the small town, first mentioned in 796, which outlasted all storms of the time. The Oberkirche (upper church) at the upper gate and the Unterkirche (lower church) at the Werra were the first places of worship in the place. Of the Roman Unterkirche there still exist some remainders in the vestry and in both lower floors of the church tower. Pope Sixtus IV gave permission for the restoration of the church on May 14, 1484 with countess Margaretha von Henneberg intermediating. On May 3, 1488 the Chorherr (canon regular) of the Premonstratensian monastery Veßra and minister of Themar Antonius König founded the building of today's church. In 1502 the hall church was completed. It is in late Gothic style. The Protestant Reformation was introduced to Themar on October 5, 1544 by the count Ernst von Henneberg. After the Reformation the church received several smaller carved altars from other churches. Since 1541 the church building was frequently converted in the course of the next decades. The barrel vault and the two matroneums were inserted, whose support beams were decorated with beautiful" Bartmannsköpfe" (sculptures). Similar sculptures can be found in the churches of Rohr and Herpf near Meiningen. At the columns the matroneums were decorated with sculptures of saints and apostles, partially from older Gothic altar works and with famous verses from the bible. The Marienaltar. In the choir area there is the valuable "Marienaltar" (altar of St Mary), which was created by Hans Nußbaum from Bamberg in about 1510. The altar shows Maria with Jesus as a child
Beth Hart (born January 24, 1974 in Los Angeles, California) is an American singer. Her music influences are rock and blues.  Beth Hart started with playing in LA clubs where she met with bassist Tal Herzberg and guitarist Jimmy Khoury. In 1993 she created her first album. Beth Hart is married and currently lives in Los Angeles. Her band includes lead guitarist Jon Nichols, bassist Tom Lilly, and drummer Todd Wolf.
Horse training describes what people do to get horses to do particular tasks. This includes training them to let people ride on their backs, or to pull carts and wagons. Horses have to be trained to accept a bridle or a saddle. Historically, horses were trained for transport, farm work, warfare and sport. In modern times, sport and recreation are the main reason horses are trained. There is a lot of argument about horse training. Some ways are now thought to be cruel, and terms like horse breaking are also out of favour.
Coburg is a suburb of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. It is about 8km north of the Melbourne central business district. In 2006 there were 22,772 people living in the suburb. It is a part of the City of Moreland local government area. Before European settlement the Coburg area was home to the Indigenous Australian Wurundjeri people. The area was first surveyed in 1837-8 by Robert Hoddle. The area was first called Pentridge, after the town of Pentridge, Dorset, England.
Proxy has different meanings when talking about different subjects: Basically, "proxy" means "stands for".
A proxy murder is when a person murders on behalf of someone else. "Proxy" comes from the Latin word "procuratio," which means "to take care of". An example of this would be an assassin killing for money. Another example would be a person who convinces someone who loves them to kill another person for them. Another example was in prisons where criminals in prison would act as the executioner for people sentenced to death. Lady Betty (1750—1807) was a famous hangwoman and prisoner in the Roscommon Gaol. The Nazis used proxy killings in World War II when they got prisoners to shoot Jewish prisoners instead of doing it themselves. The prisoners were told if they did not do it they would be shot as well. A documentary movie called "Murder by Proxy", which looks at mass killings in the US, was made in 2009.
Banded iron formations (or BIFs) are a distinctive type of rock often found in Precambrian sedimentary rocks. They consist of repeated thin layers of iron oxides, either magnetite (Fe3O4) or hematite (Fe2O3), alternating with bands of iron-poor shale and chert. Some of the oldest known rock formations, formed over 3,700 million years ago (mya), include banded iron layers. The banded layers are a common feature in sediments for much of the Earth's early history. Relation to atmospheric oxygenation. The formations are abundant around the time of the Great Oxygenation Event, 2,400 mya. They become less common after 1,800 mya. The total amount of oxygen locked up in the banded iron beds is estimated to be perhaps twenty times the volume of oxygen present in the modern atmosphere of Earth. Banded iron beds are an important commercial source of iron ore, such as the Pilbara region of Western Australia, the Animikie Group in Minnesota and Carajás Mineral Province in Brazil. Origins. The conventional concept is that the "banded iron" layers were formed in sea water as the result of oxygen released by photosynthetic cyanobacteria. This combined with dissolved iron in Earth's oceans to form insoluble iron oxides. These precipitated out, forming a thin layer on the substrate, which may have been anoxic mud (forming shale and chert). Each band is similar to a varve: the banding is assumed to result from cyclic variations in available oxygen. It is assumed that the Earth started out with vast amounts of iron dissolved in the world's acidic seas. Iron is much more soluble than its oxides. Eventually, as photosynthetic organisms generated oxygen, the available iron in the Earth's oceans was precipitated out as iron oxides. At the tipping point where the oceans became permanently oxygenated, small variations in oxygen production produced pulses of free oxygen in the surface waters, alternating with pulses of iron oxide deposition.
Greenstone belts are large regions of very ancient metamorphosed volcanic rocks. The name comes from the green colour of the minerals in the rocks. Chlorite, actinolite and other green amphiboles are the typical green minerals. Greenstone belts were originally formed of igneous rocks, such as basalt. The belts formed at ancient oceanic spreading centers and in volcanic island arcs. They may be several thousand kilometres long. Later, they were metamophosed, with minor sedimentary rocks in-between the volcanic formations.  Those greenstone belts which formed in ancient oceans are now found on land in Archaean and Proterozoic cratons between granite and gneiss bodies.  The rocks are mafic, meaning they are high in magnesium and silica.
A craton is the oldest part of a continental plate. It is an old and stable part of the continental lithosphere.  After surviving cycles of merging and rifting of continents, cratons are usually found in the interiors of tectonic plates. They are composed of ancient crystalline basement rock, which may be covered by younger sedimentary rock. They have a thick crust and deep roots that extend as much as several hundred kilometers into the Earth's mantle. "Cratonic lithosphere is much older than oceanic lithosphere" – up to 4 billion years versus 180 million years. The term "craton" is used to distinguish the stable portion of the continental crust from regions that are more geologically active and unstable. Cratons can be described as shields, in which the basement rock crops out at the surface, and platforms, in which the basement is overlain by sediments and sedimentary rock. Cratons are subdivided geographically into geologic provinces. A geologic province is an area with common geologic properties.
Domitianus was probably a Roman soldier who was acclaimed emperor during the reign of Aurelian. He was in northern Gaul in late 270 or early 271 AD. He struck gold coins to advertise his claim to the throne. This claimant did not survive the year. He is mentioned by the Byzantine historian Zosimus and also in the "Historia Augusta", a collection of biographies.
Aurelian (214–275 AD) was Roman emperor from 270 to 275. Aurelian () came from the Balkans, part of the Roman Empire. He was a soldier in the Roman army when the emperor Claudius Gothicus promoted him to high rank. When Claudius died, his army chose Aurelian as the next emperor. Aurelian overcame a number of rebellions. His armies overcame the armies of the Gallic Empire and the Palmyrene Empire (two Roman states that formed during the Crisis of the Third Century). Aurelian joined the Roman Empire into one state again, and this was the beginning of the end of the Crisis of the Third Century.  While he was emperor, Aurelian overcame the armies of several groups of barbarians – the Goths, Vandals, Juthungi, Sarmatians, and Carpi. Aurelian increased the importance the god Sol Invictus in Roman religion and he built a temple for the god in the city of Rome. For the first time in many centuries, Rome needed a defensive wall to keep out enemies who might attack it. Aurelian's government started to build the Aurelian Walls around Rome. Aurelian's wife, Ulpia Severina, was his (empress) after summer 274. Aurelian was murdered by some of his soldiers in autumn 275. Early life. The "Calendar of Philocalus" and the Greek historian John Malalas say that Aurelian was born on the 9 September 214. Aurelian was probably not from the nobility. Aurelian was a soldier. He was (a general officer with a high rank) when Claudius Gothicus was emperor. Claudius Gothicus died in Sirmium (now Sremska Mitrovica, Serbia) in September 270 (or on 30 August). Emperor. 270–272. Aurelian became emperor at Sirmium in September 270. Then Aurelian's army overcame Quintillus's army in a battle at Aquileia. (Quintillus was the emperor and the brother of Claudius Gothicus, the previous emperor.) Latin histories (the "Epitome de Caesaribus"
Marcus Claudius Tacitus (–July 276) was Roman emperor from 275 to 276 AD. Early life. Tacitus () was probably born around 200. He may have come from Interamna (Terni, Italy). Tacitus was a politician from the Roman nobility. He was a member of the Roman Senate. He may have been the leader of the senate (). Some time before 273, long before he was emperor, Tacitus was Roman consul. On his way east in September 275 (or possibly in October), the emperor Aurelian was murdered by his own soldiers in Roman Thracia. Aurelian's wife, the "augusta" Ulpia Severina, may have been in control of the government until Tacitus became emperor. Emperor. The Greek historian Zonaras wrote that the Roman army chose Tacitus as their emperor. This happened in about November or December 275, while Tacitus was in Campania. The "Historia Augusta" (a Latin history) says that the Roman Senate chose Tacitus as their emperor. This is probably not correct. Tacitus was Roman consul for the second time in 276. Tacitus travelled to Asia Minor that year. In the same year, his armies overcame the Goths in a war. In early summer 276 Tacitus got the name because of his success against the Goths. Death. Tacitus probably died in July 276. The "Historia Augusta" says that Tacitus was murdered at Tyana in Cappadocia (Kemerhisar, Turkey). The "Historia Augusta" also says that Tacitus had a cenotaph at Interamna (Terni, Italy). Tacitus was not deified (made into a god) but neither did he get "damnatio memoriae". Family. The "Historia Augusta" says that Tacitus had a half-brother, Florianus. Tacitus and Florian had the same mother, but different fathers. This information may not be correct. The "Historia Augusta" says that Tacitus had a wife and a number of sons. Their names are unknown and this information may not be correct. The "
Discovery Family (formerly Discovery Kids ) is a cable, and satellite television network in the United States. Discovery Family replaced the Hub Network, the Hub, and Discovery Kids and has a joint venture of both Warner Bros. Discovery (WBD) and Hasbro Entertainment. The headquarters for the television channel is in Silver Spring, Maryland, United States. on October 16, 2010, the Discovery Kids channel was renamed after a final marathon of Kenny the Shark. The channel is 40% owned by Hasbro and 60% owned by Warner Bros. Discovery. Discovery Family tried to advertise towards children and their families by offering a range of content to choose from. These include history, science, food and family living. Movies air as well. The channel maintained some of the Hub's content until it slowly went away. Also, , Littlest Pet Shop, , Pound Puppies, Handy Manny, Jungle Junction, and Dinotrux, however, has stayed on the channel.