ejaasaari/simplewiki-2025-04-01 huggingface dataset:
Homologous chromosomes are the pairs of chromosomes in a diploid organism. They are the chromosomes which pair during meiosis. With the exception of the sex chromosomes, each pair has the gene loci in the same positions on each chromosome, and the centromere in the same position. They are not genetically identical because they will usually have different alleles (versions of a gene) at some of the loci. The most important fact is that homologous chromosomes physically pair for meiosis, the cell division which produces the gametes. During this pairing, crossing over takes place between chromatids of each pair. This exchange of alleles means the offspring are not identical to each other, or to either parent. In other words, the process increases the genetic variation in the population. Sex chromosomes only pair along those parts where there is similar genetic material (loci) on both members of the pair.
was a field gun used by the Imperial Japanese Army (IJA). This artillery piece went into service in 1908.  History. Type 41s were lighter versions of the Type 38 75 mm field gun. Type 41s were the primary weapon of artillery units which were part of cavalry regiments.  Combat record. Type 95s were used in the Second Sino-Japanese War and in World War II.
Strictly Come Dancing is a British television programme. It features celebrities dancing with professional dancers. Each week, the expert judges decide which couple will leave the contest. In the final, the public vote for the winner. There were two series in its first year, 2004. From 2005 onwards, there has been one series per year. Many countries have their own version of the show (see "Dancing with the Stars"). It was originally presented by Sir Bruce Forsyth from 2004 to 2013. It is currently presented by Tess Daly and Claudia Winkleman.
Richard Franklin Lennox Thomas Pryor (December 1, 1940 - December 10, 2005) was an American comedian, actor and writer. Pryor performed in movies, on television and as a stand-up comedian. He won an Emmy Award in 1973. He won five Grammy Awards (in 1974, 1975, 1976, 1981 and 1982). In 1974, he also won two American Academy of Humor awards and the Writers Guild of America Award. He was nominated for the BAFTA Award for Best Screenplay for his work on "Blazing Saddles". The first ever Kennedy Center Mark Twain Prize for American Humor was given to him in 1998. Pryor is listed at Number 1 on Comedy Central's list of all-time greatest stand-up comedians. Pryor died of a heart attack in Encino, Los Angeles, California. He was awarded the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award in 2006, a year after his death. A biographical movie based on the life of Pryor is being produced by Lee Daniels and Oprah Winfrey. It will star Mike Epps as Pryor. Personal life. Pryor was born in Peoria, Illinois into an African-American family. Health problems. Pryor had a mild heart attack in November 1977. He was diagnosed with multiple sclerosis in 1986. In 1990, Pryor had a second and more severe heart attack. He had triple heart bypass surgery. By the early 1990s, he needed to use a wheelchair because of his multiple sclerosis. The freebasing incident. On June 9, 1980, during the making of the movie "Bustin' Loose", Pryor set himself on fire. He was freebasing cocaine while drinking 151-proof rum. He ran down Parthenia Street from his Northridge, California, home, on fire, until stopped by police. He was taken to the hospital. Burns covered more than half of his body. Pryor spent six weeks in recovery at the Grossman Burn Center at Sherman Oaks Hospital. Marriages and relationships. Pryor was married seven times to five different women: All of his wives, except Belaine, said there was domestic violence. Most of these times were connected to Pryor's drug use. He had six children: Richard Jr., Elizabeth, Rain, Steven, Franklin and Kelsey.
Prince George is a city in the Canadian province of British Columbia. The population of Prince George was 76,708 in 2021. The mayor of Prince George is Simon Yu. It is nicknamed the "BC's Northern Capital" because it is the largest city in northern British Columbia. However, it isn't actually in the northern half of British Columbia. It is named after King George V and Prince George, Duke of Kent.
The Vancouver Giants are a Canadian ice hockey team. They began playing in 2001. The team currently plays in the Western Hockey League. They play their home games in Vancouver, British Columbia at the Pacific Coliseum.  The owners of the Giants are businessmen Ron Toigo and Sultan Thiara, Hockey Hall of Fame members Gordie Howe, Pat Quinn, and singer and actor Michael Bublé. The have won 1 Memorial Cup in 2007 and a Ed Chynoweth Cup in 2006.
Louise Élisabeth Vigée Le Brun (Marie Élisabeth Louise; 16 April 1755 – 30 March 1842) was a painter. Her style is considered Rococo with an interest in Neoclassicism. Sometimes, her name is spelled "Vigée-Lebrun". She painted more than 30 portraits of Marie Antoinette over a six year period. She was accepted as a member of the Académie Royale de Peinture et de Sculpture in 1783. She left France after the arrest of the royal family during the French Revolution. She lived and worked in Italy, Austria, and Russia. Her work met great critical acclaim in Rome. She was elected to the Roman Accademia di San Luca. In Russia, she painted many aristocrats including Catherine the Great's family. She was made a member of the Academy of Fine Arts of Saint Petersburg.  Vigée Le Brun returned to France during the reign of Emperor Napoleon I. Her relationship with the new regime was not completely harmonious. After all, she was a royalist and the former portraitist of Marie Antoinette. She visited England and painted British notables including Lord Byron. In 1807 she traveled to Switzerland where she was made an honorary member of the Société pour l'Avancement des Beaux-Arts of Geneva. She published her memoirs in 1835 and 1837. She lived in Paris, and died there on 30 March 1842. Vigée Le Brun's legacy includes 660 portraits and 200 landscapes.
Chinese folk religion () is a polytheistic religion that has been practiced in China and among the Chinese diaspora since the Iron Age when the Chinese civilization emerged. Overview. It is difficult to make a clear distinction between Chinese folk religion and other beliefs, because Chinese folk religion has elements of veneration of the dead, local spirits, clan spirits and traditional Eastern religions, such as Taoism, Confucianism, Buddhism, but also superstition, geomancy and Feng shui. There is no standardized mythology or clergy: rites are often performed by the father of a family. Since the 1950s, Chinese folk religion has sometimes been referred to as Shenism or Shénism (). In this context, shen refers to a spirit or a deity. The term Shenism was first used by A. J. A Elliot in 1955. The term Chinese folk religion is not used inside China. History. Chinese folk religion is sometimes identified with Taoism: Over the centuries, Taoism became institutionalised. Back then, it blended with local customs and became similar to local religions and beliefs. It would, however, be more accurate to say that Taoism developed from Shenism, since Shenism was there before. Taoism also developed from Chinese philosophy. With around 454 million adherents, or about 6.6% of the world population,  Chinese folk religion is one of the major religious traditions in the world. In China more than 30% of the population adheres to Shenism or Taoism. Over the last 200 years, religion has been heavily suppressed in China, with rebellions such as the Taiping Movement or Cultural Revolution. Today, Chinese folk religion is experiencing a major revival in both Mainland China and Taiwan. Today. The current government of China has officially supported different forms of Shenism, such as Mazuism in Southern China (officially about 160 million Chinese are Mazuists), Huangdi worship, Black Dragon worship in Shaanxi, and Caishen worship.
A Snuff movie is a movie that shows the murder of a person, or a group of people, for the entertainment of the audience. Snuff movies are made to gain money. They do not use special effects. The first such movie was "El Angel de la Muerte". It is an Argentine horror movie made in 1976. One of the scenes shows how the makers of the movie kill one of the actresses. The English title of the movie was "Snuff". This turned out to be a marketing ploy. The actress was not killed. Today, no real snuff movie is known. Since the 1970s, the theme has been used by different movements in the United States. These groups usually argue that the government needs to control the media more than it currently does. The last such debate was about happy slapping. The debate is also fueled by violent pornography or videos of executions and murders.
Natalie Christine Horler (born 23 September 1981 in Bonn, West Germany) is a German-born singer-songwriter of English origin. Her parents, David and Christine Horler, are English. She is the lead singer of the Eurodance dance-pop group Cascada.
The Madonna del cardellino (Madonna of the Goldfinch) is an oil painting by Raphael. It was painted about 15051506. It is known as "Madonna of the Goldfinch" in English. The painting is in the Uffizi Gallery in Florence, Italy. The painting has been restored.  The three people form a triangle. The Virgin holds a book. St. John holds a goldfinch. Christ reaches for the bird. Raphael gave the painting to Lorenzo Nasi as a wedding gift. Nasi's house was destroyed by an earthquake in November 1548. The painting broke into several pieces. It was restored, but the damage could still be seen.
The Bronzi di Riace (), sometimes "Riace Warriors", (460–430 BCE) are two large monumental Greek bronze sculptures. The statues are of nude bearded warriors. It is possible the statues depict two individuals. It is more likely that they represent "types". Rich Romans were collectors of Greek sculpture. It is probable the two warriors were being transported from their original site in Greece to one in Rome. Since the two warriors share so many similarities, they probably formed part of one Greek monument.  The bronzes were found in the Ionian Sea on 16 August 1972 by Stefano Mariottini. He was on a scuba diving vacation near Reggio Calabria, Italy. The sculptures were found not far from shore at Riace Marina, a village near Porto Foricchio. The area was on an important shipping lane between the ports of Rome and the coastal cities of Greece. The bronzes may have been in an ancient shipwreck. They were either ripped from their moorings or thrown overboard to lighten the load. The eyes are made of bone and glass. The teeth are made of silver. The lips and nipples are made of copper. The warriors once held spears and shields. One warrior once wore a helmet pushed up atop his head. The bronzes are in the Museo Nazionale della Magna Grecia in Reggio Calabria.
The Blue Boy is an oil painting by Thomas Gainsborough. It was painted about 1770. The boy in the picture might be Jonathan Buttall, the son of a hardware merchant. The boy wears a 17th-century suit. The painting is large. It is 48 inches (1,200 mm) wide by 70 inches (1,800 mm) tall.  The painting belonged to Jonathan Buttall until 1796. It was then sold many times. In 1921 it was sold to an art dealer. An American bought the painting from the dealer. The portrait is now in the Huntington Library, San Marino, California. "Pinkie" is a famous painting which hangs near it.
As You Like It is a play by William Shakespeare. It is a comedy.  The play was written in 1599 or early 1600. Shakespeare rarely invented his own plays. He based his plays on stories by other writers. The story he used for "As You Like It" was "Rosalynde, Euphues Golden Legacy" (1590) by Thomas Lodge.  "As You Like It" may have been first performed in 1603. This is not certain though. The play was first published in 1623 in the First Folio, a collection of all of Shakespeare's plays.  "As You Like It" tells the story of a young woman named Rosalind. She has been banished from her uncle's court. Her uncle does not like her because she is gentle, beautiful, witty, and smart. Rosalind decides to live in the Forest of Arden with her cousin Celia and the court jester Touchstone. She dresses like a boy for self-protection. Several scenes involve Rosalind and the people who live in the forest. She is finally united with her sweetheart Orlando.  Some people think the play is not as good as Shakespeare's other plays. Other people think it is a very good play. One of the great speeches in the play begins "All the world's a stage".  The play is a favourite with theatre-goers. Rosalind, Touchstone, and a sour old man named Jacques are three of Shakespeare's greatest characters. The play has been adapted to a radio play, to a television show, and to musical theatre. A movie version of the play made in 1936 stars Laurence Olivier.
This article is about the American "Billboard" Hot 100 chart held during the 2010s. The "Billboard" Hot 100 is a chart that ranks the best-performing singles of the United States. Published by "Billboard" magazine, the data are compiled by Nielsen SoundScan based collectively on each single's weekly physical and digital sales, and airplay. A new chart is compiled and officially released to the public every Thursday in "Billboard" magazine and on its website. Each chart is dated with the "week-ending" date of the Saturday two weeks after.  – Number-one single as of February 18, 2012  – Number-one single of the year Statistics. Artists by total number-one singles. The following artists achieved two or more number-one singles during the 2010s (as of March 3, 2012). A number of artists had number-one singles on their own as well as part of a collaboration. *Note: Rapper will.i.am has had two number-one singles during the 2010s as part of The Black Eyed Peas and as a featured solo artist on Usher's "OMG", but both instances are counted separately. Artists by total cumulative weeks at number one. The following artists were featured at the top of the Hot 100 for the highest cumulative number of weeks during the 2010s (as of March 3, 2012). Some totals include in part or in whole weeks spent at number one as part of a collaboration. An asterisk (*) denotes that an artist is currently at number one. Songs by total number of weeks at number one. The following songs were featured at the top of the Hot 100 for the highest number of weeks during the 2010s (as of March 3, 2012). An asterisk (*) denotes that the single is currently at number one.
This article is about the American "Billboard" Hot 100 chart held during the 2000s. The "Billboard" Hot 100 is a chart that ranks the best-performing singles of the United States. Published by "Billboard" magazine, the data are compiled by Nielsen SoundScan based collectively on each single's weekly physical and digital sales, and airplay. A new chart is compiled and officially released to the public weekly every Thursday on the edition of Billboard's music magazine and on the website of the magazine. Each chart is dated with the "week-ending" date of the Saturday two weeks after.  – Number-one single of the year Statistics by decade. Artists by total number of weeks at number one. The following artists were featured in top of the chart for the highest total number of weeks during the 2000s. By artist. The following artists achieved four or more number-one hits during the 2000s. A number of artists had number-one singles on their own as well as part of a collaboration. Top 10 songs. The following ten songs were rated by "Billboard" as the best-selling and most-played songs in the US during the 2000s. Songs by total number of weeks at number one. The following songs were featured in top of the chart for the highest total number of weeks during the 2000s.
This article is about the American "Billboard" Hot 100 chart held during the 1990s. The "Billboard" Hot 100 chart is the main song chart of the American music industry and is updated every week by the "Billboard" magazine. During the 1990s the chart was based collectively on each single's weekly physical sales figures and airplay on American radio stations.  – Number-one single of the year Statistics by decade. By artist. The following artists achieved four or more number-one hits during the 1990s. A number of artists had number-one singles on their own as well as part of a collaboration. Artists by total number of weeks at number one. The following artists were featured in top of the chart for the highest total number of weeks during the 1990s. Top 10 songs. The following ten songs were rated by "Billboard" as the best-selling and most-played songs in the US during the 1990s. Songs by total number of weeks at number one. The following songs were featured in top of the chart for the highest total number of weeks during the 1990s.
This article is about the American "Billboard" Hot 100 chart held during the 1980s. The "Billboard" Hot 100 chart is the main song chart of the American music industry and is updated every week by the "Billboard" magazine. During the 1980s the chart was based collectively on each single's weekly physical sales figures and airplay on American radio stations.  – Number-one single of the year Statistics by decade. By artist. The following artists achieved four or more number-one hits during the 1980s. Artists by total number of weeks at number-one. The following artists were featured in top of the chart for the highest total number of weeks during the 1980s. Songs by total number of weeks at number-one. The following songs were featured in top of the chart for the highest total number of weeks during the 1980s.
This article is about the American "Billboard" Hot 100 chart held during the 1970s. The "Billboard" Hot 100 chart is the main song chart of the American music industry and is updated every week by the "Billboard" magazine. During the 1970s the chart was based collectively on each single's weekly physical sales figures and airplay on American radio stations.  – Number-one single of the year Statistics by decade. By artist. The following artists achieved four or more number-one hits during the 1970s. Artists by total number of weeks at number-one. The following artists were featured in top of the chart for the highest total number of weeks during the 1970s. Songs by total number of weeks at number-one. The following songs were featured in top of the chart for the highest total number of weeks during the 1970s.
This article is about the American "Billboard" Hot 100 chart held from 1958–1969. The "Billboard" Hot 100 chart is the main song chart of the American music industry and is updated every week by the "Billboard" magazine. During 1958–1969 the chart was based collectively on each single's weekly physical sales figures and airplay on American radio stations.  – Number-one single of the year Statistics by decade. By artist. The following artists achieved four or more number-one hits during 1958–1969. A number of artists had number-one singles on their own as well as part of a collaboration. Artists by total number of weeks at number-one. The following artists were featured in top of the chart for the highest total number of weeks during 1958–1969. Songs by total number of weeks at number-one. The following songs were featured in top of the chart for the highest total number of weeks during 1958–1969.
This article is about the US number-one songs chart held during the 1940s. "Billboard" number-one singles chart (which preceded the Billboard Hot 100 chart), which was updated weekly by the "Billboard" magazine, was the main singles chart of the American music industry since 1940 and until the Billboard Hot 100 chart was established in 1958. Before the Billboard Hot 100 chart was established (in August 1958), which would solely be based on the sales data and airplay on American radio stations, the "Billboard" magazine used to published several weekly charts every time. Throughout most of the 1950s the magazine published the following three charts: The list below includes the "Best Sellers in Stores" singles chart only (for the expanded detailed lists of the three charts, see articles of individual years in the Billboard charts).  – Number-one single of the year Statistics by decade. By artist. The following artists achieved four or more number-one hits during the 1940s. A number of artists had number-one singles on their own as well as part of a collaboration. Artists by total number of weeks at number-one. The following artists were featured in top of the chart for the highest total number of weeks during the 1940s. Songs by total number of weeks at number-one. The following songs were featured in top of the chart for the highest total number of weeks during the 1940s.
The M110 howitzer was the largest available self-propelled howitzer in the United States Army's inventory.  History. The M110 first entered service with the US Army in 1963. It was retired in the early 1990s. This artillery piece was exported to many countries, including Egypt, Greece, Iran, Japan, Morocco, Pakistan, South Korea, Spain, Taiwan and Turkey.
was a after "Kantoku" and before "Tengi." This period started in April 1046 and ended in January 1053. The reigning emperor was . Events of the "Eishō" Era. The 11th reconstruction of the Kasuga Shrine in Nara was finished.
was a after "Eishō" and before "Kōhei." This period started in January 1053 and ended in August 1058. The reigning emperor was .
was a after "Tengi" and before "Jiryaku." This period started in August 1058 and ended in August 1065. The reigning emperor was .
or "Warring States period" in Japanese history was a time in which there was little social or political stability. There was nearly constant military conflict which started in the middle of the 15th century and ended at the end of the 16th century.  The name "Sengoku" was adopted by Japanese historians. The Sengoku period in Japan mirrors the Warring States period in Chinese history. The Sengoku period would precede a process of unification and the end of Japan's medieval period. Important people during the Sengoku period. Three important and powerful daimyo were Oda Nobunaga, Toyotomi Hideyoshi, and Tokugawa Ieyasu. These three leaders did the most to bring Japan together as one country. Other important leaders include Date Masamune and Akechi Mitsuhide.
The ' (officially ', literally "National school of Bridges and Roads") was founded in 1747. It is one of the oldest engineering schools in France. The school has different programs including an executive Master of Business Administration in aviation management In Morocco ( in partnership with the "Académie internationale Mohammed VI de l'aviation civile" and the French Civil Aviation University) and China (in partnership with Tsinghua University and ENAC). The school trains the Corps of Bridges and Roads. Select alumni. Notable students at the school include
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA or mDNA) is the DNA in mitochondria. It is inherited only from mothers, though there are a few rare exceptions. Mitochondria are cellular organelles in eukaryotic cells. They convert chemical energy from food into a form that cells can use, adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Mitochondrial DNA is only a small part of the DNA in a eukaryotic cell. Most of the DNA is in the cell nucleus on chromosomes. In plants, the chloroplasts have DNA as well. In humans, mitochondrial DNA codes for 37 genes and with about 16,600 base pairs in a circle. Human mitochondrial DNA was the first significant part of the human genome to be sequenced. The mtDNA in plants is much larger: "Arabidopsis" has 367 kilobytes.
was a after "Kōhei" and before "Enkyū." This period started in August 1065 and ended in April 1069. The reigning emperors were and .
was a after "Jiryaku" and before "Jōhō." This period started in April 1069 and ended in August 1074. The reigning emperors were and .
was a Japanese era name (年号, "nengō", lit. year name) after "Enkyū" and before "Jōryaku." This period started in August 1074 and ended in November 1077. The reigning emperor was .