ejaasaari/simplewiki-2025-04-01 huggingface dataset:
Beaumaris (, Literal translation: "beautiful marsh") is a small town on the island of Anglesey of the Menai Strait. History. The town itself began in 1295 when Edward I of England started to build Beaumaris Castle. This was one of several castle along the North Wales coast - others include Conwy, Caernarfon and Harlech . Many of the builders of the castle were from France. The castle was built on a marsh by the village of Llanfaes. The French builders called the marsh "beaux marais" which means "beautiful marsh". This is how the town got its name. The people who lived village in Llanfaes were removed to a new village in the west of Anglesey to make way for the castle. This village was called Newborough and it still exists today.   Architecture. Notable buildings in the town include the castle, a courthouse built in 1614, St Mary's parish church, and the town gaol. Beaumaris has a pier which was opened in 1846. The pier was enlarged to 570 feet after storm damage in 1872. Beaumaris Pier is still a busy base for yachts and other boats.
The Halomonadaceae are a family of halophilic proteobacteria. The family was originally created in 1988 to contain the genera "Halomonas" and "Deleya". Many of its members were only recently discovered, and research is discovering new facts about them. GFAG-1. GFAJ-1 is a strain of rod-shaped extremophile bacteria in the Halomonadaceae. It was claimed that, when it did not have phosphorus, it took the usually poisonous element arsenic as a substitute.  Geomicrobiologist Felisa Wolfe-Simon collected lake-bottom sediments in the shallow waters of Mono Lake in California. Wolfe-Simon cultured the organisms from this hypersaline (very salty) and highly alkaline environment. They grew in an arsenic-containing medium. Unfortunately, the conclusions taken from this research have been disproved. A group of researchers analyzed the DNA of GFAJ-1, and could not detect any arsenic. The phosphorus in its DNA cannot be, and is not, replaced with arsenic. Background. Life is mostly composed of the elements carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, and phosphorus. Although these six elements make up nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids and thus the bulk of living matter, it is possible in theory that some other elements in the periodic table might serve the same functions. It is believed that all life needs phosphorus as a basic piece of the ‘backbone’ that holds DNA together. Likewise ATP (adenosine triphosphate), a key molecule in the cells' energy cycle.
Sky UK Limited is a satellite television company owned by Comcast. It used to be called British Sky Broadcasting Limited, BSkyB and Sky. It offers television and broadband Internet services in the United Kingdom.  History. Origins. The present service can trace its heritage back to 1990, when BSkyB's predecessors British Satellite Broadcasting encrypted their respective film channels – Sky Movies and The Movie Channel which required viewers to get decoding equipment and a subscription to watch the channels. After the two companies merged, subscribers could get access to both channels, and two years later, the sports channel Sky Sports also became encrypted.
Sewage treatment is the process of dealing with sewage so that it does not cause harm to people or to rivers. Sewage flows in sewer pipes from houses and factories. When it arrives at a sewage treatment plant it passes through many stages. Larger treatment plants often have more stages than smaller ones. A house that doesn't have access to a city's sewage treatment will have its own septic system. Large objects and rags are removed using screens. The sewage then flows through a tank so sand and grit can fall out. This protects the machines in later stages.  Fats and solids are removed in the first treatment stage. Sewage enters a tank where solids fall to the bottom and fat floats to the top. Fats and solids stay in the tank and the water continues to the next stage. This is called primary treatment. Modern sewage treatment started in London in about 1850. The first treatment plants for sewage were designed by Sir Joseph Bazalgette. Importance of oxygen. Bacteria and amoebae in the gut and bowels are totally anaerobic. Oxygen kills them. A key aspect of the treatment is not just to remove solids, but to "run the sewage through oxygenated water". It is this which is the most important part of treatment after solids are removed. The use of chemicals is only done exceptionally. Dumping sewage into the sea is disgusting, but has been done at times when the treatment plants are not adequate. Small treatment plants may use a small pond, called a lagoon, to hold the sewage while oxygen destroys the bacteria. Larger treatment plants use machines to help process the sewage. Some treatment works have rocks or pieces of plastic for the bacteria to grow on. Water is pumped over the rocks or plastic. Solids from the first and second treatment tanks can be used to make methane gas and fertilizer for farmers' fields or may be dried and sent to a landfill.
Vladimir Arnold (12 June 1937 — 3 June 2010) was a Russian mathematician of Jewish descent, said to be one of the greatest mathematicians of the 20th century. He worked in many areas of mathematics including dynamical systems, differential equations, hydrodynamics, magnetohydrodynamics, classical and celestial mechanics, geometry, topology, algebraic geometry, symplectic geometry, and singularity theory. Arnold was born in Odesa, Ukraine. He worked at the Steklov Mathematical Institute in Moscow and later at the Moscow State University. Arnold died in Paris after going there to seek medical treatment. He was elected a member of the Academia Europaea in 1990. Awards. He would have be given the Fields Medal in Mathematics in 1974, but this was opposed by the Soviet government. His other awards include:
Sewage or domestic wastewater is the liquid waste produced by people when using the toilet, having a bath or shower or washing clothes and dishes. In some places, it also includes rain-water falling on houses and roads. It can also have liquid waste from factories in it. It flows in pipes called sewers to be cleaned up at a sewage treatment works. Sewage is mostly water but it also has many microbes some of which can be harmful. It can have many chemicals in it which can also cause harm to animals and humans. Most sewage in poor counties is not treated and may spread disease. A problem that occurs sometimes is a sewage spill which can be damaging to health and wildlife.  Apperenace. The temperature of sewage tends to be slightly higher than in drinking water but it is more stable than the ambient temperature. The color of fresh sewage is slightly grey, whereas older sewage (also called "septic sewage") is dark grey or black. The odor of fresh sewage is "oily" and unpleasant. Older sewage has an unpleasant foul odor due to hydrogen sulfide gas and other decomposition by-products. Sewage can have high turbidity from suspended solids.
Snowdonia () is a region in north Wales. It is also a national park of in area. It was the first national park in Wales, set up in 1951. It is the largest national park in Wales and includes the highest mountain in Wales, and the largest natural lake in Wales. Before 1951, the word "Snowdonia" was used for the much smaller area around Snowdon itself. The which includes the national park is twice as large. Name. The English name for the area comes from Snowdon, which is the highest mountain in Wales, at above sea level. In Welsh it is named "Eryri." This could be the Welsh word for eagle, which is" eryr", or it may mean "highlands". In the Middle Ages, Llywelyn ap Gruffudd, who was the Prince of Wales, was called "Prince of Wales and Lord of Snowdonia". In Welsh, it translates to "Tywysog Cymru ac Arglwydd Eryri". Gruffudd's grandfather, Llywelyn Fawr, was called "Prince of north Wales and Lord of Snowdonia." Before it was a national park, the name "Snowdonia" was used to describe "Snowdon," a small area north of Gwynedd. Today, the national park covers an area that is two times larger than the area originally called Snowdonia. The park covers areas as far south as Meirionnydd. The original Snowdonia includes Snowdon, and three other mountain ranges: the Glyderau, the Carneddau and the Moel Siabod group. The hills that are south of Maentwrog are not part of the original Snowdonia. Snowdonia National Park. Snowdonia National Park () was started in 1951. It was the third national park in Britain. It makes up , and has of coastline in its border. The park is ran by the Snowdonia National Park Authority. The park has lands that are owned by private people and also by the public.  Snowdonia has many historic sites, including Stone Age burial chambers, Iron age hill forts
Gwynedd is a large area in North West Wales. It has a long coast-line with many cliffs and beaches. It also has many mountains including Snowdon, the highest mountain in England and Wales. Large towns include Bangor and Caernarfon. The county was divided into five districts: Aberconwy, Arfon, Dwyfor, Meirionnydd and Anglesey.
Superstar K () is a South Korean television talent show series which is held every year. The concept is the same as the "Pop Idol" franchise. It involves finding the next "superstar". The winner each week is worked out through scores given by judges and votes from viewers. First held in 2009, "Superstar K" has become more and more popular.  As the slogan of this program is “Sing the miracle”, plenty of people who volunteered “Season 2” to become a singer were about 1,430,000. Furthermore, the audition was held by Seoul, Busan, Daejeon, Daegu, Incheon, Jeju, Gwangju, Chuncheon, and even LA.  This audition has lots of stages. First, participants should take the first local preliminary round, and after passing it, they face the second, and then the third. After the third round, all participants from all areas gather to Seoul, and semi round, called “Super Week”, is began. From this stage, all stages become survival formats, and keen. After the round, 11 people are chosen as last members, and they stay at the same house, take the vocal training, and compete each other every week. Finally, the one who survive from the competition win the audition. In this audition, famous judges appear. The judges are Korean popular singers, Seungchul Lee, Jongsin Yoon, and Junghwa Um. These singers judge each participant. As this is TV show, viewers can join the judgment. When last 11 people compete each other, viewers can vote who they want, and it accounts for 60%. The singers’ judgment forms 30%, and the rest is up to internet survey.  The winner of each season gets huge rewards. In Season 2, the winner, named Gak Heo, got ₩200 million, a car worth about ₩25 million. In addition, a famous music producer made his album and a music video. He also performed at the Mnet Asian Music Awards. The album of Ingook Seo, the winner of the Season 1, ranked at the top of the charts for several weeks.
Ceredigion (Welsh: Sir Ceredigion) is a principal area of Wales, corresponding to the historic county of Cardiganshire. The largest town in Ceredigion is Aberystwyth. It has been administered as a county since 1282. Welsh is spoken by more than half of the area's population.  It is considered to be a centre of Welsh culture.  The county is mainly rural with over 50 miles (80 km) of coastline and mountainous terrain.
The Jeju United FC, founded in 1982, is a professional football team in the K League 1. It uses the Jeju World Cup Stadium as its home stadium. Although it is based in Seogwipo at this moment, it has been through several base changes. Its original name was Yukong Elephants FC, which was founded in 1982 and based in Seoul, Incheon, and Gyeonggi-do province. This YooGong football club changed its home stadium to Seoul in 1990. In 1996, as a part of localization policy, it again changed its home stadium to Bucheon, and changed its name as Bucheon SK. However, the overall facilities in Bucheon were not enough, so it finally changed its home stadium to the Jeju World Cup Stadium in Jeju Island, thus getting the name 'Jeju United FC.' Overview. Jeju United is famous for educating coaches and for supporting the development of football techniques. For example, Valeri Nepomniachi, the Russian coach hired in 1994, delivered many developed strategies and techniques to the K League. This created a vogue 'Nepomniachi Style' among other teams. Its mascot is Kamguri, which represents the symbol of Jeju, the Mandarin. Its home stadium, 'Jeju World Cup Stadium,' can accommodate 35,545 people. Jeju United FC has been doing well in the K League. It came in 3rd in the 1983 Superleague. Beginning from this, it has usually maintained good rankings in K-league including the championship in 1989. In 2010, it maintained first place throughout the season, but was surpassed by FC Seoul at the last match, ending in second place.  Emblem. The emblem of Jeju United FC is a shield-shaped one with the combination of black, red, and blue. This will enable people to feel the power of the football team. To be more specific, the emblem represents Hallasan and the horn of a deer which symbolize Jeju Island. This expresses the defense power of the team. At the same time, the sword in the middle which was made from the '
Frederick Page (September 29, 1915 - December 23, 1997) was a Canadian executive for several ice hockey leagues and organizations. Page was born in Port Arthur, Ontario. As president of the Canadian Amateur Hockey Association (CAHA), he helped bring amateur hockey teams to Europe for tours. Later, he helped facilitate negotiations between the CAHA and the International Ice Hockey Federation (IIHF). This would lead to Page being an executive vice president of the IIHF from 1969 to 1972. Next, he helped start the Pacific Coast Junior Hockey League, which later merged with the British Columbia Junior Hockey League in 1997. Page was elected to the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1993.
Bismuthine, also known as bismuthane, bismuth hydride, and hydrogen bismuthide, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is BiH3. It has bismuth and hydride ions in it. The bismuth is in its +3 oxidation state. Properties. Bismuthine is very unstable. It is only found below -60°C. Above that temperature it breaks down into bismuth and hydrogen.  Preparation. It is made by a complex process that involves organic chemistry. Uses. It is part of a test for bismuth. This is similar to the Marsh test for arsenic.
Norman Robert "Bud" Poile (February 10, 1924 – January 4, 2005) was a Canadian professional ice hockey player, coach, general manager, and league executive. Coaching statistics. 1 Midseason replacement ² Replaced midseaseon
The River Teifi is a river in west Wales. It starts in the hills above the town of Tregaron and then flows into a large marsh called Tregaron bog. This bog helps to stop flow in the river being too extreme. It stores up flood water when it is raining hard and it lets water go during dry weather. The water in the River Teifi is very good quality. The river supports lots of wild-life including Salmon and Trout. The wildlife is so special that the whole river has been given special protetion by scientists to stop it being damaged. The river passes through small towns such as Lampeter and Newcastle Emlyn before it reaches the sea at Cardigan. For the last few miles before it reaches Cardigan, the river runs through a deep gorge called Cigerran Gorge. Some people still fish for Salmon here using a very ancient boat called a Coracle.
is a Japanese architect and university professor at Yokohama National University. Nishizawa won the Pritzker Architecture Prize in 2010. Career. In 1995, he started a partnership with Kazuyo Sejima in Tokyo. It was called SANAA. In 1997, he started the independent Office of Ryūe Nishizawa. "This table is not finished; you can help Wikipedia by adding to it."
Bismuth(V) fluoride, also known as bismuth pentafluoride, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is BiF5. It has five bismuth-fluorine bonds in it. The bismuth is in its +5 oxidation state. Properties. Bismuth(V) fluoride is a white crystalline solid. It is an extremely strong oxidizing agent and fluorinating agent, something that adds fluoride ions to other chemicals. It reacts with water to make ozone and oxygen difluoride. It also reacts with iodine and sulfur at room temperature. Above 50°C, it reacts with hydrocarbons like paraffin to make fluorocarbons. At 180°C, it reacts with chlorine to make chlorine monofluoride and with bromine to make bromine trifluoride. Preparation. It is made by reacting bismuth(III) fluoride with fluorine at a high temperature. It is also made by reacting bismuth(III) fluoride with chlorine trifluoride.  Uses. It is used as a fluorinating agent.
Chlorine monofluoride is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is ClF. It has chlorine and fluoride ions in it. The chlorine is in its +1 oxidation state. Properties. Chlorine monofluoride is a colorless gas. It can be cooled to a pale yellow liquid at low temperatures. Many of its properties are between the properties of chlorine and fluorine. It reacts with tungsten to make tungsten hexafluoride and with selenium to make selenium tetrafluoride. It reacts with carbon monoxide to add chloride and fluoride to it.
is a Japanese architect and historian of architecture. He was born 21 November 1946 in Miyakawa-mura, Suwa-gun, Nagano Prefecture, Japan. That place is now part of Chino-shi. He has taught at several Japanese universities including: Tohoku University, Tokyo University, and Kogakuin University. He was a visiting scholar at Tōhoku University of Art and Design. He is professor emeritus at Tokyo University. Fujimori is especially interested in the history of modern Japanese architecture and natural design. He is known for using shapes from nature for his designs. Biography. He graduated from the architecture department at the faculty of engineering of Tōhoku University in 1971. Then he went for graduate study at Tokyo University. In 1979, he finished his dissertation "Historical Research on City Planning in the Meiji Era" and got his PhD. In 1986 he won the Suntory Arts Prize for his book "Adventures of an Architectural Detective-Tokyo Edition" (建築探偵の冒険・東京篇 in Japanese). That year, he also one of the first members of the "Roadside Observation" art group (路上観察学会 in Japanese) with the artist Genpei Akasegawa and the illustrator and manga artist Shinpo Minami. In 2001, he finished a dormitory for the Kumamoto Prefectural University of Agriculture. That dormitory won an architecture prize. Fujimori was a commissioner for the 10th Venice Biennale in 2006. He also directed a TV series for Fuji TV. In 2010, Fujimori retired from the University of Tokyo and joined Kogakuin University. Books. Fujimori has written many books about architecture. Some describe his projects. Others are books of architectural history. He has published more than 25 books of his own. He has edited or written more than a dozen books with other writers. Projects. Fujimori often works with Shoushi Uchida or Nobumichi Oshima. Some of his projects are listed below.
Knut (5 December 2006– 19 March 2011) was a polar bear who was born in captivity at the Berlin Zoo. Because his mother rejected him when he was born, he was raised by zookeepers. People began to protest for him after a German newspaper called "Bild-Zeitung" quoted an animal rights activist saying the young cub had to die. Both children and adults supported him, and e-mails and letters asking the zoo to let the cub live were sent from around the world. Because of his fame, Knut became a tourist attraction and commercial success. Knut became very popular and the center of mass media attention called "Knutmania". Many toys, DVDs, and books were made about him. This brought in lots of money, about five million euros, to Berlin Zoo in 2007. More people went to the zoo, and that year was the most profitable year in the zoo's 163-year history. Polar bear Knut died on 19 March 2011, because of the brain disease encephalitis. Biography. Infancy. Knut was born at Berlin Zoo. His mother was Tosca, a 20-year-old polar bear. She was a circus performer from East Germany, born in Canada, and her 13-year-old mate, Lars, was from a park in Munich. Tosca gave birth to Knut and his unnamed brother on 5 December 2006. However, she left her cubs on a rock in the polar bear enclosure and did not take care of them. The zookeepers rescued the cubs with a fishing net, but Knut's brother died from sickness four days later. Knut was only the size of a guinea pig, and had to spend the first 44 days of his life in an incubator before zookeeper Thomas Dörflein began raising the cub. Dörflein had to sleep on a mattress next to the cub at night because Knut needed care. Dörflein also had to play with, bathe, and feed the cub every day. Knut's food began with a bottle of baby milk mixed with cod liver oil every two hours. At four months old,
Cottage pie or shepherd's pie is a type of savory pie. It is made with minced mince, with mashed potato on top. It comes from the United Kingdom and Ireland. The dish is now popular worldwide. The name "cottage pie" was first used at the end of the 18th century. It was around that time that the poorer people of Britain, people who lived in cottages in the country, started using potatoes as an everyday food. Originally, a pie made with any kind of meat and sliced potato was called a "cottage pie" due to it's resemblance to the tiled roofs.  In modern British English, the dish is usually called "cottage pie" if it is made with beef. If it is made with lamb it is usually called "shepherd's pie" (because a shepherd looks after sheep).  According to the "Oxford Companion to Food", once upon a time, Scotland made its shepherd’s pies with pastry instead of mashed potatoes.
"SOS" is a song by Barbadian singer Rihanna. It is a dance-pop and R&amp;B song that samples the 1981 song "Tainted Love" by Soft Cell. It was released on February 14, 2006 off of the album "A Girl like Me" and went to number one on the "Billboard" Hot 100, her first song to do so. The song was originally written for Christina Milian.
Bismuth(III) bromide, also known as bismuth tribromide, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is BiBr3. It has bismuth and bromide ions. The bismuth is in its +3 oxidation state.  Properties. Bismuth(III) bromide is a white to pale yellow solid. It reacts with water to make bismuth oxybromide, BiOBr, which is a solid. It can only dissolve in acidic solutions.  Preparation. It is made by reacting bismuth(III) oxide with hydrobromic acid. It can also be made by reacting powdered bismuth with bromine.
Bismuth(III) fluoride, also known as bismuth trifluoride, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is BiF3. It has bismuth and fluoride ions in it. The bismuth is in its +3 oxidation state. Preparation and properties. Bismuth(III) fluoride is a gray-white powder. It does not dissolve in water. It is made by reacting bismuth(III) oxide with hydrofluoric acid or by reacting a large amount of bismuth with fluorine.
The Freshwater Biological Association, often shortened to the FBA, is a British charity started in 1929. It aims are to promote freshwater biology. It publishes identification keys to freshwater plants and animals throughout the world, and also maintains a library of freshwater science.  Membership is open to anyone who is interested in freshwater science. The Association's main offices are in Far Sawrey, on the banks of Windermere in Cumbria.
Freshwater biology is the study of plants and animals that live in fresh water. This includes rivers, lakes, ponds, marshes and other bodies of water. It is part of the branch of science called Limnology. Much freshwater biology takes place in man-made places such as sewage treatment works and water treatment works. In these places water is purified using plants and animals. Keeping them working as hard as possible helps to make the water as cleaner. In recent times freshwater biologists have been looking at how plants and animals change in the autumn and spring. This is helping us to understand more about the effects of climate change.