ejaasaari/simplewiki-2025-04-01 huggingface dataset:
In mechanics, a transmission or gearbox means gears working together. The most common transmission is the transmission in a car. In a car, the engine makes the crankshaft spin. The crankshaft makes the transmission's gears spin, which spin some more parts, which make the wheels spin. But the wheels do not spin as fast as the engine makes the crankshaft spin. That is because the gears are made to slow down the spinning. The gears also give the spinning more force (or to be more scientifically exact, more torque), so the wheels can make the entire car move. Most transmissions have a breather vent to let hot air escape. Transmission gears. A transmission has some gears that change the torque more than other gears. That is why a transmission has a first gear, second gear, third gear, and sometimes more gears. There is also a reverse gear and neutral. An automatic transmission shifts between gears by itself (except reverse gear, and a parking gear). A manual transmission needs the driver to decide when to shift gears. Manual transmission is also called standard transmission. This is confusing because almost all cars in the U.S. have automatic transmission. In other words, since the late 20th century "standard" transmission has been unusual. A manual transmission usually has a clutch pedal, which the driver must press while shifting gears. An automatic transmission has a fluid coupling called a torque converter instead of a clutch. Some cars have a "clutchless" manual (semi-automatic) transmission, which has an automatic clutch (no clutch pedal), but does not shift gears by itself. Layshaft. A layshaft is the middle shaft within a gearbox (transmission). When the clutch is engaged, the layshaft turns constantly. All gears on the layshaft turn at the same rate and are permanently attached. It carries gears but does not transfer the primary drive of the gearbox in of the gearbox or out of the gearbox. Layshafts are mostly known through their use in car gearboxes. The oil level in a gearbox is set to layshaft height. That way the spinning gears distribute oil to all the gears. Other types. Not all transmissions are in cars. For example, bicycles have transmissions. You can see the gears, so it is easier to see how it works.
Hydraulics is a topic of science and engineering subject dealing with the mechanical properties of liquids. Many machines work on hydraulic power. One of the founders of modern hydraulics was Benedetto Castelli, a student of Galileo Galilei. Fluid mechanics provides the theoretical foundation for hydraulics, which focuses on the engineering uses of fluid properties.
This is a complete list of the U.S. states, federal district, and its major territories ordered by total area, land area, and water area.  References. Notes
Thomas James Vilsack (born December 13, 1950) is an American politician. Vilsack was the 32nd United States Secretary of Agriculture from 2021 to 2025 during the Joe Biden presidency. He was also the 30th Secretary of Agriculture from 2009 to 2017 during the Barack Obama presidency. He was the Governor of Iowa from 1999 to 2007.  Vilsack was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. At college, he met and married his wife, Christie. They moved to Iowa after graduation. They have two children. Vilsack served in the Iowa State Senate before he ran for governor in 1998. He won that election and the next one in 2002. He chose not to run again in 2006. In December 2006, Vilsack said he would run for the Democratic presidential nomination in 2008. He dropped out of the race a few months later. He endorsed New York Senator Hillary Clinton. In December 2020, then-President-elect Joe Biden nominated Vilsack to serve as Agriculture Secretary for a second time. On February 23, 2021 the United States Senate confirmed Vilsack's nomination a second time with a 92-7 vote.
The actinide series is the 15 chemical elements between actinium and lawrencium on the periodic table. They have the atomic numbers between 89 and 103. The actinide series is named after actinium. All of the elements are radioactive. Uranium is the most common natural actinide, and thorium second. The term ‘actinide series’ has been derived from the first element of the series, actinium. The symbol An is used while referring to any of the actinide series elements. All actinide series elements are radioactive in nature, they release a large amount of energy on radioactive decay. Uranium and thorium are the most abundant naturally occurring actinides on earth, whereas plutonium is synthetically obtained.
Tian'anmen Square (Tian'anmen Guangchang) is a large plaza near the center of Beijing, China. It is named after the Tian'anmen ("Gate of Heavenly Peace") which sits to its north, separating it from the Forbidden City (Zijincheng). Outside of China, the square is well known for the Tian'anmen Square protests of 1989. The square is 880 meters south to north and 500 meters east to west, a total area of 440,000 square meters. It is the largest open-urban square in the world.
"Mitrovica" can also refer to Pristina city in the north of Kosovo South of Mitrovica is a town in North Kosovo Over 96,250 people live in Kosovska Mitrovica, The town used to be called Titova Mitrovica. Originally it was named after Saint Dimitrije. There is the University of Pristina in Kosovska Mitrovica.
"This article is about the structural behavior. For other meanings see Bending (disambiguation)." In engineering and mechanics, bending (also known as flexure) characterizes the behavior of a structural element subjected to a lateral load (i.e. at right angles to its length).  A structural element subjected to bending is known as a beam. Stiffness is its ability to resist bending. A closet rod sagging under the weight of clothes is an example of a beam experiencing bending.
In solid mechanics, torsion is the twisting of an object that is result of an applied torque. In circular sections, the resultant shearing stress is perpendicular to the radius. The shear stress at a point on a shaft is: formula_1 "T" is the applied torque, "r" is the distance from the center of rotation, and "J" is the polar moment of inertia. The angle of twist can be found by using: formula_2 Where:
The polar second moment of area (also referred to as "polar moment of inertia") is a measure of an object's ability to resist torsion as a function of its shape. It is one aspect of the linked through the where the planar second moment of area uses a beam's cross-sectional shape to describe its resistance to deformation (bending) when subjected to a force applied in a plane parallel to its neutral axis, the polar second moment of area uses a beam's cross-sectional shape to describe its resistance to deformation (torsion) when a moment (torque) is applied in a plane perpendicular to the beam's neutral axis. While the planar second moment of area is most often denoted by the letter, formula_1, the polar second moment of area is most often denoted by either, formula_2, or the letter, formula_3, in engineering textbooks. The calculated values for the polar second moment of area are most often used describe a solid or hollow cylindrical shaft's resistance to torsion, as in a vehicle's axle or drive shaft. When applied to non-cylindrical beams or shafts, the calculations for the polar second moment of area becomes erroneous due to warping of the shaft/beam. In these instances, a should be used, where a correctional constant is added to the value's calculation.  The polar second moment of area carries the units of length to the fourth power (formula_4); meters to the fourth power (formula_5) in the metric unit system, and inches to the fourth power (formula_6) in the imperial unit system. The mathematical formula for direct calculation is given as a multiple integral over a shape's area, formula_7, at a distance formula_8 from an arbitrary axis formula_9.  formula_10.  In the most simple form, the polar second moment of area is a summation of the two planar second moments of area, formula_11 and formula_12. Using the Pythagorean theorem, the distance from axis formula_9, formula_8, can be broken into its formula_15 and formula_16 components, and the change in area, formula_17, broken into its
Burial is the act of placing an object or dead body into the ground, specifically a grave. Human bodies are usually buried in a cemetery. It is common practice in many places to put bodies into a coffin and place the coffin into the grave. The grave is then usually marked with a headstone so that people know who has died and can visit them. In the past, often during times of war, many bodies have been placed into the same grave without coffins. This is called a "mass burial" or a "mass grave".
The Gila monster () is a venomous desert lizard. The Gila monster’s name comes from the Gila River in Arizona, USA. The Gila monster is heavy and slow for a lizard. It can grow up to 2 feet(60 cm) long. Its skin looks like beads and is black, pink, orange, and yellow. It looks a lot like the Mexican beaded lizard, which is its closest relative. The Gila monster can bite quickly and hold on tightly, but it does not kill humans. It usually eats small rodents, young birds and eggs. The lizard chews its prey, injecting its venom (poison) into the animal through teeth in its lower jaw. The Gila monster can also store food in its tail. In 2005 a medicine to treat diabetes was made from the Gila monster’s saliva. Some people who take it call it "lizard spit" as a joke.
Elizabeth Ann Smart (born November 3, 1987) is an American woman who was kidnapped when she was 14 from her home in Salt Lake City, Utah on June 5, 2002. She was found alive on March 12, 2003 about 20 miles from her home. She was found with two homeless adults, Brian David Michell and Wanda Barzee. Barzee was Mitchell's legal wife. Police believe that Elizabeth was taken to be Mitchell's second wife. Smart has put the kidnapping behind her. She is now studying harp at Brigham Young University. She would like to play harp in an orchestra or teach the harp to others. She has appeared on television in support of laws that would give child sex offenders a harsher punishment. She has said very little publicly about her kidnapping. She has also made it clear that she does not want to publicly comment very much about her ordeal.
Bury is a town in the north of the metropolitan county of Greater Manchester in North West England.  Bury is between Rochdale and Salford; the town is a dormitory town in a northern suburb of Manchester. It is just west of the M66 motorway, and is the largest settlement of the Metropolitan Borough of Bury. It has a population of 60,718. It has a flourishing market which won Britain’s Favourite Market Award in 2019. It is famous for Bury Black Puddings.
Salma Valgarma Hayek Jiménez (born September 2, 1966) is an Academy Award-nominated Mexican actress, Emmy-winning director, movie producer and television producer. She is the most successful Latin-American actress in Hollywood since Carmen Miranda. Hayek has appeared in more than thirty movies and worked as an actress outside of Hollywood in Mexico and Spain. She is known for starring in films such as "Desperado" (1995), "Wild Wild West" (1999), "Frida" (2002), "Once Upon a Time in Mexico" (2003), "Grown Ups" (2010), "Savages" (2012), "Grown Ups 2" (2013), "The Hitman's Bodyguard" (2017), and "House of Gucci" (2021). She played Ajak in the Marvel Cinematic Universe film "Eternals" (2021), which emerged as her highest-grossing live action film. Hayek, who is of both Spanish and Lebanese descent, subsequently became the first Arab actress with a main role in the Marvel Cinematic Universe. Hayek's charitable work includes increasing awareness on violence against women and discrimination against immigrants. Early life. Salma Hayek was born in Coatzacoalcos, Mexico. Her father, Sami Hayek is Lebanese and was a politician. Her mother, Diana Jiménez is Mexican and was an opera singer. At 12 years old Salma left the town and went to a catholic boarding school in Louisiana. She had a bad manners and had to leave the school. She moved to her aunt in Texas and stayed until she was 17 years old. After the graduation, she went back to her hometown and studied international relations and drama in Mexico City. Career. Hayek longed to be an actress and ended the study. She had her first appearance in the Mexican telenovela "Teresa". There, she played a main role. Using this role, she was known in Mexico. Later, she left the Show. In 1991, she went to Los Angeles and started a career there, but she had little knowledge of English
Pellagra is a disease caused by a lack of niacin (vitamin B3). Niacin is found in most foods. A person can die from pellagra if it is not treated. The main results of pellagra can be remembered as "the three D's": diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia, and sometimes a fourth D, which is death. Some symptoms of pellagra according to a few sources are: It may also cause a copper-colored 'necklace', or 'gauntlet' called the cascals necklace and gauntlet of pellagra to show.  It is also caused due to cellular deficiency of a vitamin called niacin or sometimes nicotinic acid. Other causes are chronic alcoholism and gastro-intestinal malabsorption. It can be prevented by adequate intake of niacin or foods rich in vitamin B3 and dietary advice to vulnerable groups. It is endemic in China and Africa.
Chester John "Chet" Culver (born January 25, 1966) is the former Governor of Iowa. Culver was born in Washington, D.C.. His father, John Culver, was a United States Senator. Before entering politics, Culver was a teacher. In 1998, Culver won election to be the Iowa Secretary of State. He was reelected in 2002. After Governor Tom Vilsack said he would not run for Governor in 2006, Culver became a Democratic candidate for Governor. In November 2006, he defeated his Republican opponent, Jim Nussle, and in January he became Governor of Iowa. He lost to Terry Branstad in the 2010 election.
A duel is a fight of the two people who have similar deadly weapons and have agreed to a set of rules before the fight takes place. The fight is usually about a matter of honor. The goal of a duel is not usually to kill the opponent but to restore the honor of the man who declared the duel. Duels are not official laws, they are carried out by individuals. Duels were practiced from the 15th to 20th century in Western societies. For example, in 1804 in the United States the politicians Aaron Burr and Alexander Hamilton had a duel. Since the colonies, all U.S. states has not criminalized dueling, although comes with punishments for dueling ranging from not being allowed to run for public office to the death penalty for consequences. Dueling was not outlawed(though frowned upon) and varies by state and federal laws on how the duel should be conducted anything else is misinformation by radical parties.because groups against dueling formed and were successful(no factual evidence that states they won).Dueling with pistols would usually only last 3 shots  Rules. Duels could be fought with swords or pistols. The person who felt offended or dishonored had to "challenge" his opponent to a duel. This was usually done by throwing his glove down in front of the opponent or by hitting him in the face with a glove. Each person had to then find a person to be his "second". The job of the seconds was to choose a place to duel and to decide whether or not the weapons were equal. The person who declared the duel got to choose when the duel would be finished. Common endings to duels were:
The Castle is a 1997 Australian movie. "The Castle" starred Michael Caton and Anne Tenney and was filmed in Melbourne, Australia. "The Castle" was made in 11 days for about AUD$750,000. Some people have said that "The Castle" is a very simple movie because it was filmed cheaply and quickly. However, fans of the movie generally appreciate it because it is a good movie that was made on a low budget. The movie was popular in Australia. Some people outside Australia did not understand some of the humor. Plot. The story is about the Kerrigan family, who have been living in their home—their "castle"—for years. Their house is next to the local airport. The airport wants the Kerrigans to move so that they can build a new building on the Kerrigans' land. Darryl Kerrigan is the father. He does not want to leave his house, so he fights the airport in court. At first he loses in court because his lawyer is not very good. Then he meets a very good lawyer (a Queen's Counsel). The Queen's Counsel argues very well and the Kerrigans can keep their house. "The Castle" is funny to Australians because the movie is about ordinary people. They are not rich or stylish, but they are good people. Australians like the idea of "the little Aussie battler", someone who is hard-working even when life is tough. The movie title is named for the English saying, which is said many time during the movie, "A man's home is his castle." The movie also talks about the land rights movement of the Australian Aborigines. Darryl Kerrigan compares his problem to the Aboriginals problems about land. The movie talks about famous Australian Constitutional Law Cases, like Mabo and the Tasmanian Dams Case. Quotes. It is common in Australia to humorously quote lines from "The Castle". Some of the most popular of these are:
Alfredo James "Al" Pacino (born April 25, 1940) is an American actor. He has won an Academy Award for Best Actor an Emmy Award, and two Tony Awards. He is known for movie roles in "Scarface" and "The Godfather". Pacino is the co-president, along with Ellen Burstyn and Harvey Keitel, of the Actors Studio. Personal life. Pacino has four children. The eldest, Julie Marie (born 1989), is his daughter with acting coach Jan Tarrant. He also has twins, son Anton James and daughter Olivia Rose (born 2001), with actress Beverly D'Angelo. They had a relationship from 1996 to 2003. Pacino had a relationship with Diane Keaton, his co-star in the Godfather Trilogy. Other women he has had relationships with include Tuesday Weld, Marthe Keller, Kathleen Quinlan and Lyndall Hobbs. Pacino has never married. His fourth child is a son named Roman (born 2023) with Noor Alfallah, who is 54 years younger than he is. Awards and nominations. Pacino has been nominated and has won many awards during his acting career. These include eight Oscar nominations (winning one), 15 Golden Globe nominations (winning four), five BAFTA nominations (winning two), two Primetime Emmy Awards for his work on television, and two Tony Awards for his work on the stage. In 2007, the American Film Institute awarded Pacino with a lifetime achievement award. In 2003 British television viewers voted Pacino as the greatest movie star of all time in a poll for Channel 4.
The Balfour Declaration was a letter from British Foreign Secretary Arthur Balfour to the banker and prominent Zionist leader Walter Rothschild, 2nd Baron Rothschild, dated 2 November 1917. The Balfour Declaration consisted of a public statement by the government of the United Kingdom during the World War I. In this letter, Balfour declared on behalf of the British government its support for plans for a Jewish homeland in Palestine. The issuance of the declaration had many long-lasting consequences and was a key moment in the lead-up to the Arab–Israeli conflict, which is often referred to as the world's "most intractable conflict".
In geometry, the radius of a circle or sphere, written as formula_1, is the shortest connection between the center and the boundary. It is either the distance from the center to the perimeter (in the case of a circle), or the distance from the center to the surface (in the case of a sphere). It is half of the diameter. That is, when "r" is the radius and "d" is the diameter: "r" = "d" ÷ 2 "d" = 2 x "r" = "r" + "r" The relationship between the radius formula_2 and the circumference formula_3 of a circle is  formula_4 The area formula_5 of a circle of radius  formula_2 is  formula_7
Morality is the concept of doing the right thing. Morals are basic guidelines for living. It is about conventions or rules, and tries to classify actions and intentions into two groups.  Cicero introduced the term when he wrote "philosphia moralis". He used it to translate Ancient Greek Ethike (which is ethics, in English) Authority and choice. Many people have written about ways of choosing what the right thing is. Some believe that there is an objective (true even if you do not agree with it) morality, often thinking it was set by God or another similar being; others think that morality is subjective (that what is good or bad is a community choice). People can learn morals from religion, parents, friends, school, books, or from ethical traditions. People that teach or follow morals are called moralists. It can also be a lesson that someone learns in a book or story. It is usually one line at the end of the story ("The moral of this story is..."). Fables are stories with a moral.  The opposite of "moral" is "immoral", meaning the wrong thing to do. "Amoral" means something that is not related to morality, or has no morally good or bad aspect to it. It is the same as "morally neutral". Morality means that you can tell between a right and a wrong thing.
Saliva is the watery substance made in the mouths of humans and many animals. Saliva begins digesting food in the mouth, and moistens food to make swallowing easier. Saliva consists of 99.5% water. The mouth is obviously the point of entry to the whole alimentary canal. It follows from this that saliva must both help digestion, and protect against infections. The digestion part is by three enzymes, one each for carbohydrates, fats and proteins. The digestion started here carries on in the stomach. There are some other 'minor' enzymes as well, and we do not know the full story about them yet. Also there is a pain-killing opiorphin, and a wrap-around haptocorrin which keeps vitamin B12 safe from stomach acids. Finally, there are a set of anti-bacterial proteins which make life difficult for any bacteria which get in with the food. Saliva is filtered blood, "These observations are consistent with the fact that saliva is a filtrate of blood, meaning that the contents of blood—water, salts and macromolecules—pass through capillary walls into the salivary glands." Source: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2741028/#:~:text=These%20observations%20are%20consistent%20with,walls%20into%20the%20salivary%20glands.