ejaasaari/simplewiki-2025-04-01 huggingface dataset:
Reserve Officers' Training Corps is a type of military officer commissioning program, mostly in the United States. It is designed as a subject that students can choose to take at college. It focuses on leadership development, problem solving, strategic planning, and professional ethics. After joining the Reserve Officers' Training Corps, the person involved must be involved in the military for a period of time. The U.S. Armed Forces and a number of other national militaries have ROTC programs. The Philippines established its program in 1912, with the creation of the first unit at the University of Santo Tomas during American colonial rule. ROTC in South Korea started in 1963; while China created its own program in 1997.
Adel Fadel Abbas Tamano (born October 2, 1970) is a Filipino lawyer and politician. He is the spokesperson of the United Opposition. He was president of the University of the City of Manila. Early life And career. Tamano is the eighth son of the late Senator Mamintal Tamano and civic leader Hadja Putri Zorayda Abbas Tamano. Tamano is married to Rowena Kapunan, who is also a lawyer. They have two children. During the 2007 elections, Tamano was the spokesperson for the United Opposition. He is also a member of Kapunan, Tamano, Villadolid &amp; Associates. He lectures on legal writing at the Ateneo Law School, and on constitutional law at the Far Eastern University Institute of Law and the University of the City of Manila. Education. Tamano attended Jose Abad Santos Memorial School and La Salle Greenhills for his primary and secondary education. He went to the Ateneo de Manila University to study A.B. Economics and later law, graduating in 1992 and 1996 respectively. Thereafter, he attended the University of the Philippines and took a master's degree in Public Administration. In June 2005, he matriculated in Harvard Law School's Master of Laws graduate program. He was the first Filipino Muslim to graduate from Harvard Law School.
The University of the Philippines (UP; ) is a public school in the Philippines. The flagship campus is UP Diliman.
The University of Arizona (also known as UA, or Arizona) is a public research university in Tucson, Arizona. The school began in 1885. It was the first university in the Arizona Territory. The school also includes the Banner – University Medical Center Tucson. This is a four-year M.D. college in downtown Phoenix. The mission of the University of Arizona is, "To improve the prospects and enrich the lives of the people of Arizona and the world through education, research, creative expression, and community and business partnerships." Arizona is one of the elected members of the Association of American Universities (an organization for research institutions). It is the only school from Arizona in the group. Athletics. The sports teams are nicknamed the "Arizona Wildcats" (often shortened to "Cats"). They got the name from a 1914 football game with the California champions at the time, Occidental College. The Los Angeles Times said that, "the Arizona men showed the fight of wildcats." Sports are a big part of campus life at the school and they get a large amount of money to operate the programs. They are members of the Big 12 Conference in the NCAA, which they joined in 2024. The Wildcats have won national titles in several sports, most notably men's basketball, baseball, and softball. The official colors of the university and its athletic teams are UA Red and Arizona Blue.
The square meter is the SI-derived unit of area. It has a symbol m² (33A1 in Unicode). It is defined as the area of a square whose sides measure exactly one meter. The square meter is derived from the SI base unit of the meter, which in turn is defined as the length of the path travelled by light in absolute vacuum during a time interval of formula_1 of a second. Adding SI prefixes creates multiples and submultiples. However, as the unit is squared, the order of magnitude difference between units doubles from their comparable linear units. For example, a kilometer is one thousand times the length of a meter, but a square kilometer is one million times the area of a square meter. A "square meter" is not the same thing as a "meter square" - although it is true that exactly 1 square meter is exactly 1 meter square. But that only works for the number 1; no other. For example, a square that is 2 meters long and 2 meters wide has 4 square meters of area. formula_2 But a square that is 4 meters squared would have 4 meters on each side. This means it would have 16 square meters of area. formula_3 That is, formula_4 is 4 meters squared, whereas formula_5 is 4 square meters. SI prefixes applied to the square meter. The square meter may be used with all SI prefixes used with the meter. Conversions. A square meter is equal to:
"Quid pro quo" is a Latin phrase. It means roughly "this for that." In other words, the phrase describes the context when something is given in return for something else. The phrase means the same thing as the English saying "a tit for a tat", or trading something for something else. It can also mean the same thing as "an eye for an eye". Lawyers sometimes use this saying to mean "an even trade".
Cologne or Eau de Cologne is a perfume in a style of that originated from Cologne, Germany. Nowadays, it's used as a term for scented formulations with a concentration of about 2-5% essential oils. Cologne may be used by men or women. Composition. In a base of dilute ethanol (70-90%), Eau de Cologne contains a mixture of citrus oils including oils of lemon, orange, tangerine, bergamot, lime, grapefruit and neroli. It can also contain oils of lavender, rosemary, thyme, petitgrain (orange leaf), and jasmine. History. "Eau de Cologne" is a spirit-citrus perfume launched in Cologne in 1709 by Giovanni Maria Farina (1685-1766), an Italian perfumer from Santa Maria Maggiore Valle Vigezzo, Italy. In 1708, Farina wrote to his brother Jean Baptiste: "I have found a fragrance that reminds me of an Italian spring morning, of mountain daffodils and orange blossoms after the rain" (Eckstein p.8). He named it "Eau de Cologne", in honour of his new hometown.  The Original "Eau de Cologne" composed by Farina was used only as a perfume and delivered to "nearly all royal houses in Europe" (Farina Fragrance Museum information leaflet). His ability to produce a constantly homogenous fragrance consisting of dozens of monoessences was seen as a sensation at the time. When free trade was established in Cologne by the French in 1797, the success of "Eau de Cologne" prompted countless other businessmen to sell their own fragrances under the name of "Eau de Cologne" and even Farina.  Giovanni Maria Farina's formula has been produced in Cologne since 1709 by Farina opposite the Jülichplatz and to this day remains a secret. His shop at Obenmarspforten opened in 1709 and is today the world's oldest fragrance factory. Other Colognes, such as the famous Cologne 4711, named after its location at "Glockengasse No. 4711", have
Fast Food Nation is a 2006 American/British movie directed by Richard Linklater. It is based on Schlosser's bestselling 2001 non-fiction book "Fast Food Nation: The Dark Side of the All-American Meal". The movie is about the fast food industry. Schlosser's book criticized the fast food industry. He finds out where types of fast food are made, where they come from, and why people eat it.
Sabrina the Teenage Witch is an American teen television sitcom. It is based on the "Archie" comic book series of the same name. It is set in Massachusetts. It stars Melissa Joan Hart in the title role. Its first four seasons aired on Nickelodeon from September 27, 1996 to May 5, 2000; the final three seasons ran on Noggin from September 22, 2000 to April 24, 2003.
Vera Wang (; born June 27, 1949) is an American fashion designer. She was born and raised in New York City. Her parents were Chinese. She is based in New York and is known for her wedding gown collection, among other specialties. Career. After her graduation in 1971, Wang began working for Vogue Magazine. In 1972, she was promoted as the senior fashion editor. She left Vogue in 1987, to join Ralph Lauren as the design director for accessories. Wang established her own label "Vera Wang" in 1990, in New York.
Total Request Live (known from 1998 to 2008 as TRL) was a television series on MTV that featured popular music videos. In addition to music videos, the show also featured daily guests. "TRL" played the top ten most requested music videos of the day, as requested by viewers who voted for their favorite video online. The countdown started with the tenth most requested video of the day and ended with the most requested video of the day. As of October 22, 2007, the countdown was based on votes, charts, ringtones, downloads, radio airplay, and streams, meaning that the video that the user requested might not have been the number one video of the day. The show mainly aired from Monday to Thursday for an hour, but the scheduling and length of the show has changed over the years. Even though the word "Live" is in the show's title, a lot of the show's episodes have actually been pre-recorded. On September 15, 2008, it was announced that "TRL" would be over and it was later replaced by another show. A special, three-hour finale was aired on November 16, 2008 at 8 p.m. Until 2010, a local version of "TRL" was still running in Italy on MTV. History. The beginning of "TRL". The beginning of "TRL" traced back to 1997 when MTV started to produce "MTV Live" from the newly opened MTV Studios in Times Square in New York. "MTV Live" featured celebrity interviews, musical performances, and news updates. Music videos were not a major part of the program. At one time, the show had more than 75,000 viewers. At the same time, MTV aired a countdown show that was simply called "Total Request", hosted by Carson Daly. "Total Request" was a more quiet show, as music videos were introduced from a dimly lit set. By the fall of 1998, MTV producers decided to merge "MTV Live" and "Total Request" into a new show called "Total Request Live". The new show made its premiere on September 14, 1998. The end
Multi-criteria optimization, or multiobjective optimization is a way of solving a mathematical or economic problem where many different parameters need to be changed to get one of the best possible solutions to the problem. The result of this is called Pareto efficiency, named after Vilfredo Pareto, who first used it in his studies.  In welfare economics, the idea of Pareto efficiency is very simple: If there is no way of improving the situation of one person, without making that of another person worse, the solution found is Pareto-efficient.  If we look at what the economy produces, we might say it is on its Pareto Frontier or Production Possibility Frontier, meaning that it is making (or "producing") all it can with the things it has (such as machines, labour, land and ideas -- all called resources or factors of production). If this is the case, making more of one thing would mean making less of another; the resources are already being used to full capacity, so making more of one thing will take resources away from making another. Just because something is Pareto efficient, it doesn't mean it is fair or "equitable". Even though no-one could be made better off without making someone else worse off, it is possible that one person owns all of the world's things. To make anyone else better off, some would have to be taken away from this person, making them worse off.
, also known as John Manjiro or John Mung, was a Japanese sailor, educator, and interpreter. Early life. Manjiro was born in the Naka-no-hama in Tosa Province (now Tosashimizu in Kōchi Prefecture). He was the second son of a poor fisherman. He worked when he was young because his father died and his mother and older brother were sick. Because of this, he did not learn how to read and write very well. Life in the United States. In 1841, when he was 14 years old , the fishing boat he worked on ran into a storm and was turned over. He and the people with him were on the ocean for five days. They landed on an island in the middle of the Pacific Ocean where no people lived. They spent 143 days on that island. An American ship passed by the island and John Manjiro and the others were saved. At this time, Japan was a closed country. The American ship or any non-Japanese ship could not enter Japan. Also, any Japanese who left Japan were killed by the Japanese government if they returned to Japan. Most of the people saved from the island were taken to Hawaii. The captain of the ship liked John Manjiro and took Manjiro with him. Manjiro saw a map of the world for the first time and saw how small Japan was in the world. Manjiro was named “John Mung” by the captain. He was adopted by the captain of the ship and lived with the captain’s family in the United States.  Manjiro learned English, math, measurement, navigation, and shipbuilding at school. He spent all of his time to studying to be a captain. He learned new ideas from the Western world. For example, democracy and equality between men and women. Return to Japan. Manjiro returned to Hawaii and bought a boat. He and his friends from the fishing boat started to sail back to Japan in December of 1850. Japan was still a closed country. Because of this, he was investigated by the Shogunate (the rulers of Japan) for a long time.  IN 1851
Proper motion is the name for the way the stars seem to slowly move "relative to each other" when seen from Earth.  The movement is caused by the fact that all stars (including the Sun) are moving through space at hundreds of kilometres per second. However, because they are so far away, it takes a long time for us to see that they have moved, and even then it takes a powerful telescope to see the difference. Because of this, for a long time, most people thought that the stars did not move at all. Even the ancient Greeks, who knew a lot about the stars and discovered some of the other ways they move, such as stellar precession, did not discover proper motion (although they probably suspected it).  Proper motion was not proved to exist until 1718 when Edmond Halley noticed the stars Sirius, Arcturus and Aldebaran had moved from the places they were in star charts that Hipparchus had drawn around 130 BC. However, even after more than 1,800 years, they had moved less than half a degree. Proper motion is useful to astronomers in figuring out how far away a star is from Earth because stars that are close usually have a larger proper motion (meaning they move faster across the sky) than stars that are farther away. For example, Barnard's star has the largest proper motion of any star, moving 10.3 arcseconds per year. This is equal to one quarter of a degree, or half the diameter of the Moon in the sky, in only 87 years. It is the second-closest star to the Earth at 5.98 light years away. Also, eight of the ten stars with the biggest proper motions are less than 15 light years away.
The origin of birds is one of the most interesting questions in palaeontology and evolution. Birds evolved from theropod dinosaurs during the Mesozoic era. Thomas Henry Huxley ("Darwin's bulldog"), who was a comparative anatomist, made a study of this nearly 150 years ago. He compared the first fossil bird, "Archaeopteryx", with a small theropod dinosaur, "Compsognathus". They are two fossils from the same place and time: the Solnhofen limestone in Bavaria, Germany. The strata come from the end of the Jurassic period, about 144 million years ago. Huxley's papers on "Archaeopteryx", and the origin of birds, were of great interest then, and still are. He showed that the two fossils were almost identical, except for the front limbs and feathers of "Archaeopteryx". He united reptiles and birds under the title of Sauropsida, and thought that birds had evolved from small carnivorous dinosaurs. Modern ideas. All palaeontologists since Huxley agreed that "Archaeopteryx" evolved from reptiles, but many thought it was derived from an earlier type than dinosaurs. It took a long time before they agreed with Huxley. Almost all now think that early members of a group of small carnivorous dinosaur were ancestral to birds. The group most favoured as ancestral is the Paraves or Eumaniraptora, which includes the dromaeosaurs and the troodonts. The dromaeosaurs include "Velociraptor" and "Deinonychus" but, of course, it would have been an earlier type of dromaeosaur, perhaps from the lower Jurassic. Dromaeosaurs have several traits we formerly thought belonged only to birds: hollow bones with holes for air-sacs, limbs with many bones either lost or fused, clavicles fused into wishbones, and feathers. The discovery of feathered dinosaurs and birds in the Lower Cretaceous of China was what finally convinced palaeontologists. What seems to have happened is this. Theropod dinosaurs evolved feathers for heat regulation rather than flight
Bryde's whale is a baleen whale. It is a small group of several species which look alike and used to be lumped together. The whale can grow from 12.5 m (41 ft) to 14 m (46 ft) long and a weight of 16–18.5 tonnes, with the female larger than the male.  Until the 1950s it was considered a single species, Balaenoptera brydei. It is now known that there are several almost identical species. Balaenoptera edeni and Balaenoptera omurai are two other species in the group.  There has also been confusion between the Sei whale, Balaenoptera borealis, and the Bryde's whale as they look alike and are the same size. Bryde's whale is unique in having three long ridges on its head that go from between the eyes towards the blowhole. All other rorquals have just one. The Bryde's whales skin varies from black to dark grey. The whale was named after Johan Bryde, who built South Africa's first factory to process whales. They are found in tropical and sub-tropical waters. There seem to be several different types of Bryde's whales, but it has not yet been decided if they are different species, or a sub-species. In particular, "B. brydei" and "B. edeni" may be sister species.
Nap is the raised (fuzzy) surface on cloth. Velvet in one of these clothes with nap. Nap can also mean a felt cloth. In the 14th century, the word described the roughness of woven cloth before it was cut. Piled nap. In the 15th century, the term nap refers to a pile given to the cloth. The word "pile" means the raised fibers that are there on purpose. They were put there, instead of by producing the cloth. The nap is woven into the cloth, often by weaving loops into the fabric. The can then be cut or left on the cloth. Carpets, rugs, velvet, velour, and velveteen, are made by weaving a second yarn through woven cloth, making a nap or pile.
A tournament is a competition with large number of players, all taking part in a sport or game. The word and general meaning come from the medieval tournament or "tourney". The word is still used sometimes used for a military event such as the Royal Tournament. The word "tournament" is now defined in two ways: These two types of tournament are different. All golf tournaments meet are of the first type, but match play tournaments are in the second. Football (soccer) leagues like the Premier League are tournaments in the second sense, but not the first, having matches spread across many places over a period of up to a year. Many tournaments meet both definitions; for example, the Wimbledon tennis championship.
Kim Yoon-ok, also called Kim Yun-ok, (, born 26 March 1947) is the wife of Lee Myung-bak, President of the Republic of Korea . Her family runs a construction company in Daegu. She and her husband Lee Myung-bak met at the College of Health Education at Ewha Womans University. On December 19, 1970, after graduation from the University, Kim was engaged to Lee Myung-bak against her family's will. Lee was then director of the Hyundai Engineering Corporation. They have 1 son and 3 daughters together. Kim Yoon-ok enjoys cooking.
In Greek mythology, Pandora's box was a large jar (πιθος P"ithos") carried by Pandora. It contained the evils to be let loose on mankind. When the box was empty, hope remained. The actual evils are not specified by Hesiod. Where the word box is from. The word in the original text is "Pithos", which usually refers to a large container; used to store wine or other things. Such containers were also used for funerals. In the case of Pandora, this jar may have been made of clay for use as storage as in the usual sense, or, instead, of bronze metal as an unbreakable prison. The mistranslation of P"ithos" as "box" is usually attributed to the 16th-century humanist Erasmus of Rotterdam. Erasmus is thought to have made the error when he translated Hesiod's tale of Pandora into Latin. Hesiod's "P"ithos" refers to a storage jar for oil or grain. Erasmus, however, translated "pithos" into the Latin word "pyxis", meaning "box". The phrase "Pandora's box" has endured ever since. This error was further backed by Dante Gabriel Rossetti's painting "Pandora".
Longshore drift is the process of the ocean currents forcing sand and other material down a beach.  The material is first pulled into the currents by the backwash (the water going out to sea) and is then pushed back up the beach by the swash (the water going onto the beach). Longshore drift always moves in the direction of the main wind. If longshore drift continues for a long time, beaches can be changed quite a bit. The changes depend on the details, and vary from place to place. Longshore drift is the net (average) movement of sand grains across a beach in a zig-zag motion. There are many inexpensive and effective ways of controlling longshore drift. The most common method is groynes (wooden walls that the sand builds up against). Some people dislike groynes because they interfere with walking along the beach, and the look of the beach.
Alfred Josef Ferdinand Jodl (10 May 1890 in Würzburg – 16 October 1946 in Nuremberg) was a German military Officer and commander. He was the Chief of the Operations Staff of the Armed Forces High Command (Oberkommando der Wehrmacht, or OKW) during World War II. At the Nuremberg trials he was tried, sentenced to death and hanged as a war criminal. Jodl joined the Imperial German Army in 1910 as a Army Infantry Soldier until 1912 when he became a junior Military Army Officer . He remained as a Junior Officer in the Reichswehr German Army until he became a Senior Officer in the Wehrmacht German Army in 1936 where he remained as a Senior officer until 1945 .