ejaasaari/simplewiki-2025-04-01 huggingface dataset:
Non-interventionism or non-intervention is a foreign policy that holds a country should avoid all wars unless it is defending itself from attack. It promotes neutrality and discourages alliances with other nations, but still encourages diplomacy. The original, more formal definition is that non-interventionism is a policy of not interfering in the affairs of another country without its permission.
Cayetano Paderanga Jr. (October 9, 1948 – January 29, 2016) was a Filipino economist. He was Director-General of the National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA), an agency of the government of the Philippines responsible for economic development and planning. He held this position twice, from 1990 to 1992 and from 2010 to 2012. In his first term, Paderanga served under President Corazon Aquino. He was a member of the Monetary Board of the Central Bank of the Philippines from 1993 to 1999. He was also executive director for the Philippines in the Asian Development Bank (ADB) from 2001 to 2003. Paderanga died in Taguig City, Philippines, from complications after heart surgery, on January 29, 2016. He was aged 67.
Unilateral disarmament is a policy option where a single country disarms or renounces weapons without expecting other nations or rivals to also renounce their use of weapons. It was most commonly used in the twentieth century in the context of "unilateral nuclear disarmament", a recurrent mission of peace movements in countries such as the United States and the United Kingdom. Nations do not often choose to dismantle their entire military capability. Unilateral disarmament is usually sought in one technical competency, such as weapons of mass destruction. Non-violent political movements from that of Mahatma Gandhi to the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament have recommended unilateral disarmament as a step toward world peace.
Nuclear disarmament talks about the act of reducing or eliminating nuclear weapons and to the end state of a nuclear-weapon-free world, in which nuclear weapons are completely eliminated. Nuclear disarmament groups include the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament, Peace Action, Greenpeace, International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War, Mayors for Peace, Global Zero, the International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons (winner of the Nobel Peace Prize in 2017), Nihon Hidankyo (winner of Nobel Peace Prize in 2024) and the Nuclear Age Peace Foundation.  There have been many large anti-nuclear demonstrations and protests. On June 12, 1982, one million people demonstrated in New York City's Central Park against nuclear weapons and for an end to the cold war arms race. It was the largest anti-nuclear protest and the largest political demonstration in American history. In recent years, some U.S. elder statesmen have also advocated nuclear disarmament. Sam Nunn, William Perry, Henry Kissinger, and George Shultz have called upon governments to embrace the vision of a world free of nuclear weapons, and in various op-ed columns have proposed an ambitious program of urgent steps to that end. The four have created the Nuclear Security Project to advance this agenda. Organisations such as Global Zero, an international non-partisan group of 300 world leaders dedicated to achieving nuclear disarmament, have also been established.
Insubordination is when people do not obey an authority. In the military, for example, insubordination is when a serviceman or servicewoman disobeys the orders of a higher-ranking officer. In civil life, a person may refuse to obey a law or order that he or she thinks is wrong. This is called civil disobedience.
An abjad (Pashto: ابْجِدْ) is a writing system in which all of the letters are consonants. Although vowels can be added in some abjads as diacritics, they are not needed to write a word correctly. Abjad are commonly written from right to left, rather than left to right, like in other writing systems. Well-known examples of abjads are the Arabic alphabet and the Hebrew alphabet. History. Abjads were the first phonetic writing systems: made to show only a word's pronunciation (instead of its meaning like ideographs or logograms). They would later inspire the creation of alphabets, such as the Greek alphabet, which have letters for both consonants and vowels. The earliest known abjad in the world is the Phoenician alphabet. Since in Afro-Asiatic languages, the root meaning of a word is found in its consonants, abjads are widely used in those languages. There are also languages without consonant roots that use abjads, such as Persian and Urdu, both of which use the Arabic alphabet.
The Stop the War Coalition (StWC; informally Stop the War) is a British group created on 21 September 2001, shortly after the September 11 attacks. It was created to campaign against what it believes are unjust wars. The group has campaigned against the wars that are part of the "War on Terror" of the United States and its allies. It has campaigned against the war in Afghanistan and the Iraq War. The demonstration against the Iraq War on 15 February 2003 was organised with Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament (CND) and the Muslim Association of Britain (MAB). It is claimed to be the largest public demonstration in British history. "Stop the War" has been accused of supporting Bashar al-Assad in Syria, and the Russian annexation of Crimea in 2014.
Francis Finlay, CBE (6 August 1926 – 30 January 2016) was an English stage, movie and television actor. Finlay was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his role as Iago in the 1965 movie version of William Shakespeare's "Othello". He was also known for his role as Jacob Marley in the 1984 movie "A Christmas Carol". He won a BAFTA Award in 1974. Finlay died on 30 January 2016 at his home in Weybridge, Surrey. He died from heart failure after suffering from Alzheimer's disease. He was aged 89.
Pave Lane is a hamlet in Shropshire, England. It is in the borough of Telford and Wrekin. It is located south of Newport, near the border with Staffordshire. The hamlet is in a very rural area. It has excellent views of the Shropshire countryside. Pave Lane is near the former estate, Lilleshall Hall.  Pave Lane was located on a toll road between Newport and Wolverhampton. Because of this, the area had many inns and coach houses. The road later became the A41.
Newport is a market town and civil parish in the county of Shropshire in England. It is in the borough of Telford and Wrekin, near to the border with Staffordshire. It is around 6 miles (10 kilometres) north of Telford and around 12 miles (19 km) west of Stafford, Staffordshire's county town. In 2011, a census revealed that the parish's population was 11,387 people. The town has won seven Britain in Bloom gold medals, more than any other town in Great Britain. Newport town centre has a lot of old buildings and architecture. The main street has a Norman design with a very wide High Street.
Haberdashers' Adams (previously named Adams' Grammar School) is a Co-educational boys' and girls' grammar school in England. It is located in Newport, Shropshire. It was founded in 1656 by William Adams, a wealthy member of the Worshipful Company of Haberdashers (one of the Great Twelve Livery Companies of the City of London). It is now one of the country's best-performing schools. It was rated by the Ofsted as a Grade 1 outstanding school. In 2017, changed its name to Haberdashers' Adams , In 2022, the school announced that from September 2024 it would be accepting girls ending its 400 year history of being a boys-only grammar school.
was a Japanese diplomat. He served as Vice-Consul for the Empire of Japan in Lithuania during World War II. He was best known for helping about 20,000 Jews leave Lithuania during the Holocaust. He gave them visas to Japan. In 1985, Israel named him to the Righteous Among the Nations for his actions. He was sometimes called the "Japanese Schindler". Sugihara was born in Yaotsu, Gifu. He was first married to Klaudia Semionovna Apollonova until their divorce in 1935. He was later married to Yukiko Sugihara. They had four sons. Sugihara died on 31 July 1986 at a hospital in Kamakura. He was 86.
A union organizer (or union organiser) is a type of trade union official. In most unions, the organizer's role is to hire groups of workers under the organizing model. In other unions, the organizer's role is largely that of servicing members and enforcing work rules, similar to the role of a shop steward. In some unions, organizers may also take on industrial/legal roles such as making representations before Fair Work Australia, tribunals, or courts. In North America, a union organizer is a union representative who "organizes" or unionizes non-union companies or work sites. Organizers are mainly there to help non-union workers in forming groups of locals, usually by leading them in their efforts. A union organizer is either elected or appointed. Most unions appoint rather than elect their organizers.
Hebei (Hanzi: 河北 ; pinyin: Héběi) is a province in China that wraps around the cities of Beijing and Tianjin, two of China's four "municipalities". The name Hebei means "North of the (Yellow) River" in Chinese. It was formed in 1928 after the central government dissolved Chihli province. The old name, Chihli or Zhili, which means "directly administered" referred to its status under the Qing dynasty. Hebei province borders Liaoning province on the northeast. On the north it borders Inner Mongolia. To the west it borders Shanxi province. It borders the provinces of Henan to the south and Shandong to the southwest. Shijiazhuang is the capital of the province. The abbreviated name of Hebei is Ji (冀), since there is another province that also has the syllable "He" (河) in it, Henan (河南). Due to Hebei completely surrounding Beijing and Tianjin, the municipalities of Beijing and Tianjin and the province of Hebei are often lumped together and called Jingjinji, with the "Jing" being Beijing, the "Jin" being Tianjin, and the "Ji" being the abbreviation of Hebei.
Moodle is a free and open-source learning management system written in PHP and distributed under the GNU General Public License. It was designed for education as online learning space. The name "moodle" stands for "Module Object Oriented Dynamic Learning Environment". It was developed by Martin Dougiamas. Development. Moodle has continued to evolve since 1999 (since 2001 with the current architecture). It has been translated into over 100 different languages and is accessible in many countries worldwide. Institutions can add as many Moodle servers as needed without having to pay license fees. The Open University of the UK currently uses a Moodle installation for their 200,000 users while the UK government uses a Moodle installation for their Civil Service Learning platform serving half a million employees.
Francisco Guillermo Flores (October 17, 1959 – January 30, 2016) was a Salvadoran politician. He served as President of El Salvador serving from 1999 to 2004 as a member of the conservative Nationalist Republican Alliance (ARENA) replacing Armando Calderón Sol. He was born in Santa Ana, El Salvador. At the time of his death, Flores was being investigated for corruption charges. Flores died on January 30, 2016, at the age of 56. He died in a hospital in San Salvador from a Cerebral hemorrhage after having surgery to treat it.
A councillor is a member of a local government council. In the United Kingdom all local authorities are overseen by elected councillors. In England, Wales and Northern Ireland, most larger borough, unitary authority or county councils pay their councillors basic allowances and pay for their expenses. Councilmember, councilman, councilwoman, councilor, or councillor is a title for a member of a council used in the United States.
A district health authority was a division of the National Health Service in England and Wales. It was introduced by the National Health Service Reorganisation Act 1973. It was created in 1974 and disestablished in 1996. There were 205 when they were established in 1974, but some were later merged. In 1979 there were 199. The district health authority worked alongside a Family Health Services Authority, which was responsible for managing primary care services such as general practice, pharmacy and dentistry. The districts were reorganised on a number of occasions in the 1990s. In 1996 new single-tier health authorities replaced districts and areas and the regions were again reorganised. In 2002, Health Authorities were replaced by Primary Care Trusts.
The National Union of Tailors and Garment Workers (NUTGW) was a trades union in the United Kingdom. The union was founded as the Tailors and Garment Workers' Union (T&amp;GWU) in 1920. In 1932, it was joined by the Amalgamated Society of Tailors and Tailoresses and renamed itself as the "National Union of Tailors and Garment Workers". The NUTGW had 118,700 members in 1945, making it the tenth largest union in Britain. The NUTGW merged into the General, Municipal, Boilermakers and Allied Trades Union in 1991.
The 2015 Labour Party leadership election was election to choose the leader of the Labour Party in the United Kingdom. It won by Jeremy Corbyn. The election was held because Ed Miliband resigned on 8 May 2015, after the party's defeat at the 2015 general election. Harriet Harman, the Deputy Leader, became Acting Leader but announced that she would resign after the leadership election. Candidates. Four candidates were successfully nominated to stand in the election: Andy Burnham, Yvette Cooper, Jeremy Corbyn and Liz Kendall. The voting process began on Friday 14 August 2015 and closed on Thursday 10 September 2015. The results were announced on Saturday 12 September 2015. Voting was by Labour Party members and registered supporters. They voted using the alternative vote system. Results. When Corbyn entered the election, he was considered unlikely to win. However, support for him increased quickly. Opinion polls showed him leading against the other candidates. This led to warnings from people such as Gordon Brown, Tony Blair, Jack Straw, David Miliband, and Alastair Campbell. Many of them claimed that Corbyn's election as leader would leave the party unable to win elections. Corbyn won the election in the first round, with 59.5% of the votes.
The Camden New Journal is a free, independent newspaper that covers the London Borough of Camden. It was created because of a strike in the 1980s supported by campaigning journalist Paul Foot, Holborn and St Pancras MP Frank Dobson and the paper's editor Eric Gordon. It has a lot of influence in Camden because of its news content, investigations and high number of readers. It was named "Free Newspaper of The Year" at the Press Gazette's national industry awards in 2001, 2003, 2005 and 2010. It was nominated in 2002 and 2004.
Her Majesty's Revenue and Customs (HM Revenue and Customs or HMRC) is a non-ministerial department of the United Kingdom Government. It is responsible for the collection of taxes, the payment of some types of welfare, and the management of other regulations such as the minimum wage. HMRC was formed when the Inland Revenue and Her Majesty's Customs and Excise were combined. This happened on 18 April 2005. The department's logo is the St Edward's Crown enclosed within a circle.
Senegambia was a region of West Africa occupying the area of present day Senegal and Gambia. The 20th century  Senegambia Confederation, was a loose confederation between Senegal and Gambia. The term Senegambia was used by the British as early as 1765. They used it to refer to their settlements on the islands off the coast of present day Senegal. The modern use of the term Senegambia means the region that includes both Senegal and Gambia. Senegambian history. There is little known about the early history of the area. By about 1000 AD the Soninke, Mandinka and Fula peoples had formed settlements along the Gambia River. The Toucouleur people were settled in east and central Senegal. Kingdoms such as the Jolof and the Sere settled in the area north of the Gambia River. The first Europeans, Portuguese sailors, arrived about 1455. Portugal controlled the area between the Sénégal and Gambia Rivers until the British, Dutch and French moved into the area. They traded goods such as salt, iron, guns and gunpowder for gold, ivory, ebony and slaves.  Senegambia and the Middle Passage. About 24% of the African slaves brought to America, were from Senegambia. The Africans from Senegambia were found nearly everywhere in the United States before the American Civil War, both in the North and South.Senegambia was strongly Muslim. This means that many African slaves in the US had been exposed to Islam much more than the rest of the Americas.  Because of the need for field workers up to two-thirds of Africans taken captive were men. In the Senegambia region due to the high demand by buyers, men and boys were taken from all over the region. Women, however, being in less demand, were taken from the easily accessed coastal areas. Most of them belonged to the Jolof people and so, unlike the men, they had a common language. Due to the fear of slaves revolting, men were kept below decks and in chains. Women were usually kept on deck and were sometimes allowed to move around. Some historians say that it was the women who organized many of the slave uprisings at sea.
The Marriage (Same Sex Couples) Act 2013 (c. 30) is an Act passed by the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It legalises same-sex marriage in England and Wales. After the 2010 General Election, in September 2011, Liberal Democrat Parliamentary Under-Secretary for Equalities, Lynne Featherstone, announced they would try to make same-sex marriage legal from March 2012. The session closed in June 2012 and, in December 2012, the new Minister for Women and Equalities, Maria Miller, announced that the Government would be introducing a law before the next election. She also said that they were trying to get this done within parliament's current session.  The Marriage (Same Sex Couples) Bill was introduced into Parliament on 24 January 2013. The leaders of the three main political parties in the United Kingdom gave their MPs a free vote. This means they would not be made to vote in favour or against it; they could vote however they wanted.
Labour Briefing is a monthly political magazine made by members of the British Labour Party. The magazine was started in 1980 as London Labour Briefing. Throughout the 1990s, "London Labour Briefing" lost supporters and influence as New Labour's hold over the Labour Party increased. This was also because control inside the Labour Party was centralised, and the role played by activists was reduced. "London Labour Briefing" was renamed "Labour Briefing" and was then known as "Labour Left Briefing". In 2008 it was changed back to "Labour Briefing" on merging with "Voice of the Unions". It supports the Socialist Campaign Group of Members of Parliament, and aims to promote and build the network of local Campaign Groups.
A parliamentary select committee in the United Kingdom can be appointed from the House of Commons, like the Foreign Affairs Select Committee; from the House of Lords, or as a joint committee of Parliament drawn from both of them. Some of the committees are near-permanent and some are set up for some special work and then stop. Most of the Commons committees look at the work of government departments and agencies but the Lords committees mostly look at big subjects.  Committees may be nearly permanent), or as "ad-hoc" committees with a specific timeline by which to complete their work, after which they stop existing, such as the recent Lords Committee on Public Service and Demographic Change. Both Houses have their own committees to review drafts of European Union directives: the European Union Committee in the House of Lords, and the European Scrutiny Committee in the House of Commons.
The Department of Social Security (DSS) was a government department in the United Kingdom.  The department was created in 1988. The Department of Health and Social Security was divided into two departments, one of which was the DSS. During 2001, the department was largely replaced by the Department for Work and Pensions. The other responsibilities of the department were assumed by the Treasury and the Ministry of Defence.
The Justice Select Committee is a committee made up of a small number of members of the British House of Commons. The committee looks at the policy, management and spending of the Ministry of Justice. It also looks at the work of the Law Officers of the Crown, the Serious Fraud Office, and the Crown Prosecution Service. It gives reports with opinions and advice. The committee also reviews draft Sentencing Guidelines issued by the Sentencing Guidelines Council.
On February 15, 2003, there was a day of protests across the world. The protests were to express people's opposition to the imminent invasion of Iraq. They were held in more than 600 cities. It was part of a series of protests and political events that had begun in 2002 and continued as the war took place. Social movement researchers have described the 15 February protest as "the largest protest event in human history." Sources vary in their estimations of the number of participants involved. According to BBC News, between six and eleven million people took part in protests in up to sixty countries over the weekend of the 15th and 16th. Other estimates range from eight million to thirty million. Some of the largest protests took place in Europe. The protest in Rome involved around three million people, and is listed in the 2004 "Guinness Book of World Records" as the largest anti-war rally in history. Madrid hosted the second largest rally with more than 1.5 million people protesting the invasion of Iraq; Mainland China was the only major region not to see any protests on that day, but small demonstrations, attended mainly by foreign students, were seen later.
The Iraq Inquiry is a public inquiry into the United Kingdom's role in the Iraq War. It is also called the Chilcot Inquiry after its chairman, Sir John Chilcot. The inquiry was announced on 15 June 2009 by Prime Minister Gordon Brown. The original announcement was that the inquiry would take place in private. This decision was later reversed after receiving criticism in the media and the House of Commons. On 6 July 2016, Sir John Chilcot announced the report's publication, more than seven years after the inquiry was announced. It referred to as the Chilcot report by the news media, the document stated that Saddam Hussein was not an urgent threat and that the Iraq War was not necessary.
Andrew Murray (born 1958) is a British campaigner and journalist. He was Chair of the Stop the War Coalition from its formation in 2001 until September 2011, and again from September 2015 after Jeremy Corbyn resigned. Murray has been a senior official for several trade unions over many years.
An all-party parliamentary group (APPG) is a grouping in the British Parliament that is made up of politicians from all political parties. If a parliament consists of both a lower house and an upper house, all-party parliamentary groups can usually include members of both houses. In the British Parliament, for example, APPGs include members of the House of Commons and the House of Lords. In the British Parliament, an associate parliamentary group is similar to an all-party parliamentary group except that it is made up of not only members of the House of Commons or Lords but can also include members from outside Parliament.