ejaasaari/simplewiki-2025-04-01 huggingface dataset:
David L. Rosenhan (1929 – February 6, 2012) was an American psychologist. He was best known for the Rosenhan experiment. This was a study which looked at how valid psychiatry diagnoses were. Rosenhan got his Bachelor of Arts degree from Yeshiva University. At Columbia University in 1953 he earned his master's degree. Five years later, he earned a Ph.D in psychology. Rosenhan was an expert on psychology and law.  In 1973 Rosenhan published "On Being Sane in Insane Places". This was one of the most-read pieces of writing in psychology. The article talks about the Rosenhan experiment. The experiment was that eight people with no history of psychopathology would try to get into twelve psychiatric hospitals. All of these people were allowed in, and were diagnosed with either schizophrenia or bipolar disorder. Psychiatrists then tried to cure the people using psychiatric medicines. All eight were allowed to leave within 7 to 52 days, but only when they had said that they accepted the illness they had been diagnosed with. Later in the study, a research and teaching hospital challenged Rosenhan to run a similar experiment with its own diagnoses and rules for letting people in to the hospital. Psychiatric staff were warned that at least one pseudo-patient might be sent to their hospital. At least one staff member thought that 83 out of the 193 new patients were actors. In fact, Rosenhan sent no actors. The study showed that the ways diagnosis was done was very inaccurate in telling people with mental disorders and people without mental disorders apart. The paper made a lot of controversy. Some people are not sure of how valid and credible the study was, but say that psychiatric diagnoses need to be improved. Professor Rosenhan worked with the Stanford University Department of Psychology. Later, he became professor emeritus at Stanford University. He died on February 6, 2012, aged 82.
The rial (IRR") is the name of Iran's currency. It was first introduced in 1798. One toman"' equals 10 rials. The toman (تومان tumân) is no longer an official unit of Iranian currency, but Iranians usually quote money and prices of goods in tomans. For this purpose, one toman equals 10 rials.
Pseudomonas is a gram-negative bacteria. It is a genus belonging to the Pseudomonadaceae family. There are about 144 species in this genus. Most of the Pseudomonas species are saprotrophic, meaning they release enzymes that break down big substances into small ones.  History. Pseudomonas is one of the earliest found bacteria. It was first called 'Bacterium aeruginosm' by Schroter in 1872. However, in 1894, German botanist classified it as "Pseudomonas aeruginosa". In Greek, pseudo means false and monas means “unit”. This bacteria is associated with many chronic infections and is considered dangerous due to its resistance to many antibiotics. There has been an increase in the number of species discovered year by year. In 2013, 10 species have been found and 6 more in the subsequent year. Pseudomonas was well-classified 100 years later by a Canadian scientist, Roger Stanier. The classification was based on the physiological and biochemical properties. Phylogeny. The basic tool which is used to classify Pseudomonas is the 16S rRNA gene. However, it is hard to differentiate closely related Pseudomonas species, thus genes such as atpD, gyrB, rpoB, recA, and rpoD are also used in the taxonomy of Pseudomonas.Using gyrB and rpoD in phylogenetic analysis, Pseudomonas came from two predominant clusters; intrageneric cluster I (IGC I) and intrageneric cluster II (IGC II).  IGC I consists of two sub clusters, the ‘"Pseudomonas aeruginosa" complex’  comprises of "Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pseudomonas alcaligenes, Pseudomonas citronellolis, Pseudomonas mendocina, Pseudomonas oleovorans" and "Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes," and the ‘"Pseudomonas stutzeri" complex’, comprises of "Pseudomonas balearica" and "P
Giant magnetoresistance (GMR) is a very small magnetic effect found in thin layers of iron and other materials. It is used to read and write information in hard drives. The GMR effect can be measured when a magnet is used to change the flow of electricity. The 2007 Nobel Prize in physics was awarded to Albert Fert and Peter Grünberg for the discovery of GMR. Discovery. GMR was discovered in layers iron, chrome and ferrite by Peter Grünbergs research team of the Jülich Research Centre (Germany) in 1988. Peter Grünberg owns a patent for the technology. It was also discovered by Albert Ferts research group of the University of Paris-Sud (France) in layers ferrite and chrome. The Fert group were first to see what they thought of as a "large" effect which is why they gave the name "Giant". The Fert group were also first to explain the correct physics of GMR. The discovery was the beginning of the science spintronics. Grünberg and Fert have been given prizes and awards, including the 2007 Nobel Prize in Physics, for this discovery and other spintronics work. Types of GMR. Multilayer GMR. In multilayer GMR, two or more magnetic layers are separated by a very thin (about 1 nm) non-magnetic (insulating) layer. Ferrite, a form of iron, is a magnetic layer and chrome is an insulating layer. At certain thickness, the strength of magnetism between the layers becomes easy to measure and adjust. The strength of electrical current between the layers can change by up to 10%. The GMR effect was first observed in stacks of 10 or more layers. Spin valve GMR. In spin valve GMR, two magnetic layers are separated by a thin (~3 nm) non-magnetic (insulating) layer. It is possible to measure and adjust the strength of magnetism between these layers. It is hoped that research into spinning electrons will improve spin valves.  Materials used in spin valves are copper and an alloy of nickel and iron.  Spin valve GMR is the
Keiju Karashima (born 24 June 1971) is a former Japanese football player. Club career statistics. 105||3||3||0||15||0||123||3 105||3||3||0||15||0||123||3
Grigoris Georgatos (born 31 October 1972) is a former Greek football player. He has played for Greece national team. Club career statistics. 343||61 38||3 381||64 International career statistics. !Total||35||3
Angelos Charisteas (born 9 February 1980) is a Former Football (Or Soccer) player.  Club career statistics. 94||20 95||20 59||21 248||61 International career statistics. !Total||81||23
Bogdan Stelea (born 5 December 1967) is a former Romanian football player. He has played for Romania national team. Club career statistics. 251||0 234||0 3||0 31||0 14||0 533||0 International career statistics. !Total||91||0
Emmanuel Olisadebe (born 22 December 1978) is a Polish football player. He has played for Poland national team. Club career statistics. 40||20 66||20 78||24 2||0 17||6 44||22 247||92 International career statistics. !Total||25||10
is a former Japanese football player and manager. He managed for Japan women's national team. Biography. Suzuki was born in Saitama on April 29, 1947. After graduating from Rikkyo University, he played for Nissan Motors from 1972 to 1974. From 1975, Suzuki became coach for Nissan Motors. He managed for Nissan Motors (1985) and Nissan FC Ladies (1987–1989). In 1989, he became manager for Japan women's national team. He managed 3 world tournament, 1991, 1995 World Cup and 1996 Summer Olympics. In Asia, Japan won the 2nd place 4 times, AFC Women's Championship (1991, 1995) and Asian Games (1990, 1994). He resigned after 1996 Summer Olympics and Satoshi Miyauchi became a new manager. In August 1996, he became manager for Nikko Securities Dream Ladies and won the Nadeshiko League champions for 3 years in a row to 1998. However the club was disbanded due to financial strain end of 1998 season. In June 1999, Japan under manager Miyauchi was defeated in group stage at 1999 World Cup and failure to qualify for 2000 Summer Olympics. After 1999 World Cup, Suzuki became a manager for Japan national team again and managed Japan at 1999 AFC Women's Championship in November. Japan finished at the 4th place and he resigned end of the championship.
is a former Japanese football player and manager. He played for the Japan national team. He also managed Japan women's national team. Biography. Ikeda was born in Shizuoka Prefecture on January 5, 1962. After graduating from Shizuoka Gakuen High School, he joined Japan Soccer League club Nissan Motors in 1980. The club won the 1983 and 1985 Emperor's Cup. From 1988 to 1990, the club won all three major titles in Japan: the Japan Soccer League, the JSL Cup, and the Emperor's Cup, for two years in a row. The club also won the 1989 Emperor's Cup. He moved to Matsushita Electric in 1990. The club won the 1990 Emperor's Cup. He retired in 1992. On June 4, 1985, Ikeda debuted for the Japan national team against Malaysia. After retirement, Ikeda started coaching career at Gamba Osaka (former "Matsushita Electric") in 1992. In 1998, he became a manager for Nadeshiko League club Matsushita Electric Panasonic Bambina and managed until 1999. In 2000, he became a manager for Japan women's national team. He managed at 2001 AFC Women's Championship and Japan won the 2nd place. He managed until April 2002. He also managed Japan U-20 women's national team for 2002 U-19 Women's World Championship. After that, he managed Gunma FC Horikoshi (2003-2004) and Zweigen Kanazawa (2007-2008). Statistics. 72+||0+ 72+||0+ !Total||1||0
is a former Japanese football player and manager. He played for the Japan national team. He also managed Japan women's national team. Biography. Miyauchi was born in Tokyo Metropolis on November 26, 1959. After graduating from Teikyo High School, he joined Japan Soccer League club Furukawa Electric in 1978. Initially, he could not play in many games for injury. In 1982, the club won JSL Cup. From 1983, he played as regular player and the club won 1985/86 Japan Soccer League and 1986 JSL Cup. He was also selected Best Eleven in 1985–86 and 1986–87. In Asia, the club won the 1986 Asian Club Championship. This was the first Asian Club Championship won by a Japanese club. He retired in 1988. He played 114 games and scored 6 goals in the league. In August 1979, Miyauchi was selected the Japan U-20 national team for 1979 World Youth Championship. But he did not play in the match. On September 30, 1984, he debuted for the Japan national team against South Korea. He played at 1986 World Cup qualification, 1986 Asian Games and 1988 Summer Olympics qualification. He played 20 games for Japan until 1987. After retirement, in 1989, Miyauchi became a manager for Nadeshiko League club Prima Ham FC Kunoichi. The club won 1994 Empress's Cup, 1995 Nadeshiko League and 1997 Nadeshiko League Cup. He resigned in 1997. In 1997, he also became a manager for Japan women's national team. He managed at 1997 AFC Women's Championship and 1998 Asian Games. Japan won the 3rd place at both tournament. In 1999, he managed at 1999 World Cup. However Japan was defeated in group stage and failure to qualify for 2000 Summer Olympics. This helped to cause with economic stagnation the withdrawal of a series of teams from the Nadeshiko League. Japanese women's football was on the verge of decline. He resigned after 1999 World Cup. Statistics. 114||6 114||6 !Total||20||0
is a former Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team. Biography. Nishizawa was born in Shizuoka on June 18, 1976. After graduating from Shimizu Higashi High School, he joined J1 League club Cerezo Osaka in 1995. He moved to Spanish club Espanyol in December 2000. In July 2001, he moved to English club Bolton Wanderers. During his brief spell playing Bolton Wanderers, he is best remembered for scoring a dramatic late equaliser against Walsall in the League Cup. In 2002, he returned to Cerezo Osaka was relegated to J2 League from 2002. The club won the 2nd place in 2002 and was promoted to J1 League. In 2006, the club was relegated to J2 League. He moved to his local club Shimizu S-Pulse in 2007. He returned to Cerezo Osaka in 2009 and he retired end of 2009 season. On May 21, 1997, he debuted for the Japan national team against South Korea. Although he played 4 games and scored 2 goals at 1998 World Cup qualification in 1997, he was not selected Japan for 1998 World Cup. In 2000, he played for Japan for the first time in 3 years. At 2000 Asian Cup in October, he played all 6 games and scored 5 goals. Japan won the champions. At 2001 Confederations Cup, he also played 4 games and scored 1 goals. Japan won the 2nd place. He was selected Japan for 2002 World Cup and played 1 game. This match was his last game for Japan. He played 29 games and scored 10 goals for Japan until 2002. Statistics. 333||90||20||8||60||25||413||123 0||0||||||||||0||0 6||0||2||0||colspan="2"|-||8||0 0||0||0||0||3||1||3||1 339||90||22||8||63||26||424||124 !Total||29||10
is a former Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team. Biography. Ozaki was born in Tokyo Metropolis on March 7, 1960. After graduating from Nihon University High School, he joined Japan Soccer League club Mitsubishi Motors in 1978. In 1978, the club won all three major title in Japan; Japan Soccer League, JSL Cup and Emperor's Cup. The club also won 1980 Emperor's Cup, 1981 JSL Cup and 1982 Japan Soccer League. He was also selected "Japanese Footballer of the Year awards" in 1982. In July 1983, Ozaki moved to Germany and joined Arminia Bielefeld. He was the second Japanese to play in the Bundesliga after Yasuhiko Okudera. In 1985, Arminia Bielefeld was relegated to 2. Bundesliga. From 1988, he played at St. Pauli (1988–89) and Düsseldorf (1989–90). In 1990, Ozaki returned to Japan and joined Mitsubishi Motors (later "Urawa Reds"). He moved to Verdy Kawasaki in 1993. He retired in 1994. In August 1979, Ozaki was selected the Japan U-20 national team for 1979 World Youth Championship. He played in 3 matches as captain. On February 8, 1981, he debuted for the Japan national team against Malaysia. He played at 1982 Asian Games. He played 17 games and scored 3 goals for Japan until 1983. After he moved to Germany in 1983, he was not selected Japan. Statistics. 80||20||6||5||7||4||93||29 119||18||6||2||colspan="2"|-||125||20 199||38||12||7||7||4||218||49 !Total||17||3
Takenori Hayashi (born 14 October 1980) is a Japanese football player. He plays for JEF United Ichihara Chiba. Club career statistics. 235||28||19||8||44||13||296||49 235||28||19||8||44||13||296||49
Dario Šimić (born 21 November 1975) is a retired Croatian football player. He played for Monaco. Club career statistics. 140||14||colspan="2"|-||22||2||162||16 146||4||34||0||42||1||222||5 27||0||3||0||colspan="2"|-||30||0 313||18||37||0||64||3||414||21 International career statistics. !Total||100||3
is a former Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team. Biography. Ogasawara was born in Morioka on April 5, 1979. After graduating from Ofunato High School, he joined J1 League club Kashima Antlers in 1998. He debuted in April 1998 and played many matches as offensive midfielder from 1999. In 2000, he became a regular midfielder and Antlers won the champions all three major title in Japan; J1 League, J.League Cup and Emperor's Cup first time in J1 League history. At the 2000 Emperor's Cup final, he scored 2 goals and contributed to won the champions. The club also won the champions 2001 J1 League for 2 years in a row. In 2002 J.League Cup final, he scored a winning goal and Antlers won the champions. He was also selected MVP award. He was also selected Best Eleven award in J1 League for 5 years in a row (2001-2005). In August 2006, Ogasawara moved to Italy and signed with Serie A club Messina Peloro on loan. However he could not play many matches. In July 2007, Ogasawara returned to Antlers. He played many matches as defensive midfielder and Antlers won the champions in 2007 J1 League for the first time in 6 years. Antlers also won the champions in 2007 Emperor's Cup. Antlers won the champions in J1 League for 3 years in a row (2007-2009). In 2009, he was selected J.League MVP award. From 2010 season, Antlers won the champions 2010 Emperor's Cup, 2011, 2012 and 2015 J.League Cup. He was also MVP award in 2015 J.League Cup. In 2016, Antlers won the champions in J1 League and qualified for 2016 Club World Cup as host country champions. At Club World Cup, he played 3 matches and won the 2nd place. Antlers also won the champions in
The Link reaction, also known as pyruvate decarboxylation forms an important link between the metabolic pathways of glycolysis and the citric acid or Krebs cycle. In eukaryotes, the reaction takes place only inside the mitochondrial matrix; in prokaryotes similar reactions take place in the cytoplasm and at the plasma membrane. To summarize: Acetyl CoA is then ready for use in the Krebs Cycle. The Link reaction is important as acetyl-CoA is needed for the Krebs cycle to happen.
In geology, a rift is caused by tectonic plates in the Earth's lithosphere moving apart. Rifts are usually accompanied by orogeny (mountain building), volcanoes and earthquakes. Rifting often makes a rift valley, which may hold a rift lake. The Great Rift Valley in East Africa is an example. A rift is the result of the pulling apart or extension of the crust and lithosphere. Mantle upwelling brings hotter asthenosphere up into the colder lithosphere. Sometime it comes out as lava. This rise occurs with the thinning and stretching of the lithosphere.
Yo-Yo Ma (born 7 October 1955) is a French-born Chinese American cellist. His family name is “Ma”, so his full Chinese name is “Ma Yo-yo”. Yo-Yo Ma is one of the world’s greatest cellists. He plays many kinds of music, not just classical, and he has performed for three presidents of the United States. Life. Yo-Yo Ma was born in Paris. His parents were Chinese. His mother, Marina Lu, was a singer, and his father, Hiao-Tsiun Ma, was a professor of music. His family moved to New York when he was four years old.  Ma began studying violin when he was very small. He also played the viola for a short while, then, at the age of four, he started the cello. He was a child prodigy and began performing to audiences at the age of five. When he was seven he performed for President John F. Kennedy . At the age of eight he appeared on American television in a concert conducted by Leonard Bernstein. By the time he was fifteen, Ma had graduated from Trinity School in New York and appeared as a soloist with the Harvard Radcliffe Orchestra playing Tchaikovsky’s 'Variations on a Rococo Theme". Ma studied at the Juilliard School of Music. His teacher was Leonard Rosenman. He went to Columbia University and then Harvard University. At one time he had doubts about whether he should continue his studies, but in the 1970s he was inspired by the recordings of Pablo Casals. By this time he had played with several of the world's great orchestras. His recordings and performances of the "Johann Sebastian Bach: Cello Suites" recorded in 1983 and again in 1994-1997 have been particularly praised. He has also played lots of chamber music, often with the pianist Emanuel Ax whom he had met at the Juilliard School of Music. Ma married in 1977. The couple have two children. They live in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Career. Ma is interested in music from different cultures. He has a group called Silk Road Ensemble which tries to bring together musicians from
Gabriela Montero (born 10 May 1970) is a Venezuelan classical pianist. Life. Gabriela Montero was born in Caracas, Venezuela. She first played the piano in public when she was five. When she was eight she played with the Venezuelan Youth Orchestra conducted by José Antonio Abreu. She was given a scholarship from the Venezuelan government to study in the USA. When she was twelve she won the Baldwin National Competition and AMSA Young Artist International Piano Competition, performing Tchaikovsky's Piano Concerto No.1 with the Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra. She studied at the Royal Academy of Music in London. Gabriela has won international prizes including the Bronze Medal at the 13th International Fryderyk Chopin Piano Competition in Warsaw in 1995. Gabriela has played in recitals all over the world. She is also a very good improviser. Gabriela played at Barack Obama's presidential inauguration on 20 January 2009 together with the cellist Yo-Yo Ma, the violinist Itzhak Perlman, and clarinetist Anthony McGill. Together they performed "Air and Simple Gifts," a new arrangement by John Williams based on the Shaker hymn "Simple Gifts".
Anthony McGill is an American clarinetist. He is the principal clarinetist for the Metropolitan Opera. Early life and education. McGill grew up in Chicago, Illinois. He went to the Curtis Institute of Music in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He teaches at the Peabody Institute at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland. Career. Together with Itzhak Perlman (violin), Yo-Yo Ma (cello), and Gabriela Montero (piano), he recorded and performed "Air and Simple Gifts" by John Williams, for Barack Obama's inauguration ceremony on January 20, 2009.
The State Anthem of the Russian Federation is the name of the national anthem of Russia. First used in 2001, the song's music is the same as that of the former State Anthem of the Soviet Union, which was composed by Alexander Alexandrov in 1938. The words were newly written by Sergey Mikhalkov in 2000, who also wrote the words for the Soviet national anthem back in 1943. History of Russian anthems. What is today the Russian Federation has had several different anthems over the years. The earliest of these, called "Let the Thunder of Victory Rumble!" was used in the late 18th to early 19th century. In 1816, the Russian Empire adopted "The Prayer of the Russians", whose melody was that of the British anthem "God Save the King". This anthem was used until 1833, when a new composition called "God Save the Tsar!" was chosen by Nicholas I, but did not became popular until 1837. Its melody became used in classical music such as Beethoven's Wellington's Victory and Tchaikovsky's 1812 Overture. "God Save the Tsar!" continued to be the national anthem until the February Revolution in March 1917, when an adaptation of the French national anthem, known as the "Worker's Marseillaise", was used for a short time. Later that year, when the October Revolution happened, the Bolsheviks adopted a Russian translation of "The Internationale", which became the national anthem of the Soviet Union when it was founded in 1922. This was replaced by the State Anthem of the Soviet Union with Alexandrov's music and Mikhalkov's lyrics in 1944. The lyrics were removed in 1953 after the death of Joseph Stalin, but a new set of lyrics were added in 1977. While the republics of the Soviet Union had their own anthems during this time, the Russian SFSR did not, instead using the Soviet national anthem. However, in 1990, the Russian SFSR adopted a composition by Mikhail Glinka, known as "The Patriotic Song" as its state anthem. There were
Newton's universal law of gravitation is a physical law that describes the attraction between two objects with mass. Sir Isaac Newton talked about it in his book "Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica". The law is part of classical mechanics.  The formula is formula_1 In this equation: In SI units, formula_2 is measured in newtons (N), formula_4 and formula_5 in kilograms (kg), formula_6 in meters (m), and the constant formula_3 is approximately equal to .
Campagna is a small town in the region of Campania in Italy. The town, located in a mountainous district, gradually lost importance in the 20th century. All its district offices have been moved to other cities since the 1930s, and the Diocese of Campagna merged with the Archdiocese of Salerno in 1973. During World War II, Campagna was the site of an internment camp. The Bishop Giuseppe Maria Palatucci turned the camp into a shelter for Italian and foreign Jews, many of them sent there for protection by his nephew Giovanni Palatucci; Giovanni was later honored as a Righteous Among the Nations by the Yad Vashem Holocaust Memorial.