ejaasaari/simplewiki-2025-04-01 huggingface dataset:
Glutamic acid is a non-essential amino acid. Its salts are known as glutamates. Glutamate are important neurotransmitters. They are important for long-term potentiation, learning and memory. Glutamates are also used as food additives to make food taste better. The E numbers 620 to 625 have been assigned to the most important glutamates, for example monosodium glutamate. They are commonly found in Convenience food and Asian cuisine.
The Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution was an addition to the United States Constitution that put a limit on how many times a person could be elected to be President. A person is limited to being elected twice, or once if they have already served more than two years as President. Congress passed the amendment on March 1947. It was ratified on February 27, 1951. History. The President of the United States is elected to have that position for a period, or "term", that lasts for four years. The Constitution had no limit on how many times a person could be elected as President. The nation’s first president, George Washington chose not to try to be elected for a third term. This suggested that two terms were enough for any president. Washington’s two-term limit became the usual practice for all Presidents until 1940. In 1940, President Franklin D. Roosevelt won a third term. He also won a fourth term in 1944. Roosevelt was president through the Great Depression of the 1930s and almost all of World War II. He held approval ratings in the mid-50% to the low 60% ranges over his many years in office. Roosevelt died of a cerebral hemorrhage in April 1945, just months after the start of his fourth term. Soon after, Republicans in Congress began the work of creating Amendment XXII. Roosevelt was the first and only President to serve more than two terms. The amendment was passed by Congress in 1947, and was ratified by the states on February 27, 1951. The Twenty-Second Amendment says a person can only be elected to be president two times for a total of eight years. It does make it possible for a person to serve up to ten years as president. This can happen if a person (most likely the Vice President) takes over for a president who can no longer serve their term. If this person serves two years or less of the preceding President’s term, they may serve for two more four-year terms. If they served more than two years of the last President's term, the new President can serve only one full four-year term. Under the language of the amendment, the
Cats &amp; Dogs is a 2001 family action comedy movie of Talking Aninals with CGI Moving Mouths. It had a sequel called "" (2010).
A thermosetting plastic, also known as a thermoset, is polymer material that irreversibly cures. The curing may be done by:   heat (generally above )   a chemical reaction (two-part epoxy, for example)   irradiation such as electron beam processing Thermoset materials are usually liquid or malleable before curing, so they can be molded into their final form. Others are used as adhesives. Others are solids. Some solid thermosetting polymers are used as molding compound in semiconductors and integrated circuits (IC). Once hardened a thermoset resin cannot be reheated and melted back to a liquid form. Process. The curing process transforms the resin into a plastic or rubber by a cross-linking process. Energy and/or catalysts are added that cause the molecular chains to react at chemically active sites (unsaturated or epoxy sites, for example), linking into a rigid, 3-D structure. The cross-linking forms a molecule with a larger molecular weight, resulting in a material with a higher melting point. During the reaction, the polymer's molecular weight increases to the point that its melting point is higher than the surrounding ambient temperature. So, the material forms into a solid material. Uncontrolled reheating of the material results in reaching the decomposition temperature before the melting point is reached. So, a thermoset material cannot be melted and re-shaped after it is cured. This implies that thermosets cannot be recycled, except as filler material. Properties. Thermoset materials are generally stronger than thermoplastic materials due to this three dimensional network of bonds (cross-linking). Thermoset materials are also better suited to high-temperature applications up to the decomposition temperature. However, they are more brittle. Many thermosetting polymers are difficult to recycle.
The Death of General Wolfe is a painting by Anglo-American artist Benjamin West.  The painting shows the death of British General James Wolfe during the Battle of Quebec of the Seven Years' War in 1759. The painting is an oil on canvas of the Age of Enlightenment. West made the painting in 1770. It is now in the National Gallery of Canada in Ottawa.
The Death of the Earl of Chatham is the title of a 1781 oil-on-canvas painting by Boston-born American artist John Singleton Copley.  The painting shows the fallen body of William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham on 7 April 1778, during a debate in the House of Lords on the American War of Independence. The painting includes fifty-five portraits.
The TCP/IP model (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) is a model with four layers which is for both modelling current Internet architecture, and providing a set a rules that govern all forms of transmission over a network. DARPA, an agency of the United States Department of Defense, created it in the 1970s. It evolved from ARPANET, which was an early wide area network and a predecessor of the Internet. The TCP/IP Model is sometimes called the "Internet Model" or less often the "DoD Model." This model was being made at the same time as the OSI Model was created. The TCP/IP model is not the same as the OSI Model. It was influenced by the model, which is why many names of the different layers are the same. The TCP/IP model describes a set of general design guidelines and implementations of specific networking protocols to enable computers to communicate over a network. TCP/IP provides end-to-end connectivity specifying how data should be formatted, addressed, transmitted, routed and received at the destination. Protocols exist for a variety of different types of communication services between computers. TCP/IP has four abstraction layers as defined in : link layer, IP layer, transport layer and application layer. People often compare this layer architecture with the seven-layer OSI Reference Model; using terms such as "Internet reference model". This is incorrect, however, because it is descriptive while the OSI Reference Model was intended to be prescriptive being a reference model. The TCP/IP model and related protocols are maintained by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF).
Chiropractic is a form of alternative medicine. A chiropractor is a person who went to school to learn chiropractic. Chiropractors may diagnose and treat many conditions relating to muscles, joints, and nerves of the body. They may give what is called an "adjustment" to the body. An adjustment is a fast short push to an area of the patient's spine or other joints to help their condition. Chiropractors do not use drugs to treat patients. They use natural treatments such as nutrition, exercise, physical therapy, adjustments, and massage in order to help their patients. Chiropractic has changed since it was created over 100 years ago because chiropractors learn new facts and do new research. Chiropractors have many different ways to treat their patients. They all use drug free treatments. Chiropractic is best known for helping people with spine pain, but chiropractors can also help other problems. There has been a debate as to whether or not chiropractic is classified as Pseudoscience.
Christopher Alan "Chris" Pallies (November 7, 1957 – March 5, 2019) better known by his ring name, King Kong Bundy, was an American stand-up comedian, actor and professional wrestler. He was best known for wrestling with World Wrestling Federation. He won a Slammy Award in 1987 for the Bobby "The Brain" Heenan Scholarship Award. While he was signed to the WWF, Bundy had numerous feuds with Andre the Giant, Hulk Hogan and The Undertaker. Bundy died at his home in Glassboro, New Jersey on March 5, 2019, aged 61. Championships. Bundy held many championships during his professional wrestling career:
Apostatic selection is frequency-dependent selection by predators. It applies when prey are two or more forms (morphs) which look quite different. This is a kind of polymorphic species, where the predator learns to select the more common form. Then there is an advantage in looking different, and this advantage keeps the frequency above the mutation rate. The second form, or 'morph', becomes better known by predators as its number increases. So the population tends to have a kind of balance between the frequency of the two morphs. Apostatic selection is similar to the idea of prey switching. Apostatic selection is the term used when the different forms are genetic morphs. In comparison, 'prey switching' is used when describing the predator's choice between different species.
The term above mean sea level (AMSL) is the elevation or altitude used by engineers to determine the coverage area a station will be able to reach. It is also used in aviation, where most heights are recorded and reported in AMSL (see flight level), and in the atmospheric sciences. Definition. A "mean sea level" is imaginary. It is not possible to know the average sea level for the entire planet. The sea level also changes over time when measured in the same place. The sea moves, high and low pressure zones affect the height, tides change the sea level, and local difference in gravity all affect the sea level. People can only pick a spot and calculate the mean sea level at that point and use it as a datum. For example, the British Ordnance Survey uses a datum based on the measurements of mean sea level at a gauge at Newlyn, Cornwall from 1915 to 1921 for their maps of Great Britain. This datum is actually about 80 cm different from the mean sea level reading on the other side of the country. An alternative is to base height measurements on an ellipsoid of the entire earth. GPS and other satellite systems do this. In aviation, the ellipsoid known as World Geodetic System 84 is increasingly used to define mean sea level. Another alternative is to use a geoid based datum such as NAVD88.
Only Connect is a British television quiz show. It was first shown on BBC Four on 15 September 2008. It is presented by Victoria Coren Mitchell. The programme is in the form of a tournament. Teams have to find connections between clues. "Radio Times"s listings describe it as "a game of patience and lateral thinking". The phrase "only connect" was first used as the epigraph to E. M. Forster's 1910 novel "Howards End". Format. Each programme has two teams of three people. They have four rounds of gameplay. In the first three series, clues in Rounds 1 and 2 and the connecting walls in Round 3 are were shown by Greek letters. From series 4 Ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs have been used instead. Coren joked that this was because the Greek letters were too pretentious. Round 1: Connections. Teams are given up to four clues. They then try to understand the connection between them. Teams are allowed 40 seconds to guess. The team is first shown one clue. They may ask for the other three clues at any time within the 40 seconds. The team may press their buzzer to guess after the first clue for 5 points, the second for 3, the third for 2, or the fourth for 1. If the team guesses wrong, or fails to buzz within the 40 seconds allowed, the question is given to the other team for a bonus point. The other team will be shown all the clues. There is often one puzzle out of the six with pictures. Another puzzle will use pieces of music. Round 2: Sequences. Each set of clues is now a sequence. Teams must try to work out the fourth item in the sequence. They do this with as few clues as they can. They must tell Coren the last item in the sequence. They will score points even if their theory for the connection is wrong. Like in the first round, each team will play three sets. Like in the first round, if one team fails to guess, it is given to the other team. They can see any clues there are left and earn one point by guessing correctly. There's
Chromatophores are pigment-containing and light-reflecting cells found in amphibians, fish, reptiles, crustaceans, and cephalopods. They are largely responsible for generating skin and eye color in cold-blooded animals. Some species can rapidly change color so as to keep in camouflage, or to signal. They do this by moving pigment and reflective plates in chromatophores. This process is called physiological color change. Cephalopods such as octopus have complex chromatophore organs controlled by muscles to achieve this. The display is under central nervous control based usually on input from the eyes. Vertebrates such as chameleons get a similar effect by cell signalling. Such signals can be hormones or neurotransmitters. They may be started by changes in mood, temperature, stress or visible changes around the animal. Cephalopod chromatophores. Colleoid cephalopods have complex organs which they use to change color rapidly. This is seen in squid, cuttlefish and octopuses. Each chromatophore unit is a single chromatophore cell and muscle, nerve, glial and sheath cells. Inside the chromatophore cell, pigment granules are in an elastic sac. To change color the animal changes the sac form or size by muscular contraction. This changes its appearance. This differs from the mechanism used in fish, amphibians and reptiles, because the shape of the sac is being changed rather than pigment being moved in the cell. However, a similar effect is achieved. Octopuses can operate chromatophores in complex, wavelike displays, giving rapidly changing color schemes. The nerves that operate the chromatophores are thought to be positioned in the brain in a pattern similar to that of the chromatophores they each control. This may explain why, as the neurons are activated one after another, the color change occurs in waves. Like chameleons, cephalopods use color change for social interaction. They are also among the most skilled at camouflage, with the ability to match both the color and the texture of their local environment with remarkable accuracy.
UGK Records is an American record label. It was created by Chad Butler, rapper Pimp C, immediately following his release from prison in 2006. The music production company is named after Pimp C’s rap group UGK (UnderGround Kingz). The label was in the process of finalizing a distribution deal when Pimp C was found dead in his West Hollywood hotel room. UGK Records was managed by Pimp C’s mother, Weslyn Monroe, known as Mama Wes. The label is now being managed by Pimp C’s son. Artists. Artists signed to the label include:
Tree ferns are a large group of ferns with tree-like form. They are part of a subclass of ferns which is monophyletic by DNA sequence analysis. The tree-ferns and some other ferns with creeping rhizome stems make up the Cyatheales group of ferns (as a sub-class or order). The tree-like habit has evolved a number of times in this group. They can grow up to 20 metres tall, with their large fronds at the top. Many are much shorter, however.  The coal forests of the Lower Jurassic were mainly formed by tree ferns and cycads. Tree ferns were probably food for Ankylosaurs in the Upper Jurassic, as were cycads.  Tree ferns are found growing in tropical and subtropical areas as well as temperate rainforests in Australia, New Zealand, and other island groups nearby. A few genera extend further, such as "Culcita" in southern Europe. Like all ferns, tree ferns reproduce by means of spores developed in sporangia on the undersides of the fronds. The fronds of tree ferns are usually very large, and multiple-divided fronds. The young fronds of ferns emerge in coils that uncurl as they grow. Unlike flowering plants, tree ferns do not form new woody tissue in their trunk as they grow. Rather, the trunk is supported by a fibrous mass of roots that expands as the tree fern grows. It is not certain how many species of tree fern there are but it is likely to be around a thousand. New species are discovered in New Guinea with each botanical survey. Many species must have become extinct in the last century as forest habitats were cut down.
George Eastman (July 12, 1854 - March 14, 1932) was an American inventor and businessman. Eastman was born in Waterville, New York. He founded the Eastman Kodak Company and invented roll film. This made photography popular and led to other men inventing film stock. His Kodak company still runs today, but more focused on printers and printing. Eastman shot himself dead in Rochester, New York.
Sonic Youth is an American rock band from New York City. The band was formed in 1981. In the beginning of their career, the band was associated with the underground art and music scene in New York City, No Wave. Sonic Youth was part of the first wave of American noise rock groups, but made their own interpretation of hardcore punk sound. Critics consider Sonic Youth as an important element in the rise of indie rock movements. The band members are: Thurston Moore (guitar and vocals), Kim Gordon (bass, vocals, and guitar), Lee Ranaldo (guitar and vocals), Steve Shelley (drums), and Mark Ibold (guitar and bass). Discography. Other musical works
The Porsche 924 is a sports car built by Porsche of Germany. It was made from 1976 to 1988. In 2017 a stolen 1979 Porsche 924 stolen in 1991 was found after 25 years
Jemaah Islamiah (, "al-Jamāʿat ul-Islāmíyatu", meaning "Islamic Congregation", frequently abbreviated JI), is a Southeast Asian militant Islamic organization. It wants the creation of an Islamic caliphate (Daulah Islamiyah) in Southeast Asia. It would include Indonesia, Malaysia, the southern Philippines, Singapore and Brunei. JI was added to the United Nations 1267 Committee's list of terrorist organizations linked to al-Qaeda or the Taliban on 25 October 2002 under UN Security Council Resolution 1267. On 30 June 2024, key members of the terror group Jemaah Islamiyah in Indonesia dissolved the organisation in a video declaration made at the National Counter Terrorism Agency in Bogor, near Jakarta.
Smosh is an American web-based comedy duo. The members are Ian Hecox and Anthony Padilla who have been on YouTube since 2005. Today they have over 5 different channels, over a thousand videos on their main channel and over 26 million subscribers and 10 million viewers. History. Smosh started as early as 2002 when Anthony Padilla created a website named smosh.com and started adding different Flash animation. He said that the name "Smosh" came from the time where he mistook a friend explaining a mosh pit as a "smosh pit". Shortly after Ian Hecox joined him. They both started their YouTube channel Smosh in November 2005 uploading lip sync videos like the "Pokémon Theme Music Video" which eventually gained 25 million views which was, at the time, the most viewed video on YouTube, however six months later into the fame the video was removed for copyright reasons. The success of their videos led Smosh to be featured in the "Person of the Year: You" issue of "Time", published in December 2006. Later on in March 2007 though, a user named Andi2000 re-uploaded the "Pokémon" video and today, it has 15 million views. Smosh also re-made the video in November 2010 changing the lyrics a little bit so it wouldn't be removed again. In 2009, smosh.com had a major redesign. Adding a games section, extras and bloopers for their skit. In 2010, the "iShut Up App" app was available on the App Store, Google Play and iTunes app store; and three new web-series': Ask Charlie, Lunchtime with Smosh and Ian is Bored. In 2011, Smosh was bought by Alloy Digital (later known as Defy Media), while also enjoying a 40% boost in viewership. On January 12, 2013, Smosh became the most subscribed channel on the internet beating Ray William Johnson. On June 14, 2017, Padilla said he would be leaving Smosh to make independent videos due to "lack in creative
Geophysics () is the physics of the Earth and its environment in space. It is also the study of the Earth by measuring things and collecting data. Sometimes "geophysics" means studying the geology of the earth such as its shape, gravitational and magnetic field, internal structure and composition. It may also mean how they create plate tectonics, magma, volcanism and rock formations. Some geophysicists now also study the hydrological cycle including snow and ice. They study how the oceans and the atmosphere move. They study electricity and magnetism in the atmosphere, ionosphere, and magnetosphere. How the earth and sun affect each other is also part of geophysics. Geophysics was only recognized as a special area of study in the 19th century. But, there were geophysicists in ancient history. The first magnetic compasses were made in the fourth century BC and the first seismoscope was built in 132 BC. Isaac Newton applied his theory of mechanics to the tides and the precession of the equinox. Instruments were developed to measure the Earth's shape, density and gravity field, as well as parts of the water cycle. In the 20th century, geophysical methods were developed for remote exploration of the solid Earth and the ocean. Studying geophysics may help with problems such as mineral resources, reducing natural hazards, and protecting the environment. Geophysical survey data help find petroleum reservoirs, mineral deposits, groundwater, and archaeological relics. Such data can also tell the thickness of glaciers and soils, and tell which areas have environmental damage that should be fixed and avoided to visit.
is the capital city of Yamanashi Prefecture in Japan. It has been recognized as a special city since 2000. History. Kōfu's name means "capital of Kai Province". During the Sengoku period, it was the stronghold of Takeda Shingen. Sports. A J-League football team, Ventforet Kofu is based in Kōfu. Their home ground is the Kose Sports Stadium.
is a city on Awaji Island in Hyōgo, Japan. The city was founded on February 11, 1940. Sumoto city is famous for many foods, for example: Awaji onions, Naruto oranges, and Kobe Beef. Bicycle rental scheme. Sumoto runs runs a cheap electric bike rental program with Awaji and Minami Awaji. It is to help visitors stay for more than one day and explore the island.
Lugo is a city of the autonomous community of Galicia (Spain). It is a United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) World Heritage Site. Lugo is the only city in the world to be surrounded by completely intact Roman walls. The city is in the northwest of Spain. It is capital city of the Province of Lugo.