ejaasaari/simplewiki-2025-04-01 huggingface dataset:
In organic chemistry, an elimination reaction is when some atoms or group of atoms are taken away from a bigger molecule. Usually, a double or a triple bond are made by this reaction. There are two main ways to do an elimination reaction. The first is called E1. It happens in two steps. If there is a good leaving group in the molecule, it can leave on its own. Then, a base or another substance can take away the other group. The second way is called E2. This happens only in one step. In this case, the base takes away one group while at the same time the leaving group goes away. A common elimination reaction happens with alcohols. If there is strong acid around, a molecule of water can be eliminated to form the double bond.
A reaction mechanism is writing step by step how a chemical reaction works. Usually, only the overall change can be seen in a reaction. The things made in between react too quickly to be seen. These are called intermediates, and in going from one intermediate to another a transition state is crossed. However, it is important to understand all the steps that make the total change. This is because then one can understand more difficult reactions or try to make a reaction work in a certain way. There are many type of reaction mechanisms. In organic chemistry, the more common ones are nucleophilic substitution, elimination and addition. People sometimes use arrow pushing to draw how electrons move around during a reaction. This makes it easy to see which bonds are formed and which are broken during the process.
The term floral emblem, which refers to flowers specifically, is primarily used in Australia and Canada. In the United States, the term state flower is more often used.
Pauline Esther Friedman Phillips (writing as Abigail Van Buren) (July 4, 1918 – January 16, 2013) was an American advice columnist and radio show host who was known for her radio show "Dear Abby" during the 1950s. Phillips was born on July 4, 1918 in Sioux City, Iowa. Her parents were Jewish-Russian immigrants. She studied at Morningside College. Her twin sister, Esther "Eppie" Pauline Friedman Lederer, was also a well-known advice columnist. She used the name Ann Landers. Phillips was married to Morton Phillips from 1939 until her death in 2013. They had two children. She had Alzheimer's disease since 2002. Phillips died on January 16, 2013 in Minneapolis, Minnesota from the disease, aged 94.
The Fountain of Apollo () is a fountain at the Palace of Versailles. It depicts the Greek sun god Apollo rising from the sea at daybreak in his four-horse chariot. He is accompanied by Tritons. In 1639, Louis XIII had a pond dug on the site of the fountain called the Pond of the Swans. In 1671, Louis XIV enlarged the pond. Le Brun suggested it be dedicated to Apollo based on its east-west orientation. The parallels drawn between Louis and the sun god also entered into the decision. Le Brun's Apollo is seen sitting in his four-horse chariot. He rises from the grotto of Thetys where he has spent the night. This theme was popular in the arts at the time. The gilded statue was made by Tuby of Rome. It was installed in 1671. Beyond the fountain lies the Grand Canal. The Fountain of Apollo incorrectly depicts Apollo rising in the west rather than the east. In 2014, a same-scale replica was unveiled in Tainan, Taiwan, at the entrance of the Chimei Museum. The museum commissioned French artist Gilles Perrault in 2008 to reproduce the Fountain of Apollo, same as the one in Palace of Versailles. It took three years for modern laser measuring and the mold to be made in France for the reproduction sculpture, and another three years to carve the marble in Italy. This Fountain of Apollo in Chimei Museum, however, correctly depicts Apollo rising from the east.
Frank Owen Gehry (born Frank Owen Goldberg; February 28, 1929) is a Canadian-American architect who won the Pritzker Prize in 1989. He is known for his buildings such as 8 Spruce Street, Dancing House, Port Olímpic, Jay Pritzker Pavilion, Guggenheim Museum Bilbao and the Walt Disney Concert Hall. He built buildings across the United States and across South America. Early life. Gehry was born on February 28, 1929 in Toronto, Ontario, Canada to Polish-Jewish parents. He was raised in Los Angeles, California. He studied at Los Angeles City College and at the University of Southern California. Gehry now lives in Santa Monica, California. Career. In 1989, Gehry won the Pritzker Prize. he built the Maggie cancer card center in Scotland
The Queen's apartment at Versailles () consists of several rooms: The Queen's Bedchamber; The Queen's Private Cabinets; The Room of the Queen's Gentlemen; The Queen's Antechamber; The Room of the Queen's Guard. The apartment overlooks the Parterre du Midi, and parallels the King's Apartment. When the King's Apartment was abandoned at the end of Louis XIV's reign, the Queens continued to occupy the Queen's Apartment. The ceiling dates to the days of Maria Theresa. The paintings by François Boucher and the wooden panels were made for Marie Leszczyńska. This decor was retained for Antoinette. Only the furniture and fireplace were upgraded for the last Queen of France. The Queens spent most of their time in this room. The Queen slept here. She was sometimes joined by the King. Nineteen royal children were born in the Queen's Bedchamber. In the morning she received visitors. She performed her toilette in this room. This toilette was a public event. Revolutionary rioters stormed the palace in October 1789. Antoinette fled through the little door to the left of the bed. The passage behind the door led to the Queen's Private Cabinets and the King's Apartment. The palace was not looted during the French Revolution. Items were sold at an auction that lasted a year. The original Schwerdfeger jewel case and the firescreen (both visible in photo above right) were eventually returned to the room. Other items have been replaced with equivalents. The fabric on the walls and bed was rewoven from cartoons of the period. The bed and balustrade (railing) were rebuilt from documents in the archives. The Queen's Bedchamber took 30 years of work to restore. This involved research and delicate reconstruction. Even the 1745 Baillou and Crescent clock Antoinette placed in the bedchamber has been restored to its place. Other items returned to the room include Sené's chimney piece and the bedspread by Desfarges. Some of the original furniture (already mentioned) has been recovered including the andirons by Boizot and Thomire. Other items have been replaced with
Ricegrowers Limited is trading as SunRice. It is one of the largest rice food companies in the world and one of Australia's leading branded food exporters. In the 2023 Financial Year, the company recorded revenue of A$1.6 billion and Net Profit After Tax of A$54.8 million. The SunRice Group comprises multiple businesses, assets and operations across Australia, New Zealand, the Middle East, the United States, the Pacific Islands and Asia. It has around 35 major brands in approximately 50 global markets and employs over 2,000 people. Australian rice production is based in regional southern New South Wales. The company's head office is located in Leeton (with a corporate office also in Sydney), and it has rice mills in Leeton, Deniliquin, and Coleambally. SunRice also operates stockfeed plants in Leeton, Tongala and Cobden. SunRice's main office is in Leeton.
Chemilly-sur-Serein is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.  Historic monuments : "Eglise de la décollation de saint jean baptiste, Cassemouche watermill."
Cruzy-le-Châtel is a commune. It is in the Yonne department in the center of France.
The NASCAR Hall of Fame showcases drivers who have given large contributions to the sport of NASCAR. It also shows people who have been great grew chiefs, car owners, and others who have made big positive changes to NASCAR. Construction on the Hall of Fame began on January 26, 2007, and it officially opened on May 11, 2010. The City of Charlotte built and owns the NASCAR Hall of Fame. The Hall is run by the Charlotte Regional Visitors Authority. Winston Kelley is the NASCAR Hall of Fame Executive Director. The first class of people who were inducted in the hall of fame were inducted the day after the 2010 NASCAR Sprint All-Star Race. Richard Petty and Dale Inman helped unviel the first display at the Hall of Fame, which was the Plymouth Belvedere that Petty drove to 27 race wins in 1967. Eligibility and selection process. Eligibility. To be inducted into the Hall of Fame, somebody who used to drive in NASCAR had to have driven for at least 10 years. This person must also have been retired for at least three years. People who did not drive in NASCAR, but were part of the sport in an important way must have also been active for at least ten years. Under special circumstances, somebody may be inducted into the Hall of Fame even if they were not active for 10 years. Selection process. Nomination. A group of 21 people on a nominating committee chooses nominees from those we meet the requirements to be in the Hall of Fame. This group is made up of: Induction. After a list of candidates is chosen, a total of 48 votes are cast by another group of people on a voting committee. The voting committee is made up of the nominating committee and the following: Inductees into the Hall of Fame. Charter Class: Class of 2010. On October 14, 2009, the NASCAR Hall of Fame panel met at the Charlotte Convention Center in Charlotte, North Carolina, to choose the first group of people to go into the Hall of Fame. Five people were selected. These people were: The class was inducted on May 23, 2010. Class
Ruddigore; or, The Witch's Curse is a two-act operetta by Gilbert and Sullivan. It was premiered by the D'Oyly Carte Opera Company on 22 January 1887 at the Savoy Theatre in London, England. It ran for 288 performances over 8 months. It is the tenth of the fourteen operettas written by Gilbert and Sullivan.  Story. The baronets of Ruddigore are compelled to commit a crime every day under a witch's curse. Robin Oakapple is a baronet of Ruddigore who has fled the curse. He and his love, Rose Maybud, are about to marry when Robin's identity is exposed.  In Ruddigore Castle, Robin cannot commit himself to a life of crime. The portraits of his ancestors come to life to punish him. He outwits them and frees himself from the curse for all time. He is reunited with Rose.
La Ferté-Hauterive is a commune. It is in the Allier department in the center of France.
Gannat is a French commune. It is in the Allier department in the center of France. The D116 road passes through Gannat.
Karen is a female given name, and a Danish short version of "Katherine". The pronunciation of the name is [ k"uh"-ren ]. The name Karen is of Danish origin, and it means "pure" or "chaste." It ranked in the top 10 during 1950s and 1960s, peaking at the #3 in 1965. There are multiple celebrities with the name. In addition, the name is currently being used for Atlantic tropical cyclones. 'Karren' is also a surname. This is a unique name (not in the top 1000 newborn names in the US in 2021). Karen has also became a derogatory term for middle-aged white women.
An electoral college is a group of people who are chosen to elect a candidate to a particular office (job). The electors usually have one vote each. Often each elector represents a particular organization or entity. Many times, though, the electors are simply important people whose wisdom would ideally make a better choice than a larger group of people. The electoral college can ignore the wishes of a general membership. A similar concept existed in the former Holy Roman Empire, in which the Holy Roman Emperor was elected by the rulers of various provinces of the Empire, or their representatives. These rulers were referred to as Electors. For instance, King George III of Great Britain was also Duke and prince-elector of Brunswick-Lüneburg ("Hanover") and later became King of Hanover, though he never went to Hanover.
Katherine is a female name that is very popular in multiple countries, and especially so in Christian countries. It is of Greek origin and means "pure" or "clear." The pronunciation of the name is [kath-er-in, kath-rin]. The name and its related variants have ranked on the 100 most popular girls names in the United States since around 1880. There are many celebrities with the name itself and its variants. Its variants "Kate", "Katrina" and "Karen" have been used on Atlantic tropical cyclones. This name was ranked #158 on the US Popular Names in 2021.
Rangamati () is a district in south-eastern Bangladesh. It is a part of the Chittagong Hill Tracts.
The Galleria Nazionale d'Arte Antica (GNAA), or National Gallery of Ancient Art, is an art gallery in Rome, Italy, located on two sites: the Palazzo Barberini and the Palazzo Corsini. The Palazzo Barberini was designed for Pope Urban VIII, a member of the Barberini family, by Italian architect Carlo Maderno (1556–1629) on the old location of Villa Sforza. Its central salon ceiling was decorated by Pietro da Cortona with the visual panegyric of the Allegory of Divine Providence and Barberini Power to glorify the papal Barberini family. The Palazzo Corsini, formerly known as Palazzo Riario, is a 15th century palace that was rebuilt in the 18th century by architect Ferdinando Fuga for Cardinal Neri Maria Corsini. For a partial list of artworks, see Palazzo Corsini entry. The gallery's collection includes works by Gian Lorenzo Bernini, Caravaggio, Giovanni Baglione, Hans Holbein, Perugino, Nicolas Poussin, Giulio Romano, Raphael, Carlo Saraceni Tiepolo, Tintoretto and Tiziano.
The Guilford Native American Association is a Native American community association in Guilford County, North Carolina. It is a North Carolina "State-recognized American Indian Organization",  and is a United Way referral agency. Started in September 1975 by local parents as a non-profit education advocacy group, the association has grown to include child care, employment, and age-based community programs. It is the oldest American Indian urban association in North Carolina and one of the oldest organizations of its kind in the United States. Its stated main goal is to "assist Indian people in achieving social and economic self-sufficiency". It serves over 5,000 Native Americans in Guilford and the surrounding counties. One of its major events since 1976 is an annual pow-wow and cultural festival.The association also operates the Guilford Native American Art Gallery in Greensboro, North Carolina.
The Golden Triangle is an unofficial name for a set of leading universities in the southern English cities of Oxford, Cambridge and London. The University of Oxford and the University of Cambridge ('Oxbridge') form two corners of the triangle. The third is London: Imperial College, University College London, King's College London and the London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE). The last three are independent colleges of the University of London. The universities within the triangle (with the exception of the LSE) attract the highest research incomes of all British universities. However, it has been argued that it should be replaced by a term like "Brilliant Diamond", to include the University of Manchester. The figures below suggest that both the universities of Manchester and Edinburgh belong in the same class, and might better reflect the geographical spectrum of the UK higher education. Oxford, Cambridge and some of the London institutions collaborate in research. The Global Medical Excellence Cluster (GMEC) for biomedical research was formed by Oxford, Cambridge, Imperial College, University College London, King's College London and Queen Mary University of London. Research income. a  b.
The name Anna [ah-nuh] is a female given name with multiple variants. In Hebrew, it means "favor" or "grace". The variant "Anne" was originally French, although it has been in use in English for hundreds of years. The variant spelling "Ann" was originally English. There are countless famous people, queens and saints under this name and its variants(The year when the name Anna was most popular is 1904. In that year, the number of births is 5330, which represents 1.823 percent of total female births in 1904). This name was ranked #84 on the US Popular Female Names in 2021.  The Spanish variant "Ana" has been used for Atlantic tropical cyclones. There are also many composite variants of Anna, including "Annabelle" (which is French) and "Annabella" (which is Italian).
The Sovereign's Orb is a piece of coronation regalia. It was created for the coronation of Charles II in 1661 from the royal goldsmith Robert Viner. It is made of gold, sapphires, rubies, emeralds, amethyst, diamonds, pearls, and enamel. It has been used at all coronations and events after the one of Charles II.  In 1671, it was damaged in Colonel Thomas Blood's attempt to steal the regalia. The Orb shows Christian sovereignty over the earth. It was set with 12 large diamonds, 30 rubies, sapphires, and emeralds for the coronation of George I in 1714.  During the coronation ceremony, the Archbishop of Canterbury places the orb in the right hand of the Monarch. It is put back on the altar. The Monarch leaves the coronation wearing the Crown, carrying the Scepter, and holding the Orb. William and Mary came to the throne in 1689 as King and Queen, each in their own right. An orb was made for Mary II. It is called Queen Mary's Orb. It was used once and never used again. Both orbs were placed on Queen Victoria's coffin at her funeral. The orbs are hollow balls of gold. The Sovereign's Orb is 6.5" in diameter. It weighs 42oz 7dwt. Queen Mary's orb is smaller: it measures 5.75" in diameter. It weighs 34oz 6dwt. Queen Mary's orb was originally set with hired jewels. Today it is set with imitations for display purposes. The Sovereign's Orb is currently set with over 600 precious stones and pearls.
Haiku (initially OpenBeOS) is an open source operating system in development aimed at personal desktop computing and inspired by Be Inc.'s BeOS. It is designed to be fast and easy to use. Haiku is written in C++ and uses a kernel based on the NewOS kernel. Haiku is licensed under the MIT License. Haiku uses the Be File System (BFS). Features of this filesystem include a 64-bit address space, journaling, and extensible attributes. Haiku's version of the BFS is optimized for speed and performance. Michael Phipps started the Haiku project in 2001 as Palm, Inc. was purchasing Be, Inc.. In 2003, Phipps founded the non-profit Haiku, Inc. in order to support Haiku and its development.
The name Lucy [ loo-see ] is a French and English female given name. It is feminine for the male name "Lucius" (which means "as of light"). There are several celebrities with this name. Fictional characters having the name include Lucy McClane from "Die Hard". Lucy is a beautiful, happy, cheerful name. This name was ranked #47 on the US Popular Names in 2021.
Sebastian Lewis Shaw (May 29, 1905 – December 23, 1994) was an English actor, director, novelist, playwright and poet. Shaw is known for his role in "", "The Spy in Black", "It Happened Here", "Men Are Not Gods", and in "A Midsummer Night's Dream".  Shaw was born on May 29, 1905 in Holt, Norfolk, England. He was raised in Holt. Shaw stuided at Slade School and at the Royal Academy of the Dramatic Arts. He was married to Margaret Delamere from 1929 until they divorced in 1956. They had daughter, Drusilla. Shaw died on December 23, 1994 in Brighton, East Sussex, England from natural causes, aged 89.
Ian William Richardson (7 April 1934 – 9 February 2007) was a Scottish actor who was well known for his role as Francis Urquhart in "House of Cards". He won a Drama Desk Award in 1976. Richardson was born on 7 April 1934 in Edinburgh, Scotland. He was raised in Balgreen, Edinburgh. Richardson studied at Balgreen Primary School, at Tynecastle High School, at the George Heriot's School, and at the College of Dramatic Arts. He was married to Maroussia Frank from 1961 until his death in 2007. They had a son, Miles. Richardson died on 9 February 2007 in London, England from a heart attack, aged 72.
Lady Elizabeth Delmé and Her Children (1779) is an oil on canvas portrait by Joshua Reynolds. It hangs in the National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC. The sitters in the picture are Lady Elizabeth Delmé and her children John and Isabella Elizabeth. They sat for their portraits in April and June 1777. Reynolds was paid three hundred pounds for the work in 1780, and touched up and re-varnished the picture in 1789. Reynolds believed in the what was called the "Grand Manner". The two years involved in completing the portrait would have aged the children. "But Reynolds worked from abstract principles of design rather than observation of nature," the National Gallery of Art writes, "One of his conceptions for Grand Manner likenesses was: "Each person should have the expression which men of his rank generally exhibit." Reynolds therefore suppressed psychological individuality to gain a grandeur appropriate for these aristocrats." Reynolds alluded to the Madonnas of Raphael (such as the "Madonna of the Goldfinch") in the triangular configuration of the sitters. This was another attempt to evoke the Grand Manner. Rembrandt and Titian are hinted at in the browns of the background.  Cynthia Saltzman writes in "Old Masters, New Worlds" (2009) that "Lady Delmé has a long, elegant face, heavy-lidded eyes, and towering powdered hair. She wears a white dress and a cloak that covers her knees in a cascade of rose-colored satin that speaks both to her beauty and to the luxury at her command." Saltzman writes that "Lady Delmé" is one of the finest representatives of Reynolds's intent to raise portraiture to the level of history painting. English portraiture of the period "flattered the sitter", Saltzman explains, by depicting the sitter as a member of a powerful ruling class whose very existence made the world a better place.
St. Edward's Crown is a part of the British coronation regalia. The crown was commissioned for the Coronation of Charles II on 23 April 1661 from the Crown Jeweller, Robert Viner. After the 1689 coronation of William III, its importance diminished. It was often carried in procession and set on the altar rather than placed on the Monarch's head. The Imperial State Crown was used instead for the actual crowning. It was not until George V's coronation in 1911 that the crown resumed its traditional place. The present St Edward's Crown contains much of the crown made in 1661 for the coronation of King Charles II. The crown is made of gold. It weighs 71oz 14dwt. It was set with hired stones for the coronations and then reset with imitations for display purposes. In 1911 it was fitted with 444 semi-precious stones. The crown frame dates to 1661 but it is possible that it (or parts of it) were constructed from a pre-Restoration crown. Materials used include gold, silver, platinum, enamel, tourmalines, topazes, rubies, amethysts, sapphires, garnet, peridot, zircons, spinel, aquamarines, velvet, and ermine. At a coronation, the Archbishop of Canterbury takes the crown from the altar and places it reverently upon the Monarch's head. "God save the King/Queen" is heard. The princes and princesses, the peers and peeresses put on their coronets and caps. The trumpets sound and a royal salute is fired at the Tower of London. After the crowning, the Monarch is enthroned and receives the homage of the clergy, princes, and peers.