ejaasaari/simplewiki-2025-04-01 huggingface dataset:
Pennsylvania Station (also called Penn Station) is a large train station in New York City. It is the busiest train station in the United States with over 600 thousand people using it every day, many of which are commuters travelling to and from work or school. The station is in Midtown Manhattan and is underneath Madison Square Garden, between Seventh Avenue and Eighth Avenue and between 31st Street and 34th Street. History. The station was built by the Pennsylvania Railroad and is one of several stations in the U.S. with this name. Until the beginning of the 20th century, there were no trains that went directly into New York City from the west, because of the Hudson River in the way. People had to get off trains in Jersey City, New Jersey and take a ferry to cross the river and reach New York City. This all changed when the Pennsylvania Railroad dug two tunnels under the Hudson River, and four under the East River to Queens. The tunnels and the new station in the heart of New York City were completed in 1910 at a cost of $114 million (which is about $2.7 billion today), and the first train ran in November of that year. Over the years, more railroad companies began to use Penn Station. During World War II, over 100 million people used the station every year. But as air travel began to rise and the Interstate Highway System was created, fewer and fewer people used the train. In 1963, the station was demolished despite protests, and a new one was built in its place, with Penn Plaza and Madison Square Garden built over it. The station reopened in 1968 and continues to be used today. Layout and services. Penn Station is completely underground, and all trains that run through it have to use electric power from either overhead lines or third rail because the station and the tunnels to it cannot handle exhaust from diesel fuel. There are 21 tracks that run through the station and 11 platforms. Up to 1,200 trains pass through the station every day. The station is owned by Amtrak, which provides many trains to many cities across the U.S. They include long-distance services that go as far as Chicago, New Orleans
The Fresquel is a river in southern France, a left tributary of the Aude river. The river flows mainly through the French department of Aude. Geography. The Fresquel river has a length of and a drainage basin with an area of approximately . Its average yearly discharge (volume of water which passes through a section of the river per unit of time) is at Carcassonne in the Aude department. Average monthly discharge (m3/s) at Carcassonne Course. The Fresquel river starts at the northwest of the Aude department, in the "commune" of Baraigne, at an elevation of about . It flows, first, to the west to the Haute-Garonne department and then to the north where it gets again into the Aude department near Seuil de Naurouze and then to the east. Finally, it joins the Aude river as a left tributary, at an elevation of about at Carcassonne. Communes. The Fresquel passes through 1 region (Occitanie), 2 departments and 24 "communes"; some of the "communes" are: Main tributaries. The main tributaries of the Fresquel river are: Left tributaries: Right tributaries:
Alfonse Marcello "Al" D'Amato (born August 1, 1937) is an American lawyer and former New York politician. He was a Republican. He served as United States Senator from New York from 1981 to 1999. He later founded a lobbying firm, Park Strategies. Since he left office in 1999, New York has not elected another Republican to the U.S. Senate.
Henricus Cornelis Maria "Henk" Krol (born 1 April 1950 in Tilburg) is a former Dutch journalist, businessman, and politician of 50PLUS (50+), the Party for the Future (PvdT), and the Henk Krol List (HKL). He was political leader of 50+ from 2012 to 2020 (succeeded by Liane den Haan). He is gay and an LGBT rights activist. He was a member and parliamentary leader of the Second Chamber from 2012 to 2013, and from 2014 to 2021. Previously he was a member of the Provincial States of North Brabant and councillor of the municipality of Eindhoven. Krol studied psychology at the Free University Amsterdam. He was spokesman of the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD) parliamentary group from 1978 to 1985. Meanwhile, in 1979, he founded the LGBT newspaper Gay Krant, for which he also worked as a journalist. He was also owner of the Best Publishing Group (publishing company of the Gay Krant) and online sex shop Gaytel, which went bankrupt in 2013.
Alia Bhatt Kapoor born and known professionally as Alia Bhatt primarily appears in Bollywood films. Although she debuted as a child artist in "Sangharsh" (1999), she made her career debut as a leading actress in a romantic-comedy-drama "Student of the Year" in 2012, which won Filmfare award for Best Debut Female nomination. Subsequently, Alia further starred in and received critical acclaim for her performance in several commercially successful films including "Highway" (2014), Udta Punjab (2016) and Raazi (2018). In addition to acting in films, Bhatt is celebrity endorser of several brands and products. She is seen performing in various stage shows and award shows and has also sung many of her songs in films as a playback singer.
Cornelis Gerrit "Kees" van der Staaij (born 12 September 1968 in Vlaardingen) is a Dutch politician of the Reformed Political Party (SGP). He was a political leader from 2010 until 2023. Education and career. He was a member of the Second Chamber from 1998 until 2023. Van der Staaij studied law at Leiden University and worked at the Council of State. He has written some books on the Christian faith and politics. He is a Reformed Christian, and a strong supporter of Biblical values.
Sara Li (born "Sara Linnea Larsson"; 30 March 1988 in Ystad) is a Swedish singer. Sara Li was a member of the popgroup Sheelah (originally known as Caracola) from 2009 to 2010, and she participated in Melodifestivalen in the year of 2012 along with Björn Ranelid with the song "Mirakel". They reached the final of Melodifestivalen from the semifinal which took place on 12 February 2012 in leksand, the semifinal was broadcast on Sveriges Television. In the final in Globen Arena their song placed 10th receiving the sixth highest televote result. The same year she participated in television singing show Så ska det låta, teaming up with singer Patrik Isaksson. In October 2016 Sara Li gave birth to a baby girl called Meia.
Ronnie Moran (28 February 1934 – 22 March 2017) was an English footballer and manager. He played for Liverpool as a left back between 1952 and 1968. He was a member of Liverpool's coaching staff and Anfield's "Boot Room". He later managed the club as a caretaker during the early 1990s. He retired in 1998, winning over forty trophies with the Reds.  Moran was born in Liverpool. He had a son, Paul. A book, "Mr Liverpool", about Moran's life was released in 2017. Moran was diagnosed with vascular dementia in 2012. He died on 22 March 2017 in Southport, at the age of 83.
Tunahan Kuzu (born 1 June 1981 in Istanbul) is a Dutch politician of the DENK party. He was political leader from 2015 to 2020 (succeeded by Farid Azarkan). He has been a member of the Second Chamber since 2012 and was also parliamentary group leader from 2014 to 2020. Previously he was a councillor of the municipality of Rotterdam. Kuzu was a member of the Labour Party but left the party in 2014, together with fellow parliamentarian Selçuk Öztürk. Both founded the political party of DENK in 2015. By creating this party they wanted to support the interests of non-Western citizens. He studied public administration at Erasmus University Rotterdam and worked as a health care specialist at the consulting firm of PricewaterhouseCoopers. He is a Muslim and of Turkish descent.
Thierry Henri Philippe Baudet (born January 28, 1983 in Heemstede) is a Dutch political activist and a politician of the Forum for Democracy (FVD). He has been a member of the House of Representatives since 2017. He has been a member of the Second Chamber and parliamentary leader since 2017. Previously he was party chair. Baudet studied law and history at the University of Amsterdam. He got his PhD at Leiden University and worked at the same university. He also had a column in Dutch newspaper NRC Handelsblad. He is very negative about the European Union and has written several books on this topic. Baudet with his Forum for Democracy was one of the people behind the referendum against a treaty of the European Union with Ukraine in 2016. Although the majority of the voters were against this treaty, the referendum had no results in the end. He is partly of Walloon descent.
The Lèze is a river in southern France, a left tributary of the Ariège river. The river flows through the French departments of Ariège and Haute-Garonne. Geography. The Lèze river has a length of and a drainage basin with an area of approximately . Its average yearly discharge (volume of water which passes through a section of the river per unit of time) is at Labarthe-sur-Lèze in the Haute-Garonne department. Average monthly discharge (m3/s) at Labarthe-sur-Lèze Course. The Lèze river starts in the Pyrenees mountain range in the southwest of the Ariège department, in the "commune" of La Bastide-de-Sérou, at an elevation of about . It flows, in general, to the north and, after , it joins the Ariège river as a left tributary, at an elevation of about at Clermont-le-Fort. Communes. The Lèze passes through 1 region (Occitanie), 2 departments and 20 "communes"; some of the "communes" are: Main tributaries. The main tributary of the Lèze river is the "Latou", that is long.
Johannes Marten "Joop" den Uyl (born August 9, 1919 in Hilversum - December 24, 1987 in Amsterdam) was a Dutch politician of the Labour Party (PvdA). Den Uyl was Prime Minister of the Netherlands from 1973 to 1977, the so-called Den Uyl cabinet. He was als a member of the Second Chamber, an alderman of Amsterdam, and a government minister. He studied economics at the University of Amsterdam. Although raised a Reformed Christian, he turned agnostic. Den Uyl died of a brain tumor, aged 68.
Edward Joseph McManus (February 9, 1920 – March 20, 2017) was an American politician and judge. He served as the 36th Lieutenant Governor of Iowa from 1959 through 1961 and later served as a United States federal judge for over 50 years from 1962 until his death in 2017. He was a Democrat.  At the time of his death, McManus was the longest serving living federal judge. McManus was born in Keokuk, Iowa. He studied at the University of Iowa. McManus died on March 20, 2017 in Cedar Rapids, Iowa, aged 97.
John Thomas "Sib" Hashian (August 17, 1949 – March 22, 2017) was an American musician. He was best known as a drummer for the rock band Boston. He was born in Boston, Massachusetts. Hashian had a daughter, Lauren who has been in a relationship with Dwayne Johnson since 2007. Hashian died from a possible heart attack while on a cruise ship near Nassau, Bahamas on March 22, 2017, aged 67.
Tomas Milian (born Tomás Quintín Rodríguez; 3 March 1933 – 22 March 2017) was a Cuban American-Italian actor and singer. He was known for his roles in "The Big Gundown" (1966), "The Ugly Ones" (1967), "Django Kill... If You Live, Shoot!" (1967), "Face to Face" (1967), "Run, Man, Run" (1968), "Death Sentence" (1968), "Tepepa" (1969), "Compañeros" (1970), "Sonny and Jed" (1972), "Life Is Tough, Eh Providence?" (1972), "Don't Torture a Duckling" (1972) and "Four of the Apocalypse" (1975). Milian was born in Havana, Cuba. He studied at the Actors Studio in New York City. He was a bisexual. Milian died at his home in Miami, Florida on 22 March 2017 from a stroke, aged 84.
William Henry Keeler (March 4, 1931 – March 23, 2017) was an American cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Archbishop of Baltimore, Maryland, from 1989 to 2007 and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1994. He was born in San Antonio, Texas. Keeler died on March 23, 2017 in Catonsville, Maryland from a long-illness, aged 86.
Denis Nikolayevich Voronenkov (; 10 April 1971 – 23 March 2017) was a Russian politician. He was a member of the State Duma (2011–2016). After stepping down as a member of the parliament in 2016, Voronenkov left Russia and settled in Ukraine with his wife Maria Maksakova Jr.. After settling in Ukraine, he became a vocal critic of Russian president Vladimir Putin and Russian foreign policy. Death. Voronenkov was murdered in Kyiv on 23 March 2017 at age of 45.
Stalemate is a situation in chess where the player whose turn it is to move is not in check but has no legal move.  When stalemate occurs, the game is a draw. Actual stalemate is rare, but the threat of stalemate has a big effect on endgame play. Many K+R+P vs K+R endings are drawn when stalemate cannot be avoided. The existence of stalemate is a main reason why draws are common in chess, but rare in the chess derivative shogi. In the old Persian form of chess, shatranj, stalemate was a win for the side with the most pieces. The idea of stalemate as a draw in modern chess took a long time to be agreed. It was finally decided by the early 19th century British master J.H. Sarratt in the London Chess Club rules of 1807. Figurative uses in general. All uses of the term "stalemate" in other contexts come from its use in chess. Stalemates in bargaining, politics and general life are examples of figurative language. The term is used as a metaphor.
Johannes Wilhelm "Hans" Geiger (30 September 1882 – 24 September 1945) was a German physicist. He is perhaps best known as the co-inventor of the detector component of the Geiger counter and for the Geiger–Marsden experiment which discovered the atomic nucleus. Geiger was born at Neustadt an der Haardt, Germany. He was one of five children born to the Indologist Wilhelm Ludwig Geiger, who was professor at the University of Erlangen. In 1902, Geiger started studying physics and mathematics at the University of Erlangen and was awarded a doctorate in 1906. In 1907 he began work with Ernest Rutherford at the University of Manchester and in 1909, along with Ernest Marsden, conducted the famous Geiger–Marsden experiment called the "gold foil experiment". Rutherford and Geiger created the Rutherford-Geiger tube, later to become the Geiger tube.  In 1911 Geiger and John Mitchell Nuttall discovered the Geiger–Nuttall law (or rule) and performed experiments that led to Rutherford's atomic model. In 1928 Geiger and his student Walther Müller created an improved version of the Geiger tube, the Geiger–Müller tube. Geiger also worked with James Chadwick. In 1912 he became leader of the Physical-Technical Reichsanstalt in Berlin, 1925 professor in Kiel, 1929 in Tübingen, and from 1936 in Berlin. He was a member of the Uranium Club. Geiger never expressed himself in public about the Nazis. There are reports both about him helping, and rejecting, Jewish colleagues. Geiger died in Potsdam, Germany a few months after World War II ended in Europe. He had four siblings: three sisters and one brother that were all younger than him. His brother, Rudolf Geiger, was very interested in meteorology and climatology.
Johann Alexander Döderlein (February 11, 1675 - October 23, 1745) was a German historian, philologist and numismatist. He studied at University of Altdorf near Nuremberg. He was polymath and his field of work included archaeology, classical studies, meteorology, and regional history. Döderlein was a member of the Prussian Academy of Sciences and of the German Academy of Sciences Leopoldina. He was rector of the Alte Lateinschule, the former school of Weißenburg am Sand.
Lise Meitner (November 7, 1878, Vienna – October 27, 1968, Cambridge) was an Austrian-Swedish physicist. She had a very large role in discovering nuclear fission. She received her doctorate in physics from the University of Vienna in 1906. Her work with two other scientists influenced the discovery and creation of the atomic bomb. Meitner was of Jewish descent and converted to Lutheranism. Starting in 1907, Meitner worked with a man named Otto Hahn. She worked with Hahn throughout her entire career. Working together, they completed a lot of work in chemistry. Hahn won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, even though his work had been with her. The reason that she did not win the prize was that she was a woman. She did attend the ceremony though. In 1914, Meitner volunteered as an X-ray technician in the Austrian army during World War I. Meitner was also the first female professor in Germany. She became a German professor in 1917. Throughout the 1920s, Meitner worked mostly on radiation. She won many prizes and awards. Around 1935, Meitner and Hahn worked together to learn more about uranium. The element Meitnerium is named after her. Later in Meitner’s life, she had many discoveries that led to the creation of the atomic bomb. She worked to make possible the atomic bomb that was dropped on Hiroshima but she did not agree the atomic bomb. Experiences sexism. An encyclopedia editor asked Meitner to write an article about radioactivity. He had read a paper she wrote about the physical aspects of radioactivity. The letter that she got was addressed to “Herr Meitner” (Mr. Meitner). She explained that she was female and the offer was taken away. Meitner followed gender roles later in her career. British physicist Ernest Rutherford visited Berlin Laboratory. During this visit, Meitner spent the day shopping with Rutherford's wife. Meanwhile, the men talked about work. Meitner also had lots of accomplishments. After working with Hahn and investigating behavior of beta
Chien-Shiung Wu (; May 31, 1912 – February 16, 1997) was a Chinese-American particle and experimental physicist. Early life. Wu was born in May 1912 in Liuhe, a small town near Shanghai. Wu Zhongyi, her father, participated in the 1911 revolution against the Chinese Manchu dynasty. He was the founder of an all girls’ school in China. Educating girls wasn’t seen as important at that time. Wu went to that school until she was nine. After that, she went to the Soochow Girls’ School. She graduated in 1930. She was the best student in her class. Studies. Wu went to college at Nanjing University. She studied physics there. She graduated in 1934. She spent one year teaching in a university. A year later, she went to study X-ray crystallography, which is the study of crystals. She did so at the National Academy of Sciences in Shanghai. A woman scientist who she worked with told her to go to study in the United States. She said this because China didn’t have a very good physics program. With the help of her rich uncle, she sailed to America in 1936. Work. Wu started working on nuclear physics with a particle physicist named Ernest Livermore. She helped Emilio Segre. He won a Nobel Prize years later. During the same time, Japan invaded China. She didn’t hear from her family for years. She kept working. Wu also studied the electromagnetic energy a particle gives off when it slows down. She also studied what happens when a uranium nucleus splits. For her work, she got a PhD in 1940. She became known as an expert on fission, which is the splitting of atoms. She studied theories about atoms developed by Enrico Fermi. She ended up confirming one of his theories. Wu continued with her work in physics in her later career. She faced a difficult hypothesis involving beta decay in 1963. Beta Decay was discovered by Richard Feynman and Murray Gell-Mann. Disproving Parity. Chien-Shiung Wu helped overthrow the law of conservation of
Vera Cooper Rubin (July 23, 1928 December 25, 2016) was an American astronomer. She discovered dark matter Early life. Rubin was born on July 23, 1928. Her parents were Rose Applebaum and Phillip Cooper.  At age 10, Rubin became fascinated by the stars in her home, Washington, D.C. At age 14, she built her first telescope. Work. Rubin attended Vassar College where she earned her B.A. in 1948. She earned her M.A. at Cornell University in 1951. She received her Ph.D. in astronomy at Georgetown University. At Cornell her thesis studied evidence of bulk rotation in the universe.  Rubin taught at Georgetown before becoming a researcher at the Carnegie Institution of Science. She spent a year as a teacher in math and physics at Montgomery County Junior College. She contributed to newspapers. She was an associated editor of the Astronomical Journal and the editorial board of Science Magazine. Rubin was on the astronomical committee at Harvard University and at the National Academy of Sciences. Rubin was an American astronomer who discovered dark matter. Dark matter is a material in the universe that does not reflect light. She and W. Kent Ford found that the stars closest to the center of the galaxy and the stars farthest from the center of the galaxy moved at the same rate.  Their findings said that mass astronomers could see only 10 percent of the galaxy's total mass. This makes dark matter invisible. Rubin joined the council of American Women in Science in 1984 to promote women in astronomy.  Rubin was given honorary degrees from Creighton University, Harvard University, and Yale University. She won the National Medal of Sciences in 1993. Later years. Rubin was married to Robert Rubin, a physicist. She wrote a children's book on astronomy to encourage young girls to study science. Rubin had four children named David, Allan, Judith, and Carl. Her children all became scientists.  Rubin died in Princeton on December 25, 2016.
Hypatia (hy-PAY-shee-uh) of Alexandria was a mathematician, astronomer, and philosopher. She lived around 370 - 415 C.E. Hypatia was the first noted women in mathematics, philosophy, and astronomy. She lead a philosophical movement called Neoplatonism. Neoplatonism was developed from the ideas of the ancient Greek philosopher Plato.  Hypatia was born in Alexandria, a city in Egypt. During Hypatia’s time, Egypt was a great place for learning. Her father was also a mathematician, astronomer, and philosopher, so she had it in her blood line. Her father was Theon. Hypatia and her father worked on commentaries of Ptolemy's work together. Ptolemy was a Greek astronomer who was from Alexandria. Hypatia's name was also put on work done by other mathematicians.  The Museum of Alexandria was a more like a university and library than a museum. It played a big role in education, and Hypatia’s life. Theon may have been the director of the museum at one point. Theon was interested in mathematics. This may have led Hypatia to pursue astronomy, mathematics, and philosophy. Her skills were so notable, that she became the leader of the Neoplatonism movement in Alexandria around 400. Her reputation led students from all around the world to come visit here. She was recognized as a better philosopher than most of the men during her time. Hypatia gave lectures at her house and in lecture halls. She lectured on astronomy, mathematics, philosophy, and religious literature. She wrote a number of books about mathematics. Synesius of Cyrene was a student of Hypatia. His letters provided some of the most important information on her life and her teachings. She taught Synesius about the building of an astrolabe. Hypatia was never married because she said she was “wedded to the truth”. She was an acquaintance of Orestes. He was the pagan governor of Alexandria. Radical monks murdered her. They possibly murdered her because the pagans seemed to have caused enmity among the mainly Christian town. They persecuted her, and scattered her body parts around the city. She died at 45 years old, in 415 C.E.