ejaasaari/simplewiki-2025-04-01 huggingface dataset:
A surcoat, or surcote, was an outer garment commonly worn in the Middle Ages by men. About 100 years later, women started to wear surcoats. It can either mean a coat worn over other garments or the outer garment commonly worn over armour. The name comes from the French meaning "over the cotta", a long, wide coat reaching down to the feet without sleeves. Starting about the 12th century, knights wore long and flowing surcoats over their armour. They would often show the coat of arms of the wearer. A knight's surcoat reached almost to the ankles. It had slits (cuts) in the bottom front and back so a wearer could sit. It also had no sleeves. One purpose for the surcoat was to protect armour from the rain. Another use was during the Crusades to keep the armour cooler in the sun. By the middle of the 14th century the long surcoat was replaced with the "Jupon" (or "Gipon"). This was a much shorter garment, which was often padded for extra protection. Once suits of plate (solid) armour became common, the surcoat was no longer used.
Alexéy Leonídovich Pájitnov (born April 16, 1955) is a Russian computer engineer who lives in the United States. He is best known for creating the popular video game "Tetris". He was born in Moscow, USSR. Pajitnov created "Tetris" in 1985. The game was first sold in the Soviet Union. In 1986, the game began being sold in the West. Since then, it has become a very successful series. In 1996, he started The Tetris Company, which owns the trademark to "Tetris". In 1996, GameSpot named him the fourth most influential computer game developer of all time.
Pole Position is an arcade racing video game released by Namco in 1982 and designed by Toru Iwatani. In this game, the player controls a Formula One race car. The player completes a time trial lap to be able to compete in an F1 race at the Fuji Racetrack. After completing the time trial race, the player races against other cars in a championship race. The player has to complete the race in the time allowed. They have to avoid crashing into the other cars and objects along the side of the track. The game was the highest selling arcade game of 1983 in North America. It sold over 21,000 machines for $61 million. It has been released for many video game consoles as part of Namco game collections, including the PlayStation, Nintendo 64, Nintendo GameCube, and Xbox. In 1983, a sequel called "Pole Position II" was released. It features three new tracks in addition to the one from the first game.
Frédéric Passy (May 20, 1822 – June 12, 1912) was a French economist. In 1901 he received the first Nobel Peace Prize together with Henry Dunant. Passy wrote and talked to others about free trade. He followed the ideas of Richard Cobden.
Brenda Holloway (born 21 June 1946, California) is an American singer-songwriter. Her genre is R&amp;B. She covered the songs "When I'm Gone", "You've Made Me so Very Happy" and many others. She worked for Motown Records in the 1960s.
Bridgette Andersen (July 11, 1975 - May 18, 1997) was an American actress. She acted mostly on television. She acted in "Family Ties" and "Remington Steele". She also did Pepsi commercials. Andersen was born in Los Angeles.
Kary Banks Mullis (December 28, 1944 – August 7, 2019) was an American biochemist. In 1993, he shared the Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Michael Smith for his role in discovering the development of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Career. The process of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was first described by Kjell Kleppe and 1968 Nobel laureate H. Gobind Khorana. It allows specific DNA sequences to be amplified (multiplied). Mullis greatly improved the technique, and it became a standard tool in DNA research. In 1983, Mullis was working for Cetus Corp. as a chemist. That spring, according to Mullis, he was driving his vehicle late one night, when he had the idea to use a pair of primers to bracket the desired DNA sequence and to copy it using DNA polymerase. This would allow a small strand of DNA to be copied almost an infinite number of times. Cetus took Mullis off his usual projects to concentrate on PCR full-time. Mullis succeeded in demonstrating PCR on December 16, 1983. Cetus paid him a mere $10,000 for the discovery but later sold it to Hoffmann-La Roche, owned by Roche Holding Ltd., for $300 million. Death. Mullis died on August 7, 2019 from pneumonia in Newport Beach, California at the age of 74.
A Sulfonamide (or sulphonamide) is a kind of drug. It is a man-made antibiotic. Their ability to kill infectious bacteria is their main function, but some types have other medical uses. For example, sulfasalazine, in addition to its use as an antibiotic, is also used in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. Sulfonamides (sometimes called sulfa drugs or sulpha drugs) contain the sulfonamide chemical group. The best known of the antibiotic sulfonamide drugs is called Sulfanilimide. How they work. In bacteria, antibacterial sulfonamides inhibit the enzyme DHPS. The enzyme makes folic acid, a B vitamin. The microorganism is "starved" of folate and dies. Humans, unlike bacteria, get folate (vitamin B9) through their diet. History. Sulfonamide drugs were the first antimicrobial drugs. They paved the way for the antibiotic revolution in medicine. Experiments with the first sulfonamide began in 1932 in the laboratories of Bayer AG, at that time a component of the huge German chemical trust IG Farben. After years of fruitless trial-and-error work on hundreds of compounds, a team led by physician/researcher Gerhard Domagk finally found one that worked: a red dye synthesized by Bayer chemist Josef Klarer which had remarkable effects on stopping some bacterial infections in mice. The first official communication about the breakthrough discovery was not published until 1935, more than two years after the drug was patented by Klarer and his research partner Fritz Mietzsch. "Prontosil", as Bayer named the new drug, was the first medicine ever discovered that could effectively treat a range of bacterial infections inside the body. It had a strong protective action against infections caused by streptococci, and a lesser effect on infections caused by other cocci. However, it had no effect at all in the test tube, exerting its antibacterial action only in live animals. Later, it was discovered that the drug was split into two pieces inside the body, releasing from the inactive dye a smaller, colourless, active compound called "
Dealey Plaza is a district in the West End of downtown Dallas, Texas.  It is known for being the location where the assassination of John F. Kennedy took place on November 22, 1963. The plaza was named as a National Historic Landmark in 1993. The former Texas School Book Depository building where both the Warren Commission and the House Select Committee on Assassinations concluded that Lee Harvey Oswald shot and killed President John F. Kennedy with a rifle. The plaza also contains a grassy knoll on the northwest side where the House Select Committee on Assassinations determined that there was "...a high probability” that there was a second assassin that also fired at the President, but missed him.
Lake Havasu City is a city in Mohave County, Arizona, United States. According to the 2020 census, the population of the city was 57,144. It is served by Lake Havasu City Airport. Lake Havasu City is geographically isolated from other cities in Mohave County. Geography. According to the United States Census Bureau the city has a total area 46.39 square miles. Of that, 46.34 square miles is land and 0.05 square miles is water. Climate. Lake Havasu City has an arid desert climate. In the winter months daytime highs usually hit the 63°F (17.2°C) to the 82°F (27.8°C) range. Lows in the winter are usually between 42°F (5.6°C) to 60°F (15.6°C) lows do sometimes hit below 40°F and one night below 32°F. The city has extremely hot summers with the high temperature remaining between 108°F (42.2°C) to 124°F (51.1°C) with the average July high temperature of 112°F (44.4°C). Overnight lows are between 80°F (26.7°C) to 96°F (35.6°C). The highest temperature in Lake Havasu City was 128°F (53.3°C) in June 26, 1994 and the lowest temperature was 25°F (-3.9°C) in December 24, 1990.
Big Brother is a Canadian reality television show. The show follows a group of people known as "HouseGuests". They are not allowed to contact anyone from outside the "Big Brother" house. They are under constant surveillance of cameras and microphones. They live in the house for a chance to win $100,000. Each week the HouseGuests will vote to evict one of the two nominees from the house until two remain. The winner is decided by the last seven evicted HouseGuests, known as the "Big Brother" Jury. The show is based on the original Dutch language show "Big Brother", which was created in 1997 by John de Mol. The Canadian show is produced by Endemol USA and Insight Productions. Insight Productions had produced other Canadian versions of the popular television shows, "Canadian Idol" and "Canada's Got Talent". In January 2013, Arisa Cox was named as the show's host. The first season aired on February 27, 2013 on Slice. On June 5, 2013, the show announced that it will return for a second season. The winner of the first season was Jillian MacLaughlin. The winner of the first season was Jillian MacLaughlin. On June 27, 2024, it was announced that the series was cancelled. Controversy. "Big Brother 1". During the final vote Topaz Brady voted for Jillian McLaughlin instead of Gary Levy. She said that she mistakenly voted for Jillian. Topaz pleaded with show producers to allow her vote be changed. However, because of the rules she was not allowed to do so. Topaz's vote for Jillian helped her win "Big Brother". Gary was runner-up and said that he is happy for Jillian.
Big Brother 1 was the first season of the Canadian reality television game show, "Big Brother". It is based on the Dutch language show of the same name. The show is produced by Endemol USA and Insight Productions. "Big Brother 1" aired on Slice on February 27, 2013. It lasted for 71 days. The first season ended on May 2, 2013. Over 10,000 people applied to be on the show. Only fourteen HouseGuests were needed. However, because a lot of people tried out for the show, producers allowed fifteen people to enter the house. In January 2013, Arisa Cox was announced to be the host of the show. Jillian McLaughlin was the winner of the first season. Gary Levy was the runner-up in a controversial finale vote of 4-3. Juror Emerald "Topaz" Brady voted for McLaughlin by mistake. She begged for producers so she can change her vote, which they did not allowed. Format. "Big Brother 1" was similar to that of the one featured in the US version. A group of people, known as "HouseGuests", compete to win the show. They vote each other off to be the last HouseGuest remaining. One HouseGuest, known as the Head of Household, must nominate two of their fellow HouseGuests for eviction. The winner of the Power of Veto has the ability to change the nominations. If they choose to do so, the HoH must nominate another HouseGuest. The HouseGuests then vote to evict one of the nominees. The HouseGuest with the most votes is removed from the show. There was a twist for this season. A phone was placed in the house, and the first person to answer would receive a secret task. Controversy. During the final vote Topaz Brady voted for Jillian McLaughlin instead of Gary Levy. She said that she mistakenly voted for Jillian. Topaz pleaded with show producers to allow her vote be changed. However, because of the rules she was not allowed to do so. Topaz's vote for Jillian helped her win "Big Brother". Gary was runner-up and said that he is happy for Jillian.
Big Brother 2 is the upcoming second season of the Canadian reality television game show "Big Brother". It will begin airing on Slice in 2014. The second season was announced on June 5, 2013. Pre-season. Casting for "Big Brother 2" will begin soon.
The Western is a genre of fiction. Western movies often include cowboys. The culture shown in westerns came from Texas, because then people living in the cattle industry began to thrive on the plains of Texas. Westerns tell stories that are set mostly in the second half of the 19th century in the American Old West, hence the name. There are also stories about Western-type characters set in other times. These include "Junior Bonner" (set in the 1970s) and "The Three Burials of Melquiades Estrada" (set in the 21st century). The genre has been popular since the beginning of the movie industry. One of the very first commercial movies was the 1903 silent western, "The Great Train Robbery". Examples. There are Western movies, television programs, books, and other things. Here are some examples:
Moratuwa is a large suburb of the city of Colombo, in Sri Lanka. It is 18 km south of the city centre. Moratuwa is surrounded on three sides by water, except in the north of the city, by the Indian Ocean on the west and the Bolgoda lake on the east. The 2001 census recorded a population of 177,190. The University of Moratuwa is in the suburb. There is also a public library on Galle Road, which was opened in 1987. It was built using the funds raised by Moratuwa Municipal Council to the amount of Rupees 50 Lakhs and 15 laks by the Japanese Organization "World Expansion conservative". The library was built according to Japanese architecture.
The President of the Republic of South Africa is the head of state and head of government under the Constitution of South Africa. From 1961 to 1994, the head of state was called the State President.  The role as President of South Africa was originally founded to be different from being prime minister. The two roles were merged in the 1983 constitution which calls for a four-year term of office. The 1993 and later constitutions limit the president's time in office to two five-year terms. The first President to be elected under the new constitution was Nelson Mandela. The current president is Cyril Ramaphosa.
Thabo Mvuyelwa Mbeki (born 18 June 1942) is a South African politician. He served nine years as the second President of South Africa from 14 June 1999 to 24 September 2008.  On 9 July 2002, he became the first chairperson of African Union. On 20 September 2008, with about nine months left in his second term, Mbeki announced his resignation after being recalled by the African National Congress's National Executive Committee. That was after a meeting by Judge Nicholson for corruption.  Mbeki was born on 18 June 1942 in Mbewuleni, Cape Province, Union of South Africa. He studied economics at the University of London and at the University of Sussex. Mbeki married his wife Zanele Dlamini at Farnham Castle in the United Kingdom in 1974.
Kgalema Petrus Motlanthe (born 19 July 1949) is a South African politician who was President of South Africa between 25 September 2008 and 9 May 2009. This happened following the resignation of Thabo Mbeki. After the end of his presidency, Motlanthe was appointed as the Deputy President of South Africa by his successor, current South African president Jacob Zuma. In March 2014, he announced his resignation to become a dean at ANC. Motlanthe was born on 19 July 1949 in Boksburg, Transvaal Province, Union of South Africa.
"This article is about the weapon. For the fish, see Pike." A pike is a kind of polearm. It is a very long heavy thrusting spear formerly used by infantry. A pike is not intended to be thrown. Pikes were used regularly in European warfare starting in the early Middle Ages. Until around 1700 pikes were used by foot soldiers in close order formations. The pike was a long weapon that got longer over time. It could be as long as 20 feet (6 m). It had a wooden shaft with an iron or steel . It had metal along the sides for three feet (1m) behind the tip so it would not be cut off by a sword or axe. When many pikes were used together they allowed for a great concentration of spearheads an enemy would have great difficulty getting through. The length also kept the soldier at a greater distance from the enemy. But the length also made pikes difficult to use in close combat. were usually arranged in a very tight formation several lines deep. The earliest of these were called a phalanx formation. It was used by the Macedonians under Philip II of Macedon. It was used by the armies of the Pharoahs in ancient Egypt. It was later used by the Swiss pike columns but this formation was probably based on the Scottish Schildrons. The armies of William Wallace and Robert the Bruce used it to great success against the heavy cavalry of kings Edward I of England and his son Edward II of England.
The sixth series of the television programme Doctor Who was shown in two parts. The first seven episodes were broadcast from April to June 2011, and the final six episodes from August to October. The series began with the episode "The Impossible Astronaut" and ended with "The Wedding of River Song". The main series was preceded by "A Christmas Carol", a special episode shown at Christmas in 2010. This was the sixth season to be shown on television since the programme was revived in 2005. It is the thirty-second season overall. The series stars Matt Smith as the eleventh Doctor. The Doctor is an alien Time Lord who travels through time and space in his TARDIS. It also stars Karen Gillan and Arthur Darvill as his companions, newlyweds Amy Pond and Rory Williams. Alex Kingston also returns as River Song, a woman from the Doctor's future who is revealed throughout the series to be Amy and Rory's daughter. The series continues some of the storylines from the fifth series.
Nelson is a city in the Canadian province of British Columbia. Nelson is in the Selkirk Mountains in the Southern Interior of British Columbia. The population of Nelson was 11,198 in 2021. The mayor of Nelson is Janice Morrison. In 1867, the town had a boom in population when gold and silver were found in the area. Silver was also found at nearby Toad Mountain in 1886. This helped with the population boom and incorporated the town in 1897. Nelson was named after the Lieutenant-Governor of BC, Hugh Nelson. Many American draft dodgers during the Vietnam War settled in and around Nelson. Historic Baker Street is in Nelson. Steve Martin filmed his 1987 movie "Roxanne" in Nelson which helped Nelson transform from a resource-based town to an arts and tourism town. Parts of the movie "Snow Falling on Cedars" and "The Tall Man" (2012 film) were shot in Nelson. Many claim Nelson a hometown whether they have moved away long ago or have been living in the Queen City for many years. Isolated from through fare as highways have evolved all around to bypass Nelson, Once a very Prominent, named Stanley. A Facebook page "People of Nelson, BC" has grown in popularity for old memories, and "Nelson, B.C." for other attributes.
Timex Social Club was an American contemporary R&amp;B group. It formed in 1982 in Berkeley, California. The group had several hit pop songs in the 1980s. The most notable one was "Rumors" in 1986. The group were forerunners of new jack swing movements that began during the mid 1980s.
The term dental caries refers to tooth decay or cavities in teeth. The decay comes from normal bacteria in your mouth. When you eat sugar, these bacteria create acid which create caivities in your teeth. Dental caries usually lead to substandard breath and bad taste. Personal hygiene caring consists of brushing,establishing good pH level by eating dairy products like yogurt,cheese,etc. and flossing daily. After the enamel, the strong outer layer of your teeth, and the dentin are destroyed, the cavity reaches the dental pulp and nerves of the tooth, the tooth becomes sensitive since the nerves are exposed. Cavity may infect the jaw and sometimes cause a tooth abscess.  If carbohydrates (sugar) remain in your mouth for enough time, caries-causing bacteria may form a biofilm called plaque on the tooth surface and attack the tooth.
The Times Square Ball is a time ball (a ball dropped at a certain time) at the top of the One Times Square building in Times Square in New York City. It is used as part of the New Year's Eve celebration held yearly in Times Square. Every year at 11:59 p.m. EST, the ball is lowered 141 feet (43 m) from a flagpole, reaching the bottom at midnight to signal the start of a new year. The first ball drop took place on December 31, 1907. It has been dropped every year since then (except in 1942 and 1943 because of World War II). The ball's design has been changed many times over the years. The current design has LED lighting and triangle-shaped crystal panels. Starting in 2009, the ball is shown in One Times Square throughout the year. The Times Square ball drop is one of the best-known New Year's Eve celebrations in the world. Over one million people come to Times Square every year to see the ball drop. The ball drop is shown on several major television networks. The best known is ABC, which broadcasts "Dick Clark's New Year's Rockin' Eve", hosted by Dick Clark until his death in 2012. Ryan Seacrest has hosted the show since 2005-06. In 1904 they organized an New Years Eve party at Times Square without the ball.
Emily VanCamp (born May 12, 1986) is a Canadian actress. She is most known for her roles in the WB series "Everwood" as Amy Abbott, as Rebecca Harper in the ABC series "Brothers &amp; Sisters", and as Emily Thorne/Amanda Clarke in the ABC series "Revenge". She was born in Port Perry, Ontario, Canada. She began dancing at the age of 3, and she attended at the École supérieure de ballet du Québec in Montreal.
Buzz Lightyear is one of the main characters in the "Toy Story" movies. He is the second main character in "Toy Story" and "Toy Story 3",  the third main character in "Toy Story 2", the fourth main character in "Toy Story 4", and the main character in "Lightyear" as well as the spin-off animated movie "" and the television show based on it, called "Buzz Lightyear of Star Command". He is a fictional space ranger officer. The character was named after the astronaut Buzz Aldrin. He is known for his valor in the Battle of the Bulge.  He is voiced by actor Tim Allen in the films, "Toy Story Toons", "Toy Story Racer", "Toy Story 2: The Video Game", commercials and in "Buzz Lightyear of Star Command: The Adventure Begins". Patrick Warburton voiced Buzz for the TV series, and Pat Fraley voiced him for a few video games and the attractions in Disney Parks. Mike MacRae currently voices Buzz in various Disney and Pixar video games. Buzz Lightyear is voiced by Chris Evans in Lightyear (movie).
Ion Predescu (2 October 1927 – 12 October 2020) was a Romanian lawyer and politician. From 2004 to 2013, he was a judge at the Constitutional Court of Romania. Between 1982 and 1986, he studied at The Law University at Bucharest. He was also a member of the Senate between 1990 to 2004. Predescu died on 12 October 2020, at the age of 93.
A Western saloon is a type of bar that was popular during the Old West. The very first saloon was created in Brown's Hole, Wyoming, in 1822 and served fur trappers. Some of the saloons offered dancing girls, some of them sometimes doubled as prostitutes. A lot of saloons offered poker, faro, brag, dice games, three-card monte, billiards, darts, and bowling. Some saloons included piano players, can-can girls, and theatrical skits. During his lifetime, Wyatt Earp owned and worked in many saloons.
In economics, an inferior good is a good that decreases in demand when the income of the consumer rises. People with little income might buy bread in the supermarket, but when their income increases, they buy their bread in the bakery instead. They did not buy from the bakery before, because the bread in the bakery is more expensive than the bread in the supermarket.  Goods where the demand rises with the income are called "normal goods".
In economics, a normal good is a good whose consumption rises when the income increases. As an example, people who earn more money, might go to the cinema more often. Tickets for the cinema are therefore a normal good. A good where the consumption decreases when the income increases is called "inferior".