ejaasaari/simplewiki-2025-04-01 huggingface dataset:
Scrabble is a board game that is played by 2, 3 or 4 people. It uses a 15×15 board with squares on it and a large number of small tiles with letters on them. In the English version of Scrabble, there are 100 tiles. Players take turns putting words on the board using any of the seven tiles that they have in front of them. Their word must connect to another word that is already on the board. History. Scrabble was invented in 1938 by an architect named Alfred Mosher Butts. He had previously invented a similar game called "Lexiko". He decided how many points each letter was worth by looking at books and newspapers and counting how often each letter was used in the English language. He called the game "Criss-Crosswords". However, he was not successful in selling the game. In 1948 a lawyer called James Brunot bought the rights to make to game. Brunot made some of the rules easier, and changed the name to "Scrabble", which is a real word meaning “to scratch around frantically”. Soon other firms around the world were buying rights to make the game. It had become so popular by 1984 that it was made into a daytime TV show on NBC television. The name "Scrabble" today is a trademark of Hasbro in the US and Canada and of J. W. Spear &amp; Sons PLC in other countries. Many people play Scrabble in clubs and tournaments all over the world. People who play in serious tournaments are given a time limit. They lose points if they spend too long thinking about their moves. There are websites where one can play Scrabble online. How to play. The players decide who is going to start by taking one letter (one tile) from the bag. The person with the letter closest to the beginning of the alphabet may start. Each player takes seven tiles from the bag (without looking at what they are). The player puts these tiles on a rack in front of them. This is so the player can see the letters they have, but the other players can not. The first player puts a word on the board using some, or
FLOW is a Japanese music band. The group is made of five men. The group was made in 1998. Since Flow is a Japanese band, they sing in Japanese, but they often use English sentences or words in their songs.  Their songs are used in different anime series, like Naruto and Eureka Seven. With starting numbers like: Sign, Go. Members. This list contains the names and birth dates of group members
During World War II, the Nazis, led by Germany, started wars and committed terrible crimes against many countries and people. After the war ended in 1945, countries like the United States, Britain, the Soviet Union, and France decided to hold trials to punish the Nazi leaders who were responsible. These trials were called the Nuremberg Trials and took place in Nuremberg, Germany. The trials lasted from November 1945 to October 1946. They focused on 22 top Nazi leaders and six organizations. The judges said it was wrong to start wars and cause so much suffering. They also looked at the Holocaust, where the Nazis killed millions of Jewish people and others in horrible ways. The judges called it one of the worst crimes in history. The Nuremberg Trials weren’t just about punishment. They were also about showing the world what happened during the war and making sure people understood how serious these crimes were. Later, more trials were held to punish others who were involved in the crimes. These trials were important because they created new rules to prevent such crimes in the future. They also showed that even powerful leaders would face justice if they broke international laws. The main trial. The International Military Tribunal was opened on October 18, 1945, in the Supreme Court Building in Berlin.  Judge Nikitchenko from the USSR presided over the first session. The prosecution brought criminal charges against 24 major war criminals and six criminal organizations: The indictments were for: The 24 accused were: "I" indicted      "G" indicted and found guilty      "O" Not Charged "I" indicted      "G" indicted and found guilty      "O" Not Charged The death sentences were carried out on 16 October 1946 by hanging using the inefficient American "standard" drop method instead of the long drop. The executioner was John C. Woods. The French judges suggested the use of a firing squad for the convicted military officials, as is standard for military courts-martial. However, Biddle and the Soviet judges did not agree. They said that the military officers acted so badly that they did not deserve to be treated as soldiers
In linear algebra and functional analysis, a projection is a linear transformation "P" from a vector space to itself such that "P"2 = "P". Projections map the whole vector space to a subspace and leave the points in that subspace unchanged.
A nonprofit organization (NPO), or non-business entity, is an organization which does not give its surplus income to owners or shareholders. It uses its revenue and/or capital to achieve its purpose or mission. The decision to adopt a non profit legal structure is one that will often have tax benefits. Governments may see them as supporting activities which help the community. In England this is more often referred to as "not-for-profit", and includes local and national government. Non-profit organizations are allowed to pay their workers, but sometimes workers at non-profit organizations are volunteers who do not get paid for their work. Sometimes a non-profit may make money to help other people, which might include helping them start their own business or providing them with food, clothing or shelter. Some non-profits try to help endangered animals or the environment. Some non-profits are small groups of people such as a block association or community group. Others such as trade unions, universities or religions are large and well established, with many assets and many paid workers.  When a non-profit organization deals with politics or international issues it can be called a non-governmental organization or NGO. The Wikimedia organization, which runs Wikipedia is a non-profit. It is based in Florida in the United States. It is also a not-for-profit corporation.
An expense, also sometimes called an expenditure, is when money is given in exchange for a good or service. In accounting, expense has a very specific meaning. It is when cash or some other valuable object goes from a person or company to another person or company.
Filippo Brunelleschi ( , , also known as Pippo; 1377 – 15 April 1446) was one of the most important architects of the Italian Renaissance and an inventor of the perspective. All of his most well-known works are in Florence, Italy. Biography. Early life. Brunelleschi was born in Florence, Italy in 1377. His family consisted of his father, Brunellesco di Lippo, a notary and civil servant, his mother Giuliana Spini, and his two brothers. The family was well-off; the palace of the Spini family still exists, across from the Church of the Trinita in Florence. Main works. The principal buildings and works designed by Brunelleschi or which included his involvement:
The Arno is a river in the Tuscany region of Italy. It is one of the important rivers of central Italy.  Source and route. The river begins on Mount Falterona in the Casentino area of the Apennines. It first takes a curve to the south. The river turns to the west near Arezzo. It passes through Florence, Empoli and Pisa, then flows into the Tyrrhenian Sea at the Marina di Pisa. At a length of , it is the longest river in the region. A flood on November 4, 1966 collapsed the embankment in Florence. This killed at least 40 people. It also damaged or destroyed millions of works of art and rare books. 40 years later, hundreds of works had still not been restored.
Lake Como () is a glacial lake in Lombardy, Italy. It has an area of . It is the third largest lake in Italy (after Lake Garda and Lake Maggiore). Varenna, Lierna, Bellagio, Menaggio, Limonta, and Tremezzo constitute the geographical area of the Central Lake Como, considered the most iconic and exclusive of Lake Como, and includes only the villages that have a view of the peninsula promontory of Bellagio. Some of the towns and villages on the shores of Lake Como are Como, Lierna, Lecco, Bellagio, Mandello del Lario, and Lenno.
Lake Maggiore (in Italian: "Lago Maggiore" or "lago Verbano") is the most westerly of the three large prealpine lakes of Italy and the second largest after Lake Garda. Events. The Spirit of Woodstock Festival is an annual open air festival at the end of July/beginning of August at Mirapuri.
The GNU Image Manipulation Program, or GIMP, is a free software picture maker. It is often used for making logos, making photographs bigger or smaller, changing colours, making many pictures part of one picture, making pictures nicer to look at, and changing file formats. GIMP is often used as a free software alternative for the most popular Adobe Photoshop, but it is not made to be an Adobe Photoshop clone. GIMPs mascot is named Wilber. GIMP was started in 1995 by Spencer Kimball and Peter Mattis and is now taken care of by a group of volunteers as part of the GNU Project. The newest version of GIMP is v.3.0 and it is available since March 2025. GIMPs license is the GNU General Public License, so GIMP is free software. GIMP can be used for opening and changing many types of file formats. GIMPs own file format is XCF, which is the name of the building where GIMP was written. Some file formats that GIMP can be used with are bitmap, JPEG, PNG, GIF and TIFF. GIMP can also read and write path information from SVG files and GIMP can read Adobe PDF files and the raw image formats used by digital cameras, but cannot write to these formats.
David Ben-Gurion (born David Grün on 16 October 1886, died 1 December 1973) was the first Prime Minister of Israel.  He was born in Płońsk, Poland and aspired to create a state of Israel for all the oppressed Jews of Europe. He moved to Palestine and worked as a farmer there until he was expelled during the First World War. After the war he came back and founded the “Confederation of Jewish Workers.” Then he became president of ‘’Mapai’’ or the Israeli Workers Party. Eventually he got what he wanted when the state of Israel was founded after World War II. After leading Israel to victory in the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, Ben-Gurion helped build the state institutions. He retired from political life in 1970 and moved to Sde Boker, where he lived until his death. He died of a stroke in Tel HaShomer, Israel. After he died, Ben-Gurion was named one of "Time Magazine's" 100 Most Important People of the Century. He is the country’s second longest-serving prime minister after Benjamin Netanyahu.
Mariano José de Larra (24 March 1809 - 13 February 1837) was a Spanish romanticist writer noted for satire and perhaps the best prose writer of 19th-century Spain. He was born in Madrid; his father was a doctor in the French army, and, as an "afrancesado", was forced to leave the Peninsula with his family in 1812. In 1817 Larra went back to Spain, knowing less Spanish than French. His nature was disorderly, his education was imperfect, and, after trying obtain a degree in medicine or law, he made an imprudent marriage at the age of twenty, broke with his relatives and became a journalist. On the 27th of April 1831 he produced his first play, "No más mostrador", based on two pieces by Scribe and Dieulafoy. Though not very original, it is brilliantly written, and held the stage for many years. On the 24th of September 1834 he produced "Macías", a play based on his own historical novel, "El doncel de don Enrique el Doliente" (1834). The drama and novel are interesting as experiments, but Larra was really a journalist, and the increased liberty of the press after the death of Ferdinand VII gave him opportunities. He was already famous under the pseudonyms of "Juan Pérez de Munguía" and "Fígaro" which he used in "El Pobrecito Hablador" and "La Revista Española" respectively. People in Madrid laughed at his grim humour; ministers feared his vitriolic pen and courted him; he defended Liberalism against the Carlist rebellion; he was elected as deputy for Ávila, and a great career seemed to lie before him. But the era of military pronunciamientos ruined his personal prospects and patriotic plans. His writing took on a more sombre tinge; domestic troubles increased his pessimism, and after a disastrous love-affair, he committed suicide by shooting himself in February 1837. Larra lived long enough to prove himself the greatest prose-writer that Spain had during the 19th century
Luis de Molina (born 1535 in Cuenca; died October 12, 1600 in Madrid) was a Spanish Jesuit and writer. At the age of eighteen Molina became a member of the Society of Jesus. He studied theology at Coimbra. After this, he became professor in the university of Évora, Portugal. From this post he was called, at the end of twenty years, to the chair of moral theology in Madrid. Besides other works he wrote "De liberi arbitrii cum gratiae donis, divina praescientia, praedestinatione et reprobatione concordia" (4 vo., Lisbon, 1588); a commentary on the first part of the "Summa Theologiae" of Thomas Aquinas (2 vols., fol., Cuenca, 1593); and a treatise "De jure et justitia" (6 vols., 1593-1609).
Henrik Johan Ibsen (born 20 March 1828 – 23 May 1906) was a Norwegian realist playwright. He is often called the "father of modern drama." Ibsen is held to be the greatest of Norwegian authors and one of the most important playwrights of all time, celebrated as a national symbol by Norwegians. His greatest works can be said to be "A Doll's House" or "Enemy of the People."
A bead is a small item with a hole in it for stringing. Beads can be threaded together on a string. Beads can be made from many different things including wood, glass, and gemstones. The oldest known beads are over 100,000 years old. Beads, made from stones, have been found in the graves of the kings of Egypt. Clay beads have always been made in abundance. They were first painted in patterns similar to those used on bowls or pots.  Making beads in clay is a skill which is easy to learn. The clay material presents a design opportunity limited only by the imagination and expertise of the maker.  During the last century in the western hemisphere, the wearing of beads has become the prerogative of woman. Yet throughout history, men have worn great quantities of beads to show their masculinity and virility. As early as 5000 BC men and women alike valued wearing strands of shell, stone, teeth and bone beads. Faience and Carnelian beads found in an Egyptian tomb date back to 4000 BC. Phoenician trade ships carried beads to and from Egypt as early as 2500 BC so it is impossible to know for sure how long beads were really in circulation. The graves of Egypt reveal the development of the craft of bead making better the those of other civilizations due to the trade routes established in continental Europe. From 3000-1900 BC, the Amber Routes ran from Moravia, France and Austria to Russia, England and Spain. Ancient trade routes went to the Far East as well as Africa. Today, there are many types of the beads including silver beads, stone beads, fire polish, and swarovsky crystal beads. Stringing beads on beading wire is one of the most popular methods for making beaded jewellery and motifs. This can be worn as bracelets, necklaces, and anklets. In Japan, beads making came into fashion when Crown Princess Masako made her swarovski beads necklace by herself. Bead art shows are held in November every year, and beads lovers publish their work. They often become trendsetters. Place or period of origin. African trade beads  slave beads
Julius Streicher (born : 12 February 1885 in Fleinhausen, Bavaria, Germany/died : 16 October 1946 in Nuremberg, Bavaria, Germany) made propaganda for Nazi Germany.  Streicher published the racist newspaper "Der Stürmer". His publishing company also sold three anti-Semitic books for children, including the 1938 "Der Giftpilz" ("The Poison Mushroom"). This was one of the most commonly read pieces of propaganda. The book said that Jewish people were dangerous, just like a nice-looking but deadly mushroom.  After World War II, Streicher was convicted of crimes against humanity at the Nuremberg Trials. He was executed. Early life. Streicher was born in Fleinhausen, Bavaria. He was an elementary school teacher. In 1913, Streicher married Kunigunde Roth, a baker's daughter, in Nürnberg. The next year, World War I started. Streicher joined the German Army. During the war, he won the Iron Cross. By the time the war ended in 1918, Streicher was a lieutenant.  Streicher and his wife had two sons: Lothar (born in 1915), and Elmar (born in 1918). Nazism. A new political party. In 1919, Streicher was active in the "Schutz- und Trutz-Bund", an anti-Semitic organization. In 1920, he turned to the newly formed German Socialist Party ("Deutschsozialistische Partei"). This political party had nearly the same ideas as the Nazi Party, but Streicher wanted to make it more anti-Semitic. Most members of the German Socialist Party did not want this, so Streicher and his followers moved to the "German Working Community" () in 1921.  The German Working Community wanted to bring together all the different anti-Semitic groups in Germany. In 1922, Streicher joined his followers with Adolf Hitler's. This almost doubled the number of people in the Nazi Party. It also made Hitler grateful to Streicher for the rest of his life.  "Der Stürmer". Streicher took
Bremgarten is a municipality in Aargau in Switzerland. On 1 January 2014 the former municipality of Hermetschwil-Staffeln merged into the municipality of Bremgarten.
Brugg is a city in the Swiss canton of Aargau. It is the capital of the district of Brugg. Since 2010, Umiken has been part of the city. On 1 January 2020 the municipality of Schinznach-Bad merged into Brugg.
Burg was a municipality in Kulm in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland. Since 2023, it became a part of Menziken.
Buttwil is a municipality of the district Muri in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland. The village is west of Muri.
San Ignacio de Sabaneta is a city and municipality in northwestern Dominican Republic. It is the main city of the Santiago Rodríguez province. It is usually called only "Sabaneta" or "Santiago Rodríguez". History. The town was founded in 1844 by Santiago Rodríguez and others in a small savanna ("Sabaneta" means a "small savanna") north of the Cordillera Central mountain range. In 1854, the town was elevated to the category "Military Post" and in 1858 it became a municipality of the Santiago province. "San Ignacio de Sabaneta" was the centre of the fight against the Spanish soldiers during the first period of the Restoration War (1863-1865). When in 1879 Monte Cristi became a province, San Ignacio de Sabaneta was made a municipality of that new province. When the new province of Santiago Rodríguez was created in 1948, San Ignacio de Sabaneta was made the head municipality of the province. Population. The city had, in , a total population of 34,540: 17,935 men and 16,605 women. The urban population was of the total population. Geography. San Ignacio de Sabaneta is on the northern side of the "Cordillera Central" ("Central mountain range") and has a total area of , about of the total area of the province of Santiago Rodríguez. The city is an elevation of , and at to the northwest of Santo Domingo. It does not have any municipal district (a municipal district is a subdivision of a municipality). The municipality of San Ignacio de Sabaneta has the Monte Cristi province to the north, the municipality of Monción to the northwest, the Santiago province to the west, the San Juan province to the southeast, the Elías Piña province to the south and the municipality of Villa Los Almácigos and the Dajabón province to the west. Climate. San Ignacio de Sabaneta has a tropical wet and dry/savanna climate (Köppen-Geiger classification: Aw) with a pronounced dry
Effingen was a municipality of the district Brugg in canton of Aargau in Switzerland. On 1 January 2022, the former municipalities of Bözen, Effingen, Elfingen and Hornussen merged to form the new municipality of Böztal.
Elfingen was a municipality of the district Brugg in canton of Aargau in Switzerland. On 1 January 2022, the former municipalities of Bözen, Effingen, Elfingen and Hornussen merged to form the new municipality of Böztal.
Lungern is a municipality of the canton of Obwalden in Switzerland. The lake Lungern is in the municipality.
121 Hermione is a very big asteroid of the dark C spectral type, orbiting in the Cybele group in the farther part of the main belt. As a C-type, it is probably made of carbonate. Hermione was found by J. C. Watson on May 12, 1872, and named after Hermione, daughter of Menelaus and Helen in Greek mythology. Hermione is a Cybele asteroid and orbits beyond most of the main belt asteroids. The asteroid has an odd shape, as evidenced by adaptive optics images, the first of which were taken in December 2003, with the Keck telescope. Of many proposed shape models that agreed with the images, a "snowman"-like shape was found to best fit the seen precession rate of Hermione's moon. Observation of the moon's orbit has made possible a correct determination of Hermione's mass. For the best-fit "snowman" model, the density is found to be 1.8 ± 0.2 g/cm³. This gives a porosity of the order of 20%. This could be because the main asteroids are fractured solid bodies, but not a rubble pile (an asteroid that has been broken up by a collision and pulled back together by gravity). Occultations by Hermione have been successfully seen three times so far, the last time in February 2004. Moon (S/2002 (121) 1). A moon of Hermione was found in 2002 with the Keck II telescope. The moon is currently called S/2002 (121) 1. It has not yet been officially named, but the name "LaFayette" has been suggested by a group of astronomers. This is after the ship used in secret by the Marquis de Lafayette to reach America to help the Americans during the American Revolutionary War.
Endingen is a municipality of the district Zurzach in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland. On 1 January 2014, the former municipality of Unterendingen merged into the municipality of Endingen.
Raymond Toro, born on July 15, 1977 in Kearny, New Jersey. Toro is the lead guitarist and one of two backup vocalists for My Chemical Romance. He plays Gibson Les Paul guitars with Seymour Duncan pickups through Marshall amplifiers. He helped form the band in 2001 after reconnecting with frontman Gerard Way and drummer Matt Pelissier. When he was younger he enjoyed the music of Queen, Metallica, Megadeth, and Slayer and he cites Brian May and Randy Rhoads as large influences on his playing. Toro has said that he grew up listening to his brothers rock albums and has always wanted to play the drums, though he sticks to guitar with My Chemical Romance. On April,13 2011, #SINGItForJapan was released as an effort to raise money for Japan after the tsunami. This project was started when Toro was inspired by kind words from their fans, and he went on to arrange much of the instruments to create a sound that closely emulated traditional Japanese music.
Frank Anthony Thomas "Frank" Iero, Jr. (born October 31, 1981) is the youngest member of the band My Chemical Romance. He was born in Belleville, New Jersey and attended Queen of Peace High School in North Arlington. He attended Rutgers University on scholarship but then dropped out for the band after he felt they were beginning to get somewhere. Iero is a rhythm guitarist and is one of the two backup vocalists for the  alternative rock band My Chemical Romance. He was also in other bands such as Leathermouth, Pencey Prep, Death Spells, Frank Iero and the Celebration, Frank Iero and the Patience, and Frank Iero and the Future Violents.