ejaasaari/simplewiki-2025-04-01 huggingface dataset:
Voyager 1 is a space probe launched by NASA on September 5, 1977, as part of a mission called the Voyager program to explore the outer Solar System and the space beyond our Sun's influence. It was launched shortly after its twin, Voyager 2. Voyager 1 communicates with Earth using the NASA Deep Space Network (DSN) to receive commands and send back data. As of July 2024, it is the farthest human-made object from Earth, located about 163.3 astronomical units away (24.4 billion kilometers or 15.2 billion miles). During its journey, Voyager 1 flew past Jupiter, Saturn, and Saturn's largest moon, Titan. NASA decided to start studying Titan over Pluto because Titan has an unique atmosphere. Voyager 1 provided detailed information about the weather, magnetic fields, and moons of Jupiter and Saturn, capturing the first close-up images of these moons. In its extended mission, Voyager 1 explores the outer edges of our Solar System and aims to enter interstellar space. It crossed the heliopause on August 25, 2012, becoming the first spacecraft to do so, marking its entry into interstellar space. Two years later, Voyager 1 confirmed its location by finding waves of energy from the Sun. In 2017, the Voyager team successfully used the probe's thrusters for the first time since 1980 to change its direction in space. This adjustment allowed the mission to continue for an additional two to three years. Voyager 1 is still sending back scientific data and is expected to keep doing so until at least 2025. Its power source might even allow it to send engineering data until 2036. Overview. Early history. In the 1960s, there was a plan for a Grand Tour to study the outer planets. This led NASA to start working on a mission in the early 1970s. Information from the "Pioneer 10" spacecraft helped engineers design Voyager to handle the strong radiation around Jupiter. Just before launch, they added strips of kitchen-grade aluminum foil to some cables to improve radiation protection. At first, Voyager 1 was going to be called Mariner 11 and be
Martin Scorsese (born November 17, 1942) is an American director. He was born in Queens and raised in Manhattan. Many of Scorsese's movies have Italian American, Roman Catholic and violent themes or ideas. Scorsese is probably best known for his movies about the mafia. He won the Academy Award for Best Director for his movie "The Departed" at the 79th Academy Awards in 2007; the movie also won Academy Awards for Best Picture, Best Film Editing and Best Adapted Screenplay. This was Scorsese's first Academy Award for Best Director. Martin Scorsese's filmmaking style is marked by key elements, including violent themes, the use of music, intricate cinematography, exceptional performances, psychological depth, exploration of religious themes, collaboration with top talents, a strong connection to New York City, frequent use of voiceovers, and cinematic references. Awards and recognitions. Scorsese has earned praise from many film legends including Ingmar Bergman, Frank Capra, Jean-Luc Godard, Werner Herzog, Elia Kazan, Akira Kurosawa, David Lean, Michael Powell, Satyajit Ray, and François Truffaut.
Chabad-Lubavitch is the name of a group of Hasidic Jews. It is one of the largest groups of Hasidic Jews in the world. Many of the Lubavitch Hasidim live in the United States or Israel. The Lubavitch world headquarters is in Crown Heights, a neighborhood in Brooklyn, New York.  The Chabad movement was started by Rabbi Schneur Zalman of Liadi in Eastern Europe during the late 1700s. He named his 'Chabad' because in Hebrew it is an acronym for Wisdom, Understanding, and Knowledge. 'Lubavitch' was the name of the town in Russia where the movement was at from the time of the second Lubavitcher Rebbe (leader), Rabbi Dov Ber Schneuri, through the sixth, Rabbi Joseph Isaac Schneersohn.
Liese Prokop (March 27, 1941 – December 31, 2006) was an Austrian athlete and politician. Prokop was born in Vienna, Austria. Before being married to Gunnar Prokop, her name was Liese Sykora. The two had two sons and a daughter. Prokop won the silver medal in the Pentathlon in the 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico City. Prokop was the first female Austrian Minister for Interior affairs. She was in charge of the security of Austria, including its police force. She was a member of the ÖVP, Austrian people's party. She died unexpectedly December 31, 2006 of a torn aorta while being taken to a hospital in St. Pölten.
The Austrian People's Party (German: "Österreichische Volkspartei", shortenend to ÖVP) is one of the biggest parties in Austria. It was founded in 1945. Its name roughly translates to Austrian People's party. It has about 630,000 members. Its views are often center-right. This means it often has conservative views on the matters at hand. Many of its voters are Catholics. It is against moderate socialism, which is embodied by the other big party, the SPÖ.  Former Chancellor Wolfgang Schüssel is a member of this party. Former Minister of the Interior Liese Prokop (died 2006) was also a member.
The Social Democratic Party of Austria (German: "Sozialdemokratische Partei Österreichs", shortened to SPÖ) is one of the oldest political parties in Austria. Its politics are center-left. This means it has a strong stance in labour unions. The party rejects neoliberalism. They like moderate socialism and social democracy. A well known politician of this party was Bruno Kreisky. Their current motto is "Freedom, Equality, Justice and Solidarity" (German: "Freiheit, Gleichheit, Gerechtigkeit und Solidarität"). Since the end of the Second World War, the party has been the strongest, or second-strongest party in Austria, by vote. The other party that they share this status with are the ÖVP.  Their main points in the 2006 elections were:
Mińsk Mazowiecki (Minsk, miɲsk mazɔ'vi̯eʦki) is a town in Poland. It is the capital of Mińsk County.  Location. It has been located in the Mazovia Voivodship since 1999.  History. The town of Mińsk was founded in 1421. It has always been a town based on commerce. Before the Holocaust, it was a Polish - Jewish town. The main religion in Mińsk is Roman Catholicism. Mińsk have 37000 inhabitants.
Rosaceae (rose-like plants) is a large family of plants. There are about 100-120 genera with between 3,000 and 4,000 species that include these well-known plants: Plants in Rosaceae usually have flowers with five petals. However, some decorative roses have many more. Species of "Dryas" usually have eight petals. Subfamilies. The Rosaceae family was traditionally divided into subfamilies, usually these four:  However, it has become clear that the last three of the subfamilies cannot be divided in a clear way. Also, there is a small group that is so different from other Rosaceae that it is now given its own name. Botanists now use only three subfamilies:
A firework is an explosive pyrotechnic device that is used mostly for entertainment. The most common use of a firework is as part of a fireworks display. Fireworks (devices) are made to have these four effects: They make noise, light, smoke, and sometimes produce floating materials (confetti for example). They may be designed to burn with colored flames and sparks. Displays are common throughout the world and are a main point of many different cultural and religious festivals. Independence Day, New Year's Eve and Guy Fawkes Night are examples. Some fireworks are ground-based, and others are shot into the air. Because they explode and can cause fires or burns, most countries have laws that only allow trained professionals to use display fireworks. Smaller, less explosive fireworks are available to regular, everyday people, but they are still dangerous and cause injuries each year. History. Fireworks dates back to the 7th century and originated in China. The Chinese developed many different kinds of fireworks with a variety of effects and color. The art and science of firework making developed into an independent profession. In China, pyrotechnicians were respected for their knowledge of complex techniques in mounting firework displays. During the Song Dynasty (960-1279), many of the common people could purchase various kinds of fireworks from market vendors, and grand displays of fireworks were also known to be held. In 1110, a large fireworks display in a martial demonstration was held to entertain Emperor Huizong of Song (r. 1100-1125) and his court. A record from 1264 states that a rocket-propelled firework went off near the Empress Dowager Gong Sheng and startled her during a feast held in her honor by her son Emperor Lizong of Song (r. 1224–1264). Rocket propulsion was common in warfare, as evidenced by the "Huolongjing" compiled by Liu Ji (1311–1375) and Jiao Yu (fl. c. 1350–1412). In 1240 the Arabs acquired knowledge of gunpowder and its uses from China. A Syrian named Hasan al-Rammah wrote of rockets, fireworks, and other incendiaries, using terms that suggested he derived his knowledge from Chinese sources, such as his references to fireworks as "Chinese flowers". The New Year's Eve celebrations for 2014 in Dubai broke the world record for biggest fireworks display.
Pyrotechnics is often thought to be synonymous with the manufacture of fireworks, but it also includes items for military and industrial uses.  Items such as safety matches, oxygen candles, explosive bolts and fasteners and the automobile safety airbag all fall under pyrotechnics. Without pyrotechnics, modern aviation and spaceflight would be impracticable. This is because pyrotechnic devices combine high reliability with very compact and efficient energy storage. A pyrotechnic show is a pre-planned complex that includes ground and high-altitude fireworks. Sometimes such events are accompanied by the performance of specially trained artists of the original genre with pyrotechnic equipment.
Real Club Recreativo de Huelva is a Spanish football club. The club was starting in 1889. It is the oldest football team in Spain. The Club. Real Club Recreativo de Huelva is a Spanish football team formed on December 23 1889. This makes it the oldest football team in Spain, formed by Dr McKay and overseas British workers at the Rio Tinto mines. Originally named "Huelva Recreation Club". Due to its long-standing existence (it is the oldest surviving team of Spanish professional soccer), the team is often referred to as "El Decano" ("the dean") of the Spanish football fraternity. Commonly known as "Recre", they play in white with blue vertical stripes and white shorts. Their home ground is the Nuevo Colombino stadium that seats 19,860. After three seasons in "Segunda División" (Spanish second division), "Recre" achieved promotion to top flight after beating Numancia Soria on June 4, 2006, mathematically securing promotion with two matches left to be played. "El Decano" is again among the elite of Spanish football for the 2006/07 season. Foreigners 2006/07. Only three non-EU nationals can be on the pitch at anytime. Those with European ancestry can claim a passport from the nation their ancestors came from. If a player does not have European ancestry he can claim a Spanish passport by playing in Spain for 3 years.
Yu-Gi-Oh! is the title of the first anime series based on the "Yu-Gi-Oh!" manga. It is not connected in any way to the "Yu-Gi-Oh! Duel Monsters" series (known internationally as simply Yu-Gi-Oh!). They are 2 different anime series that are based on the same manga series. Fans of Yu-Gi-Oh! use the fan name "Yu-Gi-Oh! A Shadow Game" when talking about this show. They may use "Yu-Gi-Oh! first season" or "zero season" to refer to this show but this is not correct. based on it by Stephen king The series aired on television from April 4, 1998 to October 10, 1998. It has 27 episodes. It was produced by Toei Animation. The level of violence was reduced between the manga and the anime. Some characters and how the characters acted were changed from the manga and new characters and plots were added and Duel Monsters had a bigger part. Unlike the second series, the card game (Duel Monsters) is not the main part of the show.
Factors of production are means necessary for the production of goods and services in economics.  Classical economics has three factors:
In economics and marketing, a service is an economic activity (e.g., labor) offered as a product. Although a service (i.e., the activity) is a non-material good, the result it produces may be a material good depending on the service. For example, a construction service may produce a material good, but a lawn mowing service may not. In most cases, the person or company buying the service does not obtain exclusive ownership of the service, but may take ownership of the material good, if one is produced. Key attributes. Services can be described in terms of their main attributes. Because services are difficult to explain in advance, it is necessary to create a concrete image in the customer's mind to sell them. From the customer's point of view, this attribute makes it difficult to understand the value of services before the experience the service.
Musical theater (or musical theatre) is a kind of performance in a theater. A work of musical theater is called a musical. It uses acting, music, songs, and often dance. Some musicals (for example "Les Misérables") have only a few lines of dialogue. Everything else is sung. It is usually a mixture of speaking and song. Some well-known musicals are "West Side Story", "The Sound of Music", "Chicago," and "Oklahoma!". Music has been a part of drama since ancient times, but modern Western musical theatre emerged during the 19th century. George M. Cohan is often credited as inventing the musical theatre in America in the early 20th century. 1850 to 1914. Around 1850, the French composer Hervé was experimenting with a form of comic musical theatre that came to be called opérette. The best known composers of operetta were Jacques Offenbach from the 1850s to the 1870s and Johann Strauss II in the 1870s and 1880s. Offenbach's melodies, and his librettists' satire, formed a model for the musical theatre that followed.  "Offenbach is undoubtedly the most significant figure in the history of the 'musical'."  Important influences were the works of Gilbert and Sullivan in Britain and those of Harrigan and Hart in America. These were followed by the numerous Edwardian musical comedies and the musical theatre works of American creators like George M. Cohan.
An asset is something valuable or useful. In business and accounting, the value of an asset is expressed as a certain amount of money. The amount of money can be calculated as the amount of economic value that the asset can produce in future. The calculation is based on past transactions or events. Correct evaluation can be useful in deciding what to do with an asset. Examples of assets include money, property (land and buildings), and amounts to be received from someone. There are two types of assets:  Asset characteristics. Assets have three important characteristics:
The Social Democratic Party of Germany (German Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands or SPD) is the oldest political party in Germany that still exists. It was created on 23 May 1863. Many people think that the SPD is one of the two most important political parties in modern-day Germany, with the Christian Democratic Union (CDU). History. It was founded as the General German Workers Association ("Allgemeiner Deutscher Arbeiterverein") (ADAV) on May 23rd in 1863 in Leipzig. Founder was Ferdinand Lassalle. In 1875 the ADAV joined with the Social Democratic Workers' Party ("Sozialdemokratische Arbeiterpartei") (SDAP), which was founded in 1869 in Eisenach by August Bebel and Wilhelm Liebknecht. The new name was the Socialist Workers' Party of Germany ("Sozialistische Arbeiterpartei Deutschlands") (SAP). In the autumn of 1890, it took its present name. In the years between 1875 and 1890, it was made illegal by Otto von Bismarck. The Social democrats wanted to support the rights of workers. In 1914, the SPD was split into two. Most members of the party supported the Kaiser and his plans for war. The other members formed the Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany ("Unabhängige Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschland") (USPD). They were against the war. After the monarchy fell, the SPD led some governments of the Weimar Republic. Later the SPD was the only party in the Reichstag who voted against the Enabling Act,("Ermächtigungsgesetz") which allowed Hitler to become dictator. Afterwards, the Nazis banned the SPD and arrested the leading Social Democrats. Many were sent to Nazi concentration camps. Others moved away to towns where they were not known. Friedrich Kellner, an organizer for the SPD in Mainz from 1920 to 1932, moved to Laubach. He wrote entries in a secret diary about the crimes of the Nazis. After World War II, the SPD was reformed. In
A pension is a steady income given to someone. If pensions are part of a system of social security, the recipient of the pension is usually retired or disabled. They either have worked a long time during their life, or they are physically unable to do so. A pension is usually paid until a certain date (or event) occurs. In the case of social security plans, pensions are usually linked to the life of the person who receives the pension.  A defined Benefit pension defines the benefit to the worker based on salary basis, years worked, and a multiplier. An example might be 2@55 final 3, meaning that the annuity is the highest 3-year average salary times years worked times 2% (if age 55). A worker with 30 years service would receive 2*30 or 60% of their salary. Some systems allow a worker to receive more than 100% salary by various maneuvers to alter the final salary basis. A defined Contribution pension defines the contribution, without constraining or promising a certain benefit. For example, a company might contribute 10% of a worker's salary to a pension account of the worker's choice, with final benefit received linked to the performance of the investment chosen.  Crisis. Many pension systems are underfunded and likely unsustainable based on independent financial analysis. Pension reform is a popular topic since about 2009, with pension debt seen as a contributing factor in the deficits at all levels of government.
A role (sometimes spelled rôle) or a social role can be described as an expected behaviour of an individual.  More precisely one could say it is a set of connected behaviours, rights and duties that a person has to follow in a social situation. It depends on social status. "Role confusion" is a situation where an individual has trouble to decide which role he/she should play. For example, one could be a student who would attend a meeting of a particular recreational interest and find her teacher there. They would be in conflict between behaving as a student and as an enthusiast who shares the same interest as the teacher.
Aeneas was a Trojan prince and hero. His father was Anchises, his mother was the Greek goddess Aphrodite (Venus in the case of Roman sources). Both Homer and Virgil mention him in their stories. Virgil wrote a whole series of books about him. These books are called Aeneis in their original Latin. The usual English translation of the title is "Aeneid".  The books relate to the story of "pious Aeneas". and about how the city of Rome came to be.  The tale starts with Aeneas carrying his father out of the burning Troy, and end with Romulus and Remus founding Rome (after Aeneas landed on the coast, after sailing the Mediterranean Sea for a long time). Aeneas also appears in Book 5 of the "Iliad" written by Homer. William Shakespeare also wrote a story mentioning Aeneas. Christopher Marlowe wrote a play about Aeneas and Dido, the queen who fell in love with him. There is also an opera about Dido and Aeneas, written by Henry Purcell.
A palace is a place with a grand and imposing building that is the official residence of a king or queen, a head of state such as a president, ruler, or leader. Many historical palaces are now museums that show what royal and aristocratic life was like when it was built. Besides, it can mean a luxurious house or mansion (like Biltmore Mansion or Hearst Castle) or a large building for entertainment: a large public or private building with an imposing ornate style, used for entertainment or exhibitions and large events. History. The word "palace" comes from the Palatine Hill in Rome, where the Roman emperors used to live. A palace is a big, fancy building where a king or queen might live, or where the government or religion might be based. It's different from a castle, which was originally a fortified home. After the Middle Ages, rich people in England, France, and Spain started calling their fancy homes palaces. Even the popes' residence in Avignon was called a palace when they were exiled. Eventually, the name "palace" was used for many grand buildings, both public and private. In the United States, there are colonial governors' palaces in Williamsburg, Virginia; Santa Fe, New Mexico; and San Antonio, Texas. The White House in the U.S. was called the "Executive Mansion" instead of the "Presidential Palace" because it sounded better without the colonial connection. France also has the Élysée Palace and buildings called "Palaces of Justice." Palaces around the world. In Asia. In East Asia, newer palaces like the ones in the Forbidden City in Beijing and the imperial palaces of Japan are made up of many buildings. These buildings are mostly low pavilions made of fancy wood, and they are set within large walled gardens. In America. In the Americas, palaces were usually simpler compared to those in other places. For example, the Mayan governor's palace at Uxmal around 900 CE and the Zapotec palace at Mitla around 1000 CE were both single-story buildings with lots of rooms that were decorated with carvings. Like in East Asia, these palaces were not just where the leaders lived, but also where the government was based.
Hasidic Judaism (Hebrew: חסידות) or Hasidism is a Jewish religious movement that was started by Rabbi Israel ben Eliezer, known as "Baal Shem Tov". It began in Eastern Europe in the middle of the 18th century, and there are now Hasidic communities all over the world. The followers of Hasidism are called Hasids. Characteristics. Hasidism teaches about the importance of serving God with happiness and believes in Jewish mysticism. While Hasidim study the same books of Torah as the rest of Judaism, they focus on learning the hidden aspects of the text as well. Hasidic study also includes many of the teachings of Kabbalah. Hasidism has strict laws about physical contact between the genders, Hasidic men will not even shake hands or make any physical contact with unrelated members of the opposite gender and Hasidic women will not make any physical contact with unrelated members of the opposite gender and also limit conversation. Leadership. Each Hasidic group has a leader who is called the Rebbe (Rabbi). The Rebbe is a man who is a Rabbi and is chosen by the Hasidim to be their leader. Some of the jobs that he does are giving lectures on Torah and Hassidic-matters and taking part in the different events of his Hasidim, like weddings and Brit milahs. Hasidic Groups. There are hundreds of different Hasidic groups. They all share similar characteristics but they also have individual customs. Some of the larger dynasties are Satmar, Chabad-Lubavitch, Bobov, Viznitz, and Belz.