ejaasaari/simplewiki-2025-04-01 huggingface dataset:
Bloody Sunday ()—sometimes called the Bogside Massacre—happened on 30 January 1972, in the Bogside area of Derry, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom. During this protest against internment, some protesters threw stones. 26 unarmed civil rights protesters and spectators were shot by British soldiers. Thirteen males, most of whom were in their teens and twenties, were killed. A fourteenth man died from his injuries four-and-a-half months later. Two protesters were also hit by army vehicles. Five of the wounded were shot in the back. The incident happened during a Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association march. The soldiers involved were members of the First Battalion of the Parachute Regiment (1 Para). Two investigations have been held by the British government. The Widgery Tribunal, held soon after the event, said that the soldiers and British authorities were almost reckless. Critics said the report made it seem like the British did nothing wrong. The Saville Inquiry was held in 1998 to investigate the events a second time. The inquiry took 12 years. The report was made public on 15 June 2010. The report said that some soldiers were wrong to have shot the protesters. The report found that all of the people shot were unarmed, and that the killings were "unjustified". When the Saville report was published, the British prime minister, David Cameron, said sorry to the victims. The Provisional Irish Republican Army's (IRA) war against the partition of Ireland had begun in the two years before the incident. The incident helped the IRA to recruit new members. Bloody Sunday remains among the most important events in the Troubles of Northern Ireland. The reason it is seen as so important is because those who died were shot by the British Army rather than paramilitaries.
Silliness is when a person acts like a fool, or shows a lack of good sense or judgment. In television, movies, and the circus, silliness such as exaggerated, funny behavior is used to make audiences laugh. Clowns and jesters act in a silly way to make people feel better. Psychology. In "The Art of Roughhousing", Anthony DeBenedet and Larry Cohen say that "wild play" between a child and a parent can cause "joy, love and a deeper connection". They say parents should be silly and pretend, for example, to fall over. Michael Christianson from New York's Big Apple Circus teaches jesters, clowns and comedians how to help hospital patients feel better. A doctor named Patch Adams travels to places where there is crisis or suffering to help people feel better. In the U.S. and Mexico, the practical joke group Improv Everywhere has created an "international celebration of silliness" by asking people to get on the New York and Mexico City subways without trousers on a specific day.
Maven Klint Huffman (born March 26, 1976) is a retired American professional wrestler. He is best known for working with World Wrestling Federation/Entertainment under his real first name. He was the co-winner of the first season of Tough Enough along with Nidia Guenard. During his time in the WWF/E, he had notable feuds with The Undertaker after Maven eliminated Undertaker from the 2002 Royal Rumble and Evolution. He also won the WWF Hardcore Championship three times. He has worked as a bouncer in New York City.
The Battle of Hatfield Chase was fought on 12 October 633 at Hatfield Chase near Doncaster in present-day Yorkshire. The pagan King Penda of Mercia and the Christian king of Gynedd, Cadwallon ap Cadfan joined forces to attack Northumbria. King Edwin met them in the southern part of his kingdom. In the battle Edwin was killed and his army was defeated. Cadwallon destroyed as much of Northumbria as he could. This led to the end of Northumbrian dominance over southern England for a short time. Background. Edwin of Northumbria (ruled 616–633) was recognized as overlord over all of Britain. In his wars he conquered the kingdom of Elmet (western Yorkshire). He then drove out its king, Cerdic. This gave him access all the way to the Irish Sea. Elmet was one of the last kingdoms of the Britons. Edwin next moved against Wales: he invaded the Welsh north and captured Anglesey. He drove Cadwallon to the far eastern part of the island and laid siege to him at Priestholme. This caused Cadwallon, a Christian king, to ally himself with Penda, the pagan king of Mercia. Cadwallon's motive was revenge on the powerful Northumbrian ruler who had invaded his kingdom. Penda resented Northumbria's being Christianized by Kent. He also wanted Edwin's power over the other kingdoms. Outcome. The site of the battle suggests Edwin and his forces may have had to fight on ground not suited for defence. He may have been trapped by the grassy wetlands to the north and the river Don to the east. The armies of Cadwallon and Penda came at him from the west. In the battle one of Edwin's sons, Osfrid, was killed before his father. Edwin was killed and his army scattered. Another son, Eadfrith, was taken prisoner by Penda. Edwin's queen escaped to Kent with two of her children, Osfrid's young son and Bishop Paulinus. Cadwallon and Penda began slaughtering the people of Northumbria. This included men, women and children.
John Minton (February 19, 1948 – March 20, 1995) was an American professional wrestler and actor. He is known for competing in the World Wrestling Federation from 1982 to 1986 and from 1988 to 1989. Minton was also an actor in both . Minton died on March 20, 1995 from liver cancer and Hodgkin's disease. Lou Albano revealed in 2000 that Minton had also suffered from Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Minton was inducted into the WCW Hall of Fame in 1995 and the WWE Hall of Fame by Big Show in 2004. Championships. World Wide Wrestling Federation/World Wrestling Entertainment
The Favor is a 1994 romantic-comedy movie. It is about friendship betrayals and heartbreak. "The Favor" was shot in 1990, although not released until late April-early May in 1994. Elizabeth McGovern and Brad Pitt are part of the cast. The reviews of the movie were not good.
Anne Anastasi (December 19, 1908 – May 4, 2001) is one of the founders of American Psychology and contributed to Psychometrics. She helped improve psychological testing. She wrote a textbook, "Psychological Testing", which is still used today. She made psychological testing more reliable and personal. She also helped improve the number of women in going into psychology. Biography. Early life. Anne Anatasi was born on December 19th 1908 in New York City. Anne's father was Anthony Anastasi and her mother was Theresa Gauiosi. When Anne was young her father died, which left her and her mother very distant from her father’s side of the family.  Childhood. Due to the death of her father, her family was in desperate need of money. Anne's mother took on many different jobs such as bookkeeping, opening up her own piano store, and working for an Italian newspaper to support the family. Since her mother was always busy working, Anne’s grandmother took care of her and taught her at home because she believed that public education was bad for her.  Teenage. Due to her home schooling, when she went to public school she had difficulties because the classes were overcrowded. Eventually, Anne would go to public school. The school Anne went to was PS 3 and Evander Childs High School Bronx, New York. Due to the difficulty of public school and family problems she was often in and out of school but eventually graduated and went to a private school called Rhodes Preparatory school. At the age of 15, in 1923, she was accepted into Barnard College. Interests. Annie’s favorite subject was mathematics. Once she entered Barnard College she fell in love with psychology and switched subjects because of a famous psychologist named Charles Spearman and her college Professor Harry Hollingworth. Anne would eventually become a professor at Barnard. During her stay at Barnard College, Anne completed her PhD at Columbia University. Later on she would teach at Queens College and Fordham College in New York. Impact. Anne made many contributions to psychology. She changed the way people thought about human action and emphasized that humans are unique people. She was more
The Lesser Sunda Islands (or Nusa Tenggara) are a group of islands in southern Southeast Asia, north of Australia. Together with the Greater Sunda Islands to the west they make up the Sunda Islands. The islands belong to Indonesia and East Timor. The Sunda Islands are part of a volcanic arc, the Sunda Arc. This arc is formed by subduction along the Java Trench in the Java Sea. Administration. The Lesser Sundas are made up of many islands. Most of these islands are part of Indonesia. The islands that are part of Indonesia are governed as the provinces of Bali, West Nusa Tenggara, East Nusa Tenggara and southern part of Maluku. The eastern half of Timor, is part of East Timor. Geology. In the Lesser Sunda Islands there are two geologically different groups of islands. The northern group is volcanic. It is made up of Bali, Lombok, Sumbawa, Flores and Wetar. Some of the volcanoes, like Mount Rinjani on Lombok, are still active. However, there are some other volcanoes, such as Kelimutu on Flores, which are extinct. The northern group of islands started forming during the Pliocene, about 15 million years ago. They formed because of the collision between the Australian and the Asian tectonic plates. The southern group of islands include Sumba, Timor and Babar. They are not volcanic and are probably part of the Australian plate. Since colonial times in Indonesia, people have been studying the geographical history of the islands. However, we still do not fully understand how the islands were formed. Ideas of how the islands were formed changed in many ways during the last decades of the 20th century. At the point where two tectonic plates collide, the Lesser Sunda Islands are some of the most geologically complex and active regions in the world. There are several volcanoes located on the Lesser Sunda Islands. Ecology. The Lesser Sunda Islands are different from the large islands of Java or Sumatra because there are many small islands. These small islands are sometimes divided by deep oceanic trenches. Because flora
Peaches Honeyblossom Geldof (13 March 1989 – 7 April 2014) was a British journalist, television presenter and model. Early life. She was Paula Yates' and Bob Geldof's second daughter. She was born in Westminster. She was raised in Chelsea and Faversham, Kent. She wrote for the UK version of "Elle Girl" until it stopped being made in October 2005. In September 2007, she modeled on a catwalk for the first time at London Fashion Week. Geldof presented a show on ITV2 called "OMG! with Peaches Geldof" in 2011. Personal life. On 5 August 2008, Geldof married Max Drummey in Las Vegas. She had met him one month before. On 7 February 2009, Geldof and Drummey said that they were going to divorce.  She married Thomas Cohen on 8 September 2012 at the church in Davington, Kent, where her parents married. They lived in North London before moving to Wrotham, Kent. On 21 April 2012, Geldof had her first son with Cohen, Astala Dylan Willow. On 24 April 2013, their second son, Phaedra Bloom Forever, was born. Death. Geldof was found dead on 7 April 2014 at her house in Wrotham, Kent. She was 25 years old. Her cause of death was an accidental heroin overdose.
Gillian Flynn (born 1971) is an American writer. Her first novel, "Sharp Objects", was published in 2006. It is being made into a movie. In 2009 she was fired from her job as a writer for Entertainment Weekly. "Dark Places", Flynn's second novel, was published May 2009. It is a mystery novel. In June 2012, "Gone Girl" was published. It is about a serial killer in Missouri. In 2013, it was nominated for the 2014 Impac Dublin International Literary Award.  She was born in Kansas City, Missouri. She lives in Ukrainian Village, Chicago with her husband and two children.
The Reverend John Galbraith Graham MBE (16 February 1921 – 26 November 2013) was a British crossword maker. He wrote his first crossword for "The Guardian" in July 1958. From 1970 until he died, he made crosswords for "The Guardian" under the name "Araucaria". Araucaria is a monkey puzzle tree. In 1984, he made a crossword magazine called "1 Across". He died of oesophagal cancer in 2013. Collections of his crosswords have been published. In 2005 he was made a MBE (Member of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire). Early life. Graham went to King's College, Cambridge in 1939. In 1942 he joined the Royal Air Force. His job was flying planes. In 1946 he went back to King's College. He studied theology there. Then he went to Ely Theological College. In 1948, the Church of England made him a priest.
Roger Squires (born 22 February 1932) is a British crossword maker. He lives in Shropshire with his wife Anna. He has made more crosswords than anyone else in the world. He makes the Monday crossword for "The Telegraph". On 22 February 2012, it was Squires' 80th birthday. "The Guardian" and "Financial Times" held a party for him at "The Guardian"'s offices in London. "The Telegraph" held a lunch party for him in Birmingham. John Galbraith Graham wrote him a sonnet. Personal life. Squires has two sons. He is married to Anna Squires.
Neutral Milk Hotel is an American indie rock band. They started in Ruston, Louisiana in 1989. They were formed by singer, songwriter, and guitarist Jeff Mangum. He was the only member at first. "On Avery Island". It was released on Merge Records. After "On Avery Island" was released, Julian Koster, Scott Spillane and Jeremy Barnes joined the band. They then released an album called "In the Aeroplane Over the Sea" in 1998. Pitchfork scored their second album 10/10 when it was released again in 2005. In 2009, Amazon.com's editors put "In the Aeroplane Over the Sea" at number two on their list of "The 100 Greatest Indie Rock Albums of All Time". On December 11, 2011, the band released their first release since 1998. It was an EP called "Ferris Wheel on Fire". Other bands often say that Neutral Milk Hotel inspired their music, including Arcade Fire, The Decemberists, And AJJ. Albums. Demos Studio albums EPs Singles Pop culture. In "Will Grayson, Will Grayson", a 2010 novel by John Green and David Levithan, Will Grayson 1 is a Neutral Milk Hotel fan. "Oh Comely" magazine is a named after the song of the same name on "In the Aeroplane Over the Sea".
John Michael Green (born August 24, 1977) is an American writer. He writes young-adult fiction novels. He is also a YouTuber, who is known for making Crash Course and other videos. Career. His first novel, "Looking For Alaska", was published by Dutton Children's Books in 2005.  It won the 2006 Michael L. Printz Award.  Green's second novel, "An Abundance of Katherines", was published in 2006.  On October 2 2008, "Let It Snow" was published. It was a book that Green wrote with Maureen Johnson and Lauren Myracle.  On October 16 2008 "Paper Towns" was published. In 2009 it was given the Edgar Award for best Young Adult novel. Green wrote a book with another young adult novel writer called David Levithan, "Will Grayson, Will Grayson". It was published in 2010. It is about two boys who are both called Will Grayson. Half of the book is written from the perspective of Will Grayson 1. The other half is written by Will Grayson 2. Green wrote half of the book and Levithan wrote the other half. "The Fault in Our Stars" was released in 2012. It is about a girl with cancer. It got very good reviews. "Time" magazine called it "damn near genius". "Booklist" called it his best novel yet. It won Teen Book of the Year at the 2013 Children's Choice Book Awards. A movie of it was released in June 2014. Green's fans are called nerdfighters. He has a younger brother called Hank Green. The brothers have made video blogs (vlogs) on YouTube since 2007. Personal life. He lives with his wife in Indianapolis, Indiana. They have two children, Henry and Alice.
The Auditorio de Tenerife "Adán Martín", better known simply as Auditorio de Tenerife, is a performing arts centre in Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain. It includes several performance venues. It was designed by architect Santiago Calatrava. Building of the centre began in 1997. It was completed in 2003. The auditorium was opened on 26 September of that year. It was opened in the presence of Felipe de Borbón, Prince of Asturias. It was later visited by former U.S. President Bill Clinton. The design of the auditorium has become an architectural symbol of the city of Santa Cruz de Tenerife and the Canary Islands.
John Clifford Pemberton (August 10, 1814 – July 13, 1881), was a career officer in the United States Army. He fought in the Seminole Wars and the Mexican–American War. He was commended (rewarded) for his performance in the Mexican–American War. He also fought in the American Civil War. He commanded the Confederate army in the Siege of Vicksburg. He surrendered on July 4th, 1863.
Grypania is an early, tube-shaped fossil from the Proterozoic eon. It is regarded by some as the first known eukaryote.  "Grypanias status as a eukaryote is not absolutely proven. It might have been a giant bacterium or bacterial colony. Its size (over one centimeter) and consistent form, suggest it is a eukaryotic alga. The oldest known "Grypania" fossils come from an iron mine near Negaunee, Michigan. The fossils were originally dated as 2100 million years ago, but later research showed the date as about 1874 million years ago. "Grypania" lasted into the Mesoproterozoic era.
Combat stress reaction is a medical problem that happens to some soldiers because of the trauma of war. In the past, it was called battle shock, war neurosis, or battle fatigue. It causes both mental and physical problems. It is similar to acute stress disorder, and can often become post-traumatic stress disorder. Combat stress reaction does not affect everyone equally. Sometimes it causes soldiers to be very unhappy. Sometimes it causes soldiers severe disability. The acute (early) stage of combat stress reaction is the best time to keep things from getting worse. Since World War I, soldiers in early stages of combat stress reaction have usually been treated on the front lines - close to where combat is happening. Symptoms. Combat stress reaction can have many different symptoms. These symptoms can affect the soldier's body (physical symptoms), feelings (emotional symptoms), and behaviors (behavioral symptoms). Depending on how bad these symptoms are, combat stress reactions are labeled from mild (not too bad) to severe (very bad). Physical Symptoms. Mild Symptoms. Mild physical symptoms may include: These symptoms may not cause safety problems, or keep the soldier from working. However, if the soldier does not get help, the symptoms can become severe. Severe Symptoms. Severe symptoms may include: Emotional Symptoms. Emotional symptoms may include: Behavioral Symptoms. Behavioral symptoms may include: History. Sigmund Freud studied the effects of "war neurosis." He believed that without too much stress, people can balance impulses (what they want to do) and prohibitions (what they know they should not do). However, he thought that traumatic stress can cause powerful impulses that a person can no longer control. In combat situations, he thought this could cause soldiers to run away, or to blindly attack. He believed that soldiers would try to stop these impulses, which would lead to emotional symptoms and even loss of physical abilities. World War I. During World War I, combat stress reaction was called "shell shock." By early 1916 (just halfway through the war), the number of British soldiers with "shell shock" was huge. Few of these soldiers returned to battle. About 30-40% of shell-shocked soldiers sent to hospitals in France returned to battle.
Hatfield Chase is a low-lying area in South Yorkshire and North Lincolnshire, England. It was often flooded. Hatfield chase was a royal hunting ground until Charles I tried to have it drained. He hired a Dutch engineer to drain the water in 1626. The engineer's name was Cornelius Vermuyden. He also changed the courses of the rivers Don, Idle and Torne. This included making drainage channels. But the project was not completely successful. More work was done in the 1760s to see to the problem of winter flooding. Modern pumps now work to drain the area. The history of Hatfield chase goes back to the end of Roman Britain. Location. On the west Hatfield Chase is bordered by the M18 motorway. The River Ouse is its northern border. The River Idle is to the south, and the Isle of Axholme borders the area to the east. It covers an area of around , including two large peat bogs known as Thorne and Hatfield Moors. Hatfield chase is part of the once vast Humberhead Levels, a wetland which originally covered some . History. Originally the region was called "Haethfieldlande" or Hatfield. It was another minor Anglo-Saxon kingdom listed in the Tribal Hidage. Very little is known about Hatfield and nothing of its kings. Unlike other petty kingdoms in this area of Britain, the name here is of Anglo-Saxon origin and not British. According to the Tribal Hidage, 'Hatfield-land' was merged with Lindsey into a single kingdom. Afterwards it became known simply as Hatfield Chase, an area on the west part of Lindsey, later part of Yorkshire and Lincolnshire. Hatfield was the site of a synod held by Theodore, the Archbishop of Canterbury . It was a royal residence of several kings of Northumbria. Edwin of Northumbria was killed here at the Battle of Hatfield Chase on 12 October 633. Later, Hatfield chase became a part of the East Riding of Yorkshire. Before the drainage and lowering of the water levels Hatfield chase was home to large numbers of aquatic birds. The waters were full of fresh-water fish.
Sport psychology means applying parts of psychology to sports and athletes. One of the main ways that sports psychologists use is to help athletes meet their goals. The main group of people that sports psychologists try to help are professional athletes. They can help non-professional athletes as well. Sports psychologists mainly focus on problems the athlete has on the field but they can also help athletes with problems that they have off the field. Sports psychology did not become a recognized area of study until recently, but it has been used in the past. History. European history and the beginnings. Sports psychology began at the end of the nineteenth century in Europe. Sports and the body were now a more important part of people’s lives. During the 1880s, more sports were a part of the lifestyle of the people. But, the word psychology was not used in connection with the word sport before the late 1890s. In 1899 and 1900, the phrase, psychology of sport, appeared in the titles of two journal articles. The first one was by Balduin Groller. It was published in two parts in 1899, in the journal Die Wage under the title “Zur Psychologie des Sportes” (translated About the Psychology of Sport). This article said that there were parts of psychology that had not been researched at that time, that could be connected to sports and physical activities. Then in May 1900, an essay by the founder of the modern Olympic movement, Pierre de Coubertin, was published. It was titled “Le Psychologie du Sport” (translated The Psychology of Sport). In 1875, Pyotr Francevich Lesgaft started a system of physical education. Lesgaft was a Russian scientist who studied the human body. His aim was to promote harmony between the body and soul or mind. The method Lesgaft suggested was to learn conscious control of the body; being able to think about controlling the body and then actually doing it. Then in 1884-1885, Karoly Budinsky wrote an article called “About Gymnastic Activity and the Development of Will”. The article was about how self-control and willpower could make the nervous system stronger through physical