ejaasaari/simplewiki-2025-04-01 huggingface dataset:
Verulamium was an ancient town in Roman Britain. It was in the southwest of the modern city of St Albans in Hertfordshire.  Much of the Roman city is unexcavated, with the modern city built over it. The ancient Watling Street passed through Verulamium, which was one of the most important towns in Roman Britain. Much of the site and its environs is now a scheduled ancient monument. Before the Romans, it was a settlement of the Catuvellauni tribe, which called it Verlamion. It was among the first places in Britain recorded by name.  Verulamium was burnt to the ground and its people slaughtered by Boudica of the Iceni in AD 61. A black ash layer has been found, confirming the Roman written record. The town was rebuilt, and grew to about by the early 3rd century. It was defended by a deep ditch and wall.  It is the location of the martyrdom of the first British martyr saint, St Alban, who was a Roman patrician converted to Christianity. Verulamium had a Roman Forum, a basilica and a Roman theatre. Much was damaged by fires in AD 155 and AD 250. The town was rebuilt in stone rather than timber at least twice over the next 150 years. Occupation by the Romans ended between 400 and 450. There are a few remains of the Roman city visible, such as parts of the city walls, a hypocaust (heating system) still in place under a mosaic floor. Remains of the theatre are on land belonging to the Earl of Verulam. More remains are under the nearby agricultural land, and have never been excavated.
Christian Führer (5 March 1943 – 30 June 2014) was a German Protestant pastor. He was one of the main figures and organisers of the 1989 Monday demonstrations in East Germany. This led to the German reunification and the end of East Germany in 1990. Führer was born in Leipzig, Saxony. He grew up in Penig. He studied theology at the University of Leipzig from 1961 until 1966. He retired from his job as a pastor in 2008. Führer died from respiratory failure caused by lung disease on 30 June 2014 in Leipzig, aged 71.
An adze is an ancient type of "edge tool". It dates back to the stone age.  Adzes are used for smoothing or carving wood in hand woodworking. They are similar to an axe, but with the head mounted perpendicular (at right angles) to the handle. The cutting edge was made from chipped flint in the Mesolithic, polished stone in the Neolithic, and metal later on. A very similar (but blunt) tool used for digging in hard ground is called a mattock.
Konrad Emil Bloch (21 January 1912 – 15 October 2000) was a German American biochemist. Bloch won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1964 with Feodor Lynen "for their discoveries concerning the mechanism and regulation of the cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism". Life. He was born on 21 January 1912 in Nysa, Prussian Silesia, German Empire (today Poland). He studied at the Technical University in Munich from 1930 to 1934. He fled to the "Schweizerische Forschungsinstitut" in Davos, Switzerland in 1934 because of the Nazi persecutions of Jews. He then moved to the United States in 1936. While in the United States, he joined the department of biological chemistry at Yale Medical School. He earned his Ph.D in biochemistry from Columbia University in 1938. He taught at Columbia University from 1939 to 1946. After that, he went to the University of Chicago and then Harvard University in 1954. He worked there until 1982. He then retired to Florida State University. In 1964, Bloch won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine which he shared with Feodor Lynen. They won the prize "for their discoveries concerning the mechanism and regulation of the cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism". The work that they did showed that the body first makes squalene from acetate over many steps and then converts the squalene to cholesterol. Bloch traced the carbon atoms in cholesterol back to acetate. Some of the research that he did was conducted using radioactive acetate in bread mold and this was possible because fungi also produce squalene. The results were confirmed after he tested it on rats. He was one of the researchers who showed that all steroids were made from cholesterol. His Nobel Lecture was "The Biological Synthesis of Cholesterol". In 1985, Bloch was named as a Fellow of the Royal Society. He was awarded the National Medal of Science in 1988.
John Francis Cashen (September 13, 1925 – June 30, 2014) was an American Major League Baseball general manager and writer. He is often said to have turned the New York Mets into champions with choosing their squad. He was also an executive while the Baltimore Orioles won the 1966 World Series and 1970 World Series. Chashen was born in Baltimore, Maryland. He gradated from Loyola University Maryland. He had seven children with wife, Jean: Gregory, Terry, Tim, Brian, Sean, Stacey and Blaise. Cashen died on June 30, 2014 in Easton, Maryland, aged 88.
Álvaro Corcuera Martínez del Río (22 July 1957 – 30 June 2014) was a Mexican Roman Catholic priest. He was the former General Director of the Catholic Order of the Legionaries of Christ, replacing Marcial Maciel after a sexual abuse scandal. He had served from January 2005 until early 2012. Corcuera was born in Mexico City. In April 1975, he became one of the first members of the Regnum Christi Consecrated Men. Corcuera died from a brain tumor on 30 June 2014 in Mexcio City. He was 56.
Brian Roe (27 January 1939 – 28 June 2014) was an English cricketer. He played first-class cricket for Somerset from 1957 until 1966. He was a right-handed opening batsman. He made four first-class centuries. He later moved to Minor Counties cricket. Here he played for Devon. Roe was born in Cleethorpes, Lincolnshire. He retired from playing cricket during his early seventies. Roe died on 28 June 2014 in Barnstaple, Devon, aged 75.
Rex Vernon Whitehead (26 October 1948 – 26 June 2014) was an Australian Test cricket match umpire and cricketer. He umpired four Test matches between 1981 and 1982. His first match was between Australia and India in Sydney on 2 January to 4 January 1981. Altogether, he umpired 15 first-class matches in his career between 1979 and 1983. Whitehead was born in Victoria. He retired from umpiring in the 1980s. Whitehead died from a massive stroke on 26 June 2014, aged 65.
Wolf Koenig (October 17, 1927 – June 26, 2014) was a German-born Canadian movie director, producer, animator and cinematographer. He was a founder of Direct Cinema at the National Film Board of Canada (NFB). For NFB, he worked on movies such as "Neighbours" (1952) and "Lonely Boy" (1962). His animations included "What on Earth!" (1966) and "The House That Jack Built" (1967). Koenig was born in Dresden, Saxony. He and his family fled Nazi Germany for Canada in 1937. Koenig died on June 26, 2014 in Toronto, Ontario, aged 86.
Paul Christian Lauterbur (May 6, 1929 – March 27, 2007) was an American chemist. Lauterbur won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2003 with Peter Mansfield "for their discoveries concerning magnetic resonance imaging".  Career. He served as a professor at the State University of New York at Stony Brook from 1963 until 1985. While there, Lauterbur conducted research on the development of the MRI. Along with his wife Joan, Lauterbur became a professor at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign in 1985. Lauterbur served as the professor for 22 years until he died on March 27, 2007 in Urbana, Illinois.
Nigel Calder (born Nigel David McKail Ritchie-Calder; 2 December 1931 – 25 June 2014) was a British science writer and television screenwriter. He wrote for the magazine "New Scientist" from 1956 until 1966. He was also an editor for the magazine from 1962 until 1966. He soon moved to television screenwriting. He won the Kalinga Prize in 1972. Calder was born in London, and grew up during World War II. His father was Lord Ritchie-Calder. Nigel Calder was a brother of the historian Angus Calder (1942–2008), mathematician Allan Calder and educationist Isla Calder (1946–2000). He was the father of travel writer Simon Calder and four other children. He was married to Elisabeth Palmer from 1954 until his death. Calder believed the threat from global warning had been muchly magnified. He helped in making the movie "The Great Global Warming Swindle". He also co-authored "The Chilling Stars". About global warming, Calder said: "Governments are trying to achieve unanimity by stifling any scientist who disagrees. Einstein could not have got funding under the present system". Calder died on 25 June 2014 in Crawley, West Sussex, aged 82.
Arvid Jacobsen (11 October 1938 – 25 June 2014) was a Norwegian newspaper editor.  Jacobsen was born in Oslo. He started off his career with the Labour newspaper "Dagsavisen" (then "Arbeiderbladet"). He was a journalist for "Arbeiderbladet" from 1967 to 1977 and editor-in-chief in presses from 1977 to 1990. He was the main editor-in-chief of "Arbeiderbladet" from 1991 to 1994. Later, he was the information director for the Norwegian Bar Association from 1994 to 2003. Jacobsen died after a short illness on 25 June 2014 at Ullevål Hospital, Oslo. He was 75.
Baruj Benacerraf (October 29, 1920 – August 2, 2011) was a Venezuelan-born American immunologist. Benacerraf won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1979 for his "discovery of the major histocompatibility complex genes which encode cell surface protein molecules important for the immune system's distinction between self and non-self". He shared the prize with Jean Dausset and George Davis Snell.  Life. He was born in Caracas, Venezuela. He was born to Sephardic Jewish parents from Morocco and Algiers. Benacerraf's brother is Paul Benacerraf, a well-known philosopher. His father was a textile merchant. In 1925, he moved from Venezuela to Paris. In 1940, after he went back to Venezuela, he emigrated to the U.S.. He earned his B.S. at Columbia University School of General Studies in 1942. Benacerraf later went to the Medical College of Virginia where he earned his Doctor of Medicine degree.
Stephen Lee "Steve" Viksten (July 19, 1960 – June 23, 2014) was an American television producer, writer and voice actor. He was best known for voicing the character Oskar Kokoshka (and co-creating, writing and producing) on the Nickelodeon animated series "Hey Arnold!". He also wrote many episodes for the shows "Hey Arnold!", "Rugrats", "Recess" and "Duckman". He co-wrote a "The Simpsons"' season 22 episode called "Homer Scissorhands" with Peter Gaffney in 2011. This was his last credit. Viksten was born in Ventura, California. He went to the University of Missouri, UCLA, and Cal State Fullerton. Viksten died from a cranial hemorrhage on June 23, 2014 in Roseville, California. He was 53.
Edward Donnall "Don" Thomas (March 15, 1920 – October 20, 2012) was an American physician. Thomas won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1990 with Joseph E. Murray for his help in the development of cell and organ transplantation.  Life. He was born on March 15, 1920 in Mart, Texas. His father was a general practice doctor and often shadowed him. In 1941, Thomas earned his B.A. and studied chemistry and chemical engineering at the University of Texas at Austin. He also earned his M. A. from there in 1943. Thomas met his wife, Dorothy (Dottie) Martin while he was an undergraduate. He had three children with her. In 1943, he went to Harvard Medical School. Thomas worked closely with his wife after she became a lab technician during this time to support their family. He did residency at Peter Bent Brigham Hospital before he joined the US Army. "In 1955, he was appointed physician in chief at the Mary Imogene Bassett Hospital, now Bassett Medical Center, in Cooperstown, N.Y., an affiliate of Columbia University." He studied rodents that received lethal doses of radiation who were then saved by an infusion of marrow cells at Mary Imogene Bassett. At the time, patients who underwent bone marrow transplantation had all died due to either infections or immune reactions that were not seen in the rodent studies. He began to use dogs as a model system. He moved his lab to the United States Public Health Service in Seattle in 1963. In 1990, he received the National Medal of Science. He was one of 22 Nobel Laureates that signed the Humanist Manifesto in 2003.
Jaroslav Walter (6 January 1939 – 20 June 2014) was a Czech ice hockey player. He played for the Czechoslovak national team from the 1950s until the 1970s. He won a bronze medal at the 1964 Winter Olympics in Innsbruck, Austria. Walter was born in Sobědraž, Kostelec nad Vltavou, Czechoslovakia (now part of the Czech Republic). Walter died on 20 June 2014 at the age of 75.
Anatoly Mikhaïlovich Kornukov (; 10 January 1942 – 1 July 2014) was a Russian army general from 1959 until 2002. He was a fighter pilot in the Soviet Air Defence Forces. He was commander-in-chief of the Russian Air Force from 1998 to 2002. He got internationally known when it was found out that he ordered Korean Air Lines Flight 007 to be shot down on 1 September 1983. Kornukov was born in Kadievka, Soviet Union (now Stakhanov, Ukraine). Kornukov died on 1 July 2014 in Moscow, aged 72.
Robert "Bob" Jones ( – 1 July 2014) was a British police officer and politician. He was the West Midlands Police and Crime Commissioner for Labour West Midlands Police and Crime Commissioner from 15 November 2012 until his death. He served as a Labour Councillor for Blakenhall Ward on Wolverhampton City Council from 1 May 1980 until 2013. Jones was born in Wolverhampton. He studied at the University of Nottingham. He got a CBE in 2010. Jones died in his sleep on 1 July 2014 in Wolverhampton, aged 59.
Money in the Bank (2014) was a professional wrestling pay-per-view and livestreaming show made by WWE. It was held on June 29, 2014 at the TD Garden in Boston, Massachusetts. It was the fifth Money in the Bank event held by WWE and the first to air live on the WWE Network.
Money in the Bank (2013) was a professional wrestling pay-per-view show made by WWE. It was held on July 14, 2013 at the Wells Fargo Center in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It was the fourth Money in the Bank event held by WWE.
The word "breakup" is an idiom. It is when an intimate relationship ends. The term is not used for relationships that end because of death. Marriages that end are not normally called breakups. Reasons. A breakup can happen when one person is unhappy in their relationship. If a person ends a relationship, that person "dumps" their partner. Some relationships end because both people are unhappy. The breakup is then "mutual". People in a relationship may be unhappy because of differences in: Other common reasons for breakups include: Grief. After a breakup, people may feel grief or unhappiness. Their personality or "sense of social value" may change. People may need "time to heal" after a breakup. This time can depend on the length of the relationship. Statistics. eNation did a survey on breakups in 2008. Almost one in three Americans were in a breakup within the last ten years. Young people were more likely to have been in more than one breakup.
Money in the Bank (2012) was a professional wrestling pay-per-view show made by WWE. It took place on July 15, 2012, at the US Airways Center in Phoenix, Arizona. It was the third Money in the Bank event held by the WWE.
Money in the Bank (2011) was a professional wrestling pay-per-view show made by WWE. It took place on July 17, 2011 at the Allstate Arena in Rosemont, Illinois. It was the second Money in the Bank event held by WWE. The main event, which saw CM Punk defeat John Cena to win his first WWE Championship, received a rare 5-star rating from Dave Meltzer of the "Wrestling Observer Newsletter". Punk left WWE with the title at the end of the show, but returned eight days later on "Raw".
Tammy is a comedy movie released in 2014 directed by Ben Falcone. The movie is about the title character having a terrible day. Melissa McCarthy plays the title character. Toni Collette plays Missi. Susan Sarandon plays Pearl. Kathy Bates plays Lenore. This movie got negative reviews from many critics. It was released in July 2014.
Irwin Lawrence "Paul" Mazursky (April 25, 1930 – June 30, 2014) was an American movie director, screenwriter, and actor. His best known movies were "Bob &amp; Carol &amp; Ted &amp; Alice" (1969), "Harry and Tonto" (1974), "An Unmarried Woman" (1978), "Moscow on the Hudson" (1984), and "Down and Out in Beverly Hills" (1986). He was nominated for five Academy Awards: three times for Best Original Screenplay, once for Best Adapted Screenplay, and once for Best Picture. Mazursky was born in Brooklyn, New York City. His family were Jewish and his grandfather was a Ukrainian immigrant. He was married to Betsy (Purdy) Mazursky from 1953 until his death. They had two children. He was an atheist. Mazursky from a pulmonary cardiac arrest on June 30, 2014 at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles, California. He was 84.
Figeac () is a commune in southern France in the region of Occitanie. It is the "sous-prefecture" (capital) of the "arrondissement" of the same name in the Lot department. History. In the late ninth century, the King Pepin I of Aquitaine founded a monastery in Figeac; the town developed around the monastery as an important city on the pilgrimage routes. In the 14th century, the walls of Figeac were built. Figeac is on the via Podiensis, a major medieval pilgrimage trail which is part of the Way of St. James. Geography. Figeac is on the southwestern edge of the central plateau ("Massif Central"), north of the valley of the Lot river, on the right bank of the Célé river, a left tributary of the Lot. The "commune" has an area of and its average altitude is ; at the city hall, the altitude is . Figeac is surrounded by the "communes"Camburat, Planioles, Viazac, Lunan, Capdenac, Faycelles, Béduer, Camboulit, Lissac-et-Mouret. Climate. The climate of Figeac, in the Köppen climate classification, is Cfb - Oceanic climate with template summers. Population. The inhabitants of Figeac are known, in French, as "Figeacois" (women: "Figeacoises"). With a population of 9,820, Figeac has a population density of inhabitants/km2. Evolution of the population in Figeac Figeac forms with other 4 "communes" the urban area of Figeac, with a population of 16,468 inhabitants (2013) and an area of ; one of the "communes" is Capdenac-Gare that belongs to the Aveyron department. This urban area is the centre of the metropolitan area of Figeac, formed by 33 "communes" with a population of 25,593 inhabitants and an area of . Administration. Figeac is a subprefecture of the
Željko Šturanović (; 31 January 1960 – 30 June 2014) was a Montenegrin politician and lawyer. He was a member of the Democratic Party of Socialists of Montenegro (DPSCG). He was the Prime Minister of Montenegro from 10 November 2006 to 29 February 2008. He stepped down from the job because of health reasons.  Šturanović was born in Nikšić, People's Republic of Montenegro, Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia (now Montenegro). He studied at the University of Montenegro Faculty of Law. Šturanović died from lung cancer on 30 June 2014, aged 54. His wife and two children outlived him.
Frank Malcolm Robinson (August 9, 1926 – June 30, 2014) was an American science fiction and techno-thriller writer, editor and screenwriter. His best known novel was "The Power". In the 1970s, he was a speechwriter for gay politician Harvey Milk, before he was murdered in 1978. Robinson was born in Chicago, Illinois. He was openly gay. He had a small role in the movie "Milk" (2008) about Harvey Milk, starring Sean Penn. Robinson died on June 30, 2014 in San Francisco, California, aged 87.
Pierre Bec (; 11 December 1921 – 30 June 2014) was a French poet and linguist of the Occitan language. He was one of the founders of the Institut d'Estudis Occitans ("Institute for Occitan studies", IEO). He was also its president as well from 1962 to 1980.  Bec's literature works were "Petite anthologie de la lyrique occitane du Moyen Âge" (1954), "Les saluts d'amour du troubadour Arnaud de Mareuil" (1961), "La langue occitane" (1963) and "Raconte d’una mort tranquilla" (1993). Meanwhile, his linguistics works included "Manuel pratique d'occitan moderne" (1973–1983) and "Les Interférences linguistiques entre gascon et languedocien dans les parlers du Comminges et du Couserans" (1968). Bec was born in Paris. He spent his childhood in Comminges, where he learnt Occitan. He was deported to Germany between 1943 and 1945. After returning, he studied in Paris, where he graduated in 1959. Bec died on 30 June 2014 in Poitiers, aged 92.
Money in the Bank is a yearly professional wrestling pay-per-view and livestreaming show made by WWE since 2010. It takes place in May, June or July each year, therefore happening between the company's two biggest yearly events, WrestleMania and SummerSlam. The 2017 event was the only "Money in the Bank" event to feature only one brand, being exclusive to "SmackDown". The event is based around the Money in the Bank ladder match, which previously took place at WrestleMania. The winner of this multi-person ladder match gets a contract that they can use anytime to get a match for a championship of their choosing within the next 12 months. Some winners chose the cash in their contracts on the same day. A women's variation exists since the 2017 event. Other websites. Official Website
María Alejandra Ana Da Passano (26 July 1947 – 30 June 2014), better known as Alejandra Da Passano, was an Argentine actress of movies, stage plays and television shows. Her best known roles were in "Mr. President" (1970), "Malevo" (1972) and "La madre María" (1974). She was born in Buenos Aires. Da Passano died on 30 June 2014 in Buenos Aires, aged 66.
SK Tirfing is a sports club in Harnäs in Sweden. It was established on 20 January 1923. The club won the Swedish national men's bandy championship in the year of 1930. Between 1931 and 1942 the club played seven seasons in the Swedish top division. The club gave up bandy in 1981. Today only the women's team handball section remains.
Stephen Gaskin (February 16, 1935 – July 1, 2014) was an American counterculture hippie icon. He was best known for co-founding "The Farm", a famous spiritual intentional community. He was also known for being in the Haight-Ashbury district of San Francisco, California in the 1960s. Gaskin was born in Denver, Colorado. He was married to Ina May Gaskin. He had five children. He was in the US Marine Corps from 1952 to 1955. Gaskin died on July 1, 2014 in Summertown, Tennessee. He was 79.
Umaru Dikko (31 December 1936 – 1 July 2014) was a Nigerian politician. He was also the Nigerian Ministry of Transport from 1979 until 1983. He was also an adviser to President Shehu Shagari. Dikko was born in Zaria, Kaduna State. On 5 July 1984, he played the main role in the Dikko Affair. He was found drugged in a crate at Stansted Airport in the United Kingdom in an appearent kidnapping by Nigerian-Israeli officials. Dikko died after having many strokes on 1 July 2014 at a hospital in London, England. He was 79.
Ronald Maxwell "Ron" Hall (11 November 1945 – 26 June 2014) was an Australian rules footballer. He played for Scottsdale during the 1960s and 1970s. He represented Tasmania many times. He played for Tasmania at the 1969 Adelaide Carnival. He was added as a member of the Tasmanian Football Hall of Fame in 2008. Hall was born in Scottsdale, Tasmania. After he retired, he still had behind-the-scenes roles at the club. Hall died from a heart attack on 26 June 2014 in Tasmania. He was 68.
Anjan Das (13 June 1951 – 2 June 2014) was an Indian movie director. His movies were in the Bengali language. His best known movie was "Faltu" (2006). He won a National Film Award in the Best Feature Film category. Das died from colon cancer on 2 June 2014, aged 62. His wife and son outlived him.
Spanking the Monkey is a 1994 American black comedy movie. It is about incest, masturbation and troublesome relationships. The movie was a box office success. It won several independent movie awards.