ejaasaari/simplewiki-2025-04-01 huggingface dataset:
Referential transparency is a feature of parts of computer programs. A part of a program is called "referentially transparent" if it can be replaced with the value it gives back without changing the program's behavior. A referentially transparent function must be pure—it must always give the same output if it takes the same input, and it must not have any side effects—parts of the program that perform an action other than giving a value back. The opposite of referential transparency is referential opacity. In mathematics, most functions are referentially transparent, because a mathematical function can only take values in and spit a value out. There are some exceptions, due to some historically convenient functions, which can help highlight the notion of referential transparency. For example, formula_1 means "apply the function twice", or formula_2. If making statements that apply to functions formula_3, then formula_1 means this, regardless of the function. For specific functions (usually trig functions like sine, cosine, etc), mathematicians use the square notation to mean "square the output". For example, formula_5 means formula_6 which is not the same as formula_7. This is an example of referential opacity because formula_1when formula_3 happens to be sine does not mean the same thing as formula_5, so substituting sine in for f changes the meaning of the statement. In programming, a function might also find out what day of the year it is, or print a message to the screen. Because of this difference, some people use other names for functions in programming, like procedures. Referential transparency lets programmers and compilers to think of code as a rewrite system—something that takes an expression and replaces it with something else. This can help with several tasks, such as: There are several ways of doing the last task—the most well-known are memoization (saving answers after the first time), common subexpression elimination (figuring out if it is worth it to combine two parts of the code that are the same) , lazy evaluation (not finding the answer until the code really needs it), and parallelization (working on multiple problems at the same time).
Walter Harris (15 October 1925 – 9 May 2019) was a British author and broadcaster. He wrote ten books and had many poetry volumes published. His first book was "Clovis" (1970), and his last was "Godhead" (2014). He worked for the BBC and interviewed Peter Cook, Dudley Moore, Alan Bennett and Jonathan Miller on the opening night of "Beyond the Fringe", as well as Danny Kaye, John Wayne and W. Somerset Maugham. Recordings of his interviews and broadcasts are held at the BBC Sound Archive and the British Library. Harris died on 9 May 2019, at the age of 93.
Nancy Wigginton (1925 – 11 May 2019), better known as Nan Winton, was a British broadcaster. She is best known for being the first female newsreader on BBC television. After her first news broadcaster on 20 June 1960, she worked for ITV. She was also a regular panellist on the radio panel game "Treble Chance". Winton was born in Portsmouth, Hampshire. She was married to actor Charles Stapley from 1948 to 1962. The couple had two children. On 11 May 2019, Winton died from congestive heart failure and hypertension after having a fall at her home in Dorchester, Dorset. She was 93.
Jean Beaudin (6 February 1939 – 18 May 2019) was a Canadian movie director and screenwriter. He directed 20 movies, including French-language movies "J.A. Martin Photographer" (1977), "The Alley Cat" (1985), "Being at Home with Claude" (1992) and "The Collector" (2002). He was born in Montreal, Quebec. Beaudin's partner of more than 20 years was actress Domini Blythe (1947–2010). Beaudin died on 18 May 2019, at the age of 80.
Sir Jonathan Wolfe Miller (21 July 1934 – 27 November 2019) was a British theatre and opera director, actor, author, television presenter and medical doctor. He was born in St John's Wood, London. He first became well known in the early 1960s in the comedy revue "Beyond the Fringe" with Peter Cook, Dudley Moore and Alan Bennett. Miller started directing operas in the 1970s. His best-known production was probably his 1982 "Mafia"-styled "Rigoletto" set in the 1950s. He was an associate director at the National Theatre and later ran the Old Vic Theatre. He was a writer and presenter of many BBC documentaries. Miller was married to Rachel Collet from 1956 until his death. The couple had three children. Miller died at his home in Camden, London of Alzheimer's disease-related problems on 27 November 2019. He was 85.
A part of a program with a side effect performs a noticeable action other than giving back a value. Examples include showing a picture on a computer screen, or checking what year it is. Code with side effects can be harder to understand without any context, and the order of instructions is more important for code with side effects.  In functional programming, programmers try to avoid side effects when they can, so it is easier to prove that a program will always do what it is supposed to. In some functional languages, like Standard ML, Scheme, or Scala, side effects are not restricted, but programmers still try to use them less. In Haskell, actions with side effects must be stated explicitly—this makes it easier to tell what code does or does not have them.
Glauco Sansovini (20 May 1938 – 21 May 2019) was a Sammarinese politician. He served as one of the Captains Regent of San Marino together with Marco Conti from 1 April 2010 to 1 October 2010. He was born in Rocca San Casciano, Italy. Sansovini died on 21 May 2019 in Borgo Maggiore, a day after his 81st birthday.
Neville Lederle (25 September 1938 – 17 May 2019) was a South African racing driver. He raced in two Formula One World Championship Grand Prix. His two F1 appearances were in the and South African Grand Prix. He scored a single F1 championship point. He was born in Theunissen, Orange Free State. Lederle died at his home in Knysna on 17 May 2019, at the age of 80.
Scala is a general-purpose programming language—a language that is designed for solving all kinds of problems, not just a specific one. It provides support for functional programming, and is statically typed. It is designed to fix some problems with Java, and to be concise—to be able to express a lot with only a little bit of code. Scala code is supposed to be compiled into Java bytecode, so Scala code can be run on a Java Virtual Machine (JVM). Scala has language interoperability with Java—Scala code can be used in Java programs, and the other way around. Examples. "Hello, World" example. This is a small example of a Scala program. A simple Hello world program: @main def main() = println("Hello, World!")
William Wyatt Bibb (2 October 1781 – 10 July 1820) was a United States Senator from Georgia. He was the first Governor of the U.S. state of Alabama. Bibb County, Alabama, and Bibb County, Georgia, are named for him. He was a member of the Democratic-Republican political party. Bibb served as governor of the Alabama Territory from August 1817 to December 1819, and as the first elected governor of the state of Alabama from December 1819 to his death on July 10, 1820.
Pieter Marinus "Piet" Blauw (30 September 1937 – 16 May 2019) was a Dutch politician and farmer. He was a member of the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD). He became a member of the House of Representatives in 1981, serving until 1998. He born in Alkmaar, North Holland. Blauw died on 16 May 2019 in Veendam, Groningen. He was 81.
The Artemis program is an international human space-flight program. As of 2025's second quarter, the next flight is scheduled for no earlier than April 2026. A Space Launch System rocket is to send an Orion spacecraft is to orbit the Moon before returning to Earth with a crew. History. The Artemis program began in December 2017. It was created by bringing together many programs that had been started since 2009 by the United States as it tries to return to the moon.  Other information. The goal is to return humans to the Moon by the year 2025. It will involve the first woman and thirteenth man to land on the moon. It is led by the United States and planned by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). It will be the first lunar landing since Apollo 17 in 1972, which was the final lunar mission of the Apollo program.  As a result of Artemis, the United States hopes that there will always be humans on the moon. One day the program might take humans to Mars and other places in the Solar System. As well as NASA, the Artemis program work is done by companies and other international organisations like European Space Agency.
Carlton is a suburb to the east of the city of Nottingham, Nottinghamshire, England.  Notable people. Richard Beckinsale, actor and father of actresses Samantha Beckinsale and Kate Beckinsale, was born in Carlton in 1947.
Douglas Dawson Wilson (30 January 1931 – 18 May 2019) was a New Zealand rugby union player. He was born in Whanganui, North Island. Wilson played for the provisional teams Canterbury and Wellington. He played for the New Zealand national rugby union team. He played 14 matches, including two internationals, and scored five tries and one drop goal. Wilson died at Kowhainui Hospital in Whanganui on 18 May 2019. He was 88.
Judith Kerr, OBE (surname pronounced ; 14 June 1923 – 22 May 2019) was a German-born British writer and illustrator. She was known for her "Mog" series and "The Tiger Who Came to Tea". She also wrote novels for young adults such as "When Hitler Stole Pink Rabbit", which gave a child's-eye view of the Second World War. Kerr was born in Berlin, but moved to the United Kingdom before the Nazis rose to power because Kerr's father, openly a Nazi critic, was scared for his family's safety. Kerr later became a naturalized British subject. Kerr died on 22 May 2019 from a short-illness at her home in Barnes, London at the age of 95.
Dumiso Dabengwa (December 6, 1939– 23 May 2019) was a Zimbabwean politician. He was the head of Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army (ZIPRA) intelligence during the Rhodesian Bush War. He was Minister of Home Affairs from 1992 to 2000. He was a candidate of ZAPU for President of Zimbabwe during the 2013 general election. Dabengwa died on 23 May 2019 in Harare from liver disease at the age of 79.
Mette Frederiksen (born 19 November 1977) is a Danish Social Democrat politician. Frederiksen has been the 27th Prime Minister of Denmark since 27 June 2019. She has been a member of the Folketing since 2001. She worked in Helle Thorning-Schmidt's government as Minister of Employment from 2011 to 2014, and as Minister of Justice from 2014 to 2015.  On 28 June 2015, Frederiksen replaced Thorning-Schmidt as leader of the Social Democrats. After the 2019 general election, her party won 49 out of 179 seats in the Folketing. She has been commissioned by Queen Margrethe II to lead the negotiations to form a new government. Frederiksen became the youngest Prime Minister in Danish history, at the age of 41 on 27 June 2019.
Rolf Huisgen (13 June 1920 – 26 March 2020) was a German chemist. In 1947, he was named professor at the University of Tübingen in 1949. He returned to the University of Munich in 1952 where he remained dedicated to research long after attaining emeritus status in 1988. His best known work was related to the 1,3-Dipolar cycloaddition reaction, also known as the Huisgen cycloaddition or Huisgen reaction. He is an important person in post-war chemistry departments in Germany and Austria, due to the large number of his "habilitants" becoming professors. His daughter, mathematician Birge Huisgen-Zimmermann was born in 1946. Huisgen died on 26 March 2020 at the age of 99.
Beaton Tulk (May 22, 1944 – May 23, 2019) was a Canadian politician. He was the seventh Premier of Newfoundland and Labrador from 2000 to 2001. He was born in Ladle Cove, Newfoundland. He was a member of the Newfoundland House of Assembly from 1979 to 1989 and again from 1993 to 2002 as a Liberal. On December 16, 2002, Tulk was appointed by the federal government of Jean Chrétien to the Canadian Transportation Agency. In 2018, Flanker Press released his autobiography, "A Man of My Word". Tulk died of prostate cancer, one day after his 75th birthday on May 23, 2019 at his home in Musgravetown, Newfoundland and Labrador.
AMC Theatres (referred to as simply AMC is a multi-nation owned movie theater chain based in Leawood, Kansas. It was founded on December 2, 1920. It has the largest share of American theater market, ahead of the Cineworld and Cinemark theater chains. AMC took over Odeon Cinemas, Carmike Cinemas and UCI Cinemas in 2016. At that point, it became the largest movie theater chain in the world and the United States. It has over 2,200 screens and 244 theatres in Europe. It owns over 8,200 screens and 661 theatres in the United States. R-rated movie policy. AMC Theatres has an R-rated policy. No person under age 17 can see an R-rated movie without having parents or a guardian 21 or older with them. Those who "are" 17 or older though look under age 25 must carry a photo ID and date of birth before being allowed to see R-rated movies. Children under age 6 are not allowed to see R-rated movies after 6 pm.
Robert Joseph Long (October 14, 1953 – May 23, 2019), also known as Bobby Joe Long, was an American serial killer and rapist. He abducted, sexually assaulted and murdered at least 10 women in the Tampa Bay Area in Florida during an eight-month period in 1984. For the murder of one of victims, Michelle Sims, he was sentenced to death. According to the Florida Department of Corrections, Long had one five-year sentence, four 99-year sentences, 28 life sentences and one death sentence. He was born in Kenova, West Virginia. Long was executed by lethal injection on May 23, 2019 at Florida State Prison in Raiford, Florida.
was a Japanese politician. He was a member of the People's New Party. He served in the House of Representatives in the Diet (national legislature). He was the Director-General of the national Defense Agency from 1998 to 1999. From 1995 to 1996, he served as the Minister of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries in Tomiichi Murayama's cabinet. He was born in Noshiro, Akita. Norota died of bladder cancer on 23 May 2019 in Tokyo. He was 89.
Frederick Roy Dunsmore (March 30, 1929 – May 13, 2014) was a Canadian ice hockey centerman who was runner-up for Manitoba's "Athlete of the Century". He played baseball for the Winnipeg Goldeyes briefly in 1954.
Neebing is a municipality in the Canadian province of Ontario, located in the Thunder Bay District south of the city of Thunder Bay. It is part of Thunder Bay's Census Metropolitan Area. History. Neebing is made of the former geographic townships of Blake, Crooks, Pardee, Pearson and Scoble. It was created in its current form on January 1, 1999. It should not be confused with the geographic township of Neebing, which was merged into the City of Thunder Bay in 1970. The Municipality of Neebing was created in 1881 by the Legislative Assembly of Ontario. It included Neebing township, Neebing Additional township, Blake, Crooks and Pardee townships. In 1892 all of Neebing Additional township and a large portion of Neebing township was removed to form the City of Fort William. In 1970 the remainder of Neebing township was also removed from the Municipality of Neebing, leaving it with only the name. Communities. The municipality includes the communities of Cloud Bay, Jarvis River, Moose Hill, Scoble West and Wamsley. Demographics. Population trend:
Parastratiosphecomyia stratiosphecomyioides is a species of flies in the soldier fly family (Stratiomyidae).  The fly's obvious wasp-waist suggests it may be showing Batesian mimicry. Looking a bit like a wasp would presumable give it some protection.
Philip "Phil" Proctor (born July 28, 1940) is an American actor. He is a member of . He has performed voice-over work for video games, movies and television shows. He was born in Goshen, Indiana and graduated from Yale University. He voiced Howard DeVille in "Rugrats" and "All Grown Up!" on Nickelodeon and "background" voices for Disney features, also provided "additional voices" in Pixar films, as well as voice work on "Power Rangers Time Force". He also did two voices in the GameCube video Game "", and on the PlayStation 2's "Dark Chronicle". He is the voice of The Professor and White Monkey in the "Ape Escape series". He voiced Dr. Warren Vidic in "Assassin's Creed" and Bob the Seahorse in "Finding Nemo". Filmography. Film. Both animated and live action:
Anna Udvardy (1949 – 23 May 2019) was a Hungarian movie producer and production manager. She is best known for producing the short movie "Sing" (2016). The movie won Academy Award for Best Live Action Short Film at the 89th Academy Awards in 2017. She was born in Budapest. Udvardy died on 23 May 2019, at the age of 69.
Wayne Thiebaud (November 15, 1920 – December 25, 2021) was an American painter. He was best known for his paintings showing food and household items in many forms. He was said to be part of the pop art movement although his paintings predate the beginning of the movement. He was awarded the National Medal of Arts by President Bill Clinton in 1994. Thiebaud was born in Mesa, Arizona to Mormon parents. His family moved to Long Beach, California when he was six months old. He married twice and had four children, including Twinka Thiebaud (born 1945) and Paul Thiebaud (1960–2010). Thiebaud died on December 25, 2021 at his home in Sacramento, California at the age of 101.
Estelle Margaret Parsons (born November 20, 1927) is an American actress, singer and stage director. She worked for the television program "Today" and first appeared on stage in 1961.  During the 1960s, Parsons became known her career on Broadway becoming a movie actress. She is best known for her roles in the movies "Bonnie and Clyde" (1967), "Rachel, Rachel" (1968), "I Never Sang for My Father" (1970), "I Walk the Line" (1970) and "Boys on the Side" (1995).  She won an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her role in "Bonnie and Clyde", and for "Rachel, Rachel" was nominated with the same award. She later became known on television for her role as Beverly Harris in the sitcom "Roseanne". Parsons was born in Lynn, Massachusetts. She was married to Richard Gehman in 1953, before divorcing in 1958. The couple had twin daughters. She married Peter Zimroth in 1983 and have one son.
Vijaya Mulay (16 May 1921 – 19 May 2019) was an Indian filmmaker, historian, writer, educationist and researcher. She is best for directing and writing animated short movie "Ek Anek Aur Ekta" (1974). For the movie, she won the National Film Award for Best Educational Film. She was born in Bombay. Mulay died on 19 May 2019 at her south Delhi home. She was 98.
Icona Pop is a Swedish electropop duo. They formed in 2009. They have electro house, indie pop and punk influences. The duo's two members are Caroline Hjeltt and Aino Jawo. Both singers grew up in Stockholm. From September 2012 on, the group is based in the United States, mainly in Los Angeles and New York City. The group's biggest hit was "I Love It", a 2012 electropop song. "I Love It" charted at #1 on the UK Singles Chart.
The World Calendar is a variation of the of the Gregorian calendar. It was created by Elisabeth Achelis of Brooklyn, New York in 1930. Features. The World Calendar is a 12-month, perennial calendar with 4 seasonal quarters. Each quarter begins on Sunday and ends on Saturday. The quarters lengths are same: each has exactly 91 days, 13 weeks or 3 months. The three months have 31, 30, 30 days respectively. The World Calendar also has two extra days outside of the week to keep the new year days as same as the Gregorian calendar.  The last day of the year after 30 December. This day is named Worldsday.  The leap day after 30 June. This day is named Leapyear Day. Criticism. The main critics of The World Calendar are the leaders of religions that worship according to a seven-day cycle. Jews worship on Saturday, as in the Hebrew Bible: "Keep in memory the Sabbath and let it be a holy day" (). Christians worship on Sunday on which they believe Jesus was resurrected. Muslims worship on Friday on which they believe Adam was created. With the World calendar, their worship would change from year to year. So, the United Nations rejected the calendar.
The 2020 Belizean general election elected the members of the House of Representatives in the National Assembly. On 14 March 2017, Prime Minister of Belize, Dean Barrow stated that he would call for early elections in November 2019. But in March 2018, Barrow pushed back and set it for 13 February 2020. On 22 May 2019, Barrow insisted that there would be no General election before 1 November 2020 in Belize.  Date. Deadline. The deadline for nominations was 21 October 2020, with political campaigning lasting for four weeks until Polling day on 11 November 2020. On the Day of the Election, Polling across the Country opened from 7 am, and closed at 10 pm. It was the third to be held in November since 1979. Eligibility. Individuals eligible to vote have to be registered to vote by Midnight on 26 September 2020. To be eligible to vote, Individuals had to be aged 18 or over; residing as a Commonwealth citizen at an address in Belize, or a Belizean citizen overseas who registered to Vote in the last 15 years and not legally excluded (on grounds of detainment in Prison, a Mental hospital, or on the run from Law enforcement) or disqualified from Voting. Anyone who qualified as an Anonymous elector will have until midnight on 26 October to Register. Previous election. The previous general election was held on 4 November 2015, and the new National Assembly was opened on 13 November 2015, which was also the date that the first sitting of the National Assembly of Belize began after the 2015 Belizean general election. According to Section 84 of the Constitution of Belize, the National Assembly of Belize (House of Representatives and Senate) must be dissolved every “five years from the date when the two Houses, first met” unless dissolved sooner by the Governor-General of Belize upon the advice of the Prime Minister. A general election must be called within three months of a dissolution, meaning the latest possible date for Barrow to call the next Belizean general election is on 13 February 2021. If by any
Jaroslav Erik Frič (14 August 1949 – 24 May 2019) was a Czech poet, musician and publisher. He also helped organise underground culture festivals.  Career. Since he did not support the Soviet-led invasion of Czechoslovakia, he wrote samizdat poems. After the Velvet Revolution, he founded publishing houses. He later founded two non-governmental organisations to help minority groups and others. Beginning in 2000, he organised an annual poetry festival in Brno. He was born in Horní Libina. Personal life. Frič died of cancer on 24 May 2019 in Brno. He was 69.