ejaasaari/simplewiki-2025-04-01 huggingface dataset:
Oil refining is the name for a number of processes from chemical engineering, which transform crude oil into useful products such as different fuel oils, Liquefied petroleum gas, gasoline, kerosene or diesel oil. These transformation occur in plants called petroleum refineries. The transformations are done in many steps. The refineries are large industrial complexes, that have many different sub-units, and facilities. Each refinery has its own unique arrangement and combination of refining processes. The exact setup of the refinery is largely determined by the its location, desired products and economic considerations. History. The beginnings of refining crude petroleum trace back to the successful drilling of the first oil wells in Ontario, Canada, in 1858, and in Titusville, Pennsylvania, U.S., in 1859. Prior to these pivotal events, petroleum was scarce, mainly sourced from natural seepage in select regions worldwide. Its limited availability confined its use to medicinal and specialized applications. However, the discovery of "rock oil" in northwestern Pennsylvania altered the landscape, providing ample crude oil for the development of large-scale processing systems. Early refineries utilized basic distillation units, or "stills," to heat crude oil in vessels, condensing the resulting vapors into distinct liquid fractions. Initially, the primary product was kerosene, a cleaner-burning lamp oil more abundant and consistent than whale oil or animal fat, thus revolutionizing illumination. Modern petroleum refineries process as much as 800,000 to 900,000 barrels (127,000 to 143,000 cubic meters) per day of crude oil.
From about the 16th to the 19th century, barbary was a name for a region in North Africa, from Egypt to the Atlantic, and from the Mediterranean to the Sahara. The states were called barbary states or berbery states, after the people of the Berbers, who lived there. The coastal regions were commonly called barbary coast. During the era of Colonialism, names were introduced or re-used, to split this area into single states: Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, and Libya. Today, this region is commonly called Maghreb.
New Braunfels ( ) is a city in Comal and Guadalupe counties in the U.S. state of Texas. It is the seat of Comal County. New Braunfels is a principal city of the San Antonio–New Braunfels metropolitan statistical area. The city's population was 90,403 at the 2020 census. New Braunfels is northeast of downtown San Antonio. It is southwest of San Marcos, and southwest of Austin. New Braunfels was established in 1845 by Prince Carl of Solms-Braunfels. Prince Solms named the settlement in honor of his home in Solms-Braunfels, Germany. The city has a strong German influence. This is seen in the downtown area architecture. The city uses ZIP codes 78130–78133 and telephone area code (830).
Brian Fletcher (18 May 1947 – 11 January 2017) was an English Jockey. He was born in Cockfield, County Durham.  He was known for riding the horse Red Rum to win the Grand National in 1973 and 1974 and for second place in 1975. He first won the Grand National at the age of 20, in 1968 riding Red Alligator. He retired in 1976 with a head injury. Fletcher is one of the only jockey to have won the Grand National three times. He won the Scottish National in 1974. His record winning time on Red Rum in the 1973 Grand National was to stand for 17 years till beaten by Mr Frisk ridden by Marcus Armytage.  Fletcher died on 11 January 2017 in England, aged 69.
A partisan is an armed fighter, who is not part of the regular troops of a country or state. The term comes from Italian, where it meant member of a political party. There is no separate legal status for partisans in international law. The law of war uses four criteria to legally define someone as a prisoner of war, if the person is captured: In 1977, there were two additional protocols: They clarified that it is sufficient to carry the weapons openly only on some occasions, to be titled armed combatant.
Nikolay Neprimerov (1 May 1921 – 11 January 2017) was a Doctor of Technical Sciences and professor of physics at the Kazan State University. Neprimerov was Head of the Department of Radioelectronics of the Kazan University for 32 years and is author of more than 150 scientific papers and 9 monographs.  He also authored a book about the everyday life of military pilots during World War II. He was awarded numerous honours and medals. Neprimerov dedicated more than 40 years to and is internationally known for physical research in oil recovery.
One-Two-GO Airlines Flight 269 (OG269), on September 16, 2007, a McDonnell Douglas MD-82 crashed after an aborted landing. It hit an embankment next to runway 27 at Phuket International Airport. The aircraft burst into flames on impact at about 3:45pm. The crash killed 89 of the 130 persons on board. OG269 was a scheduled domestic passenger flight from Bangkok to Phuket, Thailand. A two-year investigation by the NTSB resulted in a report. It was based in part on the crash report published by the Aircraft Accident Investigation Committee of the Ministry of Transport. The probable cause of the accident was determined to be crew error.
Giulio Angioni (28 October 1939 – 12 January 2017) was an Italian writer and anthropologist. He was known for his works "" and "Assandira" . He was born in Guasila, Sardinia. Angioni died on 12 January 2017 in Cagliari, Sardinia, aged 77.
Central () is a department in Paraguay. The capital is the city of Areguá. Its code is PY-11. The department has 2,297,739 inhabitants. That is more than any other department of Paraguay. The department is also the smallest of all the departments. History. The Central Department, known as “Comarca Asuncena”, was the most populated country region in old times. The towns of this department had different origin. Domingo Martínez de Irala started the towns of Itá, Ypané and Areguá in 1538 and 1539. Villeta was founded by the governor Juan Gregorio Bazán de Pedraza in 1714. Other towns were founded around chapels. The towns of Nueva Italia, Colonia Thompson and Villa Elisa were already established as agricultural settlements in the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century. These were mainly settled by immigrants. Geography. The Central department is in the central western part of the "Oriental" region. It is on the southern border of the "Western" region. It surrounds the capital, Asunción. The department has an area of . That is of the area of Paraguay. Its estimated population in 2013 was 2,297,739. That gave a population density of inhabitants per square kilometre. The Central department is relatively flat. It has only small hills. It has several rivers, as the Paraguay river, and streams flow through it. The Ypacaraí and Ypoá lakes are on the borders of the department. Districts. The department is divided in 19 districts: Economy. Industries include the processing of food, furniture, clothing, pharmaceutical production, metallurgic, plastic and ceramics. The city of Villeta has a large number of industries. Central is the second biggest economy of Paraguay. Tourism. The Central Department has many attractions for tourism. Among the most famous natural resources at an international level, is the Lago Ypacaraí. This lake is a very important natural attraction and the town of Areguá. The capital of the department is located on the banks of this lake
James Paul David "Jim" Bunning (October 23, 1931 – May 26, 2017) was an American former Major League Baseball pitcher and politician. Bunning played as a pitcher in the Major League Baseball. In his career, he played for the Detroit Tigers (1955–1963), the Philadelphia Phillies (1964–1967; 1970–1971), the Pittsburgh Pirates (1968–1969) and the Los Angeles Dodgers (1969). He retired from baseball in 1971. Bunning served in the United States House of Representatives from January 3, 1987 through January 3, 1999. He was a member of the Republican Party. Bunning served in the United States Senate from January 3, 1999 through January 3, 2011 after retiring. Bunning was 67 years old when he entered U.S. Senate. Among the bills that Bunning sponsored is the Bunning-Bereuter-Blumenauer Flood Insurance Reform Act of 2004. Bunning was also the only member of the United States Senate Committee on Banking, Housing and Urban Affairs to have opposed Ben Bernanke for Chief of the Federal Reserve. In the 2010 Senate election, Bunning said he would not run and later supported then-eye doctor Rand Paul. Paul won the election with 56% of the vote. Early life. Bunning was born in Southgate, Kentucky. He studied at St. Xavier High School in Cincinnati, Ohio and later at Xavier University where he got a Bachelor's degree. Baseball career. During his baseball career, he pitched from 1955 to 1971, most notably with the Detroit Tigers and the Philadelphia Phillies. In 1959, the right-hander struck out the side, throwing the minimum nine pitches as a reliever in the top of the ninth inning of Detroit's 5–4 loss to Boston at Briggs Stadium. Sammy White, Jim Mahoney and Ike Delock were the victims of his inning. When Bunning retired, he had the second-highest total of career strikeouts in Major League history; he currently ranks 17th. As a member of the Phillies, B
Meir Banai (‎; 5 July 1961 – 12 January 2017) was an Israeli musician, singer, and songwriter. He was a pop, rock and soul musician. He released ten albums, starting in 1984. He was best known his 2007 album "Shma Koli", which had traditional Jewish texts and prayers in the music. He was born in Beersheba. Banai died from cancer on 12 January 2017 in Ganot. He was 55.
The 2010 Dutch general election to elect the members of the House of Representatives was held on 9 June 2010. The conservative liberal People's Party for Freedom and Democracy won the most seats. Mark Rutte became the prime minister shortly after the election. The Christian Democratic Appeal lost the most seats in this election, while the Party for Freedom won the most.
Sri Venkateswara Swamy Temple is one of the most popular and most visited Vaishnavite temple in India. It is in the hills of Tirumala at the city of Tirupati in Chitoor District of Andhra Pradesh.This temple is dedicated to Lord Venkateswara, an avatar of Vishnu. This lord is also called by the names: Balaji, Govinda, Srinivasa, and Venkatajalapati. It was built around the year 300.  The Tirumala Venkateswara Temple is on the Venkatadri hill, which is one of the seven hills of the Seshadri hills range. This is why the temple is called Temple of Seven Hills. Tirumala Venkateswara Temple is the second richest temple in the world after the Padmanabhaswamy Temple, Thiruvananthapuram. The temple is daily visited by about 50,000 to 100,000 devotees. On Special days like Brahmotsava, Tirumala Temple is visited by more than 500,000 devotees making the temple the most-visited holy place in the world.
The Christian Democratic Appeal, (shortened "CDA"), is a political party in the Netherlands. It was the merger of three major former political parties: Anti-Revolutionary Party (ARP), Christian Historical Union (CHU) and Catholic People's Party (KVP). The party was established on 11 October 1980. From 1982 to 2006, the party was very popular in the Netherlands. Their support was strongest in the 1986, 1989, 2002, 2003 and 2006 elections. In the 2010 elections, they lost 20 seats and received less than half of the votes from the previous election. In the 2012 elections, they received 801,620 and lost 8 more seats. In the 2017 elections they won 19 seats (+6), in the 2021 elections 15 (-4), and in the 2023 elections 5 (-10). The party supports Christian democracy. The party can also have Jewish, Muslim and Hindu members of parliament. The party heavily supports the European Union and environmentalism. They call themselves a moderate party, but they have been in an alliance with the centre-right People's Party for Freedom and Democracy. The CDA believes that the toleration of "soft drugs" like marijuana should stop, and practices like abortion and prostitution should be limited. They also want a more friendly and open immigration policy. However, they do want immigrants to integrate into Dutch culture. On 12 June 2021, MP Pieter Omtzigt left the CDA and became an independent politician.
Democrats 66, , official name: "Politieke Partij Democraten 66" (shortened "D66"), is a political party in the Netherlands. They are a social liberal party. The party was formed on 14 October 1966 by a group of young academics led by Hans van Mierlo. The party had their most success in the 1994 election, where they won 24 out of 150 seats. In the 2010 elections, they received 654,167 votes and won 10 seats. In the 2012 elections they received 757,091 votes and won 12 seats. In the 2017 elections they won 19 seats (+7), in the 2021 election 24 (+5), and in the 2023 elections 9 (-15). D66 is very supportive of the European Union. They historically supported the legalization of gay marriage, prostitution, and euthanasia. The party supports environmentalism and wants a mixed economy. D66 wants tax-cuts for the lower and middle classes. They also want direct democracy.
Euroscepticism is the criticism of the European Union (EU). Some observers also say that the total rejection of the EU is euroscepticism. Euroscepticism should not be confused with Anti-Europeanism, which is the dislike or fear of European culture and/or people. Eurosceptics says that the European Union weakens the nation state. They also say that the European Union is too bureaucratic (meaning that important decisions are made by officials who aren't elected). In 2016, the countries with the most unfavourable view of the EU were Greece, France, Spain and the United Kingdom. The rise of right-wing populist parties in Europe have been contributed to their Eurosceptic views. On 23 June 2016, the United Kingdom voted to leave the European Union with 52% voting to leave. Polls. In November 2015, a poll showed that those with a positive image of the EU went down from 52% in 2007 to 37%. Distrust of the EU was highest in Greece (81%), Cyprus (72%), Austria (65%), France (65%) Germany (63%), the United Kingdom (63%) and the Czech Republic (63%). Parties. Some major Eurosceptic parties are shown below (organized by country):
The Sweden Democrats (Swedish: "Sverigedemokraterna", SD) is a political party in Sweden. The party was founded on 6 February 1988. In the 1988 Swedish general election, they only received 1,118 votes. However, their support has been slowly increasing since. In 2018, they received 1,135,627 votes and won 62 out of 349 seats in the Riksdag. Other political parties in Sweden refuse to cooperate with the SD. Beliefs. The Sweden Democrats mainly believe in social conservatism and nationalism. They believe that the current immigration policies in Sweden have failed. They also to make it harder for people to become citizens. According to the SD, a person who wants to become a citizen should: live in Sweden for 10 years, show that they are not criminals, be fluent in Swedish and know Swedish history. The SD wants to ban abortion after 12 weeks unless the mother's life is in danger. They want a restrictive policy towards drugs and alcohol. They are Eurosceptic, meaning they are critical of the European Union. They awknowledge that LGBT people do not chose their sexuality, and believe that discrimination towards them should be illegal. The SD wants to bring back the conscription (meaning the government forces people to join the armed forces). They are supportive of nuclear power. They are against the death penalty.
Ari Rath (‎; 6 January 1925 – 13 January 2017) was an Austrian-Israeli journalist and writer. He was born and grew up in Vienna. After the "Anschluss", Rath, who was Jewish, came through a Kindertransport as a thirteen-year-old boy to Palestine. In 1975, he became an editor for "The Jerusalem Post". Later, in 1979, he became the chief editor. In 1989, he left "The Jerusalem Post", and taught at the University of Potsdam. He supported a peaceful bringing together of Israel and Palestine. Rath died on 13 January 2017 in Vienna at the age of 92.
Alexandra Föderl-Schmid (born 30 January 1971) is an Austrian journalist. She has been the chief editor of the newspaper "Der Standard" since 2007. She began working at the newspaper in 1990. She has been the newspaper's Germany on-the-scene reporter and Brussels-based European Union on-the-scene reporter. Föderl-Schmid was born in Haslach an der Mühl, Upper Austria. She studied at the University of Salzburg.
Palakkad is a city in the state of Kerala, India. It is the administrative capital of Palakkad District. Palakkad has the seventh most people in Kerala. Malayalam is the most spoken language in Palakkad city. Population. Palakkad had 130,955 people as of the 2011 Census of India. The literacy rate of the city is 94.20%. The metro area of Palakkad has 293,566 people. Tourist Places. Tourist places in Palakkad include:
Irfan Khan Pathan is an Indian cricketer from Gujarat. He is a left arm fast bowler and left handed batsman. He started with the India national cricket team in the Border–Gavaskar Trophy. Pathan was the first person to take a hat-trick in the first over. He did this achievement against Pakistan at Karachi. Irfan Pathan was born on 27 October 1984 in what is now Vadodara. His older brother is Yusuf Pathan. He is also a cricketer who played for the National Team of India.  Irfan's top score in Test cricket: 102 out. Total wicket:100. ODI Top Score:83 out. Total wicket:173.
Anton Nanut (13 September 1932 – 13 January 2017) was a Slovenian conductor of classical music. From 1981 to 1999, he served as the chief conductor of the RTV Slovenia Symphony Orchestra. He was a professor of conducting at the Academy of Music in Ljubljana. He also had worked with over 200 orchestras and had made over 200 recordings with many labels. He also worked with Milenko Stefanovic. He was born in Kanal ob Soči. Nanut died after a long illness on 13 January 2017 in Šempeter pri Gorici. He was 84.
Oude IJsselstreek is a municipality in the province of Gelderland, the Netherlands. About 39,000 people were living there in 2021. The western part of Oude IJsselstreek lies in the Liemers region, the eastern part in the Achterhoek region. It borders Germany. Oude IJsselstreek was created from the former municipalities of Gendringen and Wisch on 1 January 2005. It is named after the Oude IJssel river.
Aa en Hunze is a municipality of the province of Drenthe, the Netherlands. In 2016 about 25,000 people were living in this municipality. Aa en Hunze lies in the northeastern part of Drenthe. Aa en Hunze was established in 1998 by combining the municipalities of Anloo, Gasselte, Gieten, and Rolde.
Tracer is a fictional video game character from "Overwatch". She first appeared in an update for the game "Heroes of the Storm". She later appeared in the 2016 video game, "Overwatch". These games are made by Blizzard Entertainment, a company that makes and publishes video games. In "Overwatch", the character is known as Tracer, but her real name is Lena Oxton. Her personality is noticeably happy and energetic. She is known as one of the faster characters in the game, but also one with low health. In the game, she is able to teleport and time travel, with her abilities "Blink" and "Recall". She is an "Offense" hero commonly used to flank or distract the enemy team. Her Ultimate Ability, "Pulse Bomb" is commonly used to eliminate high priority targets in a small area, it can also stick to enemies and eliminate others nearby, Tracer herself can also be damaged by this if she is too close.  In the real world, she is one of the more well known characters from "Overwatch". This is because she is seen on the cover of the video game and Blizzard has made animated videos featuring her. Design. Tracer was first seen in 2014 at Blizzard Entertainment's "BlizzCon 2014" event. The main designer on "Overwatch", Scott Mercer, said that Blizzard's canceled project, "Titan", had a character with Tracer's abilities. Jeff Kaplan was the main hero designer for "Overwatch"; he had a big part in Tracer's design. While the game was still being designed and tested, or its "beta" period, Tracer's health was lowered.  Her personality was designed as heroic and happy. "Overwatch" game designer Michael Chu said, "the thing about Tracer is that she has a personality which is out of the norm for most people. She is incredibly optimistic, she is incredibly bubbly - it's part of her hero persona. We love her, I think she is very much one of the main characters of the game [...] [to] really carry the torch of what the game is all about: heroism." She is British and the
Dronten is a municipality of Flevoland, the Netherlands.  In 2016 about 41,000 people were living in the municipality and 28,000 in the town of Dronten.
Zeewolde is a municipality of Flevoland, the Netherlands.  In 2016 about 22,000 people were living here.
Jallikattu is a traditional event in Tamil Nadu. It is an ancient Tamil event where participants try to embrace a bull, when the bull try to knock them off. It displays the bravery of a person who embraces the bull. The person who wins the event was awarded with money in the ancient Tamil period The earliest history of Jallikattu was from about 2500 years ago. It is held on the day of third day of Pongal festival and second day of Thai month of the Tamil calendar which is known as Maatu Pongal. The Supreme Court ordered a ban on this event on 7th of May,2014 because of animal welfare issues.And the Tamil Nadu youngsters protested against the Supreme Court's decision at the Marina beach .Despite being banned more than 2 million people participate in this annual event. The ongoing protests forced the government of India to issue a special ordinance for jallikattu and hence the ban was lifted by the Union Government on 8th of Januar,2018. Organisations like PETA protested against this order and the people of Tamil Nadu asked for the banishment of this organisation from the state. VKSravan Max
Ameland is an island and municipality of the province of Friesland, the Netherlands. In 2016 the municipality had about 3,600 people. The municipality covers an area of 269 km², the island an area of 59 km². Ameland makes part of the West Frisian Islands (). It lies west of the island of Schiermonnikoog and east of the island of Terschelling.
The Hochfrottspitze is a mountain near Oberstdorf, Germany. It is the highest German mountain in the Allgäu Alps at high. The border with Austria is on its ridge.  With the Trettachspitze and Mädelegabel, the Hochfrottspitze forms a well known trio of peaks on the main ridge of the Allgäu Alps. It was first climbed in 1869 by Hermann von Barth. The route to the top is difficult to climb. The mountain is made of dolomite.
Stadskanaal is a municipality of the province of Groningen, the Netherlands.  About 32,000 people were living in the municipality in 2016, and about 20,000 in the village of Stadskanaal in 2012.
Kapelle, Zeelandic: "Kapelle" or "Kapel'n", is a village and municipality on the former island of Zuid-Beveland, Province of Zeeland, the Netherlands. In 2017 the municipality had about 13,000 people. In 2016 the village had about 7,000 people.
Milton Metz (c. 1921 – January 12, 2017) was an American radio and television personality in Louisville, Kentucky. He was born in Cleveland, Ohio. He occasionally did commercial work for local radio and television stations until he was unable to due to his health in the last year of his life. Metz was inducted into the University of Kentucky Journalism Hall of Fame in 1989. He was also named as a Gold Circle Honoree in 2009 by the Ohio Valley Chapter of the National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences. Metz died in Louisville, Kentucky at a retirement facility from complications of a fall on January 12, 2017, aged 95.