ejaasaari/simplewiki-2025-04-01 huggingface dataset:
Constructivism was an artistic and architectural movement that originated in Russia from 1913 by Vladimir Tatlin onward which rejected the idea of "art for art's sake" in favour of art for social purposes. It heavily influenced graphic and industrial designers.  Constructivism as an active force lasted until around 1934, having a great deal of effect on the art of the Weimar Republic and elsewhere, before being replaced by Socialist Realism. Its motifs have sporadically recurred in other art movements since.
Köhler's Medizinal-Pflanzen is the German title of “the medicinal plants of Kohler” - the atlas of medicinal plants with the illustrations and the brief explanations, one of the most known reference books on the medicinal plants of the end of the 19th Century. Complete title of atlas in the German language - “Köhler's Medizinal-Pflanzen naturgetreuen Abbildungen mit kurz erläuterndem Texte. Atlas zur pharmacopoea germanica, austriaca, belgica, danica, helvetica, hungarica, rossica, suecica, Neerlandica, British pharmacopoeia, zum Codex medicamentarius, sowie zur Pharmacopoeia of the United States of America”. The three-volume publication was published by the publishing house Franz Kohler (Ger. Franz Eugen Köhler) “Gera-Untermhaus” at Gero in 1887. In three volumes of atlas containing a four hundred colored botanical illustrations of medicinal plants. Together with the images of plants, the atlas includes detailed botanical descriptions and information about the medical effectiveness of these plants (Herbalism). High-quality chromolithographies accurately transfer to the component of plants and reflect the characteristic features of the corresponding forms. It is considered that this book - better meets the botanical illustrations of medicinal plants. The publisher of reference book Franz Koehler was not the author or the illustrator of this work. Artist- illustrators - Müeller C.F. Schmidt, lithograph - K. Gunther. The first two volumes of publication were prepared with the participation of German botanist Gustav Pabst. The fourth volume, initially outlined for the release, never was published. Later in the USA was published the analogous book, they sometimes identify it with the fourth volume.
Suprematism is an abstract art movement started in Russia, 1915/1916. It focussed on basic geometric forms such as the square and circle. It is an example of geometric abstraction. Suprematism was founded by Kazimir Malevich. In his book "The Non-Objective World", published abroad as a Bauhaus Book in 1927, Malevich described the inspiration which brought about the powerful image of the black square on a white ground: "I felt only night within me and it was then that I conceived the new art, which I called Suprematism". He created a suprematist 'grammar' based on fundamental geometric forms; in particular, the square and the circle. In 1915, Malevich exhibited his early experiments in suprematist painting. The centerpiece of his show was the "Black Square", placed in what is called the "red/beautiful corner" in Russian Orthodox tradition, the place of the main icon in a house. "Black Square" was painted in 1915 and was a breakthrough in his career and in art in general. Malevich also painted "White on White" which marked a breakthrough from polychrome to monochrome suprematism. Some of the titles to paintings in 1915 express the concept of a non-euclidean geometry which imagined forms in movement, or through time; titles such as: "Two dimensional painted masses in the state of movement." Association. The "Supremus" group met from 1915 onwards to discuss the philosophy of suprematism and its development into other areas of life. There was some crossover with constructivism, with suprematists such as Lyuba Popova and especially El Lissitzky working on propaganda and industrial design. Lissitzky spread suprematist ideas abroad in the early 1920s. Architecture. Nikolai Suetin used suprematist motifs on works at the St. Petersburg Lomonosov Porcelain Factory where Malevich and Chashnik were also employed, and Malevich designed a suprematist teapot. The suprematists also made architectural models in the 1920s which offered a different conception of socialist buildings to those
Computer rage is a heightened physiological response with associated feelings of anger and frustration resulting from using a computer or other complex electronic device.  It may result in the physical assault of the computer or similar item, possibly leading to the device incurring more damage than it had before. Manifestation and causes. Computer rage may manifest itself in verbal abuse and occasionally physical violence towards the object, in some cases violent actions towards the hardware itself, usually either thumping the keyboard, shaking the monitor or banging the mouse on the table/desk. In online interactions, enraged persons may flame and abuse other users, shouting at them through headsets, sending rude messages, or rage quit (exiting a game prematurely out of anger).  Computer rage may be caused by distress due to a hardware or software problem which the enraged person is unable to correct. Persons may bang or kick the computer in an attempt to get it to function normally, though this action carries the distinct risk of destroying the computer's hard disk drive via a head crash. Another common occurrence of computer rage is whilst playing computer games, mainly first-person shooters and mmorpgs. Computer rage is normally induced when a gamer either fails an objective or is killed repeatedly. Tech support personnel and systems administrators may be subjected to customer's anger at a malfunctioning system, commonly including the aforementioned verbal abuse.
Kazimir Malevich (Kyiv, 23 February 1879 – 15 May 1935) was a Ukrainian painter and art theoretician. He was born in Ukraine of ethnic Polish parents. who settled near Kyiv in Kyiv Governorate of the Russian Empire during the partitions of Poland. He was a pioneer of geometric abstract art and the originator of the avant-garde Suprematism movement. In March 1913 a major exhibition of Aristarkh Lentulov's paintings opened in Moscow. The effect of this exhibition was comparable with that of Paul Cézanne in Paris in 1907, as all the main Russian avant-garde artists of the time (including Malevich) immediately absorbed the cubist principles and began using them in their works. Already in the same year the Cubo-Futurist opera "Victory Over the Sun" with Malevich's stage-set became a great success. In 1914 Malevich exhibited his works in the "Salon des Independants" in Paris. Suprematism. In 1915, Malevich laid down the foundations of Suprematism. He published his manifesto "From Cubism to Suprematism". In 1916–1917 he took part in exhibitions of the "Jack of Diamonds" group in Moscow. Famous examples of his Suprematist works were exhibited there, including "Black Square" (1915) and "White on White" (1918). After the October Revolution, Malevich became a member of the Collegium on the Arts of "Narkompros", the commission for the protection of monuments and the museums commission (all from 1918 to 1919). He taught at the Vitebsk Practical Art School in the USSR (now part of Belarus) (1919–1922), the Leningrad Academy of Arts (1922–1927), the Kiev State Art Institute (1927–1929), and the House of the Arts in Leningrad (1930). He wrote the book "The World as Non-Objectivity" (Munich 1926; English trans. 1959) which outlines
Chlorine trifluoride is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is ClF3. It contains chlorine and fluoride ions. The chlorine is in its +3 oxidation state. Properties. Chlorine trifluoride is a colorless gas, but it can be compressed to a light yellow liquid. Chlorine trifluoride is normally sold compressed. It is an interhalogen, and is very reactive. It can burn plastics, sand, skin, hydrogen sulfide, metals, phosphorus, and sulfur. Since it is a much stronger oxidizing agent than oxygen, it can burn things that normally can't burn, like concrete or sand. It reacts with water very violently to make hydrofluoric acid and hydrochloric acid. It can ignite glass after being in it for a while. Preparation. Chlorine trifluoride is made by reacting chlorine with fluorine. This makes other chlorine fluorides which have to be taken out. Uses. Chlorine trifluoride is used to make uranium hexafluoride by reacting it with uranium metal. It was looked at as a rocket propellant. It was also looked at as a poison gas. It is too difficult to make and store, though. Chlorine trifluoride can be used to clean areas where semiconductors are made. Safety. Chlorine trifluoride is extremely toxic and dangerous. It is one of the most dangerous chemicals there is. It can catch many things on fire, including things that are usually non-flammable, such as asbestos, concrete, and glass. The fires are almost impossible to put out. It reacts with most things.
The "Evil Empire" is a term which was used by the US president Ronald Reagan (1911-2004). It is a synonym for the Soviet Empire, which consists of the "republics" of the Soviet Union and the "Council for Mutual Economic Assistance" (Comecon). Members of this "council" were satellite states, which where formally independent, but always controlled into the right direction by the Soviet Union with military, if they considered it as necessary. The first known usage of the term "Evil Empire" was in one of Reagan's speeches at 1983. He proposes to continue the endless war between good and evil. This emphasizes that you need both sides to agree for an nuclear freeze. If only the US reduced their nuclear weapons, it "would be a very dangerous fraud, for that is merely the illusion of peace". In contrast to this illusion he stands for the reality. This means for him "peace through strength".
The policy of containment was a diplomatic strategy of the United States to prevent the spread of the communism during the Cold War. Economic support should bind countries to the United States. This was a counteraction against the new Soviet sphere of influence. In March 1947 the US president Harry Truman (1884-1972) announced support for countries which were threatened by military force. This speech is called "Truman Doctrine" nowadays. In detail, he promised support for Greece and Turkey against the Soviet Union. The most important part of the policy of containment was the "European Recovery Program" (1948), also known as "Marshall Plan", which should boost the European economy after the destruction in the Second World War using—most important—money, successful American economic models, and less European trade barriers.
Lower Austria (German: "Niederösterreich", "Niedaestareich") is a state of Austria. It is in the northeast of the country. It is the biggest state by area, the second biggest by population, and also the historical core of Austria. Nearly 1.7 million people are living in Lower Austria on an area of about 19,000 km². Sankt Pölten has been the capital since 1986, before this was Vienna. Sankt Pölten is also the biggest city of the state, followed by Wiener Neustadt. It borders to the following other states of Austria: in the west to Upper Austria, in the south to Styria, and in the southeast to Burgenland. The city/state of Vienna lies in the middle of Lower Austria. It has also borders with other countries: in the north the Czech Republic and in the east Slovakia. The Danube River flows through Lower Austria, dividing the state in a northern part (the regions of "Waldviertel" and "Weinviertel") and a southern part (the regions of "Mostviertel" and "Industrieviertel"). These regions are divided into 21 districts and contain 573 towns. The northern part has many hills. Those in the Waldviertel belong to the ridge of Manhartsberg (part of the Bohemian Massif), and those in the Weinviertel are spurs of the Carpathian Mountains. The southern part is more mountainous with spurs of the Alps, like the Styrian-Lower Austrian Limestone Alps and the Vienna Woods ("Wienerwald"). Highest summit is the Schneeberg at 2,076 m. Lower Austria is very rural, 42% is agricultural and 40% is wooded. Winegrowing can especially be found in the areas/regions of Wachau, Weinviertel and Thermenregion. About 80% of the population is Roman Catholic. Politics. Seats taken in the Lower Austrian Parliament (56) since the elections of 2013: Lower Austria is governed by a coalition of ÖVP and SPÖ. Governor has been Johanna Mikl-Leitner (ÖVP) since April 2017.
Tsonga is a language of Bantu origin spoken primarily in South Africa and Mozambique. It is also known as Changana or Xangana. Text example. The Lord's Prayer written in Tsonga: Tata wa hina la nge matilweni, vito ra wena a ri hlawuleke; a ku te ku fuma ka wena; ku rhandza ka wena a ku endliwe misaveni, tanihi loko ku endliwa tilweni. U hi nyika namuntlha vuswa bya hina bya siku rin'wana ni rin'wana; u hi rivalela swidyoho swa hina, tanihi loko na hina hi rivalela lava hi dyohelaka; u nga hi yisi emiringweni, kambe u hi ponisa eka Lowo biha, Amen.
Werner Faymann (born 4 May 1960 in Vienna) is an Austrian politician. He belongs to the Social Democratic Party of Austria. He was transport, innovation and technology minister from 2007 to 2008. His party won the elections of the National Assembly in 2008. As a result he was the Federal Chancellor of Austria from 2008 to 2016. He was succeeded by Christian Kern.
Nicola Ferguson Sturgeon (born 19 July 1970 in Irvine, Scotland) is a Scottish politician. On 20 November 2014, she became the 5th First Minister of Scotland. She became the leader of the Scottish National Party on 14 November 2014. She was previously the Deputy First Minister of Scotland, Cabinet Secretary for Health and Wellbeing, and Deputy Leader of the Scottish National Party (SNP). She is a Member of the Scottish Parliament (MSP) for Glasgow Govan. Nicola Sturgeon studied at the University of Glasgow and attempted to become a Member of Parliament at the 1992 and 1997 General Elections. In 1999, she became an MSP representing the Glasgow region. She became the Deputy Leader of the Scottish National Party in 2004 and because Alex Salmond was still an MP, she was the SNP's leader in the Scottish Parliament until the 2007 Scottish Parliament election. At the 2007 election, Nicola Sturgeon became the MSP for Glasgow Govan and her party formed a minority government with Alex Salmond as First Minister. On 20 November 2014, Nicola Sturgeon became First Minister of Scotland, succeeding Alex Salmond, who had resigned after defeat in the Scottish independence referendum. She is the first woman to hold this position. Sturgeon lives in Glasgow, with her husband Peter Murrell. In March 2023, Sturgeon resigned as First Minister and was succeeded by Humza Yousaf. She said that her resignation was because of the emotional toll the role took on her and for the false internet rumours about her sexuality and personal life.
The Social Democratic and Labour Party or SDLP is a centre-left political party in Northern Ireland. Its policies promote social democracy and the idea that Northern Ireland should leave the United Kingdom and join with the Republic of Ireland. Its leader is Colum Eastwood and currently it has none of the Northern Ireland seats in the UK parliament, however it has 8 out of 90 seats in the Northern Ireland Assembly making it the 5th largest party in the assembly . The party rejected violence during the Troubles and was the most successful nationalist party during the 1980s and 1990s.
The Final Frontier is an album by Iron Maiden. It was announced on 4 March 2010, along a concert tour. It was recorded in The Bahamas and produced by Kevin Shirley. The album began being sold on 17 August 2010. It sold very well, being the most popular album in 21 countries when it went on sale, as well as being one of the top five most popular albums in eight other countries.
Windows Narrator is a tool for the visually impaired. The user has four options to customize their experience. Purpose. The tool reads text, message boxes, and mimics user typing. The voice, pitch, and speed can all be tailored to the user's preferences.
Sunny (born Susan Soonkyu Lee on May 15, 1989) is an American singer based in South Korea. She is also a radio DJ, music show host, and member of the Korean girl group Girls' Generation and of its sub-unit Girls' Generation-Oh!GG under the label SM Entertainment. ￼She has white hair
Stephanie Young Hwang (Korean name: Hwang Mi-young; Hangul: 황미영; Hanja: 黃美英; born August 1, 1989) is an American singer and dancer. She is known by her stage name Tiffany or Tiffany Young. She was born in California, but moved to South Korea at the age of fifteen to start a music career. She is a member of the girl group Girls' Generation and of its sub-unit Girls' Generation-TTS. Controversies. On August 15th, 2016, she was heavily criticized by Korean social media because she posted a Confederate Japanese flag on the Korean Liberation Day.
Kim Hyo-yeon (born September 22, 1989), better known by her stage name Hyoyeon, is a South Korean singer, dancer, rapper, DJ and entertainer. She is a soloist, but she is also a member of the South Korean girl group Girls' Generation, of its sub-unit Girls' Generation-Oh!GG and of the supergroup GOT the beat, all under the label SM Entertainment. She is often called "Dancing Queen" due to her dance skills.
Choi Soo-young (; Hanja: ; Japanese: チェ・スヨン also known as Sooyoung Choi or Summer Choi; born February 10, 1990) is a South Korean singer-songwriter, actress and TV presenter. She is a former member of the Korean-Japanese duo group Route θ and a current member of the South Korean girl group Girls' Generation. Sooyoung is the only Asian woman in "Complex's" Hottest '90s Babies.
Im Yoon-ah (born May 30, 1990), commonly known as YoonA (윤아/潤娥), is a South Korean singer and actress. She is a member of Girls' Generation and of its sub-unit Girls' Generation-Oh!GG under the label SM Entertainment.
Seo Ju-hyun (born June 28, 1991 in Seoul) is a South Korean singer and actress. She is known by her Stage name Seohyun. She is a member of the girl group Girls' Generation and of its sub-unit Girls' Generation-TTS, but later become a solo artist. She sings K-pop, R&amp;B, soul and jazz music. She is also a dancer.
The Year 10,000 problem (also known as the Y10K problem, Y10K Bug, and Y10K) is an error machines and computers will encounter when they need to express five digits for a year. Cultural practicing. Some people practice the art of cutting the last two digits of a decade. For example, the "1970's" becomes just the "70s". However, this becomes a problem, because to keep order, one will now need to take the last three digits, rather than two. Computer Errors due to this. This is also a problem because the "000's" might be confused with the standard digits "00's", representing a new century. Also, the year can overflow with certain computer programs. For example: in Microsoft Excel, 12/31/9999 is considered a valid date, but 1/1/10000 is invalid and will raise errors. The date "ten thousand" is unable to be supported, producing a large negative instead. Efforts. So far, the Long Now Foundation is able to preempt the Y10K by adding a "0" in front of the date. So the current year of 2025, will look like 02025. However, it would still be affected by the "Y100K" problem, the "Y1000K" problem, "Y10000K" Problem, etc. Database Errors. In MySQL databases, the values of some datatypes are limited to the scope of only 31-12-9999 which causes some problems as the computer would not be able to compile the data in the SQL. Many other SQL software can also be affected by this error. Comma Errors. Another possible error in the computer display of the year ten thousand is the possible use of commas in between the third and fourth digit. To avoid confusion with years such as "1000", a comma may be added to display such year as 10,000. Today, due to the low likelihood of a year such as "2000" being confused with "200", commas are rarely used. "When [the year is] embedded in a date, [it is] plenty easy to discern from context. "
Araucaria is a genus of evergreen coniferous trees in the family Araucariaceae. There are 19 species in the genus, with a scattered distribution in the southern continents. They are found in New Caledonia (where 13 species are endemic), Norfolk Island, eastern Australia, New Guinea, Argentina, Chile, and southern Brazil. The present populations are relicts, and of restricted distribution. They are found in forest and shrubland, in exposed sites. These tall trees are living fossils, dating back to early in the Mesozoic era.  Fossil records show that the genus also formerly occurred in the northern hemisphere until the end of the Cretaceous period. By far the greatest diversity exists in New Caledonia, due to the island's long isolation and stability. Description. "Araucaria" are mainly large trees with a massive erect stem, reaching a height of 30–80 m (16–262 ft). The horizontal, spreading branches grow in whorls and are covered with leathery or needle-like leaves. In some species, the leaves are narrow and shaped like a lance, barely overlapping each other, in others they are broad and flat, and overlap broadly. "Aurucaria" reproduces by seed cones. Fossil record. The whole group was common in the Jurassic period. The living "Araucaria araucana" is often called the monkey-puzzle tree. The whole family Araucariaceae is often called that name by palaeobotanists. The leaves (shown here) have an average life of 24 years, and cover most of the tree except for the older branches.
Agathis is a genus of evergreen, coniferous trees, the kauri. They grow mainly in the southern hemisphere, including southeast Asia, areas of the western Pacific, and Australasia. "Agathis" is a relatively small genus, with only 21 known species. As a conifer, it bears its seeds in conifer cones. Mature "Agathis" can become quite large, reaching 130 feet (about 40 m) in height and 10 feet (about 3 m) in diameter. The genus is part of the ancient Araucariaceae family of conifers, a group once widespread during the Jurassic period, but now largely restricted to the southern hemisphere. Description. Mature kauri trees have large trunks, forming a bole with little or no branching below the crown. In contrast, young trees are normally conical in shape, forming a more rounded or irregularly shaped crown as they mature. Uses. In the logging industry it is generally referred to as commercial grade mahogany. Timber from the "Agathis" has several uses, including cabinet making, boat building, musical instruments, and in years past, artificial limbs. It also produces a wide variety of resins.