ejaasaari/simplewiki-2025-04-01 huggingface dataset:
Nehemiah Grew (26 September 164125 March 1712) was an English plant anatomist and physiologist, the "Father of Plant Anatomy". Grew graduated from Pembroke College, Cambridge in 1661, and ten years later took the degree of M.D. at Leiden University.  He began work on the anatomy of plants in 1664, and in 1670 his essay, "The Anatomy of Vegetables begun", was communicated to the Royal Society. The following year he was elected a Fellow. In 1672, when the essay was published, he settled in London, and soon acquired an extensive practice as a physician.  In 1673 he published his "Idea of a Phytological History", which consisted of papers he had communicated to the Royal Society in the preceding year, and in 1677 he succeeded Henry Oldenburg as Secretary of the Royal Society. He edited the "Philosophical Transactions" in 1678-1679, and in 1681 he published by request a descriptive catalogue of the rarities preserved at Gresham College. In 1682 appeared his great work on the "Anatomy of Plants", which also was largely a collection of previous publications. It was illustrated with eighty-two plates, with an appendix of seven papers mostly of a chemical character. The "Anatomy" is especially notable for its descriptions of plant structure. He described nearly all the key differences of morphology of stem and root, showed that the flowers of the Asteraceae are built of multiple units, and correctly said that stamens are male organs. "Anatomy of Plants" also contains the first known microscopic description of pollen. Much of Grew's pioneering work with the microscope was done at the same time as that of Marcello Malpighi. The two reportedly borrowed freely from one another. Grew's work on pollen was more extensive than that of Malpighi. It led to the discovery that size and shape is different between species, whereas pollen grains within a species are all alike. This discovery is central to the field of micropaleontology.
Johannes Peter Müller (14 July 1801 – 28 April 1858), was a German physiologist, comparative anatomist, ichthyologist, and herpetologist. In 1833 he became Professor of physiology at the University of Berlin. In the later part of his life he chiefly devoted himself to comparative anatomy. Fishes and marine invertebrates were his favourite subjects. He took 19 trips to the Baltic and North Sea, the Adriatic and the Mediterranean to investigate salt-water life. He authored a comprehensive work on the anatomy of amphibians, which in his era including reptiles. Also, he described several new species of snakes. Müller mentored some distinguished physiologists and biologists, including Hermann von Helmholtz, Emil du Bois-Reymond, Theodor Schwann, Friedrich Gustav Jakob Henle, Carl Ludwig and Ernst Haeckel. In 1834, he was elected a foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. He was awarded the Copley Medal of the Royal Society in 1854.
The Sobolev space is a function space in mathematics. These functions all have a norm. This norm is a combination of "Lp"-norms of the function together with its derivatives up to a given order. The derivatives are understood in a suitable weak sense to make the space complete, i.e. a Banach space. Intuitively, a Sobolev space is a space of functions with sufficiently many derivatives for some application domain, such as partial differential equations. They are equipped with a norm that measures both the size and regularity of a function.  Sobolev spaces are named after the Russian mathematician Sergei Sobolev. Their importance comes from the fact that weak solutions of some important partial differential equations exist in appropriate Sobolev spaces, even when there are no strong solutions in spaces of continuous functions with the derivatives understood in the classical sense.  The space is very useful to look at for partial differential equation. The spaces may be characterized by smooth functions. It is used by mathematicians. There is a strong relation between Soblev space and Besov space.  Sobolev spaces are named for the Russian mathematician Sergei Sobolev in the 1930s. His space has many uses. They are most used for understanding the solutions of ordinal differential equations and partial differential equations. According to the applications above, there were questions on how to characterize the space using classical functions. These questions were answered in 1964, by Meyers and Serrin. Introduction and definition. Meyers and Serrin's theorem is well known for how to characterize to Sobolev spaces by collection of functions can classical derivative up to given oder same as order of distributional derivative of the Sobolev space. In this section, we shall first recall that definition of Sobolev spaces and set to several preliminaries as follows.  formula_1 Here, Ω is an open set in ℝ"n" and 1 ≤ "p" ≤ +∞. The natural number "m" is called the order of the Sobolev space "Wk,p"(Ω).
The Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR) is a research organization in India. It is for studies in mathematics and science. It is located in Mumbai. TIFR was started by Jenhangir Ratanji Dadabhoy Tata. It is now government funded. This institute has various departments like physics, chemistry, astronomy, and mathematics. One of its founding members was physicist Homi Bhabha. It was inaugurated by Prime Minister Sri Jawaharlal Nehru. Professors in this organization are recruited from institutes including the Illinois Institute of Technology.
The 1556 Shaanxi earthquake was a very destructive and deadly earthquake that occurred on the morning of 23 January 1556 in Shaanxi, during the Ming Dynasty. It killed around 830,000.0 people, making it the deadliest earthquake in human history by number of deaths.  More than 97 counties in the provinces of Shaanxi, Shanxi, Henan, Gansu, Hebei, Shandong, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu and Anhui were affected. The earthquake destroyed a area. In some counties, 60% of the population was killed. It had a magnitude of around 8.0. At the time, many people in that area lived in homes they made from artificial caves. Loess, the material that made these caves, is known to be very weak and can cause landslides. Scholars believe that is why so many people had died.
Naturopathy is a form of alternative medicine. It is based on the belief that a special energy called "vital energy" guides bodily functions such as metabolism, reproduction and growth. Naturopaths use various froms of treament, such as herbal medicine and massaging with a holistic view. They generally avoid the use of surgery and synthetic drugs. In Naturopathy, evidence-based medicine is thought of as being only part of the evidence. Taken as a whole, naturopathy is an ideologic system, not a scientific one.  The term "naturopathy" comes from Greek and Latin, meaning "natural therapy". Modern naturopathy developed from the Natural Cure movement in Europe.
Oscar Armando Yanes González (25 April 1927 – 21 October 2013) was a Venezuelan journalist and bestselling author. Yanes is considered to be a pioneer in Venezuela's broadcast journalism department. He was awarded three times with the National Prize for Journalism. In 1992, he won the Silver Book Prize, awarded by Planeta Publishing, for the largest book circulation of the year. Biography. Yanes was born on 25 April 1927 in Caracas, Venezuela. As a child, he attended the Zamora School, in San Juan Parish. The idol of the parish was the boxer Armando Best. Pompeyo Márquez and Eloy Torres also studied at that school. Both were boxers who were going to end up as communist leaders. Later, Yanes went to the University and studied as a journalist after he had seen a notice from the newspaper. He entered the first school of journalism that existed in Venezuela, at the Free University "Augusteo", which had been founded in October 1941 by Monsignor Rafael Lovera under General Isaiah Medina Angarita. Press freedom was given by Angarita and allowed the circulation of three newspapers that made history: Últimas Noticias, El Nacional and El Morrocoy Blue. Yanes signed up for the founding squad of Últimas Noticias and stayed there for a few years.[1] At age 25, he assumed the direction of the newspaper La Esfera. Ramón David León, who gave him the chance at 13 of getting to know the world of journalism, gave him his office and his position 12 years later, when he decided to sell the newspaper to Miguel Ángel Capriles. Leading the team of Venevisión, a Venezuelan network, Yanes was sent in 1966 to Vietnam as a war correspondent and press officer. For two months, he made six reports that were distributed throughout Latin America: "The War on the Sea" (la guerra en el mar), "The War in the Air" (la guerra en el aire), "The War in the Jungle" (la guerra en la selva), "The Viet
The divine right of kings, was a political and religious doctrine. It meant that a monarch was given the right to rule by God alone. His authority could not be questioned because he ruled in God's name. It gave a king absolute rule over his subjects. Beginnings. Pharaohs and some other ancient Kings were thought to actually be gods or descendants of gods. That concept went away when monotheism spread. A medieval principle held that God gave the right in to rule in secular matters to political rulers. God gave the right to rule over spiritual matters to the Pope as head of the Church. This has been called the 'doctrine of the two swords'. In 800, Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne as the Holy Roman Emperor. From that time on the Emperor was the secular power while the Pope was the power. This concept began to break down prior to the First Crusade. Rather than have the Emperor provide the manpower for the crusade, the Pope called on the nobility of Europe directly. Rise and fall. In England, Henry VIII broke free of the Catholic church and the authority of the Pope. By the Acts of Supremacy in 1534 Henry was both king and "Supreme Head" of the Church of England. Following the Protestant Reformation the theory of divine right gave the king absolute authority as God's representative on earth in both political and spiritual matters. It made him accountable to no one but God. James I of England in his speech to Parliament in 1609 said: In France the theory had been considered from the 13th century. Although France remained Catholic, her kings gradually pulled away from papal rule. By the 16th century the king replaced the pope as supreme authority over the French church. After the Glorious Revolution of 1688–89 the divine rights theory was no longer popular in England. In France, kings including Louis XIV of France (1643–1715) continued the divine rights doctrine. That was until the French revolution in 1789. By the 19th century it no longer had any . China. The Chinese culture had a similar but older concept called the 'Mandate of Heaven'. A good ruler had the blessings of heaven. But one who ruled badly would cause the mandate to be removed. When the People's Republic of China was formed in 1949, they claimed the Mandate of Heaven from the people.
Alfred Ernest Moore (December 1, 1904 – June 29, 1979) was a Canadian ice hockey goaltender. Moore played 20 games in the NHL for the New York Americans. Moore is known for replacing Mike Karakas in the Chicago Black Hawks net in game one of the 1938 Stanley Cup Finals because replacement goaltender Paul Goodman did not arrive in Toronto on time. He spent the end of his career in the AHL, playing for the Cleveland Barons, New Haven Eagles, Springfield Indians, Buffalo Bisons and Philadelphia Rockets. In 1941, Moore retired from playing professional ice hockey. In 1949, he became the head coach of the Galt Black Hawks of the Ontario Hockey Association which he coached for 1 season. He died in 1984.
Gregory H. Millen (born June 25, 1957) is a Canadian retired ice hockey goaltender and hockey commentator analyst. Playing career. Before playing in the NHL, Millen played 3 seasons for the Peterborough Petes and 25 games for the Sault Ste. Marie Greyhounds. He was drafted by the Pittsburgh Penguins with the 102nd overall pick in the 1977 NHL Entry draft. He played 3 seasons with the Penguins and was signed as a free agent by the Hartford Whalers. He played 4 seasons with the Whalers and during his time with the Whalers he represented Canada at the World Championships. He was traded by the Whalers to the St. Louis Blues in February 1985 and helped them reach the Conference Finals in 1986. They were defeated by the Calgary Flames however. He then played 18 games for the Quebec Nordiques, 13 games for the Chicago Blackhawks and 10 games for the Detroit Red Wings before leaving for the IHL to play for the San Diego Gulls and retiring after playing 5 games with them. Broadcasting. After retiring, Millen became the colour commentator on television broadcasts for the expansion Ottawa Senators. He spent eleven seasons as the commentator for the Senators and was teamed with Don Chevrier, Rob Faulds, and Dean Brown. He was also part of the lead broadcasting team along with Dan Shulman for CTV's ice hockey coverage at the 1994 Winter Olympics. He joined the CBC's Hockey Night in Canada before the 1994-95 NHL season. He spent a year with CTV Sportsnet and rejoined HNIC in 1999–2000 where he was the network's secondary colour commentator and mostly covered the second game of weekly doubleheader. He usually works on the game that features the Montreal Canadiens along with Bob Cole and Guy Carbonneau. He worked on regional Toronto Maple Leafs telecasts since 2006 on Rogers Sportsnet Ontario and Leafs TV along with Joe Bowen. During the 2012 NHL playoffs, he worked the Washington-Boston series with play-by-play man Dean Brown.
Gilles Meloche (born July 12, 1950) is a Canadian retired ice hockey goaltender. Playing career. Before playing in the NHL, Meloche played 1 season for the Verdun Maple Leafs of the QMJHL. He was drafted with the 70th overall pick by the Chicago Black Hawks in the 1970 NHL Entry draft. Meloche played 2 games with the Black Hawks. Chicago was already strong in goal with Tony Esposito so Meloche was dealt to the California Golden Seals, one of the weakest teams in the league at the time. Meloche played for the Seals for 5 seasons and stayed with the team when the franchise's relocated to Cleveland, Ohio to become the Cleveland Barons. He would play for the Barons for 2 seasons and stayed with the Barons when they merged with the Minnesota North Stars. Meloche played 7 seasons with the North Stars and had great success with them. He then played 3 seasons with the Pittsburgh Penguins and retired in 1988. Since retiring from playing hockey, he became the Penguins goaltending coach. He coach the Penguins for 8 seasons and helped the Penguins win three Stanley Cups before resigning in 2013. He currently works as a special assignment scout for the Pittsburgh Penguins.
The Buenos Aires Convention (or Convention on Literary and Artistic Copyright) is an international copyright treaty. It was signed at Buenos Aires on 11 August 1910. The countries which signed it agreed to respect the copyrights of the other countries. For a document to be covered by this convention, its copyright statement must use the proper wording. Often, the phrase "All rights reserved" (, ) was used. However, the United States only required the name of the writer and the year that the work was published. The following countries signed the Buenos Aires Convention:
Sébastien Caron (born June 25, 1980) is a Canadian ice hockey goaltender that currently plays for Iserlohn Roosters of the DEL. Career. Before playing in the NHL, Caron played 2 seasons in the QMJHL for the Rimouski Oceanic where he won the Memorial Cup with them in 2000. He also won the Hap Emms Memorial Trophy for being the Memorial Cup Outstanding Goaltender. He was drafted with the 86th overall pick in the 1999 NHL Entry draft by the Pittsburgh Penguins. He played 3 seasons with the Penguins and 4 seasons with their AHL affiliate team, Wilkes-Barre/Scranton Penguins before having his contract bought out by the Penguins on June 25, 2006. He also played for Saguenay Fjord and Sorel-Tracy Mission during the 2004–05 NHL lockout. On July 27, 2006, he was signed to a contract with the Chicago Blackhawks and he played 1 game with them before being traded along with Matt Keith and Chris Durno to Anaheim Ducks for P.A. Parenteau and Bruno St. Jacques. During his time with the Ducks, Caron served as a spare goaltender in the 2007 playoffs. He was not called on to dress during the playoffs but was included in the Stanley Cup winning picture, and has a Stanley Cup ring from when the Ducks won the Stanley Cup. He did not however qualify to have his name engraved on the Stanley Cup since he only played one regular season game. On April 1, 2010, he was signed by the Philadelphia Flyers but never played in net for Philadelphia during his short visit. He was the seventh goaltender acquired the Flyers' for the 2009–2010 NHL season. He went on to play for HC Fribourg-Gotteron of the NLA for 3 seasons and was signed to a contract by Traktor Chelyabinsk of the KHL on August 23, 2010. He played 12 games with Traktor and went back to the NLA to play for HC Lugano.
Jan Evangelista Purkyně (17 December 1787 – 28 July 1869) was a Czech anatomist and physiologist. He was one of the best known scientists of his time. In 1839, he coined the term 'protoplasm' for the fluid substance of a cell. Biography. Purkyně was born in Bohemia, which was then in the Austro-Hungarian Empire, now it is in the Czech Republic. In 1818, he graduated with a degree in medicine, and was appointed Professor of Physiology. He published two volumes which contributed to experimental psychology. He created the world's first Department of Physiology at the University of Breslau in Prussia (now Wrocław, Poland), and the world's first official physiology laboratory. Discoveries. He is best known for his discoveries of Purkinje cells and Purkinje fibres. Purkinje cells are large neurons with many branching dendrites found in the cerebellum. Purkinje fibres conduct electrical impulses to all parts of the ventricle of the heart. Other discoveries include Purkinje images, reflections of objects from structures of the eye, and the Purkinje shift, the change in the brightness of red and blue colours as light intensity decreases gradually at dusk. Purkyně also introduced the scientific terms plasma (for the component of blood left when the suspended cells have been removed) and protoplasm (the substance found inside cells.) Purkyně was the first to use a microtome to make wafer thin slices of tissue for microscopic examination and was among the first to use an improved version of the compound microscope. He described the effects of camphor, opium, belladonna and turpentine on humans in 1829. He also experimented with nutmeg that same year, when he "washed down three ground nutmegs with a glass of wine and experienced headaches, nausea, euphoria, and hallucinations that lasted several days", which remain a good description of today's average nutmeg binge. Purkyně discovered sweat glands in 1833 and published a thesis that recognised nine principal configuration groups of fingerprints in
Roger I de Montgomery, was the (lord) of Montgomery and vicomte of the Hiesmois in Normandy. Career. Roger was the son of Hugh de Montgomery and his wife Josceline. She was the niece of Gunnora, Duchess of Normandy. Roger held the lands of Saint-Germain-de-Montgommery and Sainte-Foy-de-Montgommery. Both had traces of early castles. He became the Viscount of the Heismois about the same time Robert I of Normandy became Duke in 1027. But as the viscount he witnessed a royal charter to the abbey of St. Wandrille . Like Duke Robert, Roger began taking properties that belonged to the church. These included () half the town of Bernay. He took over a woodland at 'Crispus Fagidus' which belonged to Jumièges Abbey. He put an end to a market held by the same abbey and took it into his own domain. Later he seemed to have a change of heart. He returned the market to the abbey and paid restitution for their losses. After 1035 Roger seems to have lost favor with the young duke William. He signed an early charter of Duke William simply as 'Roger of Montgomery'. He apparently was no longer the viscount. In 1037 when rebellions broke out, Roger was one of the rebels. When he was defeated he fled to the court of Henry I of France. Roger was forced into exile by Osbern the Steward. Osbern was later killed by William de Montgomery, Roger's son. Where and when Roger died is unknown. In 1068 his wife was still holding lands at Bures and Saint-Pair. Family. The name of Roger's wife is unknown but he had five sons:
Barákapuszta is a former village, now a part of Zichyújfalu, Hungary. Geography. It currently has a population of around 15 (in 2013). Barákapuszta an area of 0.8 km². History. The settlement founded of 17th century.
Chris Clifford (born May 26, 1966 in Kingston, Ontario) is a Canadian retired ice hockey goaltender. Playing career. Before playing in the NHL, Clifford played 1 season with the Kingston Canadians of the OHL. He was drafted by the Chicago Black Hawks with the 111th overall pick in the 1984 NHL Entry draft. He played 1 game with them but went back down to the OHL to play with the Canadiens again. He won the Bobby Smith Trophy in 1985-86 and became the first goaltender in Ontario Hockey League history to score a goal. After spending 3 seasons with the Canadiens, he played for the Saginaw Hawks of the IHL. He played 22 games with them and was called up to play 1 game for the Black Hawks. After that game, he went back down to the IHL to play 7 games with Saginaw and 23 games with the Muskegon Lumberjacks. He went to the ECHL to play 10 games with the Virginia Lancers and then returned to the Lumberjacks to play 1 season. After his season with the Lumberjacks was over, Clifford played 2 games for the Fort Wayne Komets and left for the ECHL to play for the Louisville Icehawks. After play the 1993-94 season with them, Clifford retired from playing professional ice hockey.
The paradox of thrift is the idea that during a recession, people will want to save more money. But if everyone saves money, then the economy can slow down even more, reducing peoples' income as a result. It is often linked with John Maynard Keynes. It is a main theory of Keynesian economics. It is a kind of prisoner's dilemma: saving benefits each individual but damages the general population. This is a paradox because it is contrary to intuition. Someone might think that what seems to be good for an individual in the economy will be good for the entire population. However, exercising thrift may be good for an individual by enabling that individual to save for a "rainy day", and yet not be good for the economy as a whole. There is little agreement as to how important this is in a modern economy. Modern economies are huge, and much affected by other national economies.