ejaasaari/simplewiki-2025-04-01 huggingface dataset:
Kevin Wayne Durant (born September 29, 1988 in Washington, D.C., United States) is an American professional basketball player for the Phoenix Suns of the National Basketball Association (NBA). A small forward/shooting guard who is also capable of playing power forward, Durant was the consensus 2007 National College Player of the Year and the 2006–2007 Big 12 Player of the Year. After his freshman season at the University of Texas, Durant opted to enter the 2007 NBA Draft, where he was selected second overall pick by the Seattle SuperSonics. He scored 18 points in his first game. There he went on to win the NBA Rookie of the Year Award after his debut season. In 2007, Durant signed an endorsement contract with Nike. On July 4, 2016, he signed with the Golden State Warriors. He played with the Oklahoma City Thunder from 2007-2016. He signed with the Brooklyn Nets in July 2019. In March 2020, Durant, including three other Nets' players, tested positive for COVID-19. He was cured of the virus by April. On February 9, 2023, the Brooklyn Nets traded Durant along with T. J. Warren, to the Phoenix Suns for Mikal Bridges, Cameron Johnson, Jae Crowder, four first-round picks, and a 2028 first-round pick.
Manganese(III) oxide is a chemical compound. It has manganese in its +3 oxidation state. Its chemical formula is Mn2O3. It is a brown or black solid. It is made by heating manganese(IV) oxide to a temperature lower than . It is made in an alkaline cell when it dies.
Manganese(III) fluoride, also known as manganese trifluoride, is a chemical compound. It contains manganese and fluoride ions. The manganese ions are in the +3 oxidation state. Its chemical formula is MnF3. It is a purple-pink powder. It is used to add fluoride ions to other chemical compounds. It is an oxidizing agent. It is made by heating manganese(II) fluoride with fluorine. These are in a solution of hydrofluoric acid. It decomposes to manganese(II) fluoride when heated. It can form hydrofluoric acid when dissolved in water, so it can be dangerous. It should not be stored in glass.
Manganese(II) fluoride is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is MnF2. It is made by reacting manganese(II) carbonate or manganese(II) oxide with hydrofluoric acid. It is used to make other manganese fluorides. It is also used in lasers. It is much less reactive than the other manganese fluorides.
Manganese(IV) fluoride is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is MnF4. It contains manganese and fluoride ions. The manganese ions are in the +4 oxidation state. It is a light blue-green solid. It is very reactive. It can form very reactive fluorine gas easily. It can be made by reacting fluorine or strong oxidizing agents containing fluorine with several manganese compounds. It was used to make fluorine without using electrolysis. It is much more reactive than manganese(IV) oxide.
The Res Gestae Divi Augusti (Latin: “Deeds of the divine Augustus”) is a funerary inscription detailing the life and achievements of the first Roman Emperor, Augustus. The original inscription, which has not survived, was engraved upon a pair of bronze pillars which were placed in front of Augustus' mausoleum. Various copies of the text were found throughout the Roman Empire, the most notable being a nearly full copy, written in both Greek and Latin, found preserved on a temple dedicated to Augustus in Ankara, Turkey. Most historians have concluded that Augustus wrote several versions during his life and kept updating them until the final version which is usually dated to the same year as Augustus' death in 14 AD.  As a source, the "Res Gestae" is not fully accurate. Whilst not lying, he does not mention some things such as his proscriptions of his enemies. He refers to his rival Marc Antony as 'a faction'. The inscription says much about the money he spent on the people, Rome and the empire. It also says frequently that he has "restored the republic" and only gains his titles because of the universal support from the people and, most importantly, the Senate. Sections. The "Res Gestae Divi Augusti" is grouped into four sections:
Potassium fluoride is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is KF. It contains potassium and fluoride ions.  Properties. Potassium fluoride is a colorless crystalline solid. It rarely occurs in the ground. It dissolves easily in water. It can react with glass. Hydrofluoric acid is more effective at reacting with glass, though. It has to be stored in plastic or platinum containers. Preparation. Potassium fluoride is made by reacting potassium carbonate with hydrofluoric acid. This reaction can make potassium bifluoride. Potassium bifluoride is a mixture of hydrofluoric acid and potassium fluoride.  Uses. It is used because of its fluoride ion. It can be used to add fluoride ions to some chemical compounds. Safety. Potassium fluoride is somewhat toxic. It is corrosive to glass. It can burn when spilled on skin.
Goy is a word used in the Jewish Bible for “Nation”. In the Roman times, it also began to mean “non-Jew”.  It is used for referring to non-Jewish groups of people. If it is used for multiple groups or nations, the plural word Goyim is used instead.
Sodium permanganate is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is NaMnO4. It contains sodium and permanganate ions. Properties. It is a purple-black crystalline solid. It can dissolve in water to make a bright pink solution. It dissolves in water more than potassium permanganate. It is more expensive than potassium permanganate. It also absorbs water from the air. It is a strong oxidizing agent.  Preparation. It cannot be made in the way that potassium permanganate is made because sodium manganate is not made. It can be made by reacting pure manganese(IV) oxide with sodium hypochlorite. It can also be made by reacting potassium permanganate with certain sodium compounds. Uses. It can be used to make circuit boards. Safety. Permanganates are toxic. They are also strong oxidizing agents and should be kept away from things that can burn.
Manganate normally means the MnO42- ion. It is a bright green ion. It is made during the making of permanganates. It is a weak reducing agent and moderate oxidizing agent. They are similar to the sulfate (SO42-) and chromate (CrO42-) ions. Potassium manganate is an example.
The Battle of the Catalaunian Plains (also called the "Battle of Châlons-sur-Marne" or "Battle of Châlons") was a battle in 451 AD. It took place in Châlons-sur-Marne, in northeast Gaul (nowadays France). Roman legions commanded by Flavius Aetius allied with Visigoth soldiers led by Theodoric I, to defeat the armies of Attila the Hun.  Attila's armies consisted mainly of horsemen. The battle ended as a stalemate - and thus a victory for the West, the Huns having suffered too many losses to continue their attack. The battle of the Catalaunian Plains crushed Attila's dreams of invading the Roman empire, and ultimately was the end of his empire in Europe. But the battle also weakened the already fragile Western Roman Empire, which collapsed 25 years later, in 476.
Invented by Byzantines, Greek fire was a fearsome weapon. It had the ability to keep burning while on water. As such, it was often used in naval battles. The creation of it was a closely guarded secret and has now been lost. It was very similar to modern napalm, though it was weaker. Byzantine ships attached it to their fronts as a medival sort of flamethrower. After several accidents of the fire burning its own ship, it was no longer used. The term "Greek fire" is normally used in English. However, most other languages use other terms such as "sea fire" (Greek: πῦρ θαλάσσιον), "Roman fire" (πῦρ ῥωμαϊκόν), "war fire" (πολεμικὸν πῦρ), "liquid fire" (ὑγρὸν πῦρ), or "processed fire" (πῦρ σκευαστόν).
The Siphonophores are an order of cnidarian invertebrates in the class Hydrozoa. The Portuguese man o' war is an example.  A siphonophore is not a single animal. It is a colony of four kinds of zooids. Zooids are very small, highly modified individuals. All the zooids in a colony are genetically identical. These zooids are specialized polyps and medusoids.  Though structurally similar to other cnidarians, the zooids do not live by themselves: they are attached to each other. Each type of zooid is not self-sufficient. It depends for survival on the others doing what it cannot do by itself. So close do the zooids fit together that the colony looks like a single individual. It was a triumph of 19th century biology to discover the real nature of the siphonophores.
Potassium manganate is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is K2MnO4. It contains potassium and manganate ions. Properties. Potassium manganate is a green solid. It can disproportionate into potassium permanganate and manganese(IV) oxide. This happens in acidic pH. This reaction, because of its color change, is known as a "chemical chameleon". Preparation. It is made by reacting manganese(IV) oxide with very hot potassium hydroxide. Sometimes oxygen or potassium nitrate is used as the oxidizing agent. This makes potassium manganate. Normally the potassium manganate is converted to potassium permanganate. Potassium permanganate is more common. Potassium iodide can reduce potassium permanganate to potassium manganate. It can also be made by reacting hot potassium permanganate with potassium hydroxide. This makes oxygen and potassium manganate. Uses. Potassium manganate does not have many uses. It is mainly made when potassium permanganate is made. Safety. Potassium manganate is a moderate oxidizing agent. When it is reduced, it can made black or brown stains on glass, clothing, or skin.
Sodium manganate is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is Na2MnO4. It contains sodium and manganate ions. It is a bright green solid at 25 degrees Celsius at standard atmosphere (a pressure). It cannot be made by reacting manganese dioxide with sodium hydroxide, like potassium manganate is made. It is made by reacting hot sodium hydroxide with sodium permanganate. This releases oxygen and makes sodium manganate. It is more expensive than potassium manganate because it is harder to make.
Hypomanganate is an ion. Its chemical formula is MnO43-. It is bright blue. It disproportionates into manganates and manganese(IV) oxide easily. This can be stopped by adding a lot of a base. They are both reducing agents and oxidizing agents. They are made by reducing manganates with sulfites and hydrogen peroxide.
Potassium sulfite is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is K2SO3. It contains potassium and sulfite ions.  Properties. It is a white crystalline solid. It is a reducing agent. It can react with oxidizing agents to make potassium sulfate.  Preparation. It is made by reacting sulfur dioxide with potassium hydroxide. 2 KOH + SO2 → K2SO3 + H2O Uses. It is used to preserve food. Sulfites can cause allergies in some people, though.
David Theodore Creighton (June 24, 1930 – August 18, 2017) was a Canadian professional ice hockey forward. He was born in Port Arthur, Ontario. Creighton started his National Hockey League career with the Boston Bruins in 1948. He would also play with the Toronto Maple Leafs, Chicago Black Hawks, and New York Rangers. He left the NHL after the 1960 season. He played several more seasons in the AHL before retiring after the 1969 season. After this, he coached the Providence Reds from 1969 to 1970. Creighton died at his home in Wesley Chapel, Florida on August 18, 2017 at the age of 87.
Edward Reginald Noble (June 23, 1895 – January 19, 1962) was a Canadian professional ice hockey forward who played 17 professional seasons in the National Hockey Association (NHA) and National Hockey League (NHL) for the Toronto Blueshirts, Montreal Canadiens, Toronto St. Pats, Montreal Maroons, Detroit Cougars, Detroit Falcons and Detroit Red Wings. He was a three-time winner of the Stanley Cup, with Toronto and Montreal and was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1962. He was also the last active NHL player from both the NHL's inaugural season and the 1910s. Career statistics. Source:  Transactions. Source:
Timeline. Hurricane Gloria was an Atlantic tropical cyclone in September 1985. The storm was the first major storm to affect Long Island and New York directly since Hurricane Donna 25 years before. The storm started as a tropical depression on September 16; it became Tropical Storm Gloria on September 17. On September 18, it weakened back to a tropical depression. Two days later, it became a tropical storm again. After being a weak tropical cyclone for several days, on September 22, Gloria became a hurricane. It quickly became stronger on September 24; the next day, its winds peaked at 145 mph. A 2008 reanalysis later found the winds had been even stronger. On September 27, the hurricane struck eastern North Carolina as a Category 2 storm. It then moved up the East Coast of the United States. Later that day, the storm struck western Long Island, with winds of 85 mph. One hour after striking Long Island, it hit near Westport, Connecticut. Gloria moved northeast through Atlantic Canada. Damages. Damage from the storm was $900 million. The death toll from the storm was fourteen. Naming. The name "Gloria" was later retired and replaced with "Grace".
The immune system is the set of tissues which work together to resist infections. The immune mechanisms help an organism identify a pathogen, and b its threat. The immune system can detect and identify many different kinds of disease agents. Examples are viruses, bacteria and parasites. The immune system can detect a difference between the body's own healthy cells or tissues, and 'foreign' cells. Detecting an unhealthy intruder is complicated, because intruders can evolve and adapt so that the immune system will no longer detect them. Once a foreign cell or protein is detected, the immune system creates antibodies to fight the intruders, and sends special cells ('phagocytes') to eat them up. Innate immune system. Even simple unicellular organisms such as bacteria possess enzyme systems that protect against viral infections. Basic immune mechanisms appeared in ancient life forms and remain in their modern descendants, such as plants and insects. These mechanisms include antimicrobial peptides (called defensins), phagocytosis, and the complement system. These make up the innate immune system, which defends the host from infections in a non-specific way. The simplest innate system is the cell wall or barrier on the outside to stop intruders getting in. For example, skin stops most outside bacteria getting in. The response. The innate immune system responds very quickly to anything foreign that enters the body. When something gets past the skin, as through a cut, the immune cells work to find the intruder and to alert each other of the foreign object. Small immune cells bring other cells from all over the body to the site where the foreign object was found. Other immune cells can send out messengers to cells nearby to have them help attack the foreign object. This process can make the skin look red and feel hot. Phagocyte cells eat anything foreign that enters the body. This response is called non-specific because it responds the same way to anything foreign that enters the body from germs to a piece of dust. Adaptive immune system. Vertebrates, including humans, have much more sophisticated defense mechanisms. The innate immune system is found in all metazoa, but the adaptive immune system is only found in vertebrates. The adaptive immune response gives the verte
Sulfur hexafluoride, also known as sulfur(VI) fluoride, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is SF6. It contains sulfur in its +6 oxidation state. It also contains fluoride ions. BBC News says "It's the most powerful greenhouse gas known to humanity, and emissions have risen rapidly in recent years. Sulphur hexafluoride, or SF6, is widely used in the electrical industry to prevent short circuits and accidents. Leaks of the little-known gas in the UK and the rest of the EU in 2017 were the equivalent of putting an extra 1.3 million cars on the road". Properties. Sulfur hexafluoride is a colorless, odorless gas. It is very heavy for a gas (about 5 times heavier than air). It is non-reactive, and hard to find anything that reacts with it. It is a strong greenhouse gas. This has made people put some restrictions on using it. Preparation. It is made by reacting sulfur with fluorine. That combination also makes toxic disulfur decafluoride, which has to be removed. Uses. It is used in electronics and various electrical devices. It can be used in the body since it is not toxic. It can be used as a test gas to look where gas flows in a heater system, for example. It is detected easily. It is used in some torpedoes. Lithium is one of the only things that reacts with sulfur hexafluoride. Sulfur hexafluoride is sprayed on lithium. This makes the lithium very hot. It creates steam from water and shoots the torpedo. It can be breathed in to make the voice deeper. This is the opposite of breathing in helium gas. Safety. Sulfur hexafluoride is not toxic. It can fill up in closed spaces though. A person may suffocate in the closed space if sulfur hexafluoride has pushed out the oxygen from the space. Greenhouse gas. According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, is the most potent greenhouse gas that it has evaluated, with a global warming potential (GWP)
Disulfur decafluoride, also known as sulfur pentafluoride and sulfur(V) fluoride, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is S2F10. It contains sulfur in its +5 oxidation state. Properties. Disulfur decafluoride is a colorless liquid. It has no odor. It is very toxic. It disproportionates to sulfur hexafluoride and sulfur tetrafluoride when heated. It reacts with sulfur dioxide. It also can react with chlorine, bromine, and ammonia. It is more toxic than phosgene.  Uses. It was thought of as a poison gas in World War II, but it was never used. It has almost no uses.
Formula One, abbreviated to F1, is a form of open-wheeled auto racing. It is the highest class defined by the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA), motorsport's world governing body. The "formula" in the name refers to a set of rules. These rules tell the builders and drivers of the cars what they may and may not do. The F1 world championship season is a series of races. These races are known as Grands Prix. They are usually held on purpose-built circuits. In a few places, they are held on closed city streets. The most famous Grand Prix is the Monaco Grand Prix in Monte Carlo. The top finisher of each race are awarded championship points. The points are added up at the end of they year. There are two yearly Championships. The one for drivers and one for constructors. Michael Schumacher used to hold the record for the most Grand Prix victories. He has won 91. Lewis Hamilton has since overtaken him with 105. times. Alain Prost is second with 51 wins, and Ayrton Senna is third with 41 wins. Michael Schumacher also has the longest time between his first win and his last. He won his first Grand Prix in at the Belgian Grand Prix, and his last in at the Chinese Grand Prix, a span of 14 years, 1 month and 1 day. The youngest winner of a Grand Prix is Sebastian Vettel, who was 21 years, 73 days old when he won the Italian Grand Prix in . Luigi Fagioli is the oldest winner of a Formula One Grand Prix. He was 53 years and 22 days old when he won the French Grand Prix. As of the 2024 Hungarian Grand Prix, there have been 115 different Formula One Grand Prix winners. The 100th Grand Prix winner was Heikki Kovalainen at the Hungarian Grand Prix. 746 drivers have started a Grand Prix race. By driver. "All figures correct as of the 2016_Australian_Grand_Prix" By nationality. List of races won by nationality of driver. "All figures are correct as of 31 July 2011.
The Paridae is a family of tiny birds, the tits (called 'chickadees' or 'titmice' in North America). They are passerine songbirds which are native to the northern hemisphere and Africa. Most of them used to be classified in the genus "Parus", which has now been split up. These birds are mainly small stocky woodland species with short stout bills. Some have crests. They range in length from 10 to 22 centimetres. They are adaptable birds, with a mixed diet including seeds and insects.  Many species will live around human habitation and come readily to bird feeders for nuts or seed, and learn to take other foods. In Britain, great tits and blue tits learned to break through the foil caps sealing bottles of milk on doorsteps, to get at the cream on top. Of course, the change in milk packaging has robbed them of this delicacy. These are hole-nesting birds, typically using trees, although some species build nests on the ground. They lay anything from three to nineteen speckled white eggs, depending on species. Behaviour. The tits are active, noisy, social birds. They are territorial during the breeding season. The tits are highly adaptable and, after the corvids (crows and jays) and parrots, amongst the most intelligent of all birds. Vocalisations. The tits make a variety of calls and songs. They are amongst the most vocal of all birds, calling continuously and loudly. They are only ever silent for reasons such as avoiding predators or when intruding on a rival's territory. Quiet calls are made while feeding to keep contact with others in their social group. Other calls are used for signalling alarm—the most famous of which is the "Chic-a-dee-dee" of North American species in the genus "Poecile". The call also serves a rallying call to summon others to mob and harass the predator. It has been demonstrated through experiments that the number of "dee" syllables at the end of the call increases with the level of danger the predator poses. Diet and feeding. The tits are insectivorous, and eat a wide range of small insects and other in
Sulfur tetrafluoride, also known as sulfur(IV) fluoride, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is SF4. It contains sulfur in its +4 oxidation state. Properties. Sulfur tetrafluoride is a colorless gas. It is toxic and corrosive. It releases hydrogen fluoride when exposed to water. Preparation. It is made by reacting sodium fluoride, chlorine, and sulfur dichloride. The chlorine does not have to be included. If no chlorine is used, other products form that need to be taken out. Uses. Sulfur tetrafluoride is used to make organic molecules containing fluoride ions. It is not used much.
Sulfur dichloride, also known as sulfur(II) chloride, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is SCl2. It contains sulfur in its +2 oxidation state. It also contains chloride ions. Properties. Sulfur dichloride is a red liquid. It has a strong odor. It is a common sulfur chloride. It reacts with water to make hydrochloric acid and sulfur dioxide. When it is old, it might have some chlorine in it. It reacts with fluorides to make sulfur tetrafluoride. Preparation. It is made by reacting chlorine with sulfur. Disulfur dichloride is an intermediate. It is also a common impurity in sulfur dichloride.
Disulfur dichloride, also known as sulfur(I) chloride, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is S2Cl2. It contains sulfur in its +1 oxidation state. It contains chlorine in its -1 oxidation state. Properties. It is a yellow or orange liquid. It smokes in air because it reacts with water. It releases sulfur, sulfur dioxide, and hydrochloric acid when reacted with water. It reacts with chlorine to make sulfur dichloride. It can dissolve sulfur.  Preparation. It is made by reacting a little chlorine with sulfur. A lot of chlorine would make sulfur dichloride. Uses. It is used to place sulfur atoms some organic compounds.