ejaasaari/simplewiki-2025-04-01 huggingface dataset:
A candela is the SI base unit of luminous intensity. It measures how bright something is. It is one of the basic units of science. A light bulb is bright, but the Sun is much brighter, so the Sun has more candelas than the light bulb. The frequency chosen for measuring candelas falls within the visible spectrum near the green colour, corresponding to the wavelength of about 555 nanometres (nm). The human eye is most sensitive to such frequency, when adapted for bright conditions. A candela sometimes is called "candle".
The Hongwu Emperor (October 21, 1328– June 24, 1398), known in China as , was the first emperor of the Ming part of China's history. Names. The Hongwu Emperor's real name was . It is written in Chinese writing. His given name was Chongba and his family were the Zhus, but Chinese people write their family names first. His name means "Double Eight", which is a lucky number in Chinese culture. People say his parents called him that because their ages at the time added together to make 88. He was also their eighth child. In old China, there were many rules about names and who could use them. People used boys' real names but, when they became men at age 20, only older members of their families could call them that. Other people used a special courtesy name to be polite. When he became a man, Zhu Chongba chose the name Xīngzōng, meaning that he wanted to bring success in honor of his dead family members. This name is written in the traditional writing used on Taiwan and Hong Kong and in the simplified writing now used by the PRC. When he started to become a successful leader, he started to use a third name: . This name is written in Chinese writing. He also sometimes used the courtesy name Guóruì, meaning "National Luckiness". In old China, the Chinese emperors did not number their years from one place. Instead, they gave names to eras (groups of years) any time they wanted. Some emperors made 10 or more eras while they led China. Zhu Yuanzhang started his era when he took Khanbaliq (now Beijing) from the Yuan emperor Toghon Temür in 1368. He said this was the 1st year of the "Very Warlike Era", which sounds like "Hóngwǔ" and is written in Chinese. He only had this one era when he was emperor, so people also called him the "Emperor of the Hongwu Era" or "Hóngwǔdì" (). When he was the emperor of China,
"Believe" is a song by American country music duo Brooks &amp; Dunn from her ninth studio album, "Hillbilly Deluxe" (2005). Music video. It premiered on CMT on November 17, 2005. The video debuted at number 20 on CMT's "Top 20 Countdown" for the week of December 1, 2005. It made history on CMT's Top Twenty Countdown for being at number one for consecutive two weeks.
DeAndre Cortez Way (born July 28, 1990), professionally known as Soulja Boy Tell 'Em or simply Soulja Boy, is an American rapper and record producer. He is widely known for the songs "Crank That (Soulja Boy)" and "Tell 'Em".  In 2007, Soulja Boy released his first album "Souljaboytellem.com". In 2008, he released his second album "iSouljaBoyTellem".
A hadron, in particle physics, is any subatomic (smaller than the atom) particle or antiparticle which is made of quarks.  Quarks are fundamental particles which among other properties have an electrical charge and a name (e.g. 'up', 'down', 'strange'). The electrical charge of a single quark is always a fraction (e.g. 2/3). Quarks combine to make a hadron of integer charge; for example, the charges of two 'down' quarks and one 'up' quark combine like to make a "neutrally" charged "neutron". Quarks do not appear alone, they exist in groups and are held together by the strong nuclear force. The word to describe the different types of quarks is "flavours." According to the current standard model there are 6 flavours of quarks. There are two known ways quarks can combine, to give the two categories of hadrons: Hadrons are also characterized by being affected by the strong nuclear force, which holds them tightly together over a short distance. At the center of an atom is a nucleus (a cluster of protons and neutrons).  List of hadrons. Known to exist. Mesons. These are the most commonly discussed hadrons. There are many more: , . Not yet known to exist. These are predictions for different ways quarks may be put together. There is not any solid evidence for them existing yet.
Zlatko Zahovič (born 1 February 1971) is a former Slovenian football player. He has played for Slovenia national team. Club career statistics. 47||3 15||3 246||54 14||7 20||3 342||70 International career statistics. !Total||80||35
Francis Henry Lee (29 April 1944 – 2 October 2023), also known as Franny Lee, was an English professional footballer and businessman. After he stopped being a footballer, he served as the chairman and main shareholder of Manchester City. On 2 October 2023, at the age of 79, Lee died after a long illness with cancer. Club career statistics. 500||227 500||227 International career statistics. !Total||27||10 Honours. Manchester City Derby County Individual
Leonard Shaun Goater MBE (born 25 February 1970) is a Bermudian former professional footballer, coach and pundit who currently works as Interim Manager for Aston Villa W.F.C. Club career statistics. 551||217 8||3 558||220 International career statistics. !Total||36||32
Vladimír Šmicer (born 24 May 1973) is a former Czech football player. He has played for Czechoslovakia national team and Czech Republic national team. "Scores and results list the Czech Republic's goal tally first." Honours. Club. Slavia Prague Lens Liverpool Bordeaux International. Czech Republic
Dietmar Hamann (born 27 August 1973 in Waldsassen) is a German football player. He has played for Germany national team. "Scores and results list Germany's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Hamann goal." Honours. Bayern Munich Liverpool Germany Individual International career statistics. !Total||59||5
George Arthur Rowley (21 April 1926 – 19 December 2002) was an English football striker. He holds the record for the most career goals in The Football League, 434 from 619 games. He was the younger brother of Manchester United legend Jack Rowley. He was shortlisted for inclusion into the English Football Hall of Fame in 2008. Honours. Fulham Leicester City Individual
Laurie Cunningham (8 March 1956 – 15 July 1989) is a former football player. He played for the England national team. Club career statistics. 187||39 130||20 30||8 1||0 348||67 International career statistics. !Total||6||0
Glenn Hoddle (born 27 October 1957) is a former English football player. He has played for England national team. Honours. Player. Tottenham Hotspur AS Monaco Individual Player-manager. Swindon Town  Chelsea Manager. Tottenham Hotspur Individual
Al-Saadi Qadhafi (born 25 May 1973), is a former football player. He played for the Libya national team. He is the third son of former leader Muammar Gaddafi. In 2011, he was the commander of Libya's Special Forces. He was involved in the Libyan civil war. Club career statistics. 2||0 2||0
Robert Emmanuel Pires (born 29 October 1973) is a French football coach and former professional player. "Scores and results list France's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Pires goal." Honours. Metz Arsenal France Individual Orders
Zoran Mirković (born 21 September 1971) is a former football player. He has played for the Serbia and Montenegro national team. Club career statistics. 144||2 46||2 79||1 71||3 340||8 International career statistics. !Total||57||0
Jimmy Floyd Hasselbaink (born 27 March 1972) is a former Dutch football player. He has played for the Netherlands national football team. He won the 1998–99 Premier League Golden Boot, along side Dwight Yorke and Michael Owen. This made him the joint first foreign Golden Boot winner. Career Statistics. International. !Total||23||9 "Netherlands score listed first, score column indicates score after each Hasselbaink goal." Honours. As a player. Boavista Atlético Madrid Chelsea Middlesbrough Cardiff City Individual As a manager. Burton Albion
Andrew Cole (born 15 October 1971) is a former English football player. He has played for England national team. Honours. Arsenal Newcastle United Manchester United Blackburn Rovers Individual
Futebol Clube do Porto (pron. ) – short: FC Porto or FCP – is a Portuguese sports club best known for its football team. It was created in Porto in 1893. It holds the best International record by a Portuguese team (7 international titles), having won the European Cup and the Intercontinental Cup twice each. In 2003, it brought Portugal's first UEFA Cup and in 1987 it brought Portugal's first UEFA Supercup. Domestically they hold the best record of five titles in a row, having won the Portuguese Liga 26 times, the Portuguese Cup 16 times and Portuguese Supercup 18 times. History. It was founded in the northern city of Porto on September 28, 1893, by wine-salesman António Nicolau d'Almeida who had his first contact with the game of football on one of his trips to England. The club was revived in 1906 by José Monteiro da Costa.
FC Zenit Saint Petersburg (Russian: ФК "Зенит" Санкт-Петербург) is a Russian football club from Saint Petersburg. Founded in 1925 (or in 1914 according to some Russian sources), the club plays in the Russian Premier League and currently is the richest in the country, due to the sponsorship of Gazprom. Zenit are the 2007 champions of the Russian Premier League, the holders of the 2008 UEFA Cup and of the 2008 UEFA Super Cup after beating Manchester United 2-1 in Monaco. Zenit won Russian Cup in 2010. They defeated Sibir in the final with the score 1-0.
Steve Bruce (born 31 December 1960) is an English football manager and former player who was most recently the manager of Championship club West Bromwich Albion. He was born in Corbridge, Northumberland. Bruce was best known for playing for Manchester United where he was captain. Honours. Player. Norwich City Manchester United Individual Manager. Birmingham City Hull City Individual
Into the Fire is the fifth studio album by the Canadian rock artist Bryan Adams. Released on March 30, 1987 through A&amp;M Records, the album was a huge commercial success selling over 2 million units worldwide, peaking at number 7 on the US "Billboard" 200 chart and reaching high positions in charts worldwide. It was recorded at Adams' home in London, England. Six singles were released from the album: "Heat of the Night", "Hearts on Fire", "Victim of Love", "Only the Strong Survive", "Into the Fire" and "Another Day". Into the Fire Tour. On May, 1987 Adams started the "Into the Fire" tour. His first performance was in Shreveport, Louisianna with his backing band. Adams first stop of the UK leg of the tour at the Prince’s Trust charity concert at Wembley Stadium, London. Adams later went back to the United States to continue the American leg of the tour He appeared on The David Letterman Show. Adams sold out two nights in a row at Madison Square Garden in New York City and was visited backstage by Brian Wilson of the Beach Boys. He got a sold-out show in Toronto, Ontario. The tour continued through the Western United States. Adams headed back to the UK on October 13 in Newcastle, England. Adams sold out four nights in a row at Wembley Arena in London. Adams started his tour in mainland Europe and Adams previous album "Reckless" achieved gold status in Sweden and "Into The Fire" achieves gold status in Switzerland and later he traveled to Dublin, Ireland. Adams started the Asian leg of the tour and ended up selling out ten concerts, five of which were in Tokyo's Budokan. "Into the Fire" was certified platinum with sales over 100,000 copies sold in Japan. Adams headed back to Europe and played in East Berlin and later West Berlin. The last concert part of the "Into the Fire" tour was in Locarno, Switzerland.
Attack models or attack types specify how much information a cryptanalyst has access to when "breaking" or "cracking" an encrypted message, commonly known as codebreaking or cracking the code. Some common attack models are: The ciphertext-only attack model is the weakest because it implies that the cryptanalyst has just the encoded message. Different attack models are used for other cryptographic systems, or more generally for all kind of security systems. Examples for such attack models are:
Cuts Like a Knife is the third album by the Canadian rock artist Bryan Adams. Released on January, 1983 through A&amp;M Records, the album became a big hit in Canada when it was released. Outside Canada and the United States the album did not sell as well. After the release of Reckless the album would chart on the British album chart and would later be a Silver Record by the BPI. It was made at Little Mountain Sound, in Vancouver, Canada. Three singles were released from the album: "Straight from the Heart", "Cuts Like a Knife" and "This Time", the three made Adams very popular.
You Want It You Got It is the second album by Bryan Adams, and was released in 1981 (see 1981 in music). The album was to be called "Bryan Adams Hasn't Heard Of You Either" but the record company wanted him to change the title to something safer. The first single, "Lonely Nights", was a big hit in the US. Two other singles "Coming Home" and "Fits Ya Good" were top 40 hits in Canada. Many songs from this album were covered by other artists, they are "Lonely Nights" by Uriah Heep, "Jealousy" by Prism, "Tonight" by Randy Meisner and "Fits Ya Good" by Tove Naess and others. After Dave Taylor listened to this album, he decided to become Bryan Adams' bass player.
Bryan Adams is the first album by Canadian rock singer Bryan Adams. It was released in February 1980 by A&amp;M Records. "Hidin' From Love" went to #64 on Canada's RPM 100 Singles chart and "Give Me Your Love" went to #91 on the same chart. In early 1978, Bryan Adams and Jim Vallance made a song-writing duo together. They made the album in 1979 and released it in February 1980. The first single was "Hidin' from Love" in 1980 (#43 on the Billboard dance charts) the next one was "Give Me Your Love" and then "Remember".
The known-plaintext attack (KPA) is an attack model for cryptanalysis where the attacker has samples of both the plaintext and its encrypted version (known as ciphertext version) then they can use them to expose further secret information after calculating the secret key.  Encrypted file archives such as ZIP are very prone to this attack. For example, an attacker with an encrypted ZIP file needs only one unencrypted file from the archive which forms the "known-plaintext". Then using some publicly available software they can instantly calculate the key required to decrypt the entire archive. Classical ciphers are typically susceptible to known-plaintext attack. For example, a Caesar cipher can be solved using a single letter of corresponding plaintext and ciphertext to decrypt entirely.
Room Service is a rock album by Canadian singer/songwriter Bryan Adams released internationally in 2004 and in the U.S. The following year. "Open Road" was the first single taken from the album, followed by "Flying", "Room Service" and, as an American release, "This Side of Paradise". In the summer of 2005, "Open Road" was used the theme song in ESPN's SportsCenter series 50 States in 50 Days. "East Side Story" was originally going to be released on Chicane's canceled Album "Easy To Assemble" with Bryan Adams on vocals, although with a completely different composition.
11 is the eleventh studio album by the Canadian rock artist Bryan Adams. It was released on March 7, 2008 through Universal Music Group. The album was a number 1 hit in Canada, Switzerland and India and on number 6 in the UK. It was recorded at The Warehouse Studio, Vancouver, Canada, and additionally at hotel rooms and backstage concerts around Europe. Three singles have been released from the album: "I Thought I'd Seen Everything", "Tonight We Have the Stars" and "She's Got a Way". The album was also released in the US exclusively through Wal-Mart and Sam's Club retail stores on May 13, 2008. To promote the album, Adams toured around Europe on the "11 Days, 11 Cities" acoustic tour, playing new songs and old classics. 11 Tour. In support of the release of "11", Adams started the ‘11 concerts, 11 cities’ tour, having concerts in 11 different countries in just 11 days. The intimate shows at some spectacular venues will see Adams perform an acoustic set, on stage, with just his guitar and harmonica. The London show was on March 11, 2008 at St. James Church in Piccadilly. The last stop of his 11 days concert tour was in Copenhagen, Denmark on 17 March. After the ‘11 concerts, 11 cities’ Adams went and acoustic tour where he toured with Foreigner and Rod Stewart to support his new album. Zimbio asked Adams: "With the acoustic tour, which of your songs do you feel sound best acoustically?"
A chosen-plaintext attack (CPA) is a model for cryptanalysis which assumes that the attacker can choose random plaintexts to be encrypted and obtain the corresponding ciphertexts. The goal of the attack is to gain some further information which reduces the security of the encryption scheme. In the worst case, a chosen-plaintext attack could expose secret information after calculating the secret key.  Modern cryptography is implemented in software or hardware and is used for a diverse range of applications; for many applications, a chosen-plaintext attack is often very feasible. Chosen-plaintext attacks become extremely important in the context of public key cryptography, where the encryption key is public and attackers can encrypt any plaintext they choose. Any cipher that can prevent chosen-plaintext attacks is then also guaranteed to be secure against known-plaintext and ciphertext-only attacks; this is a conservative approach to security. Two forms of chosen-plaintext attack can be distinguished:
In cryptography, a ciphertext-only attack (COA) or known ciphertext attack is an attack model for cryptanalysis where the attacker is assumed to have access only to a set of ciphertexts.  The attack is completely successful if the corresponding plaintexts can be deduced (extracted) or, even better, the key. The ability to obtain any amount of information from the underlying ciphertext is considered a success.  Every modern cipher attempts to provide protection against ciphertext-only attacks. The process of selecting a new cipher design standard usually takes many years and includes exhaustive testing of large quantities of ciphertext for any statistical different approach from random noise. On the other hand, poor cipher depends on home-grown proprietary algorithms that have not been subjected to extensive testing and inspection; for this reason, many computer-age encryption systems are still subject to ciphertext-only attack but still in use. Examples include:
Kambly is a Swiss biscuit factory. It was founded in 1910 by Oscar Kambly.  History. He got to know a girl that lived in Trubschachen. It was a real lovestory. When he went at her home he had the idea to make a biscuit after his grandmother's recipe, this was in 1906. In 1910 he could absorb the store of his instructor. The factory today. Today, Kambly is Switzerland's largest biscuit producer and leading exporter.  Kambly is represented in more than 30 different countries.  It is the most famous and most liked biscuit brand of Switzerland's.  There are two factories, one in Trubschachen and one in Lyss, both in the canton of Berne.  Today it's Oscar Kambly the third who administrates the factory, he has done this since 1983.  Oscar Kambly who founded the factory leaded it from 1910-1953.  The first factory was only in Trubschachen, but because Kambly bought  the Arni AG in Lyss in 1999, they now have got another station.  There are 420 employees. 2007, there was a conversion of 164 million Swiss francs. Kambly got the award "Brand Excellence Swiss Trophy" in 2003. In 2003, 2005,2007 &amp; 2008 the international price "Saveur de l'Année". Factory stores. There are 2 factory stores. One in Lyss and another one in Trubschachen. There you can buy the biscuits much cheaper. Products. The oldest product is the "Bretzeli", that has been produced since 1906 and that was invented by Oscar Kambly the first. Some other known products are: "Biscuits Butterfly", "Caprice", "Mignon" and the "Petit Beurre". They also produce salted biscuits.
Differential cryptanalysis is a general form of cryptanalysis applicable to block ciphers. It can be applied to stream ciphers and cryptographic hash functions. It is the study of how differences in the input can affect the resultant differences at the output. In the case of a block cipher, it refers to a set of techniques and methods for tracing differences through the network of transformations, discovering where the cipher demonstrates non-random behaviour, and extend such properties to recover the secret key. Differential cryptanalysis attacks are usually chosen plaintext attacks, meaning that the attacker must be able to obtain encrypted ciphertexts for some set of plaintexts.
In cryptography, linear cryptanalysis is a general form of cryptanalysis based on finding affine approximations to the action of a cipher. Attacks have been developed for block ciphers and stream ciphers. Linear cryptanalysis is one of the two most widely used attacks on block ciphers; the other being differential cryptanalysis. A variety of refinements to the attack have been suggested, including using multiple linear approximations or including non-linear expressions.  Evidence of security against linear cryptanalysis is usually expected of new cipher designs.
Julianne Moore (born Julie Anne Smith; December 3, 1960) is an American actress with Scottish origins. She was born in Fayetteville, North Carolina. She has been nominated for four Oscars, six Golden Globes, three BAFTAs and nine Screen Actors Guild Awards. After studying theatre at Boston University Moore began her acting career in 1983 with minor roles. She then joined the soap opera "As the World Turns". She had several supporting roles in movies. Her performance in "Boogie Nights" (1997) brought her fame. Her success continued with movies such as "The Big Lebowski" (1998), "The End of the Affair" (1999) and "Magnolia" (1999). She received particular praise for acting as a betrayed wife in "Far from Heaven" (2002). This won several awards. The same year, she was also nominated for several awards for her work in "The Hours". The critics have liked her for her recent performances in "The Kids Are All Right" and portraying Sarah Palin in "Game Change". She won an Oscar for Best Actress for her performance in Still Alice (2014). Personal life. Moore was born to an American father and a Scottish mother. Moore was married to John Gould Rubin from 1986 until they divorced in 1995. Since August 23, 2003 she has been married to Bart Freundlich. They have a son, Caleb Moore Freundlich (born on December 4, 1997) and a daughter, Liv Helen Moore Freundlich (born on April 11, 2002). Her mother had emigrated from Scotland. Her father was a military in the US Army.