ejaasaari/simplewiki-2025-04-01 huggingface dataset:
Lua is an open source programming language. It was created in 1993 by Roberto Ierusalimschy, Luiz Henrique de Figueiredo, and Waldemar Celes. Lua is used for many different things, especially in video games such as World of Warcraft, SimCity 4 and Transformice. It is also used in the popular virtual world sharing website Roblox under a dialect called Luau. In June 2010, Apple Inc. changed the terms of use for the software development kit of its iOS operating system to allow the use of Lua. This led to Lua being used to make iPhone applications such as Angry Birds. In June 2011, Lua was ranked the tenth most popular programming language by the TIOBE Index. History. Lua was created in 1993 by Roberto Ierusalimschy, Luiz Henrique de Figueiredo, and Waldemar Celes. They are members of the Computers Graphics Technology Group (Tecgraf) at the Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janerio. From 1977 until 1992, Brazil had strong trade barriers for computer hardware and software; these barriers were called a market reserve. At the time, clients of Tecgraf could not afford software from abroad. They would have to go through a complicated process to prove their needs could not be met by Brazilian companies. This caused Tecgraf to implement its needed tools from scratch. Lua followed SOL (Simple Object Language) and DEL (data-entry language). They are computer languages that described and managed data. They had been independently developed at Tecgraf for two different projects. These projects were for engineering applications for the Petrobras company. Petrobras later wanted more power in SOL and DEL. They lacked functions to control flow. Lua’s syntax for control flow was mostly borrowed from Modula. It also taken influence from other programming languages: CLU for multiple inputs and outputs from calling functions, C++ for local variables, and SNOBAL and AWK for associative arrays. LISP and Scheme also influenced the focus on tables. These two languages used a single structure mechanism. Examples. An example Hello World program in Lua: -- !/usr/bin/lua print
The innate immune system defends the host from infections. It includes cells which recognize and respond to pathogens (germs) right away. The innate immune system response is not specific: it responds the same way to all pathogens that it recognises. Unlike the adaptive immune system, the innate immune system does not give long-lasting immunity against specific infections. Innate immune systems rapidly defend against infections in all plant and animal life. The innate system is the evolutionarily older defense strategy. It is the main immune system found in plants, fungi, insects, and in primitive multicellular organisms. The system is not adaptable and does not change over the course of an individual's lifetime. The vertebrate innate immune system: Anatomical barriers. The innate immune system includes the skin. The outer layers of the skin are called "epithelial". Epithelial cells form a waxy physical barrier that keeps out most infectious agents. These cells are the innate immune system's first line of defense against invading organisms. Old skin cells drop off, and this helps remove bacteria that have stuck to the skin. The skin continues internally as the lining of the intestine and lung. In the intestines or lungs, movement by peristalsis or cilia helps to remove infectious agents. Also, mucus traps infectious agents. In the intestines, gut flora can prevent pathogenic bacteria by secreting toxic substances, or by competing with pathogenic bacteria for nutrients or for attachment to cell surfaces. The flushing action of tears and saliva helps prevent infection of the eyes and mouth. Inflammation. Inflammation is one of the first responses of the immune system to pathogens or foreign substances that get past the anatomical barriers. Inflammation is stimulated by chemical factors released by injured cells. It sets up a physical barrier against the spread of infection, and promotes healing of damaged tissue after the clearance of pathogens. Chemical factors produced during inflammation attract phagocytes, especially neutrophils. Neutrophils then trigger other parts of the immune system. Complement system. The complement system is a biochemical cascade of the immune system that helps antibodies clear pathogens or mark them for destruction by other cells. The cascade is composed of many plasma proteins, which are made in the
Adolphe-Marie Hardy (23 May 1868 in Dison – 19 June 1954 in Laeken) was a Belgian writer first published in 1888 He rose to be a major figure in French literature. Hardy was educated at Herve, before starting at the University of Louvain in 1886, studying law. After getting his doctorate he returned to Dison, where he carried on his literary work as well as working as a lawyer. Hardy was editor or assistant editor of several literary journals from 1900 onwards, including Rappel de Charleroi, Dépêche de Liège and the Journal de Bruxelles. In 1931 Hardy received the Grand Prix de Langue française from the French Academy. He was the first Belgian to win the prize, and he won it for his poem "Le Cortège des mois". In 1935 he married Madeleine Verhelst. In 1940, they escaped to Issigeac, France. After his wife's death, in 1941, he married Germaine Van Den Boeck.  In May 1954 he was made a Freeman of the City of Dison, and died at Laeken on June 19 of that year.  Charles Ranhofer, chef at Delmonico's honoured Hardy early in his publishing career by naming a goose liver pate after him, and Ranhofer's book "The Epicurean", also lists a chicken dish, "Cotelettes De Poulet A La Adolphe Hardy".
"Not to be confused with Charles Barkley." Gnarls Barkley is a music group with DJ and music producer Danger Mouse and American rapper Cee Lo Green. The group had a hit song in 2006 with "Crazy". "Rolling Stone" later named the song as one of the "Best Songs of the 2000s". Gnarls Barkley has released two albums: "St. Elsewhere" in 2006, and "The Odd Couple" in 2008.  History. In 2006 Gnarls Barkley released their first album "St. Elsewhere". It went straight to number one in the UK. The album's first single "Crazy" was the best-selling song of 2006 in the UK. The song won a Grammy Award for Best Urban/Alternative Performance in 2007. In 2008 Gnarls Barkley released their second album "The Odd Couple". It had a less pop sound than their first album. It was nominated for the Grammy for Best Alternative Album.
Oxygen difluoride is the chemical compound with the formula OF2. It has a V-shaped molecular structure like H2O, but has different properties. It is a strong oxidizer. Preparation. Oxygen difluoride was first prepared in 1929. It was made by the electrolysis of molten potassium fluoride and hydrofluoric acid. The chemicals had a small amount of moisture. Nowadays, it is prepared by the reaction of fluorine with a dilute aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide. Sodium fluoride is left as a side-product: 2 F2 + 2 NaOH → OF2 + 2 NaF + H2O Reactions. It is a very powerful oxidizing agent. This is proved by the oxidation number of +2 for the oxygen atom. This oxidising number is quite unusual. Above 200 °C, OF2 decomposes to oxygen and fluorine. OF2 reacts with many metals. It produces oxides and fluorides. Nonmetals also react with it. Phosphorus reacts with OF2 to form PF5 and POF3. Sulfur produces SO2 and SF4 with it. A noble gas, xenon also reacts with it. It produces XeF4 and xenon oxyfluorides. Oxygen difluoride reacts very slowly with water to form hydrofluoric acid: OF2 (aq) + H2O (aq) → 2 HF (aq) + O2 (g) Oxygen difluoride oxidizes sulfur dioxide to sulfur trioxide: OF2 + SO2 → SO3 + F2 However, in the presence of UV radiation the products are sulfuryl fluoride, , and pyrosulfuryl fluoride, : OF2 + 2 SO2 →  Safety. OF2 is a dangerous chemical. This is because it is highly oxidising.
Phosphorus pentafluoride, PF5, is a phosphorus halide. It's a colorless gas at room temperature and pressure. It can be formed when OF2 reacts with phosphorus.
The adaptive immune system is made of specialized cells and processes which kill pathogens or prevent their attack. The adaptive immune system is switched on by the evolutionarily older innate immune system. This older system is non-specific, whereas the adaptive system is tailored to specific targets. Whereas the innate immune system is found in all metazoa, the adaptive system is only found in vertebrates. It is thought to have arisen in the first jawed vertebrates. The adaptive immune response gives the vertebrate immune system the ability to recognize and remember specific pathogens. The system mounts stronger attacks each time a particular pathogen is encountered. It is "adaptive" immunity because the body's immune system prepares itself for future challenges. Layered defence. The immune system protects organisms from infection with layered defences. In simple terms, physical barriers prevent pathogens such as bacteria and viruses from entering the organism. If a pathogen breaches these barriers, the innate immune system provides an immediate, but non-specific response. Innate immune systems are found in all plants and animals. If pathogens successfully evade the innate response, vertebrates possess a third layer of protection, the adaptive immune system, which is activated by the innate response. Here, the immune system adapts its response during an infection to improve its recognition of the pathogen. After the pathogen has been killed, the offspring of B and T cells continue. They are ready for a faster response next time. This is a kind of 'immunological memory'. These cells allow the adaptive immune system to mount faster and stronger attacks each time this pathogen is encountered. Both innate and adaptive immunity depend on the ability of the immune system to distinguish between self and non-self molecules. In immunology, "self" molecules are those components of an organism's body that can be distinguished from foreign substances by the immune system. Conversely, "non-self" molecules are those recognized as foreign molecules. One class of non-self molecules are called antigens (short for "anti"body "gen"erators) and are defined as substances that bind to specific immune receptors and elicit an immune response. Functions. In animals with backbones, the adaptive immune system is activated when a germ manages to sneak past the body's first line
Alexander Urbom (born December 20, 1990) is a Swedish professional ice hockey defenceman who is currently playing for EC Red Bull Salzburg of the ICE Hockey League (ICEHL).  He has also played for New Jersey Devils and Washington Capitals in the National Hockey League (NHL), with Djurgårdens IF and Skellefteå AIK in the Elitserien/Swedish Hockey League (SEL/SHL), Severstal Cherepovets of the Kontinental Hockey League (KHL), and Düsseldorfer EG of the Deutsche Eishockey Liga (DEL). He was drafted by the New Jersey Devils in the third round, 73rd overall, in the 2009 NHL Draft.
The Rapid City Rush are an American professional ice hockey team. They began playing in 2008 in the Central Hockey League (CHL). The team now plays in the ECHL. They play their home games at the The Monument in Rapid City, South Dakota. They are the ECHL affiliate for the Calgary Flames of the National Hockey League (NHL). They are also the affiliates for the Calgary Wranglers of the American Hockey League (AHL).  In 2014, the CHL would end up going out of business. In October 2014, the Rush, Allen Americans, Brampton Beast, Missouri Mavericks, Quad City Mallards, Tulsa Oilers and Wichita Thunder would all be accepted as new teams in the ECHL.
The Ministries Trial (or, officially, The United States of America vs. Ernst von Weizsäcker, et al.) was the eleventh of the twelve trials for war crimes the US authorities held in their occupation zone in Germany in Nuremberg after the end of World War II. Disagreements between the Allies meant only one trial was held by the International Military Tribunal (IMT). Other trials were held by the Allies in their own zones of occupation. The Americans held twelve trials, in the same rooms at the Palace of Justice as the IMT. These twelve trials are known as the "Subsequent Nuremberg Trials" or, more formally, as the "Trials of War Criminals before the Nuremberg Military Tribunals" (NMT). This case is also known as the Wilhelmstrasse Trial, because the German Foreign Office was on the Wilhelmstrasse in Berlin. The defendants in this case were officials of various "Reich" ministries, facing various charges for their jobs in Nazi Germany and responsibility for the numerous atrocities committed both in Germany and in occupied countries during the war. The judges in this case, heard before Military Tribunal IV, were William C. Christianson (presiding judge) from Minnesota, Robert F. Maguire from Oregon, and Leon W. Powers from Iowa. The Chief of Counsel for the Prosecution was Telford Taylor; the chief prosecutor was Robert Kempner. The indictment was filed on November 15, 1947; the hearings lasted from January 6, 1948 until November 18 that year, and then the judges took a whole five months to compile their 833-page judgment, which they presented on April 11, 1949. The sentences were handed down on April 13, 1949. Of all the twelve trials, this was the one that lasted longest and ended last. Of the 21 defendants arraigned, two were acquitted, the others were found guilty on at least one count of the indictment and received prison sentences ranging from three years including time served to 25 years' imprisonment. Defendants.  Stuckart was tried again in 1950 before a denazification court and sentenced as a "Mitläufer" (follower) a fine of DM 50,000. Herbert Ernst Backe, the former minister for agriculture who should also have been tried, committed suicide on April 6, 1947 while in custody awaiting the trial.
Mitläufer is a German term (plural: "Mitläufer") used in the denazification proceedings in West Germany after World War II to describe people who supported Nazism without directly participating in Nazi atrocities such as genocide. "Mitläufer" is usually translated in English as either "fellow-traveler" or "hanger-on".  Other websites. http://www.woxikon.com/wort/mitl%C3%A4ufer.php
Freiherr was a title of nobility used in German speaking countries. Its equivalent in English is "Baron". Since the end of the German Empire titles of nobility have not been allowed, but are still used, as if they were part of the name. In Austria the use of titles, even as names, is illegal.
Dresdner Bank AG was one of Germany's largest banking corporations and was based in Frankfurt. It was formed in 1872, and bought by competitor Commerzbank in December 2009. History. Dresdner Bank was established in 1872. It moved its headquarters to Berlin in 1884, although its registered office stayed in Dresden until 1950.  By 1900, Dresdner Bank had the largest German branch network. During the First World War, the London branch was forced to close; however, the overall branch network expanded. After the banking crisis in 1931 the Weimar Republic owned 66% Dresdner Bank shares. Its deputy director was Dr Schacht, Minister of Economy under Nazism. The Bank was reprivatised in 1937.  During World War II, Dresdner Bank controlled various banks in countries under German occupation.  The introduction of the Deutsche Mark in 1948 helped return banking to normality. Dresdner Bank expanded its network with acquisition and opening new offices not only in Europe but also in the United States, Singapore, Canada, Australia, Japan, Hong Kong, and China. Dresdner Bank was the first to open its own office in former East Germany in Dresden in 2 January 1990.  In 2002 Dresdner Bank became a wholly owned subsidiary of the insurance corporation Allianz. Allianz sold Dresdner Bank, which was legally merged with Commerzbank on 11 May 2009 and ceased to be an independent company. Controversies. Hitler's Germany. Dresdner Bank was known as the bank of choice for Heinrich Himmler's SS. The bank took part early on in the Third Reich's policy of confiscating Jewish property and wealth. The bank helped to finance concentration camps, including Auschwitz. The bank was closely involved in the occupation of Europe, "essentially acting as the bank of the SS in Poland". Matthias Warnig's involvement. Dresdner Bank attempted to get a banking operating licence in Saint Petersburg, where former KGB agent Vladimir Putin was in charge of foreign
The New York Daily News is a daily tabloid newspaper. It is published in New York City. As of a 2009 study by BurrellesLuce , a media relations measurement service, it is the fifth most-widely distributed daily newspaper in the United States, publishing and selling. The original "New York Daily News" was started by Benjamin Wood, but the business fell after his death. Joseph Medill Patterson went onto create a newspaper of the same name in 1919, it was America's first official tabloid journal. The paper has won 10 Pulitzer Prizes.
"LoveGame" is a song by American singer-songwriter Lady Gaga. It was released from her 2008 debut album, "The Fame". It is the second song on the album. "LoveGame" was the third single from "The Fame" to be released in North America. The video for the song was banned by MTV Arabia. The song reached number five on the "Billboard" Hot 100 and number two on the Canadian Hot 100. The song was planned to be the third single released in the UK, but "Paparazzi" was released instead because of “LoveGame”'s music video and controversial lyrics. "LoveGame" managed to become Gaga's third number-one song on "Billboard"'s Mainstream Top 40/Pop Songs radio chart. Music video. The video depicts Gaga dancing in a garage surrounded by cars and dancers. She rides in a subway car and performs choreography. The video is known for its sexual content.
Hurricane Gracie was a major hurricane in September of 1959. This hurricane moved erratically for five days before making landfall over South Carolina as a strong Category 3 hurricane. Gracie caused $14 million in damage (1959 USD). Twenty-two people died due to this storm. It is unknown whether or not the name "Gracie" was retired.
The Paraná Association of Electrical Engineers () exists to promote scientific and technological development and to protect the interests of professional electrical engineering, such as: Electrical, Electronics, Telecommunications, Computer, Automation, of the state of Paraná, Brazil. It is a nonprofit organization. It was founded on August 2, 1984, in Curitiba, capital of Paraná.
Durham is a city in the U.S. state of North Carolina. It has about 280,000 people. Durham has two universities, Duke and NC Central. It is northwest of Raleigh, and northeast of Chapel Hill. It is the county seat of Durham County. The city is part of a larger area known as the Research Triangle.  History. Before Europeans came to the Durham area, there were some Native American tribes like the Eno and Occaneechi nearby. Creation. Before Durham became a city, the land it is in was used for farming. There were many plantations which had slaves. In the mid-1800s, rail was becoming an important means of transportation, and a depot (a train station) was needed in between the towns of Raleigh and Hillsborough. Nobody was willing to give their land for the station at the time, until Dr. Bartlett S. Durham gave his land to be used for the station. The station was then named after Durham. In 1853, a post office was started near Durham Station. Tobacco Industry and Economic growth. During the Civil War, the armies that passed near Durham enjoyed the local tobacco. After the war, many veterans returned to Durham for more tobacco. Because of this, a strong tobacco industry began around the area, and a tobacco factory was started. Because the population of the area increased, Durham was officially incorporated (started) on April 10, 1869. In 1881, Durham County was also created, before that, Durham was in Orange County. The Duke family was important to Durham's growth and economy. Their tobacco company, American Tobacco, was one of the most important tobacco companies in the United States, and they were based in Durham. Duke University was named after one of them. Today Duke University is seen as one of the most notable universities in the country. Later, the Duke family began investing in electric power, and they created the company Duke Power (now called Duke Energy), which helped bring better electricity to many towns and cities across North Carolina, including Durham.  During the early 20th century, because of the growing tobacco and electricity industry, Durham also saw a growth in the textiles industry, which
Valerie Elise Plame Wilson, known simply as Valerie Plame, is a former officer of the Central Intelligence Agency, politician and the author of two books related to her career. Her identity was revealed to public on July 14, 2003; that ended Plame's career with the CIA, from which she resigned around December 2005. In May 2019, Plame announced her plans to run for the United States House of Representatives for New Mexico's 3rd congressional district. She lost the primary for the Democratic nomination on June 3, 2020.
Paul Menard (born August 21, 1980 in Eau Claire, Wisconsin) is an American racecar driver. Menard drives the No. 21 Ford Mustang for Wood Brothers Racing in the Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series, and runs part-time for Team Penske in the NASCAR Xfinity Series. Menard won the 2006 AT&amp;T 250 (now NorthernTool.com 250) in the Nationwide Series.  Menard won his first NASCAR Sprint Cup race, the Brickyard 400, on July 31, 2011 at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway. Menard is the son of home improvement store magnate John Menard.
"The article about her talk show is Ricki Lake (TV series)" Ricki Pamela Lake (born September 21, 1968) is an American television host and actress. She hosted her own talk show, named "Ricki Lake", from 1993 until 2004. Lake played Tracy Turnblad in the 1988 movie "Hairspray". During the 1990s, she starred in many movies. These included "Serial Mom" and "Mrs. Winterbourne". She recently hosted another talk show named "The Ricki Lake Show" which began in 2012. Early life. Lake was born to secular, Jewish parents, Barry who is a pharmacist and Jill who is a housewife. Lake went to Ithaca College and Professional Children's School. After her first talk show. Lake hosted "Gameshow Marathon" on CBS in 2006. In September 2011, Lake competed in "Dancing with the Stars" with Derek Hough. She got third place. She lost to Rob Kardashian and J. R. Martinez, respectively. Personal life. Lake married Rob Sussman on March 1994. They have two sons, Milo Sebastian Sussman born March 22, 1997 and Owen Tyler Sussman born June 18, 2001. They separated in August 2003. Lake and Sussman divorced in 2005. She started dating Christian Evans in 2009. They were engaged in August 2011. Lake and Evans married on April 8, 2012.
Valerie Anne Bertinelli (born April 23, 1960) is an American actress and television personality. She is known for her roles as Barbara Cooper Royer on the sitcom "One Day at a Time" (1975–84), Gloria on the religious drama series "Touched by an Angel" (2001–03) and Melanie Moretti on the sitcom "Hot in Cleveland" (2010–15). Since 2015, she has hosted the cooking shows "Valerie's Home Cooking" and "Kids Baking Championship" on Food Network. Early life. Bertinelli was born in Wilmington, Delaware to Nancy (née Carvin) and Andrew Bertinelli, a General Motors executive. Her father is of Italian descent and her mother is of English descent. She has three brothers: David, Patrick and Drew. She had an elder brother, Mark, who died at 17 months from an accidental poisoning before she was born. Because of her father's career, the family frequently moved. Over various periods, they lived in Claymont, Delaware; Clarkston, Michigan; Shreveport, Louisiana; Oklahoma City and the Los Feliz section of Los Angeles, California, where Bertinelli studied acting at the Tami Lynn School of Artists. She attended Granada Hills High School. She was raised Roman Catholic.