ejaasaari/simplewiki-2025-04-01 huggingface dataset:
Measles is an infectious disease, caused by a virus. People catch measles from other people. It is passed on in tiny drops of water when people breathe. People with measles have a sore throat, a fever, a cough, red eyes and a runny nose. They also have a bumpy red rash all over their body. These rashes will cause a high irritation of itching. Measles is very infectious, which means it is easy to catch. If someone in a house has measles, it is very likely that other people in the house will also get it. In developed countries, lots of children have a vaccination (injection) to stop them from getting measles. Often they are given the MMR vaccine, to stop them getting measles, mumps and rubella. The three vaccinations are all in one injection. Measles is sometimes also called "rubeola", but it is not the same as rubella (German measles). The German Measles (rubella) was discovered by German scientists. There is no specific cure for measles. People with measles may rest and take medicines to make them feel better, to stop pain and make fevers go away. Most people recover from measles, but some people die from it. In the 19th century, measles epidemics killed many Polynesian people. By country: In the United States, there were [over one thousand or] 1,274 cases in 2019; As of February 2025, the yearly numbers, have been lower.
was the 22nd emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. Historians consider details about the life of Emperor Seinei to be possibly legendary, but probable. The name Seinei"-tennō" was created for him posthumously by later generations.  No certain dates can be assigned to this emperor's life or reign. The conventionally accepted names and sequence of the early emperors were not to be confirmed as "traditional" until the reign of Emperor Kammu, who was the 50th monarch of the Yamato dynasty. Traditional history. According to "Kojiki" and "Nihonshoki", Seinei was a son of Emperor Yūryaku.  Seinei fathered no children. He adopted two grandsons of Emperor Richū. Each would attain the throne; and they would become known as Emperor Ninken and as Emperor Kenzo Events of Seinei's life. Very little is known about the events of Seinei's life and reign. Only limited information is available for study prior to the reign of the 29th monarch, Emperor Kimmei.  After the death of his father, Seinei overcame others in the struggle for power.  After his death. This emperor's official name after his death (his posthumous name) was regularized many centuries after the lifetime which was ascribed to Seinei.  According to the Imperial Household Agency, the emperor's final resting place is in an earthen tumulus ("kofun"). This emperor is venerated at a memorial Shinto shrine ("misasagi") which is associated with the burial mound.
Xiphactinus (from Latin and Greek for "sword-ray") was a large, 4.5 to 5 m (15 to 20 feet) long predatory bony fish that lived in the Western Interior Sea, over what is now the middle of North America, during the Late Cretaceous. Skeletal remains of "Xiphactinus" have come from Kansas, Alabama, and Georgia in the United States, as well as Europe and Australia. Description. Above all else, "Xiphactinus" was a great swimmer, able to speed towards or away from virtually anything else in the seas of the time. It may have been able to leap above the waves at times to help dislodge parasites from its skin. It was not however immune from attack. If injured, its large size meant it was easy to spot and could become prey for sharks, mosasaurs, and other Xiphactinuses.
was the 23rd emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. Historians consider details about the life of Emperor Kenzō to be possibly legendary, but probable. The name Kenzō"-tennō" was created for him posthumously by later generations.  No certain dates can be assigned to this emperor's life or reign. The conventionally accepted names and sequence of the early emperors were not to be confirmed as "traditional" until the reign of Emperor Kammu, who was the 50th monarch of the Yamato dynasty. Traditional history. Kenzō was a grandson of Emperor Richū; and he was adopted as heir by the childless Emperor Seinei. Events of Kenzō's life. Very little is known about the events of Kenzō's life and reign. Only limited information is available for study prior to the reign of the 29th monarch, Emperor Kimmei.  After his death. This emperor's official name after his death (his posthumous name) was regularized many centuries after the lifetime which was ascribed to Kenzō.  According to the Imperial Household Agency, Kenzō final resting place is in an earthen tumulus ("kofun"). This emperor is venerated at a memorial Shinto shrine ("misasagi") which is associated with the burial mound.
are earthen tombs or tumuli in Japan. They were constructed between the early 3rd century and early 7th century.  These burial mounds give their name to the Kofun period (middle 3rd century - early-middle 6th century).  Many of the kofun have a keyhole-shaped mound () which is unique to ancient Japan.
Chess and computers have been connected since the earliest days of the computer. In the 19th century Charles Babbage had thought of the idea,p87 and in the 20th century Alan Turing, the mathematician and Bletchley Park codebreaker, put some thought into the idea. He was not a very good chess player, but was one of the creators of the first British computer.  There are two types of chess programs. One are chess engines that play against an opponent. And the other one are chess databases that help the user become a better player. The two types can be made to work together, though they have different functions and work in different ways. Chess engines. Chess engines are computer programs that can play chess games against human opponents. Many have been created; they can play at master level, though their processes are quite different from those of a human being.&lt;ref name="H/W"&gt;Hooper D. and Whyld K. 1992. "The Oxford companion to chess". 2nd ed, Oxford University Press.&lt;/ref&gt;p87 The best engines on the fastest computers have won matches against former chess world champions Kasparov and Kramnik, but the software can be used at an easier level for a learner. Competitions are run by putting engines against each other, and the results are published. At all times and live over the Internet are broadcast the Top Chess Engine Championship and the Chess.com Computer Chess Championship. Although they are made for entertainment, their engine ratings are quite good. However, for very good engine ratings (they are called 'statistically significant') a huge amount of chess games needs to be played. Such results are provided by rating lists. Here are a few links to them: Best chess engines. As of 2023, the best chess engines are Stockfish and Dragon by Komodo. Very good is also Leela Chess Zero. However, the Leela engine needs a powerful GPU. On-line playing sites. Lichess is a website where players of all play strengths are welcome and can play against each other. Registration and use is not charged. It has also apps for various mobile telephones. There are also websites which
Julio César Romero (born 28 August 1960) is a former Paraguayan football player. He has played for Paraguay national team. Club career statistics. 99||34 78||19 7||1 13||2 197||57 International career statistics. !Total||34||13
Lee Jong-Min (born 21 May 1987) is a South Korean professional athlete. He is best known as an association football player. Club career statistics.  || || || || ||
Sin Byung-Ho (born 26 April 1975) is a South Korean professional athlete. He is best known as an association football player. He was a member of the Korean national team. Club career statistics. 28||11||3||2||0||0||31||13 114||30||9||5||36||5||159||40 142||41||12||7||36||5||190||53 International career statistics. !Total||2||0
Derlis Florentín (9 January 1984 - 28 March 2010) was a former Paraguayan football player. Club career statistics. 36||9||0||0||36||9 36||9||0||0||36||9
Joseph-Désiré Job (born 1 December 1977) is a former professional footballer who played as a forward. Born in France, he played for the Cameroon national team. Club career statistics. 115||26 93||17 28||9 23||7 8||0 0||0 267||59 International career statistics. !Total||49||7
Terry Venables (6 January 1943 – 25 November 2023) was an English football player. He played for England national team. Death. Venables died after a long illness, aged 80, on 25 November 2023. Honours. Player. Chelsea Tottenham Hotspur Queens Park Rangers Manager. Crystal Palace Queens Park Rangers Barcelona Tottenham Hotspur Australia Individual
Shingo Hyodo (born 29 July 1985) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Yokohama F. Marinos. Club career statistics. 58||3||6||1||17||1||81||5 58||3||6||1||17||1||81||5
Takayuki Nishigaya (born 12 May 1973) is a former Japanese football player. Club career statistics. 100||0||21||1||5||1||126||2 100||0||21||1||5||1||126||2
Chess notation is a method for writing down chess moves: after a player makes a move, both players write it down. This is compulsory in all organized chess events. The system must have these elements: the move number, the piece moved, the square it starts from (optional), the square it goes to, and other relevant information such as captures, and castles.&lt;ref name="H/W"&gt;Hooper D. and Whyld K. 1992. "The Oxford companion to chess". 2nd ed, Oxford University Press.&lt;/ref&gt;p275 There are other notations for recording positions. There have been ways of describing moves from quite early on. Manuscripts with move descriptions are known in Arabic (9th century) and from Europe (13th century).p275 These early notations are usually quite cumbersome; "The pawn of the king forward two houses".p229; 469; 848 This kind of notation is called "descriptive". In a descriptive notation each player describes squares from his own point of view, e.g. 1 P–K4 P–K4. A notation which uses labels for the ranks and files is called "algebraic". In this notation a square has only one label, e.g. 1 e4 e5. Algebraic notation. The moves of a chess game are written down by using a special notation.Article 8 and Appendix E Usually algebraic chess notation is used. In algebraic notation, each square has one name (whether you are looking from White's side of the board or Black's). Here, moves are written in the format of: abbreviation of the piece moved – file where it moved – rank where it moved. For example, Qg5 means "queen moves to the g-file and 5th rank" (that is, to the square g5). If there are two pieces of the same type that can move to the same square, one more letter or number is added to show the file or rank from which the piece moved, e.g. Ngf3 means "knight from the g-file moves to the square f3". The letter P showing a pawn is not used,
Akiba Rubinstein (Stawiski, Poland, 12 December 1882 – 15 March 1961, Antwerp, Belgium) was a Polish chess Grandmaster in the first part of the 20th century. Around 1910 he was one of the three best players in the world.p346 Biography. Rubinstein was Jewish, and his family planned for him to become a rabbi. However, he did not finish his studies, and chose to devote himself to chess entirely. The decision came in 1903 after he won fifth place at a tournament in Kiev. He learned to play chess when he was 16,&lt;ref name="H/W"&gt;Hooper D. and Whyld K. 1992. "The Oxford Companion to Chess". Oxford.&lt;/ref&gt; and played with the strong master Gersz Salwe in Łódź. Rubinstein's best period was from 1907 to 1912. It began with his win at Karlovy Vary in 1907, and a shared win at St. Petersburg in the same year. It closed in a string of wins in 1912. He won five consecutive major tournaments that year: San Sebastian, Piešťany, Breslau (the German championship), Warsaw and Vilnius (although none of these events included Lasker or Capablanca).p79 Some believe that he was better than World Champion Emanuel Lasker at this time. Ratings from "Chessmetrics" support this conclusion, placing him as world #1 between mid 1912 and mid 1914. Others believe he was not quite so strong as Lasker, and was eclipsed by José Raúl Capablanca after 1911. Rubinstein was never given a chance to play Lasker for the world chess championship: he was unable to raise enough money to meet Lasker's financial demands. In the 1909 St. Petersburg tournament, he had tied with Lasker and won his individual encounter with him. However, he had a poor result at St. Petersburg tournament 1914, not reaching the final pool of five players
Martín Chambi Jiménez, (Puno, Peru November 5, 1891 – Cuzco, September 13, 1973) was a photographer who came from the south of Peru. He was also known as Martín Chambi de Coaza. He was the only well known indigenous Latin American photographer of his time. He is considered one of the great figures of American photography. Chambi is famous for the historic and social value of his photographs. He was a portrait photographer in the cities and the countryside of the Peruvian Andes. He was the leading portrait photographer in the Andean city of Cusco. Chambi also took many landscape photographs, and he sold these photographs as postcards. He was one of the first to use the postcard format in Peru. In 1979, MOMA in New York had a Chambi exhibition. The exhibition later moved to various locations. It inspired other international exhibitions of his work. Quotations. "It is wrong to focus too much on the "testimonial" (historical) value of his photos. They have that, indeed, but, in equal measure they express the "milieu" (society) in which he lived and they show (...) that when he was behind a camera, he became a giant, a true inventor, a force of invention, a recreator of life." - Mario Vargas Llosa "I've read that in Chile they think that the indigenous South American peoples have no culture, that they are not civilised, that they are intellectually and artistically inferior to European white peoples. The artworks are a graphic testament that is more eloquent than my own opinion, always. I hope that this testament will be examined fairly and objectively. I feel I am representing my race; my people will speak through the photographs." - Martín Chambi, 1936 Early life. Martín Chambi was born in a poor Quechua family. He was born in one of the poorest parts of Peru, at the end of the nineteenth century. His father worked in a gold mine by the River Inambari. Martín sometimes went to work with his father too. He saw his first
The Kia Venga is a car produced by Kia from 2009 to the year 2019, basically a decade. It is based on the Hyundai i20 and Kia Soul's platform. The Venga is available with 1.4 and 1.6 litre petrol engines with 66 kW/90 hp and 92 kW/125 hp respectively, a 1.4 litre turbo diesel engine in 55 kW/75 hp and 66 kW/90 hp versions, and a 1.6 litre turbo diesel engine in 85 kW/115 hp and 94 kW/128 hp versions.
The reception history of Jane Austen shows how Austen's works, at first having modest fame, became wildly popular. Her books are both the subject of great study and the center of various fan culture. Jane Austen, the writer of such works as "Pride and Prejudice" (1813) and "Emma" (1815), has become one of the most famous novelists in the English language. During her lifetime, Austen's books did not make her very famous. Like a great number of women writers at that time, she chose to publish her books secretly. Only among people in the aristocracy, her writing was an open secret. At the time they were published, Austen's works were thought fashionable by members of high society. However, they received only a few good reviews. By the mid-nineteenth century, her works were respected by people who were learned in literature. They thought that liking her works was a sign that they were clever. In 1870, her nephew published "Memoir of Jane Austen". This showed her to a wider public as "dear, quiet aunt Jane". After this, her works were published again in popular editions. By the twentieth century, lots of groups had formed. Some praised her and some defended her from the "teeming masses". However, they all claimed to be true Janeites, or people who really appreciated Austen. Early in the twentieth century, scholars made a collection of her works (the first for any British novelist). But it was not until the 1940s that Austen was widely accepted as a "great English novelist". In the second half of the twentieth century, people began studying Austen more and more, and in different ways. For example, they studied her works artistically, ideologically, and historically. The university English departments began developing in the first half of the twentieth century. As they grew, criticism of Austen split into remarkable high culture and popular culture trends. In the late twentieth century, fans made Jane Austen societies and clubs. They praised Austen, her time, and her works. In the early twenty-first century, Austen fans support an industry of printed sequels and
Chess openings are listed and classified according to their first few moves. There are interesting statistics on the frequency of chess openings from chess databases. Statistics. The table shows how common each opening was for each era. It shows movement away from symmetrical defences and an increase in asymmetrical defences. In reply to 1.e4, the Sicilian and French Defence, and to 1.d4 the Indian defences become more common. It also shows an increased use of the English Opening for White. Sources. Sources for beginners. There are few opening book for beginners. Some degree of understanding is needed before the details of an opening can be grasped. The endgame and middlegame should be studied before opening theory. The following books show complete games with elementary explanations of the moves: Other sources. None of these are suitable for beginners, but might be used by chess teachers and players of intermediate strength. Tip for teachers: always check the book's reviews.
was the 24th emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. Historians consider details about the life of Emperor Ninken to be possibly legendary, but probable. The name Ninken"-tennō" was created for him posthumously by later generations.  No certain dates can be assigned to this emperor's life or reign. The conventionally accepted names and sequence of the early emperors were not to be confirmed as "traditional" until the reign of Emperor Kammu, who was the 50th monarch of the Yamato dynasty. Traditional history. Ninken was a grandson of Emperor Richū; and he was adopted by the childless Emperor Seinei. Events of Ninken's life. Very little is known about the events of Ninken's life and reign. Only limited information is available for study prior to the reign of the 29th monarch, Emperor Kimmei.  After his death. This emperor's official name after his death (his posthumous name) was regularized many centuries after the lifetime which was ascribed to Ninken.  According to the Imperial Household Agency, the emperor's final resting place is in an earthen tumulus ("kofun"). Ninken is venerated at a memorial Shinto shrine ("misasagi") which is associated with the burial mound.
was the 25th emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. Historians consider details about the life of Emperor Buretsu to be possibly legendary, but probable. The name Buretsu"-tennō" was created for him posthumously by later generations. No certain dates can be assigned to this emperor's life or reign. The conventionally accepted names and sequence of the early emperors were not to be confirmed as "traditional" until the reign of Emperor Kammu, who was the 50th monarch of the Yamato dynasty. Traditional history. Buretsu was a son of Emperor Ninken. Buretsu was childless; and he became been the last monarch of the first Imperial dynasty of Japan. Events of Buretsu's life. Very little is known about the events of Buretsu's life and reign. Only limited information is available for study prior to the reign of the 29th monarch, Emperor Kimmei. As emperor, Buretsu is described as wicked in the "Nihonshoki," but this assessment is not mirrored in the text of the "Kojiki." After his death. This emperor's official name after his death (his posthumous name) was regularized many centuries after the lifetime which was ascribed to Buretsu. The "kami" of Emperor Buretsu was venerated at a Shinto shrine in Takaichi, Yamato province. According to the Imperial Household Agency, the emperor's final resting place is in an earthen tumulus ("kofun"). Buretsu is venerated at a memorial Shinto shrine ("misasagi") which is associated with the burial mound.
are one of the basic local entities of Japan. They are the 47 subdivisions of the country. Prefectures are the governmental bodies of Japan which are larger than cities, towns, and villages. History. The former provinces of Japan were converted into prefectures between 1876 and 1879. The word "todōfuken" combines the suffixes of the names of the 47 prefectures. The four suffixes are:  Before World War II, different laws applied to "fu" and "ken," but now two types of prefecture are the same, outside of their names. Lists of prefectures. List in Japanese ISO order. The prefectures are often grouped into these nine regions ("Chihō"). The regions are not formally specified, they do not have elected officials, and they are not corporate bodies. However, the practice of ordering prefectures based on their geographic region is traditional. This ordering is mirrored in Japan's International Organization for Standardization (ISO) coding. From north to south, the prefectures of Japan and their commonly associated regions are listed in traditional and in order: Okinawa Prefecture is traditionally thought of as part of the Kyūshū region of Japan. Okinawa Prefecture is made up of islands which are southwest of the island of Kyushu. The Japanese government recognizes the prefecture as its own region in new 9-region, 11-region and 13-region systems. "The default alphabetic order in this sortable table can be altered to mirror the traditional Japanese regions and ISO parsing."
The List of Provinces of Japan changed over time. The number and borders of provinces evolved from the 7th century through the Meiji Period. In the 1870s, the provinces were replaced by prefectures. The traditional way of parsing the land of Japan was "five provinces and seven circuits" ("go-shichidō"). Five Provinces. The traditional five core provinces of Japan were called "goki".  Shichido. The traditional seven core circuits of Japan were called "shichidō". Other. Hokkaidō. The island was changed from Ezo to Hokkaidō, and 11 provinces were established in 1869-1882.
Terra nullius means unclaimed territory. It is the correct term in international law. It means land which does not (at present) belong to any state. The term comes from the Latin, meaning "Nobody's thing". There is also an expression "no man's land", but that does not have a formal legal meaning. Rule over "terra nullius" can be got by occupying the territory. There are various legal problems about this concept, but in practice it is often the business of neighbouring states to decide by negotiation. Diplomacy may sometimes be replaced by warfare. Two territories that are currently "terra nullius" are Bir Tawil between Egypt and Sudan, and Marie Byrd Land, in Antarctica.